@article {RN2466,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone{\textemdash}{\textquotedblleft}chemotone{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136778362},
	author = {Ashford, Oliver S. and Guan, Shuzhe and Capone, Dante and Rigney, Katherine and Rowley, Katelynn and Orphan, Victoria and Mullin, Sean W. and Dawson, Kat S. and Cortes, Jorge and Rouse, Greg W. and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2477,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone-"chemotone"-in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	author = {Ashford, O. S. and Guan, S. Z. and Capone, D. and Rigney, K. and Rowley, K. and Orphan, V. and Mullin, S. W. and Dawson, K. S. and Cortes, J. and Rouse, G. W. and Mendoza, G. F. and Lee, R. W. and Cordes, E. E. and Levin, L. A.}
}
@article {RN2516,
	title = {Diverse Viruses in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fluids Have Restricted Dispersal across Ocean Basins},
	journal = {Msystems},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2379-5077},
	doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00068-21},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Anderson, R. E. and Li, V. and Rogan, L. J. and Huber, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2503,
	title = {Early development and coloniality in Oligophylloides from the Devonian of Morocco{\textemdash}Are Heterocorallia Palaeozoic octocorals?},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0257523},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0257523},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141477788 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0257523\&type=printable},
	author = {Berkowski, B{\l}a{\.z}ej and Zapalski, Miko{\l}aj K. and Jarochowska, Emilia and Alderslade, Phil}
}
@article {RN2464,
	title = {Editorial: Archaea in the Environment: Views on Archaeal Distribution, Activity, and Biogeography},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.667596},
	author = {Teske, A. and Amils, R. and Ramirez, G. A. and Reysenbach, A. L.}
}
@article {RN2456,
	title = {Editorial: Archaea in the Environment: Views on Archaeal Distribution, Activity, and Biogeography},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {667596},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.667596},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136340014 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.667596},
	author = {Teske, Andreas and Amils, Ricardo and Ram{\'\i}rez, Gustavo A. and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {RN2454,
	title = {Extreme Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Mantle Revealed in Lavas From the 8 degrees 20 {\textquoteright} N Near-Axis Seamount Chain},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {22},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020GC009322},
	author = {Anderson, M. and Wanless, V. D. and Perfit, M. and Conrad, E. and Gregg, P. and Fornari, D. and Ridley, W. I.}
}
@article {RN2498,
	title = {Genomic Variation Influences Methanothermococcus Fitness in Marine Hydrothermal Systems},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {714920},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.714920},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140546480 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.714920/pdf},
	author = {Hoffert, Michael and Anderson, Rika E. and Reveillaud, Julie and Murphy, Leslie G. and Stepanauskas, Ramunas and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {RN2528,
	title = {Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-11},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-021-00537-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144475498},
	author = {Bledsoe-Becerra, Yessenia M. and Whittaker, Iesha S. and Horowitz, Jeremy and Naranjo, Katherine Medina and Johnson-Rosemond, Jicayla and Mullins, Kristen H. and Cunningham, Karena M. and Shetty, Suchir and Messinides, Samuel N. and Behney, Melinda S. and Fehsal, Jessica A. and Watson, Ashley N. and McKnight, Kaitlyn E. and Nasiadka, Teresa W. and Popa, Horia and Pettay, D. Tye and Appiah-Madson, Hannah J. and Distel, Daniel L. and Brugler, Mercer R.}
}
@article {RN2459,
	title = {A multi-modal approach to measuring particulate iron speciation in buoyant hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {560},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120018},
	author = {Stewart, B. D. and Sorensen, J. V. and Wendt, K. and Sylvan, J. B. and German, C. R. and Anantharaman, K. and Dick, G. J. and Breier, J. A. and Toner, B. M.}
}
@article {RN2491,
	title = {Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning proxies strengthen when approaching chemosynthetic deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
	volume = {288},
	number = {1957},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {20210950},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2021.0950},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140465965},
	author = {Ashford, Oliver S. and Guan, Shuzhe and Capone, Dante and Rigney, Katherine and Rowley, Katelynn and Cordes, Erik E. and Cortes, Jorge and Rouse, Greg W. and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Sweetman, Andrew K. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2414,
	title = {"Candidatus Ethanoperedens," a Thermophilic Genus of Archaea Mediating the Anaerobic Oxidation of Ethane},
	journal = {Mbio},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.00600-20},
	author = {Hahn, C. J. and Laso-Perez, R. and Vulcano, F. and Vaziourakis, K. M. and Stokke, R. and Steen, I. H. and Teske, A. and Boetius, A. and Liebeke, M. and Amann, R. and Knittel, K. and Wegener, G.}
}
@article {RN2412,
	title = {A depth cline in deep-sea octopods (Cephalopoda: Graneledone) in the northeast Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {96},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {323-339},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	doi = {10.5343/bms.2019.0039},
	author = {Voight, J. R. and Kurth, J. A. and Strauss, R. E. and Strugnell, J. M. and Allcock, A. L.}
}
@article {RN2420,
	title = {Diverse viruses have restricted biogeography in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2020.06.04.125666},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.06.04.125666},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128252592 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/06/04/2020.06.04.125666.full.pdf},
	author = {Thomas, Elaina G. and Anderson, Rika E. and Rogan, Jenni and Li, Viola and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@inbook {RN2455,
	title = {Diversity and Biology of Deep-Water Crustaceans in Costa Rica},
	booktitle = {Deep-Sea Pycnogonids and Crustaceans of the Americas},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {633-658},
	type = {Book Section},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-58410-8_24},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135842727},
	author = {Azofeifa-Solano, J. C. and Cortes, J.}
}
@article {RN2438,
	title = {Gammaproteobacteria mediating utilization of methyl-, sulfur- and petroleum organic compounds in deep ocean hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-13},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00745-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130210975},
	author = {Zhou, Zhichao and Liu, Yang and Pan, Jie and Cron, Brandi R. and Toner, Brandy M. and Anantharaman, Karthik and Breier, John A. and Dick, Gregory J. and Li, Meng}
}
@article {RN2432,
	title = {A Scientific Basis for Designation of the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {566},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.00566},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129133486 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00566/pdf},
	author = {Auster, Peter J. and Hodge, Brooke C. and McKee, Michael P. and Kraus, Scott D.}
}
@article {RN2418,
	title = {Selection Is a Significant Driver of Gene Gain and Loss in the Pangenome of the Bacterial Genus Sulfurovum in Geographically Distinct Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents},
	journal = {Msystems},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2379-5077},
	doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00673-19},
	author = {Moulana, A. and Anderson, R. E. and Fortunato, C. S. and Huber, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2404,
	title = {Substantial Carbohydrate Hydrolase Activities in the Water Column of the Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California)},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00815},
	author = {Ziervogel, K. and Arnosti, C.}
}
@article {RN2389,
	title = {Characteristics and Evolution of sill-driven off-axis hydrothermalism in Guaymas Basin - the Ringvent site},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {9},
	number = {ARTN 13847},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50200-5},
	author = {Teske, A. and McKay, L. J. and Ravelo, A. C. and Aiello, I. and Mortera, C. and Nunez-Useche, F. and Canet, C. and Chanton, J. P. and Brunner, B. and Hensen, C. and Ramirez, G. A. and Sibert, R. J. and Turner, T. and White, D. and Chambers, C. R. and Buckley, A. and Joye, S. B. and Soule, S. A. and Lizarralde, D.}
}
@article {RN2375,
	title = {Divergent methyl-coenzyme M reductase genes in a deep-subseafloor Archaeoglobi},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1269-1279},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-018-0343-2},
	author = {Boyd, J. A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Leu, A. O. and Evans, P. N. and Woodcroft, B. J. and Chadwick, G. L. and Orphan, V. J. and Amend, J. P. and Rappe, M. S. and Tyson, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2390,
	title = {Genome-resolved metagenomics and metatranscriptomics reveal niche differentiation in functionally redundant microbial communities at deep-sea hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Environ Microbiol},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2920},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14806},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573126},
	author = {Galambos, D. and Anderson, R. E. and Reveillaud, J. and Huber, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2378,
	title = {Incorporation of deep-sea and small-sized species provides new insights into gastropods phylogeny},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {135},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {136-147},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1055-7903},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.003},
	author = {Lee, H. and Chen, W. J. and Puillandre, N. and Aznar-Cormano, L. and Tsai, M. H. and Samadi, S.}
}
@article {2482,
	title = {Metagenomic investigation of vestimentiferan tubeworm endosymbionts from Mid-Cayman Rise reveals new insights into metabolism and diversity},
	journal = {Microbiome},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {19 - 19},
	issn = {2049-2618},
	doi = {10.1186/s40168-018-0411-x},
	author = {Reveillaud, Julie and Anderson, Rika and Reves-Sohn, Sintra and Cavanaugh, Colleen and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {RN2351,
	title = {Sediment Microbial Communities Influenced by Cool Hydrothermal Fluid Migration},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1249},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.01249},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01249},
	author = {Zinke, Laura A. and Reese, Brandi Kiel and McManus, James and Wheat, Charles G. and Orcutt, Beth N. and Amend, Jan P.}
}
@article {Hansman2017,
	title = {{Methane fates in the benthos and water column at cold seep sites along the continental margin of Central and North America}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {120},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {122{\textendash}131},
	abstract = {The potential influence of methane seeps on carbon cycling is a key question for global assessments, but the study of carbon cycling in surface sediments and the water column of cold seep environments is complicated by the high temporal and spatial variability of fluid and gas fluxes at these sites. In this study we directly examined carbon sources supporting benthic and planktonic food webs at venting methane seeps using isotopic and molecular approaches that integrate this variability. At four seep environments located along North and Central America, microorganisms from two size fractions were collected over several days from 2800 to 9050 l of seawater to provide a time-integrated measure of key microbial groups and the carbon sources supporting the overall planktonic microbial community. In addition to water column measurements, the extent of seafloor methane release was estimated at two of the sites by examining the stable carbon isotopic signature ($δ$13C) of benthic metazoan infauna. This signature reveals carbon sources fueling the base of the food chain and thus provides a metric that represents a time-integrated view of the dominant microbial processes within the sediment. The stable carbon isotopic composition of microbial DNA ($δ$13C-DNA), which had values between -17.0 and -19.5{\textperthousand}, indicated that bulk planktonic microbial production was not ultimately linked to methane or other 13C-depleted seep-derived carbon sources. Instead these data support the importance of organic carbon derived from either photo- or chemoautotrophic CO2 fixation to the planktonic food web. Results of qPCR of microbial DNA sequences coding for a subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase gene (pmoA) showed that only a small percentage of the planktonic microbial community were potential methane oxidizers possessing pmoA ({\textless}5{\%} of 16S rRNA gene copies). There was an overall decrease of 13C-depleted carbon fueling the benthic metazoan community from 3 to 5 cm below the seafloor to the sediment surface, reflecting limited use of isotopically depleted carbon at the sediment surface. Rare methane emission as indicated by limited aerobic methane oxidation acts to corroborate our findings for the planktonic microbial community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.12.016},
	author = {Hansman, R L and Thurber, A R and Levin, L A and Aluwihare, L I}
}
@article {Lee2017,
	title = {{The transfer of bomb radiocarbon and anthropogenic lead to the deep North Atlantic Ocean observed from a deep sea coral}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {458},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {223{\textendash}232},
	abstract = {Deep-ocean, View the MathML source$Δ$C14, Pb concentrations, and Pb isotopes were reconstructed from a deep-sea coral Enallopsammia rostrata from 1410 m depth off of Bermuda. Our high-resolution time series is created from closely spaced radial cross sections, with samples taken from the center of concentric coral growth bands that we show to be the oldest portion of the section. Prebomb radiocarbon ages from the coral demonstrate that the vertical growth rate of the coral is linear, and the age of the coral is estimated to be 560{\textendash}630 yr old based on the growth rate. Using this age model to reconstruct View the MathML source$Δ$C14 in deep seawater, we first detect bomb radiocarbon at the coral growth site around 1980, and show that View the MathML source$Δ$C14 increased from -80{\textpm}1{\textperthousand}-80{\textpm}1{\textperthousand} (average 1930{\textendash}1979) to a plateau at -39{\textpm}3{\textperthousand}-39{\textpm}3{\textperthousand} (1999{\textendash}2001). Pb/Ca of the coral ranges between 1.1{\textendash}4.5 nmol/mol during the 16th and 17th centuries, and Pb isotope ratios (206Pb/207Pb = 1.21, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.495) in this period agree with pre-anthropogenic values found in the pelagic sediments of the North Atlantic Ocean basin. Coral Pb/Ca is slightly elevated to 6.2{\textpm}0.9 nmol/mol6.2{\textpm}0.9 nmol/mol between the 1740s and the 1850s and then increases to 25.1{\textpm}0.2 nmol/mol25.1{\textpm}0.2 nmol/mol in the 1990s. The increase in coral Pb/Ca is accompanied by a decrease in coral 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb, indicating that the increase was caused by the infiltration of anthropogenic Pb to the coral growth site. Comparing our data to the surface coral View the MathML source$Δ$C14 and Pb records from Bermuda reveals a time scale of tracer transport from the surface ocean to the coral growth site. Some characteristic features, e.g., the bomb-derived View the MathML source$Δ$C14 increase, appear in the deep ocean approximately 25 yr later than the surface, but the overall increase of View the MathML source$Δ$C14 and Pb in the deep ocean is smaller and slower than the surface, showing the importance of mixing during the transport of these tracers.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.049},
	author = {Lee, J M and Eltgroth, S F and Boyle, E A and Adkins, J F}
}
@article {Krukenberg2016,
	title = {{Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {9},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3073{\textendash}3091},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation ofmethane (AOM) ismediated by consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and their specific partner bacteria. In thermophilic AOM consortia enriched from Guaymas Basin, members of the ANME-1 clade are associated with bacteria of the HotSeep-1 cluster, which likely perform direct electron exchange via nanowires. The partner bacterium was enriched with hydrogen as sole electron donor and sulfate as electron acceptor. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic characteristics we propose to name this chemolithoautotrophic sulfate reducer Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii. Ca.D. auxilii grows on hydrogen at temperatures between 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C with an activity optimum at 60 degrees C and doubling time of 4-6 days. Its genome draft encodes for canonical sulfate reduction, periplasmic and soluble hydrogenases and autotrophic carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. The presence of genes for pili formation and cytochromes, and their similarity to genes of Geobacter spp., indicate a potential for syntrophic growth via direct interspecies electron transfer when the organism grows in consortia with ANME. This first ANME-free enrichment of an AOM partner bacterium and its characterization opens the perspective for a deeper understanding of syntrophy in anaerobic methane oxidation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13283},
	author = {Krukenberg, V and Harding, K and Richter, M and Gloeckner, F O and Gruber-Vodicka, H R and Adam, B and Berg, J S and Knittel, K and Tegetmeyer, H E and Boetius, A and Wegener, G}
}
@article {Simister2016,
	title = {{Examining the diversity of microbes in a deep-sea coral community impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {157{\textendash}166},
	abstract = {Deep-sea surface sediments and flocculent material (floc) associated with corals containing oil originating from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill were examined to determine the diversity of microbes and the presence of functional genes involved in oil degradation. For all samples, 16S rRNA clone libraries were constructed to obtain full-length sequences and Illumina amplicon sequencing was used to further probe the diversity of the microbial community. The 16S rRNA gene data obtained by Illumina amplicon sequencing revealed Proteobacteria (55{\textendash}64{\%}) as the dominant bacteria in both sediment and floc samples. The floc samples were comprised of mostly aerobic or facultative aerobic phylotypes including Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, Sphingomonadales, Rickettsiales, Alteromonadales, Pseudomonadales, whereas mixtures of the aforementioned aerobic species and anaerobic phylotypes such as Desulfobacterales, Desulfuromonadales and Desulfarculales were present in the sediment samples. Genera affiliated with oil-degrading bacteria were identified in both sediment and floc samples. To evaluate the potential of the microbial community to degrade oil, clone libraries were constructed for the alkB gene (one of the structural genes of alkane hydroxylase involved in the aerobic degradation of n-alkanes of chain length {\textgreater}C5{\textendash}C16) and the alkylsuccinate synthase/benzylsuccinate synthases (assA/bssA) gene (involved in the anaerobic degradation of n-alkanes [via assA] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs; via bssA]). The alkB gene was present in all samples with the majority of sequences clustering to members of the Proteobacteria closely aligned to environmental sequences from hydrocarbon seep environments. The assA/bssA genes were only detected in sediment samples and were closely affiliated with $δ$-Proteobacteria previously detected in oil-contaminated sediments and oil-enrichment cultures. These data provide insight into the differences between environments impacted by the DWH oil spill and highlight the functional diversity of oil-degrading microbes associated with a deep-sea coral community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.01.010},
	author = {Simister, R L and Antzis, E W and White, H K}
}
@article {Teske2016,
	title = {{The Guaymas Basin Hiking Guide to Hydrothermal Mounds, Chimneys, and Microbial Mats: Complex Seafloor Expressions of Subsurface Hydrothermal Circulation}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {75},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal mats, mounds, and chimneys of the southern Guaymas Basin are the surface expression of complex subsurface hydrothermal circulation patterns. In this overview, we document the most frequently visited features of this hydrothermal area with photographs, temperature measurements, and selected geochemical data; many of these distinct habitats await characterization of their microbial communities and activities. Microprofiler deployments on microbial mats and hydrothermal sediments show their steep geochemical and thermal gradients at millimeter-scale vertical resolution. Mapping these hydrothermal features and sampling locations within the southern Guaymas Basin suggest linkages to underlying shallow sills and heat flow gradients. Recognizing the inherent spatial limitations of much current Guaymas Basin sampling calls for comprehensive surveys of the wider spreading region.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00075},
	author = {Teske, A P and de Beer, D and McKay, L J and Tivey, M K and Biddle, J F and Hoer, D R and Lloyd, K G and Lever, M A and Roy, H and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and MacGregor, B J}
}
@article {ISI:000366671300021,
	title = {{Metagenomic resolution of microbial functions in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes across the Eastern Lau Spreading Center}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {225{\textendash}239},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Microbial processes within deep-sea hydrothermal plumes affect ocean biogeochemistry on global scales. In rising hydrothermal plumes, a combination of microbial metabolism and particle formation processes initiate the transformation of reduced chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, methane, iron, manganese and ammonia that are abundant in hydrothermal vent fluids. Despite the biogeochemical importance of this rising portion of plumes, it is understudied in comparison to neutrally buoyant plumes. Here we use metagenomics and bioenergetic modeling to describe the abundance and genetic potential of microorganisms in relation to available electron donors in five different hydrothermal plumes and three associated background deep-sea waters from the Eastern Lau Spreading Center located in the Western Pacific Ocean. Three hundred and thirty one distinct genomic {\textquoteleft}bins{\textquoteright} were identified, comprising an estimated 951 genomes of archaea, bacteria, eukarya and viruses. A significant proportion of these genomes is from novel microorganisms and thus reveals insights into the energy metabolism of heretofore unknown microbial groups. Community-wide analyses of genes encoding enzymes that oxidize inorganic energy sources showed that sulfur oxidation was the most abundant and diverse chemolithotrophic microbial metabolism in the community. Genes for sulfur oxidation were commonly present in genomic bins that also contained genes for oxidation of hydrogen and methane, suggesting metabolic versatility in these microbial groups. The relative diversity and abundance of genes encoding hydrogen oxidation was moderate, whereas that of genes for methane and ammonia oxidation was low in comparison to sulfur oxidation. Bioenergetic-thermodynamic modeling supports the metagenomic analyses, showing that oxidation of elemental sulfur with oxygen is the most dominant catabolic reaction in the hydrothermal plumes. We conclude that the energy metabolism of microbial communities inhabiting rising hydrothermal plumes is dictated by the underlying plume chemistry, with a dominant role for sulfur-based chemolithoautotrophy.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.81},
	author = {Anantharaman, Karthik and Breier, John A and Dick, Gregory J}
}
@article {ISI:000368893500001,
	title = {{Microbial Communities in Methane- and Short Chain Alkane-Rich Hydrothermal Sediments of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, an active spreading center in the Gulf of California (Mexico), are rich in porewater methane, short-chain alkanes, sulfate and sulfide, and provide a model system to explore habitat preferences of microorganisms, including sulfate-dependent, methane- and short chain alkane-oxidizing microbial communities. In this study, hot sediments (above 60 degrees C) covered with sulfur-oxidizing microbial mats surrounding a hydrothermal mound (termed {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Mat Mound{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) were characterized by porewater geochemistry of methane, C-2-C-6 short-chain alkanes, sulfate, sulfide, sulfate reduction rate measurements, in situ temperature gradients, bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and V6 tag pyrosequencing. The most abundantly detected groups in the Mat mound sediments include anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea of the ANME-1 lineage and its sister Glade ANME-1Guaymas, the uncultured bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 within the Deltaproteobacteria and the separately branching HotSeep-1 Group; these uncultured bacteria are candidates for sulfate-reducing alkane oxidation and for sulfate-reducing syntrophy with ANME archaea. The archaeal dataset indicates distinct habitat preferences for ANME-1, ANME-1-Guaymas, and ANME-2 archaea in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. The bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 and HotSeep-1 co-occur with ANME-1 and ANME-1Guaymas in hydrothermally active sediments underneath microbial mats in Guaymas Basin. We propose the working hypothesis that this mixed bacterial and archaeal community catalyzes the oxidation of both methane and short-chain alkanes, and constitutes a microbial community signature that is characteristic for hydrothermal and/or cold seep sediments containing both substrates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00017},
	author = {Dowell, Frederick and Cardman, Zena and Dasarathy, Srishti and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Lipp, Julius S and Ruff, S Emil and Biddle, Jennifer F and McKay, Luke J and MacGregor, Barbara J and Lloyd, Karen G and Albert, Daniel B and Mendlovitz, Howard and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {ISI:000373321200001,
	title = {{Nanocalorimetric Characterization of Microbial Activity in Deep Subsurface Oceanic Crustal Fluids}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {apr},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Although fluids within the upper oceanic basaltic crust harbor a substantial fraction of the total prokaryotic cells on Earth, the energy needs of this microbial population are unknown. In this study, a nanocalorimeter (sensitivity down to 1.2 nW ml(-1)) was used to measure the enthalpy of microbially catalyzed reactions as a function of temperature in samples from two distinct crustal fluid aquifers. Microorganisms in unamended, warm (63 degrees C) and geochemically altered anoxic fluids taken from 292 meters sub-basement (msb) near the Juan de Fuca Ridge produced 267.3 mJ of heat over the course of 97 h during a step-wise isothermal scan from 35.5 to 85.0 degrees C. Most of this heat signal likely stems from the germination of thermophilic endospores (6.66 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) FLUID) and their subsequent metabolic activity at temperatures greater than 50 degrees C. The average cellular energy consumption (5.68 pW cell(-1)) reveals the high metabolic potential of a dormant community transported by fluids circulating through the ocean crust. By contrast, samples taken from 293 msb from cooler (3.8 degrees C), relatively unaltered oxic fluids, produced 12.8 mJ of heat over the course of 14 h as temperature ramped from 34.8 to 43.0 degrees C. Corresponding cell-specific energy turnover rates (0.18 pW cell(-1)) were converted to oxygen uptake rates of 24.5 nmol O-2 ml(-1) FLUID d(-1), validating previous model predictions of microbial activity in this environment. Given that the investigated fluids are characteristic of expansive areas of the upper oceanic crust, the measured metabolic heat rates can be used to constrain boundaries of habitability and microbial activity in the oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00454},
	author = {Robador, Alberto and LaRowe, Douglas E and Jungbluth, Sean P and Lin, Huei-Ting and Rappe, Michael S and Nealson, Kenneth H and Amend, Jan P}
}
@article {Hendrickx2016,
	title = {{New records of the deep-sea anemone Phelliactis callicyclus Riemann-Zurneck, 1973 (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Hormathiidae) from the Gulf of California, Mexico}},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {4178},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {145{\textendash}150},
	abstract = {Specimens of a deep-sea anemone were observed in photographs and video footage taken with the Remotely Operated Vehicle JASON (WHOI Deep Submergence Laboratory) in the Gulf of California, Mexico, in May 2008. Comparison of our material with photographs and description of this species available in literature indicate that the sea anemones filmed during the JASON survey are most likely to represent Phelliactis callicyclus Riemann-Zurneck, 1973. This species has previously been reported from a locality in the Gulf of California near the present record. During the JASON survey, 28 specimens of P. callicyclus were spotted in 27 locations during six dives. The specimens occurred on angular rock outcrops along the escarpments of the transform faults of the Gulf of California, between depths of 993-2543 m and at temperatures ranging from 2.3 to 4.5 degrees C. Based on these new records, Phelliactis callicyclus appears to be widely spread in the Gulf of California.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.8},
	author = {Hendrickx, M E and Hinojosa-Corona, A and Ayon-Parente, M}
}
@article {Raven2016,
	title = {{Sedimentary pyrite $δ$34S differs from porewater sulfide in Santa Barbara Basin: Proposed role of organic sulfur}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {186},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {120{\textendash}134},
	abstract = {Santa Barbara Basin sediments host a complex network of abiotic and metabolic chemical reactions that knit together the carbon, sulfur, and iron cycles. From a 2.1-m sediment core collected in the center of the basin, we present high-resolution profiles of the concentrations and isotopic compositions of all the major species in this system: sulfate, sulfide (∑H2S), elemental sulfur (S0), pyrite, extractable organic sulfur (OS), proto-kerogen S, total organic and dissolved inorganic carbon, and total and reducible iron. Below 10 cm depth, the core is characterized by low apparent sulfate reduction rates ({\textless}0.01 mM/yr) except near the sulfate-methane transition zone. Surprisingly, pyrite forming in shallow sediments is \~{}30{\textperthousand} more 34S-depleted than coexisting ∑H2S in porewater. S0 has the same strongly 34S-depleted composition as pyrite where it forms near the sediment{\textendash}water interface, though not at depth. This pattern is not easily explained by conventional hypotheses in which sedimentary pyrite derives from abiotic reactions with porewater ∑H2S or from the products of S0 disproportionation. Instead, we propose that pyrite formation in this environment occurs within sulfate reducing microbial aggregates or biofilms, where it reflects the isotopic composition of the immediate products of bacterial sulfate reduction. Porewater ∑H2S in Santa Barbara Basin may be more 34S-enriched than pyrite due to equilibration with relatively 34S-enriched OS. The difference between OS and pyrite $δ$34S values would then reflect the balance between microbial sulfide formation and the abundance of exchangeable OS. Both OS and pyrite $δ$34S records thus have the potential to provide valuable information about biogeochemical cycles and redox structure in sedimentary paleoenvironments.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.037},
	author = {Raven, M R and Sessions, A L and Fischer, W W and Adkins, J F}
}
@article {ISI:000380376700024,
	title = {{Subseafloor microbial communities in hydrogen-rich vent fluids from hydrothermal systems along the Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {18},
	number = {6, SI},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1970{\textendash}1987},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Warm fluids emanating from hydrothermal vents can be used as windows into the rocky subseafloor habitat and its resident microbial community. Two new vent systems on the Mid-Cayman Rise each exhibits novel geologic settings and distinctively hydrogen-rich vent fluid compositions. We have determined and compared the chemistry, potential energy yielding reactions, abundance, community composition, diversity, and function of microbes in venting fluids from both sites: Piccard, the world{\textquoteright}s deepest vent site, hosted in mafic rocks; and Von Damm, an adjacent, ultramafic-influenced system. Von Damm hosted a wider diversity of lineages and metabolisms in comparison to Piccard, consistent with thermodynamic models that predict more numerous energy sources at ultramafic systems. There was little overlap in the phylotypes found at each site, although similar and dominant hydrogen-utilizing genera were present at both. Despite the differences in community structure, depth, geology, and fluid chemistry, energetic modelling and metagenomic analysis indicate near functional equivalence between Von Damm and Piccard, likely driven by the high hydrogen concentrations and elevated temperatures at both sites. Results are compared with hydrothermal sites worldwide to provide a global perspective on the distinctiveness of these newly discovered sites and the interplay among rocks, fluid composition and life in the subseafloor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13173},
	author = {Reveillaud, Julie and Reddington, Emily and McDermott, Jill and Algar, Christopher and Meyer, Julie L and Sylva, Sean and Seewald, Jeffrey and German, Christopher R and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {ISI:000371481100019,
	title = {{Thermal and geochemical influences on microbial biogeography in the hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {150{\textendash}161},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Extreme thermal gradients and compressed metabolic zones limit the depth range of microbial colonization in hydrothermally active sediments at Guaymas Basin. We investigated the physicochemical characteristics of this ecosystem and their influence on microbial community structure. Temperature-related trends of C-13 values of methane and dissolved inorganic carbon from 36 sediment cores suggest in situ thermal limits for microbial anaerobic methane oxidation and organic carbon re-mineralization near 80 degrees C and 100 degrees C respectively. Temperature logging probes deposited in hydrothermal sediments for 8 days demonstrate substantial thermal fluctuations of up to 25 degrees C. Putative anaerobic methanotroph (ANME) populations dominate the archaeal community, transitioning from ANME-1 archaea in warm surficial sediments towards ANME-1 Guaymas archaea as temperatures increase downcore. Since ANME archaea performing anaerobic oxidation of methane double on longer time scales (months) compared with relatively rapid in situ temperature fluctuations (hours to days), we conclude that ANME archaea possess a high tolerance for short-term shifts in the thermal regime.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12365},
	author = {McKay, Luke and Klokman, Vincent W and Mendlovitz, Howard P and LaRowe, Douglas E and Hoer, Daniel R and Albert, Daniel and Amend, Jan P and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Garcia-Pineda2016,
	title = {{Transience and persistence of natural hydrocarbon seepage in Mississippi Canyon, Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {119{\textendash}129},
	abstract = {Analysis of the magnitude of oil discharged from natural hydrocarbon seeps can improve understanding of the carbon cycle and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) ecosystem. With use of a large archive of remote sensing data, in combination with geophysical and multibeam data, we identified, mapped, and characterized natural hydrocarbon seeps in the Macondo prospect region near the wreck site of the drill-rig Deepwater Horizon (DWH). Satellite image processing and the cluster analysis revealed locations of previously undetected seep zones. Including duplicate detections, a total of 562 individual gas plumes were also observed in multibeam surveys. In total, SAR imagery confirmed 52 oil-producing seep zones in the study area. In almost all cases gas plumes were associated with oil-producing seep zones. The cluster of seeps in the vicinity of lease block MC302 appeared to host the most persistent and prolific oil vents. Oil slicks and gas plumes observed over the DWH site were consistent with discharges of residual oil from the wreckage. In contrast with highly persistent oil seeps observed in the Green Canyon and Garden Banks lease areas, the seeps in the vicinity of Macondo Prospect were intermittent. The difference in the number of seeps and the quantity of surface oil detected in Green Canyon was almost two orders of magnitude greater than in Mississippi Canyon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.011},
	author = {Garcia-Pineda, O and MacDonald, I and Silva, M and Shedd, W and Daneshgar Asl, S and Schumaker, B}
}
@article {ISI:000367801400177,
	title = {{Trophosome of the Deep-Sea Tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Inhibits Bacterial Growth}},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila lives in symbiosis with the chemoautotrophic gamma-proteobacterium Cand. Endoriftia persephone. Symbionts are released back into the environment upon host death in high-pressure experiments, while microbial fouling is not involved in trophosome degradation. Therefore, we examined the antimicrobial effect of the tubeworm{\textquoteright}s trophosome and skin. The growth of all four tested Gram-positive, but only of one of the tested Gram-negative bacterial strains was inhibited by freshly fixed and degrading trophosome (incubated up to ten days at either warm or cold temperature), while no effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed. The skin did not show antimicrobial effects. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the ethanol supernatant of fixed trophosomes lead to the tentative identification of the phospholipids 1-palmitoleyl-2-lyso- phosphatidylethanolamine, 2-palmitoleyl-1-lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine and the free fatty acids palmitoleic, palmitic and oleic acid, which are known to have an antimicrobial effect. As a result of tissue autolysis, the abundance of the free fatty acids increased with longer incubation time of trophosome samples. This correlated with an increasing growth inhibition of Bacillus subtilis and Listeria welshimeri, but not of the other bacterial strains. Therefore, the free fatty acids produced upon host degradation could be the cause of inhibition of at least these two bacterial strains.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0146446},
	author = {Klose, Julia and Aistleitner, Karin and Horn, Matthias and Krenn, Liselotte and Dirsch, Verena and Zehl, Martin and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000348807500001,
	title = {{Activity and phylogenetic diversity of sulfate-reducing microorganisms in low-temperature subsurface fluids within the upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The basaltic ocean crust is the largest aquifer system on Earth, yet the rates of biological activity in this environment are unknown. Low-temperature ({\textless}100 degrees C) fluid samples were investigated from two borehole observatories in the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JFR) flank, representing a range of upper oceanic basement thermal and geochemical properties. Microbial sulfate reduction rates (SRR) were measured in laboratory incubations with S-35-sulfate over a range of temperatures and the identity of the corresponding sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) was studied by analyzing the sequence diversity of the functional marker dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase (dsrAB) gene. We found that microbial sulfate reduction was limited by the decreasing availability of organic electron donors in higher temperature, more altered fluids. Thermodynamic calculations indicate energetic constraints for metabolism, which together with relatively higher cell-specific SRR reveal increased maintenance requirements, consistent with novel species-level dsrAB phylotypes of thermophilic SRM. Our estimates suggest that microbially-mediated sulfate reduction may account for the removal of organic matter in fluids within the upper oceanic crust and underscore the potential quantitative impact of microbial processes in deep subsurface marine crustal fluids on marine and global biogeochemical carbon cycling.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00748},
	author = {Robador, Alberto and Jungbluth, Sean P and LaRowe, Douglas E and Bowers, Robert M and Rappe, Michael S and Amend, Jan P and Cowen, James P}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300014,
	title = {{Differences in recovery between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and vent-proximate communities after a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {167{\textendash}182},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and the surrounding basalt seafloor are subject to major natural disturbance events such as volcanic eruptions. In the near future, anthropogenic disturbance in the form of deep-sea mining could also significantly affect the faunal communities of hydrothermal vents. In this study, we monitor and compare the recovery of insular, highly productive vent communities and vent-proximate basalt communities following a volcanic eruption that destroyed almost all existing communities at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N in 2006. To study the recovery patterns of the benthic communities, we placed settlement substrates at vent sites and their proximate basalt areas and measured the prokaryotic abundance and compared the meio- and macrofaunal species richness and composition at one, two and four years after the eruption. In addition, we collected samples from the overlying water column with a pelagic pump, at one and two years after the volcanic eruption, to determine the abundance of potential meiofauna colonisers. One year after eruption, mean meio- and macrofaunal abundances were not significantly different from pre-eruption values in vent habitats (meio: 8-1838 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 3-6246 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02; macro: 95-1600 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 205-4577 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02) and on non-vent basalt habitats (meio: 10-1922 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 8328 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04; macro: 14-3351 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 2-63 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04), but species recovery patterns differed between the two habitat types. In the vent habitat, the initial community recovery was relatively quick but incomplete four years after eruption, which may be due to the good dispersal capabilities of vent endemic macrofauna and vent endemic dirivultid copepods. At vents, 42{\%} of the pre-eruption meio- and 39{\%} of macrofaunal species had returned. In addition, some new species not evident prior to the eruption were found. At the tubeworm site Tica, a total of 26 meio- and 19 macrofaunal species were found in 2009, which contrasts with the 24 meio- and 29 macrofauna species detected at the site in 2001/01 In the basalt habitat, community recovery of meiofauna was slower with only 28{\%} of the original 64 species present four years after eruption. The more limited dispersal capabilities of meiofauna basalt specialists such as nematodes or harpacticoid copepods probably caused this pattern. In contrast, 67{\%} of the original 27 macrofaunal species had recolonized the basalt by 2009. Our results suggest that not only vent communities, but also species-rich communities of vent-proximate habitats require attention in conservation efforts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.008},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Arbizu, Pedro Martinez and Mills, Susan and Le Bris, Nadine and Weinbauer, Markus and Shank, Timothy M and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Lin2015,
	title = {{Dissolved amino acids in oceanic basaltic basement fluids}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {164},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {175{\textendash}190},
	abstract = {The oceanic basaltic basement contains the largest aquifer on Earth and potentially plays an important role in the global carbon cycle as a net sink for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). However, few details of the organic matter cycling in the subsurface are known because great water depths and thick sediments typically hinder direct access to this environment. In an effort to examine the role of water{\textendash}rock{\textendash}microorganism interaction on organic matter cycling in the oceanic basaltic crust, basement fluid samples collected from three borehole observatories installed on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge were analyzed for dissolved amino acids. Our data show that dissolved free amino acids (1{\textendash}13 nM) and dissolved hydrolyzable amino acids (43{\textendash}89 nM) are present in the basement. The amino acid concentrations in the ridge-flank basement fluids are at the low end of all submarine hydrothermal fluids reported in the literature and are similar to those in deep seawater. Amino acids in recharging deep seawater, in situ amino acid production, and diffusional input from overlying sediments are potential sources of amino acids in the basement fluids. Thermodynamic modeling shows that amino acid synthesis in the basement can be sustained by energy supplied from inorganic substrates via chemolithotrophic metabolisms. Furthermore, an analysis of amino acid concentrations and compositions in basement fluids support the notion that heterotrophic activity is ongoing. Similarly, the enrichment of acidic amino acids and depletion of hydrophobic ones relative to sedimentary particulate organic matter suggests that surface sorption and desorption also alters amino acids in the basaltic basement. In summary, although the oceanic basement aquifer is a net sink for deep seawater DOC, similar amino acid concentrations in basement aquifer and deep seawater suggest that DOC is preferentially removed in the basement over dissolved amino acids. Our data also suggest that organic carbon cycling occurs in the oceanic basaltic basement, where an active subsurface biosphere is likely responsible for amino acid synthesis and degradation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.044},
	author = {Lin, H-T and Amend, J P and LaRowe, D E and Bingham, J-P and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {Li2015,
	title = {{Genomic and transcriptomic evidence for scavenging of diverse organic compounds by widespread deep-sea archaea}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {8933},
	abstract = {Microbial activity is one of the most important processes to mediate the flux of organic carbon from the ocean surface to the seafloor. However, little is known about the microorganisms that underpin this key step of the global carbon cycle in the deep oceans. Here we present genomic and transcriptomic evidence that five ubiquitous archaeal groups actively use proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids and lipids as sources of carbon and energy at depths ranging from 800 to 4,950 m in hydrothermal vent plumes and pelagic background seawater across three different ocean basins. Genome-enabled metabolic reconstructions and gene expression patterns show that these marine archaea are motile heterotrophs with extensive mechanisms for scavenging organic matter. Our results shed light on the ecological and physiological properties of ubiquitous marine archaea and highlight their versatile metabolic strategies in deep oceans that might play a critical role in global carbon cycling.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms9933},
	author = {Li, M and Baker, B J and Anantharaman, K and Jain, S and Breier, J A and Dick, G J}
}
@article {ISI:000358260100015,
	title = {{Predicting the response of the deep-ocean microbiome to geochemical perturbations by hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {9},
	number = {8},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1857{\textendash}1869},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Submarine hydrothermal vents perturb the deep-ocean microbiome by injecting reduced chemical species into the water column that act as an energy source for chemosynthetic organisms. These systems thus provide excellent natural laboratories for studying the response of microbial communities to shifts in marine geochemistry. The present study explores the processes that regulate coupled microbial-geochemical dynamics in hydrothermal plumes by means of a novel mathematical model, which combines thermodynamics, growth and reaction kinetics, and transport processes derived from a fluid dynamics model. Simulations of a plume located in the ABE vent field of the Lau basin were able to reproduce metagenomic observations well and demonstrated that the magnitude of primary production and rate of autotrophic growth are largely regulated by the energetics of metabolisms and the availability of electron donors, as opposed to kinetic parameters. Ambient seawater was the dominant source of microbes to the plume and sulphur oxidisers constituted almost 90{\%} of the modelled community in the neutrally-buoyant plume. Data from drifters deployed in the region allowed the different time scales of metabolisms to be cast in a spatial context, which demonstrated spatial succession in the microbial community. While growth was shown to occur over distances of tens of kilometers, microbes persisted over hundreds of kilometers. Given that high-temperature hydrothermal systems are found less than 100 km apart on average, plumes may act as important vectors between different vent fields and other environments that are hospitable to similar organisms, such as oil spills and oxygen minimum zones.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.4},
	author = {Reed, Daniel C and Breier, John A and Jiang, Houshuo and Anantharaman, Karthik and Klausmeier, Christopher A and Toner, Brandy M and Hancock, Cathrine and Speer, Kevin and Thurnherr, Andreas M and Dick, Gregory J}
}
@article {ISI:000353740700016,
	title = {{Rapid assessment of fish communities on submerged oil and gas platform reefs using remotely operated vehicles}},
	journal = {FISHERIES RESEARCH},
	volume = {167},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {143{\textendash}155},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) provide a non-extractive approach to characterizing fish communities in complex habitats. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of ROVs in studying reef fishes over natural hard-bottom and small artificial reefs, there has been little application of this technology to larger artificial structures (10s of m tall and wide), We explored the utility of ROVs in rapidly characterizing an assemblage of fishes associated with an artificial reef complex in the western Gulf of Mexico (26.9-28.2 degrees N; 95.5-97.0 degrees W) dominated by partially removed and toppled oil and gas platforms. This study reports on an efficient method to sample these structures, where we integrated depth-interval transect (DIT) and continuous roving transect (CRT) protocols to document fish distribution and community structure on 14 artificial reef sites. Consistent with previous hydroacoustic studies, south Texas artificial reefs exhibited a vertically heterogeneous distribution of fishes that varied with structure orientation. These reefs were dominated by economically important lutjanids and carangids, both of which presented sampling challenges due to their patchy distribution around these vast structures. The non-uniform distribution and mobility of these dominant taxa highlight the utility of adopting roving approaches to assess fish communities on these complex structures. We conclude our study with a discussion of important logistical challenges associated with micro-ROV surveys in deepwater habitats, and potential complementary approaches to assist documentation of demersal fishes inhabiting a persistently turbid bottom layer. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0165-7836},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fishres.2015.02.011},
	author = {Ajemian, Matthew J and Wetz, Jennifer Jarrell and Shipley-Lozano, Brooke and Stunz, Gregory W}
}
@article {ISI:000330965000004,
	title = {{Age and growth of the cold-water scleractinian Solenosmilia variabilis and its reef on SW Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {CORAL REEFS},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {31{\textendash}38},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about growth rates of deep-water reef-forming corals or the rates at which these reefs accumulate. Such information is critical for determining the resilience of the reefs to anthropogenic impacts such as trawling and climate change. We radiocarbon date live-caught and sub-fossil samples of the bioherm-forming coral Solenosmilia variabilis collected from precisely known depths and locations by means of a remotely operated vehicle on seamounts south of Tasmania, Australia. The growth rate of colonies live-caught between 958 and 1,454 m, which spans most of the depth range of the species locally, ranged from 0.84 to 1.25 mm linear extension yr(-1) and tended to be higher in the deeper-caught material. Analysis of skeletal microstructure suggests annual deposition of growth increments near the growing tips, but not closer to the base, as the skeleton is extended and thickened. Dating of sub-fossil material indicates S. variabilis has been present on Tasmanian seamounts for at least the last 47,000 yrs and a reef accumulation rate of 0.27 mm yr(-1).},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0722-4028},
	doi = {10.1007/s00338-013-1097-y},
	author = {Fallon, S J and Thresher, R E and Adkins, J}
}
@article {ISI:000338758400018,
	title = {{THE CASCADIA INITIATIVE A Sea Change In Seismological Studies of Subduction Zones}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {138{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Increasing public awareness that the Cascadia subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest is capable of great earthquakes (magnitude 9 and greater) motivates the Cascadia Initiative, an ambitious onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an amphibious array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes, to volcanic arc structure, to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda Plates. Here, we provide an overview of the Cascadia Initiative, including its primary science objectives, its experimental design and implementation, and a preview of how the resulting data are being used by a diverse and growing scientific community. The Cascadia Initiative also exemplifies how new technology and community-based experiments are opening up frontiers for marine science. The new technology shielded ocean bottom seismometers is allowing more routine investigation of the source zone of megathrust earthquakes, which almost exclusively lies offshore and in shallow water. The Cascadia Initiative offers opportunities and accompanying challenges to a rapidly expanding community of those who use ocean bottom seismic data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Toomey, Douglas R and Allen, Richard M and Barclay, Andrew H and Bell, Samuel W and Bromirski, Peter D and Carlson, Richard L and Chen, Xiaowei and Collins, John A and Dziak, Robert P and Evers, Brent and Forsyth, Donald W and Gerstoft, Peter and Hooft, Emilie E E and Livelybrooks, Dean and Lodewyk, Jessica A and Luther, Douglas S and McGuire, Jeffrey J and Schwartz, Susan Y and Tolstoy, Maya and Trehu, Anne M and Weirathmueller, Michelle and Wilcock, William S D}
}
@article {ISI:000345292900023,
	title = {{Diversity and abundance of Bacteria and nirS-encoding denitrifiers associated with the Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal system}},
	journal = {ANNALS OF MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1691{\textendash}1705},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Denitrification, which results in the loss of bioavailable nitrogen-an essential macronutrient for all living organisms-may potentially affect chemosynthetic primary production in hydrothermal vent ecosystems where sub-oxic conditions favorable to denitrification are common. Here we describe the diversity and abundance of denitrifying bacteria in the subsurface biosphere at Axial Volcano and the Endeavour Segment on the Juan de Fuca Ridge using a combination of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU or 16S rRNA) pyrotag and nitrite reductase (nirS) clone library sequencing methods. Bacterial communities were diverse and dominated by members of the epsilon- and gamma-proteobacteria, including taxonomic groups containing known denitrifiers. Assemblages of denitrifiers that could be evaluated by nirS gene sequence comparisons showed low diversity. The single nirS sequence shared by the two locations, affiliated with a gamma-proteobacteria isolated from estuarine sediments (Pseudomonas sp. BA2), represented more than half of all sequences recovered when clustered at 97 {\%} identity. All other nirS sequences clustered into different taxonomic groups, indicating important differences in denitrifier community membership between the two sites. Total nirS gene abundance was at least two orders of magnitude lower than 16S rRNA abundance. Overall, our results demonstrate that the diversity and abundance of the nirS gene-containing bacterial community are rather low, as might be expected under the extreme conditions encountered in the subsurface biosphere of hydrothermal vent systems, and do not correlate clearly with any environmental variables investigated (i.e., pH, temperature, and H2S, NO3-, NH4+ concentrations).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1590-4261},
	doi = {10.1007/s13213-014-0813-3},
	author = {Bourbonnais, Annie and Juniper, S Kim and Butterfield, David A and Anderson, Rika E and Lehmann, Moritz F}
}
@article {Panieri2014,
	title = {{Late Holocene Foraminifera of Blake Ridge Diapir: Assemblage Variation and Stable-Isotope Record in gas-hydrate bearing sediments}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {353},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {99{\textendash}107},
	abstract = {The presence of gas hydrates on the Blake Ridge diapir, northeastern Atlantic Ocean, offers an opportunity to study the impact of methane seepage on the ecology and geochemistry of benthic foraminifera in the late Holocene. Three push cores, covering a time span of {\~{}}~1000~yrs, were retrieved from three distinct microhabitats at the top of the diapir at a water depth of {\~{}}~2150~m: (i) sediments away from seepage (control core), (ii) sediments overlain by clusters of methanotrophic and thiotrophic bivalves, and (iii) chemoautotrophic microbial mats. The foraminiferal assemblages at the two seep sites are marked by a reduction in benthic foraminiferal species diversity, coupled with a near-absence of agglutinated species. However, an opportunistic population rise in CH4- or H2S-tolerant calcareous species (e.g., Globocassidulina subglobosa and Cassidulina laevigata) that utilize the abundant trophic resources at the seeps has led to an increase in the overall assemblage density there. The $δ$18O and $δ$13C values of three species of benthic foraminifera - Gyroidinoides laevigatus, Globocassidulina subglobosa, and Uvigerina peregrina - and the planktonic species Globorotalia menardii were acquired from all three cores. The benthic species from methane seeps yield $δ$13C values of 0.1 to {\textendash}4.2 ({\textperthousand}VPDB), that are distinctly more 13C-depleted relative to the $δ$13C of 0.4 to {\textendash}1.0 ({\textperthousand}VPDB) at the control (off seep) site. The species from a mussel-bed site exhibit more negative $δ$13C values than those from microbial mats, possibly reflecting different food sources and higher rate of anaerobic oxidation of methane. The positive $δ$13C values in the paired planktonic species suggest that authigenic carbonate precipitation did not overprint the observed 13C depletions. Hence the probable cause of negative $δ$13C of benthic foraminifera is primary calcification from Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) containing mixed carbon fractions from (a) highly 13C-depleted, microbially-oxidized methane and (b) a seawater source.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.03.020},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322714000826},
	author = {Panieri, G and Aharon, Paul and Sen Gupta, B K and Camerlenghi, A and Ferrer, F P and Cacho, I}
}
@article {ISI:000345703500011,
	title = {{Seven-year enrichment: macrofaunal succession in deep-sea sediments around a 30 tonne whale fall in the Northeast Pacific}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {515},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133{\textendash}149},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Whale falls cause massive organic and sulfide enrichment of underlying sediments, yielding energy-rich conditions in oligotrophic deep-sea ecosystems. While the fauna colonizing whale skeletons has received substantial study, sediment macrofaunal community response to the geochemical impacts of deep-sea whale falls remains poorly evaluated. We present a 7 yr case study of geochemical impacts, macrofaunal community succession, and chemoautotrophic community persistence in sediments around a 30 t gray-whale carcass implanted at 1675 m in the well-oxygenated Santa Cruz Basin on the California margin. The whale fall yielded intense, patchy organic-carbon enrichment ({\textgreater}15{\%} organic carbon) and pore-water sulfide enhancement ({\textgreater}5 mM) in nearby sediments for 6 to 7 yr, supporting a dense assemblage of enrichment opportunists and chemosymbiotic vesicomyid clams. Faunal succession in the whale-fall sediments resembled the scavenger-opportunist-sulfophile sequence previously described for epifaunal communities on sunken whale skeletons. The intense response of enrichment opportunists functionally resembles responses to organic loading in shallow-water ecosystems, such as at sewer outfalls and fish farms. Of 100 macrofaunal species in the whale-fall sediments, 10 abundant species were unique to whale falls; 6 species were shared with cold seeps, 5 with hydrothermal vents, and 12 with nearby kelp and wood falls. Thus, whale-fall sediments may provide dispersal stepping stones for some generalized reducing-habitat species but also support distinct macrofaunal assemblages and contribute significantly to beta diversity in deep-sea ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10955},
	author = {Smith, Craig R and Bernardino, Angelo F and Baco, Amy and Hannides, Angelos and Altamira, Iris}
}
@article {Thresher2014,
	title = {{Strong Depth-Related Zonation of Megabenthos on a Rocky Continental Margin ( similar to 700-4000 m) off Southern Tasmania, Australia: e85872}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.},
	address = {United Kingdom},
	abstract = {Assemblages of megabenthos are structured in seven depth-related zones between {\~{}}700 and 4000 m on the rocky and topographically complex continental margin south of Tasmania, southeastern Australia. These patterns emerge from analysis of imagery and specimen collections taken from a suite of surveys using photographic and in situ sampling by epibenthic sleds, towed video cameras, an autonomous underwater vehicle and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Seamount peaks in shallow zones had relatively low biomass and low diversity assemblages, which may be in part natural and in part due to effects of bottom trawl fishing. Species richness was highest at intermediate depths (1000-1300 m) as a result of an extensive coral reef community based on the bioherm-forming scleractinian Solenosmilia variabilis. However, megabenthos abundance peaked in a deeper, low diversity assemblage at 2000-2500 m. The S. variabilis reef and the deep biomass zone were separated by an extensive dead, sub-fossil S. variabilis reef and a relatively low biomass stratum on volcanic rock roughly coincident with the oxygen minimum layer. Below 2400 m, megabenthos was increasingly sparse, though punctuated by occasional small pockets of relatively high diversity and biomass. Nonetheless, megabenthic organisms were observed in the vast majority of photographs on all seabed habitats and to the maximum depths observed - a sandy plain below 3950 m. Taxonomic studies in progress suggest that the observed depth zonation is based in part on changing species mixes with depth, but also an underlying commonality to much of the seamount and rocky substrate biota across all depths. Although the mechanisms supporting the extraordinarily high biomass in 2000-2500 m depths remains obscure, plausible explanations include equatorwards lateral transport of polar production and/or a response to depth-stratified oxygen availability.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0085872},
	url = {http://norton.whoi.edu/sfx{\_}local?url{\_}ver=Z39.88-2004{\&}rft{\_}val{\_}fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal{\&}genre=article{\&}sid=ProQ:ProQ{\%}253Apqdibs{\&}atitle=Strong+Depth-Related+Zonation+of+Megabenthos+on+a+Rocky+Continental+Margin+{\%}2528+similar+to},
	author = {Thresher, R and Althaus, F and Adkins, J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Alderslade, Phil and Dowdney, Jo and Cho, W and Gagnon, A and Staples, D and McEnnulty, F}
}
@article {ISI:000331111400001,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of short-chain alkanes in hydrothermal sediments: potential influences on sulfur cycling and microbial diversity}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {may},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Short-chain alkanes play a substantial role in carbon and sulfur cycling at hydrocarbon-rich environments globally, yet few studies have examined the metabolism of ethane (C-2), propane (C-3), and butane (C-4) in anoxic sediments in contrast to methane (C-1). In hydrothermal vent systems, short-chain alkanes are formed over relatively short geological time scales via thermogenic processes and often exist at high concentrations. The sediment-covered hydrothermal vent systems at Middle Valley (MV Juan de Fuca Ridge) are an ideal site for investigating the anaerobic oxidation of C-1-C-4 alkanes, given the elevated temperatures and dissolved hydrocarbon species characteristic of these metalliferous sediments. We examined whether MV microbial communities oxidized C-1-C-4 alkanes under mesophilic to thermophilic sulfate-reducing conditions. Here we present data from discrete temperature (25, 55, and 75 degrees C) anaerobic batch reactor incubations of MV sediments supplemented with individual alkanes. Co-registered alkane consumption and sulfate reduction (SR) measurements provide clear evidence for C-1-C-4 alkane oxidation linked to SR over time and across temperatures. In these anaerobic batch reactor sediments, 16S ribosomal RNA pyrosequencing revealed that Deltaproteobacteria, particularly a novel sulfate-reducing lineage, were the likely phylotypes mediating the oxidation of C-2-C-4 alkanes. Maximum C-1-C-4 alkane oxidation rates occurred at 55 degrees C, which reflects the mid-core sediment temperature profile and corroborates previous studies of rate maxima for the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Of the alkanes investigated, C-3 was oxidized at the highest rate over time, then C-4, C-2, and C-1, respectively. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to the potential competition between the anaerobic oxidation of C-2-C(4)alkanes with AOM for available oxidants and the influence on the fate of C-1 derived from these hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00110},
	author = {Adams, Melissa M and Hoarfrost, Adrienne L and Bose, Arpita and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000331366100001,
	title = {{Diffuse flow environments within basalt- and sediment-based hydrothermal vent ecosystems harbor specialized microbial communities}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents differ both in surface input and subsurface geochemistry. The effects of these differences on their microbial communities are not clear. Here, we investigated both alpha and beta diversity of diffuse flow-associated microbial communities emanating from vents at a basalt-based hydrothermal system along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and a sediment-based hydrothermal system, Guaymas Basin. Both Bacteria and Archaea were targeted using high throughput 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing analyses. A unique aspect of this study was the use of a universal set of 16S rRNA gene primers to characterize total and diffuse flow-specific microbial communities from varied deep-sea hydrothermal environments. Both surrounding seawater and diffuse flow water samples contained large numbers of Marine Group I (MGI) Thaumarchaea and Gammaproteobacteria taxa previously observed in deep-sea systems. However, these taxa were geographically distinct and segregated according to type of spreading center. Diffuse flow microbial community profiles were highly differentiated. In particular, EPR dominant diffuse flow taxa were most closely associated with chemolithoautotrophs, and off axis water was dominated by heterotrophic-related taxa, whereas the opposite was true for Guaymas Basin. The diversity and richness of diffuse flow-specific microbial communities were strongly correlated to the relative abundance of Epsilonproteobacteria, proximity to macrofauna, and hydrothermal system type. Archaeal diversity was higher than or equivalent to bacterial diversity in about one third of the samples. Most diffuse flow-specific communities were dominated by OTUs associated with Epsilonproteobacteria, but many of the Guaymas Basin diffuse flow samples were dominated by either OTUs within the Planctomycetes or hyperthermophilic Archaea. This study emphasizes the unique microbial communities associated with geochemically and geographically distinct hydrothermal diffuse flow environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00182},
	author = {Campbell, Barbara J and Polson, Shawn W and Allen, Lisa Zeigler and Williamson, Shannon J and Lee, Charles K and Wommack, K Eric and Cary, S Craig}
}
@article {ISI:000331550900001,
	title = {{Geomicrobiological linkages between short-chain alkane consumption and sulfate reduction rates in seep sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Marine hydrocarbon seeps are ecosystems that are rich in methane, and, in some cases, short-chain (C-2-C-5) and longer alkanes. C-2-C-4 alkanes such as ethane, propane, and butane can be significant components of seeping fluids. Some sulfate-reducing microbes oxidize short-chain alkanes anaerobically, and may play an important role in both the competition for sulfate and the local carbon budget. To better understand the anaerobic oxidation of short-chain n-alkanes coupled with sulfate-reduction, hydrocarbon-rich sediments from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) were amended with artificial, sulfate-replete seawater and one of four n-alkanes (C-1-C-4) then incubated under strict anaerobic conditions. Measured rates of alkane oxidation and sulfate reduction closely follow stoichiometric predictions that assume the complete oxidation of alkanes to CO2 (though other sinks for alkane carbon likely exist). Changes in the delta C-13 of all the alkanes in the reactors show enrichment over the course of the incubation, with the C-3 and C-4 incubations showing the greatest enrichment (4.4 and 4.5 parts per thousand, respectively). The concurrent depletion in the delta C-13 of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) implies a transfer of carbon from the alkane to the DIC pool (-3.5 and -6.7 parts per thousand for C-3 and C-4 incubations, respectively). Microbial community analyses reveal that certain members of the class Deltaproteobacteria are selectively enriched as the incubations degrade C-1-C-4 alkanes. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that distinct phylotypes are enriched in the ethane reactors, while phylotypes in the propane and butane reactors align with previously identified C-3-C-4 alkane-oxidizing sulfate-reducers. These data further constrain the potential influence of alkane oxidation on sulfate reduction rates (SRRs) in cold hydrocarbon-rich sediments, provide insight into their contribution to local carbon cycling, and illustrate the extent to which short-chain alkanes can serve as electron donors and govern microbial community composition and density.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00386},
	author = {Bose, Arpita and Rogers, Daniel R and Adams, Melissa M and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000325142700005,
	title = {{Growth kinetics and energetics of a deep-sea hyperthermophilic methanogen under varying environmental conditions}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {5},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {665{\textendash}671},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{A hyperthermophilic deep-sea methanogen, Methanocaldococcus strain JH146, was isolated from 26 degrees C hydrothermal fluid at Axial Volcano to model high temperature methanogenesis in the subseafloor. Emphasis was placed on defining growth kinetics, cell yields and growth energy demand (GE) across a range of conditions. The organism uses H-2 and CO2 as its sole carbon and energy sources. At various temperatures, pHs, and chlorinities, its growth rates and cell yields co-varied while GE remained uniform at 1.69x10(-11) J cell(-1)s(-1)+/- 0.68x10(-11) J cell(-1)s(-1) (s.d.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12065},
	author = {Eecke, Helene C Ver and Akerman, Nancy H and Huber, Julie A and Butterfield, David A and Holden, James F}
}
@article {Meyer2013,
	title = {{Microbiological characterization of post-eruption {\textquotedblleft}snowblower{\textquotedblright} vents at Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {153},
	abstract = {Microbial processes within the subseafloor can be examined during the ephemeral and uncommonly observed phenomena known as snowblower venting. Snowblowers are characterized by the large quantity of white floc that is expelled from the seafloor following mid-ocean ridge eruptions. During these eruptions, rapidly cooling lava entrains seawater and hydrothermal fluids enriched in geochemical reactants, creating a natural bioreactor that supports a subseafloor microbial {\textquotedblleft}bloom.{\textquotedblright} Previous studies hypothesized that the eruption-associated floc was made by sulfide-oxidizing bacteria; however, the microbes involved were never identified. Here we present the first molecular analysis combined with microscopy of microbial communities in snowblower vents from samples collected shortly after the 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount, an active volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. We obtained fluid samples and white flocculent material from active snowblower vents as well as orange flocculent material found on top of newly formed lava flows. Both flocculent types revealed diverse cell types and particulates when examined by phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Distinct archaeal and bacterial communities were detected in each sample type through Illumina tag sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and through sequencing of the sulfide oxidation gene, soxB. In fluids and white floc, the dominant bacteria were sulfur-oxidizing Epsilonproteobacteria and the dominant archaea were thermophilic Methanococcales. In contrast, the dominant organisms in the orange floc were Gammaproteobacteria and Thaumarchaeota Marine Group I. In all samples, bacteria greatly outnumbered archaea. The presence of anaerobic methanogens and microaerobic Epsilonproteobacteria in snowblower communities provides evidence that these blooms are seeded by subseafloor microbes, rather than from microbes in bottom seawater. These eruptive events thus provide a unique opportunity to observe subseafloor microbial communities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00153},
	author = {Meyer, J L and Akerman, N H and Proskurowski, G and Huber, J A}
}
@article {Mills2013,
	title = {{Persistent effects of disturbance on larval patterns in the plankton after an eruption on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {491},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {67{\textendash}76},
	abstract = {To predict how benthic communities will respond to disturbance, it is necessary to understand how disturbance affects the planktonic larval supply available to recolonize the area. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) experience frequent local extinctions due to tectonic and magmatic events, but the effects on regional larval abundance and diversity are unknown. We had been monitoring larvae at 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N on the EPR prior to the 2006 eruption and were able to resume collections shortly afterward. We found that many species that were common before the eruption became significantly less so afterward, whereas a few other species experienced a transient spike in abundance. Surprisingly, overall species richness in the plankton was high 9 mo after the eruption, but then decreased sharply after 1~yr and had not returned to pre-eruption levels after 2 yr. These results suggest that recovery from disturbance may continue to be affected by limited larval supply even several years after a disturbance event. This delay in recovery means that larvae of pioneer species may dominate potential colonists, even after benthic habitats have transitioned to conditions that favor later-successional species. Moreover, the combined effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. mining) would be likely to cause more profound and long-lasting changes than either event alone. Our results indicate that we do not have sufficient data to predict the timing of recovery after disturbance in the deep sea, even in a well-studied vent system.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10463},
	author = {Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Beaulieu, S E and Adams, D K}
}
@article {ISI:000331246100002,
	title = {{Phylogenetic diversity and functional gene patterns of sulfur-oxidizing subseafloor Epsilonproteobacteria in diffuse hydrothermal vent fluids}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Microorganisms throughout the dark ocean use reduced sulfur compounds for chemolithoautotrophy. In many deep-sea hydrothermal vents, sulfide oxidation is quantitatively the most important chemical energy source for microbial metabolism both at and beneath the seafloor. In this study, the presence and activity of vent endemic Epsilonproteobacteria was examined in six low-temperature diffuse vents over a range of geochemical gradients from Axial Seamount, a deep-sea volcano in the Northeast Pacific. PCR primers were developed and applied to target the sulfur oxidation soxB gene of Epsilonproteobacteria. soxB genes belonging to the genera Sulfurimonas and Sulfurovum are both present and expressed at most diffuse vent sites, but not in background seawater. Although Sulfurovum-like sox8 genes were detected in all fluid samples, the RNA profiles were nearly identical among the vents and suggest that Sulfurirnonas-like species are the primary Epsilonproteobacteria responsible for actively oxidizing sulfur via the Sox pathway at each vent. Community patterns of subseafloor Epsdonproteobactena 16S rRNA genes were best matched to methane concentrations in vent fluids, as well as individual vent locations, indicating that both geochemistry and geographical isolation play a role in structuring subseafloor microbial populations. The data show that in the subseafloor at Axial Seamount, Epsilonproteobacteria are expressing the soxB gene and that microbial patterns in community distribution are linked to both vent location and chemistry.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00185},
	author = {Akerman, Nancy H and Butterfield, David A and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {ISI:000309446000009,
	title = {{Anaerobic methane oxidation in metalliferous hydrothermal sediments: influence on carbon flux and decoupling from sulfate reduction}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10, SI},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2726{\textendash}2740},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a globally significant sink that regulates methane flux from sediments into the oceans and atmosphere. Here we examine mesophilic to thermophilic AOM in hydrothermal sediments recovered from the Middle Valley vent field, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Using continuous-flow sediment bioreactors and batch incubations, we characterized (i) the degree to which AOM contributes to net dissolved inorganic carbon flux, (ii) AOM and sulfate reduction (SR) rates as a function of temperature and (iii) the distribution and density of known anaerobic methanotrophs (ANMEs). In sediment bioreactors, inorganic carbon stable isotope mass balances results indicated that AOM accounted for between 16{\%} and 86{\%} of the inorganic carbon produced, underscoring the role of AOM in governing inorganic carbon flux from these sediments. At 90 degrees C, AOM occurred in the absence of SR, demonstrating a striking decoupling of AOM from SR. An abundance of Fe(III)-bearing minerals resembling mixed valent Fe oxides, such as green rust, suggests the potential for a coupling of AOM to Fe(III) reduction in these metalliferous sediments. While SR bacteria were only observed in cooler temperature sediments, ANMEs allied to ANME-1 ribotypes, including a putative ANME-1c group, were found across all temperature regimes and represented a substantial proportion of the archaeal community. In concert, these results extend and reshape our understanding of the nature of high temperature methane biogeochemistry, providing insight into the physiology and ecology of thermophilic anaerobic methanotrophy and suggesting that AOM may play a central role in regulating biological dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes to the deep ocean from the organic-poor, metalliferous sediments of the global mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent system.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02825.x},
	author = {Wankel, Scott D and Adams, Melissa M and Johnston, David T and Hansel, Colleen M and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000302950700011,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of methane at different temperature regimes in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1018{\textendash}1031},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) was investigated in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin based on delta C-13 signatures of CH4, dissolved inorganic carbon and porewater concentration profiles of CH4 and sulfate. Cool, warm and hot in-situ temperature regimes (15-20 degrees C, 30-35 degrees C and 70-95 degrees C) were selected from hydrothermal locations in Guaymas Basin to compare AOM geochemistry and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), mcrA and dsrAB genes of the microbial communities. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the cool and hot AOM cores yielded similar archaeal types such as Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group, Thermoproteales and anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME)-1; some of the ANME-1 archaea formed a separate 16S rRNA lineage that at present seems to be limited to Guaymas Basin. Congruent results were obtained by mcrA gene analysis. The warm AOM core, chemically distinct by lower porewater sulfide concentrations, hosted a different archaeal community dominated by the two deep subsurface archaeal lineages Marine Benthic Group D and Marine Benthic Group B, and by members of the Methanosarcinales including ANME-2 archaea. This distinct composition of the methane-cycling archaeal community in the warm AOM core was confirmed by mcrA gene analysis. Functional genes of sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea, dsrAB, showed more overlap between all cores, regardless of the core temperature. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries with Euryarchaeota-specific primers detected members of the Archaeoglobus clade in the cool and hot cores. A V6-tag high-throughput sequencing survey generally supported the clone library results while providing high-resolution detail on archaeal and bacterial community structure. These results indicate that AOM and the responsible archaeal communities persist over a wide temperature range. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 1018-1031; doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.164; published online 17 November 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.164},
	author = {Biddle, Jennifer F and Cardman, Zena and Mendlovitz, Howard and Albert, Daniel B and Lloyd, Karen G and Boetius, Antje and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {ISI:000311470800005,
	title = {{Geographic expansion of hermatypic and ahermatypic corals in the Gulf of Mexico, and implications for dispersal and recruitment}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY},
	volume = {436},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {36{\textendash}49},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The {\textgreater}3000 oil/gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) provide shallow hard-substratum in a soft-bottom dominated ecosystem. Excepting the Flower Garden Banks (FGB) and deeper mesophotic banks, no shallow hard substrate has been available offshore since the Holocene. Platforms have facilitated coral geographic expansion in this region. We determined the distribution, abundance, and species diversity patterns on 42 platforms in this region, at {\textless}= 37 m depth, along four cross-shelf transects: 1) S-SE from Corpus Christi, Texas; 2) S from Lake Sabine, Texas; 3) S from Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana; and 4) S-SW from Mobile, Alabama. Nine hermatypic, two ahermatypic, and one hydrozoan coral were found: hermatypes-Madracis decactis. Diploria strigosa, Montastraea cavernosa, Porites astreoides, Madracis formosa, Colpophyllia natans, Stephanocoenia intercepta, Stephanocoenia michelinii, and Millepora alcicornis (Hydrozoa); ahermatypes-Tubastraea cocci flea. Oculina diffusa, and Phyllangia americana. Pattern-seeking analyses identified four community types: one with no hermatypic corals (inner and mid-shelf); one high diversity set of platforms, dominated by abundant Madracis decactis, occurring with four other species per platform (outer shelf); and a third dominated by Madracis decactis, in low abundance, co-dominated by D. strigosa and Millepora alcicornis (outer shelf). Species diversity was highest around the Flower Garden Banks. Hermatypic density and D. strigosa (broadcaster) in particular, was maximum around the FGB, extending northwards. Madracis decactis (brooder) densities peaked at the shelf edge, off Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana. Montastraea cavernosa densities were bimodal, peaking near the FGB and east of the Mississippi River. The FGB appear to be the source of hermatypic corals for most platform populations. Differences between the distribution patterns of Madracis decactis and D. strigosa, Montastraea cavernosa, and O. diffusa suggest that the brooder effects longer recruitment distances by averaging larval dispersal over a broad range of hydrographic conditions throughout the year, while the broadcaster utilizes only one set of conditions over the same period. Averaging respective dispersal strategies over decades may have produced the observed disparate distribution patterns. Ahermatypic coral density exceeded hermatypic density by 10,000 fold, peaking south of Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana and Mobile, Alabama, due to T. coccinea. Ahermatypic diversity was highest off Matagorda Island, Texas, decreasing from west to east. Multi-variate pattern-seeking analysis (PATN) identified four ahermatypic community types: one dominated by O. diffusa and T. coccinea in low abundances (shelf-wide distribution); one characterized by the absence of ahermatypic corals (generally near-shore); one heavily dominated by T. coccinea, and also by O. diffusa in low abundances (mid-shelf to shelf edge); and one dominated by T. coccinea, co-dominated by both P. americana and O. diffusa in low abundances (shelf-edge). T. coccinea and P. americana appear to be derived from the southern GOM off Mexico or the Caribbean. Unlike shrinking coral populations in other parts of the world, corals have expanded their range substantially in the northern Gulf of Mexico, in areas previously devoid or near devoid of corals, facilitated by thousands of oil/gas platforms deployed for decades throughout the region. It is also possible that coral populations on these platforms may act as potential larval sources for the FGB in the event of a mass coral mortality there. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2012.08.009},
	author = {Sammarco, Paul W and Atchison, Amy D and Boland, Gregory S and Sinclair, James and Lirette, Angela}
}
@article {Connelly2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world{\textquoteright}s deepest seafloor spreading centre}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {620},
	abstract = {The Mid-Cayman spreading centre is an ultraslow-spreading ridge in the Caribbean Sea. Its extreme depth and geographic isolation from other mid-ocean ridges offer insights into the effects of pressure on hydrothermal venting, and the biogeography of vent fauna. Here we report the discovery of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre. The Von Damm Vent Field is located on the upper slopes of an oceanic core complex at a depth of 2,300 m. High-temperature venting in this off-axis setting suggests that the global incidence of vent fields may be underestimated. At a depth of 4,960 m on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre axis, the Beebe Vent Field emits copper-enriched fluids and a buoyant plume that rises 1,100 m, consistent with {\textgreater}400 degrees C venting from the world{\textquoteright}s deepest known hydrothermal system. At both sites, a new morphospecies of alvinocaridid shrimp dominates faunal assemblages, which exhibit similarities to those of Mid-Atlantic vents.},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms1636},
	author = {Connelly, D P and Copley, J T and Murton, B J and Stansfield, K and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Van Dover, C L and Amon, D and Furlong, M and Grindlay, N and Hayman, N and Huehnerbach, V and Judge, M and Le Bas, Tim and McPhail, S and Meier, A and Nakamura, K I and Nye, Verity and Pebody, M and Pedersen, R B and Plouviez, S and Sands, Carla and Searle, R C and Stevenson, P and Taws, Sarah and Wilcox, S}
}
@article {Lin2012,
	title = {{Inorganic chemistry, gas compositions and dissolved organic carbon in fluids from sedimented young basaltic crust on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flanks}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {213{\textendash}227},
	abstract = {The permeable upper oceanic basement serves as a plausible habitat for a variety of microbial communities. There is growing evidence suggesting a substantial subseafloor biosphere. Here new time series data are presented on key inorganic species, methane, hydrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in ridge flank fluids obtained from subseafloor observatory CORKs (Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kits) at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) boreholes 1301A and 1026B. These data show that the new sampling methods (Cowen et al., 2012) employed at 1301A result in lower contamination than earlier studies. Furthermore, sample collection methods permitted most chemical analyses to be performed from aliquots of single large volume samples, thereby allowing more direct comparison of the data. The low phosphate concentrations (0.06{\textendash}0.2~$μ$M) suggest that relative to carbon and nitrogen, phosphorus could be a limiting nutrient in the basement biosphere. Coexisting sulfate (17{\textendash}18~mM), hydrogen sulfide (\~{}0.1~$μ$M), hydrogen (0.3{\textendash}0.7~$μ$M) and methane (1.5{\textendash}2~$μ$M) indicates that the basement aquifer at 1301A either draws fluids from multiple flow paths with different redox histories or is a complex environment that is not thermodynamically controlled and may allow co-occurring metabolic pathways including sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. The low DOC concentrations (11{\textendash}18~$μ$M) confirm that ridge flank basement is a net DOC sink and ultimately a net carbon sink. Based on the net amounts of DOC, oxygen, nitrate and sulfate removed (\~{}30~$μ$M, \~{}80~$μ$M, \~{}40~$μ$M and \~{}10~mM, respectively) from entrained bottom seawater, organic carbon may be aerobically or anaerobically oxidized in biotic and/or abiotic processes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.017},
	author = {Lin, H -T and Cowen, J P and Olson, E J and Amend, J P and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {ISI:000301945500007,
	title = {{Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {766{\textendash}776},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of the endosymbionts coupled with an in situ characterization of the geochemical environment was performed to investigate their roles and expression profiles in the two respective hosts. The metagenomes indicated that the endosymbionts are genotypically highly homogeneous. Gene sequences coding for enzymes of selected key metabolic functions were found to be 99.9{\%} identical. On the proteomic level, the symbionts showed very consistent metabolic profiles, despite distinctly different geochemical conditions at the plume level of the respective hosts. Only a few minor variations were observed in the expression of symbiont enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, carbon fixation and in the response to oxidative stress. Although these changes correspond to the prevailing environmental situation experienced by each host, our data strongly suggest that the two tubeworm species are able to effectively attenuate differences in habitat conditions, and thus to provide their symbionts with similar micro-environments. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 766-776; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.137; published online 20 October 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.137},
	author = {Gardebrecht, Antje and Markert, Stephanie and Sievert, Stefan M and Felbeck, Horst and Thuermer, Andrea and Albrecht, Dirk and Wollherr, Antje and Kabisch, Johannes and Le Bris, Nadine and Lehmann, Ruediger and Daniel, Rolf and Liesegang, Heiko and Hecker, Michael and Schweder, Thomas}
}
@article {McKay2012,
	title = {{Spatial heterogeneity and underlying geochemistry of phylogenetically diverse orange and white Beggiatoa mats in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21{\textendash}31},
	abstract = {Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Beggiatoa are found in conspicuous, colorful mats on the seafloor above active hydrothermal seeps at Guaymas Basin. Guaymas Beggiatoa filaments fall into discrete size classes representing at least five separate 16S rRNA phylotypes, and appear either white, yellow, or orange. During two R/V Atlantis cruises to Guaymas Basin, 78 temperature profiles were taken near and within 15 different orange and white Beggiatoa mats by the Alvin submersible to investigate spatial relationships between mat color and hydrothermal fluid seeps, as indicated by elevated temperatures. The surface temperatures from 78 profiles are similar to each other (on average 8{\textendash}12~{\textdegree}C, warmer than bare sediments at 3{\textendash}4~{\textdegree}C), indicating that Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa spp., although relying on the hydrothermal system for energy and carbon sources, live within a relatively cool temperature range. Temperatures from 40~cm below orange Beggiatoa versus white Beggiatoa are the same, at 84~{\textdegree}C averaged across all mat systems. However, within a single mat system, temperatures are higher beneath the predominantly orange center of the mat than beneath the white mat periphery. Push core transects across the orange-to-white color change of three Beggiatoa mats showed stronger upward compression of isotherms and metabolic zones beneath the orange mat center than beneath white mat periphery. Hydrothermal temperature gradients push the microbial processes generating carbon and energy sources for Beggiatoa mats towards the sediment surface. The resulting steep gradients of hydrothermal electron donors and carbon sources to the sediment surface, rather than the in situ temperature by itself, control the relative positioning of orange and white filaments within a Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa mat. Given the wide spectrum of temperature and hydrothermal flux regimes between different mats, the orange/white pattern represents a relative preference or even a competitive balance among different Beggiatoa types that establishes itself within each hydrothermal hot spot.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	author = {McKay, L J and MacGregor, B J and Biddle, J F and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and Hoer, D R and Lipp, J S and Lloyd, K G and Teske, A P}
}
@article {Brandl2012,
	title = {{Volcanism on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise: Quantitative constraints on mantle heterogeneity and melting processes}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {298{\textendash}299},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {41{\textendash}56},
	abstract = {We present major and trace element and Sr, Nd and triple-spike Pb isotope data for 17 fresh volcanic glasses from Seamount 6, a 10-km diameter seamount located 140~km east of the East Pacific Rise at 12{\textdegree}45'N. Geological and geochronological evidence show that magma compositions evolved from tholeiitic basalts to alkalic basalts and basaltic trachyandesites during the 1{\textendash}2~Ma active lifetime of the seamount. Major and trace element compositions in Seamount 6 lavas vary systematically with isotope ratios; the youngest lavas with the highest incompatible trace element concentrations have the highest La/Yb, Nb/Zr, K2O/TiO2, 87Sr/86Sr, 206Pb/204Pb and the lowest 143Nd/144Nd, MgO and CaO. The range in element concentrations, incompatible element ratios, and isotope compositions in Seamount 6 lavas exceeds that observed in lavas erupted at the adjacent ridge axis, and is comparable to the range in lava compositions reported from all near-ridge seamounts studied to date. The observed range in lava compositions is consistent with mixing between enriched and depleted melts at shallow levels in the crust. The inferred difference in composition between these mixing endmembers cannot be explained by variable degrees of melting of a single source composition, and requires that the upper mantle is extremely heterogeneous on the scale of the melting region beneath a single seamount. We can show that the range in composition of EPR seamount lavas cannot be generated by melting of variably heterogeneous mantle in which enriched and depleted materials contribute equally to melting (source mixing). Instead, the trace element and isotope compositions of seamount lavas can be reproduced by melting models in which more enriched, fertile mantle lithologies are preferentially melted during mantle upwelling. At progressively lower degrees of melting, erupted lavas are thus more enriched in incompatible trace elements, have higher La/Yb, K/Ti, 87Sr/86Sr ratios and lower 143Nd/144Nd. If this is a common process, then mantle-derived magmas are unlikely to inherit the average incompatible trace element and isotope composition of their mantle source, which is likely to be significantly more depleted, nor will they display the full range of compositions present in the mantle melting region. These results have implications for the way in which oceanic basalts can be used to infer the composition of the upper mantle.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.015},
	author = {Brandl, P A and Beier, C and Regelous, M and Abouchami, W and Haase, K M and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Galer, S J G}
}
@article {ISI:000295971300003,
	title = {{Bacterial sulfur cycling shapes microbial communities in surface sediments of an ultramafic hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2633{\textendash}2648},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (LHF) is characterized by vent fluids, which are enriched in dissolved hydrogen and methane compared with fluids from basalt-hosted systems. Thick sediment layers in LHF are partly covered by characteristic white mats. In this study, these sediments were investigated in order to determine biogeochemical processes and key organisms relevant for primary production. Temperature profiling at two mat-covered sites showed a conductive heating of the sediments. Elemental sulfur was detected in the overlying mat and metal-sulfides in the upper sediment layer. Micro-profiles revealed an intensive hydrogen sulfide flux from deeper sediment layers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that filamentous and vibrioid, Arcobacter-related Epsilonproteobacteria dominated the overlying mats. This is in contrast to sulfidic sediments in basalt-hosted fields where mats of similar appearance are composed of large sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria. Epsilonproteobacteria (7-21{\%}) and Deltaproteobacteria (20-21{\%}) were highly abundant in the surface sediment layer. The physiology of the closest cultivated relatives, revealed by comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, was characterized by the capability to metabolize sulfur components. High sulfate reduction rates as well as sulfide depleted in (34)S further confirmed the importance of the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. In contrast, methane was found to be of minor relevance for microbial life in mat-covered surface sediments. Our data indicate that in conductively heated surface sediments microbial sulfur cycling is the driving force for bacterial biomass production although ultramafichosted systems are characterized by fluids with high levels of dissolved methane and hydrogen.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02530.x},
	author = {Schauer, Regina and Roy, Hans and Augustin, Nico and Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Peters, Marc and Wenzhoefer, Frank and Amann, Rudolf and Meyerdierks, Anke}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {ISI:000298301200007,
	title = {{Effects of chronic low carbonate saturation levels on the distribution, growth and skeletal chemistry of deep-sea corals and other seamount megabenthos}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {442},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {87{\textendash}99},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Ocean acidification has been predicted to reduce the ability of marine organisms to produce carbonate skeletons, threatening their long-term viability and severely impacting marine ecosystems. Corals, as ecosystem engineers, have been identified as particularly vulnerable and important. To determine the sensitivity of corals and allied taxa to long-term exposure to very low carbonate concentrations, we examined the distribution and skeletal characteristics of coral taxa along a natural deep-sea concentration gradient on seamounts of SW Australia. Carbonate under-saturation had little evident effect on the depth distribution, growth or skeletal composition of live scleractinians or gorgonians, with corals growing, often abundantly, in waters as much as 20 to 30{\%} under-saturated. Developmental anomalies in the deepest skeleton-forming anthozoan collected (an isidid gorgonian, at nearly 4 km depth) suggest an absolute low tolerance limit of about 40{\%} under-saturation. Evidence for an effect of acidification on the accumulation of reef structure is ambiguous, with clear indications of dissolution of high-magnesium calcite (HMC) gorgonian skeletons at depths below 2300 m, but also abundant, old scleractinian skeletons well below the aragonite saturation horizon. The latter might be the result of ferromanganese deposition on exposed skeletons, which, however, may render them inhospitable for benthic organisms.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps09400},
	author = {Thresher, Ronald E and Tilbrook, Bronte and Fallon, Stewart and Wilson, Nick C and Adkins, Jess}
}
@article {ISI:000296056300001,
	title = {{Extraordinarily high biomass benthic community on Southern Ocean seamounts}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We describe a previously unknown assemblage of seamount-associated megabenthos that has by far the highest peak biomass reported in the deep-sea outside of vent communities. The assemblage was found at depths of 2-2.5 km on rocky geomorphic features off the southeast coast of Australia, in an area near the Sub-Antarctic Zone characterised by high rates of surface productivity and carbon export to the deep-ocean. These conditions, and the taxa in the assemblage, are widely distributed around the Southern mid-latitudes, suggesting the high-biomass assemblage is also likely to be widespread. The role of this assemblage in regional ecosystem and carbon dynamics and its sensitivities to anthropogenic impacts are unknown. The discovery highlights the lack of information on deep-sea biota worldwide and the potential for unanticipated impacts of deep-sea exploitation.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep00119},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Adkins, J and Fallon, S J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Althaus, F and Williams, A}
}
@article {ISI:000296085300022,
	title = {{Modal analysis of the deep-water solitary scleractinian, Desmophyllum dianthus, on SW Pacific seamounts: inferred recruitment periodicity, growth, and mortality rates}},
	journal = {CORAL REEFS},
	volume = {30},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1063{\textendash}1070},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about the demography of corals inhabiting deep-sea features due to the logistical difficulties of working at the extreme depths they inhabit. To obtain basic information about growth, mortality, and recruitment dynamics for such a coral, we applied modal analysis to the size frequency distributions of live-caught and sub-fossil specimens of the widely distributed solitary cup coral, Desmophyllum dianthus, collected on SW Pacific seamounts. Comparison of live-caught material collected in 1997 and 2007-2009 indicated modal progression over time and an implied maximum age of approximately 190 years, which is similar to ages determined previously for D. dianthus using radiometric techniques. A log-linear decline in the number of individuals with increasing size further implies a constant adult mortality rate, of 15.1{\%} per annum in 1997 and 9.2{\%} per annum in 2007-2009. The spacing of size modes in the 2007-2009 samples suggests regularly episodic recruitment events, at 22- to 32-year intervals, which may relate to periodic variability in large-scale Southern Ocean circulation. Preliminary analyses of size frequency distributions of the sub-fossil material suggest that the trophodynamics, growth, and adult mortality schedules of D. dianthus in the SW Pacific have remained basically similar throughout the Holocene.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0722-4028},
	doi = {10.1007/s00338-011-0806-7},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Adkins, J and Thiagarajan, N}
}
@article {ISI:000299425400001,
	title = {{Nautiliniellidae (Annelida) from Costa Rican cold seeps and a western Pacific hydrothermal vent, with description of four new species}},
	journal = {SYSTEMATICS AND BIODIVERSITY},
	volume = {9},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {109{\textendash}131},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Four genera and five species of Nautiliniellidae (Phyllodocida; Annelida), representing four new species and one new record, were found in association with bivalves belonging to Mytilidae (Bathymodiolus spp.), Solemyidae (Acharax sp.) and Vesicomyidae (Calyptogena and Vesicomya) from hydrothermal vents of the western Pacific (Lau back-arc basin) and cold seeps of the eastern Pacific (Costa Rica). Iheyomytilidicola lauensis n. sp. is characterized by the presence of unidentate hooks; Laubierus alvini n. sp. has long dorsal cirri and notoacicula not protruding in any segment; Natsushima sashai n. sp has bifurcate chaetae with distal teeth markedly different in length and width between each other; and Shinkai fontefridae n. sp. differs in having posterior hooks with subdistal spines. Sexual dimorphism is described for Shinkai and Natsushima species and confirmed by DNA sequencing (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences). In addition, one specimen of N. bifurcata Miura {\&} Laubier, 1990 from the Gulf of Cadiz has been studied to compare it morphologically and genetically with N. sashai n. sp. Scanning electron and optical microscopy images are provided for each species, as well as pictures of live animals. Morphological features described and documented for the first time include the presence of internal longitudinal chambers within chaetae and possible evidence that the simple chaetae, characteristic of nautiliniellids, may be derived from compound chaetae.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1477-2000},
	doi = {10.1080/14772000.2011.569033},
	author = {Teresa Aguado, M and Rouse, Greg W}
}
@article {Adams2011,
	title = {{Surface-generated mesoscale eddies transport deep-sea products from hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {332},
	number = {6029},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {580{\textendash}583},
	abstract = {Atmospheric forcing, which is known to have a strong influence on surface ocean dynamics and production, is typically not considered in studies of the deep sea. Our observations and models demonstrate an unexpected influence of surface-generated mesoscale eddies in the transport of hydrothermal vent efflux and of vent larvae away from the northern East Pacific Rise. Transport by these deep-reaching eddies provides a mechanism for spreading the hydrothermal chemical and heat flux into the deep-ocean interior and for dispersing propagules hundreds of kilometers between isolated and ephemeral communities. Because the eddies interacting with the East Pacific Rise are formed seasonally and are sensitive to phenomena such as El Ni{\~n}o, they have the potential to introduce seasonal to interannual atmospheric variations into the deep sea.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1201066},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1201066},
	author = {Adams, D K and McGillicuddy, D J and Zamudio, L and Thurnherr, A M and Liang, X and Rouxel, O J and German, C R and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {ISI:000299052400011,
	title = {{Thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane by marine microbial consortia}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {5},
	number = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1946{\textendash}1956},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate controls the emission of the greenhouse gas methane from the ocean floor. AOM is performed by microbial consortia of archaea (ANME) associated with partners related to sulfate-reducing bacteria. In vitro enrichments of AOM were so far only successful at temperatures {\textless}= 25 degrees C; however, energy gain for growth by AOM with sulfate is in principle also possible at higher temperatures. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes and core lipids characteristic for ANME as well as hints of in situ AOM activity were indeed reported for geothermally heated marine environments, yet no direct evidence for thermophilic growth of marine ANME consortia was obtained to date. To study possible thermophilic AOM, we investigated hydrothermally influenced sediment from the Guaymas Basin. In vitro incubations showed activity of sulfate-dependent methane oxidation between 5 and 70 degrees C with an apparent optimum between 45 and 60 degrees C. AOM was absent at temperatures {\textgreater}= 75 degrees C. Long-term enrichment of AOM was fastest at 50 degrees C, yielding a 13-fold increase of methane-dependent sulfate reduction within 250 days, equivalent to an apparent doubling time of 68 days. The enrichments were dominated by novel ANME-1 consortia, mostly associated with bacterial partners of the deltaproteobacterial HotSeep-1 cluster, a deeply branching phylogenetic group previously found in a butane-amended 60 degrees C-enrichment culture of Guaymas sediments. The closest relatives (Desulfurella spp.; Hippea maritima) are moderately thermophilic sulfur reducers. Results indicate that AOM and ANME archaea could be of biogeochemical relevance not only in cold to moderate but also in hot marine habitats. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 1946-1956; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.77; published online 23 June 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.77},
	author = {Holler, Thomas and Widdel, Friedrich and Knittel, Katrin and Amann, Rudolf and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Wegener, Gunter}
}
@article {ISI:000294119400002,
	title = {{Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea)}},
	journal = {ZOOTAXA},
	number = {3001},
	year = {2011},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {33{\textendash}48},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {All sea pens have been thought to anchor in soft sediment using a basal, sausage-shaped, muscular peduncle. Based on underwater images and examination of specimens, we report an adaptation of the proximal portion of the peduncle for attachment to solid surfaces. We document four species with this adaptation, three new, Anthoptilum lithophilum sp. nov. (California, 669-700 m), A. gowlettholmesae sp. nov. (Tasmania, 729-1803 m), and Calibelemnon francei sp. nov. (the Bahamas, 1969 m), and one known, A. decipiens Thomson {\&} Henderson, 1906 (Sri Lanka, 925 m). The peduncle of a colony with this adaptation is greatly expanded by an outgrowth of the coenenchyme that forms a sucker-like structure, beneath which a conical mass of tough tissue surrounds the proximal end of the internal axis. We infer this structure affects suction, increasing or decreasing the strength of adhesion to the substratum, and discuss the systematics and functional morphology of this new ecological phenomenon-pennatulaceans fastened to hard substrata. We alter the definition of the genus Anthoptilum to accommodate this morphology, reporting on specimens of the type species, A. grandiflorum; compare the two sea pen families-Anthoptilidae and Scleroptilidae- and the two genera; and present a key to the known rock-inhabiting species.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	author = {Williams, Gary C and Alderslade, Philip}
}
@article {ISI:000291312500011,
	title = {{Using CRISPRs as a metagenomic tool to identify microbial hosts of a diffuse flow hydrothermal vent viral assemblage}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {77},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {120{\textendash}133},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Metagenomic analyses of viruses have revealed widespread diversity in the viriosphere, but it remains a challenge to identify specific hosts for a viral assemblage. To address this problem, we analyze the viral metagenome of a northeast Pacific hydrothermal vent with a comprehensive database of spacers derived from the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) putative immune system. CRISPR spacer matches to the marine vent virome suggest that viruses infecting hosts from diverse taxonomic groups are present in this vent environment. Comparative virome analyses show that CRISPR spacers from vent isolates and from thermophiles in general have a higher percentage of matches to the vent virome than to other marine or terrestrial hot spring viromes. However, a high percentage of hits to spacers from mesophilic hosts, combined with a moderately high modeled alpha diversity, suggest that the marine vent virome is comprised of viruses that have the potential to infect diverse taxonomic groups of multiple thermal regimes in both the bacterial and the archaeal domains.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01090.x},
	author = {Anderson, Rika E and Brazelton, William J and Baross, John A}
}
@article {Brazelton2010,
	title = {{Archaea and bacteria with surprising microdiversity show shifts in dominance over 1,000-year time scales in hydrothermal chimneys}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1612{\textendash}1617},
	abstract = {The Lost City Hydrothermal Field, an ultramafic-hosted system located 15 km west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has experienced at least 30,000 years of hydrothermal activity. Previous studies have shown that its carbonate chimneys form by mixing of \~{}90 {\textdegree}C, pH 9{\textendash}11 hydrothermal fluids and cold seawater. Flow of methane and hydrogen-rich hydrothermal fluids in the porous interior chimney walls supports archaeal biofilm communities dominated by a single phylotype of Methanosarcinales. In this study, we have extensively sampled the carbonate-hosted archaeal and bacterial communities by obtaining sequences of {\textgreater}200,000 amplicons of the 16S rRNA V6 region and correlated the results with isotopic (230Th) ages of the chimneys over a 1,200-year period. Rare sequences in young chimneys were commonly more abundant in older chimneys, indicating that members of the rare biosphere can become dominant members of the ecosystem when environmental conditions change. These results suggest that a long history of selection over many cycles of chimney growth has resulted in numerous closely related species at Lost City, each of which is preadapted to a particular set of reoccurring environmental conditions. Because of the unique characteristics of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, these data offer an unprecedented opportunity to study the dynamics of a microbial ecosystem{\textquoteright}s rare biosphere over a thousand-year time scale.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0905369107},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905369107},
	author = {Brazelton, W J and Ludwig, K A and Sogin, M L and Andreishcheva, E N and Kelley, D S and Shen, C C and Edwards, R L and Baross, J A}
}
@article {ISI:000273167300016,
	title = {{Beaked whale foraging areas inferred by gouges in the seafloor}},
	journal = {MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {226{\textendash}233},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0824-0469},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00325.x},
	author = {Auster, Peter J and Watling, Les}
}
@article {VandeFlierdt2010,
	title = {{Deep-sea coral aragonite as a recorder for the neodymium isotopic composition of seawater}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {21},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {6014{\textendash}6032},
	abstract = {Deep-sea corals have been shown to be useful archives of rapid changes in ocean chemistry during the last glacial cycle. Their aragonitic skeleton can be absolutely dated by U{\textendash}Th data, freeing radiocarbon to be used as a water-mass proxy. For certain species of deep-sea corals, the growth rate allows time resolution that is comparable to ice cores. An additional proxy is needed to exploit this opportunity and turn radiocarbon data into rates of ocean overturning in the past. Neodymium isotopes in seawater can serve as a quasi-conservative water-mass tracer and initial results indicate that deep-sea corals may be reliable archives of seawater Nd isotopes. Here we present a systematic study exploring Nd isotopes as a water-mass proxy in deep-sea coral aragonite. We investigated five different genera of modern deep-sea corals (Caryophyllia, Desmophyllum, Enallopsamia, Flabellum, Lophelia), from global locations covering a large potential range of Nd isotopic compositions. Comparison with ambient seawater measurements yields excellent agreement and suggests that deep-sea corals are reliable archives for seawater Nd isotopes. A parallel study of Nd concentrations in these corals yields distribution coefficients for Nd between seawater and coral aragonite of 1{\textendash}10, omitting one particular genus (Enallopsamia). The corals and seawater did however not come from exactly the same location, and further investigations are needed to reach robust conclusions on the incorporation of Nd into deep-sea coral aragonite. Lastly, we studied the viability of extracting the Nd isotope signal from fossil deep-sea corals by carrying out stepwise cleaning experiments. Our results show that physical removal of the ferromanganese coating and chemical pre-cleaning have the highest impact on Nd concentrations, but that oxidative/reductive cleaning is also needed to acquire a seawater Nd isotope signal.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.08.001},
	url = {http://dx/doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.08.001},
	author = {van de Flierdt, T and Robinson, L F and Adkins, J F}
}
@article {Bright2010,
	title = {{Epizooic metazoan meiobenthos associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations from cold seeps of the northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1982{\textendash}1989},
	abstract = {The abundance and higher taxonomic composition of epizooic metazoan meiobenthic communities associated with mussel and tubeworm aggregations of hydrocarbon seeps at Green Canyon, Atwater Valley, and Alaminos Canyon in depths between 1400 and 2800 m were studied and compared to the infaunal community of non-seep sediments nearby. Epizooic meiofaunal abundances of associated meiobenthos living in tubeworm bushes and mussel beds at seeps were extremely low (usually {\textless}100 ind. 10 cm-2), similar to epizooic meiofauna at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and the communities were composed primarily of nematodes, copepods, ostracods, and halacarids. In contrast, epizooic meiobenthic abundance is lower than previous studies have reported for infauna from seep sediments. Interestingly, non-seep sediments contained higher abundances and higher taxonomic diversity than epizooic seep communities, although in situ primary production is restricted to seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	author = {Bright, M and Plum, C and Riavitz, L A and Arbizu, P M and Cordes, E E and Gollner, S}
}
@article {ISI:000276610000012,
	title = {{Expanding dispersal studies at hydrothermal vents through species identification of cryptic larval forms}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {157},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1049{\textendash}1062},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The rapid identification of hydrothermal vent-endemic larvae to the species level is a key limitation to understanding the dynamic processes that control the abundance and distribution of fauna in such a patchy and ephemeral environment. Many larval forms collected near vents, even those in groups such as gastropods that often form a morphologically distinct larval shell, have not been identified to species. We present a staged approach that combines morphological and molecular identification to optimize the capability, efficiency, and economy of identifying vent gastropod larvae from the northern East Pacific Rise (NEPR). With this approach, 15 new larval forms can be identified to species. A total of 33 of the 41 gastropod species inhabiting the NEPR, and 26 of the 27 gastropod species known to occur specifically in the 9A degrees 50{\textquoteright} N region, can be identified to species. Morphological identification efforts are improved by new protoconch descriptions for Gorgoleptis spiralis, Lepetodrilus pustulosus, Nodopelta subnoda, and Echinopelta fistulosa. Even with these new morphological descriptions, the majority of lepetodrilids and peltospirids require molecular identification. Restriction fragment length polymorphism digests are presented as an economical method for identification of five species of Lepetodrilus and six species of peltospirids. The remaining unidentifiable specimens can be assigned to species by comparison to an expanded database of 18S ribosomal DNA. The broad utility of the staged approach was exemplified by the revelation of species-level variation in daily planktonic samples and the identification and characterization of egg capsules belonging to a conid gastropod Gymnobela sp. A. The improved molecular and morphological capabilities nearly double the number of species amenable to field studies of dispersal and population connectivity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-009-1386-8},
	author = {Adams, D K and Mills, S W and Shank, T M and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Basak2009,
	title = {{Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of live (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Aleutian Margin and the Southern Australian Margin}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {89{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	author = {Basak, C and Rathburn, A E and Perez, M E and Martin, J B and Kluesner, J W and Levin, L A and De Deckker, P and Gieskes, J M and Abriani, M}
}
@article {Beaulieu2009,
	title = {{Comparison of a sediment trap and plankton pump for time-series sampling of larvae near deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography: Methods},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {235{\textendash}248},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1541-5856},
	doi = {10.4319/lom.2009.7.235},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lomethods/free/2009/0235.pdf},
	author = {Beaulieu, S E and Mullineaux, L S and Adams, D K and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Rathburn2009,
	title = {{Geological and biological heterogeneity of the Aleutian Margin (1965{\textendash}4822 m)}},
	journal = {Progress In Oceanography},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {22{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	author = {Rathburn, A E and Levin, L A and Tryon, M D and Gieskes, J M and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Fodrie, F J and Neira, C and Fryer, G L and Mendoza, G F and McMillan, P A and Kluesner, J and Adamic, J and Ziebis, W}
}
@article {Petersen2009,
	title = {{The geological setting of the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (14 degrees 45'N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and its influence on massive sulfide formation}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {112},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {40{\textendash}56},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	author = {Petersen, S and Kuhn, K and Kuhn, T and Augustin, N and Hekinian, R and Franz, L and Borowski, C}
}
@article {Leary2009,
	title = {{Marine genetic resources:A review of scientific and commercial interest}},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	volume = {33},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {183{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0308-597X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2008.05.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.05.010},
	author = {Leary, D and Vierros, M and Hamon, G and Arico, S and Monagle, C}
}
@article {Schmitt2009,
	title = {{Mass-dependent cadmium isotopic variations in nature with emphasis on the marine environment}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {277},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {262{\textendash}272},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.025},
	author = {Schmitt, A -D and Galer, S J G and Abouchami, W}
}
@book {Abrams2009,
	title = {{The N456 Navigator system}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {2009-01},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {52},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2717},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2717},
	author = {Abrams, L J}
}
@article {Ammons2008,
	title = {{Distribution, habitat use and ecology of deepwater Anemones (Actiniaria) in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {55},
	number = {24-26},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2657{\textendash}2666},
	abstract = {The distribution of deepwater Actiniaria is poorly known. Rarely are these organisms identified to family, as this requires both well-preserved specimens and taxonomic expertise. Ecological information is similarly lacking. From the results of a comprehensive surveying program in the deep Gulf of Mexico, we report the occurrence of nine species of Actiniaria. For the most abundant four of these, we plot distributions and discuss habitat use, morphological variation, and feeding strategies. Actiniaria in the Gulf appear to have broad, basin-wide distributions with little depth preference. Faunal biomass is highest in the NE Gulf within submarine canyons or at the base of slope escarpments. Attachment mode is mostly opportunistic on various types of hard substrata, including trash. Sediment-dwelling forms are very abundant at an organically rich site within a large submarine canyon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.015},
	author = {Ammons, A W and Daly, M}
}
@article {Moore2008,
	title = {{False boarfish Neocyttus helgae in the Western North Atlantic}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {31{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-032X},
	doi = {10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[31:FBNHIT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[31:FBNHIT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Moore, J A and Auster, P J and Calini, D and Heinonen, K and Barber, K and Hecker, B}
}
@article {Lutz2008,
	title = {{Interrelationships between vent fluid chemistry, temperature, seismic activity, and biological community structure at a mussel-dominated, deep-sea hydrothermal vent along the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {177{\textendash}190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Luther, G W and Vetriani, C and Tolstoy, M and Nuzzio, D B and Moore, T S and Waldhauser, F and Crespo-Medina, M and Chatziefthimiou, A D and Annis, E R and Reed, A J}
}
@article {Dattagupta2008,
	title = {{Modification of sediment geochemistry by the hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi: A combined empirical and modeling approach}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {9},
	year = {2008},
	month = {may},
	pages = {2298{\textendash}2315},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.02.016},
	author = {Dattagupta, S and Arthur, M A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Adams2008,
	title = {{Supply of gastropod larvae to hydrothermal vents reflects transport from local larval sources}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {53},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1945{\textendash}1955},
	abstract = {Variation in larval supply to disjunct marine populations can provide insight into larval transport and delivery mechanisms, especially when compared with observations of physical transport. Daily variability in larval supply at two mussel-dominated hydrothermal vents, East Wall and Choo Choo, near 9{\textordmasculine}50{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise, was quantified concurrently with hydrodynamic observations to investigate local dispersal processes. The magnitude and temporal variation in supply differed between the two vent sites despite their close proximity, 1.6 km. Larval supply was relatively high and uninterrupted at East Wall compared to low and episodic at Choo Choo. Observed variation in larval supply was compared to predictions based on advective transport from larval sources at neighboring vents. Variation in larval supply at Choo Choo correlated with along-axis southward currents, consistent with larval transport from a northern larval source. Larval supply to East Wall appeared to be independent of current velocities, suggesting that larvae came from multiple sources north of and south of and possibly including East Wall. Transport of larvae from discrete local sources can explain differences in larval supply to vent communities, even on spatial scales of kilometers.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2008.53.5.1945},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}53/issue{\_}5/1945.pdf},
	author = {Adams, D K and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Rathgeber2008,
	title = {{Vertical distribution and characterization of aerobic phototrophic bacteria at the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Photosynthesis Research},
	volume = {97},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {235{\textendash}244},
	abstract = {The vertical distribution of culturable anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria was investigated at five sites at or near the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Twelve similar strains of obligately aerobic phototrophic bacteria were isolated in pure culture, from depths ranging from 500 to 2,379 m below the surface. These strains appear morphologically, physiologically, biochemically, and phylogenetically similar to Citromicrobium bathyomarinum strain JF-1, a bacterium previously isolated from hydrothermal vent plume waters. Only one aerobic phototrophic strain was isolated from surface waters. This strain is morphologically and physiologically distinct from the strains isolated at deeper sampling locations, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is most closely related to the genus Erythrobacter. Phototrophs were cultivated from three water casts taken above vents but not from two casts taken away from active vent sites. No culturable anaerobic anoxygenic phototrophs were detected. The photosynthetic apparatus was investigated in strain JF-1 and contains light-harvesting I and reaction center complexes, which are functional under aerobic conditions.},
	issn = {0166-8595},
	doi = {10.1007/s11120-008-9332-z},
	author = {Rathgeber, C and Lince, M T and Alric, J and Lang, Andrew S and Humphrey, E and Blankenship, R E and Vermeglio, A and Plumley, F G and Van Dover, C L and Beatty, J T and Yurkov, V}
}
@article {Garcia2008,
	title = {{Widespread secondary volcanism near northern Hawaiian Islands}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {89},
	number = {52},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {542{\textendash}543},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/2008EO520002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008EO520002},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Ito, G and Weis, D and Geist, D J and Swinnard, L and Bianco, T and Flinders, A and Taylor, B and Appelgate, B and Blay, C and Hanano, D and Silva, I N and Naumann, T and Maerschalk, C and Harpp, K S and Christensen, B and Sciaroni, L and Tagami, T and Yamasaki, S}
}
@article {Waller2007,
	title = {{Ancient DNA techniques : applications for deep-water corals}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {81},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {351{\textendash}359},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Waller, R G and Adkins, J F and Robinson, L F and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Robinson2007,
	title = {{Deep-sea scleractinian coral age and depth distributions in the northwest Atlantic for the last 225,000 years}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {81},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {371{\textendash}391},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Robinson, L F and Adkins, J F and Scheirer, D S and Fernandez, D P and Gagnon, A C and Waller, R G}
}
@article {VanDover2007a,
	title = {{A fungal epizootic in mussels at a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {54{\textendash}62},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00121.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00121.x},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Ward, M E and Scott, J L and Underdown, J and Anderson, B and Gustafson, C and Whalen, M and Carnegie, R B}
}
@mastersthesis {Adams2007,
	title = {{Influence of hydrodynamics on the larval supply to hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {164},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {Examination of the scales at which larval supply varies spatially and temporally, and correlation with concurrent physical observations can provide insights into larval transport mechanisms that contribute to structuring marine benthic communities. In order to facilitate field studies, this thesis first provides new morphological and genetic identifications for hydrothermal vent gastropod larvae along the northern East Pacific Rise. Daily and weekly variability in the supply of hydrothermal vent gastropod larvae to two hydrothermal vents, 1.6 km apart on the East Pacific Rise, were quantified concurrently with current velocity observations. The magnitude and temporal pattern of larval supply differed between vent sites, despite their close proximity. A strong correlation between along-axis flow and daily larval supply suggested that larval supply occurred primarily via along-axis transport between local sources 1-2 km apart. However, weekly larval supply appeared to be driven by larger spatial scales through losses associated with cross-axis flows and the passage of mesoscale eddies. Tracer movement within a quasi-geostrophic eddy model was consistent with the observations of decreased larval supply concurrent with an eddy observed via satellite altimetry. The tracer movement also indicated that deep eddy-induced flow could facilitate a long-distance dispersal event, enhancing dispersal between vents 100s km apart.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1779},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1779},
	author = {Adams, D K}
}
@article {Gannoun2007,
	title = {{The scale and origin of the osmium isotope variations in mid-ocean ridge basalts}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {259},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {541{\textendash}556},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	author = {Gannoun, A and Burton, K W and Parkinson, I J and Alard, O and Schiano, P and Thomas, L E}
}
@article {Auchtung2006,
	title = {{16S rRNA phylogenetic investigation of the candidate division Korarchaeota}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {72},
	number = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {5077{\textendash}5082},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00052-06},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00052-06},
	author = {Auchtung, T A and Takacs-Vesbach, C D and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {Eltgroth2006,
	title = {{A deep-sea coral record of North Atlantic radiocarbon through the Younger Dryas: Evidence for Intermediate/Deep Water Reorganization}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {PA4207},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2005PA001192},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001192},
	author = {Eltgroth, S F and Adkins, J F and Robinson, L F and Southon, J and Kashgarian, M}
}
@article {Jones2006,
	title = {{Evolution of habitat use by deep-sea mussels}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {841{\textendash}851},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-005-0115-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0115-1},
	author = {Jones, W J and Won, Y -J and Maas, P A Y and Smith, P J and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Lutz2006,
	title = {{Stauromedusan populations inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {409{\textendash}413},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb47-4-409-413.pdf},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Collins, A G and Annis, E R and Reed, A J and Bennett, K F and Halanych, K M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Govenar2005,
	title = {{Epifaunal community structure associated with Riftia pachyptila aggregations in chemically different hydrothermal vent habitats}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {305},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {67{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps305067},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps305067},
	author = {Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Gollner, S and Glanville, J and Aperghis, A B and Hourdez, S and Fisher, C R}
}
@inbook {Auster2005,
	title = {{A habitat classification scheme for seamount landscapes: assessing the functional role of deepwater corals as fish habitat}},
	booktitle = {Cold-water corals and ecosystems},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {761{\textendash}769},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {3-540-24136-1},
	author = {Auster, P J and Moore, J and Heinonen, K and Watling, L},
	editor = {Freiwald, A}
}
@article {VanDover2003a,
	title = {{Blake Ridge methane seeps: Characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {281{\textendash}300},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Aharon, P and Bernhard, J M and Caylor, E and Doerries, M B and Flickinger, W and Gilhooly, W and Goffredi, S K and Knick, K E and Macko, S A and Rapoport, S and Raulfs, E C and Ruppel, C and Salerno, J L and Seitz, R D and Sen Gupta, B K and Shank, T M and Turnipseed, M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@inbook {Smith2003,
	title = {{The ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {311{\textendash}354},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0415254639},
	author = {Smith, C R and Baco, A R and Gibson, R N and Atkinson, R J A},
	editor = {Gibson, R N}
}
@article {Biscoito2002,
	title = {{Fishes from the hydrothermal vents and cold seeps: An update}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {359{\textendash}362},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-359-362.pdf},
	author = {Biscoito, M and Segonzac, M and Almeida, A J and Desbruyeres, D and Geistdoerfer, P and Turnipseed, M and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Won2002,
	title = {{Habitat reversal in vent and seep mussels: seep species, Bathymodiolus heckerae, derived from vent ancestors}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {387{\textendash}390},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-387-390.pdf},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Maas, P A Y and Van Dover, C L and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Pond2002,
	title = {{Origins of long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids in the hydrothermal vent worms, Ridgea piscesae and Protis hydrothermica}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {225},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {219{\textendash}226},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps225219},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps225219},
	author = {Pond, D W and Allen, C E and Bell, M V and Van Dover, C L and Fallick, A E and Dixon, D R and Sargent, J R}
}
@article {Klages2001,
	title = {{Deep-sea food falls: first observation of a natural event in the Arctic Ocean}},
	journal = {Polar Biology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {292{\textendash}295},
	issn = {0722-4060},
	doi = {10.1007/s003000000199},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000000199},
	author = {Klages, M and Vopel, K and Bluhm, H and Brey, T and Soltwedel, T and Arntz, W E}
}
@article {OMullan2001,
	title = {{A hybrid zone between hydrothermal vent mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {12},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2819{\textendash}2831},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01401.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01401.x},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Maas, P A Y and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Allen2001,
	title = {{Lipid composition of the hydrothermal vent clam Calyptogena pacifica (Mollusca: Bivalvia) as a trophic indicator}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {81},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {817{\textendash}821},
	abstract = {Specimens of the chemoautotrophic symbiont-bearing hydrothermal vent clam Calyptogena pacifica were collected from hydrothermal vents at the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Total lipid was extracted from gill, foot and mantle tissues, and lipid class and fatty acid composition determined by thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC{\textendash}FID), gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). An abundance of n{\textendash}7 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), especially in the gill, reflected the large contribution of chemoautotrophic symbiotic bacteria to the nutrition of this clam. The absence of n{\textendash}8 MUFA suggests that C. pacifica does not contain methanotrophic symbiotic bacteria. Low levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as 20:5 n{\textendash}3 and 22:6 n{\textendash}3 were detected in C. pacifica and their presence is attributed to a source other than chemoautotrophic symbiotic bacteria. Significant levels of non-methylene interrupted dienoic fatty acids and eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) were also detected in C. pacifica and it is suggested that these fatty acids are synthesized from n{\textendash}7 MUFA as alternatives to HUFA. In contrast to shallow water bivalves, elevated levels of triglyceride were detected in the gills compared to the mantle.},
	issn = {0125-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315401004647},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401004647},
	author = {Allen, C E and Tyler, P A and Van Dover, C L}
}
@inbook {Smith2001a,
	title = {{Mechanisms of age-dependent mixing on the bathyal California margin: The young and the restless}},
	booktitle = {Organism-sediment interactions},
	series = {Belle W. Baruch library in marine science},
	number = {21},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {263{\textendash}278},
	publisher = {University of South Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of South Carolina Press},
	address = {Columbia, S.C.},
	isbn = {1570034311},
	author = {Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L},
	editor = {Aller, J Y}
}
@article {Revillon2000,
	title = {{A complex history for the Caribbean Plateau; petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the Beata Ridge, South Hispaniola}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {108},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {641{\textendash}661},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	doi = {10.1086/317953},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/317953},
	author = {Revillon, S and Hallot, E and Arndt, N T and Chauvel, C and Duncan, R A}
}
@article {Ballard2000a,
	title = {{The discovery of ancient history in the deep sea using advanced deep submergence technology}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1591{\textendash}1620},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	author = {Ballard, R D and McCann, A M and Yoerger, D R and Whitcomb, L and Mindell, D and Oleson, J and Singh, H and Foley, B and Adams, J and Piechota, D and Giangrande, C}
}
@article {Auzende2000,
	title = {{The eastern and western tips of Manus Basin (Papua, New Guinea) explored by submersible: MANAUTE cruise}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciences. S{\'e}rie II, M{\'e}canique, physique, chimie, sciences de l{\textquoteright}univers, sciences de la terre},
	volume = {331},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {119{\textendash}126},
	issn = {0764-4450},
	doi = {10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ishibashi, J and Beaudoin, Y and Charlou, J L and Delteil, J and Donval, J P and Fouquet, Y and Gouillou, J P and Ildefonse, B and Kimura, H and Nishio, Y and Radford-Knoery, J and Ruellan, E}
}
@article {Galgani2000,
	title = {{Litter on the sea floor along European coasts}},
	journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	volume = {40},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {516{\textendash}527},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9},
	author = {Galgani, F and Leaute, J P and Moguedet, P and Souplet, A and Verin, Y and Carpentier, A and Goraguer, H and Latrouite, D and Andral, B and Cadiou, Y and Mahe, J C and Poulard, J C and Nerisson, P}
}
@article {Aloisi2000,
	title = {{Methane-related authigenic carbonates of eastern Mediterranean Sea mud volcanoes and their possible relation to gas hydrate destabilisation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {184},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {321{\textendash}338},
	abstract = {Nautile submersible investigations of mud volcanoes and brine seep areas of the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the MEDINAUT cruise in November 1998 discovered extensive areas of authigenic carbonate crusts associated with methane emissions. Carbonate crusts form pavements, round slabs and circular mounds on the central, most active parts of mud volcanoes and in a fault-related valley where brines have accumulated to form a submarine brine lake. Authigenic carbonate nodules have been recovered from the same areas during the MEDINETH cruise in July 1999. Large 13C depletions of authigenic calcite, aragonite and dolomite indicate methane as a major carbon source for the carbonate. Crust pavements are formed when methane from a freshly emplaced, methane-charged mud flow is oxidised at the seafloor. In this environment, where bottom waters provide the sulphate and magnesium, aragonite is favoured versus calcite and accounts for the majority of the methane-related authigenic carbonates. Calcite, when present, contains significant amounts of Mg2+ (high-Mg calcite), and possibly other divalent ions in its crystal lattice. In areas of brine seep and accumulation, dolomitic nodules are present at shallow depth in the sediment. The 18O enrichment of the authigenic carbonates (up to 4{\textperthousand} greater than calculated values for carbonates precipitating from modern eastern Mediterranean bottom waters) is interpreted as due to precipitation from 18O-rich fluids rather than as a temperature effect. The source of the 18O-rich fluids may be multiple and possibly includes the destabilisation of gas hydrates present at shallow subbottom depth, and the seepage of relic Messinian brines.},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8},
	author = {Aloisi, G and Pierre, C and Rouchy, J M and Foucher, J P and Woodside, J}
}
@article {Aharon2000,
	title = {{Microbial sulfate reduction rates and sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionations at oil and gas seeps in deepwater Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {64},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {233{\textendash}246},
	abstract = {Sulfate reduction and anaerobic methane oxidation are the dominant microbial processes occurring in hydrate-bearing sediments at bathyal depths in the Gulf of Mexico where crude oil and methane are advecting through fault conduits to the seafloor. The oil and gas seeps are typically overlain by chemosynthetic communities consisting of thiotrophic bacterial mats (Beggiatoa spp.) and methanotrophic mussels (Bathymodiolus spp.), respectively. Cores were recovered with a manned submersible from fine-grained sediments containing dispersed gas hydrates at the threshold of stability. Estimated sulfate reduction rates are variable but generally are substantially higher in crude oil seeps (up to 50 times) and methane seeps (up to 600 times) relative to a non-seep reference sediment (0.0043 $μ$mol SO42- cm-3 day-1). Sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation factors are highest in the reference sediment ($\alpha$S = 1.027; $\alpha$O = 1.015) but substantially lower in the seep sediments ($\alpha$S = 1.018 to 1.009; $\alpha$O = 1.006 to 1.002) and are controlled primarily by kinetic factors related to sulfate reduction rates. Kinetic effects also control the $δ$34S/$δ$18O ratios such that slow microbial rates yield low ratios whereas faster rates yield progressively higher ratios. The seep data contradict previous claims that $δ$34S/$δ$18O ratios are diagnostic of either microbial sulfate reduction at a fixed $δ$34S/$δ$18O ratio of 4/1 or lower ratios caused by SO4{\textendash}H2O equilibration at ambient temperatures. The new results offer a better understanding of methane removal via anaerobic oxidation in the sulfate reduction zone of hydrate-bearing sediments and have significant implications regarding the origin and geochemical history of sedimentary sulfate reconstructed on the basis of $δ$34S and $δ$18O compositions.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00292-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00292-6},
	author = {Aharon, P and Fu, B}
}
@inbook {Stokey2000,
	title = {{The NaviComputer: A portable long baseline navigation system designed for interface to an autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {2115{\textendash}2121},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6553-4},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882247},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882247},
	author = {Stokey, R P and Austin, T}
}
@inbook {Purcell2000,
	title = {{New capabilities of the REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {147{\textendash}151},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881250},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881250},
	author = {Purcell, M and von Alt, C and Allen, B and Austin, T and Forrester, N and Goldsborough, R and Stokey, R}
}
@article {LeBris2000,
	title = {{A new chemical analyzer for in situ measurement of nitrate and total sulfide over hydrothermal vent biological communities}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {72},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1{\textendash}15},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00057-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00057-8},
	author = {Le Bris, N and Sarradin, P -M and Birot, D and Alayse-Danet, A M}
}
@inbook {Austin2000,
	title = {{PARADIGM: a buoy-based system for AUV navigation and tracking}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {935{\textendash}938},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881376},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881376},
	author = {Austin, T C and Stokey, R P and Sharp, K M}
}
@inbook {Allen2000,
	title = {{Propulsion system performance enhancements on REMUS AUVs}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1869{\textendash}1873},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882209},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882209},
	author = {Allen, B and Vorus, W S and Prestero, T}
}
@article {Akimoto2000,
	title = {{Recent benthic foraminiferal assemblage in the Bathymodiolus colony in the northern Iheya Ridges, Okinawa Trough, Japan}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}51},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}01{\_}07.pdf},
	author = {Akimoto, K and Hattori, M}
}
@article {Hekinian2000a,
	title = {{Submersible observations of equatorial atlantic mantle: The St. Paul Fracture Zone region}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {529{\textendash}560},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1004819701870},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004819701870},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Juteau, T and Gracia, E and Sichler, B and Sichel, S and Udintsev, G and Apprioual, R and Ligi, M}
}
@article {Kinoshita1999,
	title = {{Detailed mapping of a hydrothermal field using navigation and visual data of submersible Shinkai 6500}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {661{\textendash}669},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}57.pdf},
	author = {Kinoshita, M and Ytow, N and Akashi, A and Takekawa, K}
}
@article {Cailliet1999,
	title = {{Fish faunal and habitat analyses using trawls, camera sleds and submersibles in benthic deep-sea habitats off central California}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {22},
	number = {6},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {579{\textendash}592},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	doi = {10.1016/S0399-1784(00)88949-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(00)88949-5},
	author = {Cailliet, G M and Andrews, A H and Wakefield, W W and Moreno, G and Rhodes, K L}
}
@article {Hashimoto1999,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent communities in the PACMANUS site, Manus Basin. Results of the BIOACCESS Cruise {\textquoteright}96 in the Manus Basin}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {91{\textendash}102},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}09.pdf},
	author = {Hashimoto, J and Ota, S and Auzende, J M and Fiala-Medioni, A and Miura, T and Nishimura, K and Malagun, S and Kikuchi, T and Ishibashi, J}
}
@article {Aller1998,
	title = {{Biogeochemical heterogeneity and suboxic diagenesis in hemipelagic sediments of the Panama basin}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {133{\textendash}165},
	abstract = {Early diagenetic processes in hemipelagic sediments of the Panama Basin (\~{}3900 m) are strongly influenced by an active benthic community and intense bioturbation comparable to organic-rich, shallow water deposits. Rapid reworking enhances the role of suboxic decomposition, particularly Mn cycling, and burrow formation increases biogeochemical heterogeneity as reflected in pore-water profiles. Apparent regular patterns in the distribution of some solutes, such as NH+4 and Mn2+, around identifiable burrow structures are consistent with the active irrigation of burrows and a biogenic origin for heterogeneity. The effects of infauna are sufficiently pervasive, relative to the size of normal samples, that similar variations in solute patterns between cores can be observed when samples are separated over wide-ranging spatial scales, from a few centimeters to hundreds of meters. The spatial variation in pore-water solute distributions in samples (cores, passive-equilibration {\textquotedblleft}peepers{\textquotedblright}) taken during a single cruise is comparable to the interannual variability observed between cruises over a 4 yr period. Mineralized tubes and associated burrow complexes are direct visual evidence for biogenic heterogeneity in these deposits and for a significant interaction between macroinfauna and suboxic microbial communities. Comparison of in situ peeper arrays with cores processed on board ship confirms a variety of retrieval and handling artifacts also inferred in other studies. These appear to be largely related to core warming, promoting lysis of biomass, dissolution of biogenic debris, and irreversibly producing subsurface NH+4 maxima and increasing concentration gradients of NO-3, NO-2, and Si(OH)4. Agreements and mismatches between solute fluxes predicted from cores, in situ peeper arrays, and a benthic flux incubation chamber are consistent with various retrieval artifacts and with the enhancement of NO-3 (nitrification) and Si(OH)4 fluxes by burrow irrigation. Unlike organic-poor, deep-sea deposits from oligotrophic regions, where the sediment{\textendash}water interface can be the site of most benthic decomposition, subsurface processes are significant in the Panama Basin, and average reaction rate attenuation with sediment depth, is similar to that in bioturbated shallow-water deposits.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00049-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00049-6},
	author = {Aller, R C and Hall, P O J and Rude, P D and Aller, J Y}
}
@article {Black1998,
	title = {{Population genetics and biogeography of vestimentiferan tube worms}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {365{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00076-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00076-3},
	author = {Black, M B and Trivedi, A and Maas, P A Y and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Charlou1996a,
	title = {{Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge; East Pacific Rise, 17 degrees to 19 degrees S (Naudur cruise, 1993) phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {B7},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15,815{\textendash}899,919},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/96JB00880},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JB00880},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Fouquet, Y and Donval, J P and Auzende, J M and Jean-Baptiste, P and Stievenard, M and Michel, S}
}
@article {Auzende1996,
	title = {{Recent tectonic magmatic and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17 degrees S and 19 degrees S: submersible observations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {10,17,918{\textendash}995},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/96JB01209},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JB01209},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ballu, V and Batiza, R and Bideau, D and Charlou, J L and Cormier, M -H and Fouquet, Y and Geistdoerfer, P and Lagabrielle, Y and Sinton, J and Spadea, P}
}
@article {Alexander1996,
	title = {{Sea Beam, SeaMARC II and Alvin-based studies of faulting on the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 20{\textquoteright} N-9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {18},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {557{\textendash}587},
	abstract = {A study of Sea Beam bathymetry and SeaMARC II side-scan sonar allows us to make quantitative measures of the contribution of faulting to the creation of abyssal hill topography on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9{\textdegree}15' N{\textendash}9{\textdegree}50' N. We conclude that fault locations and throws can be confidently determined with just Sea Beam and SeaMARC II based on a number of in situ observations made from the ALVIN submersible. A compilation of 1026 fault scarp locations and scarp height measurements shows systematic variations both parallel and perpendicular to the ridge axis. Outward-facing fault scarps (facing away from the ridge axis), begin to develop within \~{}2 km of the ridge and reach their final average height of \~{}60 m at 5{\textendash}7 km. Beyond these distances, outward-dipping faults appear to be locked, although there is some indication of continued lengthening of outward-facing fault scarps out to the edge of the survey area. Inward-facing fault scarps (facing toward the ridge axis), initiate \~{}2 km off axis and increase in height and length out to the edge of our data at 30 km, where the average height of inward fault scarps is 60{\textendash}70 m and the length is \~{}30 km. Continued slip on inward faults at a greater distance off axis is probable, but based on fault lengths, \~{}80{\%} of the lengthening of inward fault scarps occurs within 30 km of the axis ({\textgreater}95{\%} for outward faults). Along-strike propagation and linkage of these faults are common. Outward-dipping faults accommodate more apparent horizontal strain than inward ones within 10 km of the ridge. The net horizontal extension due to faulting at greater distances is estimated as 4.2{\textendash}4.3{\%}, and inward and outward faults contribute comparably. Both inward- and outward-facing fault scarps increase in height from north to south in our study area in the direction of decreasing inferred magma supply. Average fault spacing is \~{}2 km for both inward-dipping and outward-dipping faults. The azimuths of fault scarps document the direction of ridge spreading, but they are sensitive to local changes in least compressive stress direction near discontinuities. Both the ridge trend and fault scarp azimuths show a clockwise change in trend of \~{}3{\textendash}5{\textdegree} from 9{\textdegree}50' N to 9{\textdegree}15' N approaching the 9{\textdegree} N overlapping spreading center.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00310069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310069},
	author = {Alexander, R T and Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {McAdoo1996,
	title = {{Seafloor structural observations, Costa Rica accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {883{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00731},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00731},
	author = {McAdoo, B G and Orange, D L and Silver, E A and McIntosh, K and Abbott, L and Galewsky, J and Kahn, L and Protti, M}
}
@article {Macdonald1996,
	title = {{Volcanic growth faults and the origin of Pacific abyssal hills}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {380},
	number = {6570},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {125{\textendash}129},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/380125a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/380125a0},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Fox, P J and Alexander, R T and Pockalny, R and Gente, P}
}
@inbook {Kadko1995,
	title = {{The Magnitude and global implications of hydrothermal flux}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {446{\textendash}466},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Kadko, D and Baross, J and Alt, J},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Auster1995,
	title = {{Patterns of microhabitat utilization by mobile megafauna on the southern New England (USA) continental shelf and slope}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {127},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {77{\textendash}85},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps127077},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps127077},
	author = {Auster, P J and Malatesta, R J and LaRosa, S C}
}
@article {Wishner1995,
	title = {{Pelagic and benthic ecology of the lower interface of the Eastern Tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {93{\textendash}115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	author = {Wishner, K F and Ashjian, C J and Gelfman, C and Gowing, M M and Kann, L and Levin, L A and Mullineaux, L S and Saltzman, J}
}
@article {Rueter1994,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons from crude oil by new types of sulfate-reducing bacteria}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {372},
	number = {6505},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {455{\textendash}459},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/372455a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/372455a0},
	author = {Rueter, P and Rabus, R and Wilkes, H and Aekersberg, F and Rainey, F and Jannasch, H W and Widdel, F}
}
@article {Airriess1994,
	title = {{Homeoviscous properties implicated by the interactive effects of pressure and temperature on the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {187},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {208{\textendash}214},
	abstract = {Specimens of the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron, collected from 13{\{}deg{\}} N on the East Pacific Rise, were exposed to pressures greater than those in their natural habitat over a range of temperatures to assess how increased hydrostatic pressure affects a species that requires high pressure to survive. We measured heart beat frequency and contraction waveform at pressures ranging from 28 MPa (normal environmental pressure for this species) to 62 MPa at 5{\{}deg{\}}, 10{\{}deg{\}}, and 20{\{}deg{\}}C. At 5{\{}deg{\}}C, increased hydrostatic pressure induced bradycardia or acardia in conjunction with marked disruption of the ventricular contraction waveform. The animals did not survive following decompression. The effects of increased pressure were less pronounced at 10{\{}deg{\}}C and almost negligible at 20{\{}deg{\}}C. Our results support previous findings at subambient pressures which suggest that the lipid bilayers of cell and organelle membranes are the primary sites affected by short-term pressure variation in deep-sea organisms. We also found evidence of an adaptive mechanism of pressure temperature interaction in these animals from the eurythermic habitat of the hydrothermal vents.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/187/2/208},
	author = {Airriess, C and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Elsgaard1994,
	title = {{Microbial sulfate reduction in deep-sea sediments at the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal area: Influence of temperature and pressure}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {58},
	number = {16},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {3335{\textendash}3343},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(94)90089-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90089-2},
	author = {Elsgaard, L and Isaksen, M F and Jorgensen, B B and Alayse, A M and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Auzende1994,
	title = {{Observation of sections of oceanic crust and mantle cropping out on the southern wall of the Kane FZ (N. Atlantic)}},
	journal = {Terra Nova},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {143{\textendash}148},
	issn = {0954-4879},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Henriet, J P and Juteau, T and Karson, J A and Lagabrielle, Y and M{\'e}vel, C and Tivey, M}
}
@article {Turner1993,
	title = {{Character of active hydrothermal mounds and near by altered hemipelagic sediments in the hydrothermal areas of Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: data on shallow cores}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {973{\textendash}996},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Turner, R J W and Ames, D E and Franklin, J M and Goodfellow, W D and Leitch, C H B and H{\"o}y, T}
}
@article {Percival1993,
	title = {{Clay mineralogy of active hydrothermal chimneys and an associated mound, Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {957{\textendash}971},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Percival, J B and Ames, D E}
}
@article {Cary1993,
	title = {{Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques}},
	journal = {Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {51{\textendash}62},
	issn = {1053-6426},
	author = {Cary, S C and Warren, W and Anderson, E and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@book {Ballard1993c,
	title = {{The Lost Ships of Guadalcanal}},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {227},
	publisher = {Warner Books},
	organization = {Warner Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-446-51636-8},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Archbold, R}
}
@article {Childress1993,
	title = {{The role of a zinc-based, serum-borne sulphide-binding component in the uptake and transport of dissolved sulphide by the chemoautotrophic symbiont containing clam Calyptogena elongata}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {179},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {131{\textendash}158},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/179/1/131},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Favuzzi, J A and Arp, A J and Oros, D R}
}
@article {Bendel1993,
	title = {{The White Lady hydrothermal field, North Fiji back-arc basin, Southeast Pacific}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2233{\textendash}2245},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2237},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2237},
	author = {Bendel, V and Fouquet, Y and Auzende, J M and Lagabrielle, Y and Grimaud, D and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Hey1992,
	title = {{Alvin investigation of an active propagating rift system, Galapagos 95.5 degrees west}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {207{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01270630},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01270630},
	author = {Hey, R N and Sinton, J M and Kleinrock, M C and Yonover, R N and Macdonald, K C and Miller, S P and Searle, R C and Christie, D M and Atwater, T M and Sleep, N H and Johnson, H P and Neal, C A}
}
@inbook {Howell1992,
	title = {{Maneuvering underwater vehicles employing low-tension tethers}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second (1992) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {321{\textendash}326},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineer (ISOPE)},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineer (ISOPE)},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	isbn = {1-880653-00-1},
	author = {Howell, C T and Grosenbaugh, M A and Moxnes, S and Anderson, J and Triantafyllou, M S}
}
@article {Appelgate1992,
	title = {{Submarine tumuli and inflated tube-fed lava flows on Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {6},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {447{\textendash}458},
	abstract = {A seafloor lava field was mapped within the summit caldera of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, using SeaMARC I sidescan sonor and submersible observations. By analogy with similar subaerial features, we infer that several volcanic seafloor features here formed by the process of lava flow inflation. Flow inflation occurs within tube-fed lava flows when lava continues to be supplied to the interior of a flow that has ceased advancing, thus uplifting the flow{\textquoteright}s rigid surface and creating a suite of characteristic surface structures. Inflated lavas require a feeder lava tube or tube system connected to a remote lava source, and therefore we infer that inflated submarine lava flows contain lava tubes. Inflated flow features identified from sidescan sonar images elsewhere on Axial Volcano and within the axial valley of the southern Juan de Fuca ridge suggest that flow inflation is a widespread submarine volcanic process.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00301391},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301391},
	author = {Appelgate, B T and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Lagabrielle1992,
	title = {{Vema fracture zone (central Atlantic); tectonic and magmatic evolution of the median ridge and the eastern ridge-transform intersection domain}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {17,317{\textendash}331,351},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01086},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01086},
	author = {Lagabrielle, Y and Mamaloukas-Frangoulis, V and Cannat, M and Auzende, J M and Honnorez, J and M{\'e}vel, C and Bonatti, E}
}
@article {Grimaud1991,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 17 degrees S active site on the North Fiji Basin Ridge (SW Pacific)}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {93},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {209{\textendash}218},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/0009-2541(91)90114-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90114-7},
	author = {Grimaud, D and Ishibashi, J I and Lagabrielle, Y and Auzende, J M and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Mevel1991,
	title = {{Emplacement of deep crustal and mantle rocks on the west median valley wall of the MARK area (MAR, 23 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {31{\textendash}53},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	author = {M{\'e}vel, C and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Marion, E and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Gente1991,
	title = {{An example of a recent accretion on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Snake Pit neovolcanic ridge (MARK Area, 23 degrees 22{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1{\textendash}29},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	author = {Gente, P and M{\'e}vel, C and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Mamaloukas-Frangoulis1991,
	title = {{In-situ study of eastern ridge-transform intersection of the Vema Fracture Zone}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {55{\textendash}71},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90354-U},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90354-U},
	author = {Mamaloukas-Frangoulis, V and Auzende, J M and Bideau, D and Bonatti, E and Cannat, M and Honnorez, J and Lagabrielle, Y and Malavielle, J and M{\'e}vel, C and Needham, H D}
}
@article {Zumberge1991,
	title = {{A submarine measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant}},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	volume = {67},
	number = {22},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {3051{\textendash}3054},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3051},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3051},
	author = {Zumberge, M A and Hildebrand, J A and Stevenson, J M and Parker, R L and Chave, A D and Ander, M E and Spiess, F N}
}
@article {Childress1991,
	title = {{Sulfide-driven autotrophic balance in the bacterial symbiont-containing hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Jones}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {180},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {135{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/180/1/135},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Favuzzi, J A and Kochevar, R and Sanders, N K and Alayse, A M}
}
@article {Anderson1990,
	title = {{Aerobic metabolism is maintained in animal tissues during rapid sulphide oxidation activity in the symbiont-containing clam Solemya reidi}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology},
	volume = {256},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {130{\textendash}134},
	abstract = {Solemya reidi is a gutless clam that contains intracellular, symbiotic sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria in its gills. It lives in burrows in highly reducing muds rich in sulfide, a compound toxic at low levels to aerobic respiration. In these habitats there is wide variation in levels of O2 and sulfide, both of which are metabolic requirements for this symbiosis. In order to assess whether the animal tissues utilize aerobic or anaerobic ATP-generating pathways in the presence of sulfide, and to determine the sulfide concentrations that might induce a shift to anaerobiosis, clams were incubated in varying levels of sulfide and oxygen. Symbiont-free foot tissues from clams incubated in various levels of sulfide (50{\textendash}500 $μ$M) were analyzed for a common substrate (aspartate) and product (succinate) of invertebrate anaerobic metabolism. The concentrations of these metabolites were compared with those found in tissues of aerobic and anaerobic controls. Aerobic metabolism was maintained in animal tissues in the presence of up to 100 $μ$M sulfide, levels at which maximum autotrophy has been previously reported; however, at higher concentrations, where inhibition of autotrophy has been reported, the onset of anaerobic pathways was evident. This use of anaerobic pathways was not due to the absence of O2, the classical definition of anaerobiosis, but rather to the inhibitory effect of sulfide on aerobic metabolism. The metabolic flexibility of this species in regard to energy metabolism is clearly advantageous living as it does at the interface between a highly oxic environment and an anoxic, highly reducing one.},
	issn = {1097-010X},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.1402560203},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402560203},
	author = {Anderson, A E and Felbeck, H and Childress, J J}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1990,
	title = {{Control capabilities of Jason and its manipulator}},
	booktitle = {Subsea Work Systems and Technologies},
	series = {Ocean Resources},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {19{\textendash}29},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers.},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers.},
	address = {Boston},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7923-0953-7},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and DiPietro, D M},
	editor = {Ardus, D A}
}
@book {Mills1990,
	title = {{Descriptions of W.H.O.I. Rock Dredge Samples, Volume IV}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {90-41},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {163},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1025},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1025},
	author = {Mills, P B and Andrew, P J}
}
@book {Ballard1990,
	title = {{The Discovery of the Bismarck}},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {231},
	publisher = {Warner Books},
	organization = {Warner Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-44-651386-5},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Archbold, R}
}
@article {Carranza-Edwards1990,
	title = {{Geochemical study of hydrothermal core sediments and rocks from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {77{\textendash}82},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90038-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90038-7},
	author = {Carranza-Edwards, A and Rosales-Hoz, L and Aguayo-Camargo, J E and Cruz, R L -S and Hornelas-Orozco, Y}
}
@book {Ballard1990a,
	title = {{The Lost Wreck of the Isis}},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {63},
	publisher = {Scholastic},
	organization = {Scholastic},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-590-43852-2},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Archbold, R}
}
@article {Brooks1990,
	title = {{Salt, seeps and symbiosis in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {71},
	number = {45},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1772{\textendash}1773},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Wiesenburg, D A and Roberts, H and Carney, R S and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R and Guinasso, N L and Sager, W W and McDonald, S J and Burke, R A and Aharon, P and Bright, T J}
}
@article {Roberts1990,
	title = {{Seafloor responses to hydrocarbon seeps, Louisiana continental slope}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {232{\textendash}243},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02431070},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431070},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Aharon, P and Carney, R and Larkin, J and Sassen, R}
}
@inbook {Auzende1990,
	title = {{Submersible exploration of an active hydrothermal site on North Fiji Basin Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Pacific Rim Congress 90 : An International Congress on the Geology, Structure, Mineralisation, Economics and Feasibility of Mining Development in the Pacific Rim},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {313{\textendash}316},
	publisher = {Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy},
	organization = {Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy},
	address = {Parkville, Vic., Australia},
	isbn = {0-949106-48-8},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Urabe, T}
}
@inbook {Olafsson1989,
	title = {{Initial observations, bathymetry and photography of a geothermal site on the Kolbeinsey Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography 1988 : JOA Mexico 88},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {121{\textendash}127},
	publisher = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	organization = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	address = {Mexico City},
	isbn = {9683611664},
	author = {Olafsson, J and Honjo, S and Thors, K and Stefansson, U and Jones, R R and Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Ayala-Casta{\~n}area, A}
}
@article {Somero1989,
	title = {{Transport, metabolism and detoxification of hydrogen sulfide in animals from sulfide rich marine environments}},
	journal = {Reviews in Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {1},
	number = {4},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {591{\textendash}614},
	issn = {0891-4117},
	author = {Somero, G N and Childress, J J and Anderson, A E}
}
@article {Alt1988,
	title = {{The chemistry and sulfur isotope composition of massive sulfide and associated deposits on Green Seamount, eastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1026{\textendash}1033},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.83.5.1026},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.83.5.1026},
	author = {Alt, J C}
}
@article {Allan1988,
	title = {{Cr-rich spinels as petrogenetic indicators: MORB-type lavas from the Lamont Seamount Chain}},
	journal = {American Mineralogist},
	volume = {73},
	number = {7-8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {741{\textendash}753},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-004X},
	url = {http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM73/AM73{\_}741.pdf},
	author = {Allan, J F and Sack, R O and Batiza, R}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1988,
	title = {{Design and control of Jason}},
	booktitle = {Intervention {\textquoteright}88, April 17-20: Underwater Technology Conference, 1988},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {541{\textendash}553},
	publisher = {Det norske Veritas},
	organization = {Det norske Veritas},
	address = {Bergen, Norway},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {8299113423},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and von Alt, C and Newman, J B and Bowen, A and Hersey, W J},
	editor = {Atteraas, L}
}
@article {Fornari1988,
	title = {{Geochemical and structural studies of the Lamont seamounts: seamounts as indicators of mantle processes}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {89},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {63{\textendash}67,70{\textendash}83},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R and Haymon, R and Barone, A and Ryan, W B F and Smith, T and Simkin, T and Luckman, M A}
}
@article {Fisher1988a,
	title = {{Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at Rose Garden}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1769{\textendash}1791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Felbeck, H and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Sanders1988,
	title = {{Oxygen binding characteristics of the hemocyanins of two deep-sea hydrothermal vent crustaceans}},
	journal = {Respiration Physiology},
	volume = {71},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {57{\textendash}67},
	issn = {0034-5687},
	doi = {10.1016/0034-5687(88)90115-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(88)90115-6},
	author = {Sanders, N K and Arp, A J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Fisher1988b,
	title = {{Physiology, morphology, and biochemical composition of Riftia pachyptila at Rose Garden in 1985}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1745{\textendash}1758},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D and Favuzzi, J A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Fornari1988a,
	title = {{Small-scale heterogeneities in depleted mantle sources: near-ridge seamount lava geochemistry and implications for mid-ocean-ridge magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {331},
	number = {6156},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {511{\textendash}513},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/331511a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/331511a0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Embley1988,
	title = {{Submersible observation of the {\textquoteright}megaplume{\textquoteright} areas: Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1483},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Embley, R W and Hammond, S and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G and Appelgate, B and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Baker, E T and Gendron, J and Lebon, G and Butterfield, D A and Coughlin, B and Lupton, J E and Jonnason, I and Perfit, M R and Cowen, J P and Tunnicliffe, V and Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Choukroune1988,
	title = {{Tectonics of an incipient oceanic rift}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {9},
	number = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {147{\textendash}163},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00369246},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369246},
	author = {Choukroune, P and Francheteau, J and Auvray, B and Auzende, J M and Brun, J P and Sichler, B and Arthaud, F and Lepine, J C}
}
@article {Fisher1988,
	title = {{Variation in the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica, at Rose Garden vent on the Galapagos Spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1811{\textendash}1832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Dugan, J A and Felbeck, H and Fritz, L W and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Lutz, R A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Aggrey1988,
	title = {{Volatile abundances in basaltic glasses from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N and 12 -14 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2115{\textendash}2119},
	abstract = {Volatiles in glasses from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise (EPR) in the vicinity of 21{\textdegree}N and 12{\textendash}14{\textdegree}N were analyzed by high-temperature mass spectrometry. Compared to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) magmas erupted at the spreading axis of the EPR at 21{\textdegree}N, the seamount magmas are commonly enriched in H2O, Cl, F and S (at the same Mg{\#}). Water and Cl abundances range from 0.111 to 1.021 wt.{\%} and 0.003 to 0.226 wt.{\%}, respectively. The wide range in abundances is consistent with the diversity of magmas erupted by these seamounts as indicated previously from major and rare-earth element data. H2O shows a strong linear positive correlation with K2O content [H2O = 0.45 ({\textpm}0.04) K2O + 0.22 ({\textpm}0.03) with RMS error of 0.09]. Based on -ratios and K2O abundances the glasses separate into three distinct groups: highly volatile-enriched alkalic/transitional, enriched tholeiitic, and depleted tholeiitic. Ratio-ratio plots of incompatible elements ( vs. ) indicate that these seamount magmas can all be related by the mixing of enriched and depleted source materials.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90191-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90191-3},
	author = {Aggrey, K E and Muenow, D W and Batiza, R}
}
@book {Ballard1987,
	title = {{The discovery of the Titanic}},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {230},
	publisher = {Warner Books},
	organization = {Warner Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-446-51385-7},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Archbold, R}
}
@article {Anderson1987,
	title = {{Net uptake of CO2 driven by sulfide and thiosulfate oxidatyion in the bacterial symbiont-containing clam Solemya reidi}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {133},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1{\textendash}31},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/133/1/1},
	author = {Anderson, A E and Childress, J J and Favuzzi, J A}
}
@inbook {Allan1987,
	title = {{Petrology and chemistry of lavas from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise axis, 21 degrees N: implications concerning the mantle source composition for both seamount and adjacent EPR lavas}},
	booktitle = {Seamounts, islands, and atolls},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {43},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {255{\textendash}282},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-87590-068-2},
	author = {Allan, J F and Batiza, R and Lonsdale, P},
	editor = {Keating, B H}
}
@article {Arp1987,
	title = {{The sulphide-binding protein in the blood of the vestimentiferan tube-worm, Riftia pachyptila, is the extracellular haemoglobin}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {128},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {139{\textendash}158},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/128/1/139},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J and Vetter, R D}
}
@article {Philpotts1987,
	title = {{Uniformity and diversity in the composition of mineralizing fluids from hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}327,333},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11327},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11327},
	author = {Philpotts, J A and Aruscavage, P J and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Gente1986,
	title = {{Detailed geological mapping by submersible of the East Pacific Rise axial graben near 13 degrees N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {78},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {224{\textendash}236},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(86)90063-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90063-4},
	author = {Gente, P and Auzende, J M and Renard, V and Fouquet, Y and Bideau, D}
}
@article {Childress1986,
	title = {{A methanotrophic marine molluscan (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) symbiosis: mussels fueled by gas}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {233},
	number = {4768},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1306{\textendash}1308},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.233.4770.1306},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.233.4770.1306},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Brooks, J M and II, Kennicutt M C and Bidigare, R and Anderson, A E}
}
@article {Hey1986,
	title = {{Sea Beam/deep-tow investigation of an active oceanic propagating rift system, Galapagos 95.5 degrees W}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {91},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {3369{\textendash}3393},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB091iB03p03369},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB03p03369},
	author = {Hey, R N and Kleinrock, M C and Miller, S P and Atwater, T M and Searle, R C}
}
@mastersthesis {Asper1985,
	title = {{Accelerated settling of particulate matter by {\textquoteright}marine snow{\textquoteright} aggregates}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {189},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3367},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3367},
	author = {Asper, V L}
}
@book {Akens1985,
	title = {{The Alvin upstream collector}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {49},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Akens, J J}
}
@inbook {Arp1985,
	title = {{Blood gas transport in Riftia pachyptila}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {289{\textendash}300},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Hekinian1985,
	title = {{Offset spreading centers near 12 degrees 53 N on East Pacific Rise: Submersible observations and composition of the volcanics}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {359{\textendash}377},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316774},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316774},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Auzende, J M and Francheteau, J and Gente, P and Ryan, W B F and Kappel, E S}
}
@article {Arnold1985,
	title = {{Predation and avoidance responses in the foraminifera of the Galapagos hydrothermal mounds}},
	journal = {Journal of Foraminiferal Research},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {38{\textendash}42},
	issn = {0096-1191},
	doi = {10.2113/gsjfr.15.1.38},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.15.1.38},
	author = {Arnold, A J and D{\textquoteright}Escrivan, F and Parker, W C}
}
@inbook {Auzende1984,
	title = {{Intraoceanic tectonism in the Gorringe Bank: observations by submersible}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere},
	series = {Geological Society Special Publications},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {113{\textendash}120},
	publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	organization = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	address = {Boston, Mass.},
	isbn = {0632012196},
	doi = {10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ceuleneer, G and Cornen, G and Juteau, T and Lagabrielle, Y and Lensch, G and M{\'e}vel, C and Nicolas, A and Prichard, H and Ribeiro, A and Ruellan, E and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Gass, I G}
}
@article {Childress1984,
	title = {{Metabolic and blood characteristics of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachypitila}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {109{\textendash}124},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00394718},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394718},
	author = {Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Arp1984,
	title = {{Metabolic and blood gas transport characteristics of the hydrothermal vent bivalve Calyptogena magnifica}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {57},
	number = {6},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {648{\textendash}662},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R}
}
@book {Akens1984,
	title = {{Woods Hole FORTH}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {84-46},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {290},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Akens, J J}
}
@article {Hekinian1983,
	title = {{Intense hydrothermal activity at the axis of the East Pacific Pise near 13 degrees N: Submersible witnesses the growth of sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1{\textendash}14},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00300395},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300395},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J and Renard, V and Ballard, R D and Choukroune, P and Cheminee, J L and Albarede, F and Minster, J F and Charlou, J L and Man{\textquoteright}y, J C and Boulegue, J}
}
@article {Macdonald1983,
	title = {{Investigation of a Vine-Matthews magnetic lineation from a submersible: The source and character of marine magnetic anomalies}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {3403{\textendash}3418},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB04p03403},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB04p03403},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Miller, S P and Luyendyk, B P and Atwater, T M and Shure, L}
}
@article {Arp1983,
	title = {{Sulfide binding by the blood of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Ristia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {219},
	number = {4582},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {295{\textendash}297},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.219.4582.295},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.219.4582.295},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Lagabrielle1982,
	title = {{Active in situ disaggregation of oceanic crust and mantle on Gorringe Bank: analogy with ophiolitic massives}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {297},
	number = {5866},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {490{\textendash}493},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/297490a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/297490a0},
	author = {Lagabrielle, Y and Auzende, J M}
}
@article {Anderson1982,
	title = {{Call Alvin for hot science}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {300},
	number = {5889},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {215{\textendash}216},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/300215a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/300215a0},
	author = {Anderson, R N}
}
@inbook {Pastouret1982,
	title = {{Geologie du canyon Shamrock, marge Armoricaine (Atlantique du N.E.)}},
	booktitle = {Processus geodynamiques observes en submersible: Geodynamic processes observed from a submersible: Seminaire du 2 avril 1982},
	series = {Oceanis},
	number = {8, fasc.8},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {683{\textendash}710},
	publisher = {Institut Oceanographique},
	organization = {Institut Oceanographique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	author = {Pastouret, L and Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Beuzart, P and Dubois, P and Seguret, M and Sigal, J and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Vanney, J R}
}
@inbook {Uchupi1982,
	title = {{Mesozoic-Cenozoic regressions and the development of margin off northeastern North America}},
	booktitle = {Ocean Floor: Bruce Heezen Commemorative Volume},
	volume = {1 (text)},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {81{\textendash}95},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471100919},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Ellis, J P and Austin, J A and Keller, G H and Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Scrutton, R A}
}
@inbook {Auffret1982,
	title = {{Recent mass wasting processes on the Provencal margin (western Mediterranean)}},
	booktitle = {Marine slides and other mass movements},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {8},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {53{\textendash}58},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306408880},
	author = {Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Gennesseaux, M and Monti, S and Pastouret, L and Pautot, G and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Saxov, S E}
}
@article {Silver1981,
	title = {{Bathypelagic marine snow: Deep-sea algal and detrital community}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {39},
	number = {3},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {501{\textendash}530},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	author = {Silver, M W and Alldredge, A L}
}
@article {Arp1981,
	title = {{Blood function in the hydrothermal vent vestimentiferan tube worm}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4505},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {342{\textendash}344},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4505.342},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4505.342},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Arnold1981,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at latitude 21 degrees N: Isotopic composition and origin of the hydrothermal sulphur}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {148{\textendash}156},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(81)90122-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90122-9},
	author = {Arnold, M and Sheppard, S M F}
}
@article {Alvarez-Ramis1981,
	title = {{Estudio de Frenelopsis oligostomata (Romariz) Alvin, procedente del Cretacico superior de Torrelaguna (Madrid)}},
	journal = {Estudios Geologicos},
	volume = {37},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {83{\textendash}87},
	issn = {0367-0449},
	author = {Alvarez-Ramis, C}
}
@article {Arp1981a,
	title = {{Functional characteristics of the blood of the deep sea hydrothermal vent brachyuran crab}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {214},
	number = {4520},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {559{\textendash}561},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.214.4520.559},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.214.4520.559},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Brevart1981,
	title = {{Metallogenesis at spreading centers: Lead isotope systematics for sulfides, manganese-rich crusts, basalts, and sediments from the Cyamex and Alvin areas (East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {76},
	number = {5},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1205{\textendash}1210},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1205},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1205},
	author = {Brevart, O and Dupre, B and Allegre, C J}
}
@article {Spiess1980,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4438},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1421{\textendash}1433},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	author = {Spiess, F N and Macdonald, K C and Atwater, T and Ballard, R D and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Cox, C and Diaz Garcia, V M and Francheteau, J and Guerrero, J and Hawkins, J and Haymon, R and Hessler, R and Juteau, T and Kastner, M and Larson, R and Luyendyk, B and Macdougall, J D and Miller, S and Normark, W and Orcutt, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Austin1980,
	title = {{Geology of the New England passive margin}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {501{\textendash}526},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Austin, J A and Uchupi, E and Shaughnessy, D R and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Mart1979,
	title = {{Geological observations from a submersible on the western continental slope of the Armorican Massif}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {M61{\textendash}M68},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90033-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90033-1},
	author = {Mart, Y and Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Pastouret, L}
}
@article {Bellaiche1979,
	title = {{Petrological evidence of a typical oceanic crust in the Western Meditteranean Sea}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {M11{\textendash}M18},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90141-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90141-5},
	author = {Bellaiche, G and Rehault, J P and Robin, C and Gennesseaux, M and Auzende, J M and Boivin, M C}
}
@book {Aldrich1973a,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1972 - 31 January 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-37},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {51},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Ballard, R D and Marquet, W M and Porter, D and McCamis, M J and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Aldrich1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1972 - 31 July 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-20},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Ballard, R D and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and McCamis, M J and Phillips, J D and Porter, D and Vine, A C and Teal, J M and Marquet, W M and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Aldrich1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1971 - 31 January 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-90},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {66},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Aldrich1971,
	title = {{Design and testing of the deep-submersible hoist system for the catamaran R/V Lulu}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {71-46},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T B and Leiby, J and Sharp, A G}
}
@article {Andrews1970,
	title = {{Great Bahama Canyon}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {81},
	number = {4},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {1061{\textendash}1078},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1061:GBC]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1061:GBC]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Andrews, J E and Shepard, F P and Hurley, R J}
}
@article {Anonal1964,
	title = {{Alvin{\textquoteright}s pressure sphere tested}},
	journal = {Naval Research Reviews},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1964},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-145X},
	author = {Anonal, Research}
}
@article {Allen1964,
	title = {{Research submarine Alvin}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute},
	volume = {90},
	number = {4},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {138{\textendash}140},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-798X},
	author = {Allen, E S}
}
