@article {RN2529,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, and preservation at the Cathedral Hill deep sea hydrothermal vent, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its implications regarding the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {163},
	year = {2022},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	author = {Bentley, J. N. and Ventura, G. T. and Dalzell, C. J. and Walters, C. C. and Peters, C. A. and Mennito, A. S. and Nelson, R. K. and Reddy, C. M. and Seewald, J. S. and Sievert, S. M.}
}
@article {RN2487,
	title = {Abyssal deposit feeders are secondary consumers of detritus and rely on nutrition derived from microbial communities in their guts},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-91927-4},
	author = {Romero-Romero, S. and Miller, E. C. and Black, J. A. and Popp, B. N. and Drazen, J. C.}
}
@article {RN2520,
	title = {Activities of 223Ra and 226Ra in fluids from the Lost City Hydrothermal Field require short fluid residence times},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021jc017886},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142711737},
	author = {Moore, W. S. and Frankle, J. D. and Benitez-Nelson, C. R. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L. and Lang, S. Q.}
}
@article {RN2527,
	title = {Activities of Ra-223 and Ra-226 in Fluids From the Lost City Hydrothermal Field Require Short Fluid Residence Times},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans},
	volume = {126},
	number = {12},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2021JC017886},
	author = {Moore, W. S. and Frankle, J. D. and Benitez-Nelson, C. R. and Frueh-Green, G. L. and Lang, S. Q.}
}
@article {RN2497,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, preservation at Cathedral Hill, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its link to the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {104302},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140741982},
	author = {Bentley, Jeremy N. and Ventura, G. Todd and Dalzell, Connor J. and Walters, Clifford C. and Peters, Carl A. and Mennito, Anthony S. and Nelson, Robert K. and Reddy, Christopher M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Sievert, Stefan M.}
}
@article {RN2446,
	title = {Bacterial symbiont subpopulations have different roles in a deep-sea symbiosis},
	journal = {eLife},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e58371},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.7554/elife.58371},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1134365242 https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.58371},
	author = {Hinzke, Tjorven and Kleiner, Manuel and Meister, Mareike and Schl{\"u}ter, Rabea and Hentschker, Christian and Pan{\'e}-Farr{\'e}, Jan and Hildebrandt, Petra and Felbeck, Horst and Sievert, Stefan M. and Bonn, Florian and V{\"o}lker, Uwe and Becher, D{\"o}rte and Schweder, Thomas and Markert, Stephanie}
}
@article {RN2468,
	title = {Chalcopyrite-dissolved Cu isotope exchange at hydrothermal conditions: Experimental constraints at 350 degrees C and 50 MPa},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {298},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {191-206},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2021.02.005},
	author = {Syverson, D. D. and Borrok, D. M. and Niebuhr, S. and Seyfried, W. E.}
}
@article {RN2453,
	title = {Chalcopyrite-dissolved Cu isotope exchange at hydrothermal conditions: Experimental constraints at 350{\textdegree}C and 50 MPa},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2021.02.005},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135286149},
	author = {Syverson, Drew D. and Borrok, David M. and Niebuhr, Spencer and Seyfried, William E.}
}
@article {RN2472,
	title = {Copepod assemblages along a hydrothermal stress gradient at diffuse flow habitats within the ABE vent site (Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Southwest Pacific)},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {103532},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103532},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1137332865},
	author = {Lorenzo, Coral Diaz-Recio and Bruggen, Daisy ter and Luther, George W. and Gartman, Amy and Gollner, Sabine}
}
@article {RN2484,
	title = {Degradation of biological macromolecules supports uncultured microbial populations in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-01026-5},
	author = {Castro, S. P. and Borton, M. A. and Regan, K. and de Angelis, I. H. and Wrighton, K. C. and Teske, A. P. and Strous, M. and Ruff, S. E.}
}
@article {RN2523,
	title = {Differential patterns of connectivity in Western Pacific hydrothermal vent metapopulations: A comparison of biophysical and genetic models},
	journal = {Evolutionary Applications},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1111/eva.13326},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143048765 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.13326},
	author = {Breusing, Corinna and Johnson, Shannon B. and Mitarai, Satoshi and Beinart, Roxanne A. and Tunnicliffe, Verena}
}
@article {RN2503,
	title = {Early development and coloniality in Oligophylloides from the Devonian of Morocco{\textemdash}Are Heterocorallia Palaeozoic octocorals?},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0257523},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0257523},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141477788 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0257523\&type=printable},
	author = {Berkowski, B{\l}a{\.z}ej and Zapalski, Miko{\l}aj K. and Jarochowska, Emilia and Alderslade, Phil}
}
@article {RN2500,
	title = {Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0256321},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256321},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140963870 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0256321\&type=printable},
	author = {Ram{\'\i}rez, Gustavo A. and Mara, Paraskevi and Sehein, Taylor and Wegener, Gunter and Chambers, Christopher R. and Joye, Samantha B. and Peterson, Richard N. and Philippe, Aur{\'e}lie and Burgaud, Ga{\"e}tan and Edgcomb, Virginia P. and Teske, Andreas P.}
}
@article {RN2457,
	title = {Expanding the repertoire of electron acceptors for the anaerobic oxidation of methane in carbonates in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-14},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-00918-w},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136330759},
	author = {Beckmann, Sabrina and Farag, Ibrahim F. and Zhao, Rui and Christman, Glenn D. and Prouty, Nancy G. and Biddle, Jennifer F.}
}
@article {RN2488,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, S. Q. and Lilley, M. D. and Baumberger, T. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L. and Walker, S. L. and Brazelton, W. J. and Kelley, D. S. and Elend, M. and Butterfield, D. A. and Mau, A. J.}
}
@article {RN2489,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, Susan Q. and Lilley, Marvin D. and Baumberger, Tamara and Frueh-Green, Gretchen L. and Walker, Sharon L. and Brazelton, William J. and Kelley, Deborah S. and Elend, Mitchell and Butterfield, David A. and Mau, Aaron J.}
}
@article {RN2518,
	title = {Formation of ethane and propane via abiotic reductive conversion of acetic acid in hydrothermal sediments},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {47},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e2005219118},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2005219118},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142594823},
	author = {Song, Min and Schubotz, Florence and Kellermann, Matthias Y. and Hansen, Christian T. and Bach, Wolfgang and Teske, Andreas P. and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe}
}
@article {RN2522,
	title = {Formation of ethane and propane via abiotic reductive conversion of acetic acid in hydrothermal sediments},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {118},
	number = {47},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e2005219118},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2005219118},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/118/47/e2005219118.abstract},
	author = {Song, Min and Schubotz, Florence and Kellermann, Matthias Y. and Hansen, Christian T. and Bach, Wolfgang and Teske, Andreas P. and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe}
}
@article {RN2483,
	title = {Functional traits provide new insight into recovery and succession at deep-sea hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Ecology},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e03418},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ecy.3418},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138424678},
	author = {Dykman, Lauren N. and Beaulieu, Stace E. and Mills, Susan W. and Solow, Andrew R. and Mullineaux, Lauren S.}
}
@article {RN2485,
	title = {Functional traits provide new insight into recovery and succession at deep-sea hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Ecology},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	doi = {10.1002/ecy.3418},
	author = {Dykman, Lauren N. and Beaulieu, Stace E. and Mills, Susan W. and Solow, Andrew R. and Mullineaux, Lauren S.}
}
@article {RN2526,
	title = {Geodetic Monitoring at Axial Seamount Since its 2015 Eruption Reveals a Waning Magma Supply and Tightly Linked Rates of Deformation and Seismicity},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021gc010153},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144167182},
	author = {Chadwick, William W. and Wilcock, William S. D. and Nooner, Scott L. and Beeson, Jeff W. and Sawyer, Audra M. and Lau, T. -K}
}
@article {RN2511,
	title = {Geothermal heating and episodic cold-seawater intrusions into an isolated ridge-flank basin near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Communications Earth \& Environment},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {226},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-021-00297-2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142242361},
	author = {Becker, Keir and Thomson, Richard E. and Davis, Earl E. and Villinger, Heinrich and Wheat, C. Geoffrey}
}
@article {RN2465,
	title = {Hydrothermal Organic Geochemistry (HOG) sampler for deployment on deep-sea submersibles},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {103529},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103529},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136814875},
	author = {Lang, Susan Q. and Benitez-Nelson, Bryan}
}
@article {RN2519,
	title = {The influence of near surface sediment hydrothermalism on the TEX<sub>86</sub> tetraether lipid-based proxy and a new correction for ocean bottom lipid overprinting},
	journal = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
	volume = {2021},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-31},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-2021-245},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142669164 http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-245},
	author = {Bentley, Jeremy N. and Ventura, Gregory T. and Walters, Clifford C. and Sievert, Stefan M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S.}
}
@article {RN2496,
	title = {Interactions between temperature and energy supply drive microbial communities in hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Communications Biology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1006},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s42003-021-02507-1},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140634439 https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02507-1.pdf},
	author = {Lagostina, Lorenzo and Frandsen, S{\o}s and MacGregor, Barbara J. and Glombitza, Clemens and Deng, Longhui and Fiskal, Annika and Li, Jiaqi and Doll, Mechthild and Geilert, Sonja and Schmidt, Mark and Scholz, Florian and Bernasconi, Stefano Michele and J{\o}rgensen, Bo Barker and Hensen, Christian and Teske, Andreas and Lever, Mark Alexander}
}
@article {RN2490,
	title = {Large-scale protein level comparison of Deltaproteobacteria reveals cohesive metabolic groups},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-01057-y},
	author = {Langwig, M. V. and De Anda, V. and Dombrowski, N. and Seitz, K. W. and Rambo, I. M. and Greening, C. and Teske, A. P. and Baker, B. J.}
}
@article {RN2528,
	title = {Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-11},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-021-00537-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144475498},
	author = {Bledsoe-Becerra, Yessenia M. and Whittaker, Iesha S. and Horowitz, Jeremy and Naranjo, Katherine Medina and Johnson-Rosemond, Jicayla and Mullins, Kristen H. and Cunningham, Karena M. and Shetty, Suchir and Messinides, Samuel N. and Behney, Melinda S. and Fehsal, Jessica A. and Watson, Ashley N. and McKnight, Kaitlyn E. and Nasiadka, Teresa W. and Popa, Horia and Pettay, D. Tye and Appiah-Madson, Hannah J. and Distel, Daniel L. and Brugler, Mercer R.}
}
@article {RN2459,
	title = {A multi-modal approach to measuring particulate iron speciation in buoyant hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {560},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120018},
	author = {Stewart, B. D. and Sorensen, J. V. and Wendt, K. and Sylvan, J. B. and German, C. R. and Anantharaman, K. and Dick, G. J. and Breier, J. A. and Toner, B. M.}
}
@article {RN2461,
	title = {Organic Biogeochemistry in West Mata, NE Lau Hydrothermal Vent Fields},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020gc009481},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136445179},
	author = {Lin, H. -T and Butterfield, D. A. and Baker, E. T. and Resing, J. A. and Huber, J. A. and Cowen, J. P.}
}
@article {RN2510,
	title = {Origin and significance of two pairs of head tentacles in the radiation of euthyneuran sea slugs and land snails},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {21016},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-99172-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142134942 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99172-5.pdf},
	author = {Brenzinger, Bastian and Schr{\"o}dl, Michael and Kano, Yasunori}
}
@article {RN2493,
	title = {Rhyolitic and basaltic reference materials for TC/EA analysis: Investigation of water extraction and D/H ratios},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {583},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {120486},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120486},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140446859},
	author = {Bindeman, I. N. and Hudak, M. R. and Palandri, J. P. and Qi, H. and Milovsky, R. and Hervig, R. L. and Perfit, M. R.}
}
@article {RN2452,
	title = {The role of habitat heterogeneity and canyon processes in structuring sediment macrofaunal communities associated with hard substrate habitats in Norfolk Canyon, USA},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {103495},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103495},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135331344},
	author = {Bourque, Jill R. and Demopoulos, Amanda W. J. and Robertson, Craig M. and Mienis, Furu}
}
@article {RN2525,
	title = {Seascape Genomics Reveals Metapopulation Connectivity Network of Paramuricea biscaya in the Northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {790929},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.790929},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143780001 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.790929},
	author = {Galaska, Matthew P. and Liu, Guangpeng and West, Destiny and Erickson, Katie and Quattrini, Andrea M. and Bracco, Annalisa and Herrera, Santiago}
}
@article {RN2508,
	title = {Seascape genomics reveals metapopulation connectivity network of Paramuricea biscaya in the northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2021.10.06.463359},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2021.10.06.463359},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141727454 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/10/08/2021.10.06.463359.full.pdf},
	author = {Galaska, Matthew P. and Liu, Guangpeng and West, Destiny and Erickson, Katie and Quattrini, Andrea and Bracco, Annalisa and Herrera, Santiago}
}
@article {RN2480,
	title = {Toward a global calibration for quantifying past oxygenation in oxygen minimum zones using benthic Foraminifera},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {18},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2827-2841},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-18-2827-2021},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1137883445 https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/18/2827/2021/bg-18-2827-2021.pdf},
	author = {Tetard, Martin and Licari, Laetitia and Ovsepyan, Ekaterina and Tachikawa, Kazuyo and Beaufort, Luc}
}
@article {RN2467,
	title = {Transcriptomic Responses of Deep-Sea Corals Experimentally Exposed to Crude Oil and Dispersant},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {649909},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.649909},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136987963 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.649909},
	author = {DeLeo, Danielle M. and Glazier, Amanda and Herrera, Santiago and Barkman, Alexandria and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {RN2469,
	title = {The use of noble gas isotopes to trace subsurface boiling temperatures in Icelandic geothermal systems},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {560},
	number = {ARTN 116805},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1385-013X 0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116805},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP\&SrcAuth=LinksAMR\&KeyUT=WOS:000626527700012\&DestLinkType=FullRecord\&DestApp=ALL_WOS\&UsrCustomerID=8089ad20fbb398f01a4cda689a61f0e5},
	author = {Byrne, D. J. and Broadley, M. W. and Halldorsson, S. A. and Ranta, E. and Ricci, A. and Tyne, R. L. and Stefansson, A. and Ballentine, C. J. and Barry, P. H.}
}
@article {RN2502,
	title = {Variability of Natural Methane Bubble Release at Southern Hydrate Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021gc009894},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141266962},
	author = {Marcon, Yann and Kelley, Deborah and Thornton, Blair and Manalang, Dana and Bohrmann, Gerhard}
}
@article {RN2450,
	title = {Allopatric and Sympatric Drivers of Speciation in Alviniconcha Hydrothermal Vent Snails},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	volume = {37},
	number = {12},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3469-3484},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0737-4038},
	doi = {10.1093/molbev/msaa177},
	author = {Breusing, C. and Johnson, S. B. and Tunnicliffe, V. and Clague, D. A. and Vrijenhoek, R. C. and Beinart, R. A.}
}
@article {RN2428,
	title = {Allopatric and sympatric drivers of speciation in Alviniconcha hydrothermal vent snails},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {msaa177},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1093/molbev/msaa177},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129111732 https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/doi/10.1093/molbev/msaa177/33491520/msaa177.pdf},
	author = {Breusing, Corinna and Johnson, Shannon B. and Tunnicliffe, Verena and Clague, David A. and Vrijenhoek, Robert C. and Beinart, Roxanne A.}
}
@article {RN2414,
	title = {"Candidatus Ethanoperedens," a Thermophilic Genus of Archaea Mediating the Anaerobic Oxidation of Ethane},
	journal = {Mbio},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.00600-20},
	author = {Hahn, C. J. and Laso-Perez, R. and Vulcano, F. and Vaziourakis, K. M. and Stokke, R. and Steen, I. H. and Teske, A. and Boetius, A. and Liebeke, M. and Amann, R. and Knittel, K. and Wegener, G.}
}
@article {RN2403,
	title = {Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {649-656},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6},
	author = {Ponnudurai, R. and Heiden, S. E. and Sayavedra, L. and Hinzke, T. and Kleiner, M. and Hentschker, C. and Felbeck, H. and Sievert, S. M. and Schluter, R. and Becher, D. and Schweder, T. and Markert, S.}
}
@article {RN2445,
	title = {Complex subsurface hydrothermal fluid mixing at a submarine arc volcano supports distinct and highly diverse microbial communities},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {117},
	number = {51},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {32627-32638},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2019021117},
	author = {Reysenbach, A. L. and St John, E. and Meneghin, J. and Flores, G. E. and Podar, M. and Dombrowski, N. and Spang, A. and L{\textquoteright}Haridon, S. and Humphris, S. E. and de Ronde, C. E. J. and Tontini, F. C. and Tivey, M. and Stucker, V. K. and Stewart, L. C. and Diehl, A. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2423,
	title = {Evidence for an expanded repertoire of electron acceptors for the anaerobic oxidation of methane in authigenic carbonates in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2020.06.12.148429},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.06.12.148429},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128480116 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/06/14/2020.06.12.148429.full.pdf},
	author = {Beckmann, Sabrina and Farag, Ibrahim and Zhao, Rui and Christman, Glenn D. and Prouty, Nancy G. and Biddle, Jennifer}
}
@article {RN2438,
	title = {Gammaproteobacteria mediating utilization of methyl-, sulfur- and petroleum organic compounds in deep ocean hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-13},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00745-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130210975},
	author = {Zhou, Zhichao and Liu, Yang and Pan, Jie and Cron, Brandi R. and Toner, Brandy M. and Anantharaman, Karthik and Breier, John A. and Dick, Gregory J. and Li, Meng}
}
@article {RN2433,
	title = {Quantification of eruption dynamics on the north rift at Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020gc009136},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129829964},
	author = {Le Saout, M. and Bohnenstiehl, D. R. and Paduan, J. B. and Clague, D. A.}
}
@article {RN2413,
	title = {Revised Magmatic Source Models for the 2015 Eruption at Axial Seamount Including Estimates of Fault-Induced Deformation},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth},
	volume = {125},
	number = {4},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2020JB019356},
	author = {Hefner, W. L. and Nooner, S. L. and Chadwick, W. W. and Bohnenstiehl, D. R.}
}
@article {RN2439,
	title = {Subcritical Phase Separation and Occurrence of Deep-Seated Brines at the NW Caldera Vent Field, Brothers Volcano: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions in Hydrothermal Precipitates},
	journal = {Geofluids},
	volume = {2020},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1468-8115},
	doi = {10.1155/2020/8868259},
	author = {Diehl, A. and de Ronde, C. E. J. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2427,
	title = {Volcaniclastic Dispersal During Submarine Lava Effusion: The 2012 Eruption of Havre Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {237},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2020.00237},
	author = {Murch, Arran P. and White, James D. L. and Barreyre, Thibaut and Carey, Rebecca J. and Mundana, Rhiannon and Ikegami, Fumihiko}
}
@article {RN2391,
	title = {Abiotic synthesis of graphite in hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-13216-z},
	author = {Estes, E. R. and Berti, D. and Coffey, N. R. and Hochella, M. F. and Wozniak, A. S. and Luther, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2396,
	title = {Application of B, Mg, Li, and Sr Isotopes in Acid-Sulfate Vent Fluids and Volcanic Rocks as Tracers for Fluid-Rock Interaction in Back-Arc Hydrothermal Systems},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GC008694},
	author = {Wilckens, F. K. and Reeves, E. P. and Bach, W. and Seewald, J. S. and Kasemann, S. A.}
}
@article {RN2386,
	title = {Carbon cycling in low temperature hydrothermal systems: The Dorado Outcrop},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {264},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1-12},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2019.08.010},
	author = {McManus, J. and Wheat, C. G. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2389,
	title = {Characteristics and Evolution of sill-driven off-axis hydrothermalism in Guaymas Basin - the Ringvent site},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {9},
	number = {ARTN 13847},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50200-5},
	author = {Teske, A. and McKay, L. J. and Ravelo, A. C. and Aiello, I. and Mortera, C. and Nunez-Useche, F. and Canet, C. and Chanton, J. P. and Brunner, B. and Hensen, C. and Ramirez, G. A. and Sibert, R. J. and Turner, T. and White, D. and Chambers, C. R. and Buckley, A. and Joye, S. B. and Soule, S. A. and Lizarralde, D.}
}
@article {RN2375,
	title = {Divergent methyl-coenzyme M reductase genes in a deep-subseafloor Archaeoglobi},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1269-1279},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-018-0343-2},
	author = {Boyd, J. A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Leu, A. O. and Evans, P. N. and Woodcroft, B. J. and Chadwick, G. L. and Orphan, V. J. and Amend, J. P. and Rappe, M. S. and Tyson, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2384,
	title = {Evidence for Low-Temperature Diffuse Venting at North Pond, Western Flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2572-2584},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC008113},
	author = {Villinger, H. W. and Muller, P. and Bach, W. and Becker, K. and Orcutt, B. N. and Kaul, N. and Wheat, C. G.}
}
@article {RN2395,
	title = {Fine Scale Assemblage Structure of Benthic Invertebrate Megafauna on the North Pacific Seamount Mokumanamana},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00715},
	author = {Morgan, N. B. and Goode, S. and Roark, E. B. and Baco, A. R.}
}
@article {RN2379,
	title = {Geochemistry of hot-springs at the SuSu Knolls hydrothermal field, Eastern Manus Basin: Advanced argillic alteration and vent fluid acidity},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {255},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {25-48},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2019.03.034},
	author = {Seewald, J. S. and Reeves, E. P. and Bach, W. and Saccocia, P. J. and Craddock, P. R. and Walsh, E. and Shanks, W. C. and Sylva, S. P. and Pichler, T. and Rosner, M.}
}
@article {RN2364,
	title = {Geology and Fluid Discharge at Dorado Outcrop, a Low Temperature Ridge-Flank Hydrothermal System},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {487-504},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007933},
	author = {Wheat, C. G. and Hartwell, A. M. and McManus, J. and Fisher, A. T. and Orcutt, B. N. and Schlicht, L. E. M. and Niedenzu, S. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2405,
	title = {Host-Microbe Interactions in the Chemosynthetic Riftia pachyptila Symbiosis},
	journal = {Mbio},
	volume = {10},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.02243-19},
	author = {Hinzke, T. and Kleiner, M. and Breusing, C. and Felbeck, H. and Hasler, R. and Sievert, S. M. and Schluter, R. and Rosenstiel, P. and Reusch, T. B. H. and Schweder, T. and Markert, S.}
}
@article {RN2400,
	title = {Illuminating microbial species-specific effects on organic matter remineralization in marine sediments},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14871},
	author = {Mahmoudi, N. and Enke, T. N. and Beaupre, S. R. and Teske, A. P. and Cordero, O. X. and Pearson, A.}
}
@article {RN2359,
	title = {In situ development of a methanotrophic microbiome in deep-sea sediments},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {197-213},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/541396-018-0263-1},
	author = {Ruff, S. E. and Felden, J. and Gruber-Vodicka, H. R. and Marcon, Y. and Knittel, K. and Ramette, A. and Boetius, A.}
}
@article {RN2362,
	title = {Lipid biomarker patterns reflect different formation environments of mussel- and tubeworm-dominated seep carbonates from the Gulf of Mexico (Atwater Valley and Green Canyon)},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {505},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {36-47},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.12.005},
	author = {Guan, H. X. and Feng, D. and Birgel, D. and Peckmann, J. and Roberts, H. H. and Wu, N. Y. and Chen, D. F.}
}
@article {RN2365,
	title = {New constraints on mantle carbon from Mid-Atlantic Ridge popping rocks},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {511},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {67-75},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.019},
	author = {Jones, M. R. and Wanless, V. D. and Soule, S. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Fornari, D. J. and Curtice, J. and Klein, F. and Le Roux, V. and Brodsky, H. and Peron, S. and Schwartz, D. M.}
}
@article {RN2382,
	title = {Noble gas systematics in new popping rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (14 degrees N): Evidence for small-scale upper mantle heterogeneities},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {519},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {70-82},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.037},
	author = {Peron, S. and Moreira, M. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Curtice, J. and Blusztajn, J. S. and Putlitz, B. and Wanless, V. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Mittelstaedt, E.}
}
@article {RN2387,
	title = {Observation of a high abundance aggregation of the deep-sea urchin Chaetodiadema pallidum A. Agassiz and HL Clark, 1907 on the Northwestern Hawaiian Island Mokumanamana},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2019.06.013},
	author = {Morgan, N. B. and Baco, A. R.}
}
@article {RN2385,
	title = {Recent Eruptions Between 2012 and 2018 Discovered at West Mata Submarine Volcano (NE Lau Basin, SW Pacific) and Characterized by New Ship, AUV, and ROV Data},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00495},
	author = {Chadwick, W. W. and Rubin, K. H. and Merle, S. G. and Bobbitt, A. M. and Kwasnitschka, T. and Embley, R. W.}
}
@article {RN2398,
	title = {Remarkable Capacity for Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane at High Methane Concentration},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL084375},
	author = {Bowles, M. W. and Samarkin, V. A. and Hunter, K. S. and Finke, N. and Teske, A. P. and Girguis, P. R. and Joye, S. B.}
}
@article {RN2394,
	title = {Variation in the structure of the deep-sea fish assemblages on Necker Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {152},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2019.103086},
	author = {Mejia-Mercado, B. E. and Mundy, B. and Baco, A. R.}
}
@article {2493,
	title = {Characterization of benthic biogeochemistry and ecology at three methane seep sites on the Northern US Atlantic margin},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {41 - 56},
	isbn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.03.001},
	author = {McVeigh, D. and Skarke, A. and Dekas, A. E. and Borrelli, C. and Hong, W. -L and Marlow, J. J. and Pasulka, A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Barco, R. A. and Djurhuus, A.}
}
@article {2491,
	title = {Comparison of microbiomes of cold-water corals Primnoa pacifica and Primnoa resedaeformis, with possible link between microbiome composition and host genotype},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {12383 - 12383},
	abstract = {Cold-water corals provide critical habitats for a multitude of marine species, but are understudied relative to tropical corals. Primnoa pacifica is a cold-water coral prevalent throughout Alaskan waters, while another species in the genus, Primnoa resedaeformis, is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. This study examined the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene after amplifying and pyrosequencing bacterial DNA from samples of these species. Key differences between the two species{\textquoteright} microbiomes included a robust presence of bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiales order in most of the P. pacifica samples, whereas no more than 2\% of any microbial community from P. resedaeformis comprised these bacteria. Microbiomes of P. resedaeformis exhibited higher diversity than those of P. pacifica, and the two species largely clustered separately in a principal coordinate analysis. Comparison of P. resedaeformis microbiomes from samples collected in two submarine canyons revealed a significant difference between locations. This finding mirrored significant genetic differences among the P. resedaeformis from the two canyons based upon population genetic analysis of microsatellite loci. This study presents the first report of microbiomes associated with these two coral species.},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-30901-z},
	author = {Goldsmith, Dawn B. and Kellogg, Christina A. and Morrison, Cheryl L. and Gray, Michael A. and Stone, Robert P. and Waller, Rhian G. and Brooke, Sandra D. and Ross, Steve W.}
}
@article {RN2354,
	title = {Deeply-sourced formate fuels sulfate reducers but not methanogens at Lost City hydrothermal field},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {755},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-19002-5},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-19002-5},
	author = {Lang, Susan Q. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, Gretchen L. and Bernasconi, Stefano M. and Brazelton, William J. and Schrenk, Matthew O. and McGonigle, Julia M.}
}
@article {RN2368,
	title = {Dimensions of Radiocarbon Variability within Sedimentary Organic Matter},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {60},
	number = {3},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {775-790},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2018.22},
	author = {Bao, R. and McNichol, A. P. and McIntyre, C. P. and Xu, L. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@article {2487,
	title = {First HOV Alvin study of the pelagic environment at Hydrographer Canyon (NW Atlantic)},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {30 - 40},
	abstract = {Continental slope canyons off the United States Atlantic coast remain poorly studied, and in particular, the distributions of pelagic organisms in waters overlying these unique environments are not well documented. During the Early Career Scientist Deep Submergence Training cruise, AT36-EAGER, the distribution of organisms in the water column overlying Hydrographer Canyon, which cuts through the northwestern Atlantic continental margin, was investigated through daytime midwater observations using HOV Alvin (AD4831) at three depths. Mixed swarms of krill and Themisto sp. amphipods were observed at all depths surveyed. Observations centered at 250 m were also dominated by chaetognaths, copepods, and Phronima sp. amphipods, while at 500 and 750 m, the assemblages were dominated by the fishes in the families Paralepididae, Nemichthyidae, and Mytophidae. Additionally, measurements of methane, nitrous oxide, optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence), dissolved organic carbon, and base-extracted particulate organic carbon were made to better characterize the hydrography and biogeochemistry over Hydrographer Canyon. This study was aided by the use of telepresence to communicate between ship and shore-based researchers, and the expedition marks the first use of SMS messaging to communicate between the submersible and the ship. This study demonstrates the capabilities and utility of using Alvin for conducting water column science.},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.001},
	author = {Netburn, Amanda N. and Kinsey, Joanna D. and Bush, Stephanie L. and Djurhuus, Anni and Fernandez, Julianne and Hoffman, Colleen L. and McVeigh, Doreen M. and Twing, Katrina I. and Bagge, Laura}
}
@article {RN2344,
	title = {The influence of different deep-sea coral habitats on sediment macrofaunal community structure and function},
	journal = {PeerJ},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e5276},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2167-8359},
	doi = {10.7717/peerj.5276},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5276},
	author = {Bourque, Jill R. and Demopoulos, Amanda W. J.}
}
@article {2475,
	title = {The influence of magmatic fluids and phase separation on B systematics in submarine hydrothermal vent fluids from back-arc basins},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {232},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {140 - 162},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2018.04.023},
	author = {Wilckens, Frederike K. and Reeves, Eoghan P. and Bach, Wolfgang and Meixner, Anette and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Koschinsky, Andrea and Kasemann, Simone A.}
}
@article {2484,
	title = {Influences of thermal and fluid characteristics of methane and hydrothermal seeps on the stable oxygen isotopes of living benthic foraminifera},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {344 - 355},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.02.037},
	author = {Burkett, Ashley M. and Rathburn, Anthony E. and Perez, M. Elena and Martin, Jonathan B.}
}
@article {RN2340,
	title = {A Lack of Dynamic Triggering of Slow Slip and Tremor Indicates That the Shallow Cascadia Megathrust Offshore Vancouver Island Is Likely Locked},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {45},
	number = {20},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {11095-11103},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL079519},
	author = {McGuire, J. J. and Collins, J. A. and Davis, E. and Becker, K. and Heesemann, M.}
}
@article {2496,
	title = {A new species and phylogenetic insights in Hesiospina (Annelida, Hesionidae)},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {4441},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {59 - 75},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4441.1.3},
	author = {Bonifacio, Paulo and Lelievre, Yann and Omnes, Emmanuelle}
}
@article {RN2358,
	title = {Observation and Modeling of Hydrothermal Response to the 2015 Eruption at Axial Seamount, Northeast Pacific},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {8},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2780-2797},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007607},
	author = {Xu, G. Y. and Chadwick, W. W. and Wilcock, W. S. D. and Bemis, K. G. and Delaney, J.}
}
@article {2476,
	title = {Spatially distinct, temporally stable microbial populations mediate biogeochemical cycling at and below the seafloor in hydrothermal vent fluids},
	journal = {Environmental microbiology},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {769 - 784},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14011},
	author = {Fortunato, Caroline S. and Larson, Benjamin and Butterfield, David A. and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {Ross2017,
	title = {{Deep-sea coral and hardbottom habitats on the west Florida slope, eastern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {120},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {14{\textendash}28},
	abstract = {Until recently, benthic habitats dominated by deep-sea corals (DSC) appeared to be less extensive on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) than in the northeast Atlantic Ocean or off the southeastern US. There are relatively few bioherms (i.e., coral-built mounds) in the northern GOM, and most DSCs are attached to existing hard substrata (e.g., authigenically formed carbonate). The primary structure-forming, DSC in the GOM is Lophelia pertusa, but structure is also provided by other living and dead scleractinians, antipatharians (black corals), octocorals (gorgonians, soft corals), hydrocorals and sponges, as well as abundant rocky substrata. The best development of DSCs in the GOM was previously documented within Viosca Knoll oil and gas lease blocks 826 and 862/906 (north-central GOM) and on the Campeche Bank (southern GOM in Mexican waters). This paper documents extensive deep reef ecosystems composed of DSC and rocky hard-bottom recently surveyed on the West Florida Slope (WFS, eastern GOM) during six research cruises (2008{\textendash}2012). Using multibeam sonar, CTD casts, and video from underwater vehicles, we describe the physical and oceanographic characteristics of these deep reefs and provide size or area estimates of deep coral and hardground habitats. The multibeam sonar analyses revealed hundreds of mounds and ridges, some of which were subsequently surveyed using underwater vehicles. Mounds and ridges in {\textless}525 m depths were usually capped with living coral colonies, dominated by L. pertusa. An extensive rocky scarp, running roughly north-south for at least 229 km, supported lower abundances of scleractinian corals than the mounds and ridges, despite an abundance of settlement substrata. Areal comparisons suggested that the WFS may exceed other parts of the GOM slope in extent of living deep coral coverage and other deep-reef habitat (dead coral and rock). The complex WFS region warrants additional studies to better understand the influences of oceanography and geology on the occurrence of DSC and associated organisms. Protection measures are being considered to ensure the long-term integrity of this diverse ecosystem.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.12.005},
	author = {Ross, S W and Rhode, M and Brooke, S}
}
@article {Brooke2017,
	title = {{Distributions and habitat associations of deep-water corals in Norfolk and Baltimore Canyons, Mid-Atlantic Bight, USA}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {131{\textendash}147},
	abstract = {A multi-disciplinary study of two major submarine canyons, Baltimore Canyon and Norfolk Canyon, off the US mid-Atlantic coast focused on the ecology and biology of canyon habitats, particularly those supporting deep-sea corals. Historical data on deep-sea corals from these canyons were sparse with less than 750 records for the mid-Atlantic region, with most being soft sediment species. This study substantially increased the number of deep-sea coral records for the target canyons and the region. Large gorgonians were the dominant structure-forming coral taxa on exposed hard substrates, but several species of scleractinians were also documented, including first observations of Lophelia pertusa in the mid-Atlantic Bight region. Coral distribution varied within and between the two canyons, with greater abundance of the octocoral Paragorgia arborea in Baltimore Canyon, and higher occurrence of stony corals in Norfolk Canyon; these observations reflect the differences in environmental conditions, particularly turbidity, between the canyons. Some species have a wide distribution (e.g., P. arborea, Primnoa resedaeformis, Anthothela grandiflora), while others are limited to certain habitat types and/or depth zones (e.g., Paramuricea placomus, L. pertusa, Solenosmilia variabilis). The distribution of a species is driven by a combination of factors, which include availability of appropriate physical structure and environmental conditions. Although the diversity of the structure-forming corals (gorgonians, branching scleractinians and large anemones) was low, many areas of both canyons supported high coral abundance and a diverse coral-associated community. The canyons provide suitable habitat for the development of deep-sea coral communities that is not readily available elsewhere on the sedimented shelf and slope of the Mid-Atlantic Bight.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.008},
	author = {Brooke, S D and Watts, M W and Heil, A D and Rhode, M and Mienis, F and Duineveld, G C A and Davies, A J and Ross, S W}
}
@article {Syverson2017,
	title = {{Fe isotope fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe during hydrothermal recrystallization: An experimental study at 350 {\textdegree}C and 500 bars}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {200},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {87{\textendash}109},
	abstract = {Equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe was determined in acidic chloride-bearing fluid at 350 {\textdegree}C and 500 bars. The study utilized deformable gold-cell technology, which allowed time-series sampling of solution during chalcopyrite recrystallization and isotope exchange. A key element of the experimental design involved the addition of anomalous dissolved 57Fe to an on-going experiment as a means of determining the degree and rate of isotope exchange. Taking explicit account of imposed chemical and isotopic mass balance constraints of Fe in fluid and mineral (chalcopyrite) reservoirs, these data indicate that no more than 1000 h is required for the isotopically anomalous dissolved Fe reservoir to exchange completely with the coexisting chalcopyrite. The experimental calibration of the rate of Fe isotope exchange for the $δ$57Fe-spiked experiment provides critical insight for the time necessary to achieve Fe isotope exchange in two non-spiked, but otherwise identical experiments. The Fe isotope data indicate that the equilibrium fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe, $Δ$56FeCpy-Fe (aq), at 350 {\textdegree}C is small, 0.09 {\textpm} 0.17{\textperthousand} (2$\sigma$), and is in good agreement with recent theoretical equilibrium predictions. Owing to the apparent rate of Fe isotope exchange at 350 {\textdegree}C, it is likely that chalcopyrite formed at high temperature deep-sea vents (black smoker systems) achieves isotopic equilibrium, and effectively records the Fe isotopic composition of the coexisting end-member hydrothermal fluid. Comparison of the experimental mineral{\textendash}fluid equilibrium fractionation factors with conjugate chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe pairs sampled from high temperature hydrothermal vent systems at Axial Caldera and Main Endeavour Field (Juan de Fuca Ridge) are in agreement with this inference. The experimental data were further used to determine the mineral{\textendash}mineral equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between pyrite-chalcopyrite, $Δ$56FePyr-Cpy, at 350 {\textdegree}C by combining previously determined pyrite-Fe2+(aq) equilibrium fractionation data with chalcopyrite-Fe2+(aq) from this study. The empirically determined $Δ$56FePyr-Cpy value, 0.90 {\textpm} 0.34{\textperthousand} (2$\sigma$), is consistent with theoretical predictions, and when coupled with mineral{\textendash}fluid Fe isotope fractionation systematics and experimentally determined exchange rates, helps to delineate processes of sulfide mineralization in hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.12.002},
	author = {Syverson, D D and Luhmann, A J and Tan, C Y and Borrok, D M and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Bourque2017,
	title = {{Macrofaunal communities associated with chemosynthetic habitats from the U.S. Atlantic margin: A comparison among depth and habitat types}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {42{\textendash}55},
	abstract = {Hydrocarbon seeps support distinct benthic communities capable of tolerating extreme environmental conditions and utilizing reduced chemical compounds for nutrition. In recent years, several locations of methane seepage have been mapped along the U.S. Atlantic continental slope. In 2012 and 2013, two newly discovered seeps were investigated in this region: a shallow site near Baltimore Canyon (BCS, 366{\textendash}412 m) and a deep site near Norfolk Canyon (NCS, 1467{\textendash}1602 m), with both sites containing extensive chemosynthetic mussel bed and microbial mat habitats. Sediment push cores, suction samples, and Ekman box cores were collected to quantify the abundance, diversity, and community structure of benthic macrofauna ({\textgreater}300 $μ$m) in mussel beds, mats, and slope habitats at both sites. Community data from the deep site were also assessed in relation to the associated sediment environment (organic carbon and nitrogen, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, grain size, and depth). Infaunal assemblages and densities differed both between depths and among habitat types. Macrofaunal densities in microbial mats were four times greater than those present in mussel beds and slope sediments and were dominated by the annelid families Dorvilleidae, Capitellidae, and Tubificidae, while mussel habitats had higher proportions of crustaceans. Diversity was lower in BCS microbial mat habitats, but higher in mussel and slope sediments compared to NCS habitats. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed specific sediment properties as important for distinguishing the macrofaunal communities, including larger grain sizes present within NCS microbial mat habitats and depleted stable carbon isotopes ($δ$13C) in sediments present at mussel beds. These results suggest that habitat differences in the quality and source of organic matter are driving the observed patterns in the infaunal assemblages, including high $\beta$ diversity and high variability in the macrofaunal community composition. This study is the first investigation of seep infauna along the U.S. Atlantic slope north of the Blake Ridge Diapir and provides a baseline for future regional comparisons to other seep habitats along the Atlantic margin.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.04.012},
	author = {Bourque, J R and Robertson, C M and Brooke, S and Demopoulos, A W J}
}
@article {Love2017,
	title = {{Rapid variations in fluid chemistry constrain hydrothermal phase separation at the Main Endeavour Field}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {Previous work at the Main Endeavour Field (MEF) has shown that chloride concentration in high-temperature vent fluids has not exceeded 510 mmol/kg (94{\%} of seawater), which is consistent with brine condensation and loss at depth, followed by upward flow of a vapor phase toward the seafloor. Magmatic and seismic events have been shown to affect fluid temperature and composition and these effects help narrow the possibilities for sub-surface processes. However, chloride-temperature data alone are insufficient to determine details of phase separation in the upflow zone. Here we use variation in chloride and gas content in a set of fluid samples collected over several days from one sulfide chimney structure in the MEF to constrain processes of mixing and phase separation. The combination of gas (primarily magmatic CO2 and seawater-derived Ar) and chloride data, indicate that neither variation in the amount of brine lost, nor mixing of the vapor phase produced at depth with variable quantities of (i) brine or (ii) altered gas rich seawater that has not undergone phase separation, can explain the co-variation of gas and chloride content. The gas-chloride data require additional phase separation of the ascending vapor-like fluid. Mixing and gas partitioning calculations show that near-critical temperature and pressure conditions can produce the fluid compositions observed at Sully vent as a vapor-liquid conjugate pair or as vapor-liquid pair with some remixing, and that the gas partition coefficients implied agree with theoretically predicted values.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GC006550},
	author = {Love, B and Lilley, M and Butterfield, D and Olson, E and Larson, B}
}
@article {Billings2017,
	title = {{SyPRID sampler: A large-volume, high-resolution, autonomous, deep-ocean precision plankton sampling system}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {297{\textendash}306},
	abstract = {The current standard for large-volume (thousands of cubic meters) zooplankton sampling in the deep sea is the MOCNESS, a system of multiple opening{\textendash}closing nets, typically lowered to within 50 m of the seabed and towed obliquely to the surface to obtain low-spatial-resolution samples that integrate across 10 s of meters of water depth. The SyPRID (Sentry Precision Robotic Impeller Driven) sampler is an innovative, deep-rated (6000 m) plankton sampler that partners with the Sentry Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) to obtain paired, large-volume plankton samples at specified depths and survey lines to within 1.5 m of the seabed and with simultaneous collection of sensor data. SyPRID uses a perforated Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight (UHMW) plastic tube to support a fine mesh net within an outer carbon composite tube (tube-within-a-tube design), with an axial flow pump located aft of the capture filter. The pump facilitates flow through the system and reduces or possibly eliminates the bow wave at the mouth opening. The cod end, a hollow truncated cone, is also made of UHMW plastic and includes a collection volume designed to provide an area where zooplankton can collect, out of the high flow region. SyPRID attaches as a saddle-pack to the Sentry vehicle. Sentry itself is configured with a flight control system that enables autonomous survey paths to low altitudes. In its verification deployment at the Blake Ridge Seep (2160 m) on the US Atlantic Margin, SyPRID was operated for 6 h at an altitude of 5 m. It recovered plankton samples, including delicate living larvae, from the near-bottom stratum that is seldom sampled by a typical MOCNESS tow. The prototype SyPRID and its next generations will enable studies of plankton or other particulate distributions associated with localized physico-chemical strata in the water column or above patchy habitats on the seafloor.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.007},
	author = {Billings, A and Kaiser, C and Young, C M and Hiebert, L S and Cole, E and Wagner, J K S and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {ISI:000400818400021,
	title = {{Telepresence is a potentially transformative tool for field science}},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
	volume = {114},
	number = {19},
	year = {2017},
	month = {may},
	pages = {4841{\textendash}4844},
	publisher = {NATL ACAD SCIENCES},
	address = {2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1703514114},
	author = {Marlow, Jeffrey and Borrelli, Chiara and Jungbluth, Sean P and Hoffman, Colleen and Marlow, Jennifer and Girguis, Peter R and Team, AT-36}
}
@article {Lee2017,
	title = {{The transfer of bomb radiocarbon and anthropogenic lead to the deep North Atlantic Ocean observed from a deep sea coral}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {458},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {223{\textendash}232},
	abstract = {Deep-ocean, View the MathML source$Δ$C14, Pb concentrations, and Pb isotopes were reconstructed from a deep-sea coral Enallopsammia rostrata from 1410 m depth off of Bermuda. Our high-resolution time series is created from closely spaced radial cross sections, with samples taken from the center of concentric coral growth bands that we show to be the oldest portion of the section. Prebomb radiocarbon ages from the coral demonstrate that the vertical growth rate of the coral is linear, and the age of the coral is estimated to be 560{\textendash}630 yr old based on the growth rate. Using this age model to reconstruct View the MathML source$Δ$C14 in deep seawater, we first detect bomb radiocarbon at the coral growth site around 1980, and show that View the MathML source$Δ$C14 increased from -80{\textpm}1{\textperthousand}-80{\textpm}1{\textperthousand} (average 1930{\textendash}1979) to a plateau at -39{\textpm}3{\textperthousand}-39{\textpm}3{\textperthousand} (1999{\textendash}2001). Pb/Ca of the coral ranges between 1.1{\textendash}4.5 nmol/mol during the 16th and 17th centuries, and Pb isotope ratios (206Pb/207Pb = 1.21, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.495) in this period agree with pre-anthropogenic values found in the pelagic sediments of the North Atlantic Ocean basin. Coral Pb/Ca is slightly elevated to 6.2{\textpm}0.9 nmol/mol6.2{\textpm}0.9 nmol/mol between the 1740s and the 1850s and then increases to 25.1{\textpm}0.2 nmol/mol25.1{\textpm}0.2 nmol/mol in the 1990s. The increase in coral Pb/Ca is accompanied by a decrease in coral 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb, indicating that the increase was caused by the infiltration of anthropogenic Pb to the coral growth site. Comparing our data to the surface coral View the MathML source$Δ$C14 and Pb records from Bermuda reveals a time scale of tracer transport from the surface ocean to the coral growth site. Some characteristic features, e.g., the bomb-derived View the MathML source$Δ$C14 increase, appear in the deep ocean approximately 25 yr later than the surface, but the overall increase of View the MathML source$Δ$C14 and Pb in the deep ocean is smaller and slower than the surface, showing the importance of mixing during the transport of these tracers.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.049},
	author = {Lee, J M and Eltgroth, S F and Boyle, E A and Adkins, J F}
}
@article {Krukenberg2016,
	title = {{Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {9},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3073{\textendash}3091},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation ofmethane (AOM) ismediated by consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and their specific partner bacteria. In thermophilic AOM consortia enriched from Guaymas Basin, members of the ANME-1 clade are associated with bacteria of the HotSeep-1 cluster, which likely perform direct electron exchange via nanowires. The partner bacterium was enriched with hydrogen as sole electron donor and sulfate as electron acceptor. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic characteristics we propose to name this chemolithoautotrophic sulfate reducer Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii. Ca.D. auxilii grows on hydrogen at temperatures between 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C with an activity optimum at 60 degrees C and doubling time of 4-6 days. Its genome draft encodes for canonical sulfate reduction, periplasmic and soluble hydrogenases and autotrophic carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. The presence of genes for pili formation and cytochromes, and their similarity to genes of Geobacter spp., indicate a potential for syntrophic growth via direct interspecies electron transfer when the organism grows in consortia with ANME. This first ANME-free enrichment of an AOM partner bacterium and its characterization opens the perspective for a deeper understanding of syntrophy in anaerobic methane oxidation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13283},
	author = {Krukenberg, V and Harding, K and Richter, M and Gloeckner, F O and Gruber-Vodicka, H R and Adam, B and Berg, J S and Knittel, K and Tegetmeyer, H E and Boetius, A and Wegener, G}
}
@article {Burkett2016,
	title = {{Colonization of over a thousand Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (foraminifera: Schwager, 1866) on artificial substrates in seep and adjacent off-seep locations in dysoxic, deep-sea environments}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {39{\textendash}50},
	abstract = {After {\~{}}1 yr on the seafloor at water depths of {\~{}}700 m on Hydrate Ridge in the Pacific, eight colonization experiments composed primarily of a plastic mesh cube (from here on refered to as SEA3, for Seafloor Epibenthic Attachment Cubes) were colonized by 1076 Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi on {\~{}}1841 cm2 of experimental substrate. This species is typically considered an indicator of well-oxygenated conditions, and recruitment of such large numbers in bottom waters with low dissolved oxygen availability (0.24{\textendash}0.37 mL/L) indicate that this taxon may not be as limited by oxygen as previously thought. Clues about substrate preferences were evident from the distribution, or lack thereof, of individuals among plastic mesh, coated steel frame, wooden dowels and reflective tape. Abundance, individual size distributions within cage populations and isotopic biogeochemistry of living foraminifera colonizing experimental substrates were compared between active seep and adjacent off-seep experiment locations, revealing potential differences between these environments. Few studies have examined foraminiferal colonization of hard substrates in the deep-sea and to our knowledge no previous study has compared foraminiferal colonization of active seep and off-seep substrates from the same region. This study provides initial results of recruitment, colonization, geochemical and morphological aspects of the paleoceanographically significant species, C. wuellerstorfi, from dynamic deep-sea environments. Further experimental deployments of SEA3s will provide a means to assess relatively unknown ecologic dynamics of important foraminiferal deep-sea species.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.08.011},
	author = {Burkett, A M and Rathburn, A E and Perez, Elena M and Levin, L A and Martin, J B}
}
@article {Gueguen2016,
	title = {{Comparative geochemistry of four ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Ocean and significance for the use of Ni isotopes as paleoceanographic tracers}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {189},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {214{\textendash}235},
	abstract = {{Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts are potential archive of the Ni isotope composition of seawater through time. In this study we aim at (1) understanding Ni isotope fractionation mechanisms and metal enrichment processes in Fe-Mn deposits, (2) addressing global vs. local control of Ni isotope composition of these deposits. Two Fe-Mn crusts from the North Pacific Ocean (Apuupuu Seamount, Hawaii) and two Fe-Mn crusts from the South Pacific Ocean (near Rurutu Island, Austral archipelago of French Polynesia) were characterized for their elemental geochemistry and Ni isotope composition. Geochemical analyses were performed at millimeter intervals in order to provide time-resolved record of Ni isotopes. Chronology and growth rates were determined using cosmogenic 10Be isotope abundances. The results show that, despite different growth rates, textures and geochemical patterns, Fe-Mn crusts from both North and South Pacific Oceans have fairly homogenous Ni isotope compositions over the last \~{}17 Ma, yielding average $δ$60/58Ni values of 1.79 {\textpm} 0.21{\textperthousand} (2sd},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.005},
	author = {Gueguen, B and Rouxel, O J and Rouget, M-L and Bollinger, C and Ponzevera, E and Germain, Y and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Neira2016,
	title = {{Cross-hole tracer experiment reveals rapid fluid flow and low effective porosity in the upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {450},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {355{\textendash}365},
	abstract = {Numerous field, laboratory, and modeling studies have explored the flows of fluid, heat, and solutes during seafloor hydrothermal circulation, but it has been challenging to determine transport rates and flow directions within natural systems. Here we present results from the first cross-hole tracer experiment in the upper oceanic crust, using four subseafloor borehole observatories equipped with autonomous samplers to track the transport of a dissolved tracer (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) injected into a ridge-flank hydrothermal system. During the first three years after tracer injection, SF6 was transported both north and south through the basaltic aquifer. The observed tracer transport rate of \~{}2{\textendash}3 m/day is orders of magnitude greater than bulk rates of flow inferred from thermal and chemical observations and calculated with coupled fluid-heat flow simulations. Taken together, these results suggest that the effective porosity of the upper volcanic crust through which much tracer was transported is {\textless}1{\%}, with fluid flowing rapidly along a few well-connected channels. This is consistent with the heterogeneous (layered, faulted, and/or fractured) nature of the volcanic upper oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.048},
	author = {Neira, N M and Clark, J F and Fisher, A T and Wheat, C G and Haymon, R M and Becker, K}
}
@article {Edgcomb2016,
	title = {{Gene expression profiling of microbial activities and interactions in sediments under haloclines of E. Mediterranean deep hypersaline anoxic basins}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {2643{\textendash}2657},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are considered some of the most polyextreme habitats on Earth. In comparison to microbial activities occurring within the haloclines and brines of these unusual water column habitats near the Mediterranean seafloor, relatively little is known about microbial metabolic activities in the underlying sediments. In addition, it is not known whether activities are shaped by the unique chemistries of the different DHAB brines and whether evidence exists for active microbial eukaryotes in those sediments. Metatranscriptome analysis was applied to sediment samples collected using ROV Jason from underneath the haloclines of Urania, Discovery and L{\textquoteright}Atalante DHABs and a control site. We report on expression of genes associated with sulfur and nitrogen cycling, putative osmolyte biosynthetic pathways and ion transporters, trace metal detoxification, selected eukaryotic activities (particularly of fungi), microbemicrobe interactions, and motility in sediments underlying the haloclines of three DHABs. Relative to our control sediment sample collected outside of Urania Basin, microbial communities (including eukaryotes) in the Urania and Discovery DHAB sediments showed upregulation of expressed genes associated with nitrogen transformations, osmolyte biosynthesis, heavy metals resistance and metabolism, eukaryotic organelle functions, and cell-cell interactions. Sediments underlying DHAB haloclines that have cumulative physico-chemical stressors within the limits of tolerance for microoorganisms can therefore be hotspots of activity in the deep Mediterranean Sea.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2016.58},
	author = {Edgcomb, V P and Pachiadaki, M and Mara, P and Kormas, K and Leadbetter, E R and Bernhard, J M}
}
@article {Teske2016,
	title = {{The Guaymas Basin Hiking Guide to Hydrothermal Mounds, Chimneys, and Microbial Mats: Complex Seafloor Expressions of Subsurface Hydrothermal Circulation}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {75},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal mats, mounds, and chimneys of the southern Guaymas Basin are the surface expression of complex subsurface hydrothermal circulation patterns. In this overview, we document the most frequently visited features of this hydrothermal area with photographs, temperature measurements, and selected geochemical data; many of these distinct habitats await characterization of their microbial communities and activities. Microprofiler deployments on microbial mats and hydrothermal sediments show their steep geochemical and thermal gradients at millimeter-scale vertical resolution. Mapping these hydrothermal features and sampling locations within the southern Guaymas Basin suggest linkages to underlying shallow sills and heat flow gradients. Recognizing the inherent spatial limitations of much current Guaymas Basin sampling calls for comprehensive surveys of the wider spreading region.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00075},
	author = {Teske, A P and de Beer, D and McKay, L J and Tivey, M K and Biddle, J F and Hoer, D R and Lloyd, K G and Lever, M A and Roy, H and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and MacGregor, B J}
}
@article {ISI:000372931000004,
	title = {{Hydrogen and thiosulfate limits for growth of a thermophilic, autotrophic Desulfurobacterium species from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {8},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {196{\textendash}200},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal fluids (341 degrees C and 19 degrees C) were collected {\textless}1m apart from a black smoker chimney and a tubeworm mound on the Boardwalk edifice at the Endeavour Segment in the northeastern Pacific Ocean to study anaerobic microbial growth in hydrothermal mineral deposits. Geochemical modelling of mixed vent fluid and seawater suggests the mixture was anoxic above 55 degrees C and that low H-2 concentrations (79molkg(-1) in end-member hydrothermal fluid) limit anaerobic hydrogenotrophic growth above this temperature. A thermophilic, hydrogenotrophic sulfur reducer, Desulfurobacterium strain HR11, was isolated from the 19 degrees C fluid raising questions about its H-2-dependent growth kinetics. Strain HR11 grew at 40-77 degrees C (T-opt 72-75 degrees C), pH 5-8.5 (pH(opt) 6-7) and 1-5{\%} (wt vol(-1)) NaCl (NaClopt 3-4{\%}). The highest growth rates occurred when S2O32- and S degrees were reduced to H2S. Modest growth occurred by NO3- reduction. Monod constants for its growth were K-s of 30M for H-2 and K-s of 20M for S2O32- with a (max) of 2.0h(-1). The minimum H-2 and S2O32- concentrations for growth were 3M and 5M respectively. Possible sources of S2O32- and S degrees are from abiotic dissolved sulfide and pyrite oxidation by O-2.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12368},
	author = {Stewart, Lucy C and Llewellyn, James G and Butterfield, David A and Lilley, Marvin D and Holden, James F}
}
@article {Beaudoin2016,
	title = {{Impact of protists on a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial community from deep-sea Gulf of Mexico sediments: A microcosm study}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {350{\textendash}359},
	abstract = {In spite of significant advancements towards understanding the dynamics of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading microbial consortia, the impacts (direct or indirect via grazing activities) of bacterivorous protists remain largely unknown. Microcosm experiments were used to examine whether protistan grazing affects the petroleum hydrocarbon degradation capacity of a deep-sea sediment microbial community from an active Gulf of Mexico cold seep. Differences in n-alkane content between native sediment microcosms and those treated with inhibitors of eukaryotes were assessed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography following 30{\textendash}90 day incubations and analysis of shifts in microbial community composition using small subunit ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries. More biodegradation was observed in microcosms supplemented with eukaryotic inhibitors. SSU rRNA gene clone libraries from oil-amended treatments revealed an increase in the number of proteobacterial clones (particularly $\gamma$-proteobacteria) after spiking sediments with diesel oil. Bacterial community composition shifted, and degradation rates increased, in treatments where protists were inhibited, suggesting protists affect the hydrocarbon degrading capacity of microbial communities in sediments collected at this Gulf of Mexico site.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.01.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064514000216},
	author = {Beaudoin, D J and Carmichael, C A and Nelson, R K and Reddy, C M and Teske, A P and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {Prouty2016,
	title = {{Insights into methane dynamics from analysis of authigenic carbonates and chemosynthetic mussels at newly-discovered Atlantic Margin seeps}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {449},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {332{\textendash}344},
	abstract = {The recent discovery of active methane venting along the US northern and mid-Atlantic margin represents a new source of global methane not previously accounted for in carbon budgets from this region. However, uncertainty remains as to the origin and history of methane seepage along this tectonically inactive passive margin. Here we present the first isotopic analyses of authigenic carbonates and methanotrophic deep-sea mussels, Bathymodiolus sp., and the first direct constraints on the timing of past methane emission, based on samples collected at the upper slope Baltimore Canyon (\~{}385 m water depth) and deepwater Norfolk (\~{}1600 m) seep fields within the area of newly-discovered venting. The authigenic carbonates at both sites were dominated by aragonite, with an average View the MathML source$δ$C13 signature of -47{\textperthousand}-47{\textperthousand}, a value consistent with microbially driven anaerobic oxidation of methane-rich fluids occurring at or near the sediment{\textendash}water interface. Authigenic carbonate U and Sr isotope data further support the inference of carbonate precipitation from seawater-derived fluids rather than from formation fluids from deep aquifers. Carbonate stable and radiocarbon (View the MathML source$δ$C13 and View the MathML source$Δ$C13) isotope values from living Bathymodiolus sp. specimens are lighter than those of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon, highlighting the influence of fossil carbon from methane on carbonate precipitation. U{\textendash}Th dates on authigenic carbonates suggest seepage at Baltimore Canyon between 14.7{\textpm}0.6 ka14.7{\textpm}0.6 ka to 15.7{\textpm}1.6 ka15.7{\textpm}1.6 ka, and at the Norfolk seep field between 1.0{\textpm}0.7 ka1.0{\textpm}0.7 ka to 3.3{\textpm}1.3 ka3.3{\textpm}1.3 ka, providing constraint on the longevity of methane efflux at these sites. The age of the brecciated authigenic carbonates and the occurrence of pockmarks at the Baltimore Canyon upper slope could suggest a link between sediment delivery during Pleistocene sea-level lowstand, accumulation of pore fluid overpressure from sediment compaction, and release of overpressure through subsequent venting. Calculations show that the Baltimore Canyon site probably has not been within the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) in the past 20 ka, meaning that in-situ release of methane from dissociating gas hydrate cannot be sustaining the seep. We cannot rule out updip migration of methane from dissociation of gas hydrate that occurs farther down the slope as a source of the venting at Baltimore Canyon, but consider that the history of rapid sediment accumulation and overpressure may play a more important role in methane emissions at this site.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.023},
	author = {Prouty, N G and Sahy, D and Ruppel, C D and Roark, E B and Condon, D and Brooke, S and Ross, S W and Demopoulos, A W J}
}
@article {Lin2016,
	title = {{Linkages between mineralogy, fluid chemistry, and microbial communities within hydrothermal chimneys from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {300{\textendash}323},
	abstract = {Rock and fluid samples were collected from three hydrothermal chimneys at the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge to evaluate linkages among mineralogy, fluid chemistry, and microbial community composition within the chimneys. M{\"o}ssbauer, midinfrared thermal emission, and visible-near infrared spectroscopies were utilized for the first time to characterize vent mineralogy, in addition to thin-section petrography, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analyses. A 282{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Bastille edifice was composed primarily of sulfide minerals such as chalcopyrite, marcasite, and sphalerite. In contrast, samples from a 300{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Dante edifice and a 321{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Hot Harold edifice contained a high abundance of the sulfate mineral anhydrite. Geochemical modeling of mixed vent fluids suggested the oxic-anoxic transition zone was above 100{\textdegree}C at all three vents, and that the thermodynamic energy available for autotrophic microbial redox reactions favored aerobic sulfide and methane oxidation. As predicted, microbes within the Dante and Hot Harold chimneys were most closely related to mesophilic and thermophilic aerobes of the Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria and sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria. However, most of the microbes within the Bastille chimney were most closely related to mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobes of the Deltaproteobacteria, especially sulfate reducers, and anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaea. The predominance of anaerobes in the Bastille chimney indicated that other environmental factors promote anoxic conditions. Possibilities include the maturity or fluid flow characteristics of the chimney, abiotic Fe2+ and S2- oxidation in the vent fluids, or O2 depletion by aerobic respiration on the chimney outer wall.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GC006091},
	author = {Lin, T J and Ver Eecke, H C and Breves, E A and Dyar, M D and Jamieson, J W and Hannington, M D and Dahle, H and Bishop, J L and Lane, M D and Butterfield, D A and Kelley, D S and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Holden, J F}
}
@article {ISI:000366671300021,
	title = {{Metagenomic resolution of microbial functions in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes across the Eastern Lau Spreading Center}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {225{\textendash}239},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Microbial processes within deep-sea hydrothermal plumes affect ocean biogeochemistry on global scales. In rising hydrothermal plumes, a combination of microbial metabolism and particle formation processes initiate the transformation of reduced chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, methane, iron, manganese and ammonia that are abundant in hydrothermal vent fluids. Despite the biogeochemical importance of this rising portion of plumes, it is understudied in comparison to neutrally buoyant plumes. Here we use metagenomics and bioenergetic modeling to describe the abundance and genetic potential of microorganisms in relation to available electron donors in five different hydrothermal plumes and three associated background deep-sea waters from the Eastern Lau Spreading Center located in the Western Pacific Ocean. Three hundred and thirty one distinct genomic {\textquoteleft}bins{\textquoteright} were identified, comprising an estimated 951 genomes of archaea, bacteria, eukarya and viruses. A significant proportion of these genomes is from novel microorganisms and thus reveals insights into the energy metabolism of heretofore unknown microbial groups. Community-wide analyses of genes encoding enzymes that oxidize inorganic energy sources showed that sulfur oxidation was the most abundant and diverse chemolithotrophic microbial metabolism in the community. Genes for sulfur oxidation were commonly present in genomic bins that also contained genes for oxidation of hydrogen and methane, suggesting metabolic versatility in these microbial groups. The relative diversity and abundance of genes encoding hydrogen oxidation was moderate, whereas that of genes for methane and ammonia oxidation was low in comparison to sulfur oxidation. Bioenergetic-thermodynamic modeling supports the metagenomic analyses, showing that oxidation of elemental sulfur with oxygen is the most dominant catabolic reaction in the hydrothermal plumes. We conclude that the energy metabolism of microbial communities inhabiting rising hydrothermal plumes is dictated by the underlying plume chemistry, with a dominant role for sulfur-based chemolithoautotrophy.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.81},
	author = {Anantharaman, Karthik and Breier, John A and Dick, Gregory J}
}
@article {ISI:000372364000020,
	title = {{Metatranscriptomic insights into polyphosphate metabolism in marine sediments}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {2016},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {1015{\textendash}1019},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Microorganisms can influence inorganic phosphate (P-i) in pore waters, and thus the saturation state of phosphatic minerals, by accumulating and hydrolyzing intracellular polyphosphate (poly-P). Here we used comparative metatranscriptomics to explore microbial poly-P utilization in marine sediments. Sulfidic marine sediments from methane seeps near Barbados and from the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) oxygen minimum zone were incubated under oxic and anoxic sulfidic conditions. Pi was sequestered under oxic conditions and liberated under anoxic conditions. Transcripts homologous to poly-P kinase type 2 (ppk2) were 6-22 x more abundant in metatranscriptomes from the anoxic incubations, suggesting that reversible poly-P degradation by Ppk2 may be an important metabolic response to anoxia by marine microorganisms. Overall, diverse taxa differentially expressed homologues of genes for poly-P degradation (ppk2 and exopolyphosphatase) under different incubation conditions. Sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms appeared to preferentially express genes for poly-P degradation under anoxic conditions, which may impact phosphorus cycling in a wide range of oxygen-depleted marine settings.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.169},
	author = {Jones, Daniel S and Flood, Beverly E and Bailey, Jake V}
}
@article {ISI:000368893500001,
	title = {{Microbial Communities in Methane- and Short Chain Alkane-Rich Hydrothermal Sediments of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, an active spreading center in the Gulf of California (Mexico), are rich in porewater methane, short-chain alkanes, sulfate and sulfide, and provide a model system to explore habitat preferences of microorganisms, including sulfate-dependent, methane- and short chain alkane-oxidizing microbial communities. In this study, hot sediments (above 60 degrees C) covered with sulfur-oxidizing microbial mats surrounding a hydrothermal mound (termed {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Mat Mound{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) were characterized by porewater geochemistry of methane, C-2-C-6 short-chain alkanes, sulfate, sulfide, sulfate reduction rate measurements, in situ temperature gradients, bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and V6 tag pyrosequencing. The most abundantly detected groups in the Mat mound sediments include anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea of the ANME-1 lineage and its sister Glade ANME-1Guaymas, the uncultured bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 within the Deltaproteobacteria and the separately branching HotSeep-1 Group; these uncultured bacteria are candidates for sulfate-reducing alkane oxidation and for sulfate-reducing syntrophy with ANME archaea. The archaeal dataset indicates distinct habitat preferences for ANME-1, ANME-1-Guaymas, and ANME-2 archaea in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. The bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 and HotSeep-1 co-occur with ANME-1 and ANME-1Guaymas in hydrothermally active sediments underneath microbial mats in Guaymas Basin. We propose the working hypothesis that this mixed bacterial and archaeal community catalyzes the oxidation of both methane and short-chain alkanes, and constitutes a microbial community signature that is characteristic for hydrothermal and/or cold seep sediments containing both substrates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00017},
	author = {Dowell, Frederick and Cardman, Zena and Dasarathy, Srishti and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Lipp, Julius S and Ruff, S Emil and Biddle, Jennifer F and McKay, Luke J and MacGregor, Barbara J and Lloyd, Karen G and Albert, Daniel B and Mendlovitz, Howard and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Jungbluth2016,
	title = {{Novel microbial assemblages inhabiting crustal fluids within mid-ocean ridge flank subsurface basalt}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {2033{\textendash}2047},
	abstract = {Although little is known regarding microbial life within our planet{\textquoteright}s rock-hosted deep subseafloor biosphere, boreholes drilled through deep ocean sediment and into the underlying basaltic crust provide invaluable windows of access that have been used previously to document the presence of microorganisms within fluids percolating through the deep ocean crust. In this study, the analysis of 1.7 million small subunit ribosomal RNA genes amplified and sequenced from marine sediment, bottom seawater and basalt-hosted deep subseafloor fluids that span multiple years and locations on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank was used to quantitatively delineate a subseafloor microbiome comprised of distinct bacteria and archaea. Hot, anoxic crustal fluids tapped by newly installed seafloor sampling observatories at boreholes U1362A and U1362B contained abundant bacterial lineages of phylogenetically unique Nitrospirae, Aminicenantes, Calescamantes and Chloroflexi. Although less abundant, the domain Archaea was dominated by unique, uncultivated lineages of marine benthic group E, the Terrestrial Hot Spring Crenarchaeotic Group, the Bathyarchaeota and relatives of cultivated, sulfate-reducing Archaeoglobi. Consistent with recent geochemical measurements and bioenergetic predictions, the potential importance of methane cycling and sulfate reduction were imprinted within the basalt-hosted deep subseafloor crustal fluid microbial community. This unique window of access to the deep ocean subsurface basement reveals a microbial landscape that exhibits previously undetected spatial heterogeneity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.248},
	author = {Jungbluth, S P and Bowers, R M and Lin, H-T and Cowen, J P and Rappe, M S}
}
@article {ISI:000378670800005,
	title = {{Patterns and variability in geochemical signatures and microbial activity within and between diverse cold seep habitats along the lower continental slope, Northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {31{\textendash}40},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We collected 69 sediment cores from distinct ecological and geological settings along the deep slope in the Northern Gulf of Mexico to evaluate whether specific geochemical- or habitat-related factors correlated with rates of microbial processes and geochemical signatures. By collecting replicate cores from distinct habitats across multiple sites, we illustrate and quantify the heterogeneity of cold seep geochemistry and microbial activity. These data also document the factors driving unique aspects of the geochemistry of deep slope gas, oil and brine seeps. Surprisingly little variation was observed between replicate (n=2-5) cores within sites for most analytes (except methane), implying that the common practice of collecting one core for geochemical analysis can capture the signature of a habitat in most cases. Depth-integrated concentrations of methane, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and calcium were the predominant geochemical factors that correlated with a site{\textquoteright}s ecological or geological settings. Pore fluid methane concentration was related to the phosphate and DIC concentration, as well as to rates of sulfate reduction. While distinctions between seep habitats were identified from geochemical signatures, habitat specific geochemistry varied little across sites. The relative concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen versus phosphorus suggests that phosphorus availability limits biomass production at cold seeps. Correlations between calcium, chloride, and phosphate concentrations were indicative of brine-associated phosphate transport, suggesting that in addition to the co-migration of methane, dissolved organic carbon, and ammonium with brine, phosphate delivery is also associated with brine advection. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.02.011},
	author = {Bowles, Marshall and Hunter, Kimberley S and Samarkin, Vladimir and Joye, Samantha}
}
@article {Thal2016,
	title = {{Subaqueous cryptodome eruption, hydrothermal activity and related seafloor morphologies on the andesitic North Su volcano}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {323},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {80{\textendash}96},
	abstract = {North Su is a double-peaked active andesite submarine volcano located in the eastern Manus Basin of the Bismarck Sea that reaches a depth of 1154 m. It hosts a vigorous and varied hydrothermal system with black and white smoker vents along with several areas of diffuse venting and deposits of native sulfur. Geologic mapping based on ROV observations from 2006 and 2011 combined with morphologic features identified from repeated bathymetric surveys in 2002 and 2011 documents the emplacement of a volcanic cryptodome between 2006 and 2011. We use our observations and rock analyses to interpret an eruption scenario where highly viscous, crystal-rich andesitic magma erupted slowly into the water-saturated, gravel-dominated slope of North Su. An intense fragmentation process produced abundant blocky clasts of a heterogeneous magma (olivine crystals within a rhyolitic groundmass) that only rarely breached through the clastic cover onto the seafloor. Phreatic and phreatomagmatic explosions beneath the seafloor cause mixing of juvenile and pre-existing lithic clasts and produce a volcaniclastic deposit. This volcaniclastic deposit consists of blocky, non-altered clasts next, variably (1{\textendash}100{\%}) altered clasts, hydrothermal precipitates and crystal fragments. The usually applied parameters to identify juvenile subaqueous lava fragments, i.e. fluidal shape or chilled margin, were not applicable to distinguish between pre-existing non-altered clasts and juvenile clasts. This deposit is updomed during further injection of magma and mechanical disruption. Gas-propelled turbulent clast-recycling causes clasts to develop variably rounded shapes. An abundance of blocky clasts and the lack of clasts typical for the contact of liquid lava with water is interpreted to be the result of a cooled, high-viscosity, crystal-rich magma that failed as a brittle solid upon stress. The high viscosity allows the lava to form blocky and short lobes. The pervasive volcaniclastic cover on North Su is partly cemented by hydrothermal precipitates. These hydrothermally-cemented breccias, crusts and single pillars show that hydrothermal circulation through a thick layer of volcaniclastic deposits can temporarily increase slope stability through precipitation and cementation.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.041},
	author = {Thal, J and Tivey, M A and Yoerger, D R and Bach, W}
}
@article {ISI:000373276200001,
	title = {{Temperature and Redox Effect on Mineral Colonization in Juan de Fuca Ridge Flank Subsurface Crustal Fluids}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {To examine microbe-mineral interactions in subsurface oceanic crust, we evaluated microbial colonization on crustal minerals that were incubated in borehole fluids for 1 year at the seafloor wellhead of a crustal borehole observatory (IODP Hole U1301A, Juan de Fuca Ridge flank) as compared to an experiment that was not exposed to subsurface crustal fluids (at nearby IODP Hole U1301B). In comparison to previous studies at these same sites, this approach allowed assessment of the effects of temperature, fluid chemistry, and/or mineralogy on colonization patterns of different mineral substrates, and an opportunity to verify the approach of deploying colonization experiments at an observatory wellhead at the seafloor instead of within the borehole. The Hole U1301B deployment did not have biofilm growth, based on microscopy and DNA extraction, thereby confirming the integrity of the colonization design against bottom seawater intrusion. In contrast, the Hole U1301A deployment supported biofilms dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (43.5{\%} of 370 16S rRNA gene clone sequences) and Gammaproteobacteria (29.3{\%}). Sequence analysis revealed overlap in microbial communities between different minerals incubated at the Hole U1301A wellhead, indicating that mineralogy did not separate biofilm structure within the 1-year colonization experiment. Differences in the Hole U1301A wellhead biofilm community composition relative to previous studies from within the borehole using similar mineral substrates suggest that temperature and the diffusion of dissolved oxygen through plastic components influenced the mineral colonization experiments positioned at the wellhead. This highlights the capacity of low abundance crustal fluid taxa to rapidly establish communities on diverse mineral substrates under changing environmental conditions such as from temperature and oxygen.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3339/fmicb.2016.00396},
	author = {Baquiran, Jean-Paul M and Ramirez, Gustavo A and Haddad, Amanda G and Toner, Brandy M and Hulme, Samuel and Wheat, Charles G and Edwards, Katrina J and Orcutt, Beth N}
}
@article {ISI:000367801400177,
	title = {{Trophosome of the Deep-Sea Tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Inhibits Bacterial Growth}},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila lives in symbiosis with the chemoautotrophic gamma-proteobacterium Cand. Endoriftia persephone. Symbionts are released back into the environment upon host death in high-pressure experiments, while microbial fouling is not involved in trophosome degradation. Therefore, we examined the antimicrobial effect of the tubeworm{\textquoteright}s trophosome and skin. The growth of all four tested Gram-positive, but only of one of the tested Gram-negative bacterial strains was inhibited by freshly fixed and degrading trophosome (incubated up to ten days at either warm or cold temperature), while no effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed. The skin did not show antimicrobial effects. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the ethanol supernatant of fixed trophosomes lead to the tentative identification of the phospholipids 1-palmitoleyl-2-lyso- phosphatidylethanolamine, 2-palmitoleyl-1-lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine and the free fatty acids palmitoleic, palmitic and oleic acid, which are known to have an antimicrobial effect. As a result of tissue autolysis, the abundance of the free fatty acids increased with longer incubation time of trophosome samples. This correlated with an increasing growth inhibition of Bacillus subtilis and Listeria welshimeri, but not of the other bacterial strains. Therefore, the free fatty acids produced upon host degradation could be the cause of inhibition of at least these two bacterial strains.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0146446},
	author = {Klose, Julia and Aistleitner, Karin and Horn, Matthias and Krenn, Liselotte and Dirsch, Verena and Zehl, Martin and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Chadwick2016,
	title = {{Voluminous eruption from a zoned magma body after an increase in supply rate at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {12,063{\textendash}12,070},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is the best monitored submarine volcano in the world, providing an exceptional window into the dynamic interactions between magma storage, transport, and eruption processes in a mid-ocean ridge setting. An eruption in April 2015 produced the largest volume of erupted lava since monitoring and mapping began in the mid-1980s after the shortest repose time, due to a recent increase in magma supply. The higher rate of magma replenishment since 2011 resulted in the eruption of the most mafic lava in the last 500{\textendash}600 years. Eruptive fissures at the volcano summit produced pyroclastic ash that was deposited over an area of at least 8 km2. A systematic spatial distribution of compositions is consistent with a single dike tapping different parts of a thermally and chemically zoned magma reservoir that can be directly related to previous multichannel seismic-imaging results.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL071327},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Paduan, J B and Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Merle, S G and Bobbitt, A M and Caress, D W and Philip, B T and Kelley, D S and Nooner, S L}
}
@article {ISI:000348807500001,
	title = {{Activity and phylogenetic diversity of sulfate-reducing microorganisms in low-temperature subsurface fluids within the upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The basaltic ocean crust is the largest aquifer system on Earth, yet the rates of biological activity in this environment are unknown. Low-temperature ({\textless}100 degrees C) fluid samples were investigated from two borehole observatories in the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JFR) flank, representing a range of upper oceanic basement thermal and geochemical properties. Microbial sulfate reduction rates (SRR) were measured in laboratory incubations with S-35-sulfate over a range of temperatures and the identity of the corresponding sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) was studied by analyzing the sequence diversity of the functional marker dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase (dsrAB) gene. We found that microbial sulfate reduction was limited by the decreasing availability of organic electron donors in higher temperature, more altered fluids. Thermodynamic calculations indicate energetic constraints for metabolism, which together with relatively higher cell-specific SRR reveal increased maintenance requirements, consistent with novel species-level dsrAB phylotypes of thermophilic SRM. Our estimates suggest that microbially-mediated sulfate reduction may account for the removal of organic matter in fluids within the upper oceanic crust and underscore the potential quantitative impact of microbial processes in deep subsurface marine crustal fluids on marine and global biogeochemical carbon cycling.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00748},
	author = {Robador, Alberto and Jungbluth, Sean P and LaRowe, Douglas E and Bowers, Robert M and Rappe, Michael S and Amend, Jan P and Cowen, James P}
}
@article {Gulmann2015,
	title = {{Bacterial diversity and successional patterns during biofilm formation on freshly exposed basalt surfaces at diffuse-flow deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {901},
	abstract = {Many deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems are regularly impacted by volcanic eruptions, leaving fresh basalt where abundant animal and microbial communities once thrived. After an eruption, microbial biofilms are often the first visible evidence of biotic re-colonization. The present study is the first to investigate microbial colonization of newly exposed basalt surfaces in the context of vent fluid chemistry over an extended period of time (4{\textendash}293 days) by deploying basalt blocks within an established diffuse-flow vent at the 9{\textdegree}50' N vent field on the East Pacific Rise. Additionally, samples obtained after a recent eruption at the same vent field allowed for comparison between experimental results and those from natural microbial re-colonization. Over 9 months, the community changed from being composed almost exclusively of Epsilonproteobacteria to a more diverse assemblage, corresponding with a potential expansion of metabolic capabilities. The process of biofilm formation appears to generate similar surface-associated communities within and across sites by selecting for a subset of fluid-associated microbes, via species sorting. Furthermore, the high incidence of shared operational taxonomic units over time and across different vent sites suggests that the microbial communities colonizing new surfaces at diffuse-flow vent sites might follow a predictable successional pattern.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.00901},
	author = {Gulmann, L K and Beaulieu, S E and Shank, T M and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Sievert, S M}
}
@article {ISI:000361984700015,
	title = {{Comparison of Archaeal and Bacterial Diversity in Methane Seep Carbonate Nodules and Host Sediments, Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge, USA}},
	journal = {MICROBIAL ECOLOGY},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {766{\textendash}784},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) impacts carbon cycling by acting as a methane sink and by sequestering inorganic carbon via AOM-induced carbonate precipitation. These precipitates commonly take the form of carbonate nodules that form within methane seep sediments. The timing and sequence of nodule formation within methane seep sediments are not well understood. Further, the microbial diversity associated with sediment-hosted nodules has not been well characterized and the degree to which nodules reflect the microbial assemblage in surrounding sediments is unknown. Here, we conducted a comparative study of microbial assemblages in methane-derived authigenic carbonate nodules and their host sediments using molecular, mineralogical, and geochemical methods. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity from paired carbonate nodules and sediments revealed that both sample types contained methanotrophic archaea (ANME-1 and ANME-2) and syntrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfobacteraceae and Desulfobulbaceae), as well as other microbial community members. The combination of geochemical and molecular data from Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge suggested that some nodules formed in situ and captured the local sediment-hosted microbial community, while other nodules may have been translocated or may represent a record of conditions prior to the contemporary environment. Taken together, this comparative analysis offers clues to the formation regimes and mechanisms of sediment-hosted carbonate nodules.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0095-3628},
	doi = {10.1007/s00248-015-0615-6},
	author = {Mason, Olivia U and Case, David H and Naehr, Thomas H and Lee, Raymond W and Thomas, Randal B and Bailey, Jake V and Orphan, Victoria J}
}
@article {ISI:000349374800012,
	title = {{A deep-sea community, including Lophelia pertusa, at unusually shallow depths in the western North Atlantic Ocean off northeastern Florida}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {162},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {635{\textendash}648},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Living colonies of the cold-water scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa and other typically deep-water organisms were discovered in unusually shallow depths (180-250 m) off northeastern Florida. Observations of L. pertusa on rocky substrata and coral-built mounds represent the shallowest records of large colonies of this coral in the western Atlantic Ocean. Bioherms up to 30 m tall, extensive areas of eroded L. pertusa rubble, and a well-developed cold-water community indicated that these sites are long-term features, rather than short-term opportunistic responses to temporary shifts in environmental conditions. Species that are commonly observed on deeper reefs off the southeastern USA were abundant at the shallow sites. The most abundant fishes on reef habitats were Helicolenus dactylopterus, Laemonema barbatulum, Dysommina rugosa, and Anthias spp. In addition to L. pertusa, the most common macroinvertebrates on hard substrata were Eumunida picta, Chaceon fenneri, octocorals, cup corals, and glass sponges. Bottom and near-bottom temperatures (7-10 A degrees C) and nutrient concentrations at the shallow sites were similar to those normally encountered at 500-600 m in this region. The shallow reef sites occur in an area known for frequent Gulf Stream-driven upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich water. However, the upwelling must be persistent or permanent in order to maintain deep-sea communities at such shallow depths. Based on these data, this area is under final review by the US Department of Commerce for inclusion in one of the regional Coral Habitat Areas of Particular Concern.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-015-2611-2},
	author = {Ross, Steve W and Brooke, Sandra and Quattrini, Andrea M and Rhode, Mike and Watterson, J Carter}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300014,
	title = {{Differences in recovery between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and vent-proximate communities after a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {167{\textendash}182},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and the surrounding basalt seafloor are subject to major natural disturbance events such as volcanic eruptions. In the near future, anthropogenic disturbance in the form of deep-sea mining could also significantly affect the faunal communities of hydrothermal vents. In this study, we monitor and compare the recovery of insular, highly productive vent communities and vent-proximate basalt communities following a volcanic eruption that destroyed almost all existing communities at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N in 2006. To study the recovery patterns of the benthic communities, we placed settlement substrates at vent sites and their proximate basalt areas and measured the prokaryotic abundance and compared the meio- and macrofaunal species richness and composition at one, two and four years after the eruption. In addition, we collected samples from the overlying water column with a pelagic pump, at one and two years after the volcanic eruption, to determine the abundance of potential meiofauna colonisers. One year after eruption, mean meio- and macrofaunal abundances were not significantly different from pre-eruption values in vent habitats (meio: 8-1838 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 3-6246 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02; macro: 95-1600 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 205-4577 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02) and on non-vent basalt habitats (meio: 10-1922 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 8328 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04; macro: 14-3351 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 2-63 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04), but species recovery patterns differed between the two habitat types. In the vent habitat, the initial community recovery was relatively quick but incomplete four years after eruption, which may be due to the good dispersal capabilities of vent endemic macrofauna and vent endemic dirivultid copepods. At vents, 42{\%} of the pre-eruption meio- and 39{\%} of macrofaunal species had returned. In addition, some new species not evident prior to the eruption were found. At the tubeworm site Tica, a total of 26 meio- and 19 macrofaunal species were found in 2009, which contrasts with the 24 meio- and 29 macrofauna species detected at the site in 2001/01 In the basalt habitat, community recovery of meiofauna was slower with only 28{\%} of the original 64 species present four years after eruption. The more limited dispersal capabilities of meiofauna basalt specialists such as nematodes or harpacticoid copepods probably caused this pattern. In contrast, 67{\%} of the original 27 macrofaunal species had recolonized the basalt by 2009. Our results suggest that not only vent communities, but also species-rich communities of vent-proximate habitats require attention in conservation efforts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.008},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Arbizu, Pedro Martinez and Mills, Susan and Le Bris, Nadine and Weinbauer, Markus and Shank, Timothy M and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Lin2015,
	title = {{Dissolved amino acids in oceanic basaltic basement fluids}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {164},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {175{\textendash}190},
	abstract = {The oceanic basaltic basement contains the largest aquifer on Earth and potentially plays an important role in the global carbon cycle as a net sink for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). However, few details of the organic matter cycling in the subsurface are known because great water depths and thick sediments typically hinder direct access to this environment. In an effort to examine the role of water{\textendash}rock{\textendash}microorganism interaction on organic matter cycling in the oceanic basaltic crust, basement fluid samples collected from three borehole observatories installed on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge were analyzed for dissolved amino acids. Our data show that dissolved free amino acids (1{\textendash}13 nM) and dissolved hydrolyzable amino acids (43{\textendash}89 nM) are present in the basement. The amino acid concentrations in the ridge-flank basement fluids are at the low end of all submarine hydrothermal fluids reported in the literature and are similar to those in deep seawater. Amino acids in recharging deep seawater, in situ amino acid production, and diffusional input from overlying sediments are potential sources of amino acids in the basement fluids. Thermodynamic modeling shows that amino acid synthesis in the basement can be sustained by energy supplied from inorganic substrates via chemolithotrophic metabolisms. Furthermore, an analysis of amino acid concentrations and compositions in basement fluids support the notion that heterotrophic activity is ongoing. Similarly, the enrichment of acidic amino acids and depletion of hydrophobic ones relative to sedimentary particulate organic matter suggests that surface sorption and desorption also alters amino acids in the basaltic basement. In summary, although the oceanic basement aquifer is a net sink for deep seawater DOC, similar amino acid concentrations in basement aquifer and deep seawater suggest that DOC is preferentially removed in the basement over dissolved amino acids. Our data also suggest that organic carbon cycling occurs in the oceanic basaltic basement, where an active subsurface biosphere is likely responsible for amino acid synthesis and degradation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.044},
	author = {Lin, H-T and Amend, J P and LaRowe, D E and Bingham, J-P and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {ISI:000361755600008,
	title = {{Diversity and composition of the copepod communities associated with megafauna around a cold seep in the Gulf of Mexico with remarks on species biogeography}},
	journal = {MARINE BIODIVERSITY},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {419{\textendash}432},
	type = {Article; Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {In order to characterize the copepod communities associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations around a hydrocarbon seep in the Green Canyon of the Gulf of Mexico, diversity, abundance, and community composition were analyzed. Also analyzed were species biogeography and the potential connectivity to other chemosynthesis-based habitats. Copepod abundance and biomass were very low among tubeworms and mussels, with 0.22 to 6.08 individuals per 10 cm(2) sampled area and 9.02 to 42.43 mu g wet weight 10 cm(2) sampled area, respectively; but, abundance was significantly higher among the mussels. Fifty-five copepod species were identified, of which most were newly discovered and primarily belonging to the Harpacticoida order. Four copepod species were previously recorded from other food-rich and hard-substrata environments, such as hydrothermal vents or wood falls. Another four species showed close morphological proximity to species described from cold seeps, hydrothermal vents, and wood falls. Copepod diversity and community composition showed no significant differences between the foundation species. However, differences in the relative abundance and dominance of single species indicate a rather homogeneous community in mussel beds and a more heterogeneous community among tubeworms, indicating that foundation species may shape the abundance and community composition of associated copepods at cold seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1867-1616},
	doi = {10.1007/s12526-014-0310-8},
	author = {Plum, Christoph and Gollner, Sabine and Martinez-Arbizu, Pedro and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Bennett2015,
	title = {{Effect of depth and vent fluid composition on the carbon sources at two neighboring deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields (Mid-Cayman Rise)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {104},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {122{\textendash}133},
	abstract = {In this study, we have used stable isotopes of megafauna, microbial mats and particulate organic matter to examine the effect of depth and vent fluid composition on the carbon sources at two proximal, chemically distinct hydrothermal vent fields along the Mid-Cayman Rise. The basalt hosted Piccard vent field (4980 m) is twice as deep as the ultramafic hosted Von Damm vent field (2300 m) and has very different faunal assemblages. Of particular note is the presence of seep-associated fauna, Escarpia and Lamellibrachia tubeworms, at the Von Damm vent field. We identify a greater range of carbon sources and a suggestion of increased photosynthetic inputs to the Von Damm vent field compared to Piccard vent field. Rimicaris hybisae shrimp are the only abundant species shared between the two vent fields with $δ$13C values ranging between -22.7 and -10.1{\textperthousand}. Higher concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the vent fluids at Piccard is proposed to be responsible for varying the relative contributions of the carbon fixation cycles used by their epibionts. Seep-associated fauna at Von Damm rely on elevated, thermogenic hydrocarbon content of the vent fluids for their carbon source ($δ$13C values ranging from -21.3 to 11.6{\textperthousand}). They also derive energy from hydrogen sulfide formed by the microbial reduction of sulfide ($δ$34S values ranging from -10.2 to -6.9{\textperthousand}). The tubeworms have very short roots (buried at most a centimeter into rubble), suggesting that microbial sulfate reduction must be occurring either in the shallow subsurface and/or in the anterior part of the tube. Overall, megafauna at Von Damm vent field appear to have a smaller food chain length (smaller $δ$15N range) but a greater breadth of trophic resources compared to the megafauna at the Piccard vent field.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.005},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Van Dover, C L and Breier, J A and Coleman, M L}
}
@article {ISI:000365379500011,
	title = {{Estimations of heat transfer from Grotto{\textquoteright}s North Tower: A NEPTUNE Observatory case study}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {121},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {95{\textendash}111},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The overall heat transfer through an active hydrothermal sulfide edifice, in particular the North Tower of Grotto, has been estimated at 80 MW or greater based on the following in situ measurements and assumptions: (1) The heat transfer by diffuse flow is estimated at 33-380 MW based on extrapolating the acoustically mapped area to all sides of the North Tower ({\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}visible{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} area=30 m(2); extrapolated area= 100 m(2)) and using the range of available spot measurements of temperature (6-23 degrees C) and vertical velocity (0.07-0.28 m/s). The lower number (33 MW) is more likely, but there is insufficient knowledge of the temporal and spatial variability of diffuse flow to be certain. (2) The heat transfer by focused flow is estimated at 30-70 MW based on summing the estimated individual rates of heat transfer for 4 out of 7 documented black smokers and flanges. (3) Conductive heat transfer out of the mound is unknown, but is likely to be much less than the advective heat transfer. Additionally, the plume transport of heat is estimated at 20-40 MW based on the direct measurement of temperature within the plume (at 5-25 m above the top of the edifice). Despite uncertainties, the lower estimate of plume versus smoker heat transfer suggests that heat transfer is dominantly by diffuse flow. Furthermore, not all plumes from individual smokers may merge even for so small an area as the North Tower of Grotto. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.010},
	author = {Rona, Peter A and Bemis, Karen G and Xu, Guangyu and Mitsuzawa, Kyohiko}
}
@article {ISI:000353354100014,
	title = {{From deep-sea volcanoes to human pathogens: a conserved quorum-sensing signal in Epsilonproteobacteria}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {9},
	number = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1222{\textendash}1234},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Chemosynthetic Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents colonize substrates exposed to steep thermal and redox gradients. In many bacteria, substrate attachment, biofilm formation, expression of virulence genes and host colonization are partly controlled via a cell density-dependent mechanism involving signal molecules, known as quorum sensing. Within the Epsilonproteobacteria, quorum sensing has been investigated only in human pathogens that use the luxS/autoinducer-2 (AI-2) mechanism to control the expression of some of these functions. In this study we showed that luxS is conserved in Epsilonproteobacteria and that pathogenic and mesophilic members of this class inherited this gene from a thermophilic ancestor. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the luxS gene is expressed-and a quorum-sensing signal is produced-during growth of Sulfurovum lithotrophicum and Caminibacter mediatlanticus, two Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Finally, we detected luxS transcripts in Epsilonproteobacteria-dominated biofilm communities collected from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Taken together, our findings indicate that the epsiloproteobacterial lineage of the LuxS enzyme originated in high-temperature geothermal environments and that, in vent Epsilonproteobacteria, luxS expression is linked to the production of AI-2 signals, which are likely produced in situ at deep-sea vents. We conclude that the luxS gene is part of the ancestral epsilonproteobacterial genome and represents an evolutionary link that connects thermophiles to human pathogens.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2014.214},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Bolognini, Marie and Ricci, Jessica and Bini, Elisabetta and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {Li2015,
	title = {{Genomic and transcriptomic evidence for scavenging of diverse organic compounds by widespread deep-sea archaea}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {8933},
	abstract = {Microbial activity is one of the most important processes to mediate the flux of organic carbon from the ocean surface to the seafloor. However, little is known about the microorganisms that underpin this key step of the global carbon cycle in the deep oceans. Here we present genomic and transcriptomic evidence that five ubiquitous archaeal groups actively use proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids and lipids as sources of carbon and energy at depths ranging from 800 to 4,950 m in hydrothermal vent plumes and pelagic background seawater across three different ocean basins. Genome-enabled metabolic reconstructions and gene expression patterns show that these marine archaea are motile heterotrophs with extensive mechanisms for scavenging organic matter. Our results shed light on the ecological and physiological properties of ubiquitous marine archaea and highlight their versatile metabolic strategies in deep oceans that might play a critical role in global carbon cycling.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms9933},
	author = {Li, M and Baker, B J and Anantharaman, K and Jain, S and Breier, J A and Dick, G J}
}
@article {Greene2015,
	title = {{Geologic implications of seafloor character and carbonate lithification imaged on the domal core of Atlantis Massif}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {246{\textendash}255},
	abstract = {We document the seafloor character on Atlantis Massif, an ocean core complex located at 30{\textdegree}N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, with an emphasis on the distribution of carbonate features. Seafloor imagery, near-bottom backscatter, and bathymetry were analyzed on the Central Dome and the Western Shoulder of the exposed footwall to the detachment, and on the Eastern Block, a hanging wall to the fault. We merged Argo II still images to produce photo-mosaics and evaluated these together with video imagery, acoustic reflectivity, and basic rock composition. The seafloor was classified as unconsolidated sediment, lithified carbonate crust, consolidated carbonate cap, exposed basement, or rubble, and the spatial distribution of each type was assessed. Unconsolidated sediment, exposed basement, and rubble were documented in all three regions studied. Lithified carbonate crust was also present on the Western Shoulder and eastern Central Dome. Consolidated carbonate cap was found on the Eastern Block. The formation of the carbonate rock is interpreted to reflect precipitation and/or sediment cementation via fluids derived from serpentinization. Both processes occur at the nearby Lost City Hydrothermal Field. The newly documented locations of seafloor carbonate lithification therefore mark pathways of past, possibly recent, fluid flux from subsurface water-rock reaction zones and represent an additional constituent of the carbon cycling hosted by oceanic lithosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.020},
	author = {Greene, J A and Tominaga, M and Blackman, D K}
}
@article {Kormas2015,
	title = {{Inter-comparison of the potentially active prokaryotic communities in the halocline sediments of Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline basins}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {949{\textendash}960},
	abstract = {The sediment microbiota of the Mediterranean deep-sea anoxic hypersaline basins (DHABs) are understudied relative to communities in the brines and halocline waters. In this study, the active fraction of the prokaryotic community in the halocline sediments of L{\textquoteright} Atalante, Urania, and Discovery DHABs was investigated based on extracted total RNA and 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial and archaeal communities were different in the sediments underlying the halocline waters of the three habitats, reflecting the unique chemical settings of each basin. The relative abundance of unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was also different between deep-sea control sediments and sediments underlying DHAB haloclines, suggesting adaptation to the steep DHAB chemical gradients. Only a few OTUs were affiliated to known bacterial halophilic and/or anaerobic groups. Many OTUs, including some of the dominant ones, were related to aerobic taxa. Archaea were detected only in few halocline samples, with lower OTU richness relative to Bacteria, and were dominated by taxa associated with methane cycling. This study suggests that, while metabolically active prokaryotic communities appear to be present in sediments underlying the three DHABs investigated, their diversity and activity are likely to be more reduced in sediments underlying the brines.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Kormas, K and Pachiadaki, M and Karayanni, H and Leadbetter, E R and Bernhard, J M and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {ISI:000351847600028,
	title = {{Long-term explosive degassing and debris flow activity at West Mata submarine volcano}},
	journal = {GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
	volume = {42},
	number = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1480{\textendash}1487},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {West Mata is a 1200m deep submarine volcano where explosive boninite eruptions were observed in 2009. The acoustic signatures from the volcano{\textquoteright}s summit eruptive vents Hades and Prometheus were recorded with an in situ (similar to 25m range) hydrophone during ROV dives in May 2009 and with local (similar to 5km range) moored hydrophones between December 2009 and August 2011. The sensors recorded low frequency (1-40Hz), short duration explosions consistent with magma bubble bursts from Hades, and broadband, 1-5min duration signals associated with episodes of fragmentation degassing from Prometheus. Long-term eruptive degassing signals, recorded through May 2010, preceded a several month period of declining activity. Degassing episodes were not recorded acoustically after early 2011, although quieter effusive eruption activity may have continued. Synchronous optical measurements of turbidity made between December 2009 and April 2010 indicate that turbidity maxima resulted from occasional south flank slope failures triggered by the collapse of accumulated debris during eruption intervals.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL062603},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Baker, E T and Matsumoto, H and Caplan-Auerbach, J and Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Walker, S L and Lau, T-K. and Chadwick Jr., W W}
}
@article {ISI:000366346800001,
	title = {{Metazoans of redoxcline sediments in Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins}},
	journal = {BMC BIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Background: The deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) of the Mediterranean (water depth similar to 3500 m) are some of the most extreme oceanic habitats known. Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB haloclines and brines, loriciferans are the only metazoan reported to inhabit the anoxic DHAB brines. Our goal was to further investigate metazoan communities in DHAB haloclines and brines. Results: We report observations from sediments of three DHAB (Urania, Discovery, L{\textquoteright}Atalante) haloclines, comparing these to observations from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Due to technical difficulties, sampling of the brines was not possible. Morphotype analysis indicates nematodes are the most abundant taxon; crustaceans, loriciferans and bryozoans were also noted. Among nematodes, Daptonema was the most abundant genus; three morphotypes were noted with a degree of endemicity. The majority of rRNA sequences were from planktonic taxa, suggesting that at least some individual metazoans were preserved and inactive. Nematode abundance data, in some cases determined from direct counts of sediments incubated in situ with CellTracker (TM) Green, was patchy but generally indicates the highest abundances in either normoxic control samples or in upper halocline samples; nematodes were absent or very rare in lower halocline samples. Ultrastructural analysis indicates the nematodes in L{\textquoteright}Atalante normoxic control sediments were fit, while specimens from L{\textquoteright}Atalante upper halocline were healthy or had only recently died and those from the lower halocline had no identifiable organelles. Loriciferans, which were only rarely encountered, were found in both normoxic control samples as well as in Discovery and L{\textquoteright}Atalante haloclines. It is not clear how a metazoan taxon could remain viable under this wide range of conditions. Conclusions: We document a community of living nematodes in normoxic, normal saline deep-sea Mediterranean sediments and in the upper halocline portions of the DHABs. Occurrences of nematodes in mid-halocline and lower halocline samples did not provide compelling evidence of a living community in those zones. The possibility of a viable metazoan community in brines of DHABs is not supported by our data at this time.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1741-7007},
	doi = {10.1186/s12915-015-0213-6},
	author = {Bernhard, Joan M and Morrison, Colin R and Pape, Ellen and Beaudoin, David J and Todaro, M Antonio and Pachiadaki, Maria G and Kormas, Konstantinos Ar and Edgcomb, Virginia P}
}
@article {Scott2015,
	title = {{Microbial Iron Mats at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Evidence that Zetaproteobacteria May Be Restricted to Iron-Oxidizing Marine Systems}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {e0119284},
	abstract = {Chemolithoautotrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria play an essential role in the global iron cycle. Thus far, the majority of marine iron-oxidizing bacteria have been identified as Zetaproteobacteria, a novel class within the phylum Proteobacteria. Marine iron-oxidizing microbial communities have been found associated with volcanically active seamounts, crustal spreading centers, and coastal waters. However, little is known about the presence and diversity of iron-oxidizing communities at hydrothermal systems along the slow crustal spreading center of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. From October to November 2012, samples were collected from rust-colored mats at three well-known hydrothermal vent systems on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Rainbow, Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse, and Snake Pit) using the ROV Jason II. The goal of these efforts was to determine if iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria were present at sites proximal to black smoker vent fields. Small, diffuse flow venting areas with high iron(II) concentrations and rust-colored microbial mats were observed at all three sites proximal to black smoker chimneys. A novel, syringe-based precision sampler was used to collect discrete microbial iron mat samples at the three sites. The presence of Zetaproteobacteria was confirmed using a combination of 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and single-cell sorting, while light micros-copy revealed a variety of iron-oxyhydroxide structures, indicating that active iron-oxidizing communities exist along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Sequencing analysis suggests that these iron mats contain cosmopolitan representatives of Zetaproteobacteria, but also exhibit diversity that may be uncommon at other iron-rich marine sites studied to date. A meta-analysis of publically available data encompassing a variety of aquatic habitats indicates that Zetaproteobacteria are rare if an iron source is not readily available. This work adds to the growing understanding of Zetaproteobacteria ecology and suggests that this organism is likely locally restricted to iron-rich marine environments but may exhibit wide-scale geographic distribution, further underscoring the importance of Zetaproteobacteria in global iron cycling.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0119284},
	author = {Scott, J J and Breier, J A and Luther, G W and Emerson, D}
}
@inbook {DeRonde2015,
	title = {{Molten sulfur lakes of intraoceanic arc volcanoes}},
	booktitle = {Volcanic Lakes},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-36832-5},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Chadwick, W W and Ditchburn, R G and Embley, R W and Tunnicliffe, V and Baker, E T and Walker, S L and Ferrini, V L and Merle, S M},
	editor = {Rouwet, D}
}
@article {Bemis2015,
	title = {{The path to COVIS: A review of acoustic imaging of hydrothermal flow regimes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {159{\textendash}176},
	abstract = {Acoustic imaging of hydrothermal flow regimes started with the incidental recognition of a plume on a routine sonar scan for obstacles in the path of the human-occupied submersible ALVIN. Developments in sonar engineering, acoustic data processing and scientific visualization have been combined to develop technology which can effectively capture the behavior of focused and diffuse hydrothermal discharge. This paper traces the development of these acoustic imaging techniques for hydrothermal flow regimes from their conception through to the development of the Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS). COVIS has monitored such flow eight times a day for several years. Successful acoustic techniques for estimating plume entrainment, bending, vertical rise, volume flux, and heat flux are presented as is the state-of-the-art in diffuse flow detection.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.002},
	author = {Bemis, K G and Silver, D and Xu, G and Light, R and Jackson, D R and Jones, C D and Ozer, S and Liu, L}
}
@article {ISI:000350053000004,
	title = {{Phylogenetic placement of Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (Schwager, 1866) from methane seeps and non-seep habitats on the Pacific margin}},
	journal = {GEOBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {44{\textendash}52},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Benthic foraminifera are among the most abundant groups found in deep-sea habitats, including methane seep environments. Unlike many groups, no endemic foraminiferal species have been reported from methane seeps, and to our knowledge, genetic data are currently sparse for Pacific deep-sea foraminifera. In an effort to understand the relationships between seep and non-seep populations of the deep-sea foraminifera Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, a common paleo-indicator species, specimens from methane seeps in the Pacific were analyzed and compared to one another for genetic similarities of small subunit rDNA (SSU rDNA) sequences. Pacific Ocean C. wuellerstorfi were also compared to those collected from other localities around the world (based on 18S gene available on Genbank, e.g., Schweizer et al., 2009). Results from this study revealed that C. wuellerstorfi living in seeps near Costa Rica and Hydrate Ridge are genetically similar to one another at the species level. Individuals collected from the same location that display opposite coiling directions (dextral and sinstral) had no species level genetic differences. Comparisons of specimens with genetic information available from Genbank (SSU rDNA) showed that Pacific individuals, collected for this study, are genetically similar to those previously analyzed from the North Atlantic and Antarctic. These observations provide strong evidence for the true cosmopolitan nature of C. wuellerstorfi and highlight the importance of understanding how these microscopic organisms are able to maintain sufficient genetic exchange to remain within the same species between seep and non-seep habitats and over global distances.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1472-4677},
	doi = {10.1111/gbi.12118},
	author = {Burkett, A M and Rathburn, A E and Perez, M E and Levin, L A and Cha, H and Rouse, G W}
}
@article {ISI:000358260100015,
	title = {{Predicting the response of the deep-ocean microbiome to geochemical perturbations by hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {9},
	number = {8},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1857{\textendash}1869},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Submarine hydrothermal vents perturb the deep-ocean microbiome by injecting reduced chemical species into the water column that act as an energy source for chemosynthetic organisms. These systems thus provide excellent natural laboratories for studying the response of microbial communities to shifts in marine geochemistry. The present study explores the processes that regulate coupled microbial-geochemical dynamics in hydrothermal plumes by means of a novel mathematical model, which combines thermodynamics, growth and reaction kinetics, and transport processes derived from a fluid dynamics model. Simulations of a plume located in the ABE vent field of the Lau basin were able to reproduce metagenomic observations well and demonstrated that the magnitude of primary production and rate of autotrophic growth are largely regulated by the energetics of metabolisms and the availability of electron donors, as opposed to kinetic parameters. Ambient seawater was the dominant source of microbes to the plume and sulphur oxidisers constituted almost 90{\%} of the modelled community in the neutrally-buoyant plume. Data from drifters deployed in the region allowed the different time scales of metabolisms to be cast in a spatial context, which demonstrated spatial succession in the microbial community. While growth was shown to occur over distances of tens of kilometers, microbes persisted over hundreds of kilometers. Given that high-temperature hydrothermal systems are found less than 100 km apart on average, plumes may act as important vectors between different vent fields and other environments that are hospitable to similar organisms, such as oil spills and oxygen minimum zones.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.4},
	author = {Reed, Daniel C and Breier, John A and Jiang, Houshuo and Anantharaman, Karthik and Klausmeier, Christopher A and Toner, Brandy M and Hancock, Cathrine and Speer, Kevin and Thurnherr, Andreas M and Dick, Gregory J}
}
@article {ISI:000349302600004,
	title = {{Size matters at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: different diversity and habitat fidelity patterns of meio- and macrofauna}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {520},
	year = {2015},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {57{\textendash}66},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Species with markedly different sizes interact when sharing the same habitat. Unravelling mechanisms that control diversity thus requires consideration of a range of size classes. We compared patterns of diversity and community structure for meio-and macrofaunal communities sampled along a gradient of environmental stress at deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N) and neighboring basalt habitats. Both meio-and macrofaunal species richnesses were lowest in the high-stress vent habitat, but macrofaunal richness was highest among intermediate-stress vent habitats. Meiofaunal species richness was negatively correlated with stress, and highest on the basalt. In these deep-sea basalt habitats surrounding hydrothermal vents, meiofaunal species richness was consistently higher than that of macrofauna. Consideration of the physiological capabilities and life history traits of different-sized animals suggests that different patterns of diversity may be caused by different capabilities to deal with environmental stress in the 2 size classes. In contrast to meiofauna, adaptations of macrofauna may have evolved to allow them to maintain their physiological homeostasis in a variety of hydrothermal vent habitats and exploit this food-rich deep-sea environment in high abundances. The habitat fidelity patterns also differed: macrofaunal species occurred primarily at vents and were generally restricted to this habitat, but meiofaunal species were distributed more evenly across proximate and distant basalt habitats and were thus not restricted to vent habitats. Over evolutionary time scales these contrasting patterns are likely driven by distinct reproduction strategies and food demands inherent to fauna of different sizes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps11078},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Fisher, Charles R and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000354588900002,
	title = {{Sources of organic carbon for Rimicaris hybisae: Tracing individual fatty acids at two hydrothermal vent fields in the Mid-Cayman rise}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {13{\textendash}20},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents harbor ecosystems mostly decoupled from organic carbon synthesized with the energy of sunlight (photosynthetic carbon source) but fueled instead by oxidation of reduced compounds to generate a chemosynthetic carbon source. Our study aimed to disentangle photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organic carbon sources for the shrimp species Rimicaris hybisae, a primary consumer presumed to obtain its organic carbon mainly from ectosymbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria living on its gill cover membrane. To provide ectosymbionts with ideal conditions for chemosynthesis, these shrimp live in dense clusters around vent chimneys; they are, however, also found sparsely distributed adjacent to diffuse vent flows, where they might depend on alternative food sources. Densely and sparsely distributed shrimp were sampled and dissected into abdominal tissue and gill cover membrane, covered with ectosymbiotic bacteria, at two hydrothermal vent fields in the Mid-Cayman rise that differ in vent chemistry. Fatty acids (FA) were extracted from shrimp tissues and their carbon isotopic compositions assessed. The FA data indicate that adult R. hybisae predominantly rely on bacteria for their organic carbon needs. Their FA composition is dominated by common bacterial FA of the n7 family (similar to 41{\%}). Bacterial FA of the n4 FA family are also abundant and found to constitute good biomarkers for gill ectosymbionts. Sparsely distributed shrimp contain fractions of n4 FA in gill cover membranes similar to 4{\%} lower than densely packed ones (similar to 18{\%}) and much higher fractions of photosynthetic FA in abdominal tissues, similar to 4{\%} more (compared with 1.6{\%}), suggesting replacement of ectosymbionts along with exoskeletons (molt), while they take up alternative diets of partly photosynthetic organic carbon. Abdominal tissues also contain photosynthetic FA from a second source taken up presumably during an early dispersal phase and still present to c. 3{\%} in adult shrimp. The contribution of photosynthetic carbon to the FA pool of adult R. hybisae is, however, overall small (max. 8{\%}). Significant differences in carbon isotopic values of chemosynthetically derived FA between vent fields suggest that different dominant C fixation pathways are being used. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.02.003},
	author = {Streit, Kathrin and Bennett, Sarah A and Van Dover, Cindy L and Coleman, Max}
}
@article {Larson2015,
	title = {{Stealth export of hydrogen and methane from a low temperature serpentinization system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {233{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Chemical input to the deep sea from hydrothermal systems is a globally distributed phenomenon. Hydrothermal discharge is one of the primary mechanisms by which the Earth{\textquoteright}s interior processes manifest themselves at the Earth{\textquoteright}s surface, and it provides a source of energy for autotrophic processes by microbes that are too deep to capitalize on sunlight. Much is known about the water-column signature of this discharge from high-temperature mid-ocean Ridge (MOR) environments and their neighboring low-temperature counterparts. Hydrothermal discharge farther away from the ridge, however, has garnered less attention, owing in part to the difficulty in finding this style of venting, which eludes methods of detection that work well for high-temperature {\textquoteleft}black smoker{\textquoteright}-type venting. Here we present a case study of the plume from one such {\textquoteleft}invisible{\textquoteright} off-axis environment, The Lost City, with an emphasis on the dissolved volatile content of the hydrothermal plume. Serpentinization and abiotic organic synthesis generate significant concentrations of H2 and CH4 in vent fluid, but these species are unevenly transported to the overlying plume, which itself appears to be a composite of two different sources. A concentrated vent cluster on the talus slope channels fluid through at least eight chimneys, producing a water-column plume with the highest observed concentrations of CH4 in the field. In contrast, a saddle in the topography leading up to a carbonate cap hosts broadly distributed, nearly invisible venting apparent only in its water-column signals of redox potential and dissolved gas content, including the highest observed plume H2. After normalizing H2 and CH4 to the 3He background-corrected anomaly (3He$Δ$) to account for mixing and relative amount of mantle input, it appears that, while a minimum of 60{\%} of CH4 is transported out of the system, greater than 90{\%} of the H2 is consumed in the subsurface prior to venting. The exception to this pattern occurs in the plume originating from the area dubbed Chaff Beach, in which somewhat more than 10{\%} of the original H2 remains, indicating that this otherwise unremarkable plume, and others like it, may represent a significant source of H2 to the deep sea.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.007},
	author = {Larson, B I and Lang, S Q and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J and Lupton, J E and Nakamura, K and Buck, N J}
}
@article {Lee2015,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variation in temperature experienced by macrofauna at Main Endeavour hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {154{\textendash}166},
	abstract = {A significant focus of hydrothermal vent ecological studies has been to understand how species cope with various stressors through physiological tolerance and biochemical resistance. Yet, the environmental conditions experienced by vent species have not been well characterized. This objective requires continuous observations over time intervals that can capture environmental variability at scales that are relevant to animals. We used autonomous temperature logger arrays (four roughly parallel linear arrays of 12 loggers spaced every 10{\textendash}12 cm) to study spatial and temporal variations in the thermal regime experienced by hydrothermal vent macrofauna at a diffuse flow vent. Hourly temperatures were recorded over eight months from 2010 to 2011 at Grotto vent in the Main Endeavour vent field on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, a focus area of the Ocean Networks Canada cabled observatory. The conspicuous animal assemblages in video footage contained Ridgeia piscesae tubeworms, gastropods (primarily Lepetodrilus fucensis), and polychaetes (polynoid scaleworms and the palm worm Paralvinella palmiformis). Two dimensional spatial gradients in temperature were generally stable over the deployment period. The average temperature recorded by all arrays, and in some individual loggers, revealed distinctive fluctuations in temperature that often corresponded with the tidal cycle. We postulate that this may be related to changes in bottom currents or fluctuations in vent discharge. A marked transient temperature increase lasting over a period of days was observed in April 2011. While the distributions and behavior of Juan de Fuca Ridge vent invertebrates may be partially constrained by environmental temperature and temperature tolerance, except for the one transient high-temperature event, observed fluid temperatures were generally similar to the thermal preferences for some species, and typically well below lethal temperatures for all species. Average temperatures of the four arrays ranged from 4.1 to 11.0 {\textdegree}C during the deployment, indicating that on an hourly timescale the temperature conditions in this tubeworm community were fairly moderate and stable. The generality of these findings and behavioral responses of vent organisms to predictable},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.004},
	author = {Lee, R W and Robert, K and Matabos, M and Bates, A E and Juniper, S K}
}
@article {Quattrini2015,
	title = {{Testing the depth-differentiation hypothesis in a deepwater octocoral}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {282},
	number = {1807},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {20150008},
	abstract = {The depth-differentiation hypothesis proposes that the bathyal region is a source of genetic diversity and an area where there is a high rate of species formation. Genetic differentiation should thus occur over relatively small vertical distances, particularly along the upper continental slope (200-1000 m) where oceanography varies greatly over small differences in depth. To test whether genetic differentiation within deepwater octocorals is greater over vertical rather than geographical distances, Callogorgia delta was targeted. This species commonly occurs throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico at depths ranging from 400 to 900 m. We found significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.042) across seven sites spanning 400 km of distance and 400 m of depth. A pattern of isolation by depth emerged, but geographical distance between sites may further limit gene flow. Water mass boundaries may serve to isolate populations across depth; however, adaptive divergence with depth is also a possible scenario. Microsatellite markers also revealed significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.434) between C. delta and a closely related species, Callogorgia americana, demonstrating the utility of microsatellites in species delimitation of octocorals. Results provided support for the depth-differentiation hypothesis, strengthening the notion that factors covarying with depth serve as isolation mechanisms in deep-sea populations.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2015.0008},
	author = {Quattrini, A M and Baums, I B and Shank, T M and Morrison, C and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {ISI:000345545100011,
	title = {{The Anatomy of a Buried Submarine Hydrothermal System, Clark Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand}},
	journal = {ECONOMIC GEOLOGY},
	volume = {109},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {2261{\textendash}2292},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Clark volcano of the Kermadec arc, northeast of New Zealand, is a large stratovolcano comprised of two coalescing volcanic cones; an apparently younger, more coherent, twin-peaked edifice to the northwest and a relatively older, more degraded and tectonized cone to the southeast. High-resolution water column surveys show an active hydrothermal system at the summit of the NW cone largely along a ridge spur connecting the two peaks, with activity also noted at the head of scarps related to sector collapse. Clark is the only known cone volcano along the Kermadec arc to host sulfide mineralization. Volcano-scale gravity and magnetic surveys over Clark show that it is highly magnetized, and that a strong gravity gradient exists between the two edifices. Modeling suggests that a crustal-scale fault lies between these two edifices, with thinner crust beneath the NW cone. Locations of regional earthquake epicenters show a southwest-northeast trend bisecting the two Clark cones, striking northeastward into Tangaroa volcano. Detailed mapping of magnetics above the NW cone summit shows a highly magnetized ring structure 350 m below the summit that is not apparent in the bathymetry; we believe this structure represents the top of a caldera. Oblate zones of low (weak) magnetization caused by hydrothermal fluid upflow, here termed burn holes, form a pattern in the regional magnetization resembling Swiss cheese. Presumably older burn holes occupy the inner margin of the ring structure and show no signs of hydrothermal activity, while younger burn holes are coincident with active venting on the summit. A combination of mineralogy, geochemistry, and seafloor mapping of the NW cone shows that hydrothermal activity today is largely manifest by widespread diffuse venting, with temperatures ranging between 56 degrees and 106 degrees C. Numerous, small ({\textless}= 30 cm high) chimneys populate the summit area, with one site host to the similar to 7-m-tall {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Twin Towers{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} chimneys with maximum vent fluid temperatures of 221 degrees C (pH 4.9), consistent with delta S-34(anhydrite-pyrite) values indicating formation temperatures of similar to 228 degrees to 249 degrees C. Mineralization is dominated by pyrite-marcasite-barite-anhydrite. Radiometric dating using the Ra-228/Ra-226 and Ra-226/Ba methods shows active chimneys to be {\textless}20 with most {\textless}2 years old. However, the chimneys at Clark show evidence for mixing with, and remobilizing of, barite as old as 19,000 years. This is consistent with Nd and Sr isotope compositions of Clark chimney and sulfate crust samples that indicate mixing of similar to 40{\%} seawater with a vent fluid derived from low K lavas. Similarly, REE data show the hydrothermal fluids have interacted with a plagioclase-rich source rock. A holistic approach to the study of the Clark hydrothermal system has revealed a two-stage process whereby a caldera-forming volcanic event preceded a later cone-building event. This ensured a protracted (at least 20 ka yrs) history of hydrothermal activity and associated mineral deposition. If we assume at least 200-m-high walls for the postulated (buried) caldera, then hydrothermal fluids would have exited the seafloor 20 ka years ago at least 550 m deeper than they do today, with fluid discharge temperatures potentially much hotter (similar to 350 degrees C). Subsequent to caldera infilling, relatively porous volcaniclastic and other units making up the cone acted as largescale filters, enabling ascending hydrothermal fluids to boil and mix with seawater subseafloor, effectively removing the metals (including remobilized Cu) in solution before they reached the seafloor. This has implications for estimates for the metal inventory of seafloor hydrothermal systems pertaining to arc hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Walker, S L and Ditchburn, R G and Tontini, F Caratori and Hannington, M D and Merle, S G and Timm, C and Handler, M R and Wysoczanski, R J and Dekov, V M and Kamenov, G D and Baker, E T and Embley, R W and Lupton, J E and Stoffers, P}
}
@article {Bernhard2014,
	title = {{Benthic protists and fungi of Mediterranean deep hypsersaline anoxic basin redoxcline sediments}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {605},
	abstract = {Some of the most extreme marine habitats known are the Mediterranean deep hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs; water depth \~{}3500 m). Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB water-column haloclines and brines, the existence and activity of benthic DHAB protists have rarely been explored. Here, we report findings regarding protists and fungi recovered from sediments of three DHAB (Discovery, Urania, L{\textquoteright} Atalante) haloclines, and compare these to communities from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Halocline sediments, where the redoxcline impinges the seafloor, were studied from all three DHABs. Microscopic cell counts suggested that halocline sediments supported denser protist populations than those in adjacent control sediments. Pyrosequencing analysis based on ribosomal RNA detected eukaryotic ribotypes in the halocline sediments from each of the three DHABs, most of which were fungi. Sequences affiliated with Ustilaginomycotina Basidiomycota were the most abundant eukaryotic signatures detected. Benthic communities in these DHABs appeared to differ, as expected, due to differing brine chemistries. Microscopy indicated that only a low proportion of protists appeared to bear associated putative symbionts. In a considerable number of cases, when prokaryotes were associated with a protist, DAPI staining did not reveal presence of any nuclei, suggesting that at least some protists were carcasses inhabited by prokaryotic scavengers.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00605},
	author = {Bernhard, J M and Kormas, K and Pachiadaki, M and Rocke, E and Beaudoin, D J and Morrison, C and Visscher, P T and Cobban, A and Starczak, V R and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {Demopoulos2014,
	title = {{Biodiversity and community composition of sediment macrofauna associated with deep-sea Lophelia pertusa habitats in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {91{\textendash}103},
	abstract = {Scleractinian corals create three-dimensional reefs that provide sheltered refuges, facilitate sediment accumulation, and enhance colonization of encrusting fauna. While heterogeneous coral habitats can harbor high levels of biodiversity, their effect on the community composition within nearby sediments remains unclear, particularly in the deep sea. Sediment macrofauna from deep-sea coral habitats (Lophelia pertusa) and non-coral, background sediments were examined at three sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico (VK826, VK906, MC751, 350{\textendash}500 m depth) to determine whether macrofaunal abundance, diversity, and community composition near corals differed from background soft-sediments. Macrofaunal densities ranged from 26 to 125 individuals 32 cm-2 and were significantly greater near coral versus background sediments only at VK826. Of the 86 benthic invertebrate taxa identified, 16 were exclusive to near-coral habitats, while 14 were found only in background sediments. Diversity (Fisher{\textquoteright}s $\alpha$) and evenness were significantly higher within near-coral sediments only at MC751 while taxon richness was similar among all habitats. Community composition was significantly different both between near-coral and background sediments and among the three primary sites. Polychaetes numerically dominated all samples, accounting for up to 70{\%} of the total individuals near coral, whereas peracarid crustaceans were proportionally more abundant in background sediments (18{\%}) than in those near coral (10{\%}). The reef effect differed among sites, with community patterns potentially influenced by the size of reef habitat. Taxon turnover occurred with distance from the reef, suggesting that reef extent may represent an important factor in structuring sediment communities near L. pertusa. Polychaete communities in both habitats differed from other Gulf of Mexico (GOM) soft sediments based on data from previous studies, and we hypothesize that local environmental conditions found near L. pertusa may influence the macrofaunal community structure beyond the edges of the reef. This study represents the first assessment of L. pertusa-associated sediment communities in the GOM and provides baseline data that can help define the role of transition zones, from deep reefs to soft sediments, in shaping macrofaunal community structure and maintaining biodiversity; this information can help guide future conservation and management activities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2014.07.014},
	author = {Demopoulos, A W J and Bourque, J R and Frometa, J}
}
@article {ISI:000338758400018,
	title = {{THE CASCADIA INITIATIVE A Sea Change In Seismological Studies of Subduction Zones}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {138{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Increasing public awareness that the Cascadia subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest is capable of great earthquakes (magnitude 9 and greater) motivates the Cascadia Initiative, an ambitious onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an amphibious array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes, to volcanic arc structure, to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda Plates. Here, we provide an overview of the Cascadia Initiative, including its primary science objectives, its experimental design and implementation, and a preview of how the resulting data are being used by a diverse and growing scientific community. The Cascadia Initiative also exemplifies how new technology and community-based experiments are opening up frontiers for marine science. The new technology shielded ocean bottom seismometers is allowing more routine investigation of the source zone of megathrust earthquakes, which almost exclusively lies offshore and in shallow water. The Cascadia Initiative offers opportunities and accompanying challenges to a rapidly expanding community of those who use ocean bottom seismic data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Toomey, Douglas R and Allen, Richard M and Barclay, Andrew H and Bell, Samuel W and Bromirski, Peter D and Carlson, Richard L and Chen, Xiaowei and Collins, John A and Dziak, Robert P and Evers, Brent and Forsyth, Donald W and Gerstoft, Peter and Hooft, Emilie E E and Livelybrooks, Dean and Lodewyk, Jessica A and Luther, Douglas S and McGuire, Jeffrey J and Schwartz, Susan Y and Tolstoy, Maya and Trehu, Anne M and Weirathmueller, Michelle and Wilcock, William S D}
}
@article {Figueroa2014,
	title = {{Complete mitochondrial genomes elucidate phylogenetic relationships of the deep-sea octocoral families Coralliidae and Paragorgiidae}},
	journal = {Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Deep Sea Corals},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {83{\textendash}91},
	abstract = {In the past decade, molecular phylogenetic analyses of octocorals have shown that the current morphological taxonomic classification of these organisms needs to be revised. The latest phylogenetic analyses show that most octocorals can be divided into three main clades. One of these clades contains the families Coralliidae and Paragorgiidae. These families share several taxonomically important characters and it has been suggested that they may not be monophyletic; with the possibility of the Coralliidae being a derived branch of the Paragorgiidae. Uncertainty exists not only in the relationship of these two families, but also in the classification of the two genera that make up the Coralliidae, Corallium and Paracorallium. Molecular analyses suggest that the genus Corallium is paraphyletic, and it can be divided into two main clades, with the Paracorallium as members of one of these clades. In this study we sequenced the whole mitochondrial genome of five species of Paragorgia and of five species of Corallium to use in a phylogenetic analysis to achieve two main objectives; the first to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship between the Paragorgiidae and Coralliidae and the second to determine whether the genera Corallium and Paracorallium are monophyletic. Our results show that other members of the Coralliidae share the two novel mitochondrial gene arrangements found in a previous study in Corallium konojoi and Paracorallium japonicum; and that the Corallium konojoi arrangement is also found in the Paragorgiidae. Our phylogenetic reconstruction based on all the protein coding genes and ribosomal RNAs of the mitochondrial genome suggest that the Coralliidae are not a derived branch of the Paragorgiidae, but rather a monophyletic sister branch to the Paragorgiidae. While our manuscript was in review a study was published using morphological data and several fragments from mitochondrial genes to redefine the taxonomy of the Coralliidae. Paracorallium was subsumed into Corallium and the genus Hemicorallium was resurrected. This left two disjunct clades as Corallium, making that genus paraphyletic. One of the clades includes the type specimens of Corallium, indicating that clade should remain Corallium. For the other clade, we support the resurrection of the genus Pleurocorallium to fix the paraphyly of Corallium. Based on congruent phylogenies in both studies, the genus Pleurocorallium includes the species C. secundum, C. kishinouyei, C. konojoi, C. elatius, and C. niveum.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513002312},
	author = {Figueroa, D F and Baco, A R}
}
@article {Smith2014,
	title = {{Development and evolution of detachment faulting along 50 km of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 16.5{\textdegree}N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4692{\textendash}4711},
	abstract = {A multifaceted study of the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at 16.5{\textdegree}N provides new insights into detachment faulting and its evolution through time. The survey included regional multibeam bathymetry mapping, high-resolution mapping using AUV Sentry, seafloor imaging using the TowCam system, and an extensive rock-dredging program. At different times, detachment faulting was active along \~{}50 km of the western flank of the study area, and may have dominated spreading on that flank for the last 5 Ma. Detachment morphologies vary and include a classic corrugated massif, noncorrugated massifs, and back-tilted ridges marking detachment breakaways. High-resolution Sentry data reveal a new detachment morphology; a low-angle, irregular surface in the regional bathymetry is shown to be a finely corrugated detachment surface (corrugation wavelength of only tens of meters and relief of just a few meters). Multiscale corrugations are observed 2{\textendash}3 km from the detachment breakaway suggesting that they formed in the brittle layer, perhaps by anastomosing faults. The thin wedge of hanging wall lavas that covers a low-angle (6{\textdegree}) detachment footwall near its termination are intensely faulted and fissured; this deformation may be enhanced by the low angle of the emerging footwall. Active detachment faulting currently is limited to the western side of the rift valley. Nonetheless, detachment fault morphologies also are present over a large portion of the eastern flank on crust {\textgreater}2 Ma, indicating that within the last 5 Ma parts of the ridge axis have experienced periods of two-sided detachment faulting.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005563},
	author = {Smith, D K and Schouten, H and Dick, H J B and Cann, J R and Salters, V and Marschall, H R and Ji, F and Yoerger, D R and Sanfilippo, A and Parnell-Turner, R and Palmiotto, C and Zheleznov, A and Bai, H and Junkin, W and Urann, B and Dick, S and Sulanowska, M and Lemmond, P and Curry, S}
}
@article {ISI:000345292900023,
	title = {{Diversity and abundance of Bacteria and nirS-encoding denitrifiers associated with the Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal system}},
	journal = {ANNALS OF MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1691{\textendash}1705},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Denitrification, which results in the loss of bioavailable nitrogen-an essential macronutrient for all living organisms-may potentially affect chemosynthetic primary production in hydrothermal vent ecosystems where sub-oxic conditions favorable to denitrification are common. Here we describe the diversity and abundance of denitrifying bacteria in the subsurface biosphere at Axial Volcano and the Endeavour Segment on the Juan de Fuca Ridge using a combination of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU or 16S rRNA) pyrotag and nitrite reductase (nirS) clone library sequencing methods. Bacterial communities were diverse and dominated by members of the epsilon- and gamma-proteobacteria, including taxonomic groups containing known denitrifiers. Assemblages of denitrifiers that could be evaluated by nirS gene sequence comparisons showed low diversity. The single nirS sequence shared by the two locations, affiliated with a gamma-proteobacteria isolated from estuarine sediments (Pseudomonas sp. BA2), represented more than half of all sequences recovered when clustered at 97 {\%} identity. All other nirS sequences clustered into different taxonomic groups, indicating important differences in denitrifier community membership between the two sites. Total nirS gene abundance was at least two orders of magnitude lower than 16S rRNA abundance. Overall, our results demonstrate that the diversity and abundance of the nirS gene-containing bacterial community are rather low, as might be expected under the extreme conditions encountered in the subsurface biosphere of hydrothermal vent systems, and do not correlate clearly with any environmental variables investigated (i.e., pH, temperature, and H2S, NO3-, NH4+ concentrations).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1590-4261},
	doi = {10.1007/s13213-014-0813-3},
	author = {Bourbonnais, Annie and Juniper, S Kim and Butterfield, David A and Anderson, Rika E and Lehmann, Moritz F}
}
@article {Feseker2014,
	title = {{Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {5385},
	abstract = {Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active H{\aa}kon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4 m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms6385},
	author = {Feseker, T and Boetius, A and Wenzh{\"o}fer, F and Blandin, J and Olu, K and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and German, C R and de Beer, D}
}
@article {Embley2014,
	title = {{Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996{\textendash}2012}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {10},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4093{\textendash}4115},
	abstract = {We present multiple lines of evidence for years to decade-long changes in the location and character of volcanic activity at West Mata seamount in the NE Lau basin over a 16 year period, and a hiatus in summit eruptions from early 2011 to at least September 2012. Boninite lava and pyroclasts were observed erupting from its summit in 2009, and hydroacoustic data from a succession of hydrophones moored nearby show near-continuous eruptive activity from January 2009 to early 2011. Successive differencing of seven multibeam bathymetric surveys of the volcano made in the 1996{\textendash}2012 period reveals a pattern of extended constructional volcanism on the summit and northwest flank punctuated by eruptions along the volcano{\textquoteright}s WSW rift zone (WSWRZ). Away from the summit, the volumetrically largest eruption during the observational period occurred between May 2010 and November 2011 at \~{}2920 m depth near the base of the WSWRZ. The (nearly) equally long ENE rift zone did not experience any volcanic activity during the 1996{\textendash}2012 period. The cessation of summit volcanism recorded on the moored hydrophone was accompanied or followed by the formation of a small summit crater and a landslide on the eastern flank. Water column sensors, analysis of gas samples in the overlying hydrothermal plume and dives with a remotely operated vehicle in September 2012 confirmed that the summit eruption had ceased. Based on the historical eruption rates calculated using the bathymetric differencing technique, the volcano could be as young as several thousand years.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005387},
	author = {Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Baker, E T and Rubin, K H and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and Dziak, R P and Lilley, M D and Chadwick, W W and Shank, T M and Greene, R and Walker, S L and Haxel, J H and Olson, E J and Baumberger, T}
}
@article {ISI:000340362500008,
	title = {{Eruptive timing and 200 year episodicity at 92 degrees W on the hot spot-influenced Galapagos Spreading Center derived from geomagnetic paleointensity}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {2211{\textendash}2224},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Eruptive timing in mid-ocean ridge systems is relatively poorly constrained, despite being an important variable in our understanding of many mid-ocean ridge processes, including volcanic construction; magma recharge, flux, and storage; and the stability of hydrothermal systems and biological communities. Only a handful of absolute eruption chronologies exist, yet they are essential in understanding how eruptive timing varies with important controlling variables. To construct an eruptive history at one location on the Galapagos Spreading Center, we present age determinations derived from geomagnetic paleointensity. To aid interpretation of the paleointensity data, we also present results from on-bottom magnetic anomaly measurements and forward modeling of topographic-induced magnetic anomalies. Anomalies may lead to a 1-2 mu T bias in flow-mean paleointensities, which does not significantly affect the overall interpretation. Paleointensity results for the three youngest sampled units are indistinguishable, consistent with the flows being emplaced in relatively rapid succession. Comparisons with models of geomagnetic field behavior suggest these flows were erupted sometime in the past 100-200 years. The fourth sampled unit has a significantly higher paleointensity, consistent with an age of roughly 400 years. The possible bias in paleointensity data allows for ages as young as similar to 50 years for the youngest three flows and 200-400 years for the oldest flow. This age distribution demonstrates an episodicity in the emplacement of the largest flows at this location, with a 200-300 year period of relative quiescence between emplacement of the oldest unit and the three youngest units.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005315},
	author = {Bowles, Julie A and Colman, Alice and McClinton, J Timothy and Sinton, John M and White, Scott M and Rubin, Kenneth H}
}
@article {Brooke2014,
	title = {{First observations of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa in mid-Atlantic canyons of the USA}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {104},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {245{\textendash}251},
	abstract = {The structure-forming, cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa is widely distributed throughout the North Atlantic Ocean and also occurs in the South Atlantic, North Pacific and Indian oceans. This species has formed extensive reefs, chiefly in deep water, along the continental margins of Europe and the United States, particularly off the southeastern U.S. coastline and in the Gulf of Mexico. There were, however, no records of L. pertusa between the continental slope off Cape Lookout, North Carolina (NC) (\~{}34{\textdegree}N, 76{\textdegree}W), and the rocky Lydonia and Oceanographer canyons off Cape Cod, Massachusetts (MA) (\~{}40{\textdegree}N, 68{\textdegree}W). During a research cruise in September 2012, L. pertusa colonies were observed on steep walls in both Baltimore and Norfolk canyons. These colonies were all approximately 2 m or less in diameter, usually hemispherical in shape and consisted entirely of live polyps. The colonies were found between 381 m and 434 m with environmental observations of: temperature 6.4{\textendash}8.6 {\textdegree}C; salinity 35.0{\textendash}35.6; and dissolved oxygen 2.06{\textendash}4.41 ml L-1, all of which fall within the range of known L. pertusa distributions. All colonies were observed on vertical walls or underneath overhangs in areas of high current, which differs from observations further south, where L. pertusa colonizes rocky ledges and outcroppings, often forming large bioherms. We discuss observations from Baltimore and Norfolk canyons in the context of the known distribution of this species in the North Atlantic.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.011},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513002415},
	author = {Brooke, S and Ross, S W}
}
@article {ISI:000348463100008,
	title = {{Forever competent: deep-sea bivalves are colonized by their chemosynthetic symbionts throughout their lifetime}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {12, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {3699{\textendash}3713},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Symbiotic bivalves at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps host chemosynthetic bacteria intracellularly in gill cells. In bivalves, the gills grow continuously throughout their lifetime by forming new filaments. We examined how newly developed gill tissues are colonized in bivalves with horizontal and vertical symbiont transmission (Bathymodiolus mussels versus a vesicoymid clam) using fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy. Symbiont colonization was similar in mussels and clams and was independent of the transmission modes. Symbionts were absent in the growth zones of the gills, indicating that symbionts colonize newly formed gill filaments de novo after they are formed and that gill colonization is a continuous process throughout the host{\textquoteright}s lifetime. Symbiont abundance and distribution suggested that colonization is shaped by the developmental stage of host cells. Self-infection, in which new gill cells are colonized by symbionts from ontogenetically older gill tissues, may also play a role. In mussels, symbiont infection led to changes in gill cell structure similar to those described from other epithelial cells infected by intracellular pathogens, such as the loss of microvilli. A better understanding of the factors that affect symbiont colonization of bivalve gills could provide new insights into interactions between intracellular bacteria and epithelial tissues.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12597},
	author = {Wentrup, Cecilia and Wendeberg, Annelie and Schimak, Mario and Borowski, Christian and Dubilier, Nicole}
}
@article {Thal2014,
	title = {{Geologic setting of PACManus hydrothermal area - High resolution mapping and in situ observations}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {355},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {98{\textendash}114},
	abstract = {This study presents a systematic analysis and interpretation of autonomous underwater vehicle-based microbathymetry combined with remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video recordings, rock analyses and temperature measurements within the PACManus hydrothermal area located on Pual Ridge in the Bismarck Sea of eastern Manus Basin. The data obtained during research cruise Magellan-06 and So-216 provides a framework for understanding the relationship between the volcanism, tectonism and hydrothermal activity. PACManus is a submarine felsic vocanically-hosted hydrothermal area that hosts multiple vent fields located within several hundred meters of one another but with different fluid chemistries, vent temperatures and morphologies. The total area of hydrothermal activity is estimated to be 20,279 m(2). The microbathymetry maps combined with the ROV video observations allow for precise high-resolution mapping estimates of the areal extents of hydrothermal activity. We find the distribution of hydrothermal fields in the PACManus area is primarily controlled by volcanic features that include lava domes, thick and massive blocky lava flows, breccias and feeder dykes. Spatial variation in the permeability of local volcanic facies appears to control the distribution of venting within a field. We define a three-stage chronological sequence for the volcanic evolution of the PACManus based on lava flow morphology, sediment cover and lava SiO2 concentration. In Stage-1, sparsely to moderately porphyritic dacite lavas (68-69.8 wt.{\%} SiO2) erupted to form domes or cryptodomes. In Stage-2, aphyric lava with slightly lower SiO2 concentrations (67.2-67.9 wt.{\%} SiO2) formed jumbled and pillowed lava flows. In the most recent phase Stage-3, massive blocky lavas with 69 to 72.5 wt{\%} SiO2 were erupted through multiple vents constructing a volcanic ridge identified as the PACManus neovolcanic zone. The transition between these stages may be gradual and related to progressive heating of a silicic magma following a recharge event of hot, mantle-derived melts.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.05.011},
	author = {Thal, Janis and Tivey, Maurice and Yoerger, Dana and Joens, Niels and Bach, Wolfgang}
}
@article {ISI:000348060800012,
	title = {{Imaging of CO2 bubble plumes above an erupting submarine volcano, NW Rota-1, Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {11},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {4325{\textendash}4342},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {NW Rota-1 is a submarine volcano in the Mariana volcanic arc located similar to 100 km north of Guam. Underwater explosive eruptions driven by magmatic gases were first witnessed there in 2004 and continued until at least 2010. During a March 2010 expedition, visual observations documented continuous but variable eruptive activity at multiple vents at similar to 560 m depth. Some vents released CO2 bubbles passively and continuously, while others released CO2 during stronger but intermittent explosive bursts. Plumes of CO2 bubbles in the water column over the volcano were imaged by an EM122 (12 kHz) multibeam sonar system. Throughout the 2010 expedition numerous passes were made over the eruptive vents with the ship to document the temporal variability of the bubble plumes and relate them to the eruptive activity on the seafloor, as recorded by an in situ hydrophone and visual observations. Analysis of the EM122 midwater data set shows: (1) bubble plumes were present on every pass over the summit and they rose 200-400 m above the vents but dissolved before they reached the ocean surface, (2) bubble plume deflection direction and distance correlate well with ocean current direction and velocity determined from the ship{\textquoteright}s acoustic doppler current profiler, (3) bubble plume heights and volumes were variable over time and correlate with eruptive intensity as measured by the in situ hydrophone. This study shows that midwater multibeam sonar data can be used to characterize the level of eruptive activity and its temporal variability at a shallow submarine volcano with robust CO2 output.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005543},
	author = {Chadwick Jr., William W and Merle, Susan G and Buck, Nathaniel J and Lavelle, J William and Resing, Joseph A and Ferrini, Vicki}
}
@article {ISI:000345702700014,
	title = {{Intracellular Oceanospirillales inhabit the gills of the hydrothermal vent snail Alviniconcha with chemosynthetic, gamma-Proteobacterial symbionts}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {656{\textendash}664},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Associations between bacteria from the -Proteobacterial order Oceanospirillales and marine invertebrates are quite common. Members of the Oceanospirillales exhibit a diversity of interactions with their various hosts, ranging from the catabolism of complex compounds that benefit host growth to attacking and bursting host nuclei. Here, we describe the association between a novel Oceanospirillales phylotype and the hydrothermal vent snail Alviniconcha. Alviniconcha typically harbour chemoautotrophic - or epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts inside their gill cells. Via fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy, we observed an Oceanospirillales phylotype (named AOP for AlviniconchaOceanospirillales phylotype{\textquoteright}) in membrane-bound vacuoles that were separate from the known - or epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we surveyed 181 Alviniconcha hosting -Proteobacterial symbionts and 102 hosting epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts, and found that the population size of AOP was always minor relative to the canonical symbionts (median 0.53{\%} of the total quantified 16S rRNA genes). Additionally, we detected AOP more frequently in Alviniconcha hosting -Proteobacterial symbionts than in those hosting epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts (96{\%} and 5{\%} of individuals respectively). The high incidence of AOP in -Proteobacteria hosting Alviniconcha implies that it could play a significant ecological role either as a host parasite or as an additional symbiont with unknown physiological capacities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12183},
	author = {Beinart, R A and Nyholm, S V and Dubilier, N and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {ISI:000345820100015,
	title = {{A large volume particulate and water multi-sampler with in situ preservation for microbial and biogeochemical studies}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {195{\textendash}206},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new tool was developed for large volume sampling to facilitate marine microbiology and biogeochemical studies. It was developed for remotely operated vehicle and hydrocast deployments, and allows for rapid collection of multiple sample types from the water column and dynamic, variable environments such as rising hydrothermal plumes. It was used successfully during a cruise to the hydrothermal vent systems of the Mid-Cayman Rise. The Suspended Particulate Rosette V2 large volume multi-sampling system allows for the collection of 14 sample sets per deployment. Each sample set can include filtered material, whole (unfiltered) water, and filtrate. Suspended particulate can be collected on filters up to 142 mm in diameter and pore sizes down to 0.2 mu m. Filtration is typically at flowrates of 2 L min(-1) For particulate material, filtered volume is constrained only by sampling time and filter capacity, with all sample volumes recorded by digital flowmeter. The suspended particulate filter holders can be filled with preservative and sealed immediately after sample collection. Up to 2 L of whole water, filtrate, or a combination of the two, can be collected as part of each sample set. The system is constructed of plastics with titanium fasteners and nickel alloy spring loaded seals. There are no ferrous alloys in the sampling system. Individual sample lines are prefilled with filtered, deionized water prior to deployment and remain sealed unless a sample is actively being collected. This system is intended to facilitate studies concerning the relationship between marine microbiology and ocean biogeochemistry. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2014.08.008},
	author = {Breier, J A and Sheik, C S and Gomez-Ibanez, D and Sayre-McCord, R T and Sanger, R and Rauch, C and Coleman, M and Bennett, S A and Cron, B R and Li, M and German, C R and Toner, B M and Dick, G J}
}
@article {Koschinsky2014,
	title = {{Metal concentrations in the tissues of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus: Reflection of different metal sources}},
	journal = {Marine Environmental Research},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {62{\textendash}73},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus are ideally positioned for the use of recording hydrothermal fluxes at the hydrothermal vent sites they inhabit. Barium, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sr, and U concentrations in tissue sections of Bathymodiolus mussels from several hydrothermal fields between 15{\textdegree}N and 9{\textdegree}S at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were determined and compared to the surrounding fluids and solid substrates in the habitats. Elements generally enriched in hydrothermal fluids, such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, were significantly enriched in the gills and digestive glands of the hydrothermal mussels. The rather small variability of Zn (and Mn) and positive correlation with K and earth alkaline metals may indicate a biological regulation of accumulation. Enrichments of Mo and U in many tissue samples indicate that particulate matter such as hydrothermal mineral particles from the plumes can play a more important role as a metal source than dissolved metals. Highest enrichments of Cu in mussels from the Golden Valley site indicate a relation to the >=400 {\textdegree}C hot heavy-metal rich fluids emanating in the vicinity. In contrast, mussels from the low-temperature Lilliput field are affected by the Fe oxyhydroxide sediment of their habitat. In a comparison of two different sites within the Logatchev field metal distributions in the tissues reflected small-scale local variations in the metal content of the fluids and the particulate material.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0141-1136},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.12.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141113613002249},
	author = {Koschinsky, A and Kausch, M and Borowski, C}
}
@article {ISI:000331788900001,
	title = {{Microsporidia-nematode associations in methane seeps reveal basal fungal parasitism in the deep sea}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	month = {feb},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep sea is Earth{\textquoteright}s largest habitat but little is known about the nature of deep-sea parasitism. In contrast to a few characterized cases of bacterial and protistan parasites, the existence and biological significance of deep-sea parasitic fungi is yet to be understood. Here we report the discovery of a fungus-related parasitic microsporidium, Nematocenator marisprofundi n. gen. n. sp. that infects benthic nematodes at methane seeps on the Pacific Ocean floor. This infection is species-specific and has been temporally and spatially stable over 2 years of sampling, indicating an ecologically consistent host-parasite interaction. A high distribution of spores in the reproductive tracts of infected males and females and their absence from host nematodes{\textquoteright} intestines suggests a sexual transmission strategy in contrast to the fecal-oral transmission of most microsporidia. N. mansprofundi targets the host{\textquoteright}s body wall muscles causing cell lysis, and in severe infection even muscle filament degradation. Phylogenetic analyses placed N. marisprofundi in a novel and basal clade not closely related to any described microsporidia clade, suggesting either that microsporidia-nematode parasitism occurred early in microsporidia evolution or that host specialization occurred late in an ancient deep-sea microsporidian lineage. Our findings reveal that methane seeps support complex ecosystems involving interkingdom interactions between bacteria, nematodes, and parasitic fungi and that microsporidia parasitism exists also in the deep-sea biosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00043},
	author = {Sapir, Amir and Dillman, Adler R and Connon, Stephanie A and Grupe, Benjamin M and Ingels, Jeroen and Mundo-Ocampo, Manuel and Levin, Lisa A and Baldwin, James G and Orphan, Victoria J and Sternberg, Paul W}
}
@article {Nooner2014,
	title = {{Post Eruption inflation of the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {2676{\textendash}2688},
	abstract = {In June 2008, we installed a geodetic network at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N on the East Pacific Rise to track the long-term movement of magma following the 2005/6 eruption. This network consists of 10 concrete benchmarks stretching from the ridge to 9 km off-axis. During three campaign-style surveys, measurements of vertical seafloor motions were made at each of these benchmarks by precisely recording ambient seawater pressure as a proxy for seafloor depth with a mobile pressure recorder (MPR). The MPR was deployed using the manned submersible Alvin in 2008 and 2009 and the remotely operated vehicle Jason in 2011. The MPR observations are supplemented with data from a multiyear deployment of continuously recording bottom pressure recorders (BPRs) extending along this segment of the ridge that can record rapid changes in seafloor depth from seafloor eruptions and/or dike intrusions. These measurements show no diking events and up to 12 cm of volcanic inflation that occurred from December 2009 to October 2011 in the area of the 2005/6 eruption. These observations are fit with an inflating point source at a depth of 2.7 km and volume change of 2.3 x 10(6) m(3)/yr located on the ridge axis at approximately 9 degrees 51.166{\textquoteright} N, 407 m from our northernmost benchmark, suggesting that the magma chamber underlying this segment of the ridge is being recharged from a deeper source at a rate that is about half the long-term inflation rate observed at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. These data represent the second location that active volcanic uplift has been measured on a mid-ocean ridge segment, and the first on a nonhotspot influenced segment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005389},
	author = {Nooner, S L and Webb, S C and Buck, W R and Cormier, M H}
}
@article {Parnell-Turner2014,
	title = {{Sedimentation rates test models of oceanic detachment faulting}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {41},
	number = {20},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {7080{\textendash}7088},
	abstract = {Long-lived detachment faults play an important role in the construction of new oceanic crust at slow-spreading mid-oceanic ridges. Although the corrugated surfaces of exposed low-angle faults demonstrate past slip, it is difficult to determine whether a given fault is currently active. If inactive, it is unclear when slip ceased. This judgment is crucial for tectonic reconstructions where detachment faults are present, and for models of plate spreading. We quantify variation in sediment thickness over two corrugated surfaces near 16.5{\textdegree}N at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge using near-bottom Compressed High Intensity Radar Pulse (CHIRP) data. We show that the distribution of sediment and tectonic features at one detachment fault is consistent with slip occurring today. In contrast, another corrugated surface 20 km to the south shows a sediment distribution suggesting that slip ceased {\~{}}150,000 years ago. Data presented here provide new evidence for active detachment faulting, and suggest along-axis variations in fault activity occur over tens of kilometers.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL061555},
	author = {Parnell-Turner, R and Cann, J R and Smith, D K and Schouten, H and Yoerger, D R and Palmiotto, C and Zheleznov, A and Bai, H}
}
@article {ISI:000345703500011,
	title = {{Seven-year enrichment: macrofaunal succession in deep-sea sediments around a 30 tonne whale fall in the Northeast Pacific}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {515},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133{\textendash}149},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Whale falls cause massive organic and sulfide enrichment of underlying sediments, yielding energy-rich conditions in oligotrophic deep-sea ecosystems. While the fauna colonizing whale skeletons has received substantial study, sediment macrofaunal community response to the geochemical impacts of deep-sea whale falls remains poorly evaluated. We present a 7 yr case study of geochemical impacts, macrofaunal community succession, and chemoautotrophic community persistence in sediments around a 30 t gray-whale carcass implanted at 1675 m in the well-oxygenated Santa Cruz Basin on the California margin. The whale fall yielded intense, patchy organic-carbon enrichment ({\textgreater}15{\%} organic carbon) and pore-water sulfide enhancement ({\textgreater}5 mM) in nearby sediments for 6 to 7 yr, supporting a dense assemblage of enrichment opportunists and chemosymbiotic vesicomyid clams. Faunal succession in the whale-fall sediments resembled the scavenger-opportunist-sulfophile sequence previously described for epifaunal communities on sunken whale skeletons. The intense response of enrichment opportunists functionally resembles responses to organic loading in shallow-water ecosystems, such as at sewer outfalls and fish farms. Of 100 macrofaunal species in the whale-fall sediments, 10 abundant species were unique to whale falls; 6 species were shared with cold seeps, 5 with hydrothermal vents, and 12 with nearby kelp and wood falls. Thus, whale-fall sediments may provide dispersal stepping stones for some generalized reducing-habitat species but also support distinct macrofaunal assemblages and contribute significantly to beta diversity in deep-sea ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10955},
	author = {Smith, Craig R and Bernardino, Angelo F and Baco, Amy and Hannides, Angelos and Altamira, Iris}
}
@article {ISI:000341616500008,
	title = {{Spatial patterns of Aquificales in deep-sea vents along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (SW Pacific)}},
	journal = {SYSTEMATIC AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {37},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {442{\textendash}448},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The microbial diversity associated with actively venting deep-sea hydrothermal deposits is tightly connected to the geochemistry of the hydrothermal fluids. Although the dominant members of these deposits drive the structure of the microbial communities, it is less well understood whether the lower abundance groups are as closely connected to the geochemical milieu, or driven perhaps by biotic factors such as microbial community interactions. We used the natural geochemical gradients that exist in the back-arc basin, Eastern Lau Spreading Center and Valu-Fa Ridge (ELSC/VFR) in the Southwestern Pacific, to explore whether the chemolithotrophic Aquificales are influenced by geographical location, host-rock of the vent field or deposit type. Using a combination of cloning, DNA fingerprinting (DGGE) and enrichment culturing approaches, all genera of this order previously described at marine vents were detected, i.e., Desulfurobacterium, Thermovibrio,Aquilex, Hydrogenivirga, Persephonella and Hydrogenothermus. The comparison between clone libraries and DGGE showed similar patterns of distribution of different Aquificales whereas results differed for the enrichment cultures that were retrieved. However, the use of cultivation-based and -independent methods did provide complementary phylogenetic diversity overview of the Aquificales in these systems. Together, this survey revealed that the ELSC/VFR contains some of the largest diversity of Aquificales ever reported at a deep-sea vent area, that the diversity patterns are tied to the geography and geochemistry of the system, and that this geochemical diverse back-arc basin may harbor new members of the Aquificales. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2014.04.002},
	author = {Ferrera, Isabel and Banta, Amy B and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {ISI:000332225300011,
	title = {{Spatial patterns of tissue stable isotope contents give insight into the nutritional sources for seep communities on the Gulf of Mexico lower slope}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {498},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133{\textendash}U481},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In this study, we present the first thorough trophic characterization of cold seep macrofaunal communities on the Gulf of Mexico lower continental slope ({\textgreater} 1000 m depth). We analyzed tissue delta C-13, delta N-15, and delta S-34 of vestimentiferan tubeworms, bathymodiolin mussels, vesicomyid clams, and their associated macrofaunal communities from discrete collections made across the entire lower slope. Over half of macrofauna associated with mussels and about half associated with vestimentiferans had delta C-13 values below -45{\%}. We also observed high spatial variability in the delta C-13 values of entire local communities, and the delta C-13 of associated fauna were significantly correlated with the delta C-13 compositions of the symbiotic species from the same location. These data indicate widespread incorporation of methane-derived carbon in mussel and vestimentiferan communities. This finding was particularly surprising in communities associated with older vestimentiferans, given the low rates of seepage observed in similar communities on the upper slope. On average, delta N-13 values in mussels and their associates were significantly more depleted and more variable than vestimentiferans, clams, and their associates, and there was a significant linear relationship between tissue delta N-15 values of mussels and their associated communities. The tissue delta S-34 values in macrofauna associated with vestimentiferans were more variable and significantly more depleted than mussel associates (delta S-34 = -16.8 to + 19.1{\%} for vestimentiferan associates and delta S-34 = -3.1 to + 20.8{\%} for mussel associates), consistent with higher isotopic fractionation during sulfate reduction in vestimentiferan habitats and a potentially higher nutritional contribution of sulfide-derived organic sulfur in vestimentiferan communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10598},
	author = {Becker, Erin L and Cordes, Erik E and Macko, Stephen A and Lee, Raymond W and Fisher, Charles R}
}
@article {ISI:000339334700007,
	title = {{Symbiont-driven sulfur crystal formation in a thiotrophic symbiosis from deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {364{\textendash}372},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The siboglinid tubeworm Sclerolinum contortum symbiosis inhabits sulfidic sediments at deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. A single symbiont phylotype in the symbiont-housing organ is inferred from phylogenetic analyses of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) gene and fluorescent in situ hybridization. The phylotype we studied here, and a previous study from an arctic hydrocarbon seep population, reveal identical 16S rRNA symbiont gene sequences. While sulfide is apparently the energy source for the symbionts (and ultimately the gutless host), both partners also have to cope with its toxicity. This study demonstrates abundant large sulfur crystals restricted to the trophosome area. Based on Raman microspectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, these crystals have the same S8 sulfur configuration as the recently described small sulfur vesicles formed in the symbionts. The crystals reside adjacent to the symbionts in the trophosome. This suggests that their formation is either extra-or intracellular in symbionts. We propose that formation of these crystals provides both energy-storage compounds for the symbionts and serves the symbiosis by removing excess toxic sulfide from host tissues. This symbiont-mediated sulfide detoxification may have been crucial for the establishment of thiotrophic symbiosis and continues to remain an important function of the symbionts.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12149},
	author = {Eichinger, Irmgard and Schmitz-Esser, Stephan and Schmid, Markus and Fisher, Charles R and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Feng2014,
	title = {{Time integrated variation of sources of fluids and seepage dynamics archived in authigenic carbonates from Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {385},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {129{\textendash}139},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate rocks recovered from the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory in Mississippi Canyon block 118 (MC118) at approximately 900 m water depth were studied using mineralogical, bulk geochemical, and lipid biomarker analyses. Carbonate rocks occurred as fractured blocks and nodular masses incorporated in carbonate breccias. The carbonates were comprised mainly of high-Mg-calcite and aragonite. The stable carbon isotope composition ($δ$13C) of authigenic carbonate varied from - 29.8{\textperthousand} to - 18.1{\textperthousand} vs. V-PDB, suggesting a complex mixture of various carbon sources, including dissolved marine inorganic carbon (DIC), oil, as well as methane. Oxygen isotopes ($δ$18O) varied from + 3.4{\textperthousand} to + 5.8{\textperthousand}. The observed 18O-enrichment in relation to calculated equilibrium values in the carbonates probably reflects decomposition of gas hydrates. The most abundant lipid biomarkers in the carbonates were isoprenoidal glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), predominated by GDGT-2 and GDGT-3, which are typically indicators of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea (ANMEs). Mono- and bicyclic biphytanes (derived after ether cleavage of GDGT-2 and GDGT-3) showed strong 13C-depletion, which is characteristic for ANMEs. Interestingly, large differences between the $δ$13C values of the archaeal diether archaeol and acyclic biphytane on the one hand and monocyclic biphytane on the other hand suggest the presence of archaea other than ANMEs. Archaeol and GDGT-0 (containing two acyclic biphytane moieties) are commonly assigned to various methanogenic archaea. Where methane seepage activity is intermediate or low within acoustic wipeout zones at the MC118 gas hydrate site nowadays, microbial communities must have coped with changing conditions as well as longer-term fluctuations in oil and gas seepage or the temporary cessation of hydrocarbon flux in the past. The change from methane seepage to oil seepage or vice versa in addition to flux variability apparently favors the establishment of complex prokaryotic communities dominated by archaea. In addition to anaerobic oxidation of methane, local production of methane is apparently prominent at the study site based on the occurrence of biomarkers of methanogens in the authigenic carbonate. This finding adds to the ongoing multidisciplinary effort to better constrain the environment at the MC118 observatory site and to determine the locally dominant biogeochemical processes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.07.020},
	author = {Feng, D and Birgel, D and Peckmann, J and Roberts, H H and Joye, S B and Sassen, R and Liu, X-L and Hinrichs, K -U and Chen, D}
}
@article {Baumberger2014,
	title = {{Understanding a submarine eruption through time series hydrothermal plume sampling of dissolved and particulate constituents: West Mata, 2008-2012}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4631{\textendash}4650},
	abstract = {Four cruises between 2008 and 2012 monitored the continuing eruption of West Mata volcano in the NE Lau Basin as it produced plumes of chemically altered water above its summit. Although large enrichments in He-3, CO2, Fe, and Mn were observed in the plumes, the most notable enrichment was that of H-2, which reached concentrations as high as 14,843 nM. Strongly enriched H-2 concentrations in the water column result from reactions between seawater or magmatic water and extremely hot rocks. In 2008, the observation of elevated H-2 concentrations in the water column above West Mata pointed to vigorous ongoing eruptions at the volcano{\textquoteright}s summit. The eruption was confirmed by visual observations made by the ROV Jason 2 in 2009 and demonstrated that H-2 measurements are a vital instrument to detect ongoing volcanic eruptions at the seafloor. Elevated H-2 in 2010 showed that the eruption was ongoing, although at a reduced level given a maximum H-2 concentration of 4410 nM. In 2012, H-2 levels in the water column declined significantly, to a maximum of only 7 nM, consistent with visual observations from the Quest-4000 ROV that found no evidence of an ongoing volcanic eruption. Methane behaved independently of other measured gases and its concentrations in the hydrothermal plume were very low. We attribute its minimal enrichments to a mixture of mantle carbon reduced to CH4 and biological CH4 from diffuse flow sites. This study demonstrates that ongoing submarine volcanic eruptions are characterized by high dissolved H-2 concentrations present in the overlying water column.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005460},
	author = {Baumberger, T and Lilley, M D and Resing, J A and Lupton, J E and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Olson, E J and Fruh-Green, G L}
}
@article {ISI:000326430500019,
	title = {{Activity and positioning of eurythermal hydrothermal vent sulphide worms in a variable thermal environment}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY},
	volume = {448},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {149{\textendash}155},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Here we investigate behavioral responses to fine-scale spatial and temporal temperature gradients in a heat tolerant hydrothermal vent worm (Paralvinella sulfincola). While this species has been a model organism for understanding physiological adaptations to extreme environments, lacking are corroborative in situ experiments and characterization of temperature-related behaviors representing the lower thermal tolerance range of this species. To address this knowledge gap, we first quantified the upper thermal limit for this species using a rapid heating protocol executed remotely on the seafloor. Second, we used a combination of in situ observations and shipboard experiments to test for temperature-dependent patterns in activity and behavior. We confirm that P. sulfincola is remarkably eurythermal and demonstrates a thermal niche breadth exceeding 45 degrees C. We further show that the activity and positioning of worms relate to temperatures within its lower preferred range (i.e., between 4 and 20 degrees C). Worms tended to remain closer to their tube openings and held their branchial crown in a consistent location when fluids were relatively warm. By contrast, when fluids were cooler, both the distance worms were observed from their tubes and positioning of their branchial crown were more variable. A Bayesian hidden Markov model classified each worm at each time interval as being in a high or low activity state according to the magnitude of change in their orientation and how far they moved between successive time lapse images. We found that the transition between active and inactive states at any time period is related to fluid temperature. Our observations indicate that the behavior of the worms is temperature-dependent, which may in turn reflect temperature-related variables such as the delivery of food particles, dissolved oxygen concentration, or relative environmental variability. Our findings demonstrate that this species can respond behaviorally to very fine-scale environmental variability in a manner not simply predicted by models of increasing activity with temperature. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2013.06.015},
	author = {Bates, Amanda E and Bird, Tomas J and Robert, Katleen and Onthank, Kirt L and Quinn, Gerry P and Juniper, S Kim and Lee, Raymond W}
}
@article {ISI:000331111400001,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of short-chain alkanes in hydrothermal sediments: potential influences on sulfur cycling and microbial diversity}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {may},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Short-chain alkanes play a substantial role in carbon and sulfur cycling at hydrocarbon-rich environments globally, yet few studies have examined the metabolism of ethane (C-2), propane (C-3), and butane (C-4) in anoxic sediments in contrast to methane (C-1). In hydrothermal vent systems, short-chain alkanes are formed over relatively short geological time scales via thermogenic processes and often exist at high concentrations. The sediment-covered hydrothermal vent systems at Middle Valley (MV Juan de Fuca Ridge) are an ideal site for investigating the anaerobic oxidation of C-1-C-4 alkanes, given the elevated temperatures and dissolved hydrocarbon species characteristic of these metalliferous sediments. We examined whether MV microbial communities oxidized C-1-C-4 alkanes under mesophilic to thermophilic sulfate-reducing conditions. Here we present data from discrete temperature (25, 55, and 75 degrees C) anaerobic batch reactor incubations of MV sediments supplemented with individual alkanes. Co-registered alkane consumption and sulfate reduction (SR) measurements provide clear evidence for C-1-C-4 alkane oxidation linked to SR over time and across temperatures. In these anaerobic batch reactor sediments, 16S ribosomal RNA pyrosequencing revealed that Deltaproteobacteria, particularly a novel sulfate-reducing lineage, were the likely phylotypes mediating the oxidation of C-2-C-4 alkanes. Maximum C-1-C-4 alkane oxidation rates occurred at 55 degrees C, which reflects the mid-core sediment temperature profile and corroborates previous studies of rate maxima for the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Of the alkanes investigated, C-3 was oxidized at the highest rate over time, then C-4, C-2, and C-1, respectively. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to the potential competition between the anaerobic oxidation of C-2-C(4)alkanes with AOM for available oxidants and the influence on the fate of C-1 derived from these hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00110},
	author = {Adams, Melissa M and Hoarfrost, Adrienne L and Bose, Arpita and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000321109400006,
	title = {{Archaeal and bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids in chimneys of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {45{\textendash}53},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We detected archaeal and bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids in carbonate chimneys of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, an alkaline system near the mid-Atlantic Ridge. Isoprenoidal, archaeal tetraethers from this site include {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}H-shaped{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} GDGTs, crenarchaeol and GDGTs with 0-3 cyclopentane moieties (here referred to as GDGTs 0-3). Concentrations of GDGT-3 do not track those of GDGTs 0-2 across the sample set, suggesting that its biosynthesis may be subject to different controls. Two branched, bacterial GDGTs (brGDGTs) common in terrigenous environments were also detected. Consulting previously published surveys of microbial diversity at Lost City and literature on known precursor-product relationships, we investigated the provenance of these GDGTs. The principal source of GDGTs 0-3 is likely ANME-1 archaea, abundant at Lost City. H-shaped GDGTs are likely derived from thermophilic Methanobacteria and Thermoprotei. Marine Group I Thaumarchaea detected in Lost City chimneys are a potential source of crenarchaeol, but it is unclear whether they are autotrophic nitrifiers or representatives of a hydrothermal ecotype with different physiology. The detection of branched GDGTs, possibly synthesized by Acidobacteria at Lost City, adds to a growing body of evidence that the capacity for their biosynthesis is not restricted to acidophilic soil bacteria and that they cannot strictly be considered indicators of terrigenous contributions to marine sediments. Input of hydrothermally derived lipids has the potential to complicate paleoproxy applications based on GDGTs. We propose that H-GDGTs be viewed as indicators of hydrothermal input and that their detection in sediments warrants caution in proxy application when a hydrothermal origin for co-occurring isoprenoidal and brGDGTs cannot be excluded. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.04.010},
	author = {Lincoln, Sara A and Bradley, Alexander S and Newman, Sharon A and Summons, Roger E}
}
@article {Wagner2013,
	title = {{Cold-seep habitat mapping: High-resolution spatial characterization of the Blake Ridge Diapir seep field}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {183{\textendash}188},
	abstract = {Relationships among seep community biomass, diversity, and physiographic controls such as underlying geology are not well understood. Previous efforts to constrain these relationships at the Blake Ridge Diapir were limited to observations from piloted deep-submergence vehicles. In August 2012, the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Sentry collected geophysical and photographic data over a 0.131~km2 area at the Blake Ridge Diapir seeps. A nested survey approach was used that began with a regional or reconnaissance-style survey using sub-bottom mapping systems to locate and identify seeps and underlying conduits. This survey was followed by AUV-mounted sidescan sonar and multibeam echosounder systems mapping on a mesoscale to characterize the seabed physiography. At the most detailed survey level, digital photographic imaging was used to resolve sub-meter characteristics of the biology. Four pockmarks (25{\textendash}70~m diameter) were documented, each supporting chemosynthetic communities. Concentric zonation of mussels and clams suggests the influence of chemical gradients on megafaunal distribution. Data collection and analytical techniques used here yield high-resolution habitat maps that can serve as baselines to constrain temporal evolution of seafloor seeps, and to inform ecological niche modeling and resource management.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.008},
	author = {Wagner, J K S and McEntee, M H and Brothers, L L and German, C R and Kaiser, C L and Yoerger, D R and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {ISI:000325986500008,
	title = {{Detection and phylogenetic analysis of the membrane-bound nitrate reductase (Nar) in pure cultures and microbial communities from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {86},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {256{\textendash}267},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over the past few years the relevance of nitrate respiration in microorganisms from deep-sea hydrothermal vents has become evident. In this study, we surveyed the membrane-bound nitrate reductase (Nar) encoding gene in three different deep-sea vent microbial communities from the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Additionally, we tested pure cultures of vent strains for their ability to reduce nitrate and for the presence of the NarG-encoding gene in their genomes. By using the narG gene as a diagnostic marker for nitrate-reducing bacteria, we showed that nitrate reductases related to Gammaproteobacteria of the genus Marinobacter were numerically prevalent in the clone libraries derived from a black smoker and a diffuse flow vent. In contrast, NarG sequences retrieved from a community of filamentous bacteria located about 50cm above a diffuse flow vent revealed the presence of a yet to be identified group of enzymes. 16S rRNA gene-inferred community compositions, in accordance with previous studies, showed a shift from Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria to Epsilonproteobacteria as the vent fluids become warmer and more reducing. Based on these findings, we argue that Nar-catalyzed nitrate reduction is likely relevant in temperate and less reducing environments where Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria are more abundant and where nitrate concentrations reflect that of background deep seawater.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/1574-6941.12158},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Bohnert, Kenneth A and Cuebas, Mariola and Keddis, Ramaydalis and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {Sen2013,
	title = {{Distribution of mega fauna on sulfide edifices on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center and Valu Fa Ridge}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {48{\textendash}60},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent sulfide edifices contain some of the most extreme thermal and chemical conditions in which animals are able to live. As a result, sulfide edifices in the East Pacific Rise, Juan de Fuca Ridge, and Mid Atlantic Ridge vent systems often contain distinct faunal assemblages. In this study, we used high-resolution imagery and in-situ physico-chemical measurements within the context of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to examine community structure and niche differentiation of dominant fauna on sulfide edifices in the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) in the Western Pacific Ocean. Our results show that ELSC and VFR sulfide edifices host two distinct types of communities. One type, that covers the majority of sulfide edifice faces, is overall very similar to nearby lava communities and biomass is dominated by the same chemoautotrophic symbiont-containing molluscs that dominate lava communities, namely the provannid gastropods Alviniconcha spp. and Ifremeria nautilei and the mytilid bivalve Bathymodiolus brevior. The spatial distribution of the dominant molluscs is often a variation of the pattern of concentric rings observed on lavas, with Alviniconcha spp. at the tops of edifices where exposure to vent flow is the highest, and I. nautilei and B. brevior below. Our physico-chemical measurements indicate that because of rapid dispersion of vent fluid, habitable area for symbiont-containing fauna is quite limited on sulfide edifices, and the realized niches of the mollusc groups are narrower on sulfide edifices than on lavas. We suggest that competition plays an important role in determining the realized distributions of the mollusc groups on edifices. The other habitat, present in small patches of presumably hot, new anhydrite, is avoided by the dominant symbiont-containing molluscs and inhabited by crabs, shrimp and polynoids that are likely more heat tolerant. The ratio of sulfide concentration to temperature anomaly of vent fluids was significantly different between sulfide edifice sites and lava sites in the southern vent fields but not in the northern vent fields. We suggest that this is due to increased sulfide consumption by a large microbial consortium associated with the more friable andesitic lava substrates in the south.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.11.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063712002233},
	author = {Sen, A and Becker, E L and Podowski, E L and Wickes, L N and Ma, S and Mullaugh, K M and Hourdez, S and Luther, G W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Levin2013,
	title = {{Ecological release and niche partitioning under stress:lessons from dorvilleid polychaetes in sulfidic sediments at methane seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {214{\textendash}233},
	abstract = {Organisms inhabiting methane seep sediments are exposed to stress in the form of high levels of hydrogen sulfide, which result mainly from sulfate reduction coupled to anaerobic methane oxidation. Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta) have successfully invaded this ecosystem, and multiple species in divergent genetic clades co-occur at high densities. At methane seeps in the NE Pacific off California and Oregon, the genera Ophryotrocha, Parougia and Exallopus are especially well represented. To test the hypothesis that dorvilleid coexistence is facilitated by niche partitioning through sulfide tolerance and trophic patterns, we examined dorvilleid species-specific patterns of occurrence and nutrition at methane seeps off Eel R. [ER] on the Californian continental slope and at Hydrate Ridge [HR] on the Oregon continental slope, and in two habitats (clam bed and microbial mat) characterized by lower and higher hydrogen sulfide levels, respectively. Microelectrode measurements of hydrogen sulfide enabled characterization of environmental sulfide levels for species sampled in background sediment cores and in colonization trays. Dorvilleids tolerated H2S levels from 10~$μ$M to over 2.6~mM, with the majority of species inhabiting sediments with similar environmental H2S concentrations (median 85{\textendash}100~$μ$M). Dorvilleid species richness was greater at HR than ER, but did not differ between clam bed and microbial mat habitats. Species distribution patterns reflected preferences for ER clam bed (lower sulfide levels), ER mat and HR clam bed (moderate sulfide levels), or HR mat (very high sulfide levels). Nutritional patterns, including trophic diversity and functional similarity, were examined using community stable isotope metrics based on $δ$15N and $δ$13C. Within each region, dorvilleid species exhibited multiple trophic strategies. Co-existing congeners typically exhibited distinct isotope signatures, suggesting trophic partitioning. Trophic diversity and $δ$15N range for whole assemblages (measured by Total Hull Area and Standard Elliptical Area using species averages) and functional redundancy or species packing (measured as distance to nearest neighbor) among species and individuals were generally higher at ER, where sulfide levels were lower than at HR. In contrast, average trophic diversity among individuals within a species was greater at HR than ER. In colonization experiments involving agar-based manipulations of sulfide in tray sediments that mimicked clam bed and mat conditions, dorvilleids comprised 68{\%} and 48{\%} of colonists at ER and HR, respectively. Dorvilleid species richness was higher in trays that were initially more sulfidic. However, habitat exerted stronger influence on the composition of colonizing dorvilleids than did sulfide additions. In the NE Pacific, regional, habitat and vertical (down-core) variation in hydrogen sulfide creates complex environmental heterogeneity at methane seeps, promoting high diversity of stress-tolerant taxa such as dorvilleid polychaetes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000635},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G and Bertics, V J and Washington, T and Gonzalez, J and Thurber, A R and Ebbe, B and Lee, R W}
}
@article {Brothers2013,
	title = {{Evidence for extensive methane venting on the southeastern U.S. Atlantic margin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {807{\textendash}810},
	abstract = {We present the first evidence for widespread seabed methane venting along the southeastern United States Atlantic margin beyond the well-known Blake Ridge diapir seep. Recent ship- and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)-collected data resolve multiple water-column anomalies ({\textgreater}1000 m height) and extensive new chemosynthetic seep communities at the Blake Ridge and Cape Fear diapirs. These results indicate that multiple, highly localized fluid conduits punctuate the areally extensive Blake Ridge gas hydrate province, and enable the delivery of significant amounts of methane to the water column. Thus, there appears to be an abundance of seabed fluid flux not previously ascribed to the Atlantic margin of the United States.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G34217.1},
	author = {Brothers, L L and Van Dover, C L and German, C R and Kaiser, C L and Yoerger, D R and Ruppel, C D and Lobecker, E and Skarke, A D and Wagner, J K S}
}
@article {ISI:000331550900001,
	title = {{Geomicrobiological linkages between short-chain alkane consumption and sulfate reduction rates in seep sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Marine hydrocarbon seeps are ecosystems that are rich in methane, and, in some cases, short-chain (C-2-C-5) and longer alkanes. C-2-C-4 alkanes such as ethane, propane, and butane can be significant components of seeping fluids. Some sulfate-reducing microbes oxidize short-chain alkanes anaerobically, and may play an important role in both the competition for sulfate and the local carbon budget. To better understand the anaerobic oxidation of short-chain n-alkanes coupled with sulfate-reduction, hydrocarbon-rich sediments from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) were amended with artificial, sulfate-replete seawater and one of four n-alkanes (C-1-C-4) then incubated under strict anaerobic conditions. Measured rates of alkane oxidation and sulfate reduction closely follow stoichiometric predictions that assume the complete oxidation of alkanes to CO2 (though other sinks for alkane carbon likely exist). Changes in the delta C-13 of all the alkanes in the reactors show enrichment over the course of the incubation, with the C-3 and C-4 incubations showing the greatest enrichment (4.4 and 4.5 parts per thousand, respectively). The concurrent depletion in the delta C-13 of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) implies a transfer of carbon from the alkane to the DIC pool (-3.5 and -6.7 parts per thousand for C-3 and C-4 incubations, respectively). Microbial community analyses reveal that certain members of the class Deltaproteobacteria are selectively enriched as the incubations degrade C-1-C-4 alkanes. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that distinct phylotypes are enriched in the ethane reactors, while phylotypes in the propane and butane reactors align with previously identified C-3-C-4 alkane-oxidizing sulfate-reducers. These data further constrain the potential influence of alkane oxidation on sulfate reduction rates (SRRs) in cold hydrocarbon-rich sediments, provide insight into their contribution to local carbon cycling, and illustrate the extent to which short-chain alkanes can serve as electron donors and govern microbial community composition and density.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00386},
	author = {Bose, Arpita and Rogers, Daniel R and Adams, Melissa M and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000325142700005,
	title = {{Growth kinetics and energetics of a deep-sea hyperthermophilic methanogen under varying environmental conditions}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {5},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {665{\textendash}671},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{A hyperthermophilic deep-sea methanogen, Methanocaldococcus strain JH146, was isolated from 26 degrees C hydrothermal fluid at Axial Volcano to model high temperature methanogenesis in the subseafloor. Emphasis was placed on defining growth kinetics, cell yields and growth energy demand (GE) across a range of conditions. The organism uses H-2 and CO2 as its sole carbon and energy sources. At various temperatures, pHs, and chlorinities, its growth rates and cell yields co-varied while GE remained uniform at 1.69x10(-11) J cell(-1)s(-1)+/- 0.68x10(-11) J cell(-1)s(-1) (s.d.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12065},
	author = {Eecke, Helene C Ver and Akerman, Nancy H and Huber, Julie A and Butterfield, David A and Holden, James F}
}
@article {ISI:000331005900001,
	title = {{Low temperature geomicrobiology follows host rock composition along a geochemical gradient in Lau Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The East Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) comprise a ridge segment in the southwest Pacific Ocean where rapid transitions in the underlying mantle chemistry manifest themselves as gradients in seafloor rock geochemistry. We studied the geology and microbial diversity of three silicate rock samples and three inactive sulfide chimney samples collected, from north to south, at the vent fields Kilo Moana, ABE, Tui Malila, and Mariner. This is the first study of microbial populations on basaltic andesite, which was sampled at Mariner vent field. Silicate rock geochemistry exhibits clear latitudinal trends that are mirrored by changes in bacterial community composition. alpha-proteobacteria, epsilon-proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes are most common on a silicate collected from Kilo Moana and their proportions decrease linearly on silicates collected further south. Conversely, a silicate from Mariner vent field hosts high proportions of a unique lineage of Chloroflexi unrelated ({\textless}90{\%} sequence similarity) to previously recovered environmental clones or isolates, which decrease at ABE and are absent at Kilo Moana. The exteriors of inactive sulfide structures are dominated by lineages of sulfur oxidizing alpha-proteobacteria, gamma-proteobacteria, and epsilon-proteobacteria, while the interior of one chimney is dominated by putative sulfur-reducing delta-proteobacteria. A comparison of bacterial communities on inactive sulfides from this and previous studies reveals the presence of a clade of uncultured Bacteroidetes exclusive to sulfidic environments, and a high degree of heterogeneity in bacterial community composition from one sulfide structure to another. In light of the heterogeneous nature of bacterial communities observed here and in previous studies of both active and inactive hydrothermal sulfide structures, the presence of numerous niches may be detected on these structures in the future by finer scale sampling and analysis.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00061},
	author = {Sylvan, Jason B and Sia, Tiffany Y and Haddad, Amanda G and Briscoe, Lindsey J and Toner, Brandy M and Girguis, Peter R and Edwards, Katrina J}
}
@article {ISI:000323828800015,
	title = {{A low-relief shield volcano origin for the South Kaua{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}i Swell}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {2328{\textendash}2348},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The South Kauai Swell (SKS) is a 110 km x 80 km ovoid bathymetric feature that stands {\textgreater}2 km high and abuts the southern flank of the island of Kauai. The origin of the SKS was investigated using multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter, gravity data, radiometric ages, and geochemistry of rock samples. Most of the SKS rock samples are tholeiitic in composition with ages of 3.9-5.4 Ma indicating they were derived from shield volcanism. The ages and compositions of the SKS rocks partially overlap with those of the nearby Niihau, Kauai and West Kaena volcano complexes. The SKS was originally described as a landslide; however, this interpretation is problematic given the ovoid shape of SKS, its relatively smooth, flat-to-convex surface, and the lack of an obvious source region that could accommodate what would be one of Earth{\textquoteright}s most voluminous (6 x 10(3) km(3)) landslides. The morphology, size, and the surrounding gravity anomaly are more consistent with the SKS being a low-relief shield volcano, which was partially covered with a small volume of landside debris from south Kauai and later with some secondary volcanic seamounts. A shield origin would imply that Hawaiian and possibly other hotspot shield volcanoes can take on a wider variety of forms than is commonly thought, ranging from tall island-building shields, to smaller edifices such as Kaena Ridge and Mahukona, to even lower-relief volcanoes represented by the SKS and possibly the South West Oahu Volcanic Field.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20159},
	author = {Ito, Garrett and Garcia, Michael O and Smith, John R and Taylor, Brian and Flinders, Ashton and Jicha, Brian and Yamasaki, Seiko and Weis, Dominique and Swinnard, Lisa and Blay, Chuck}
}
@article {ISI:000322119600009,
	title = {{Metatranscriptomics reveal differences in in situ energy and nitrogen metabolism among hydrothermal vent snail symbionts}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1556{\textendash}1567},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite the ubiquity of chemoautotrophic symbioses at hydrothermal vents, our understanding of the influence of environmental chemistry on symbiont metabolism is limited. Transcriptomic analyses are useful for linking physiological poise to environmental conditions, but recovering samples from the deep sea is challenging, as the long recovery times can change expression profiles before preservation. Here, we present a novel, in situ RNA sampling and preservation device, which we used to compare the symbiont metatranscriptomes associated with Alviniconcha, a genus of vent snail, in which specific host-symbiont combinations are predictably distributed across a regional geochemical gradient. Metatranscriptomes of these symbionts reveal key differences in energy and nitrogen metabolism relating to both environmental chemistry (that is, the relative expression of genes) and symbiont phylogeny (that is, the specific pathways employed). Unexpectedly, dramatic differences in expression of transposases and flagellar genes suggest that different symbiont types may also have distinct life histories. These data further our understanding of these symbionts{\textquoteright} metabolic capabilities and their expression in situ, and suggest an important role for symbionts in mediating their hosts{\textquoteright} interaction with regional-scale differences in geochemistry.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.45},
	author = {Sanders, J G and Beinart, R A and Stewart, F J and Delong, E F and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {ISI:000331366700001,
	title = {{Microbial habitat connec ivity across spatial scales and hydrothermal temperature gradients at Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) hydrothermal vent area is known as a dynamic and hydrothermally vented sedimentary system, where the advection and production of a variety of different metabolic substrates support a high microbial diversity and activity in the seafloor. The main objective of our study was to explore the role of temperature and other environmental factors on community diversity, such as the presence of microbial mats and seafloor bathymetry within one hydrothermally vented field of 200 x 250 m dimension. In this field, temperature increased strongly with sediment depth reaching the known limit of life within a few decimeters. Potential sulfate reduction rate as a key community activity parameter was strongly affected by in situ temperature and sediment depth, declining from high rates of 1-5 jimol m1-1 d-1 at the surface to the detection limit below 5 cm sediment depth, despite the presence of sulfate and hydrocarbons. Automated Ribosomal lntergenic Spacer Analysis yielded a high-resolution fingerprint of the dominant members of the bacterial community. Our analyses showed strong temperature and sediment depth effects on bacterial cell abundance and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) number, both declining by more than one order of magnitude below the top 5 cm of the sediment surface. Another fraction of the variation in diversity and community structure was explained by differences in the local bathymetry and spatial position within the vent field. Nevertheless, more than 80{\%} of all detected OTUs were shared among the different temperature realms and sediment depths, after being classified as cold (T {\textless} 10 C), medium (10 C {\textless} T {\textless} 40 C) or hot (T {\textgreater} 40 C) temperature conditions, with significant OTU overlap with the richer surface communities. Overall, this indicates a high connectivity of benthic bacterial habitats in this dynamic and heterogeneous marine ecosystem influenced by strong hydrothermalism.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00207},
	author = {Meyer, Stefanie and Wegener, Gunter and Lloyd, Karen G and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Ramette, Alban}
}
@article {ISI:000323108100003,
	title = {{Morphology, microanatomy and sequence data of Sclerolinum contortum (Siboglindae, Annelida) of the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {ORGANISMS DIVERSITY {\&} EVOLUTION},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {311{\textendash}329},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Sclerolinum is a small genus of Siboglinidae (Annelida) living in an obligate mutualistic association with thiotrophic bacteria as adults. Its taxonomic position, based on morphology, has been controversial; however, molecular data point to a sister taxa relationship with vestimentiferans. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and comparative morphology revealed that the studied population from deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps of the Gulf of Mexico belongs to Sclerolinum contortum known from the Arctic Sea. Since no anatomical and microanatomical studies have been published yet, we conducted such a study on S. contortum using serial sectioning and light and transmission electron microscopy. We show that the Sclerolinum body, divided into a head, trunk, and opisthosoma, is very similar to that of the vestimentiferans, and therefore we propose that the body regions are homologous in both taxa.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1439-6092},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-012-0121-3},
	author = {Eichinger, Irmgard and Hourdez, Stephane and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000322229800020,
	title = {{Niche divergence by deep-sea octocorals in the genus Callogorgia across the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {MOLECULAR ECOLOGY},
	volume = {22},
	number = {15},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {4123{\textendash}4140},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Environmental variables that are correlated with depth have been suggested to be among the major forces underlying speciation in the deep sea. This study incorporated phylogenetics and ecological niche models (ENM) to examine whether congeneric species of Callogorgia (Octocorallia: Primnoidae) occupy different ecological niches across the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and whether this niche divergence could be important in the evolution of these closely related species. Callogorgia americana americana, Callogorgia americana delta and Callogorgia gracilis were documented at 13 sites in the GoM (250-1000 m) from specimen collections and extensive video observations. On a first order, these species were separated by depth, with C. gracilis occurring at the shallowest sites, C. a. americana at mid-depths and C. a. delta at the deepest sites. Callogorgia a. delta was associated with areas of increased seep activity, whereas C. gracilis and C. a. americana were associated with narrow, yet warmer, temperature ranges and did not occur near cold seeps. ENM background and identity tests revealed little to no overlap in ecological niches between species. Temporal calibration of the phylogeny revealed the formation of the Isthmus of Panama was a vicariance event that may explain some of the patterns of speciation within this genus. These results elucidate the potential mechanisms for speciation in the deep sea, emphasizing both bathymetric speciation and vicariance events in the evolution of a genus across multiple regions.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/mec.12370},
	author = {Quattrini, Andrea M and Georgian, Samuel E and Byrnes, Luke and Stevens, Alex and Falco, Rosalia and Cordes, Erik E}
}
@article {Mills2013,
	title = {{Persistent effects of disturbance on larval patterns in the plankton after an eruption on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {491},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {67{\textendash}76},
	abstract = {To predict how benthic communities will respond to disturbance, it is necessary to understand how disturbance affects the planktonic larval supply available to recolonize the area. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) experience frequent local extinctions due to tectonic and magmatic events, but the effects on regional larval abundance and diversity are unknown. We had been monitoring larvae at 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N on the EPR prior to the 2006 eruption and were able to resume collections shortly afterward. We found that many species that were common before the eruption became significantly less so afterward, whereas a few other species experienced a transient spike in abundance. Surprisingly, overall species richness in the plankton was high 9 mo after the eruption, but then decreased sharply after 1~yr and had not returned to pre-eruption levels after 2 yr. These results suggest that recovery from disturbance may continue to be affected by limited larval supply even several years after a disturbance event. This delay in recovery means that larvae of pioneer species may dominate potential colonists, even after benthic habitats have transitioned to conditions that favor later-successional species. Moreover, the combined effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. mining) would be likely to cause more profound and long-lasting changes than either event alone. Our results indicate that we do not have sufficient data to predict the timing of recovery after disturbance in the deep sea, even in a well-studied vent system.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10463},
	author = {Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Beaulieu, S E and Adams, D K}
}
@article {ISI:000331246100002,
	title = {{Phylogenetic diversity and functional gene patterns of sulfur-oxidizing subseafloor Epsilonproteobacteria in diffuse hydrothermal vent fluids}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Microorganisms throughout the dark ocean use reduced sulfur compounds for chemolithoautotrophy. In many deep-sea hydrothermal vents, sulfide oxidation is quantitatively the most important chemical energy source for microbial metabolism both at and beneath the seafloor. In this study, the presence and activity of vent endemic Epsilonproteobacteria was examined in six low-temperature diffuse vents over a range of geochemical gradients from Axial Seamount, a deep-sea volcano in the Northeast Pacific. PCR primers were developed and applied to target the sulfur oxidation soxB gene of Epsilonproteobacteria. soxB genes belonging to the genera Sulfurimonas and Sulfurovum are both present and expressed at most diffuse vent sites, but not in background seawater. Although Sulfurovum-like sox8 genes were detected in all fluid samples, the RNA profiles were nearly identical among the vents and suggest that Sulfurirnonas-like species are the primary Epsilonproteobacteria responsible for actively oxidizing sulfur via the Sox pathway at each vent. Community patterns of subseafloor Epsdonproteobactena 16S rRNA genes were best matched to methane concentrations in vent fluids, as well as individual vent locations, indicating that both geochemistry and geographical isolation play a role in structuring subseafloor microbial populations. The data show that in the subseafloor at Axial Seamount, Epsilonproteobacteria are expressing the soxB gene and that microbial patterns in community distribution are linked to both vent location and chemistry.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00185},
	author = {Akerman, Nancy H and Butterfield, David A and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {ISI:000324619100004,
	title = {{Rare earth element geochemistry in cold-seep pore waters of Hydrate Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {GEO-MARINE LETTERS},
	volume = {33},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {369{\textendash}379},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), sulphate, hydrogen sulphide, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium and phosphate were measured in shallow ({\textless} 12 cm below seafloor) pore waters from cold-seep sediments on the northern and southern summits of Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon. Downward-decreasing sulphate and coevally increasing sulphide concentrations reveal sulphate reduction as dominant early diagenetic process from similar to 2 cm depth downwards. A strong increase of total dissolved REE (aREE) concentrations is evident immediately below the sediment-water interface, which can be related to early diagenetic release of REEs into pore water resulting from the re-mineralization of particulate organic matter. The highest pore water aREE concentrations were measured close to the sediment-water interface at similar to 2 cm depth. Distinct shale-normalized REE patterns point to particulate organic matter and iron oxides as main REE sources in the upper similar to 2-cm depth interval. In general, the pore waters have shale-normalized patterns reflecting heavy REE (HREE) enrichment, which suggests preferential complexation of HREEs with carbonate ions. Below similar to 2 cm depth, a downward decrease in aREE correlates with a decrease in pore water calcium concentrations. At this depth, the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulphate reduction increases carbonate alkalinity through the production of bicarbonate, which results in the precipitation of carbonate minerals. It seems therefore likely that the REEs and calcium are consumed during vast AOM-induced precipitation of carbonate in shallow Hydrate Ridge sediments. The analysis of pore waters from Hydrate Ridge shed new light on early diagenetic processes at cold seeps, corroborating the great potential of REEs to identify geochemical processes and to constrain environmental conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s00367-013-0334-2},
	author = {Himmler, Tobias and Haley, Brian A and Torres, Marta E and Klinkhammer, Gary P and Bohrmann, Gerhard and Peckmann, Joern}
}
@article {ISI:000326614000008,
	title = {{Sulfide oxidation, nitrate respiration, carbon acquisition, and electron transport pathways suggested by the draft genome of a single orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa (Cand. Maribeggiatoa) sp filament}},
	journal = {MARINE GENOMICS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {53{\textendash}65},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A near-complete draft genome has been obtained for a single vacuolated orange Beggiatoa (Cand. Maribeggiatoa) filament from a Guaymas Basin seafloor microbial mat, the third relatively complete sequence for the Beggiatoaceae. Possible pathways for sulfide oxidation; nitrate respiration; inorganic carbon fixation by both Type II RuBisCO and the reductive tricarboxylic add cycle; acetate and possibly formate uptake; and energy-generating electron transport via both oxidative phosphorylation and the Rnf complex are discussed here. A role in nitrite reduction is suggested for an abundant orange cytochrome produced by the Guaymas strain; this has a possible homolog in Beggiatoa (Cand. Isobeggiatoa) sp. PS, isolated from marine harbor sediment, but not Beggiatoa alba B18LD, isolated from a freshwater rice field ditch. Inferred phylogenies for the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and the reductive (rTCA) and oxidative (TCA) tricarboxylic acid cycles suggest that genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase and enzymes for carboxylation and/or decarboxylation steps (including RuBisCO) may have been introduced to (or exported from) one or more of the three genomes by horizontal transfer, sometimes by different routes. Sequences from the two marine strains are generally more similar to each other than to sequences from the freshwater strain, except in the case of RuBisCO: only the Guaymas strain encodes a Type H enzyme, which (where studied) discriminates less against oxygen than do Type I RuBisCOs. Genes subject to horizontal transfer may represent key steps for adaptation to factors such as oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration, organic carbon availability, and environmental variability. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1874-7787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margen2013.08.001},
	author = {MacGregor, Barbara J and Biddle, Jennifer F and Harbort, Christopher and Matthysse, Ann G and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Bennett2013,
	title = {{Trophic regions of a hydrothermal plume dispersing away from an ultramafic-hosted vent-system: Von Damm vent-site, Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {317{\textendash}327},
	abstract = {Deep-sea ultramafic-hosted vent systems have the potential to provide large amounts of metabolic energy to both autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms in their dispersing hydrothermal plumes. Such vent-systems release large quantities of hydrogen and methane to the water column, both of which can be exploited by autotrophic microorganisms. Carbon cycling in these hydrothermal plumes may, therefore, have an important influence on open-ocean biogeochemistry. In this study, we investigated an ultramafic-hosted system on the Mid-Cayman Rise, emitting metal-poor and hydrogen sulfide-, methane-, and hydrogen-rich hydrothermal fluids. Total organic carbon concentrations in the plume ranged between 42.1 and 51.1 $μ$M (background = 43.2 {\textpm} 0.7 $μ$M (n = 5)) and near-field plume samples with elevated methane concentrations imply the presence of chemoautotrophic primary production and in particular methanotrophy. In parts of the plume characterized by persistent potential temperature anomalies but lacking elevated methane concentrations, we found elevated organic carbon concentrations of up to 51.1 $μ$M, most likely resulting from the presence of heterotrophic communities, their extracellular products and vent larvae. Elevated carbon concentrations up to 47.4 $μ$M were detected even in far-field plume samples. Within the Von Damm hydrothermal plume, we have used our data to hypothesize a microbial food web in which chemoautotrophy supports a heterotrophic community of microorganisms. Such an active microbial food web would provide a source of labile organic carbon to the deep ocean that should be considered in any future studies evaluating sources and sinks of carbon from hydrothermal venting to the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20063},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20063},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Coleman, Max and Huber, J A and Reddington, E and Kinsey, J C and McIntyre, C and Seewald, J S and German, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000314891500014,
	title = {{Why Orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa spp. Are Orange: Single-Filament-Genome-Enabled Identification of an Abundant Octaheme Cytochrome with Hydroxylamine Oxidase, Hydrazine Oxidase, and Nitrite Reductase Activities}},
	journal = {APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {79},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {1183{\textendash}1190},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Orange, white, and yellow vacuolated Beggiatoaceae filaments are visually dominant members of microbial mats found near sea floor hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, with orange filaments typically concentrated toward the mat centers. No marine vacuolate Beggiatoaceae are yet in pure culture, but evidence to date suggests they are nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. The nearly complete genome sequence of a single orange Beggiatoa ({\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}Candidatus Maribeggiatoa{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) filament from a microbial mat sample collected in 2008 at a hydrothermal site in Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California, Mexico) was recently obtained. From this sequence, the gene encoding an abundant soluble orange-pigmented protein in Guaymas Basin mat samples (collected in 2009) was identified by microcapillary reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) nano-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (mu LC-MS-MS) of a pigmented band excised from a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The predicted protein sequence is related to a large group of octaheme cytochromes whose few characterized representatives are hydroxylamine or hydrazine oxidases. The protein was partially purified and shown by in vitro assays to have hydroxylamine oxidase, hydrazine oxidase, and nitrite reductase activities. From what is known of Beggiatoaceae physiology, nitrite reduction is the most likely in vivo role of the octaheme protein, but future experiments are required to confirm this tentative conclusion. Thus, while present-day genomic and proteomic techniques have allowed precise identification of an abundant mat protein, and its potential activities could be assayed, proof of its physiological role remains elusive in the absence of a pure culture that can be genetically manipulated.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.02538-12},
	author = {MacGregor, Barbara J and Biddle, Jennifer F and Siebert, Jason R and Staunton, Eric and Hegg, Eric L and Matthysse, Ann G and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {ISI:000302950700011,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of methane at different temperature regimes in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1018{\textendash}1031},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) was investigated in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin based on delta C-13 signatures of CH4, dissolved inorganic carbon and porewater concentration profiles of CH4 and sulfate. Cool, warm and hot in-situ temperature regimes (15-20 degrees C, 30-35 degrees C and 70-95 degrees C) were selected from hydrothermal locations in Guaymas Basin to compare AOM geochemistry and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), mcrA and dsrAB genes of the microbial communities. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the cool and hot AOM cores yielded similar archaeal types such as Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group, Thermoproteales and anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME)-1; some of the ANME-1 archaea formed a separate 16S rRNA lineage that at present seems to be limited to Guaymas Basin. Congruent results were obtained by mcrA gene analysis. The warm AOM core, chemically distinct by lower porewater sulfide concentrations, hosted a different archaeal community dominated by the two deep subsurface archaeal lineages Marine Benthic Group D and Marine Benthic Group B, and by members of the Methanosarcinales including ANME-2 archaea. This distinct composition of the methane-cycling archaeal community in the warm AOM core was confirmed by mcrA gene analysis. Functional genes of sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea, dsrAB, showed more overlap between all cores, regardless of the core temperature. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries with Euryarchaeota-specific primers detected members of the Archaeoglobus clade in the cool and hot cores. A V6-tag high-throughput sequencing survey generally supported the clone library results while providing high-resolution detail on archaeal and bacterial community structure. These results indicate that AOM and the responsible archaeal communities persist over a wide temperature range. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 1018-1031; doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.164; published online 17 November 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.164},
	author = {Biddle, Jennifer F and Cardman, Zena and Mendlovitz, Howard and Albert, Daniel B and Lloyd, Karen G and Boetius, Antje and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {ISI:000311041900011,
	title = {{Community study of tubeworm-associated epizooic meiobenthos from deep-sea cold seeps and hot vents}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {468},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {135{\textendash}148},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The permanent metazoan meiofauna associated with vestimentiferan tubeworm aggregations from hydrocarbon seeps of the upper Louisiana slope in the Green Canyon (similar to 550 m) and the lower slope in Atwater Valley (similar to 2200 m) of the Gulf of Mexico was characterized. Meiofauna abundance, diversity, and community composition at genus level were compared between these seep sites, and with those of tubeworms from hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise (Gollner et al. 2007; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 337: 39-49). The abundance was not significantly different between the 2 seep sites, and was also similar to those found at vents. A total of 150 meiobenthic genera were identified from the cold seep sites. While no significant difference in univariate measurements of diversity was detected, a shift in community composition between the shallow and the deep seep site was found. The hot vent communities included a total of only 17 genera and the diversity measurements were significantly lower at vents than at seeps. Also, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was 97{\%} between the meiobenthic communities from seeps and vents. The genera richness was negatively correlated with maximum temperature and maximum sulfide concentration, and positively correlated with minimum pH value. We conclude that the harsh conditions tubeworms experience at vents compared to the moderate conditions at cold seeps, as well as the longevity of cold seeps surrounded by sedimented deep-sea plains but short-lived vents on basaltic mid-ocean ridges, might explain the contrasting diversity patterns.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps09889},
	author = {Degen, Renate and Riavitz, Laura and Gollner, Sabine and Vanreusel, Ann and Plum, Christoph and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Bernardino2012,
	title = {{Comparative Composition, Diversity and Trophic Ecology of Sediment Macrofauna at Vents, Seeps and Organic Falls}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {e33515},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	abstract = {Sediments associated with hydrothermal venting, methane seepage and large organic falls such as whale, wood and plant detritus create deep-sea networks of soft-sediment habitats fueled, at least in part, by the oxidation of reduced chemicals. Biological studies at deep-sea vents, seeps and organic falls have looked at macrofaunal taxa, but there has yet to be a systematic comparison of the community-level attributes of sediment macrobenthos in various reducing ecosystems. Here we review key similarities and differences in the sediment-dwelling assemblages of each system with the goals of (1) generating a predictive framework for the exploration and study of newly identified reducing habitats, and (2) identifying taxa and communities that overlap across ecosystems. We show that deep-sea seep, vent and organic-fall sediments are highly heterogeneous. They sustain different geochemical and microbial processes that are reflected in a complex mosaic of habitats inhabited by a mixture of specialist (heterotrophic and symbiont-associated) and background fauna. Community-level comparisons reveal that vent, seep and organic-fall macrofauna are very distinct in terms of composition at the family level, although they share many dominant taxa among these highly sulphidic habitats. Stress gradients are good predictors of macrofaunal diversity at some sites, but habitat heterogeneity and facilitation often modify community structure. The biogeochemical differences across ecosystems and within habitats result in wide differences in organic utilization (i.e., food sources) and in the prevalence of chemosynthesis-derived nutrition. In the Pacific, vents, seeps and organic-falls exhibit distinct macrofaunal assemblages at broad-scales contributing to {\~A}{\"Y} diversity. This has important implications for the conservation of reducing ecosystems, which face growing threats from human activities.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0033515},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033515},
	author = {Bernardino, A F and Levin, L A and Thurber, A R and Smith, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600378,
	title = {{Denitrification and environmental factors influencing nitrate removal in Guaymas Basin hydrothermally altered sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We measured potential nitrate removal and denitrification rates in hydrothermally altered sediments inhabited by Beggiatoa mats and adjacent brown oil stained sediments from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Sediments with Beggiatoa maintained slightly higher rates of potential denitrification than did brown sediments at 31.2 +/- 12.1 versus 21.9 +/- 1.4 mu M N day-1, respectively. In contrast, the nitrate removal rates in brown sediments were higher than those observed in mat-hosting sediments at 418 +/- 145 versus 174 +/- 74 mu M N day-1, respectively. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the responses of denitrifying communities to environmental factors {\{}[{\}}i.e., nitrate, sulfide, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration)]. The denitrifying community had a high affinity for nitrate (Km = 137 +/- 91 mu M N day-1), in comparison to other environmental communities of denitrifiers, and was capable of high maximum rates of denitrification (Vmax = 1164 +/- 153 mu M N day-1). The presence of sulfide resulted in significantly lower denitrification rates. Microorganisms with the potential to perform denitrification were assessed in these sediments using the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) functional gene libraries. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library was dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (38{\%}), some of which (e.g., Sulfurimonas sp.) have a potential for sulfide-dependent denitrification. The nosZ clone library did not contain clones similar to pure culture denitrifiers; these clones were most closely associated with environmental clones.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00377},
	author = {Bowles, Marshall W and Nigro, Lisa M and Teske, Andreas P and Joye, Samantha B}
}
@article {Fornari2012,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise Between 9 degrees N and 10 degrees N: Twenty-Five Years of Integrated, Multidisciplinary Oceanic Spreading Center Studies}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {18{\textendash}43},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {The East Pacific Rise from {\~{}}~9{\textendash}10{\textdegree}N is an archetype for a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. In particular, the segment near 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N has been the focus of multidisciplinary research for over two decades, making it one of the best-studied areas of the global ridge system. It is also one of only two sites along the global ridge where two historical volcanic eruptions have been observed. This volcanically active segment has thus offered unparalleled opportunities to investigate a range of complex interactions among magmatic, volcanic, hydrothermal, and biological processes associated with crustal accretion over a full magmatic cycle. At this 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N site, comprehensive physical oceanographic measurements and modeling have also shed light on linkages between hydrodynamic transport of larvae and other materials and biological dynamics influenced by magmatic processes. Integrated results of high-resolution mapping, and both in~situ and laboratory-based geophysical, oceanographic, geochemical, and biological observations and sampling, reveal how magmatic events perturb the hydrothermal system and the biological communities it hosts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.02},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Bryce, Julia G and Cowen, J P and Ferrini, Vicki and Fundis, A and Lilley, M D and Luther, G W and Mullineaux, L S and Perfit, M R and Meana-Prado, M F and Rubin, K H and Seyfried, W E and Shank, T M and Soule, S A and Tolstoy, M and White, S M}
}
@article {Colman2012,
	title = {{Effects of variable magma supply on mid-ocean ridge eruptions: Constraints from mapped lava flow fields along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {Q08014},
	abstract = {Mapping and sampling of 18 eruptive units in two study areas along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center (GSC) provide insight into how magma supply affects mid-ocean ridge (MOR) volcanic eruptions. The two study areas have similar spreading rates (53 versus 55~mm/yr), but differ by 30{\%} in the time-averaged rate of magma supply (0.3~{\texttimes}~106 versus 0.4~{\texttimes}~106~m3/yr/km). Detailed geologic maps of each study area incorporate observations of flow contacts and sediment thickness, in addition to sample petrology, geomagnetic paleointensity, and inferences from high-resolution bathymetry data. At the lower-magma-supply study area, eruptions typically produce irregularly shaped clusters of pillow mounds with total eruptive volumes ranging from 0.09 to 1.3~km3. At the higher-magma-supply study area, lava morphologies characteristic of higher effusion rates are more common, eruptions typically occur along elongated fissures, and eruptive volumes are an order of magnitude smaller (0.002{\textendash}0.13~km3). At this site, glass MgO contents (2.7{\textendash}8.4 wt. {\%}) and corresponding liquidus temperatures are lower on average, and more variable, than those at the lower-magma-supply study area (6.2{\textendash}9.1 wt. {\%} MgO). The differences in eruptive volume, lava temperature, morphology, and inferred eruption rates observed between the two areas along the GSC are similar to those that have previously been related to variable spreading rates on the global MOR system. Importantly, the documentation of multiple sequences of eruptions at each study area, representing hundreds to thousands of years, provides constraints on the variability in eruptive style at a given magma supply and spreading rate.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004163},
	author = {Colman, A and Sinton, J M and White, S M and McClinton, J T and Bowles, J A and Rubin, K H and Behn, M D and Cushman, B and Eason, D E and Gregg, T K P and Gr{\"o}nvold, Karl and Hidalgo, S and Howell, J and Neill, O and Russo, Chris}
}
@article {Beinart2012,
	title = {{Evidence for the role of endosymbionts in regional-scale habitat partitioning by hydrothermal vent symbioses}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {47},
	year = {2012},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {E3241{\textendash}E3250},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are populated by dense communities of animals that form symbiotic associations with chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. To date, our understanding of which factors govern the distribution of host/symbiont associations (or holobionts) in nature is limited, although host physiology often is invoked. In general, the role that symbionts play in habitat utilization by vent holobionts has not been thoroughly addressed. Here we present evidence for symbiont-influenced, regional-scale niche partitioning among symbiotic gastropods (genus Alviniconcha) in the Lau Basin. We extensively surveyed Alviniconcha holobionts from four vent fields using quantitative molecular approaches, coupled to characterization of high-temperature and diffuse vent-fluid composition using gastight samplers and in situ electrochemical analyses, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses exposed cryptic host and symbiont diversity, revealing three distinct host types and three different symbiont phylotypes (one $ε$-proteobacteria and two $\gamma$-proteobacteria) that formed specific associations with one another. Strikingly, we observed that holobionts with $ε$-proteobacterial symbionts were dominant at the northern fields, whereas holobionts with $\gamma$-proteobacterial symbionts were dominant in the southern fields. This pattern of distribution corresponds to differences in the vent geochemistry that result from deep subsurface geological and geothermal processes. We posit that the symbionts, likely through differences in chemolithoautotrophic metabolism, influence niche utilization among these holobionts. The data presented here represent evidence linking symbiont type to habitat partitioning among the chemosynthetic symbioses at hydrothermal vents and illustrate the coupling between subsurface geothermal processes and niche availability.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1202690109},
	author = {Beinart, R A and Sanders, J G and Faure, B and Sylva, S P and Lee, R W and Becker, E L and Gartman, A and Luther, G W and Seewald, J S and Fisher, C R and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Dziak2012a,
	title = {{Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {11},
	year = {2012},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {Q0AF07},
	abstract = {The output of gas and tephra from volcanoes is an inherently disorganized process that makes reliable flux estimates challenging to obtain. Continuous monitoring of gas flux has been achieved in only a few instances at subaerial volcanoes, but never for submarine volcanoes. Here we use the first sustained (yearlong) hydroacoustic monitoring of an erupting submarine volcano (NW Rota-1, Mariana arc) to make calculations of explosive gas flux from a volcano into the ocean. Bursts of Strombolian explosive degassing at the volcano summit (520 m deep) occurred at 1{\textendash}2 min intervals during the entire 12-month hydrophone record and commonly exhibited cyclic step-function changes between high and low intensity. Total gas flux calculated from the hydroacoustic record is 5.4 {\textpm} 0.6 Tg a-1, where the magmatic gases driving eruptions at NW Rota-1 are primarily H2O, SO2, and CO2. Instantaneous fluxes varied by a factor of \~{}100 over the deployment. Using melt inclusion information to estimate the concentration of CO2 in the explosive gases as 6.9 {\textpm} 0.7 wt {\%}, we calculate an annual CO2 eruption flux of 0.4 {\textpm} 0.1 Tg a-1. This result is within the range of measured CO2 fluxes at continuously erupting subaerial volcanoes, and represents \~{}0.2{\textendash}0.6{\%} of the annual estimated output of CO2from all subaerial arc volcanoes, and \~{}0.4{\textendash}0.6{\%} of the mid-ocean ridge flux. The multiyear eruptive history of NW Rota-1 demonstrates that submarine volcanoes can be significant and sustained sources of CO2 to the shallow ocean.},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004211},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Baker, E T and Shaw, A M and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Haxel, J H and Matsumoto, H and Walker, S L}
}
@article {ISI:000311470800005,
	title = {{Geographic expansion of hermatypic and ahermatypic corals in the Gulf of Mexico, and implications for dispersal and recruitment}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY},
	volume = {436},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {36{\textendash}49},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The {\textgreater}3000 oil/gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) provide shallow hard-substratum in a soft-bottom dominated ecosystem. Excepting the Flower Garden Banks (FGB) and deeper mesophotic banks, no shallow hard substrate has been available offshore since the Holocene. Platforms have facilitated coral geographic expansion in this region. We determined the distribution, abundance, and species diversity patterns on 42 platforms in this region, at {\textless}= 37 m depth, along four cross-shelf transects: 1) S-SE from Corpus Christi, Texas; 2) S from Lake Sabine, Texas; 3) S from Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana; and 4) S-SW from Mobile, Alabama. Nine hermatypic, two ahermatypic, and one hydrozoan coral were found: hermatypes-Madracis decactis. Diploria strigosa, Montastraea cavernosa, Porites astreoides, Madracis formosa, Colpophyllia natans, Stephanocoenia intercepta, Stephanocoenia michelinii, and Millepora alcicornis (Hydrozoa); ahermatypes-Tubastraea cocci flea. Oculina diffusa, and Phyllangia americana. Pattern-seeking analyses identified four community types: one with no hermatypic corals (inner and mid-shelf); one high diversity set of platforms, dominated by abundant Madracis decactis, occurring with four other species per platform (outer shelf); and a third dominated by Madracis decactis, in low abundance, co-dominated by D. strigosa and Millepora alcicornis (outer shelf). Species diversity was highest around the Flower Garden Banks. Hermatypic density and D. strigosa (broadcaster) in particular, was maximum around the FGB, extending northwards. Madracis decactis (brooder) densities peaked at the shelf edge, off Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana. Montastraea cavernosa densities were bimodal, peaking near the FGB and east of the Mississippi River. The FGB appear to be the source of hermatypic corals for most platform populations. Differences between the distribution patterns of Madracis decactis and D. strigosa, Montastraea cavernosa, and O. diffusa suggest that the brooder effects longer recruitment distances by averaging larval dispersal over a broad range of hydrographic conditions throughout the year, while the broadcaster utilizes only one set of conditions over the same period. Averaging respective dispersal strategies over decades may have produced the observed disparate distribution patterns. Ahermatypic coral density exceeded hermatypic density by 10,000 fold, peaking south of Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana and Mobile, Alabama, due to T. coccinea. Ahermatypic diversity was highest off Matagorda Island, Texas, decreasing from west to east. Multi-variate pattern-seeking analysis (PATN) identified four ahermatypic community types: one dominated by O. diffusa and T. coccinea in low abundances (shelf-wide distribution); one characterized by the absence of ahermatypic corals (generally near-shore); one heavily dominated by T. coccinea, and also by O. diffusa in low abundances (mid-shelf to shelf edge); and one dominated by T. coccinea, co-dominated by both P. americana and O. diffusa in low abundances (shelf-edge). T. coccinea and P. americana appear to be derived from the southern GOM off Mexico or the Caribbean. Unlike shrinking coral populations in other parts of the world, corals have expanded their range substantially in the northern Gulf of Mexico, in areas previously devoid or near devoid of corals, facilitated by thousands of oil/gas platforms deployed for decades throughout the region. It is also possible that coral populations on these platforms may act as potential larval sources for the FGB in the event of a mass coral mortality there. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2012.08.009},
	author = {Sammarco, Paul W and Atchison, Amy D and Boland, Gregory S and Sinclair, James and Lirette, Angela}
}
@article {Baker2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal Discharge During Submarine Eruptions THE IMPORTANCE OF DETECTION, RESPONSE, AND NEW TECHNOLOGY}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {128{\textendash}141},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Submarine volcanic eruptions and intrusions construct new oceanic crust and build long chains of volcanic islands and vast submarine plateaus. Magmatic events are a primary agent for the transfer of heat, chemicals, and even microbes from the crust to the ocean, but the processes that control these transfers are poorly understood. The 1980s discovery that mid-ocean ridge eruptions are often associated with brief releases of immense volumes of hot fluids ("event plumes") spurred interest in methods for detecting the onset of eruptions or intrusions and for rapidly organizing seagoing response efforts. Since then, some 35 magmatic events have been recognized and responded to on mid-ocean ridges and at seamounts in both volcanic arc and intraplate settings. Field responses at mid-ocean ridges have found that event plumes occur over a wide range of eruption styles and sizes, and thus may be a common consequence of ridge eruptions. The source(s) of event plume fluids are still debated. Eruptions detected at ridges generally have high effusion rates and short durations (hours to days), whereas field responses at arc volcanic cones have found eruptions with very low effusion rates and durations on the scale of years. New approaches to the study of submarine magmatic events include the development of autonomous vehicles for detection and response, and the establishment of permanent seafloor observatories at likely future eruption sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.11},
	author = {Baker, E T and Chadwick, W W and Cowen, J P and Dziak, R P and Rubin, K H and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {White2012,
	title = {{Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {50},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {20303{\textendash}20308},
	abstract = {To assess the potential impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on offshore ecosystems, 11 sites hosting deep-water coral communities were examined 3 to 4 mo after the well was capped. Healthy coral communities were observed at all sites {\textgreater}20 km from the Macondo well, including seven sites previously visited in September 2009, where the corals and communities appeared unchanged. However, at one site 11 km southwest of the Macondo well, coral colonies presented widespread signs of stress, including varying degrees of tissue loss, sclerite enlargement, excess mucous production, bleached commensal ophiuroids, and covering by brown flocculent material (floc). On the basis of these criteria the level of impact to individual colonies was ranked from 0 (least impact) to 4 (greatest impact). Of the 43 corals imaged at that site, 46{\%} exhibited evidence of impact on more than half of the colony, whereas nearly a quarter of all of the corals showed impact to {\textgreater}90{\%} of the colony. Additionally, 53{\%} of these corals{\textquoteright} ophiuroid associates displayed abnormal color and/or attachment posture. Analysis of hopanoid petroleum biomarkers isolated from the floc provides strong evidence that this material contained oil from the Macondo well. The presence of recently damaged and deceased corals beneath the path of a previously documented plume emanating from the Macondo well provides compelling evidence that the oil impacted deep-water ecosystems. Our findings underscore the unprecedented nature of the spill in terms of its magnitude, release at depth, and impact to deep-water ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118029109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Tivey2012,
	title = {{Links from Mantle to Microbe at the Lau Integrated Study Site:Insights from a Back-Arc Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {62{\textendash}77},
	abstract = {The Lau Integrated Study Site (ISS) has provided unique opportunities for study of ridge processes because of its back-arc setting in the southwestern Pacific. Its location allows study of a biogeographical province distinct from those of eastern Pacific and mid-Atlantic ridges, and crustal compositions along the ridge lie outside the range of mid-ocean ridge crustal compositions. The Lau ISS is located above a subduction zone, at an oblique angle. The underlying mantle receives water and other elements derived from the downgoing lithospheric slab, with an increase in slab influence from north to south. Water lowers the mantle melting temperature and leads to greater melt production where the water flux is greater, and to distinctive regional-scale gradients along the ridge. There are deeper faulted axial valleys with basaltic volcanism in the north and inflated axial highs with andesites in the south. Differences in igneous rock composition and release of magmatic volatiles affect compositions of vent fluids and deposits. Differences in vent fluid compositions and small-scale diffuse-flow regimes correlate with regional-scale patterns in microbial and megafaunal distributions. The interdisciplinary research effort at the Lau ISS has successfully identified linkages between subsurface processes and deep-sea biological communities, from mantle to microbe to megafauna.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.04},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Becker, E and Beinart, R and Fisher, C R and Girguis, P R and Langmuir, C H and Michael, P J and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@article {ISI:000301095200020,
	title = {{Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Plumes in the Near-Bottom Boundary Layer at Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1, SI},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {192{\textendash}195},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Hautala, Susan and Johnson, H Paul and Pruis, Matthew and Garcia-Berdeal, Irene and Bjorklund, Tor}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600280,
	title = {{Microbial communities at the borehole observatory on the Costa Rica Rift flank (Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A)}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The microbiology of subsurface, hydrothermally influenced basaltic crust flanking midocean ridges has remained understudied, due to the difficulty in accessing the subsurface environment. The instrumented boreholes resulting from scientific ocean drilling offer access to samples of the formation fluids circulating through oceanic crust. We analyzed the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities of fluid and microbial mat samples collected in situ from the observatory at Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A, drilled into similar to 6.5 million-year-old basaltic crust on the flank of the Costa Rica Rift in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences recovered from borehole fluid and from a microbial mat coating the outer surface of the fluid port revealed both unique and shared phylotypes. The dominant bacterial clones from both samples were related to the autotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing genus Thiomicrospira. Both samples yielded diverse gamma- and alphaproteobacterial phylotypes, as well as members of the Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia. Analysis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) genes (cbbL and cbbM) from the sampling port mat and from the borehole fluid demonstrated autotrophic carbon assimilation potential for in situ microbial communities; most cbbL genes were related to those of the sulfur-oxidizing genera Thioalkalivibrio and Thiomicrospira, and cbbM genes were affiliated with uncultured phylotypes from hydrothermal vent plumes and marine sediments. Several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes from the 896A observatory grouped with phylotypes recovered from seawater-exposed basalts and sulfide deposits at inactive hydrothermal vents, but there is little overlap with hydrothermally influenced basaltic boreholes 1026B and U1301A on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank, suggesting that site-specific characteristics of Hole 896A (i.e., seawater mixing into borehole fluids) affect the microbial community composition.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00232},
	author = {Nigro, Lisa M and Harris, Kate and Orcutt, Beth N and Hyde, Andrew and Clayton-Luce, Samuel and Becker, Keir and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Lang2012,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of abiogenic carbon and hydrogen in a serpentinite-hosted system}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {82{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {Mantle rocks exposed on the seafloor constitute a highly reactive chemical and thermal system, in which interaction with seawater to produce serpentinite has major consequences for lithospheric cooling, global geochemical cycles, and microbial activity. Serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal activity is exemplified by the Lost City Hydrothermal Field (30{\textdegree}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) where fluid{\textendash}rock reactions in the underlying ultramafic rocks result in high concentrations of abiotic hydrogen, methane, C2+ alkanes, and formate. Such systems have been proposed as possible analogs to the Early Earth environments that gave rise to the first biochemical pathways. Thus, characterizing the local microbial communities and their potential link with abiogenic compounds is of particular significance. Here we demonstrate that in active carbonate chimneys where microbial sulfate reduction is important, up to 50{\%} of the microbial biomass is synthesized from mantle carbon. Conversely, mantle carbon contributes only \~{}10{\%} of the biomass in areas with minimal sulfate reduction. We attribute this difference to greater incorporation of formate or methane by the dominant microbial species, the Lost City Methanosarcinales, in locations where sulfate reducers are able to facilitate this assimilation. The ability of autotrophic communities at Lost City to capitalize on the steady stream of chemical products resulting from serpentinization reactions and to utilize abiogenic mantle carbon lend credence to the hypothesis that early biosynthetic pathways could have developed in similar environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Proskurowski, G and Mehay, S and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {White2012a,
	title = {{Reply to Boehm and Carragher: Multiple lines of evidence link deep-water coral damage to Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {40},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {E2648{\textendash}E2648},
	abstract = {Our original study (1) used visual inspection as well as biological and geochemical analyses of corals and the surrounding sediment to provide complementary and compelling evidence linking the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill to the presence of damaged deep-water corals and brittle stars 11 km from the site of the leaking oil.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1210413109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000299199000017,
	title = {{Response of hydrothermal vent vestimentiferan Riftia pachyptila to differences in habitat chemistry}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {159},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {435{\textendash}442},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Vestimentiferan tubeworms, which rely on intracellular sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria for organic carbon, flourish at deep-sea hydrothermal vents despite the erratic nature of their habitat. To assess the degree to which differences in habitat chemistry (sulfide, pH/CO(2)) might impact host and symbiont metabolic activity, Riftia pachyptila tubeworms were collected from habitats with low (H(2)S {\textless} 0.0001 mM) and high (up to 0.7 mM) sulfide concentrations. The elemental sulfur content of the symbiont-containing trophosome organ was lower in specimens collected from the low-sulfide site. Symbiont abundance, RubisCO activity, and trophosome carbon fixation rates were not significantly different for individuals collected from low- versus high-sulfide habitats. Carbonic anhydrase activities were higher in the anterior gas exchange organs of R. pachyptila from the low-sulfide habitat. Despite large differences in habitat chemistry, symbiont abundance and autotrophic potential were consistent, while the host appears to tailor carbonic anhydrase activity to environmental CO(2) availability.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-011-1821-5},
	author = {Scott, Kathleen M and Boller, Amanda J and Dobrinski, Kimberly P and Le Bris, Nadine}
}
@article {Voight2012,
	title = {{Scientific Gear as a Vector for Non-Native Species at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {938{\textendash}942},
	abstract = {The fauna of deep-sea hydrothermal vents are among the most isolated and inaccessible biological communities on Earth. Most vent sites can only be visited by subsea vehicles, which can and do move freely among these communities. Researchers assume individuals of the regionally homogeneous vent fauna are killed by the change in hydrostatic pressure the animals experience when the subsea vehicles, which collected them, rise to the surface. After an Alvin dive, we found 38 apparently healthy individuals of a vent limpet in a sample from a hydrothermally inactive area. Prompted by our identification of these specimens as Lepetodrilus gordensis, a species restricted to vents 635 km to the south of our dive site, we tested whether they were from a novel population or were contaminants from the dive made 36 h earlier. The 16S gene sequences, morphology, sex ratio, bacterial colonies, and stable isotopes uniformly indicated the specimens came from the previous dive. We cleaned the sampler, but assumed pressure changes would kill any organisms we did not remove and that the faunas of the 2 areas were nearly identical and disease-free. Our failure to completely clean the gear on the subsea vehicle meant we could have introduced the species and any diseases it carried to a novel location. Our findings suggest that the nearly inaccessible biological communities at deep-sea vents may be vulnerable to anthropogenic alteration, despite their extreme physical conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0888-8892},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01864.x},
	author = {Voight, J R and Lee, R W and Reft, A J and Bates, A E}
}
@article {Chadwick2012,
	title = {{Seafloor deformation and forecasts of the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {474{\textendash}477},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is an active submarine volcano located at the intersection between the Cobb hotspot and the Juan de Fuca spreading centre in the northeast Pacific Ocean1, 2. The volcano has been closely monitored since it erupted in 1998 (refs~3, 4). Since then, Axial Seamount seemed to exhibit a similar inflation{\textendash}deflation cycle to basaltic volcanoes on land and, on that basis, was expected to erupt again sometime before 2014 or 2020 (refs~5, 6). In April 2011 Axial Seamount erupted. Here we report continuous measurements of ocean bottom pressure that document the deflation{\textendash}inflation cycle of Axial Seamount between 1998 and 2011. We find that the volcano inflation rate, caused by the intrusion of magma, gradually increased in the months leading up to the 2011 eruption. Sudden uplift occurred 40{\textendash}55 min before the eruption onset, which we interpret as a precursor event. Based on our measurements of ground deformation through the entire eruption cycle at Axial Seamount, we suggest that another eruption could occur as early as 2018. We propose that the long-term eruptive cycle of Axial Seamount could be more predictable compared with its subaerial counterparts because the volcano receives a relatively steady supply of magma through the Cobb hotspot and because it is located on thin oceanic crust at a spreading plate boundary.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1464},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Butterfield, D A and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Dziak2012,
	title = {{Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {478{\textendash}482},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Volcanoes at spreading centres on land often exhibit seismicity and ground inflation months to years before an eruption, caused by a gradual influx of magma to the source reservoir1, 2, 3, 4. Deflation and seismicity can occur on time scales of hours to days, and result from the injection of magma into adjacent rift zones5, 6, 7, 8. Volcanoes at submarine rift zones, such as Axial Seamount in the northeast Pacific Ocean, have exhibited similar behaviour9, 10, 11, 12, but a direct link between seismicity, seafloor deformation and magma intrusion has never been demonstrated. Here we present recordings from ocean-bottom hydrophones and an established array of bottom-pressure recorders that reveal patterns of both microearthquakes and seafloor deformation at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, before it erupted in April 2011. Our observations show that the rate of seismicity increased steadily during a period of several years, leading up to an intrusion and eruption of magma that began on 6 April 2011. We also detected a sudden increase in seismo-acoustic energy about 2.6 h before the eruption began. Our data indicate that access to real-time seismic data, projected to be available in the near future, might facilitate short-term forecasting and provide sufficient lead-time to prepare in situ instrumentation before future intrusion and eruption events.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1490},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Fowler, M J and Matsumoto, H and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Schimak2012,
	title = {{Simultaneous 16S and 18S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on LR White sections demonstrated in Vestimentifera (Siboglinidae) tubeworms}},
	journal = {Acta Histochemica},
	volume = {114},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {122{\textendash}130},
	abstract = {Traditional morphological identification of invertebrate marine species is limited in early life history stages for many taxa. In this study, we demonstrate, by example of Vestimentiferan tubeworms (Siboglinidae, Polychaeta), that the simultaneous fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of both eukaryotic host and bacterial symbiont cells is possible on a single semi-thin (1~$μ$m) section. This allows the identification of host specimens to species level as well as offering visualization of bacteria distributed within the host tissue. Previously published 18S rRNA host-specific oligonucleotide probes for Riftia pachyptila, Tevnia jerichonana and a newly designed Oasisia alvinae probe, as well as a 16S rRNA probe targeting symbionts found in all host species, were applied. A number of standard fixation and hybridization parameters were tested and optimized for the best possible signal intensity and cellular resolution. Ethanol conserved samples embedded in LR White low viscosity resin yielded the best results with regard to both signal intensity and resolution. We show that extended storage times of specimens does not affect the quality of signals attained by FISH and use our protocol to identify morphologically unidentifiable tubeworm individuals from a small data set, conforming to previous findings in succession studies of the Siboglinidae family.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0065-1281},
	doi = {10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.008},
	author = {Schimak, M P and Toenshoff, E R and Bright, M}
}
@article {McKay2012,
	title = {{Spatial heterogeneity and underlying geochemistry of phylogenetically diverse orange and white Beggiatoa mats in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21{\textendash}31},
	abstract = {Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Beggiatoa are found in conspicuous, colorful mats on the seafloor above active hydrothermal seeps at Guaymas Basin. Guaymas Beggiatoa filaments fall into discrete size classes representing at least five separate 16S rRNA phylotypes, and appear either white, yellow, or orange. During two R/V Atlantis cruises to Guaymas Basin, 78 temperature profiles were taken near and within 15 different orange and white Beggiatoa mats by the Alvin submersible to investigate spatial relationships between mat color and hydrothermal fluid seeps, as indicated by elevated temperatures. The surface temperatures from 78 profiles are similar to each other (on average 8{\textendash}12~{\textdegree}C, warmer than bare sediments at 3{\textendash}4~{\textdegree}C), indicating that Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa spp., although relying on the hydrothermal system for energy and carbon sources, live within a relatively cool temperature range. Temperatures from 40~cm below orange Beggiatoa versus white Beggiatoa are the same, at 84~{\textdegree}C averaged across all mat systems. However, within a single mat system, temperatures are higher beneath the predominantly orange center of the mat than beneath the white mat periphery. Push core transects across the orange-to-white color change of three Beggiatoa mats showed stronger upward compression of isotherms and metabolic zones beneath the orange mat center than beneath white mat periphery. Hydrothermal temperature gradients push the microbial processes generating carbon and energy sources for Beggiatoa mats towards the sediment surface. The resulting steep gradients of hydrothermal electron donors and carbon sources to the sediment surface, rather than the in situ temperature by itself, control the relative positioning of orange and white filaments within a Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa mat. Given the wide spectrum of temperature and hydrothermal flux regimes between different mats, the orange/white pattern represents a relative preference or even a competitive balance among different Beggiatoa types that establishes itself within each hydrothermal hot spot.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	author = {McKay, L J and MacGregor, B J and Biddle, J F and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and Hoer, D R and Lipp, J S and Lloyd, K G and Teske, A P}
}
@article {ISI:000299990700001,
	title = {{Subseafloor nitrogen transformations in diffuse hydrothermal vent fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge evidenced by the isotopic composition of nitrate and ammonium}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) transformations in hydrothermal vent (HV) fluids. Here, we present the first isotopic measurements of nitrate (delta N-15 and delta O-18) and ammonium (delta N-15) from three HV fields on the Juan de Fuca ridge (NE-Pacific). The dominant process that drives DIN concentration variations in low-T diffuse fluids is water mass mixing below the seafloor, with no effect on the DIN isotope ratios. Strong inter-site variations in the concentration and delta N-15 of NH4+ in high-T fluids suggest different subsurface nitrogen (N) sources (deep-sea nitrate versus organic sediments) for hydrothermally discharged ammonium. Low NH4+ community N isotope effects ({\textless}3 parts per thousand) for net NH4+ consumption suggest an important contribution from gross ammonium regeneration in low-T fluids. Elevation of HV nitrate N-15/N-14 and O-18/O-16 over deep-sea mean isotope values at some sites, concomitant with decreased nitrate concentrations, indicate assimilatory or dissimilatory nitrate consumption by bacteria in the subsurface, with relatively low community N isotope effects ((15)epsilon(k) {\textless} 3 parts per thousand). The low N isotope effects suggest that nitrate assimilation or denitrification occur in bacterial mats, and/or in situ production of low delta N-15 nitrate. A significantly stronger relative increase for nitrate delta O-18 than for delta N-15 was observed at many sites, resulting in marked deviations from the 1:1 relationship for nitrate delta N-15 versus delta O-18 that is expected for nitrate reduction in marine settings. Simple box-model calculation show that the observed un-coupling of N and O nitrate isotope ratios is consistent with nitrate regeneration by either nitrite reoxidation and/or partial nitrification of hydrothermal ammonium (possibly originating from N-2 fixation). Our isotope data confirm the role of subsurface microbial communities in modulating hydrothermal fluxes to the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003863},
	author = {Bourbonnais, Annie and Lehmann, Moritz F and Butterfield, David A and Juniper, S Kim}
}
@article {Kellermann2012,
	title = {{Symbiont{\textendash}host relationships in chemosynthetic mussels: A comprehensive lipid biomarker study}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {112{\textendash}124},
	abstract = {Symbiosis with chemosynthetic microorganisms allows invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, such as mussels, snails and tubeworms, to gain nutrition independently of organic input from photosynthetic communities. Lipid biomarkers and their compound specific stable carbon isotopes ($δ$13C) have greatly aided the elucidation of chemosynthetic symbiosis. Due to recent methodological advances in liquid chromatography it is now possible to obtain a more holistic view of lipid biomarkers, including the analysis of intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs) and bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs). This study provides an extensive examination of polar and apolar lipids in combination with stable carbon isotope analysis of three Bathymodiolus mussels (Bathymodiolus childressi, Bathymodiolus cf. thermophilus, Bathymodiolus brooksi) hosting different types of bacterial symbiont (methane-oxidizing, sulfur-oxidizing and a dual symbiosis with methane- and sulfur-oxidizing symbionts, respectively). We propose that IPLs with C16:1 acyl side chains, and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) head groups, which were only detected in the gill tissue, can be used as symbiont-characteristic biomarkers. These putative symbiont-specific IPLs provide the opportunity to detect and quantify the methanotrophic and thiotrophic symbionts within the gill tissue. Additional characteristic markers for methanotrophic symbionts were found in B. childressi and B. brooksi, including the BHP derivatives aminotriol and aminotetrol, 4-methyl sterols and diagnostic fatty acids (FAs), such as C16:1${\o}mega$9, C16:1${\o}mega$8, and C18:1${\o}mega$8. In general, the $δ$13C values of FAs, alcohols and BHP-derived hopanols were in accordance with carbon assimilation pathways of the respective methanotrophic or thiotrophic symbionts in all three Bathymodiolus mussels. Differences in BHP distribution as well as $δ$13C values in the two mussels hosting a methanotrophic symbiont may indicate the presence of different methanotrophic symbionts and/or changes in the nutritional status. In all three mussel species the $δ$13C values of lipid biomarkers assigned to the symbionts were similar to those of the hosts, indicating the importance of the bacterial symbionts as the main carbon source for the mussel tissue.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	author = {Kellermann, M Y and Schubotz, F and Elvert, M and Lipp, J S and Birgel, D and Prieto-Mollar, X and Dubilier, N and Hinrichs, K -U}
}
@article {ISI:000312516200003,
	title = {{Thermosulfurimonas dismutans gen. nov., sp nov., an extremely thermophilic sulfur-disproportionating bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {11},
	year = {2012},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {2565{\textendash}2571},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium (strain S95(T)) was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney located on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Pacific Ocean, at a depth of 1910 m. Cells of strain S95(T) were oval to short Gram-negative rods, 0.5-0.6 mu m in diameter and 1.0-1.5 mu m in length, growing singly or in pairs. Cells were motile with a single polar flagellum. The temperature range for growth was 50-92 degrees C, with an optimum at 74 degrees C. The pH range for growth was 5.5-8.0, with an optimum at pH 7.0. Growth of strain S95(T) was observed at NaCl concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 3.50/o (w/v). Strain S95(T) grew anaerobically with elemental sulfur as an energy source and bicarbonate/CO2 as a carbon source. Elemental sulfur was disproportionated to sulfide and sulfate. Growth was enhanced in the presence of poorly crystalline iron(III) oxide (ferrihydrite) as a sulfide-scavenging agent. Strain S95(T) was also able to grow by disproportionation of thiosulfate and sulfite. Sulfate was not used as an electron acceptor. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the isolate belongs to the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria. On the basis of its physiological properties and results of phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that the isolate represents the sole species of a new genus, Thermosulfurimonas dismutans gen. nov., sp. nov.; S95(T) (=DSM 24515(T)=VKM B-2683(T)) is the type strain of the type species. This is the first description of a thermophilic microorganism that disproportionates elemental sulfur.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.034397-0},
	author = {Slobodkin, A I and Reysenbach, A -L. and Slobodkina, G B and Baslerov, R V and Kostrikina, N A and Wagner, I D and Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E A}
}
@article {ISI:000308207400009,
	title = {{The Transcriptome of Bathymodiolus azoricus Gill Reveals Expression of Genes from Endosymbionts and Free-Living Deep-Sea Bacteria}},
	journal = {MARINE DRUGS},
	volume = {10},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1765{\textendash}1783},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea environments are largely unexplored habitats where a surprising number of species may be found in large communities, thriving regardless of the darkness, extreme cold, and high pressure. Their unique geochemical features result in reducing environments rich in methane and sulfides, sustaining complex chemosynthetic ecosystems that represent one of the most surprising findings in oceans in the last 40 years. The deep-sea Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent field, located in the Mid Atlantic Ridge, is home to large vent mussel communities where Bathymodiolus azoricus represents the dominant faunal biomass, owing its survival to symbiotic associations with methylotrophic or methanotrophic and thiotrophic bacteria. The recent transcriptome sequencing and analysis of gill tissues from B. azoricus revealed a number of genes of bacterial origin, hereby analyzed to provide a functional insight into the gill microbial community. The transcripts supported a metabolically active microbiome and a variety of mechanisms and pathways, evidencing also the sulfur and methane metabolisms. Taxonomic affiliation of transcripts and 16S rRNA community profiling revealed a microbial community dominated by thiotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbionts of B. azoricus and the presence of a Sulfurovum-like epsilonbacterium.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1660-3397},
	doi = {10.3390/md10081765},
	author = {Egas, Conceicao and Pinheiro, Miguel and Gomes, Paula and Barroso, Cristina and Bettencourt, Raul}
}
@article {Rubin2012,
	title = {{Volcanic Eruptions in the Deep Sea}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {142{\textendash}157},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions are important events in Earth{\textquoteright}s cycle of magma generation and crustal construction. Over durations of hours to years, eruptions produce new deposits of lava and/or fragmentary ejecta, transfer heat and magmatic volatiles from Earth{\textquoteright}s interior to the overlying air or seawater, and significantly modify the landscape and perturb local ecosystems. Today and through most of geological history, the greatest number and volume of volcanic eruptions on Earth have occurred in the deep ocean along mid-ocean ridges, near subduction zones, on oceanic plateaus, and on thousands of mid-plate seamounts. However, deep-sea eruptions ({\textgreater} 500~m depth) are much more difficult to detect and observe than subaerial eruptions, so comparatively little is known about them. Great strides have been made in eruption detection, response speed, and observational detail since the first recognition of a deep submarine eruption at a mid-ocean ridge 25 years ago. Studies of ongoing or recent deep submarine eruptions reveal information about their sizes, durations, frequencies, styles, and environmental impacts. Ultimately, magma formation and accumulation in the upper mantle and crust, plus local tectonic stress fields, dictate when, where, and how often submarine eruptions occur, whereas eruption depth, magma composition, conditions of volatile segregation, and tectonic setting determine submarine eruption style.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.12},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Soule, S A and Chadwick, W W and Fornari, D J and Clague, D A and Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Perfit, M R and Caress, D W and Dziak, R P}
}
@article {Brandl2012,
	title = {{Volcanism on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise: Quantitative constraints on mantle heterogeneity and melting processes}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {298{\textendash}299},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {41{\textendash}56},
	abstract = {We present major and trace element and Sr, Nd and triple-spike Pb isotope data for 17 fresh volcanic glasses from Seamount 6, a 10-km diameter seamount located 140~km east of the East Pacific Rise at 12{\textdegree}45'N. Geological and geochronological evidence show that magma compositions evolved from tholeiitic basalts to alkalic basalts and basaltic trachyandesites during the 1{\textendash}2~Ma active lifetime of the seamount. Major and trace element compositions in Seamount 6 lavas vary systematically with isotope ratios; the youngest lavas with the highest incompatible trace element concentrations have the highest La/Yb, Nb/Zr, K2O/TiO2, 87Sr/86Sr, 206Pb/204Pb and the lowest 143Nd/144Nd, MgO and CaO. The range in element concentrations, incompatible element ratios, and isotope compositions in Seamount 6 lavas exceeds that observed in lavas erupted at the adjacent ridge axis, and is comparable to the range in lava compositions reported from all near-ridge seamounts studied to date. The observed range in lava compositions is consistent with mixing between enriched and depleted melts at shallow levels in the crust. The inferred difference in composition between these mixing endmembers cannot be explained by variable degrees of melting of a single source composition, and requires that the upper mantle is extremely heterogeneous on the scale of the melting region beneath a single seamount. We can show that the range in composition of EPR seamount lavas cannot be generated by melting of variably heterogeneous mantle in which enriched and depleted materials contribute equally to melting (source mixing). Instead, the trace element and isotope compositions of seamount lavas can be reproduced by melting models in which more enriched, fertile mantle lithologies are preferentially melted during mantle upwelling. At progressively lower degrees of melting, erupted lavas are thus more enriched in incompatible trace elements, have higher La/Yb, K/Ti, 87Sr/86Sr ratios and lower 143Nd/144Nd. If this is a common process, then mantle-derived magmas are unlikely to inherit the average incompatible trace element and isotope composition of their mantle source, which is likely to be significantly more depleted, nor will they display the full range of compositions present in the mantle melting region. These results have implications for the way in which oceanic basalts can be used to infer the composition of the upper mantle.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.015},
	author = {Brandl, P A and Beier, C and Regelous, M and Abouchami, W and Haase, K M and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Galer, S J G}
}
@article {Thiel2012,
	title = {{Widespread occurrence of two carbon fixation pathways in tubeworm endosymbionts: lessons from hydrothermal vent associated tubeworms from the Mediterranean Sea}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {423},
	abstract = {Vestimentiferan tubeworms (siboglinid polychetes) of the genus Lamellibrachia are common members of cold seep faunal communities and have also been found at sedimented hydrothermal vent sites in the Pacific. As they lack a digestive system, they are nourished by chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts growing in a specialized tissue called the trophosome. Here we present the results of investigations of tubeworms and endosymbionts from a shallow hydrothermal vent field in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The tubeworms, which are the first reported vent-associated tubeworms outside the Pacific, are identified as Lamellibrachia anaximandri using mitochondrial ribosomal and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences. They harbor a single gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont. Carbon isotopic data, as well as the analysis of genes involved in carbon and sulfur metabolism indicate a sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic endosymbiont. The detection of a hydrogenase gene fragment suggests the potential for hydrogen oxidation as alternative energy source. Surprisingly, the endosymbiont harbors genes for two different carbon fixation pathways, the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle as well as the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle, as has been reported for the endosymbiont of the vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. In addition to RubisCO genes we detected ATP citrate lyase (ACL {\textendash} the key enzyme of the rTCA cycle) type II gene sequences using newly designed primer sets. Comparative investigations with additional tubeworm species (Lamellibrachia luymesi, Lamellibrachia sp. 1, Lamellibrachia sp. 2, Escarpia laminata, Seepiophila jonesi) from multiple cold seep sites in the Gulf of Mexico revealed the presence of acl genes in these species as well. Thus, our study suggests that the presence of two different carbon fixation pathways, the CBB cycle and the rTCA cycle, is not restricted to the Riftia endosymbiont, but rather might be common in vestimentiferan tubeworm endosymbionts, regardless of the habitat.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00423},
	author = {Thiel, Vera and Hugler, M and Bl{\"u}mel, M and Baumann, H I and G{\"a}rtner, A and Schmaljohann, R and Strauss, H and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Petersen, S and Cowart, D A and Fisher, C R and Imhoff, J F}
}
@article {Birgel2011,
	title = {{Changing redox conditions at cold seeps as revealed by authigenic carbonates from Alaminos Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {285},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {82{\textendash}96},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane in anoxic sediments at cold seeps often leads to formation of authigenic carbonates close to the seafloor along continental margins. Recent work, however, indicated that the redox conditions in sediments may vary to some degree during seepage activity. In order to shed new light on the extent of this variability, authigenic carbonates from Alaminos Canyon lease block 645 of the northern Gulf of Mexico have been characterized by means of inorganic and organic geochemistry. The carbonates were collected from seep deposits representing various seafloor morphologies, including extensive pavements, mounds, fractured carbonate slabs surrounded by dense bivalve shells, and vestimentiferan tubeworm colonies. The deposits almost entirely consist of aragonite. The $δ$18O values of aragonite vary from +~2.6 to +~5.8{\textperthousand} V-PDB, suggesting precipitation in slight disequilibrium with the surrounding pore fluids. The $δ$13C values of aragonite between -~33.9 and -~20.4{\textperthousand} V-PDB agree with variable amounts of carbonate derived from oxidation of thermogenic methane and crude oil. Methane was primarily oxidized in an anaerobic process as revealed by the presence of 13C-depleted molecular fossils of methane-oxidizing archaea ($δ$13C values as negative as -~118{\textperthousand}) and sulfate-reducing bacteria ($δ$13C values as negative as -~97{\textperthousand}), the syntrophic partners in the anaerobic oxidation of methane. The observed inventories of molecular fossils in the authigenic carbonates mirror those of known consortia of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria, namely the ANME-2/Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus (DSS) and ANME-3/Desulfobulbus (DBB) consortia. In contrast, the same carbonates exhibit shale-normalized rare earth elements patterns that all display real negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*~ In contrast, the same carbonates exhibit shale-normalized rare earth elements patterns that all display real negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*~13C values of the biomarkers of aerobic methanotrophs are as negative as -~58{\textperthousand} and are consequently less 13C-depleted than the molecular fossils of the prokaryotes performing anaerobic oxidation of methane, a pattern in accord with culture experiments. Overall, our results suggest that redox conditions at cold seeps are variable. This variability probably reflects changes in seepage flux. The combination of an inorganic and an organic geochemical approach used here is promising to better assess the variability and diversity of past fluid and gas expulsion at seeps.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.03.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.03.004},
	author = {Birgel, D and Feng, D and Roberts, H H and Peckmann, J}
}
@article {Gieskes2011,
	title = {{Cold seeps in Monterey Bay, California: Geochemistry of pore waters and relationship to benthic foraminiferal calcite}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {738{\textendash}746},
	abstract = {An extensive geochemical and biogeochemical examination of CH4 seeps in the Clam Flats area of Monterey Bay provides insight into the character of relationships between seep geochemistry and benthic foraminiferal geochemistry. The area is characterized by sulfide-rich fluids. Sulfide increases are associated with large increases in alkalinity, as well as small decreases in dissolved Ca and Mg. In addition, only small increases in NH4 are observed, but values of $δ$13C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (4, which is transported upward by slow seepage of pore fluids. The geochemistry of the pore fluids should be relevant to the geochemistry of the carbonate tests of living and dead foraminifera. However, a profound disequilibrium of approximately an order of magnitude occurs between the $δ$13C values of stained (cytoplasm-containing) foraminiferal carbonate and the C isotope values of ambient pore water dissolved inorganic C. Reasons are unclear for this isotopic disequilibrium, but have important implications for interpretations of foraminiferal carbonate as a paleoenvironmental proxy. Much fine scale work is needed to fully understand the relationships between the biogeochemistry of benthic foraminifera and the geochemistry of the pore waters where they live.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	author = {Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Mahn, C and Bernhard, J M and Day, S}
}
@article {Bailey2011,
	title = {{Dimorphism in methane seep-dwelling ecotypes of the largest known bacteria}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {5},
	number = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1926{\textendash}1935},
	publisher = {International Society for Microbial Ecology},
	abstract = {We present evidence for a dimorphic life cycle in the vacuolate sulfide-oxidizing bacteria that appears to involve the attachment of a spherical Thiomargarita-like cell to the exteriors of invertebrate integuments and other benthic substrates at methane seeps. The attached cell elongates to produce a stalk-like form before budding off spherical daughter cells resembling free-living Thiomargarita that are abundant in surrounding sulfidic seep sediments. The relationship between the attached parent cell and free-living daughter cell is reminiscent of the dimorphic life modes of the prosthecate Alphaproteobacteria, but on a grand scale, with individual elongate cells reaching nearly a millimeter in length. Abundant growth of attached Thiomargarita-like bacteria on the integuments of gastropods and other seep fauna provides not only a novel ecological niche for these giant bacteria, but also for animals that may benefit from epibiont colonization.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.66},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v5/n12/suppinfo/ismej201166s1.html 10.1038/ismej.2011.66},
	author = {Bailey, J V and Salman, V and Rouse, G W and Schulz-Vogt, H and Levin, L A and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Bennett2011,
	title = {{Dissolved and particulate organic carbon in hydrothermal plumes from the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50'N}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {58},
	number = {9},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {922{\textendash}931},
	abstract = {Chemoautotrophic production in seafloor hydrothermal systems has the potential to provide an important source of organic carbon that is exported to the surrounding deep-ocean. While hydrothermal plumes may export carbon, entrained from chimney walls and biologically rich diffuse flow areas, away from sites of venting they also have the potential to provide an environment for in-situ carbon fixation. In this study, we have followed the fate of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) as it is dispersed through and settles beneath a hydrothermal plume system at 9{\textdegree}50'N on the East Pacific Rise. Concentrations of both DOC and POC are elevated in buoyant plume samples that were collected directly above sites of active venting using both DSV Alvin and a CTD-rosette. Similar levels of POC enrichment are also observed in the dispersing non-buoyant plume, \~{}500~m downstream from the vent-site. Further, sediment-trap samples collected beneath the same dispersing plume system, show evidence for a close coupling between organic carbon and Fe oxyhydroxide fluxes. We propose, therefore, a process that concentrates POC into hydrothermal plumes as they disperse through the deep-ocean. This is most probably the result of some combination of preferential adsorption of organic carbon onto Fe-oxyhydroxides and/or microbial activity that preferentially concentrates organic carbon in association with Fe-oxyhydroxides (e.g. through the microbial oxidation of Fe(II) and Fe sulfides). This potential for biological production and consumption within hydrothermal plumes highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the role of the carbon cycle in deep-sea hydrothermal systems as well as the role that hydrothermal systems may play in regulating global deep-ocean carbon budgets.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Statham, P J and Green, D R H and Le Bris, N and McDermott, J M and Prado, F and Rouxel, O J and Von Damm, K L and German, C R}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {Barr2011,
	title = {{Early to Middle Devonian granitic and volcanic rocks from the central Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {126},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {455{\textendash}465},
	abstract = {Cashes Ledge igneous suite in the central Gulf of Maine is represented by 10 granitic and two felsic tuff samples collected from bedrock outcrops using the submersible Alvin in 1971{\textendash}1972 and archived at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of zircon grains yielded crystallization ages of 414.9~{\textpm}~1.1~Ma and 399.7~{\textpm}~1.5~Ma for two alkali feldspar granite samples, 407.0~{\textpm}~1.9~Ma for a syenogranite sample, and 384.4~{\textpm}~2.3~Ma and 383.9~{\textpm}~1.6~Ma for two felsic tuff samples. The samples contain iron-rich mafic minerals, including aegirine-augite, grunerite/ferroedenite, and annite. Most of the samples are alkaline to slightly peralkaline, with high concentrations of SiO2, Y, Zr, Nb, and REE, strong negative Eu anomalies, and positive epsilon Nd values (1.8 to 3.7). The suite resembles part of a belt of similar Silurian{\textendash}Devonian rocks with ages between 426 and 370~Ma now recognized in the central part of Avalonia in southeastern New England. They formed in a long-lived, likely extensional regime linked to subduction and subsequent complex transcurrent motions among Ganderia, Avalonia, and Meguma, culminating in the closure of the Rheic Ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	author = {Barr, S M and Mortensen, J K and Thompson, M D and Hermes, O D and White, C E}
}
@article {Reeves2011,
	title = {{Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the PACMANUS, Northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1088{\textendash}1123},
	abstract = {Processes controlling the composition of seafloor hydrothermal fluids in silicic back-arc or near-arc crustal settings remain poorly constrained despite growing evidence for extensive magmatic{\textendash}hydrothermal activity in such environments. We conducted a survey of vent fluid compositions from two contrasting sites in the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea, to examine the influence of variations in host rock composition and magmatic inputs (both a function of arc proximity) on hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Fluid samples were collected from felsic-hosted hydrothermal vent fields located on Pual Ridge (PACMANUS and Northeast (NE) Pual) near the active New Britain Arc and a basalt-hosted vent field (Vienna Woods) located farther from the arc on the Manus Spreading Center. Vienna Woods fluids were characterized by relatively uniform endmember temperatures (273{\textendash}285~{\textdegree}C) and major element compositions, low dissolved CO2 concentrations (4.4~mmol/kg) and high measured pH (4.2{\textendash}4.9 at 25~{\textdegree}C). Temperatures and compositions were highly variable at PACMANUS/NE Pual and a large, newly discovered vent area (Fenway) was observed to be vigorously venting boiling (358~{\textdegree}C) fluid. All PACMANUS fluids are characterized by negative $δ$DH2O$δ$DH2O values, in contrast to positive values at Vienna Woods, suggesting substantial magmatic water input to circulating fluids at Pual Ridge. Low measured pH (25~{\textdegree}C) values (\~{}2.6{\textendash}2.7), high endmember CO2 (up to 274~mmol/kg) and negative $δ$34SH2S$δ$34SH2S values (down to -2.7{\textperthousand}) in some vent fluids are also consistent with degassing of acid-volatile species from evolved magma. Dissolved CO2 at PACMANUS is more enriched in 13C (-4.1{\textperthousand} to -2.3{\textperthousand}) than Vienna Woods (-5.2{\textperthousand} to -5.7{\textperthousand}), suggesting a contribution of slab-derived carbon. The mobile elements (e.g. Li, K, Rb, Cs and B) are also greatly enriched in PACMANUS fluids reflecting increased abundances in the crust there relative to the Manus Spreading Center. Variations in alkali and dissolved gas abundances with Cl at PACMANUS and NE Pual suggest that phase separation has affected fluid chemistry despite the low temperatures of many vents. In further contrast to Vienna Woods, substantial modification of PACMANUS/NE Pual fluids has taken place as a result of seawater ingress into the upflow zone. Consistently high measured Mg concentrations as well as trends of increasingly non-conservative SO4 behavior, decreasing endmember Ca/Cl and Sr/Cl ratios with increased Mg indicate extensive subsurface anhydrite deposition is occurring as a result of subsurface seawater entrainment. Decreased pH and endmember Fe/Mn ratios in higher Mg fluids indicate that the associated mixing/cooling gives rise to sulfide deposition and secondary acidity production. Several low temperature (⩽80~{\textdegree}C) fluids at PACMANUS/NE Pual also show evidence for anhydrite dissolution and water{\textendash}rock interaction (fixation of B) subsequent to seawater entrainment. Hence, the evolution of fluid compositions at Pual Ridge reflects the cumulative effects of water/rock interaction, admixing and reaction of fluids exsolved from silicic magma, phase separation/segregation and seawater ingress into upflow zones.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.008},
	author = {Reeves, E and Seewald, J S and Saccocia, P J and Walsh, E and Bach, W and Craddock, P R and Shanks, W C and Sylva, S P and Pichler, T and Rosner, M}
}
@article {Smith2011,
	title = {{In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {Q06007},
	abstract = {The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge was used in the first long-term deployment of microbial enrichment flow cells using osmotically driven pumps in a subseafloor borehole. Three novel osmotically driven colonization systems with unidirectional flow were deployed in the borehole and incubated for 4 years to determine the microbial colonization preferences for 12 minerals and glasses present in igneous rocks. Following recovery of the colonization systems, we measured cell density on the minerals and glasses by fluorescent staining and direct counting and found some significant differences between mineral samples. We also determined the abundance of mesophilic and thermophilic culturable organotrophs grown on marine R2A medium and identified isolates by partial 16S or 18S rDNA sequencing. We found that nine distinct phylotypes of culturable mesophilic oligotrophs were present on the minerals and glasses and that eight of the nine can reduce nitrate and oxidize iron. Fe(II)-rich olivine minerals had the highest density of total countable cells and culturable organotrophic mesophiles, as well as the only culturable organotrophic thermophiles. These results suggest that olivine (a common igneous mineral) in seawater-recharged ocean crust is capable of supporting microbial communities, that iron oxidation and nitrate reduction may be important physiological characteristics of ocean crust microbes, and that heterogeneously distributed minerals in marine igneous rocks likely influence the distribution of microbial communities in the ocean crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003424},
	author = {Smith, A and Popa, R and Fisk, M and Nielsen, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Fisher, A T and Becker, K and Sievert, S M and Flores, G}
}
@article {ISI:000295134600001,
	title = {{In situ measurements of hydrogen sulfide, oxygen, and temperature in diffuse fluids of an ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vent field (Logatchev, 14 degrees 45 {\textquoteleft} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Implications for chemosymbiotic bathymodiolin mussels}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Logatchev hydrothermal vent field (14 degrees 45{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) is located in a ridge segment characterized by mantle-derived ultramafic outcrops. Compared to basalt-hosted vents, Logatchev high-temperature fluids are relatively low in sulfide indicating that the diffuse, low-temperature fluids of this vent field may not contain sufficient sulfide concentrations to support a chemosymbiotic invertebrate community. However, the high abundances of bathymodiolin mussels with bacterial symbionts related to free-living sulfur-oxidizing bacteria suggested that bioavailable sulfide is present at Logatchev. To clarify, if diffuse fluids above mussel beds of Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis provide the reductants and oxidants needed by their symbionts for aerobic sulfide oxidation, in situ microsensor measurements of dissolved hydrogen sulfide and oxygen were combined with simultaneous temperature measurements. High temporal fluctuations of all three parameters were measured above the mussel beds. H2S and O-2 coexisted with mean concentrations between 9 and 31 mu M (H2S) and 216 and 228 mu M (O-2). Temperature maxima ({\textless}= 7.4 degrees C) were generally concurrent with H2S maxima ({\textless}= 156 mu M) and O-2 minima ({\textgreater}= 142 mu M). Long-term measurements for 250 days using temperature as a proxy for oxygen and sulfide concentrations indicated that the mussels were neither oxygen limited nor sulfide limited. Our in situ measurements at Logatchev indicate that sulfide may also be bioavailable in diffuse fluids from other ultramafic-hosted vents along slow and ultraslow spreading ridges. Components: 12,100 words, 9 figures, 4 tables.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003632},
	author = {Zielinski, Frank U and Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Borowski, Christian and Wenzhoefer, Frank and Dubilier, Nicole}
}
@article {ISI:000290596200008,
	title = {{Organization and Microanatomy of the Sclerolinum contortum Trophosome (Polychaeta, Siboglinidae)}},
	journal = {BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN},
	volume = {220},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {140{\textendash}153},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The trophosome-an organ especially evolved to accommodate symbiotic bacteria-is a key character of the polychaete family Siboglinidae. Astonishingly, the trophosomes vary in organization and origin between the different siboglinid taxa. The trophosome of the small genus Sclerolinum was nearly unknown until now. Here we investigated the trophosome of S. contortum from the Gulf of Mexico, using light and electron microscopy. We show that this organ derives from the visceral mesoderm and propose that the trophosome of the sister clade Vestimentifera and Sclerolinum is a homologous character. Like that of juvenile vestimentiferans, the trophosome of Sclerolinum trophosome is simply organized. This study reveals that the Sclerolinum trophosome exhibits two regions that differ in the organization of host tissue and the size and shape of the symbionts. We suggest that a specific cell cycle within the symbiont-housing organ is directed along the longitudinal body axis, with a region of proliferation anteriorly and a region of degradation posteriorly. Using Raman microspectroscopy we demonstrate that the endosymbionts of S. contortum from the Gulf of Mexico contain sulfur vesicles, and we argue for a chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing metabolism.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	author = {Eichinger, Irmgard and Klepal, Waltraud and Schmid, Markus and Bright, Monika}
}
@mastersthesis {Bayer2011,
	title = {{Reproductive traits of pioneer gastropod species colonizing deepsea hydrothermal vents after an eruption}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {49},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {The colonization dynamics and life histories of pioneer species are vital components in understanding the early succession of nascent hydrothermal vents. The reproductive ecology of pioneer species at deep-sea hydrothermal vents may provide insight into their dispersal, population connectivity, and ability to colonize after disturbance. An opportunity to study the reproductive traits of two pioneer gastropod species, Ctenopelta porifera and Lepetodrilus tevnianus, presented itself in 2006 after an eruption on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) eliminated vent communities near 9{\textdegree}50''N. Standard histological techniques were used to determine whether reproductive characteristics, such as timing of gamete release, fecundity, or time to maturation, differed from other vent gastropods in ways that might explain arrival of these two species as early colonizers. Both species exhibited two-component oocyte size frequency distributions that indicated they were quasi-continuous reproducers with high fecundity. In C. porifera, the oocyte size distributions differed slightly between two collection dates, suggesting that environmental cues may introduce some variability in gamete release. In samples collected within one year of the estimated eruption date, individuals in populations of both C. porifera and L. tevnianus were reproductively mature. The smallest reproducing C. porifera were 4.2 mm (males) and 5.4 mm (females) in shell length, whereas reproductive L. tevnianus were smaller (2.3 and 2.4 mm in males and females respectively). Most C porifera in the population were large ({\textgreater} 6.0 mm) compared to their settlement size and reproductively mature. In contrast, most L tevnianus were small (},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/4733},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/4733},
	author = {Bayer, S}
}
@article {Becker2011,
	title = {{Stable isotopes provide new insights into vestimentiferan physiological ecology at Gulf of Mexico cold seeps}},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {98},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {169{\textendash}174},
	abstract = {On the otherwise low-biomass seafloor of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) continental slope, natural oil and gas seeps are oases of local primary production that support lush animal communities. Hundreds of seep communities have been documented on the continental slope, and nutrition derived from seeps could be an important link in the overall GoM food web. Here, we present a uniquely large and cohesive data set of $δ$13C, $δ$15N, and $δ$34S compositions of the vestimentiferan tubeworms Escarpia laminata and Lamellibrachia sp. 1, which dominate biomass at GoM seeps and provide habitat for hundreds of other species. Our sampling design encompassed an entire region of the GoM lower slope, allowing us for the first time to assess spatial variability in isotope compositions and to robustly address long-standing hypotheses about how vestimentiferans acquire and cycle nutrients over their long lifespan (200+~years). Tissue $δ$13C values provided strong evidence that larger adult vestimentiferans use their buried roots to take up dissolved inorganic carbon from sediment pore water, while very small individuals use their plume to take up carbon dioxide from the seawater. $δ$34S values were extremely variable among individuals of the same species within one location (S values were extremely variable among individuals of the same species within one location (2 area), indicating high variability in the inorganic sulfur pools on a very small spatial scale. This finding supports the hypothesis that vestimentiferans use their roots to cycle sulfate and sulfide between their symbionts and free-living consortia of sulfate-reducing archaea in the sediment. Finally, consistent differences in $δ$15N between two cooccurring vestimentiferan species provided the first strong evidence for partitioning of inorganic resources, which has significant implications for the ecology and evolution of this taxonomic group.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1042},
	doi = {10.1007/s00114-010-0754-z},
	author = {Becker, E L and Macko, S A and Lee, R W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Gartman2011,
	title = {{Sulfide Oxidation across Diffuse Flow Zones of Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Aquatic Geochemistry},
	volume = {17},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {2011},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {583{\textendash}601},
	publisher = {SPRINGER},
	address = {NEW YORK; 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA},
	abstract = {The sulfide (H(2)S/HS(-)) that is emitted from hydrothermal vents begins to oxidize abiotically with oxygen upon contact with ambient bottom water, but the reaction kinetics are slow. Here, using in situ voltammetry, we report detection of the intermediate sulfur oxidation products polysulfides [S(x)(2-)] and thiosulfate [S(2)O(3)(2-)], along with contextual data on sulfide, oxygen, and temperature. At Lau Basin in 2006, thiosulfate was identified in less than one percent of approximately 10,500 scans and no polysulfides were detected. Only five percent of 11,000 voltammetric scans taken at four vent sites at Lau Basin in May 2009 show either thiosulfate or polysulfides. These in situ data indicate that abiotic sulfide oxidation does not readily occur as H(2)S contacts oxic bottom waters. Calculated abiotic potential sulfide oxidation rates are},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1380-6165},
	doi = {10.1007/s10498-011-9136-1},
	author = {Gartman, A and Yucel, M and Madison, A S and Chu, D W and Ma, S and Janzen, C P and Becker, E L and Beinart, R A and Girguis, P R and Luther, G W}
}
@article {ISI:000208863500072,
	title = {{Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: a look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen indicates that the reaction is unfavorable as unstable superoxide and bisulfide radical ions would need to be produced. However, a two-electron transfer is favorable as stable S(0) and peroxide would be formed, but the partially filled orbitals in oxygen that accept electrons prevent rapid kinetics. Abiotic sulfide oxidation kinetics improve when reduced iron and/or manganese are oxidized by oxygen to form oxidized metals which in turn oxidize sulfide. Biological sulfur oxidation relies on enzymes that have evolved to overcome these kinetic constraints to affect rapid sulfide oxidation. Here we review the available thermodynamic and kinetic data for H2S and HS center dot as well as O-2, reactive oxygen species, nitrate, nitrite, and NOx species. We also present new kinetic data for abiotic sulfide oxidation with oxygen in trace metal clean solutions that constrain abiotic rates of sulfide oxidation in metal free solution and agree with the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, we present experimental data that give insight on rates of chemolithotrophic and photolithotrophic sulfide oxidation in the environment. We demonstrate that both anaerobic photolithotrophic and aerobic chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation rates are three or more orders of magnitude higher than abiotic rates suggesting that in most environments biotic sulfide oxidation rates will far exceed abiotic rates due to the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints discussed in the first section of the paper. Such data reshape our thinking about the biotic and abiotic contributions to sulfide oxidation in the environment.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00062},
	author = {Luther III, George W and Findlay, Alyssa J and MacDonald, Daniel J and Owings, Shannon M and Hanson, Thomas E and Beinart, Roxanne A and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Luther2011,
	title = {{Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: a look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {62},
	publisher = {FRONTIERS RESEARCH FOUNDATION},
	address = {LAUSANNE; PO BOX 110, LAUSANNE, 1015, SWITZERLAND},
	abstract = {The thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen indicates that the reaction is unfavorable as unstable superoxide and bisulfide radical ions would need to be produced. However, a two-electron transfer is favorable as stable S(0) and peroxide would be formed, but the partially filled orbitals in oxygen that accept electrons prevent rapid kinetics. Abiotic sulfide oxidation kinetics improve when reduced iron and/or manganese are oxidized by oxygen to form oxidized metals which in turn oxidize sulfide. Biological sulfur oxidation relies on enzymes that have evolved to overcome these kinetic constraints to affect rapid sulfide oxidation. Here we review the available thermodynamic and kinetic data for H2S and HS center dot as well as O-2, reactive oxygen species, nitrate, nitrite, and NOx species. We also present new kinetic data for abiotic sulfide oxidation with oxygen in trace metal clean solutions that constrain abiotic rates of sulfide oxidation in metal free solution and agree with the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, we present experimental data that give insight on rates of chemolithotrophic and photolithotrophic sulfide oxidation in the environment. We demonstrate that both anaerobic photolithotrophic and aerobic chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation rates are three or more orders of magnitude higher than abiotic rates suggesting that in most environments biotic sulfide oxidation rates will far exceed abiotic rates due to the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints discussed in the first section of the paper. Such data reshape our thinking about the biotic and abiotic contributions to sulfide oxidation in the environment.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00062},
	author = {Luther, G W and Findlay, A J and MacDonald, D J and Owings, S M and Hanson, T E and Beinart, R A and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {ISI:000299052400011,
	title = {{Thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane by marine microbial consortia}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {5},
	number = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1946{\textendash}1956},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate controls the emission of the greenhouse gas methane from the ocean floor. AOM is performed by microbial consortia of archaea (ANME) associated with partners related to sulfate-reducing bacteria. In vitro enrichments of AOM were so far only successful at temperatures {\textless}= 25 degrees C; however, energy gain for growth by AOM with sulfate is in principle also possible at higher temperatures. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes and core lipids characteristic for ANME as well as hints of in situ AOM activity were indeed reported for geothermally heated marine environments, yet no direct evidence for thermophilic growth of marine ANME consortia was obtained to date. To study possible thermophilic AOM, we investigated hydrothermally influenced sediment from the Guaymas Basin. In vitro incubations showed activity of sulfate-dependent methane oxidation between 5 and 70 degrees C with an apparent optimum between 45 and 60 degrees C. AOM was absent at temperatures {\textgreater}= 75 degrees C. Long-term enrichment of AOM was fastest at 50 degrees C, yielding a 13-fold increase of methane-dependent sulfate reduction within 250 days, equivalent to an apparent doubling time of 68 days. The enrichments were dominated by novel ANME-1 consortia, mostly associated with bacterial partners of the deltaproteobacterial HotSeep-1 cluster, a deeply branching phylogenetic group previously found in a butane-amended 60 degrees C-enrichment culture of Guaymas sediments. The closest relatives (Desulfurella spp.; Hippea maritima) are moderately thermophilic sulfur reducers. Results indicate that AOM and ANME archaea could be of biogeochemical relevance not only in cold to moderate but also in hot marine habitats. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 1946-1956; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.77; published online 23 June 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.77},
	author = {Holler, Thomas and Widdel, Friedrich and Knittel, Katrin and Amann, Rudolf and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Wegener, Gunter}
}
@article {Bennett2011a,
	title = {{Tracing iron-fueled microbial carbon production within the hydrothermal plume at the Loihi Seamount}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {19},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {5526{\textendash}5539},
	abstract = {The Loihi hydrothermal plume provides an opportunity to investigate iron (Fe) oxidation and microbial processes in a system that is truly Fe dominated and distinct from mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. The lack of hydrogen sulfide within the Loihi hydrothermal fluids and the presence of an oxygen minimum zone at this submarine volcano{\textquoteright}s summit, results in a prolonged presence of reduced Fe within the dispersing non-buoyant plume. In this study, we have investigated the potential for microbial carbon fixation within the Loihi plume. We sampled for both particulate and dissolved organic carbon in hydrothermal fluids, microbial mats growing around vents, and the dispersing plume, and carried out stable carbon isotope analysis on the particulate fraction. The $δ$13C values of the microbial mats ranged from -23{\textperthousand} to -28{\textperthousand}, and are distinct from those of deep-ocean particulate organic carbon (POC). The mats and hydrothermal fluids were also elevated in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compared to background seawater. Within the hydrothermal plume, DOC and POC concentrations were elevated and the isotopic composition of POC within the plume suggests mixing between background seawater POC and a 13C-depleted hydrothermal component. The combination of both DOC and POC increasing in the dispersing plume that cannot solely be the result of entrainment and DOC adsorption, provides strong evidence for in-situ microbial productivity by chemolithoautotrophs, including a likelihood for iron-oxidizing microorganisms.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2011.06.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.06.039},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Hansman, R L and Sessions, A L and Nakamura, K and Edwards, K J}
}
@article {ISI:000291312500011,
	title = {{Using CRISPRs as a metagenomic tool to identify microbial hosts of a diffuse flow hydrothermal vent viral assemblage}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {77},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {120{\textendash}133},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Metagenomic analyses of viruses have revealed widespread diversity in the viriosphere, but it remains a challenge to identify specific hosts for a viral assemblage. To address this problem, we analyze the viral metagenome of a northeast Pacific hydrothermal vent with a comprehensive database of spacers derived from the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) putative immune system. CRISPR spacer matches to the marine vent virome suggest that viruses infecting hosts from diverse taxonomic groups are present in this vent environment. Comparative virome analyses show that CRISPR spacers from vent isolates and from thermophiles in general have a higher percentage of matches to the vent virome than to other marine or terrestrial hot spring viromes. However, a high percentage of hits to spacers from mesophilic hosts, combined with a moderately high modeled alpha diversity, suggest that the marine vent virome is comprised of viruses that have the potential to infect diverse taxonomic groups of multiple thermal regimes in both the bacterial and the archaeal domains.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01090.x},
	author = {Anderson, Rika E and Brazelton, William J and Baross, John A}
}
@article {Brazelton2010,
	title = {{Archaea and bacteria with surprising microdiversity show shifts in dominance over 1,000-year time scales in hydrothermal chimneys}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1612{\textendash}1617},
	abstract = {The Lost City Hydrothermal Field, an ultramafic-hosted system located 15 km west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has experienced at least 30,000 years of hydrothermal activity. Previous studies have shown that its carbonate chimneys form by mixing of \~{}90 {\textdegree}C, pH 9{\textendash}11 hydrothermal fluids and cold seawater. Flow of methane and hydrogen-rich hydrothermal fluids in the porous interior chimney walls supports archaeal biofilm communities dominated by a single phylotype of Methanosarcinales. In this study, we have extensively sampled the carbonate-hosted archaeal and bacterial communities by obtaining sequences of {\textgreater}200,000 amplicons of the 16S rRNA V6 region and correlated the results with isotopic (230Th) ages of the chimneys over a 1,200-year period. Rare sequences in young chimneys were commonly more abundant in older chimneys, indicating that members of the rare biosphere can become dominant members of the ecosystem when environmental conditions change. These results suggest that a long history of selection over many cycles of chimney growth has resulted in numerous closely related species at Lost City, each of which is preadapted to a particular set of reoccurring environmental conditions. Because of the unique characteristics of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, these data offer an unprecedented opportunity to study the dynamics of a microbial ecosystem{\textquoteright}s rare biosphere over a thousand-year time scale.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0905369107},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905369107},
	author = {Brazelton, W J and Ludwig, K A and Sogin, M L and Andreishcheva, E N and Kelley, D S and Shen, C C and Edwards, R L and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Valentine2010,
	title = {{Asphalt volcanoes as a potential source of methane to late Pleistocene coastal waters}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {3},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {345{\textendash}348},
	abstract = {Every year, natural petroleum seepage emits 0.2{\textendash}2 Tg of oil to the ocean1. Significant oil seepage can build large underwater mounds, consisting of tar deposits with morphologies similar to volcanic lava flows, known as asphalt volcanoes2, 3. Such events are typically accompanied by large fluxes of the greenhouse gas methane4, 5. Marine sediments from the Santa Barbara basin, California, contain a record of elevated methane concentrations6, anoxia and tar deposition7 during the Pleistocene epoch that had been attributed to dissolution of methane hydrates. However, the region is known to have exhibited oil seepage in the past7. Here, we document the discovery of seven extinct asphalt volcanoes off the coast of southern California. The morphology of the deposits and geochemistry of samples taken from the two largest structures supports their classification as asphalt volcanoes, derived from a common source. We estimate that the two structures resulted from seepage of 0.07{\textendash}0.4 Tg of oil, accompanied by the emission of 0.35{\textendash}1.8 Tg of methane. Radiocarbon dating of carbonate deposits entrained with the asphalt indicates formation of the volcanoes between 44 and 31 kyr ago. The timing and volume of erupted hydrocarbons from the asphalt structures can explain some or all of the documented methane release and tar accumulation in the Santa Barbara basin during the Pleistocene.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo848},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo848},
	author = {Valentine, D L and Reddy, C M and Farwell, C and Hill, T M and Pizarro, O and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and Nelson, R K and Peacock, E E and Bagby, S C and Clarke, B A and Roman, C N and Soloway, M}
}
@article {Chadwick2010a,
	title = {{Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {38{\textendash}39},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is a hotspot volcano superimposed on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Due to its robust magma supply, it rises {\~{}} 800 m above the rest of JdFR and has a large elongate summit caldera with two rift zones that parallel and overlap with adjacent segments of the spreading center (Figure 1). Submersible dives at Axial in 1983{\textendash}1984 discovered the first active black smoker vents in the Northeast Pacific (Chase et al., 1985). The New Millennium Observatory (NeMO; http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/nemo) was established at Axial in 1996 to study volcanic events and the perturbations they cause to hydrothermal and biological systems. As if on cue, Axial erupted in January 1998 and was the first seafloor eruption detected remotely and monitored by in situ instruments (Embley et al., 1999). In fact, one instrument caught in a 1998 lava flow was later recovered with data intact, providing new insight into the emplacement of submarine lavas (Chadwick, 2003). Initially, research focused on mapping, sampling, and documenting the impact of the eruption on the hydrothermal vents and biological communities (Figure 2). The emphasis has gradually shifted to long-term geophysical, geochemical, and biological monitoring of the volcano in anticipation of its next eruption.},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2010.73},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Butterfield, D A and Embley, R W and Tunnicliffe, V and Huber, J A and Nooner, S L and Clague, D A}
}
@article {Joye2010,
	title = {{Biogeochemical signatures and microbial activity of different cold-seep habitats along the Gulf of Mexico deep slope}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1990{\textendash}2001},
	abstract = {Microorganisms and the processes they mediate serve as the metabolic foundation of cold seeps. We characterized a suite of biogeochemical constituents and quantified rates of two key microbial processes, Sulfate Reduction (SR) and Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM), to assess variability between habitats at water depths exceeding 1000 m in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Rates of SR were highest in sediments beneath microbial mats, lower in brine-influenced and oil-influenced sediments, and lowest in animal habitats. Sediments collected near tubeworms had the highest SR rates for animal habitats. Rates of AOM generally were low, but higher rates were associated with brine-influenced, oil-influenced, tubeworm- and urchin-inhabited sediments. Rates of both SR and AOM were orders of magnitude lower at deep-slope sites compared to upper-slope sites examined previously. As observed at upper-slope sites, SR and AOM rates were often loosely coupled. At one site, AOM rates exceeded SR rates, suggesting that an alternate electron acceptor for AOM is possible. Extremely depleted $δ$13C values in methane illustrated the broad significance of biogenic methane production at deep-slope sites. Brine-influenced habitats were characterized by extremely high concentrations of ammonium and dissolved organic carbon, serving as important focused sources of these chemicals to adjacent environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.06.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.06.001},
	author = {Joye, S B and Bowles, M W and Samarkin, V A and Hunter, K S and Niemann, H}
}
@article {Olu2010,
	title = {{Biogeography and Potential Exchanges Among the Atlantic Equatorial Belt Cold-Seep Faunas}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {e11967},
	abstract = {Like hydrothermal vents along oceanic ridges, cold seeps are patchy and isolated ecosystems along continental margins, extending from bathyal to abyssal depths. The Atlantic Equatorial Belt (AEB), from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of Guinea, was one focus of the Census of Marine Life ChEss (Chemosynthetic Ecosystems) program to study biogeography of seep and vent fauna. We present a review and analysis of collections from five seep regions along the AEB: the Gulf of Mexico where extensive faunal sampling has been conducted from 400 to 3300m, the Barbados accretionary prism, the Blake ridge diapir, and in the Eastern Atlantic from the Congo and Gabon margins and the recently explored Nigeria margin. Of the 72 taxa identified at the species level, a total of 9 species or species complexes are identified as amphi-Atlantic. Similarity analyses based on both Bray Curtis and Hellinger distances among 9 faunal collections, and principal component analysis based on presence/absence of megafauna species at these sites, suggest that within the AEB seep megafauna community structure is influenced primarily by depth rather than by geographic distance. Depth segregation is observed between 1000 and 2000m, with the middle slope sites either grouped with those deeper than 2000m or with the shallower sites. The highest level of community similarity was found between the seeps of the Florida escarpment and Congo margin. In the western Atlantic, the highest degree of similarity is observed between the shallowest sites of the Barbados prism and of the Louisiana slope. The high number of amphi-atlantic cold-seep species that do not cluster according to biogeographic regions, and the importance of depth in structuring AEB cold-seep communities are the major conclusions of this study. The hydrothermal vent sites along the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) did not appear as {\textquotedblleft}stepping stones{\textquotedblright} for dispersal of the AEB seep fauna, however, the south MAR and off axis regions should be further explored to more fully test this hypothesis.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0011967},
	author = {Olu, K and Cordes, E E and Fisher, C R and Brooks, J M and Sibuet, M and Desbruyeres, D}
}
@inbook {Baker2010,
	title = {{Biogeography, Ecology and Vulnerability of Chemosynthetic Ecosystems in the Deep Sea}},
	booktitle = {Life in the World{\textquoteright}s Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {161{\textendash}182},
	publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	organization = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	author = {Baker, M C and Ramirez-Llodra, E and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Boetius, A and Cordes, E E and Dubilier, N and Fisher, C R and Levin, L A and Metaxas, A and Rowden, R and Santos, R S and Shank, R and Van Dover, C L and Young, C and Waren, A}
}
@article {Fueri2010,
	title = {{Carbon release from submarine seeps at the Costa Rica fore arc: Implications for the volatile cycle at the Central America convergent margin}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q04S21},
	abstract = {We report total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) abundances and isotope ratios, as well as helium isotope ratios (3He/4He), of cold seep fluids sampled at the Costa Rica fore arc in order to evaluate the extent of carbon loss from the submarine segment of the Central America convergent margin. Seep fluids were collected over a 12 month period at Mound 11, Mound 12, and Jaco Scar using copper tubing attached to submarine flux meters operating in continuous pumping mode. The fluids show minimum 3He/4He ratios of 1.3 RA (where RA is air 3He/4He), consistent with a small but discernable contribution of mantle-derived helium. At Mound 11, $δ$13C∑CO2 values between -23.9{\textperthousand} and -11.6{\textperthousand} indicate that DIC is predominantly derived from deep methanogenesis and is carried to the surface by fluids derived from sediments of the subducting slab. In contrast, at Mound 12, most of the ascending dissolved methane is oxidized due to lower flow rates, giving extremely low $δ$13C∑CO2 values ranging from -68.2{\textperthousand} to -60.3{\textperthousand}. We estimate that the carbon flux (CO2 plus methane) through submarine fluid venting at the outer fore arc is 8.0 {\texttimes} 105 g C km-1 yr-1, which is virtually negligible compared to the total sedimentary carbon input to the margin and the output at the volcanic front. Unless there is a significant but hitherto unidentified carbon flux at the inner fore arc, the implication is that most of the carbon being subducted in Costa Rica must be transferred to the (deeper) mantle, i.e., beyond the depth of arc magma generation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002810},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002810},
	author = {Fueri, E and Hilton, D R and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and McMurtry, G M and Brueckmann, W and Wheat, C G}
}
@article {Bernhard2010,
	title = {{Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera : 2. Toward an understanding of apparent disequilibrium in hydrocarbon seeps}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {PA4206},
	abstract = {Numerous previous studies show disequilibrium between stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal calcite and pore water dissolved inorganic carbon in hydrocarbon seeps, calling into question the utility of this widely used paleoceanographic tracer as a proxy. We use a recently developed method to compare stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal carbonate with cell ultrastructural observations from individual benthic foraminifera from seep (under chemosynthetic bivalves) and nonseep habitats in Monterey Bay, California, to better understand control(s) of benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope ratios. Two attributes previously proposed to cause the isotopic offsets are diet and symbionts. Ultrastructural analysis shows that positive staining with Rose Bengal indicates presence of foraminiferal cytoplasm, bacterial biomass, or a combination of both and, thus, is not an unequivocal indicator of viability. We also show for the first time that some living seep foraminifera have endobionts. Results from our unique, yet limited, data set are consistent with suggestions that, in our sites, several foraminiferal species collected from seep clam beds may not survive there, diet and symbiont presence do not appear to be major contributors to disequilibrium, little calcification of seep-tolerant foraminiferal species occurs while seep conditions prevail, and microscale variability in habitats could influence $δ$13C of benthic foraminiferal carbonate. Results further suggest that our knowledge of benthic foraminiferal ecology and biomineralization, especially in extreme habitats such as seeps, must be bolstered before we fully understand the fidelity of paleoenvironmental records derived from benthic foraminiferal test $δ$13C data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2010PA001930},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001930},
	author = {Bernhard, J M and Martin, J B and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Martin2010,
	title = {{Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera: Method description}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {PA2211},
	abstract = {Carbon isotopes of foraminiferal tests provide a widely used proxy for past oceanographic environmental conditions. This proxy can be calibrated using live specimens, which are reliably identified with observations of cell ultrastructure. Observations of ultrastructures can also be used for studies of biological characteristics such as diet and presence of symbionts. Combining biological and isotopic studies on individual foraminifera could provide novel information, but standard isotopic methods destroy ultrastructures by desiccating specimens and observations of ultrastructure require removal of carbonate tests, preventing isotope measurements. The approach described here preserves cellular ultrastructure during isotopic analyses by keeping the foraminifera in an aqueous buffer (Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)). The technique was developed and standardized with 36 aliquots of NBS-19 standard of similar weight to foraminiferal tests (5 to 123 $μ$g). Standard errors ranged from {\textpm} 0.06 to {\textpm} 0.85{\textperthousand} and were caused by CO2 contaminants dissolved in the PBS. The technique was used to measure $δ$13C values of 96 foraminifera, 10 of which do not precipitate carbonate tests. Calcareous foraminiferal tests had corrected carbon isotope ratios of -8.5 to +3.2{\textperthousand}. This new technique allows comparisons of isotopic compositions of tests made by foraminifera known to be alive at the time of collection with their biological characteristics such as prey composition and presence or absence of putative symbionts. The approach may be applied to additional biomineralizing organisms such as planktonic foraminifera, pteropods, corals, and coccolithophores to elucidate certain biological controls on their paleoceanographic proxy signatures.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2009PA001846},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001846},
	author = {Martin, J B and Bernhard, J M and Curtis, J and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Bernardino2010,
	title = {{Community structure of infaunal macrobenthos around vestimentiferan thickets at the San Clemente cold seep, NE Pacific}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {608{\textendash}621},
	abstract = {The San Clemente cold seep lies within 100{\textendash}200 km of other reducing habitats in the NE Pacific, offering an opportunity to compare diversity and species overlap among reducing habitats (i.e. whale-, kelp-, and wood-falls) at similar depths within a single region. Video observations from the research submersible Alvin at the San Clemente seep (1800 m depth) indicated clumps ({\textquoteleft}thickets{\textquoteright}) of vestimentiferans distributed as meter-scale patches interspersed with vesicomyid clam beds and black sediments. Sediment-core samples were collected at distances of 0 to 80{\textendash}200 m along randomly oriented transects radiating outward from vestimentiferan thickets to evaluate changes in macrofaunal community structure from thickets into the background community. Macrofaunal abundance was elevated at distances of 0{\textendash}1 m compared to 80{\textendash}200 m (i.e. the {\textquoteleft}background{\textquoteright} community). The tube-building frenulate worms Siboglinum spp., along with peracarid crustaceans, dominated sediments within 1 m of vestimentiferan thickets. Species diversity was depressed within 1 m of thickets but with high rates of species accumulation, suggesting that seep sites greatly increase sediment heterogeneity and facilitate colonization by non-background macrofaunal species. Stable isotope data indicate chemosynthetic nutrition for some dominant macrofaunal species within 1 m of tubeworm thickets. The macrofaunal community near vestimentiferan thickets in San Clemente seep contains intermediate levels of species richness and diversity compared to other deep-sea seep areas in the northeast Pacific. There was low species overlap between the San Clemente seep macrofauna and communities in reducing habitats near wood-, whale-, and kelp-falls at similar depths within the region, suggesting that seeps harbor a distinct infaunal community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00389.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00389.x},
	author = {Bernardino, A F and Smith, C R}
}
@article {German2010,
	title = {{Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {14020{\textendash}14025},
	abstract = {Thirty years after the first discovery of high-temperature submarine venting, the vast majority of the global mid-ocean ridge remains unexplored for hydrothermal activity. Of particular interest are the world{\textquoteright}s ultraslow spreading ridges that were the last to be demonstrated to host high-temperature venting but may host systems particularly relevant to prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life. Here we report evidence for previously unknown, diverse, and very deep hydrothermal vents along the similar to 110 km long, ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise (MCR). Our data indicate that the MCR hosts at least three discrete hydrothermal sites, each representing a different type of water-rock interaction, including both mafic and ultramafic systems and, at similar to 5,000 m, the deepest known hydrothermal vent. Although submarine hydrothermal circulation, in which seawater percolates through and reacts with host lithologies, occurs on all mid-ocean ridges, the diversity of vent types identified here and their relative geographic isolation make the MCR unique in the oceans. These new sites offer prospects for an expanded range of vent-fluid compositions, varieties of abiotic organic chemical synthesis and extremophile microorganisms, and unparalleled faunal biodiversity-all in close proximity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1009205107},
	author = {German, C R and Bowen, A and Coleman, M L and Honig, D L and Huber, J A and Jakuba, M V and Kinsey, J C and Kurz, M D and Leroy, S and McDermott, J M and de Lepinay, B M and Nakamura, K and Seewald, J S and Smith, J L and Sylva, S P and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Lang2010,
	title = {{Elevated concentrations of formate, acetate and dissolved organic carbon found at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {941{\textendash}942},
	abstract = {Fluids from the ultramafic-hosted Lost City hydrothermal field were analyzed for total dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic acids. Formate (36{\textendash}158 $μ$mol/kg) and acetate (1{\textendash}35 $μ$mol/kg) concentrations are higher than in other fluids from unsedimented hydrothermal vents, and are a higher ratio of the total dissolved organic carbon than has been found in most marine geothermal systems. Isotopic evidence is consistent with an abiotic formation mechanism for formate, perhaps during serpentinization processes in the sub-surface. Further support comes from previous studies where the abiological formation of low molecular weight organic acids has been shown to be thermodynamically favorable during hydrothermal alteration of olivine, and laboratory studies in which the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate has been confirmed. As the second most prevalent carbon species after methane, formate may be an important substrate to microbial communities in an environment where dissolved inorganic carbon is limited. Acetate is found in locations where sulfate reduction is believed to be important and is likely to be a microbial by-product, formed either directly by autotrophic metabolic activity or indirectly during the fermentative degradation of larger organic molecules. Given the common occurrence of exposed ultramafic rocks and active serpentinization within the worlds ocean basins, the abiotic formation of formate may be an important process supporting life in these high pH environments and may have critical implications to understanding the organic precursors from which life evolved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2009.10.045},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.10.045},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Butterfield, D A and Schulte, M and Kelley, D S and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Bright2010,
	title = {{Epizooic metazoan meiobenthos associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations from cold seeps of the northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1982{\textendash}1989},
	abstract = {The abundance and higher taxonomic composition of epizooic metazoan meiobenthic communities associated with mussel and tubeworm aggregations of hydrocarbon seeps at Green Canyon, Atwater Valley, and Alaminos Canyon in depths between 1400 and 2800 m were studied and compared to the infaunal community of non-seep sediments nearby. Epizooic meiofaunal abundances of associated meiobenthos living in tubeworm bushes and mussel beds at seeps were extremely low (usually {\textless}100 ind. 10 cm-2), similar to epizooic meiofauna at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and the communities were composed primarily of nematodes, copepods, ostracods, and halacarids. In contrast, epizooic meiobenthic abundance is lower than previous studies have reported for infauna from seep sediments. Interestingly, non-seep sediments contained higher abundances and higher taxonomic diversity than epizooic seep communities, although in situ primary production is restricted to seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	author = {Bright, M and Plum, C and Riavitz, L A and Arbizu, P M and Cordes, E E and Gollner, S}
}
@article {Johnson2010,
	title = {{Hydrothermal circulation within the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q05002},
	abstract = {Areas of the seafloor at mid-ocean ridges where hydrothermal vents discharge are easily recognized by the dramatic biological, physical, and chemical processes that characterize such sites. Locations where seawater flows into the seafloor to recharge hydrothermal cells within the crustal reservoir are by contrast almost invisible but can be indirectly identified by a systematic grid of conductive heat flow measurements. An array of conductive heat flow stations in the Endeavour axial valley of the Juan de Fuca Ridge has identified recharge zones that appear to represent a nested system of fluid circulation paths. At the scale of an axial rift valley, conductive heat flow data indicate a general cross-valley fluid flow, where seawater enters the shallow subsurface crustal reservoir at the eastern wall of the Endeavour axial valley and undergoes a kilometer of horizontal transit beneath the valley floor, finally exiting as warm hydrothermal fluid discharge on the western valley bounding wall. Recharge zones also have been identified as located within an annular ring of very cold seafloor around the large Main Endeavour Hydrothermal Field, with seawater inflow occurring within faults that surround the fluid discharge sites. These conductive heat flow data are consistent with previous models where high-temperature fluid circulation cells beneath large hydrothermal vent fields may be composed of narrow vertical cylinders. Subsurface fluid circulation on the Endeavour Segment occurs at various crustal depths in three distinct modes: (1) general east to west flow across the entire valley floor, (2) in narrow cylinders that penetrate deeply to high-temperature heat sources, and (3) supplying low-temperature diffuse vents where seawater is entrained into the shallow uppermost crust by the adjacent high-temperature cylindrical systems. The systematic array of conductive heat flow measurements over the axial valley floor averaged \~{}150 mW/m2, suggesting that only about 3{\%} of the total energy flux of ocean crustal formation is removed by conductive heat transfer, with the remainder being dissipated to overlying seawater by fluid advection.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002957},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002957},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A and Bjorklund, T A and Salmi, M S}
}
@article {Cordes2010,
	title = {{Influence of foundation species, depth, and location on diversity and community composition at Gulf of Mexico lower-slope cold seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1870{\textendash}1881},
	abstract = {Efforts to understand and preserve the seep communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico (GOM) begin with a comprehensive survey of the biodiversity of these communities. Previous studies have provided a conceptual model of the physiology, population, and community ecology of upper continental slope seeps. However, seeps at water depths below 1000 m in the Gulf of Mexico remain relatively unknown. In this study, data from 47 samples of tubeworm- and mussel-associated communities at depths of 1005{\textendash}2750 m are examined. Other than tubeworms and mussels, 66 taxa of macro- and megafauna were collected, 43 of which appear to be restricted to water depths of over 1000 m, and 39 that have not been reported previously from the Gulf of Mexico. Diversity in mussel beds was highest at mid-slope depths, but tubeworm-associated communities did not show clear bathymetric trends in diversity. Diversity was higher in tubeworm aggregations at the alpha level (per sample), but higher in mussel beds at the beta level (species turnover among collections). Although both community types were often numerically dominated by the endemic shrimp Alvinocaris muricola, broad differences in the communities hosted by tubeworm aggregations and mussel beds were apparent. The most important factors explaining community similarity within community type were the depth, relative abundance of different mussel species in a bed, and the average size of tubeworms in an aggregation. The high proportion of deep-seep species that were found for the first time in the Gulf of Mexico emphasizes the importance of conservation efforts for these patchy communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.010},
	author = {Cordes, E E and Becker, E L and Hourdez, S and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Barker2010,
	title = {{Insights into the behaviour of sulphur in mid-ocean ridge axial hydrothermal systems from the composition of the sheeted dyke complex at Pito Deep}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {105{\textendash}115},
	abstract = {The behaviour of seawater sulphate in hydrothermal systems at intermediate- to fast-spreading ridges is investigated using new analyses of the $δ$34S, sulphur concentration and Fe2O3/Fe2O3total, combined with existing 87Sr/86Sr, of sheeted dykes from the Pito Deep tectonic window. The Pito Deep sheeted dyke complex has a similar composition to the sheeted dykes drilled at ODP Hole 504B suggesting that the measured compositions are representative of sheeted dyke complexes at intermediate- to fast-spreading ridges. The dykes show only small increases in $δ$34S which, combined with the rock dominated $δ$34S of vent fluids, requires the majority of seawater sulphate to be precipitated as anhydrite before the fluid reacts with the sheeted dyke complex. This loss of sulphate from the fluid means that a much higher Fe2O3 in the sheeted dyke complex than in fresh MORB glasses cannot be explained by oxidation due to seawater sulphate reduction during fluid{\textendash}rock reaction. Instead, oxidation probably occurs due to degassing of reduced species, largely H2, during dyke emplacement and solidification. A mass balance model that accounts for anhydrite precipitation and Sr partitioning into the anhydrite, as well as fitting the concentration and isotopic ratios of S and Sr in the sheeted dykes and vent fluids, suggests water/rock ratios of \~{} 1. For a 1 km thick sheeted dyke complex this is equivalent to a fluid flux of \~{} 3 {\texttimes} 106 kg m- 2, sufficient to remove \~{} 60{\%} of the latent heat of crystallization from the lower crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.05.003},
	author = {Barker, A K and Coogan, L A and Gillis, K M}
}
@article {Craddock2010,
	title = {{Insights to magmatic{\textendash}hydrothermal processes in the Manus back{\textendash}arc Basin as recorded by anhydrite}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {19},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {5514{\textendash}5536},
	abstract = {Microchemical analyses of rare earth element (REE) concentrations and Sr and S isotope ratios of anhydrite are used to identify sub-seafloor processes governing the formation of hydrothermal fluids in the convergent margin Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Samples comprise drill-core vein anhydrite and seafloor massive anhydrite from the PACMANUS (Roman Ruins, Snowcap and Fenway) and SuSu Knolls (North Su) active hydrothermal fields. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns in anhydrite show remarkable heterogeneity on the scale of individual grains, different from the near uniform REEN patterns measured in anhydrite from mid-ocean ridge deposits. The REEN patterns in anhydrite are correlated with REE distributions measured in hydrothermal fluids venting at the seafloor at these vent fields and are interpreted to record episodes of hydrothermal fluid formation affected by magmatic volatile degassing. 87Sr/86Sr ratios vary dramatically within individual grains between that of contemporary seawater and that of endmember hydrothermal fluid. Anhydrite was precipitated from a highly variable mixture of the two. The intra-grain heterogeneity implies that anhydrite preserves periods of contrasting hydrothermal versus seawater dominant near-seafloor fluid circulation. Most sulfate $δ$34S values of anhydrite cluster around that of contemporary seawater, consistent with anhydrite precipitating from hydrothermal fluid mixed with locally entrained seawater. Sulfate $δ$34S isotope ratios in some anhydrites are, however, lighter than that of seawater, which are interpreted as recording a source of sulfate derived from magmatic SO2 degassed from underlying felsic magmas in the Manus Basin. The range of elemental and isotopic signatures observed in anhydrite records a range of sub-seafloor processes including high-temperature hydrothermal fluid circulation, varying extents of magmatic volatile degassing, seawater entrainment and fluid mixing. The chemical and isotopic heterogeneity recorded in anhydrite at the inter- and intra-grain scale captures the dynamics of hydrothermal fluid formation and sub-seafloor circulation that is highly variable both spatially and temporally on timescales over which hydrothermal deposits are formed. Microchemical analysis of hydrothermal minerals can provide information about the temporal history of submarine hydrothermal systems that are variable over time and cannot necessarily be inferred only from the study of vent fluids.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.004},
	author = {Craddock, P R and Bach, W}
}
@article {ISI:000280633000011,
	title = {{Isolated communities of Epsilonproteobacteria in hydrothermal vent fluids of the Mariana Arc seamounts}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {73},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {538{\textendash}549},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Low-temperature hydrothermal vent fluids represent access points to diverse microbial communities living in oceanic crust. This study examined the distribution, relative abundance, and diversity of Epsilonproteobacteria in 14 low-temperature vent fluids from five volcanically active seamounts of the Mariana Arc using a 454 tag sequencing approach. Most vent fluids were enriched in cell concentrations compared with background seawater, and quantitative PCR results indicated that all fluids were dominated by bacteria. Operational taxonomic unit-based statistical tools applied to 454 data show that all vents from the northern end of the Mariana Arc grouped together, to the exclusion of southern arc seamounts, which were as distinct from one another as they were from northern seamounts. Statistical analysis also showed a significant relationship between seamount and individual vent groupings, suggesting that community membership may be linked to geographical isolation and not geochemical parameters. However, while there may be large-scale geographic differences, distance is not the distinguishing factor in the microbial community composition. At the local scale, most vents host a distinct population of Epsilonproteobacteria, regardless of seamount location. This suggests that there may be barriers to exchange and dispersal for these vent endemic microorganisms at hydrothermal seamounts of the Mariana Arc.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00910.x},
	author = {Huber, Julie A and Cantin, Holly V and Huse, Susan M and Welch, David B Mark and Sogin, Mitchell L and Butterfield, David A}
}
@article {ISI:000277252000001,
	title = {{Malaguana-Gadao Ridge: Identification and implications of a magma chamber reflector in the southern Mariana Trough}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Six-channel seismic reflection data reveal a magma chamber reflector beneath the Malaguana-Gadao Ridge, the southernmost segment of the spreading center in the Mariana Trough. For most of its length the spreading center in this active back-arc basin is morphologically similar to slow spreading mid-ocean ridges, having a deep central graben flanked by a zone of abyssal hill fabric. This southernmost segment, however, has a broad, smooth cross section, lacks a deep central graben, and is thus similar in morphology to fast spreading ridges (e.g., the East Pacific Rise). We identify a magma chamber at 1.5 s two-way travel time below the crest of the ridge. Observations from remotely operated vehicles along the ridge reveal not only fresh pillows, lobate, and sheet lava flows but also an abundance of volcaniclastic debris and intense hydrothermal activity. These observations, together with the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}fast spreading{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} morphology of the ridge, suggest that this segment has a considerably higher magma supply than is typical in the Mariana Trough. We suggest that the volcanic arc or enhanced melting of a hydrated mantle is supplying volatile-rich magma as evidenced by a highly negative coefficient of reflection, -0.42, for this MCR and the presence of evolved, highly vesicular lava and volcaniclastic materials. The southeastern Mariana back-arc basin spreading ridge does not compare readily with mechanical models for global mid-ocean ridge data sets because of marked asymmetry in both volcanism and deformation that may be the consequence of slab-related geometry in this part of the convergent margin system.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002719},
	author = {Becker, Nathan C and Fryer, Patricia and Moore, Gregory F}
}
@article {Yeats2010,
	title = {{Mapping elemental distributions in submarine hydrothermal sulfide smokers using proton induced X-ray emission}},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {268},
	number = {11-12},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2129{\textendash}2132},
	abstract = {PIXE analysis using a 3 MeV proton beam on the CSIRO Nuclear Microprobe was carried out on samples of four typical undersea sulfide chimneys from the Rogers Ruins and Fenway hydrothermal sites, PACMANUS field, Eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. The ability of PIXE to map the spatial association of trace elements within the sulfides across multiple mineralogical zones provides important insights into the mode of formation of structures and the nature of interaction between \~{}250 and 350 {\textdegree}C hydrothermal fluids and 3{\textendash}4 {\textdegree}C ambient seawater within the chimney walls.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.034},
	author = {Yeats, C and Belton, D and Laird, J S and Ryan, C G}
}
@article {Herrera2010,
	title = {{Molecular systematics of the bubblegum coral genera (Paragorgiidae, Octocorallia) and description of a new deep-sea species}},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {123{\textendash}135},
	abstract = {Bubblegum octocorals (Paragorgia and Sibogagorgia) play an important ecological role in many deep-sea ecosystems. However, these organisms are currently threatened by destructive fishing methods such as bottom trawling. Taxonomic knowledge of conservation targets is necessary for the creation and implementation of efficient conservation strategies. However, for most deep-sea coral groups this knowledge remains incomplete. For instance, despite its similarities with Paragorgia, Sibogagorgia is particular in lacking polyp sclerites, which are present in groups like Paragorgia and the Coralliidae. Although two kinds of sclerites are very similar between Paragorgia and Sibogagorgia, other characters challenge the monophyly of these genera. Here we help to clarify the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of the bubblegum octocorals and related taxa by examining molecular data. We employed nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial (ND6, ND6-ND3 intergenic spacer, ND3, ND2, COI, msh1 and 16S) and nuclear (28S and ITS2) genomic regions from several taxa to infer molecular phylogenetics and to examine the correspondence of morphological features with the underlying genetic information. Our data strongly supported the monophyly of the genus Paragorgia, the family Coralliidae (precious corals), and a group of undescribed specimens resembling Sibogagorgia. Further morphological observations were congruent regarding the uniqueness of the undescribed specimens, here defined as a new species, Sibogagorgia cauliflora sp. nov., which occurs in both sides of the North American landmass at depths below 1700 m. This new species resembles S. dennisgordoni with branching in one plane but has fairly different radiate sclerites and significantly divergent DNA sequences. The existence of several diagnostic characters of Sibogagorgia in S. cauliflora indicates that they indeed belong to this genus. It is however remarkable that a small number of medullar canals are also found in this species; medullar canals have been considered as the main diagnostic character of Paragorgia. Thus, the evidence generated here indicates that the presence or absence of these canals per se is not a conclusively diagnostic character for either genus. The lack of internal-node resolution in the inferred phylogenetic hypotheses of these genera does not allow us to propose a clear scenario regarding the evolution of these traits.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1055-7903},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.007},
	author = {Herrera, S and Baco, A R and Sanchez, J A}
}
@article {Brazelton2010a,
	title = {{Multiple scales of diversification within natural populations of archaea in hydrothermal chimney biofilms}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports},
	volume = {2},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {236{\textendash}242},
	abstract = {Corroborative data collected from 16S rRNA clone libraries, intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region clone libraries, and 16S rRNA hypervariable region tag pyrosequencing demonstrate microdiversity within single-species archaeal biofilms of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field. Both 16S rRNA clone libraries and pyrosequencing of the V6 hypervariable region show that Lost City Methanosarcinales (LCMS) biofilms are dominated by a single sequence, but the pyrosequencing data set also reveals the presence of an additional 1654 rare sequences. Clone libraries constructed with DNA spanning the V6 hypervariable region and ITS show that multiple ITS sequences are associated with the same dominant V6 sequence. Furthermore, ITS variability differed among three chimney samples, and the sample with the highest ITS diversity also contained the highest V6 diversity as measured by clone libraries as well as tag pyrosequencing. These results indicate that the extensive microdiversity detected in V6 tag sequences is an underestimate of genetic diversity within the archaeal biofilms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00097.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00097.x},
	author = {Brazelton, W J and Sogin, M L and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Chadwick2010,
	title = {{Northwest Rota-1 Seamount}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {182{\textendash}183},
	abstract = {Northwest Rota-1 Seamount is the first place on Earth where a submarine volcanic eruption was witnessed in 2004, and, remarkably, it appears that the volcano has been erupting continuously ever since. NW Rota-1 is located {\~{}} 100 km north of Guam in the western Pacific, within the newly designated Mariana Trench Marine National Monument (http://www.fws.gov/marianastrenchmarinemonument). With a summit depth of 520 m, it is a symmetrical cone of basaltic andesite composition (Figure 1) formed in the subduction zone setting of the Mariana volcanic arc. It was identified as a site of particular interest in 2003 when sampling of its overlying hydrothermal plume showed very high magmatic volatile input (Resing et al., 2007). Consequently, it was one of several seamounts targeted for dives with a remotely operated vehicle the following year. During these dives, an actively erupting vent was discovered at a depth of 550 m; lava, fluid, and gas samples were collected; and colonies of shrimp, limpets, and crabs (some of them new species) were found living in the volcano summit{\textquoteright}s harsh conditions (Embley et al., 2006; Lim{\'e}n et al., 2006).},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2010.82},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Resing, J A and Lupton, J E and Cashman, K V and Dziak, R P and Tunnicliffe, V and Butterfield, D A and Tamura, Y}
}
@article {Bailey2010,
	title = {{Pseudofossils in relict methane seep carbonates resemble endemic microbial consortia}},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {285},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {131{\textendash}142},
	abstract = {Pleistocene-age methane seep carbonates from the Eel River Basin, California contain aggregate-like structures composed of tightly-packed hollow spheres that morphologically resemble syntrophic archaeal{\textendash}bacterial consortia known to catalyze the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Tetragonal microstructures also present in the carbonates resemble seep-endemic Methanosarcinales cell clusters. Despite morphological similarities to the seep-endemic microbes that likely mediated the authigenesis of Eel River Basin carbonates and sulfides, detailed petrographic, SEM, and magnetic microscopic imaging, remanence rock magnetism, laser Raman, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, suggest that these microstructures are not microfossils, but rather mineral structures that result from the diagenetic alteration of euhedral Fe-sulfide framboids. Electron microscopy shows that during diagenesis, reaction rims composed of Fe oxide form around framboid microcrystalites. Subsequent dissolution of greigite or pyrite crystals leaves behind hollow cell-like casings (external molds) {\textemdash} a transformation that occurs on timescales of \~{}100 kyr or less. Despite their superficial resemblance to morphologically-distinctive extant microbes in local sediments, the presence of acellular precursor grains, as well as of partially-altered transitional forms, complicate the interpretation of these and other framboidal microstructures that have been reported from the rock record.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.002},
	author = {Bailey, J V and Raub, T D and Meckler, A N and Harrison, B K and Raub, T M D and Green, A M and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Walter2010,
	title = {{Rapid dispersal of a hydrothermal plume by turbulent mixing}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {57},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {931{\textendash}945},
	abstract = {The water column imprint of the hydrothermal plume observed at the Nibelungen field (8{\textdegree}18'S 13{\textdegree}30'W) is highly variable in space and time. The off-axis location of the site, along the southern boundary of a non-transform ridge offset at the joint between two segments of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is characterized by complex, rugged topography, and thus favorable for the generation of internal tides, subsequent internal wave breaking, and associated vertical mixing in the water column. We have used towed transects and vertical profiles of stratification, turbidity, and direct current measurements to investigate the strength of turbulent mixing in the vicinity of the vent site and the adjacent rift valley, and its temporal and spatial variability in relation to the plume dispersal. Turbulent diffusivities K$\rho$K$\rho$ were calculated from temperature inversions via Thorpe scales. Heightened mixing (compared to open ocean values) was observed in the whole rift valley within an order of K$\rho$K$\rho$ around 10-3 m2 s-1. The mixing close to the vent site was even more elevated, with an average of View the MathML sourceK$\rho$=4{\texttimes}10-2m2s-1. The mixing, as well as the flow field, exhibited a strong tidal cycle, with strong currents and mixing at the non-buoyant plume level during ebb flow. Periods of strong mixing were associated with increased internal wave activity and frequent occurrence of turbulent overturns. Additional effects of mixing on plume dispersal include bifurcation of the particle plume, likely as a result of the interplay between the modulated mixing strength and current speed, as well as high frequency internal waves in the effluent plume layer, possibly triggered by the buoyant plume via nonlinear interaction with the elevated background turbulence or penetrative convection.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	author = {Walter, M and Mertens, C and Stober, U and German, C R and Yoerger, D R and Sultemfub, J and Rhein, M and Melchert, B and Baker, E T}
}
@article {Craddock2010a,
	title = {{Rare earth element abundances in hydrothermal fluids from the Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea: indicators of sub-seafloor hydrothermal processes in back-arc basins}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {19},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {5494{\textendash}5513},
	abstract = {Rare earth element (REE) concentrations are reported for a large suite of seafloor vent fluids from four hydrothermal systems in the Manus back-arc basin (Vienna Woods, PACMANUS, DESMOS and SuSu Knolls vent areas). Sampled vent fluids show a wide range of absolute REE concentrations and chondrite-normalized (REEN) distribution patterns (LaN /SmN \~{} 0.6{\textendash}11; LaN /YbN \~{} 0.6 {\textendash} 71; View the MathML sourceEuN/EuN*\~{}1{\textendash}55). REEN distribution patterns in different vent fluids range from light-REE enriched, to mid- and heavy-REE enriched, to flat, and have a range of positive Eu-anomalies. This heterogeneity contrasts markedly with relatively uniform REEN distribution patterns of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluids. In Manus Basin fluids, aqueous REE compositions do not inherit directly or show a clear relationship with the REE compositions of primary crustal rocks with which hydrothermal fluids interact. These results suggest that the REEs are less sensitive indicators of primary crustal rock composition despite crustal rocks being the dominant source of REEs in submarine hydrothermal fluids. In contrast, differences in aqueous REE compositions are consistently correlated with differences in fluid pH and ligand (chloride, fluoride and sulfate) concentrations. Our results suggest that the REEs can be used as an indicator of the type of magmatic acid volatile (i.e., presence of HF, SO2) degassing in submarine hydrothermal systems. Additional fluid data suggest that near-seafloor mixing between high-temperature hydrothermal fluid and locally entrained seawater at many vent areas in the Manus Basin causes anhydrite precipitation. Anhydrite effectively incorporates REE and likely affects measured fluid REE concentrations, but does not affect their relative distributions.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.003},
	author = {Craddock, P R and Bach, W and Seewald, J S and Rouxel, O J and Reeves, E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Becker2010,
	title = {{Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of hydrocarbon-seep bivalves on the Gulf of Mexico lower continental slope}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1957{\textendash}1964},
	abstract = {Stable isotope compositions of cold-seep bivalves can illuminate processes that affect the chemical and isotopic compositions of seeping fluids along the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico as well as provide insight into the physiological ecology of these species. Carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions were analyzed in mussels and clams from 14 seep sites spanning a depth range of 1000 to 2800 m along the lower Louisiana slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Mussels of three species found on the lower slope, Bathymodiolus childressi, B. brooksi, and B. heckerae, showed site-specific differences in tissue $δ$13C, reflecting differences in the local methane pool. Mussels from sites on the lower slope sitting atop the contiguous salt sheet generally had tissue $δ$13C values that reflected a stronger biogenic methane signal (-70.8 to -58.8{\textperthousand}) than mussels on the upper slope or seaward of the Sigsbee Escarpment (-67.3 to -40.4{\textperthousand}). Clams (Calyptogena ponderosa and Calyptogena sp. nov.) had a narrow range of $δ$13C values between -37.0 and -34.4{\textperthousand}, indicating that their thiotrophic symbionts are fixing primarily seawater-dissolved organic carbon. The most depleted tissue $δ$15N values yet published for both mussels and clams are reported in this study at -23.7 and -9.2{\textperthousand}, respectively. These depleted values have implications for the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen by these symbioses and the concentrations of particular inorganic nitrogen sources in the local environment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.002},
	author = {Becker, E L and Lee, R W and Macko, S A and Faure, B M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000280324500002,
	title = {{Subseafloor seawater-basalt-microbe reactions: Continuous sampling of borehole fluids in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A was drilled, cased, and instrumented with a long-term, subseafloor observatory (CORK) on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in summer 2004. This borehole is located 1 km south of ODP Hole 1026B and 5 km north of Baby Bare outcrop. Hole 1301A penetrates 262 m of sediment and 108 m of the uppermost 3.5 Ma basaltic basement in an area of warm (64 degrees C) hydrothermal circulation. The borehole was instrumented, and those instruments were recovered 4 years later. Here we report chemical data from two continuous fluid samplers (OsmoSamplers) and temperature recording tools that monitored changes in the state of borehole (formation) fluids. These changes document the effects of drilling, fluid overpressure and flow, seawater-basalt interactions, and microbial metababolic activity. Initially, bottom seawater flowed into the borehole through a leak between concentric CORK casing strings. Eventually, the direction of flow reversed, and warm, altered formation fluid flowed into the borehole and discharged at the seafloor. This reversal occurred during 1 week in September 2007, 3 years after drilling operations ceased. The composition of the formation fluid around Hole 1301A generally lies within bounds defined by springs on Baby Bare outcrop (to the south) and fluids that discharged from Hole 1026B (to the north); deviations likely result from reactions with drilling products. Simple conservative mixing of two end-member fluids reveals reactions occurring within the crust, including nitrate reduction presumably by denitrifying microbes. The observed changes in borehole fluid composition provide the foundation for a conceptual model of chemical and microbial change during recharge of a warm ridge-flank hydrothermal system. This model can be tested through future scientific ocean drilling experiments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003057},
	author = {Wheat, C Geoffrey and Jannasch, Hans W and Fisher, Andrew T and Becker, Keir and Sharkey, Jessica and Hulme, Samuel}
}
@article {ISI:000280049400003,
	title = {{Thermally stimulated {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}runaway{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} downhole flow in a superhydrostatic ocean crustal borehole: Observations, simulations, and inferences regarding crustal permeability}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An array of boreholes, drilled through a regionally continuous hydrologically confining layer of sediments into extrusive igneous basement rocks of the Juan de Fuca Ridge eastern flank, has been instrumented with CORK hydrologic observatories for long-term monitoring and fluid sampling. Omission of seals between nested casing strings reaching into basement at one site created a low-resistance connection between basement and the overlying water column, and despite the natural superhydrostatic state of basement water at that location, a {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}runaway{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} condition of cold seawater downhole flow into the crust was established, which persisted for more than 4 years. The existence of this condition, along with perturbations generated by it and by initial drilling operations observed at a properly sealed hole 2.4 km away, have been used with analytic and finite element model solutions to constrain formation permeability. The minimum threshold permeability allowing stable downhole flow is roughly 4 x 10(-13) m(2). A value of permeability similar to this (3-4 x 10(-13) m(2)) is estimated on the basis of the elapsed time for initial perturbations to propagate between the sites (similar to 2.5 days). The amplitude of the long-term flow perturbation observed at the sealed site (roughly 1.7 kPa) is smaller than that predicted by modeling (5-10 kPa). Models for flow in an anisotropically permeable layer show that this could be the consequence of low vertical permeability (e. g., arising from massive volcanic or sediment interlayering) or high permeability in the direction of the tectonic fabric generated at the ridge axis. Disagreement between the permeabilities estimated here with previous large-scale estimates appropriate for the cross-strike direction (the primary direction between the borehole sites) (10(-10)-10(-9) m(2)) is difficult to reconcile; it is possible that the holes are poorly connected to zones of high permeability that facilitate the large lateral fluid and heat fluxes previously inferred at this young crustal site.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2009JB006986},
	author = {Davis, Earl E and LaBonte, Alison and He, Jiangheng and Becker, Keir and Fisher, Andrew}
}
@article {Crespo-Medina2009,
	title = {{Adaptation of chemosynthetic microorganisms to elevated mercury concentrations in deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {54},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {41{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0041},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/pdf/vol{\_}54/issue{\_}1/0041.pdf},
	author = {Crespo-Medina, M and Chatziefthimiou, A D and Bloom, N S and Luther, G W and Wright, D D and Reinfelder, J R and Vetriani, C and Barkay, T}
}
@article {Toner2009,
	title = {{Biogenic iron oxyhydroxide formation at mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents: Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {73},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {388{\textendash}403},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.035},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.035},
	author = {Toner, B M and Santelli, C M and Marcus, M A and Wirth, R and Chan, C S and McCollom, T and Bach, W and Edwards, K J}
}
@mastersthesis {Buckman2009,
	title = {{Biotic and abiotic interactions of deep-sea hydrothermal vent-endemic fish on the East Pacific Rise}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {147},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3079},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3079},
	author = {Buckman, K L}
}
@article {Basak2009,
	title = {{Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of live (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Aleutian Margin and the Southern Australian Margin}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {89{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	author = {Basak, C and Rathburn, A E and Perez, M E and Martin, J B and Kluesner, J W and Levin, L A and De Deckker, P and Gieskes, J M and Abriani, M}
}
@article {Beaulieu2009,
	title = {{Comparison of a sediment trap and plankton pump for time-series sampling of larvae near deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography: Methods},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {235{\textendash}248},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1541-5856},
	doi = {10.4319/lom.2009.7.235},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lomethods/free/2009/0235.pdf},
	author = {Beaulieu, S E and Mullineaux, L S and Adams, D K and Mills, S W}
}
@mastersthesis {Bahr2009,
	title = {{Cooperative localization for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {140},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2852},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2852},
	author = {Bahr, A}
}
@article {Webster2009,
	title = {{Coral reef evolution on rapidly subsiding margins}},
	journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
	volume = {66},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {128{\textendash}148},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0921-8181},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010},
	author = {Webster, J M and Braga, J C and Clague, D A and Gallup, C and Hein, J R and Potts, D C and Renema, W and Riding, R and Riker-Coleman, K and Silver, E A and Wallace, L M}
}
@article {Pradillon2009,
	title = {{Development of assemblages associated with alvinellid colonies on the walls of high-temperature vents at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1622{\textendash}1631},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.009},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Zbinden, M and Le Bris, N and Hourdez, S and Barnay, A S and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Haase2009,
	title = {{Diking, young volcanism and diffuse hydrothermal activity on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Lilliput field at 9 degrees 33'S}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {266},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {52{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	author = {Haase, K M and Koschinsky, A and Petersen, S and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Melchert, B and Seifert, R and Borowski, C and Giere, O and Paulick, H}
}
@article {VanderHam2009,
	title = {{Exploring the utility of an indel-rich, mitochondrial intergenic region as a molecular barcode for bamboo corals (Octocorallia: Isididae)}},
	journal = {Marine Genomics},
	volume = {2},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {183{\textendash}192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1874-7787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margen.2009.10.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2009.10.002},
	author = {van der Ham, J L and Brugler, M R and France, S C}
}
@article {Bradley2009,
	title = {{Extraordinary C-13 enrichment of diether lipids at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field indicates a carbon-limited ecosystem}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {73},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {102{\textendash}118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.005},
	author = {Bradley, A S}
}
@article {Petersen2009,
	title = {{The geological setting of the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (14 degrees 45'N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and its influence on massive sulfide formation}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {112},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {40{\textendash}56},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	author = {Petersen, S and Kuhn, K and Kuhn, T and Augustin, N and Hekinian, R and Franz, L and Borowski, C}
}
@article {Blackman2009,
	title = {{Geophysical signatures of oceanic core complexes}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {178},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {593{\textendash}613},
	publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
	address = {OXFORD; GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {P{\textgreater}Oceanic core complexes (OCCs) provide access to intrusive and ultramafic sections of young lithosphere and their structure and evolution contain clues about how the balance between magmatism and faulting controls the style of rifting that may dominate in a portion of a spreading centre for Myr timescales. Initial models of the development of OCCs depended strongly on insights available from continental core complexes and from seafloor mapping. While these frameworks have been useful in guiding a broader scope of studies and determining the extent of OCC formation along slow spreading ridges, as we summarize herein, results from the past decade highlight the need to reassess the hypothesis that reduced magma supply is a driver of long-lived detachment faulting. The aim of this paper is to review the available geophysical constraints on OCC structure and to look at what aspects of current models are constrained or required by the data. We consider sonar data (morphology and backscatter), gravity, magnetics, borehole geophysics and seismic reflection. Additional emphasis is placed on seismic velocity results (refraction) since this is where deviations from normal crustal accretion should be most readily quantified. However, as with gravity and magnetic studies at OCCs, ambiguities are inherent in seismic interpretation, including within some processing/analysis steps. We briefly discuss some of these issues for each data type. Progress in understanding the shallow structure of OCCs (within similar to 1 km of the seafloor) is considerable. Firm constraints on deeper structure, particularly characterization of the transition from dominantly mafic rock (and/or altered ultramafic rock) to dominantly fresh mantle peridotite, are not currently in hand. There is limited information on the structure and composition of the conjugate lithosphere accreted to the opposite plate while an OCC forms, commonly on the inside corner of a ridge-offset intersection. These gaps preclude full testing of current models. However, with the data in hand there are systematic patterns in OCC structure, such as the 1-2 Myr duration of this rifting style within a given ridge segment, the height of the domal cores with respect to surrounding seafloor, the correspondence of gravity highs with OCCs, and the persistence of corrugations that mark relative (palaeo) slip along the exposed detachment capping the domal cores. This compilation of geophysical results at OCCs should be useful to investigators new to the topic but we also target advanced researchers in our presentation and synthesis of findings to date.},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04184.x},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Canales, J P and Harding, A}
}
@article {Becker2009,
	title = {{Importance of seep primary production to Lophelia pertusa and associated fauna in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {56},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {786{\textendash}800},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.006},
	author = {Becker, E L and Cordes, E E and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Cordes2009,
	title = {{Macro-Ecology of Gulf of Mexico Cold Seeps}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Marine Science},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {143{\textendash}168},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163912},
	author = {Cordes, E E and Bergquist, D C and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Sherman2009,
	title = {{Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {279},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {86{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032},
	author = {Sherman, L S and Blum, J D and Nordstrom, D K and McCleskey, R B and Barkay, T and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Yao2009,
	title = {{Metal sources of black smoker chimneys, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Pb isotope constraints}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {24},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1971{\textendash}1977},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.07.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.07.010},
	author = {Yao, H Q and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Bao, S X and Wu, Z J and Li, J T and Sun, Z L and Chen, Z Q and Li, J W and Chen, G Q}
}
@article {Boswell2009,
	title = {{Occurrence of gas hydrate in Oligocene Frio sand: Alaminos Canyon Block 818: northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1499{\textendash}1512},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.005},
	author = {Boswell, R and Shelander, D and Lee, M and Latham, T and Collett, T and Geurin, G and Moridis, G and Reagan, M and Goldberg, D}
}
@article {Tremblay2009,
	title = {{Oceanic core complexes and ancient oceanic lithosphere: Insights from Iapetan and Tethyan ophiolites (Canada and Albania)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {473},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {36{\textendash}52},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.003},
	author = {Tremblay, A and Meshi, A and B{\'e}dard, J H}
}
@article {Rona2009,
	title = {{Paleodictyon nodosum: a living fossil on the deep sea floor}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1700{\textendash}1712},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	author = {Rona, P A and Seilacher, A and de Vargas, C and Gooday, A J and Bernhard, J M and Bowser, S and Vetriani, C and Wirsen, C O and Mullineaux, L and Sherrell, R and Grassle, J F and Low, S and Lutz, R A}
}
@book {Mills2009,
	title = {{Photographic identification guide to larvae at hydrothermal vents}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {2009-05},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {104},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2996},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2996},
	author = {Mills, S W and Beaulieu, S E and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Tyler2009,
	title = {{Protandric hermaphroditism in the whale-fall bivalve mollusc Idas washingtonia}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1689{\textendash}1699},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.014},
	author = {Tyler, P A and Marsh, L and Baco-Taylor, A and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Bradley2009a,
	title = {{Structural diversity of diether lipids in carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {40},
	number = {12},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1169{\textendash}1178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.004},
	author = {Bradley, A S and Fredricks, H and Hinrichs, K -U and Summons, R E}
}
@article {Shin2009,
	title = {{Superoxide dismutase from the eukaryotic thermophile Alvinella pompejana: Structures, stability, mechanism, and insights into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
	volume = {385},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1534{\textendash}1555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2836},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	author = {Shin, D S and DiDonato, M and Barondeau, D P and Hura, G L and Hitomi, C and Berglund, J A and Getzoff, E D and Cary, S C and Tainer, J A}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe2009,
	title = {{Survival of mussels in extremely acidic waters on a submarine volcano}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {2},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {may},
	pages = {344{\textendash}348},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/NGEO500},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Davies, K T A and Butterfield, D A and Embley, R W and Rose, J M and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Breier2009,
	title = {{A suspended-particle rosette multi-sampler for discrete biogeochemical sampling in low-particle-density waters}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1579{\textendash}1589},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	author = {Breier, J A and Rauch, C G and McCartney, K and Toner, B M and Fakra, S C and White, S N and German, C R}
}
@article {Brooke2009,
	title = {{Where do the embryos of Riftia pachyptila develop? Pressure tolerances, temperature tolerances, and buoyancy during prolonged embryonic dispersal}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1599{\textendash}1606},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.003},
	author = {Brooke, S D and Young, C M}
}
@article {Delacour2008b,
	title = {{Carbon geochemistry of serpentinites in the Lost City Hydrothermal System (30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {15},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3681{\textendash}3702},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Schaeffer, P and Kelley, D S}
}
@inbook {Pester2008,
	title = {{The chemistry of diffuse-flow vent fluids on the Galapagos Roft (86 degrees W) : temporal vaiability and subseafloor phase equilibria controls}},
	booktitle = {Magma to microbe : modeling hydrothermal processes at ocean spreading centers},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {178},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {123{\textendash}144},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0875904432},
	doi = {10.1029/178GM07},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/178GM07},
	author = {Pester, N J and Butterfield, D A and Foustoukos, D I and Roe, K K and Ding, K and Shank, T M and Seyfried, W E},
	editor = {Lowell, R P}
}
@article {Cordes2008,
	title = {{Coral communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {777{\textendash}787},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.005},
	author = {Cordes, E E and McGinley, M P and Podowski, E L and Becker, E L and Lessard-Pilon, S and Viada, S T and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Fusaro2008,
	title = {{Development and characterization of 12 microsatellite markers from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent siboglinid Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {132{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1755-098X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01897},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01897},
	author = {Fusaro, A J and Baco, A R and Gerlach, G and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Walker2008a,
	title = {{Eruption-fed particle plumes and volcaniclastic deposits at a submarine volcano: NW Rota-1, Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {B08S11},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JB005441},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005441},
	author = {Walker, S L and Baker, E T and Resing, J A and Chadwick, W W and Lebon, G T and Lupton, J E and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Moore2008,
	title = {{False boarfish Neocyttus helgae in the Western North Atlantic}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {31{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-032X},
	doi = {10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[31:FBNHIT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[31:FBNHIT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Moore, J A and Auster, P J and Calini, D and Heinonen, K and Barber, K and Hecker, B}
}
@article {Melchert2008,
	title = {{First evidence for high-temperature off-axis venting of deep crustal/mantle heat: The Nibelungen hydrothermal field, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {61{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	author = {Melchert, B and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Seifert, R and Walter, M and Mertens, C and Yoerger, D R and Baker, E T and Paulick, H and Nakamura, K}
}
@article {Rouxel2008,
	title = {{Integrated Fe- and S-isotope study of seafloor hydrothermal vents at East Pacific Rise 9{\textendash}10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {252},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {214{\textendash}227},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.03.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.03.009},
	author = {Rouxel, O J and Shanks, W C and Bach, W and Edwards, K J}
}
@book {Brooks2008,
	title = {{Investigations of chemosynthetic communities on the lower continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico: Interim Report 1}},
	series = {OCS Reports},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {332},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	organization = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/ESPIS/4/4320.pdf},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Fisher, C R and Roberts, H and Bernard, B and MacDonald, I R and Carney, R and Jove, S and Cordes, E E and Wolff, G A and Goehring, E}
}
@article {Boschi2008,
	title = {{Isotopic and element exchange during serpentinization and metasomatism at the Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N): Insights from B and Sr isotope data}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {7},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1801{\textendash}1823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	author = {Boschi, C and Dini, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S}
}
@inbook {Bellingham2008,
	title = {{Platforms: autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of ocean sciences},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {San DIego, CA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	isbn = {978012374473-9},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00730-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00730-X},
	author = {Bellingham, J G},
	editor = {Steele, J H}
}
@article {Tyler2008,
	title = {{Reproduction of gastropods from vents on the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {107{\textendash}118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Tyler, P A and Pendlebury, S and Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Eckelbarger, K J and Baker, M and Young, C M}
}
@article {Delacour2008,
	title = {{Sulfur in peridotites and gabbros at Lost City (30 degrees N, MAR): Implications for hydrothermal alteration and microbial activity during serpentinization}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {20},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {5090{\textendash}5110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Luther2008,
	title = {{Use of voltammetric solid-state (micro)electrodes for studying biogeochemical processes: Laboratory measurements to real time measurements with an in situ electrochemical analyzer (ISEA)}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {221{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B T and Ma, S and Trouwborst, R E and Moore, T S and Metzger, E and Kraiya, C and Waite, T J and Druschel, G and Sundby, B and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Shank, T M and Lewis, B L and Brendel, P J}
}
@article {Rathgeber2008,
	title = {{Vertical distribution and characterization of aerobic phototrophic bacteria at the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Photosynthesis Research},
	volume = {97},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {235{\textendash}244},
	abstract = {The vertical distribution of culturable anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria was investigated at five sites at or near the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Twelve similar strains of obligately aerobic phototrophic bacteria were isolated in pure culture, from depths ranging from 500 to 2,379 m below the surface. These strains appear morphologically, physiologically, biochemically, and phylogenetically similar to Citromicrobium bathyomarinum strain JF-1, a bacterium previously isolated from hydrothermal vent plume waters. Only one aerobic phototrophic strain was isolated from surface waters. This strain is morphologically and physiologically distinct from the strains isolated at deeper sampling locations, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is most closely related to the genus Erythrobacter. Phototrophs were cultivated from three water casts taken above vents but not from two casts taken away from active vent sites. No culturable anaerobic anoxygenic phototrophs were detected. The photosynthetic apparatus was investigated in strain JF-1 and contains light-harvesting I and reaction center complexes, which are functional under aerobic conditions.},
	issn = {0166-8595},
	doi = {10.1007/s11120-008-9332-z},
	author = {Rathgeber, C and Lince, M T and Alric, J and Lang, Andrew S and Humphrey, E and Blankenship, R E and Vermeglio, A and Plumley, F G and Van Dover, C L and Beatty, J T and Yurkov, V}
}
@article {Mullaugh2008,
	title = {{Voltammetric (micro)electrodes for the in situ study of Fe2+ oxidation kinetics in hot springs and S2O3-2- production at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {280{\textendash}290},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1040-0397},
	doi = {10.1002/elan.200704056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200704056},
	author = {Mullaugh, K M and Luther, G W and Ma, S and Moore, T S and Yucel, M and Becker, E L and Podowski, E L and Fisher, C R and Trouwborst, R E and Pierson, B K}
}
@article {Garcia2008,
	title = {{Widespread secondary volcanism near northern Hawaiian Islands}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {89},
	number = {52},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {542{\textendash}543},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/2008EO520002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008EO520002},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Ito, G and Weis, D and Geist, D J and Swinnard, L and Bianco, T and Flinders, A and Taylor, B and Appelgate, B and Blay, C and Hanano, D and Silva, I N and Naumann, T and Maerschalk, C and Harpp, K S and Christensen, B and Sciaroni, L and Tagami, T and Yamasaki, S}
}
@article {John2008,
	title = {{Zinc stable isotopes in seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids and chimneys}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {269},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {17{\textendash}28},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.12.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.12.011},
	author = {John, S G and Rouxel, O J and Craddock, P R and Engwall, A M and Boyle, E A}
}
@article {Roberts2007a,
	title = {{Alvin explores the deep northern Gulf of Mexico Slope}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {88},
	number = {35},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {341{\textendash}342},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/2007EO350001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007EO350001},
	author = {Roberts, H and Carney, R and Kupchik, M and Fisher, C R and Nelson, Kim and Becker, E and Goehring, E and Lessard-Pilon, S and Telesnicki, G and Bernard, B and Brooks, J and Bright, M and Cordes, E and Hourdez, S and Hunt, J and Shedd, W and Boland, G and Joye, S and Samarkin, V and Bernier, M and Bowles, M and MacDonald, I and Niemann, H and Petersen, C and Morrison, C and Potter, J}
}
@article {Yoerger2007b,
	title = {{Autonomous and remotely operated vehicle technology for hydrothermal vent discovery, exploration, and sampling}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {152{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.89},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Jakuba, M V and German, C R and Shank, T M and Tivey, M}
}
@article {Fisher2007b,
	title = {{Cold Seeps and Associated Communities of the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {118{\textendash}129},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.12},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Roberts, H and Cordes, E and Bernard, B}
}
@article {Houghton2007,
	title = {{Continuous enrichment culturing of thermophiles under sulfate and nitrate-reducing conditions and at deep-sea hydrostatic pressures}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {371{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-006-0049-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00792-006-0049-7},
	author = {Houghton, J L and Seyfried, W E and Banta, A B and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@article {Carney2007,
	title = {{Environmental differences in hemoglobin gene expression in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm, Ridgeia piscesae}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	volume = {146},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {326{\textendash}337},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.11.002},
	author = {Carney, S L and Flores, J F and Orobona, K M and Butterfield, D A and Fisher, C R and Schaeffer, S W}
}
@article {Embley2007,
	title = {{Exploring the submarine ring of fire: Mariana Arc-Western Pacific}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.07},
	author = {Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Chadwick, W W and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and de Ronde, C E J and Nakamura, K I and Tunnicliffe, V and Dower, J F and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Urcuyo2007,
	title = {{Growth and longevity of the tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae in the variable diffuse flow habitats of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {344},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {143{\textendash}157},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps06710},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps06710},
	author = {Urcuyo, I A and Bergquist, D C and MacDonald, I R and VanHorn, M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Yoerger2007,
	title = {{Mid-ocean ridge exploration with an autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {52{\textendash}61},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.05},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Jakuba, M V and Tivey, M A and German, C R and Shank, T M and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Bergmanis2007,
	title = {{Recent eruptive history and magma reservoir dynamics on the southern East Pacific Rise at 17 degrees 30{\textquoteright} S}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q12O06},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001742},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001742},
	author = {Bergmanis, E C and Sinton, J and Rubin, K H}
}
@article {Gannoun2007,
	title = {{The scale and origin of the osmium isotope variations in mid-ocean ridge basalts}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {259},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {541{\textendash}556},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	author = {Gannoun, A and Burton, K W and Parkinson, I J and Alard, O and Schiano, P and Thomas, L E}
}
@article {Sharma2007,
	title = {{Search for the proverbial mantle osmium sources to the oceans: Hydrothermal alteration of mid-ocean ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {71},
	number = {19},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {4655{\textendash}4667},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2007.06.062},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.06.062},
	author = {Sharma, M and Rosenberg, E J and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Yoerger2007a,
	title = {{Techniques for deep sea near bottom survey using an autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {International Journal of Robotics Research},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {41{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0278-3649},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-48113-3_36},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48113-3{\_}36},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Bingham, B}
}
@article {Gollner2007,
	title = {{Tubeworm-associated permanent meiobenthic communities from two chemically different hydrothermal vent sites on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {337},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {39{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps337039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps337039},
	author = {Gollner, S and Zekeley, J and Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Nemeschkal, H L and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Bergquist2007,
	title = {{Using stable isotopes and quantitative community characteristics to determine a local hydrothermal vent food web}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {330},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {49{\textendash}65},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps330049},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps330049},
	author = {Bergquist, D C and Eckner, J T and Urcuyo, I A and Cordes, E E and Hourdez, S and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Gollner2006,
	title = {{Benthic copepod communities associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {397{\textendash}402},
	abstract = {Variability in the structure of the meiobenthic copepod communities was studied among three vent sites on the East Pacific Rise. One of the sites was dominated by the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus, and the other two of the sites were dominated by the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. In addition to the differences in the dominant megafauna, the maximum temperatures were much lower at the mussel-dominated sites, and the temperature to sulfide ratio was different between the tubeworm-dominated sites. A total of 22 vent endemic siphonostomatoid copepod species and 5 harpacticoid copepod species were identified among the three sites. Copepod abundance was low at all sites (},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Gollner, S and Zekely, Julia and Van Dover, C L and Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Nemeschkal, H L and Bright, M}
}
@article {Lang2006,
	title = {{Dissolved organic carbon in ridge-axis and ridge-flank hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {70},
	number = {15},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3830{\textendash}3842},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.031},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.031},
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}
@article {Rona2006,
	title = {{Entrainment and bending in a major hydrothermal plume, Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {33},
	number = {19},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {L19313},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gl027211},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027211},
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}
@article {Ludwig2006,
	title = {{Formation and evolution of carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {70},
	number = {14},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3625{\textendash}3645},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016},
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}
@article {Nussbaumer2006,
	title = {{Horizontal endosymbiont transmission in hydrothermal vent tubeworms}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {441},
	number = {7091},
	year = {2006},
	month = {may},
	pages = {345{\textendash}348},
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	issn = {0028-0836},
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}
@article {Hey2006,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent geology and biology at earth{\textquoteright}s fastest spreading rates}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {137{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Zekely2006,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent meiobenthos associated with mytilid mussel aggregations from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {53},
	number = {8},
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	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Bingham2006,
	title = {{Hypothesis grids: Improving long baseline navigation for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {209{\textendash}218},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/joe.2006.872220},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2006.872220},
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}
@article {Bingham2006a,
	title = {{Integrating precision relative positioning into Jason/Medea ROV operations}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {40},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {87{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	doi = {10.4031/002533206787353664},
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}
@article {Embley2006,
	title = {{Long-term eruptive activity at a submarine arc volcano}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {441},
	number = {7092},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {494{\textendash}497},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04762},
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}
@article {Boschi2006,
	title = {{Mass transfer and fluid flow during detachment faulting and development of an oceanic core complex, Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q01004},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
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	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001074},
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}
@article {Huber2006,
	title = {{Microbial life in ridge flank crustal fluids}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {88{\textendash}99},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
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}
@article {DeChaine2006,
	title = {{Off-axis symbiosis found: characterization and biogeography of bacterial symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from Lost City hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {11},
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	pages = {1902{\textendash}1912},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Martinez2006,
	title = {{Opposing trends in crustal thickness and spreading rate along the back-arc Eastern Lau Spreading Center: Implications for controls on ridge morphology, faulting, and hydrothermal activity}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {245},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2006},
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	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
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	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.049},
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}
@article {Johnson2006,
	title = {{On sampling the upper crustal reservoir of the NE Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Geofluids},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {251{\textendash}271},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1468-8123},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1468-8123.2006.00151.x},
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}
@article {Tolstoy2006,
	title = {{A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {314},
	number = {5807},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1920{\textendash}1922},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	doi = {10.1126/science.1133950},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133950},
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}
@article {Lutz2006,
	title = {{Stauromedusan populations inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {409{\textendash}413},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Reysenbach2006,
	title = {{A ubiquitous thermoacidophilic archaeon from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {442},
	number = {7101},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {444{\textendash}447},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Lanoil2005,
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	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Valentine2005,
	title = {{Biogeochemical investigations of marine methane seeps, Hydrate Ridge, Oregon}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
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	year = {2005},
	pages = {G02005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Salerno2005,
	title = {{Characterization of symbiont populations in life-history stages of mussels from chemosynthetic environments}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {208},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {145{\textendash}155},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
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	title = {{The color of the trophosome: elemental sulfur distribution in the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera; Siboglinidae)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {146},
	number = {5},
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	pages = {895{\textendash}901},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Ding2005,
	title = {{The in situ pH of hydrothermal fluids at mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {237},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {167{\textendash}174},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Lein2005,
	title = {{Lipids in hydrothermal sulfide ores from the 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N field of the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Doklady Earth Sciences},
	volume = {405},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1231{\textendash}1234},
	issn = {1028-334X},
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}
@article {Vetriani2005,
	title = {{Mercury adaptation among bacteria from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {71},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {220{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Beatty2005,
	title = {{An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {102},
	number = {26},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {9306{\textendash}9310},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0503674102},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503674102},
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}
@article {Fleutelot2005,
	title = {{Petrogenetic variability along the North-South Propagating Spreading Center of the North Fiji Basin}},
	journal = {Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {55{\textendash}86},
	issn = {0930-0708},
	doi = {10.1007/s00710-004-0061-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-004-0061-5},
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}
@article {Blake2005,
	title = {{The reproductive biology of Amathys lutzi, an ampharetid polychaete from hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {124},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {254{\textendash}264},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2005.00022.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2005.00022.x},
	author = {Blake, E A and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Kelley2005a,
	title = {{A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: The lost city hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {307},
	number = {5714},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1428{\textendash}1434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102556},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Yoerger, D R and Shank, T M and Butterfield, D A and Hayes, J M and Schrenk, M O and Olson, E J and Proskurowski, G and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Larson, B I and Ludwig, K A and Glickson, D A and Buckman, K and Bradley, A S and Brazelton, W J and Roe, K and Elend, M J and Delacour, A and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Summons, R T and Sylva, S P}
}
@article {Henscheid2005,
	title = {{The splicing factor U2AF65 is functionally conserved in the thermotolerant deep-sea worm Alvinella pompejana}},
	journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression},
	volume = {1727},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {197{\textendash}207},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0167-4781},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.01.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.01.008},
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}
@article {Mullineaux2005,
	title = {{Vertical, lateral and temporal structure in larval abundance at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {293},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps293001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps293001},
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}
@article {Govenar2004,
	title = {{Composition of a One-Year-Old Riftia pachyptila Community Following a Clearance Experiment: Insight to Succession Patterns at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {207},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {177{\textendash}182},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1543204},
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}
@article {Davis2004,
	title = {{Costa Rica Rift revisited: Constraints on shallow and deep hydrothermal circulation in young oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {222},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2004},
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	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Dahlgren2004,
	title = {{Fauna of whale falls: Systematics and ecology of a new polychaete (Annelida: Chrysopetalidae) from the deep Pacific Ocean.}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
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	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
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	title = {{Heat flow through a basaltic outcrop on a sedimented young ridge flank}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q12006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
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	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000700},
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}
@article {Davis2004a,
	title = {{Hydrological response to a seafloor spreading episode on the Juan de Fuca ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {430},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {335{\textendash}338},
	issn = {0028-0836},
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}
@article {Schrenk2004,
	title = {{Low archaeal diversity linked to subseafloor geochemical processes at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {6},
	number = {10},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1086{\textendash}1095},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00650.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00650.x},
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}
@article {Walden2004,
	title = {{A replacement for the Alvin submersible}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {38},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {85{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	doi = {10.4031/002533204787522721},
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}
@inbook {Fornari2004,
	title = {{Submarine lava flow emplacement at the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N: Implications for uppermost ocean crust stratigraphy and hydrothermal fluid circulation}},
	booktitle = {Mid-ocean ridges: hydrothermal interactions between the lithosphere and ocean},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {148},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {187{\textendash}217},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875904130},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R and Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Edwards, M H and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Von Damm, K L and Shank, T M and Soule, A},
	editor = {German, C R}
}
@article {Robinson2004,
	title = {{Surficial hydrocarbon seep infauna from the Blake Ridge (Atlantic Ocean, 2150 m) and the Gulf of Mexico (690{\textendash}2240 m)}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {313{\textendash}336},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2004.00034.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2004.00034.x},
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}
@article {Becker2004,
	title = {{Temperature and video logs from the upper oceanic crust, Holes 504B and 896A, Costa Rica Rift flank: implications for the permeability of upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {222},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {881{\textendash}896},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.033},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.033},
	author = {Becker, K and Davis, E E and Spiess, F N and DeMoustier, C P}
}
@article {Fruh-Green2003,
	title = {{30,000 years of hydrothermal activity at the Lost City vent field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {301},
	number = {5632},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {495{\textendash}498},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1085582},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1085582},
	author = {Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S and Bernasconi, S M and Karson, J A and Ludwig, K A and Butterfield, D A and Boschi, C and Proskurowski, G}
}
@article {Sims2003,
	title = {{Aberrant youth: Chemical and isotopic constraints on the young off-axis lavas of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {10},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8621},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000443},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000443},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Blichert-Toft, J and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Goldstein, S J and Johnson, P and DePaolo, D J and Hart, S R and Murrell, M T and Michael, P J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A}
}
@article {VanDover2003a,
	title = {{Blake Ridge methane seeps: Characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {281{\textendash}300},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Aharon, P and Bernhard, J M and Caylor, E and Doerries, M B and Flickinger, W and Gilhooly, W and Goffredi, S K and Knick, K E and Macko, S A and Rapoport, S and Raulfs, E C and Ruppel, C and Salerno, J L and Seitz, R D and Sen Gupta, B K and Shank, T M and Turnipseed, M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Seyfried2003,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geochemical controls in the aftermath of June 1999 seismic events}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2429},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JB001957},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001957},
	author = {Seyfried, W E and Seewald, J S and Berndt, M E and Ding, K and Foustoukos, D}
}
@article {Davis2003,
	title = {{Deep-ocean temperature variations and implications for errors in seafloor heat flow determinations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2034},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB001695},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001695},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Becker, K and Thomson, R E and Yashayaev, I}
}
@inbook {Smith2003,
	title = {{The ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {311{\textendash}354},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0415254639},
	author = {Smith, C R and Baco, A R and Gibson, R N and Atkinson, R J A},
	editor = {Gibson, R N}
}
@article {Won2003,
	title = {{Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-sea mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {6785{\textendash}6792},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Hallam, S J and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Pan, I L and Buck, K R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Shah2003,
	title = {{Episodic dike swarms inferred from near-bottom magnetic anomaly maps at the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2097},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000564},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000564},
	author = {Shah, A K and Cormier, M -H and Ryan, W B F and Jin, W and Carlut, J and Bergmanis, E C and Bradley, A M and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {VonDamm2003,
	title = {{Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {206},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2003},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {365{\textendash}378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M D and Shanks, W C and Brockington, M and Bray, A M and O{\textquoteright}Grady, K M and Olson, E J and Graham, A and Proskurowski, G and Party, SouEPR Science}
}
@article {Stewart2003,
	title = {{Geochemical relationships between dikes and lavas at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for magma eruptibility}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Art. no. 2184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB001622},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001622},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Brophy, J G}
}
@article {Baco2003,
	title = {{High species richness in deep-sea chemoautotrophic whale skeleton communities}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {260},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {109{\textendash}114},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps260109},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps260109},
	author = {Baco, A R and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Waren2003,
	title = {{A hot-vent gastropod with iron-sulphide dermal sclerites}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {302},
	number = {5647},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1007},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1087696},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1087696},
	author = {Waren, A and Bengtson, S and Goffredi, S K and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Schrenk2003,
	title = {{Incidence and diversity of mcroorganisms within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {3580{\textendash}3592},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.6.3580-3592.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.6.3580-3592.2003},
	author = {Schrenk, M O and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Beard2003,
	title = {{Iron isotope constraints on Fe cycling and mass balance in oxygenated Earth oceans}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {7},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {629{\textendash}632},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0629:IICOFC>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031{\%}3C0629:IICOFC{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Beard, B L and Johnson, C M and Von Damm, K L and Poulson, R L}
}
@article {Lilley2003,
	title = {{Magmatic events can produce rapid changes in hydrothermal vent chemistry}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {422},
	number = {6934},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {878{\textendash}881},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature01569},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01569},
	author = {Lilley, M D and Butterfield, D A and Lupton, J E and Olson, E J}
}
@article {Carbotte2003,
	title = {{Magmatic subsidence of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 18 degrees14{\textquoteright}S revealed through fault restoration of ridge crest bathymetry}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000337},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000337},
	author = {Carbotte, S M and Ryan, W B and Cormier, M -H and Jin, W and Bergmanis, E C and Sinton, J and White, S}
}
@article {Becker2003,
	title = {{New evidence for age variation and scale effects of permeabilities of young oceanic crust from borehole thermal and pressure measurements}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {210},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {499{\textendash}508},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00160-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00160-2},
	author = {Becker, K and Davis, E E}
}
@inbook {Board2003a,
	title = {{Ocean research technologies}},
	booktitle = {Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {97{\textendash}127},
	publisher = {National Academies Press},
	organization = {National Academies Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0309089271},
	url = {http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record{\_}id=10844{\&}page=97},
	editor = {Board, Ocean Studies}
}
@mastersthesis {Bingham2003,
	title = {{Precision autonomous underwater navigation}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {185},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29629},
	author = {Bingham, B S}
}
@inbook {Board2003,
	title = {{Related facility needs for an ocean observatories network}},
	booktitle = {Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century: Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {138{\textendash}156},
	publisher = {National Academies Press},
	organization = {National Academies Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0309089905},
	url = {http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record{\_}id=10775{\&}page=138},
	editor = {Board, Ocean Studies}
}
@article {Levin2003,
	title = {{Spatial heterogeneity of macrofauna at northern California methane seeps: Influence of sulfide concentration and fluid flow}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {265},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {123{\textendash}139},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps265123},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps265123},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G F and Growney, V A and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Mahn, C and Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Nooner2003,
	title = {{Structure of oceanic core complexes: Constraints from seafloor gravity measurements made at the Atlantis Massif}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {30},
	number = {8},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1446},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GL017126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017126},
	author = {Nooner, S L and Sasagawa, G S and Blackman, D K and Zumberge, M A}
}
@article {Cormier2003,
	title = {{Waxing and waning volcanism along the East Pacific Rise on the millennium time scale}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {7},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {633{\textendash}636},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0633:WAWVAT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031{\%}3C0633:WAWVAT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Cormier, M -H and Ryan, W B F and Shah, A K and Lin, W A and Bradley, A M and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Sims2002,
	title = {{Chemical and isotopic constraints on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {19},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3481{\textendash}3504},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Goldstein, S J and Blichert-Toft, J and Perfit, M R and Kelemen, P and Fornari, D J and Michael, P J and Murrell, M T and Hart, S R and DePaolo, D J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A and Jull, M and Bender, J}
}
@inbook {Luther2002,
	title = {{A continuous flow electrochemical cell for analysis of chemical species and ions at high pressure: Laboratory, shipboard and hydrothermal vent results.}},
	booktitle = {Environmental electrochemistry: Analyses of trace element biogeochemistry},
	series = {ACS symposium series},
	number = {811},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {54{\textendash}73},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	organization = {American Chemical Society},
	address = {Washington, D. C.},
	isbn = {0841237743},
	author = {Luther, G W and Bono, A and Taillefert, M and Cary, S C},
	editor = {Taillefert, M}
}
@article {Reysenbach2002,
	title = {{Expanding the distribution of the Aquificales to the deep-sea vents on Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Central Indian Ridge}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {425{\textendash}428},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-425-428.pdf},
	author = {Reysenbach, A -L and Gotz, D and Banta, A and Jeanthon, C and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Smith2002,
	title = {{Faunal succession on replicate deep-sea whale falls:time scales and vent-seep affinities}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {293{\textendash}297},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-293-297.pdf},
	author = {Smith, C R and Baco, A R and Glover, A G}
}
@article {Biscoito2002,
	title = {{Fishes from the hydrothermal vents and cold seeps: An update}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {359{\textendash}362},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-359-362.pdf},
	author = {Biscoito, M and Segonzac, M and Almeida, A J and Desbruyeres, D and Geistdoerfer, P and Turnipseed, M and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Torres2002,
	title = {{Fluid and chemical flux in and out of sediments hosting methane hydrate deposits on Hydrate Ridge, OR, II: Hydrological processes}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {201},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {525{\textendash}540},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00733-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00732-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00733-1},
	author = {Torres, M E and McManus, J and Hammond, D E and De Angelis, M A and Heeschen, K U and Colbert, S L and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Suess, E and Torres, M E}
}
@article {Blackman2002,
	title = {{Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {443{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S and Cann, J R and Fruh-Green, G L and Gee, J S and Hurst, S D and John, B E and Morgan, J and Nooner, S L and Ross, D K and Schroeder, T J and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Petitt2002,
	title = {{The Hawaii-2 Observatory}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {245{\textendash}253},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/JOE.2002.1002479},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2002.1002479},
	author = {Petitt, R A and Harris, D W and Wooding, B and Bailey, J and Jolly, J and Hobart, E and Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Butler, R and Bowen, A and Yoerger, D R}
}
@booklet {Beard2002,
	title = {{Iron isotope constraints on Fe cycling and mass balance in the oxygenated Earth}},
	howpublished = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {Supplement 1},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {A58},
	isbn = {0016-7037},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00167037},
	author = {Beard, B L and Johnson, C M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Davis2002,
	title = {{Observations of natural-state fluid pressures and temperatures in young oceanic crust and inferences regarding hydrothermal circulation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {204},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {231{\textendash}248},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00982-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00982-2},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K}
}
@article {Pond2002,
	title = {{Origins of long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids in the hydrothermal vent worms, Ridgea piscesae and Protis hydrothermica}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {225},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {219{\textendash}226},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps225219},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps225219},
	author = {Pond, D W and Allen, C E and Bell, M V and Van Dover, C L and Fallick, A E and Dixon, D R and Sargent, J R}
}
@book {Mayers2002,
	title = {{Structural analysis of Alvin variable ballast piping}},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {57},
	publisher = {Anteon Corporation, Machinery Systems Group},
	organization = {Anteon Corporation, Machinery Systems Group},
	address = {Annapolis, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA403034},
	author = {Mayers, G D and Brown, R S}
}
@article {Govenar2002,
	title = {{Three Ridgeia piscesae assemblages from a single Juan de Fuca Ridge sulphide edifice: Structurally different and functionally similar}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {247{\textendash}252},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-247-252.pdf},
	author = {Govenar, B W and Bergquist, D C and Urcuyo, I A and Eckner, J T and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Sinton2002,
	title = {{Volcanic eruptions on mid-ocean ridges: New evidence from the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 17 degrees-19 degrees S}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000090},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000090},
	author = {Sinton, J and Bergmanis, E and Rubin, K H and Batiza, R and Gregg, T K P and Gronvold, K and Macdonald, K C and White, S M}
}
@article {VanDover2001,
	title = {{Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {294},
	number = {5543},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {818{\textendash}823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1064574},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1064574},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Cavanaugh, C M and Collier, R and Goffredi, S K and Hashimoto, J and Lilley, M D and Reysenbach, A -L and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Banta, A and Gallant, R M and Gotz, D and Green, D and Hall, J and Harmer, T L and Hurtado, L A and Johnson, P and McKiness, Z P and Meredith, C and Olson, E J and Pan, I L and Turnipseed, M and Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Tryon2001,
	title = {{Complex flow patterns through hydrate ridge and their impact on Seep Biota}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {28},
	number = {14},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2863{\textendash}2866},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2000GL012566},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012566},
	author = {Tryon, M D and Brown, K M}
}
@article {Kolber2001,
	title = {{Contribution of aerobic photoheterotrophic bacteria to the carbon cycle in the ocean}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {292},
	number = {5526},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2492{\textendash}2495},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1059707},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1059707},
	author = {Kolber, Z S and Plumley, F G and Lang, A S and Beatty, J T and Blankenship, R E and Van Dover, C L and Vetriani, C and Koblizek, M and Rathgeber, C and Falkowski, P G}
}
@article {Ballard2001,
	title = {{Deep Black Sea}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {199},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {52{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Etter2001,
	title = {{Deep-Sea Communities}},
	booktitle = {Marine Community Ecology},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {367{\textendash}394},
	publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
	organization = {Sinauer Associates},
	address = {Sunderland, Mass.},
	isbn = {0878930574},
	author = {Etter, R J and Mullineaux, L S},
	editor = {Bertness, M D}
}
@article {Klages2001,
	title = {{Deep-sea food falls: first observation of a natural event in the Arctic Ocean}},
	journal = {Polar Biology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {292{\textendash}295},
	issn = {0722-4060},
	doi = {10.1007/s003000000199},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000000199},
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}
@article {Holden2001,
	title = {{Diversity among three novel groups of hyperthermophilic deep-sea Thermococcus species from three sites in the northeastern Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {51{\textendash}60},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00825.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00825.x},
	author = {Holden, J F and Takai, K and Summit, M and Bolton, S A and Zyskowski, J and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Davis2001,
	title = {{An episode of seafloor spreading and associated plate deformation inferred from crustal fluid pressure transients}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {21,921{\textendash}953,964},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000040},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Thomson, R E and Becker, K and Cassidy, J F}
}
@article {Butterfield2001,
	title = {{Evidence for basaltic Sr in midocean ridge-flank hydrothermal systems and implications for the global oceanic Sr isotope balance}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	number = {22},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4141{\textendash}4153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Nelson, B K and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Roe, K K}
}
@article {Rubin2001,
	title = {{Geochemical heterogeneity within mid-ocean ridge lava flows: Insights into eruption, emplacement and global variations in magma generation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {188},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {349{\textendash}367},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00339-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00339-9},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Smith, M C and Bergmanis, E C and Perfit, M R and Sinton, J M and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Ding2001,
	title = {{In situ measurement of dissolved H (sub 2) and H (sub 2) S in high-temperature hydrothermal vent fluids at the Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {186},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {417{\textendash}425},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00257-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00257-6},
	author = {Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Tivey, M K and Bradley, A M}
}
@article {Beaulieu2001,
	title = {{Life on glass houses: sponge stalk communities in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {138},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {803{\textendash}817},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270000500},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270000500},
	author = {Beaulieu, S E}
}
@article {Tryon2001a,
	title = {{A new benthic aqueous flux meter for very low to moderate discharge rates}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {48},
	number = {9},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2121{\textendash}2146},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00002-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00002-4},
	author = {Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Dorman, L and Sauter, A}
}
@article {Kelley2001a,
	title = {{An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {412},
	number = {6843},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {145{\textendash}149},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35084000},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35084000},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Blackman, D K and Fruh-Green, G L and Butterfield, D A and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J and Schrenk, M O and Roe, K K and Lebon, G T and Rivizzigno, P}
}
@article {Martel2001,
	title = {{Species and epilimnion/hypolimnion-related differences in size at larval settlement and metamorphosis in Dreissena (Bivalvia)}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {46},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {707{\textendash}713},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2001.46.3.0707},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}46/issue{\_}3/0707.pdf},
	author = {Martel, A L and Baldwin, B S and Dermott, R M and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Ravizza2001,
	title = {{Sr isotope variations in vent fluids from 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright}-9 degrees 54{\textquoteright}N East Pacific Rise: Evidence of a non-zero-Mg fluid component}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {729{\textendash}739},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00590-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00590-1},
	author = {Ravizza, G and Blusztajn, J and Von Damm, K L and Bray, A M and Bach, W and Hart, S R}
}
@article {Luther2001a,
	title = {{Sulfur speciation monitored in situ with solid state gold amalgam voltammetric microelectrodes: Polysulfides as a special case in sediments, microbial mats and hydrothermal vent waters}},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {61{\textendash}66},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1464-0325},
	doi = {10.1039/b006499h},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b006499h},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B Y and Hohmann, L and Popp, J I and Taillefert, M and Rozan, T F and Brendel, P J and Theberge, S M and Nuzzio, D B}
}
@article {Davis2001a,
	title = {{Using ODP boreholes for studying sub-seafloor hydrogeology: Results from the first decade of CORK observations}},
	journal = {Geoscience Canada},
	volume = {28},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {171{\textendash}178},
	issn = {0315-0941},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K}
}
@article {Jungclaus2001,
	title = {{A web-based distributive aimulator for the Alvin deep submersible vehicle}},
	journal = {Computer Graphics Topics},
	volume = {13},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {21{\textendash}22},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.inigraphics.net/press/topics/2001/issue4/4{\_}01a08.pdf},
	author = {Jungclaus, J and Barton, R J and Encarnacao, L M}
}
@article {Bright2000,
	title = {{An autoradiographic examination of carbon fixation, transfer and utilization in the Riftia pachyptila symbiosis}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {136},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	month = {may},
	pages = {621{\textendash}632},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270050722},
	author = {Bright, M and Keckeis, H and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Hekinian2000,
	title = {{Deep sea explosive activity on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 34 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N; magma composition, vesicularity and volatile content}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}77},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00190-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00190-0},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Pineau, F and Shilobreeva, S and Bideau, D and Gracia, E and Javoy, M}
}
@inbook {Coleman2000,
	title = {{Design and implementation of advanced underwater imaging systems for deep sea marine archaeological surveys}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {661{\textendash}665},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881329},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881329},
	author = {Coleman, D F and Newman, J B and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard2000a,
	title = {{The discovery of ancient history in the deep sea using advanced deep submergence technology}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1591{\textendash}1620},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	author = {Ballard, R D and McCann, A M and Yoerger, D R and Whitcomb, L and Mindell, D and Oleson, J and Singh, H and Foley, B and Adams, J and Piechota, D and Giangrande, C}
}
@article {Distel2000,
	title = {{Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents?}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {403},
	number = {6771},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {725{\textendash}726},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35001667},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001667},
	author = {Distel, D L and Baco, A R and Chuang, E and Morrill, W and Cavanaugh, C and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Auzende2000,
	title = {{The eastern and western tips of Manus Basin (Papua, New Guinea) explored by submersible: MANAUTE cruise}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciences. S{\'e}rie II, M{\'e}canique, physique, chimie, sciences de l{\textquoteright}univers, sciences de la terre},
	volume = {331},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {119{\textendash}126},
	issn = {0764-4450},
	doi = {10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ishibashi, J and Beaudoin, Y and Charlou, J L and Delteil, J and Donval, J P and Fouquet, Y and Gouillou, J P and Ildefonse, B and Kimura, H and Nishio, Y and Radford-Knoery, J and Ruellan, E}
}
@inbook {Bowen2000,
	title = {{Elevators {\textendash} autonomous transporters for deepsea benthic sample recovery}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {343{\textendash}348},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881282},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881282},
	author = {Bowen, M F and Bernard, P J and Gleason, D E and Whitcomb, L L}
}
@article {Davis2000,
	title = {{Formation-scale hydraulic and mechanical properties of oceanic crust inferred from pore pressure response to periodic seafloor loading}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13,413{\textendash}423,435},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900084},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900084},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Becker, K and Thomson, R E}
}
@article {Becker2000a,
	title = {{A geological and geophysical investigation of Baby Bare, locus of a ridge-flank hydrothermal system in the Cascadia Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23,523{\textendash}557,568},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900204},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900204},
	author = {Becker, N C and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Karsten, J L and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Butler2000,
	title = {{Hawaii-2 Observatory pioneers opportunities for remote instrumentation in ocean studies}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {81},
	number = {15},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {157,162{\textendash}163},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/00EO00105},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/00EO00105},
	author = {Butler, R and Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Yoerger, D R and Petitt, R and Harris, D and Wooding, F B and Bowen, A D and Bailey, J and Jolly, J and Hobart, E and Hildebrand, J A and Dodeman, A H}
}
@inbook {Ballard2000,
	title = {{The history of Woods Hole{\textquoteright}s deep submergence program}},
	booktitle = {50 years of ocean discovery: National Science Foundation, 1950-2000},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {67{\textendash}84},
	publisher = {National Academy Press},
	organization = {National Academy Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-309-06398-1},
	url = {http://fermat.nap.edu/openbook/0309063981/html/index.html},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {McMullin2000,
	title = {{Metazoans in Extreme Environments: Adaptations of Hydrothermal Vent and Hydrocarbon Seep Fauna}},
	journal = {Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin},
	volume = {13},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13{\textendash}23},
	author = {McMullin, E R and Bergquist, D C and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Reysenbach2000,
	title = {{Microbial essentials at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {404},
	number = {6780},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {835},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35009029},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35009029},
	author = {Reysenbach, A -L and Banta, A B and Boone, D R and Cary, S C and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Peek2000,
	title = {{Neutral and nonneutral mitochondrial genetic variation in deep-sea clams from the family Vesicomyidae}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {141{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2844},
	doi = {10.1007/s002399910016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002399910016},
	author = {Peek, A S and Gaut, B S and Feldman, R A and Barry, J P and Kochevar, R E and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {LeBris2000,
	title = {{A new chemical analyzer for in situ measurement of nitrate and total sulfide over hydrothermal vent biological communities}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {72},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1{\textendash}15},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00057-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00057-8},
	author = {Le Bris, N and Sarradin, P -M and Birot, D and Alayse-Danet, A M}
}
@article {Williams2000a,
	title = {{New species of the genus Paralomis (Decapoda, Anomura, Lithodidae) from a sunken whale carcass in the San Clemente Basin off southern California}},
	journal = {Journal of Crustacean Biology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {Special no. 2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {281{\textendash}285},
	issn = {0278-0372},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1549506},
	author = {Williams, A B and Smith, C R and Baco, A R}
}
@article {Biscoito2000,
	title = {{Occurrence of Chaceon affinis (Decapoda: Geryonidae) in the vicinity of a hydrothermal vent site on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Crustacean Biology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {128{\textendash}131},
	issn = {0278-0372},
	doi = {10.1651/0278-0372(2000)020[0128:OOCADG]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1651/0278-0372(2000)020[0128:OOCADG]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Biscoito, M and Saldanha, L}
}
@article {Screaton2000,
	title = {{Permeability of a decollement zone: Results from a two-well experiment in the Barbados accretionary complex}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {21,403{\textendash}421,410},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900220},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900220},
	author = {Screaton, E and Carson, B and Davis, E and Becker, K}
}
@article {Becker2000,
	title = {{Plugging the seafloor with CORKs}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {14{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/dfino/2005/4/v42n1-becker-davis{\_}2258.pdf},
	author = {Becker, K and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Chave2000,
	title = {{Putting H20 in the ocean}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {6{\textendash}9},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Butler, R}
}
@article {Dziak2000,
	title = {{Recent tectonics of the Blanco Ridge, eastern blanco transform fault zone}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {423{\textendash}450},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Embley, R W and Nabelek, J L and Braunmiller, J and Koski, R A}
}
@article {Maicher2000,
	title = {{Sheet hyaloclastite; density-current deposits of quench and bubble-burst fragments from thin, glassy sheet lava flows, Seamount Six, eastern Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {171},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {75{\textendash}94},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00109-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00109-2},
	author = {Maicher, D and White, J D L and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Scott1999,
	title = {{Carbon dioxide use by chemoautotrophic endosymbionts of hydrothermal vent vestimentiferans: affinities for carbon dioxide, absence of carboxysomes, and delta C-13 values}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {135},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {25{\textendash}34},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270050597},
	author = {Scott, K M and Bright, M and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Baco1999,
	title = {{The phylogenetic relationships of whale-fall vesicomyid clams based on mitochondrial COI DNA sequences}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {182},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {137{\textendash}147},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps182137},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps182137},
	author = {Baco, A R and Smith, C R and Peek, A S and Roderick, G K and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@inbook {Singh1999,
	title = {{Quantitative stereo imaging from the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE)}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}99 MTS/IEEE: Riding the crest into the 21st century},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {52{\textendash}57},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	isbn = {0-7803-5629-2},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1999.799706},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1999.799706},
	author = {Singh, H and Weyer, F and Howland, J and Duester, A and Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A}
}
@article {Slowey1999,
	title = {{Submarine outcrop and acoustic expression of lithified sediment layers in northwest Providence Channel, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {18},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {292{\textendash}296},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s003670050082},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003670050082},
	author = {Slowey, N C and Neumann, A C and Burns, S J}
}
@article {Davis1999,
	title = {{Tidal pumping of fluids within and from the oceanic crust: new observations and opportunities for sampling the crustal hydrosphere}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {172},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {141{\textendash}149},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00197-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00197-1},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K}
}
@inbook {Lalou1998,
	title = {{Age of sub-bottom sulfide samples at the TAG active mound}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	number = {158},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {111{\textendash}117},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0884-5891},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.158.214.1998},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.158.214.1998},
	author = {Lalou, C and Reyss, J L and Brichet, E},
	editor = {Riegel, R N}
}
@article {Scott1998,
	title = {{The burden of independence: Inorganic carbon utilization strategies of the sulphur chemoautotrophic hydrothermal vent isolate Thiomicrospira crunogena and the symbionts of hydrothermal vent and cold seep vestimentiferans}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {39},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {379{\textendash}381},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Scott, K M and Bright, M and Fisher, C R}
}
@book {Bowen1998,
	title = {{A deep sea docking station for ODYSSEY class autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {98-11},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {71},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/319},
	author = {Bowen, M F and Peters, D B}
}
@article {Smith1998,
	title = {{Detrital aggregates on the sea floor: chemical composition and aerobic decomposition rates at a time-series station in the abyssal N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {843{\textendash}880},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	author = {Smith, K L and Baldwin, R J and Glatts, R C and Kaufmann, R S and Fisher, E C}
}
@book {Buck1998,
	title = {{Faulting and magmatism at mid-ocean ridges}},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Buck, W R and Delaney, P T and Karson, J A and Lagabrielle, L}
}
@article {VonDamm1998,
	title = {{The geochemical controls on vent fluids from the Lucky Strike vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {521{\textendash}536},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00108-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00108-3},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Bray, A M and Buttermore, L G and Oosting, S E}
}
@inbook {Curewitz1998,
	title = {{Geological consequences of dike intrusion at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers}},
	booktitle = {Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {106},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {117{\textendash}136},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Curewitz, D and Karson, J A},
	editor = {Buck, W R}
}
@article {Maruyama1998,
	title = {{Global hydrothermal primary production rate estimated from the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {39},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {249{\textendash}252},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb39-3-249-252.pdf},
	author = {Maruyama, A and Urabe, T and Ishibashi, J and Feely, R and Baker, E T}
}
@mastersthesis {Baron1998,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent precipitates: A study of temporal and geographic variations in black smoker particles and chimneys from 9-10 degrees north, East Pacific Rise}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {175},
	school = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Santa Barbara, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Baron, S R}
}
@inbook {Karson1998,
	title = {{Internal structure of oceanic lithosphere: A perspective from tectonic windows}},
	booktitle = {Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {106},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {177{\textendash}218},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Buck, W R}
}
@inbook {Perfit1998,
	title = {{Magmatism at mid-ocean ridges: Constraints from volcanological and geochemical investigations}},
	booktitle = {Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {106},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {59{\textendash}116},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Chadwick, W W},
	editor = {Buck, W R}
}
@inbook {Bowen1998c,
	title = {{M.V. Derbyshire phase 2 survey, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution cruise report}},
	booktitle = {M.V. Derbyshire surveys: UK/EC Assessors{\textquoteright} report},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1:209{\textendash}1:230},
	publisher = {European Commission, Directorate-General for Transport; DTER},
	organization = {European Commission, Directorate-General for Transport; DTER},
	address = {Brussels, Belgium; London},
	isbn = {1-85112-072-6},
	author = {Bowen, A and Williams, R and Torchio, D R},
	editor = {Williams, R}
}
@article {Wolgast1998,
	title = {{Nitrate respiration associated with detrital aggregates in aerobic bottom waters of the abyssal NE Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {881{\textendash}892},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00006-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00006-X},
	author = {Wolgast, D M and Carlucci, A F and Bauer, J E}
}
@article {Bachmayer1998,
	title = {{Oceanographic research using remotely operated underwater robotic vehicles: exploration of hydrothermal vent sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37 North 32 West}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {37{\textendash}47},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Bachmayer, R and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Van Dover, C L and Howland, J and Bowen, A and Elder, R and Crook, T and Gleason, D E and Sellers, W and Lerner, S}
}
@article {Ballard1998,
	title = {{Oceans of Earth and beyond; the JASON Project IX}},
	journal = {Geotimes},
	volume = {43},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {14{\textendash}17},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-8556},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Bowen1998b,
	title = {{A passive capture latch for ODYSSEY-class AUVs}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {98-12},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {12},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/320},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/320},
	author = {Bowen, M F}
}
@article {Beaulieu1998a,
	title = {{Phytodetritus entering the benthic boundary layer and aggregated on the sea floor in the abyssal NE Pacific: macro- and microscopic composition}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {781{\textendash}815},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00003-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00003-4},
	author = {Beaulieu, S E and Smith, K L}
}
@article {Black1998,
	title = {{Population genetics and biogeography of vestimentiferan tube worms}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {365{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00076-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00076-3},
	author = {Black, M B and Trivedi, A and Maas, P A Y and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Drazen1998,
	title = {{Sediment community response to a temporally varying food supply at an abyssal station in the N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {893{\textendash}913},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00007-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00007-1},
	author = {Drazen, J C and Baldwin, R J and Smith, K L}
}
@article {Smith1998a,
	title = {{Sediment community structure around a whale skeleton in the deep Northeast Pacific: Macrofaunal, microbial and bioturbation effects}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {335{\textendash}364},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Maybaum, H L and Baco, A R and Pope, R H and Carpenter, S D and Yager, P L and Macko, S A and Deming, J W}
}
@article {Yoerger1998,
	title = {{Surveying a subsea lava flow using the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE)}},
	journal = {International Journal of Systems Science},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1031{\textendash}1044},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0020-7721},
	doi = {10.1080/00207729808929596},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207729808929596},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Walden, M B and Singh, H and Bachmayer, R}
}
@article {Beaulieu1998,
	title = {{Temporal variability in currents and the benthic boundary layer at an abyssal station off central California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {587{\textendash}615},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00095-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00095-7},
	author = {Beaulieu, S E and Baldwin, R}
}
@article {Holden1998,
	title = {{Thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms in 3{\textendash}30{\textdegree}C hydrothermal fluids following a deep-sea volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {33{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00458.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00458.x},
	author = {Holden, J F and Summit, M and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Tivey1998a,
	title = {{Thickness of a submarine lava flow determined from near-bottom magnetic field mapping by autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {25},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {805{\textendash}808},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/98GL00442},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL00442},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, P H and Bradley, A and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Fornari1998b,
	title = {{Time-series temperature measurements at high-temperature hydrothermal vents, East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-51{\textquoteright}N; evidence for monitoring a crustal cracking event}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {419{\textendash}431},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Gregg, T K P and Lilley, M and Levai, G and Bray, A and Haymon, R M and Perfit, M R and Lutz, R}
}
@book {Bowen1998a,
	title = {{Ultimate ocean depth packaging for a digital ring laser gyroscope}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {98-15},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {24},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/323},
	author = {Bowen, M F}
}
@article {Mottl1998,
	title = {{Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0051:WSDOMO>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026{\%}3C0051:WSDOMO{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Wheat, G and Baker, E and Davis, E and Feely, R and Grehan, A and Kadko, D and Lilley, M and Massoth, G and Moyer, C and Sansone, F}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe1997,
	title = {{Biological colonization of new hydrothermal vents following an eruption on Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {44},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1627{\textendash}1644},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00041-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00041-1},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Embley, R W and Holden, J F and Butterfield, D A and Massoth, G J and Juniper, S K}
}
@article {Saldanha1997,
	title = {{Fishes from the Lucky Strike and Menez Gwen hydrothermal vent sites (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)}},
	journal = {Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {189{\textendash}206},
	issn = {0870-3876},
	author = {Saldanha, L and Biscoito, M}
}
@article {Bogdanov1997,
	title = {{Geological and biological investigations in the northern part of Mohn Ridge (Norwegian Sea)}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {609{\textendash}616},
	issn = {0030-1574},
	author = {Bogdanov, Y and Sagalevich, A M and Galkin, S V and Chernyaev, E S and Lukashin, V N and Ivanov, G V}
}
@article {Langmuir1997,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents near a mantle hot spot: The Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {69{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	author = {Langmuir, C and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Van Dover, C L and Von Damm, K L and Tivey, M K and Colodner, D and Charlou, J L and Desonie, D and Wilson, D and Fouquet, Y and Klinkhammer, G and Bougault, H}
}
@article {Fornari1997,
	title = {{Inductively coupled link (ICL) temperature probes for hot hydrothermal fluid sampling from ROV Jason and DSV Alvin}},
	journal = {RIDGE Events},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0297.pdf},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Bradley, A and Humphris, S E and Walden, B and Deuster, A}
}
@inbook {Wooding1997,
	title = {{Mechanical design and deployment of the Hawaii-2 Observatory}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of International Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables: Marine geophysical research using undersea cables},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {172{\textendash}174},
	publisher = {Japan Print Center},
	organization = {Japan Print Center},
	author = {Wooding, F B and Bowen, A D and Yoerger, D R and Chave, A D and Dodeman, A H}
}
@article {Wharton1997,
	title = {{Morphology of the eye of the hydrothermal vent shrimp, Alvinocaris markensis}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {77},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1097{\textendash}1108},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315400038650},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400038650},
	author = {Wharton, D N and Jinks, R N and Herzog, E D and Battelle, B A and Kass, L and Renninger, G H and Chamberlain, S C}
}
@article {Kuenzler1997,
	title = {{Retinal anatomy of new breslid shrimp from the Lucky Strike and Broken Spur hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {77},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {707{\textendash}725},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	author = {Kuenzler, R O and Kwasniewski, J T and Jinks, R N and Lakin, R C and Battelle, B A and Herzog, E D and Kass, L and Renninger, G H and Chamberlain, S C}
}
@article {Butterfield1997,
	title = {{Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry}},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {355},
	number = {1723},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {369{\textendash}386},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1364-503X},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Jonasson, I R and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Roe, K K and Embley, R E and Holden, J F and McDuff, R E and Lilley, M D and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Bellan-Santini1996,
	title = {{Amphipoda of the hydrothermal vents along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Natural History},
	volume = {30},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {685{\textendash}702},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2933},
	doi = {10.1080/00222939600770381},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939600770381},
	author = {Bellan-Santini, D and Thurston, M H}
}
@article {Becker1996a,
	title = {{Conductive heat flow at the TAG active hydrothermal mound: results from the 1993-1995 submersible surveys}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3463{\textendash}3466},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00969},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00969},
	author = {Becker, K and Von Herzen, R and Kirklin, J and Evans, R and Kadko, D and Kinoshita, M and Matsubayashi, O and Mills, R and Schultz, A and Rona, P}
}
@inbook {Kleinrock1996,
	title = {{Detailed structure and morphology of the TAG active hydrothermal mound and its geotectonic environment}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Humphris, S E and Shaw, P and Bowen, A and Crook, T and Davis, C S and Elder, R and Gleason, D E and Goff, J and Goldstein, L and Handley, W and Howland, J and Hussenoeder, S and Koga, K and Lerner, S and Nakamura, K and Rashid, M and Reiser Wetzel, L and Sellers, W and Sulanowska, M and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@article {VonHerzen1996,
	title = {{Geoelectrical measurements at the TAG hydrothermal mound}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3451{\textendash}3454},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL02077},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL02077},
	author = {Von Herzen, R P and Kirklin, J and Becker, K}
}
@article {Rona1996,
	title = {{Heat flow and mineralogy of TAG relict high-temperature hydrothermal zones: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26 degrees N, 45 degrees W}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3507{\textendash}3510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL03257},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL03257},
	author = {Rona, P A and Petersen, S and Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P and Hannington, M D and Herzig, P M and Naka, J and Lalou, C and Thompson, G}
}
@article {McHatton1996,
	title = {{High nitrate concentrations in vacuolate, autotrophic marine Beggiatoa spp.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {62},
	number = {3},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {954{\textendash}958},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/62/3/954},
	author = {McHatton, S C and Barry, J P and Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C}
}
@article {Wilson1996,
	title = {{Hydrothermal anomalies in the Lucky Strike segment on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {142},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {467{\textendash}477},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	author = {Wilson, C and Charlou, J L and Ludford, E and Klinkhammer, G and Chin, C and Bougault, H and German, C R and Speer, K and Palmer, M}
}
@article {Batiza1996,
	title = {{New evidence from Alvin for the origin of deep-sea eruptive hyaloclastite on Seamount 6; Cocos Plate, 12 degrees 43{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {77},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {319},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Batiza, R and Becker, N and Bercovici, D and Coleman, T and Gorman, T and Head, J W and Holloway, L and Karsten, J and Kelly, A and Keszthelyi, L P and Maicher, D and Mueller, W and Muller, J and Norby, L and Paduan, J and Parker, G and Prockter, L and Stakes, D and White, J}
}
@inbook {Becker1996,
	title = {{Pre-drilling observations of conductive heat flow at the TAG active mound using Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {23{\textendash}29},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.103.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.103.1996},
	author = {Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@article {Auzende1996,
	title = {{Recent tectonic magmatic and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17 degrees S and 19 degrees S: submersible observations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {10,17,918{\textendash}995},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/96JB01209},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JB01209},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ballu, V and Batiza, R and Bideau, D and Charlou, J L and Cormier, M -H and Fouquet, Y and Geistdoerfer, P and Lagabrielle, Y and Sinton, J and Spadea, P}
}
@article {Rusakov1996,
	title = {{A sediment trap for short-term studies of vertical particle fluxes in the ocean}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {36},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {754{\textendash}756},
	issn = {0030-1574},
	author = {Rusakov, V Y and Lukashin, V N and Burovkin, A A}
}
@article {Batiza1995,
	title = {{Chemistry of Deep (3500-5600m) Pacific MORB- Why is the Pacific anomalous?}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {22},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {3067{\textendash}3070},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/95GL01997},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95GL01997},
	author = {Batiza, R and Hekinian, R and Bideau, D and Francheteau, J}
}
@article {Boetius1995,
	title = {{Digestive enzymes in marine invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and other reducing environments}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {122},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {105{\textendash}113},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00349283},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349283},
	author = {Boetius, A and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {VonDamm1995,
	title = {{Evolution of East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent fluids following a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {375},
	number = {6526},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {47{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/375047a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375047a0},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Oosting, S E and Kozlowski, R and Buttermore, L G and Colodner, D C and Edmonds, H N and Edmond, J M and Grebmeier, J M}
}
@book {Ballard1995,
	title = {{Explorations: my quest for adventure and discovery under the sea}},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {407},
	publisher = {Hyperion},
	organization = {Hyperion},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-78686-042-1},
	author = {Ballard, R D and McConnell, M}
}
@book {Ballard1995a,
	title = {{Exploring the Lusitania: probing the mysteries of the sinking that changed history}},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {227},
	publisher = {Warner Books},
	organization = {Warner Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-446-51851-4},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Dunmore, S}
}
@article {Embley1995,
	title = {{Initial results of the rapid response to the 1993 CoAxial event: Relationships between hydrothermal and volcanic processes}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {143{\textendash}146},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02281},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02281},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Jonasson, I R and Butterfield, D A and Baker, E T}
}
@inbook {Kadko1995,
	title = {{The Magnitude and global implications of hydrothermal flux}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {446{\textendash}466},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Kadko, D and Baross, J and Alt, J},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Massoth1995,
	title = {{Observations of manganese and iron at the CoAxial seafloor eruption site, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {151{\textendash}154},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02662},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02662},
	author = {Massoth, G J and Baker, E T and Feely, R A and Butterfield, D A and Embley, R W and Lupton, J E and Thomson, R E and Cannon, G A}
}
@article {Fornari1995,
	title = {{Visualizing the deep sea - vehicles and research techniques yield ever-clearer images of the ocean depths}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {10{\textendash}13},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Bowen, A M and Foster, D B}
}
@article {Kaartvedt1994,
	title = {{Amphipods on a deep-sea hydrothermal treadmill}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {179{\textendash}195},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90032-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90032-9},
	author = {Kaartvedt, S and Van Dover, C L and Mullineaux, L S and Wiebe, P H and Bollens, S}
}
@inbook {Bowen1994,
	title = {{The Argo/Jason ROV development program, past and present challenges}},
	booktitle = {Diving for science...1994 : proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences fourteenth annual scientific diving symposeum, October 5-9, 1994},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {American Academy of Underwater Sciences},
	organization = {American Academy of Underwater Sciences},
	address = {Costa Mesa, CA},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Bowen, A}
}
@article {Johnson1994,
	title = {{Biogeochemistry of hydrothermal vent mussel communities: the deep-sea analogue to the intertidal zone}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {993{\textendash}1011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90015-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90015-9},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Childress, J J and Beehler, C L and Sakamoto, C M}
}
@article {VonDamm1994,
	title = {{Chemical evolution of hydrothermal fluids at 9-10N EPR since the 1991 eruption: 1994 results}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {Fall Meeting Supplement},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {618},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Oosting, S E and Buttermore, L G}
}
@inbook {Koski1994,
	title = {{Composition and growth history of hydrothermal deposits in Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {293{\textendash}324.},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Koski, R A and Benninger, L M and Zierenberg, R A and Jonasson, I R},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@inbook {Board1994,
	title = {{Crosscutting issues; platforms for observation and collection}},
	booktitle = {Ocean{\textquoteright}s role in global change: progress of major research programs},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {57{\textendash}60},
	publisher = {National Academy Press},
	organization = {National Academy Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0585143110},
	url = {http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record{\_}id=2354{\&}page=57},
	editor = {Board, National Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Studies}
}
@article {Robigou1994a,
	title = {{Deep-Sea research takes a new approach}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {8},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {81,87{\textendash}88},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/94EO00525},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94EO00525},
	author = {Robigou, V and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Blasco1994,
	title = {{Exploring the wreck of the Titanic: Seabed processes at 3800 metres in the North Atlantic}},
	journal = {Atlantic Geology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {154},
	issn = {0843-5561},
	author = {Blasco, S M}
}
@article {Bennett1994,
	title = {{Faunal community structure of a chemoautotrophic assemblage on whale bones in the deep Northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {205{\textendash}223},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps108205},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps108205},
	author = {Bennett, B A and Smith, C R and Glaser, B and Maybaum, H L}
}
@inbook {Butterfield1994,
	title = {{Geochemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {139},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {395{\textendash}410},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and McDuff, R E and Franklin, J and Wheat, C G},
	editor = {McQuistion, M K}
}
@article {Fisher1994,
	title = {{Nutritional interactions at Galapagos hydrothermal vents: Inferences from stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {103},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {45{\textendash}55},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps103045},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps103045},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Macko, A and Brooks, J M}
}
@article {Ballard1994,
	title = {{Riddle of the Lusitania}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {185},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {68{\textendash}80},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Michel1994,
	title = {{The RMS Titanic 1985 discovery expedition}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}94: Oceans Engineering for Today{\textquoteright}s Technology and Tomorrow{\textquoteright}s Preservation : Proceedings},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {132{\textendash}136},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-2057-3},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364185},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364185},
	author = {Michel, J L and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Perfit1994,
	title = {{Small-scale spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge crest magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {375{\textendash}379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0375:SSSATV>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022{\%}3C0375:SSSATV{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Smith, M and Bender, J and Langmuir, C H and Haymon, R M}
}
@inbook {Bohlke1994,
	title = {{Stable isotope study of hydrothermal vents at Escanaba Trough: Observed and calculated effects of sediment-seawater interaction}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {223{\textendash}239},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {B{\"o}hlke, J K and Shanks, W C},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Massoth1994,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variability of hydrothermal manganese and iron at Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4905{\textendash}4923},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02799},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02799},
	author = {Massoth, G J and Baker, E T and Lupton, J E and Feely, R A and Butterfield, D A and Von Damm, K L and Roe, K K and Lebon, G T}
}
@article {Lupton1993,
	title = {{Chemical and physical diversity of hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8 degrees 45{\textquoteright} N to 11 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {24},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2913{\textendash}2916},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00906},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00906},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Baker, E T and Mottl, M J and Sansone, F J and Wheat, C G and Resing, J A and Massoth, G J and Measures, C I and Feely, R A}
}
@article {Colodner1993,
	title = {{Chemistry of Lucky Strike fluids: Initial results}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {99},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Colodner, D J and Lin, J and VonDamm, K and Buttermore, L G and Kozlowski, R and Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Wilson, C}
}
@article {Fisher1993a,
	title = {{The co-occurrence of methanotrophic and chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in a deep-sea mussel}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {277{\textendash}289},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.1993.tb00001.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1993.tb00001.x},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Brooks, J M and Vodenichar, J S and Zande, J M and Childress, J J and Burke, R A}
}
@inbook {Garzke1993,
	title = {{Deep underwater exploration vehicles {\textendash} past, present and future}},
	booktitle = {Centennial meeting, technical sessions, September 15-17, 1992, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, the New York Hilton and Towers, New York, NY},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {15{\textendash}40},
	publisher = {Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers},
	organization = {Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers},
	address = {Jersey City, N.J.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Garzke, W H and Yoerger, D R and Harris, S and Dulin, R O and Brown, D K}
}
@article {Ballou1993,
	title = {{Design study: 2-person research submersible}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {3{\textendash}14},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Ballou, P J and Hawkes, G S}
}
@article {Ballard1993a,
	title = {{Fine-scale mapping programs using Jason ROV system}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {561},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Zierenberg1993,
	title = {{Genesis of massive sulfide deposits on a sediment-covered spreading center, Escanaba Trough 41N, Gorda Ridge}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2069{\textendash}2098},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2069},
	author = {Zierenberg, R A and Koski, R A and Morton, J L and Bouse, R M and Shanks, W C}
}
@article {German1993,
	title = {{A geochemical study of metalliferous sediment from the TAG bydrothermal mound, 26 degrees 09{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9683{\textendash}9692},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01705},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01705},
	author = {German, C R and Higgs, N C and Thomson, J and Mills, R and Elderfield, H and Blusztajn, J and Fleer, A P and Bacon, M P}
}
@article {Bemis1993,
	title = {{Geothermal heat flux from hydrothermal plumes on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {6351{\textendash}6365},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB02273},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB02273},
	author = {Bemis, K G and Von Herzen, R P and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Blondel1993,
	title = {{High-resolution bathymetry and geology of Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {573},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Blondel, P and Semp{\'e}r{\'e}, J C and Robigou, V and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Robigou1993b,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent sites in the Guaymas Basin revisited by ROV: high-precision bathymetric, geological and biological mapping}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {573},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Robigou, V and Stewart, K and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Childress1993a,
	title = {{Inorganic carbon uptake in hydrothermal vent tubeworms facilitated by high environmental pCO2}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {362},
	number = {6416},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {147{\textendash}149},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/362147a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362147a0},
	author = {Childress, J J and Lee, R and Sanders, N K and Felbeck, H and Oros, D and Toulmond, A and Desbruyeres, D and Brooks, J and II, Kennicutt M C}
}
@article {Bazler1993,
	title = {{The Jason Project experience and attitudes toward science as an enterprise and career}},
	journal = {Journal of Career Development},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {101{\textendash}112},
	issn = {0894-8453},
	doi = {10.1177/089484539302000201},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089484539302000201},
	author = {Bazler, J A and Spokane, A R and Ballard, R D and Fugate, M}
}
@book {Ballard1993b,
	title = {{The Jason remotely operated vehicle system}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {93-34},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {47},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/633},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/633},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1993c,
	title = {{The Lost Ships of Guadalcanal}},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {227},
	publisher = {Warner Books},
	organization = {Warner Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-446-51636-8},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Archbold, R}
}
@article {Ballard1993,
	title = {{The Medea/Jason remotely operated vehicle system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {40},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1673{\textendash}1687},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(93)90021-T},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90021-T},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Baker1993,
	title = {{A method for quantitatively estimating diffuse and discrete hydrothermal discharge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {235{\textendash}249},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90170-E},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90170-E},
	author = {Baker, E T and Massoth, G J and Walker, S L and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Stewart1993,
	title = {{Multiscale, multisensor survey of mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {561},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Stewart, W K and Ballard, R D and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Johnson1993a,
	title = {{Near-axis heat flow measurements on the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: implications for fluid circulation in oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {17},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1875{\textendash}1878},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00734},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00734},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Blondel1993b,
	title = {{Textural analysis and geological mapping of high-resolution sonar images: Applications to Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {573},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Blondel, P and Semp{\'e}r{\'e}, J C and Robigou, V and Delaney, J R}
}
@inbook {Blondel1993a,
	title = {{Textural analysis and structure-tracking for geological mapping: Applications to sonar data from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}93: Engineering in harmony with the ocean: Proceedings},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {III208{\textendash}III213},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0-7803-1385-2},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326187},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326187},
	author = {Blondel, P and Semp{\'e}r{\'e}, J C and Robigou, V}
}
@article {Haymon1993,
	title = {{Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 45-52{\textquoteright}N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April 1991}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {119},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {85{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Edmond, J and Shanks, W and Lutz, R and Grebmeier, J M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and McLaughlin, E and Smith, M and Beedle, N and Olson, E}
}
@article {Bendel1993,
	title = {{The White Lady hydrothermal field, North Fiji back-arc basin, Southeast Pacific}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2233{\textendash}2245},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2237},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2237},
	author = {Bendel, V and Fouquet, Y and Auzende, J M and Lagabrielle, Y and Grimaud, D and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Bowen1993,
	title = {{Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution{\textquoteright}s operational unmanned vehicle systems; a description of capabilities}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {561},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Bowen, A D}
}
@article {Yoerger1992,
	title = {{Autonomous benthic explorer - deep ocean scientific AUV for seafloor exploration: untethered, on station one year without support ship}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {50{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Walden, B B}
}
@article {Lutz1992,
	title = {{Biological and geological baseline along the BIOTRANSECT - East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 49.61{\textquoteright} - 50.35{\textquoteright}N: Short-term temporal variations after the 1991 eruption}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Black, M B and Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Nelson, D and Perfit, M R and Shanks, W C and Lilley, M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@inbook {Childress1992,
	title = {{The biology of hydrothermal vent animals: physiology, biochemistry, and autotrophic symbioses}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {337{\textendash}441},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	isbn = {1857280717},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Barnes, M}
}
@book {Ballard1992,
	title = {{Bright Shark}},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {483},
	publisher = {Delacorte Press},
	organization = {Delacorte Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0-385-29887-0},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Chiu, T}
}
@article {VanDover1992,
	title = {{Deep-sea amphipod swarms}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {358},
	number = {6381},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {25{\textendash}26},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/358025a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358025a0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Kaartvedt, S and Bollens, S M and Wiebe, P H and Martin, J W and France, S C}
}
@article {Haymon1992,
	title = {{Dramatic short-term changes observed during March {\textquoteright}92 to April {\textquoteright}91 eruption site on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 45-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Lutz, R and Perfit, M and Macdonald, K and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Shanks, W C and Nelson, D and Edwards, M and Kappus, M and Colodner, D and Wright, D and Scherier, D and Black, M and Edmonds, H and Olson, E and Geiselman, T}
}
@article {Brunner1992,
	title = {{An example of slump block construction of the continental rise}},
	journal = {Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {37},
	number = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {42},
	issn = {0076-9436},
	author = {Brunner, C A and Culver, S J}
}
@inbook {Nelson1992,
	title = {{The genus Beggiatoa}},
	booktitle = {Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications},
	volume = {2nd},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3171{\textendash}3180},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-387-97258-7},
	author = {Nelson, D C},
	editor = {Balows, A}
}
@inbook {Bowen1992,
	title = {{Intercontinental ROV pilot training and telerobotics via satellite}},
	booktitle = {Global ocean partnership : MTS {\textquoteright}92 proceedings},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1067{\textendash}1073},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Bowen, M F}
}
@article {Bowen1992a,
	title = {{Manned versus unmanned systems: a complementary approach}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {26},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {79{\textendash}80},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Bowen, A D and Walden, B B}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1992,
	title = {{Prokaryotic symbionts in marine invertebrates}},
	booktitle = {Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications},
	volume = {2nd},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3891{\textendash}3906},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-387-97258-7},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Distel, D L},
	editor = {Balows, A}
}
@article {Shanks1992,
	title = {{Stable isotope variations in vent fluids on short time scales: Observations at the 1991 eruption site on the EPR at 9 degrees 33-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Shanks, W C and B{\"o}hlke, J K and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Perfit1992,
	title = {{Submersible transects across the East Pacific Rise crest and upper-flanks at 9 degrees 21{\textquoteright}-32{\textquoteright} N: 2. Small-scale spatial variations in lava geochemistry and implications for temporal variability}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Batiza, R and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Fornari1992,
	title = {{Submersible transects across the East Pacific Rise crest and upper-flanks at 9 degrees 21{\textquoteright}-32{\textquoteright} N: 1. Observations of seafloor morphology and evidence for young volcanism off-axis}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Batiza, R and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Lagabrielle1992,
	title = {{Vema fracture zone (central Atlantic); tectonic and magmatic evolution of the median ridge and the eastern ridge-transform intersection domain}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {17,317{\textendash}331,351},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01086},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01086},
	author = {Lagabrielle, Y and Mamaloukas-Frangoulis, V and Cannat, M and Auzende, J M and Honnorez, J and M{\'e}vel, C and Bonatti, E}
}
@article {Haymon1991,
	title = {{Active eruption seen on East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {72},
	number = {46},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {505,507},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/90EO00362},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90EO00362},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Beedle, N and Johnson, F and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Grebmeier, J and Lilley, M and McLaughlin, E and Olson, E and Edmond, J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Shanks, W C and Lutz, R and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D}
}
@inbook {Ballard1991,
	title = {{Argo/Jason: A remotely operated survey and sampling system for full-ocean depth}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}91: Proceedings, October 1-3, 1991, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA : Ocean Technologies and Opportunities in the Pacific for the 90{\textquoteright}s},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {71{\textendash}75},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-0202-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1991.613909},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1991.613909},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Yoerger, D R and Stewart, W K and Bowen, A}
}
@article {Renosto1991,
	title = {{ATP sulfurylase from trophosome tissue of Riftia pachyptila (hydrothermal vent tube worm)}},
	journal = {Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics},
	volume = {290},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {66{\textendash}78},
	issn = {0003-9361},
	doi = {10.1016/0003-9861(91)90592-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(91)90592-7},
	author = {Renosto, F and Martin, R L and Borrell, J L and Nelson, D C and Segel, I H}
}
@article {Stone1991,
	title = {{Deep ocean science and facility needs}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {25},
	number = {2},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {14{\textendash}21},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Stone, G S and Busch, W S}
}
@article {Yoerger1991b,
	title = {{Drag forces and flow-induced vibrations of a long vertical tow cable - Part I: Steady-state towing conditions}},
	journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {113},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {117{\textendash}127},
	issn = {0892-7219},
	doi = {10.1115/1.2919907},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919907},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A and Triantafyllou, M S and Burgess, J J}
}
@article {Haymon1991b,
	title = {{EPR crest erupts north of Leg 142 drillsite}},
	journal = {JOI/USSAC Newsletter},
	volume = {4},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {4{\textendash}5},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Shanks, W C and Grebmeier, J and Lutz, R and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Smith, M and Laughlin, E and Beedle, N and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D and Olson, E and Johnson, F}
}
@book {Ballard1991a,
	title = {{Exploring the Bismarck: The real-life quest to find Hitler{\textquoteright}s greatest battleship}},
	year = {1991},
	publisher = {Scholastic/Madison Press Books},
	organization = {Scholastic/Madison Press Books},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-590-44268-6},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Embley1991,
	title = {{Geology of the northern Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: recent eruptions, seafloor spreading, and the formation of megaplumes}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {8},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {771{\textendash}775},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0771:GOTNCS>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019{\%}3C0771:GOTNCS{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Perfit, M R and Baker, E T}
}
@article {Mamaloukas-Frangoulis1991,
	title = {{In-situ study of eastern ridge-transform intersection of the Vema Fracture Zone}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {55{\textendash}71},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90354-U},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90354-U},
	author = {Mamaloukas-Frangoulis, V and Auzende, J M and Bideau, D and Bonatti, E and Cannat, M and Honnorez, J and Lagabrielle, Y and Malavielle, J and M{\'e}vel, C and Needham, H D}
}
@article {Taylor1991,
	title = {{Structural development of Sumisu Rift, Izu Bonin Arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {96},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {16,113{\textendash}116,129},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/91JB01900},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91JB01900},
	author = {Taylor, B and Klaus, A and Brown, G R and Moore, G F and Okamura, Y and Murakami, F}
}
@inbook {Bowen1991,
	title = {{A telerobotics workstation for remote control shipboard or satellite-linked operations}},
	booktitle = {Intervention/ROV {\textquoteright}91 Conference {\&} Exposition: May 21-23, 1991, Diplomat Resort and Convention Center, Hollywood, Florida},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {85{\textendash}89},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society ROV Committee},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society ROV Committee},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	author = {Bowen, M F and Somers, T}
}
@article {Taylor1990,
	title = {{Alvin-Seabeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {127{\textendash}147},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	author = {Taylor, B and Brown, G and Fryer, P and Gill, J B and Hochstaedter, A G and Hotta, H and Langmuir, C H and Leinen, M and Nishimura, A and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Rau1990,
	title = {{[delta]13C, [delta]15N and [delta]18O of Calyptogena phaseoliformis (bivalve mollusc) from the Ascension Fan-Valley near Monterey, California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1669{\textendash}1676},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90070-C},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90070-C},
	author = {Rau, G H and McHugh, C M and Harrold, C and Baxter, C and Hecker, B and Embley, R W}
}
@book {Ballard1990,
	title = {{The Discovery of the Bismarck}},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {231},
	publisher = {Warner Books},
	organization = {Warner Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-44-651386-5},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Archbold, R}
}
@article {Embley1990,
	title = {{Geological setting of chemosynthetic communities in the Monterey Fan Valley system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {11},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1651{\textendash}1667},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	author = {Embley, R W and Eittreim, S L and McHugh, C H and Normark, W R and Rau, G H and Hecker, B and DeBevoise, A E and Greene, H G and Ryan, W B F and Harrold, C and Baxter, C}
}
@article {Paull1990,
	title = {{Geology of the strata exposed on the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {177{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	author = {Paull, C K and Freeman-Lynde, R and Bralower, T J and Garsemal, J M and Neumann, A C and D{\textquoteright}Argenio, B and Marsella, E}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1990,
	title = {{Grasping with mechanical intelligence}},
	booktitle = {RoManSy 8: Proceedings of the Eight[h] CISM-IFToMM Symposium on Theory and Practice of Robots and Manipulators},
	year = {1990},
	publisher = {Warsaw University of Technology Pubs.},
	organization = {Warsaw University of Technology Pubs.},
	address = {Warsaw, Poland},
	author = {Ulrich, N T and Kumar, V and Paul, R and Bajcsy, R},
	editor = {Morecki, A}
}
@article {Simoneit1990a,
	title = {{Hydrocarbons associated with hydrothermal minerals, vent waters and talus on the East Pacific Rise and Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {115{\textendash}124},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90042-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90042-4},
	author = {Simoneit, B R T and Brault, M and Saliot, A}
}
@article {Bowen1990,
	title = {{Jason Med adventure}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {61{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Bowen, M F}
}
@book {Ballard1990a,
	title = {{The Lost Wreck of the Isis}},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {63},
	publisher = {Scholastic},
	organization = {Scholastic},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-590-43852-2},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Archbold, R}
}
@article {Straube1990,
	title = {{Particulate DNA in smoker fluids: Evidence for existence of microbial populations in hot hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {56},
	number = {5},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1440{\textendash}1447},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=184425{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Straube, W L and Deming, J W and Somerville, C C and Colwell, R R and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Mullineaux1990,
	title = {{Recruitment of benthic invertebrates in boundary-layer flows: a deep water experiment on Cross Seamount}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {35},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {409{\textendash}423},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}35/issue{\_}2/0409.pdf},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Butman, C A}
}
@article {Brooks1990,
	title = {{Salt, seeps and symbiosis in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {71},
	number = {45},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1772{\textendash}1773},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Wiesenburg, D A and Roberts, H and Carney, R S and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R and Guinasso, N L and Sager, W W and McDonald, S J and Burke, R A and Aharon, P and Bright, T J}
}
@article {Fisher1990a,
	title = {{Stable carbon isotopic evidence for carbon limitation in hydrothermal vent vestimentiferans}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {247},
	number = {4946},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1094{\textendash}1096},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.247.4946.1094},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4946.1094},
	author = {Fisher, C R and II, Kennicutt M C and Brooks, J M}
}
@article {Neuner1990,
	title = {{Thermococcus litoralis sp. nov.: a novel species of extremely thermophilic marine archaebacteria}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {153},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {205{\textendash}207},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00247822},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247822},
	author = {Neuner, A and Jannasch, H W and Belkin, S and Stetter, K O}
}
@article {Barany1989,
	title = {{Basaltic breccias of the Clipperton fracture zone (East Pacific): Sedimentation and tectonics in a fast-slipping oceanic transform}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {101},
	number = {2},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {204{\textendash}220},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0204:BBOTCF>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101{\%}3C0204:BBOTCF{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Barany, I and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Ballard1989,
	title = {{The Bismarck found}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {176},
	number = {5},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {622{\textendash}638},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1989a,
	title = {{Die Entdeckung der Bismarck}},
	journal = {GEO},
	volume = {1989},
	number = {12},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {14{\textendash}36},
	issn = {0342-8311},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Uchupi1989,
	title = {{Evidence of hydrothermal activity on Marsili Seamount, Tyrrhenian Basin}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {36},
	number = {9},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1443{\textendash}1448},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(89)90094-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90094-0},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Batiza1989,
	title = {{Geological and petrologic evolution of seamounts near the EPR based on submersible and camera study}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {169{\textendash}236},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00340203},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340203},
	author = {Batiza, R and Smith, T L and Niu, Y}
}
@inbook {Olafsson1989,
	title = {{Initial observations, bathymetry and photography of a geothermal site on the Kolbeinsey Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography 1988 : JOA Mexico 88},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {121{\textendash}127},
	publisher = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	organization = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	address = {Mexico City},
	isbn = {9683611664},
	author = {Olafsson, J and Honjo, S and Thors, K and Stefansson, U and Jones, R R and Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Ayala-Casta{\~n}area, A}
}
@inbook {Belkin1989,
	title = {{Microbial mats at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: New observations}},
	booktitle = {Microbial Mats: Physiological Ecology of Benthic Microbial Communities},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {16{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {American Society for Microbiology},
	organization = {American Society for Microbiology},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {1-55581-002-0},
	author = {Belkin, S and Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Cohen, Y}
}
@article {Bazylinski1989,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of naturally-occurring hydrocarbons at the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {11},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {2832{\textendash}2836},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/55/11/2832},
	author = {Bazylinski, D A and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@mastersthesis {Barone1989,
	title = {{Morpho-tectonic evolution of subsea volcanoes near the boundary of separating plates: examples from rifting and spreading stages}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {104},
	school = {Columbia University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Barone, A M}
}
@article {Smith1989,
	title = {{New field and laboratory evidence for the origin of hyaloclastite flows on seamount summits}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {51},
	number = {2},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {96{\textendash}114.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01081979},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081979},
	author = {Smith, T L and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Williams1989,
	title = {{New squat lobsters (Galatheidae) from the Pacific Ocean: Mariana Back Arc Basin, East Pacific Rise, and Cascadia Basin}},
	journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
	volume = {87},
	number = {4},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {899{\textendash}910},
	issn = {0090-0656},
	author = {Williams, A B and Baba, K}
}
@article {Schwab1989,
	title = {{Sea-Floor Observations in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas: An Argo/SeaMARC Survey}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {171{\textendash}178},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02431044},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431044},
	author = {Schwab, W C and Uchupi, E and Ballard, R D and Dettweiler, T}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1989d,
	title = {{Sulphur emissions and transformations at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Evolution of the Global Biogeochemical Sulphur Cycle},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {181{\textendash}189},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {Chichester, Eng., and New York},
	isbn = {0-471-92251-X},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Brimblecombe, P}
}
@article {Uchupi1988,
	title = {{An Angus/Argo study of the neovolcanic zone along the East Pacific rise from the Clipperton fracture zone to 12 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {131{\textendash}138},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02326089},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02326089},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Schwab, W C and Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J F and Hekinian, R and Blackman, D K and Sigurdsson, H}
}
@article {Johnson1988a,
	title = {{Chemical and biological interactions in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field, Galapagos spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1723{\textendash}1744.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90046-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90046-5},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Beehler, C L}
}
@article {Campbell1988,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {335},
	number = {6190},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {514{\textendash}519},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/335514a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335514a0},
	author = {Campbell, A C and Palmer, M R and Klinkhammer, G P and Bowers, T S and Edmond, J M and Lawrence, J R and Casey, J F and Thompson, G and Humphris, S E and Rona, P A and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Allan1988,
	title = {{Cr-rich spinels as petrogenetic indicators: MORB-type lavas from the Lamont Seamount Chain}},
	journal = {American Mineralogist},
	volume = {73},
	number = {7-8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {741{\textendash}753},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-004X},
	url = {http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM73/AM73{\_}741.pdf},
	author = {Allan, J F and Sack, R O and Batiza, R}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1988,
	title = {{Design and control of Jason}},
	booktitle = {Intervention {\textquoteright}88, April 17-20: Underwater Technology Conference, 1988},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {541{\textendash}553},
	publisher = {Det norske Veritas},
	organization = {Det norske Veritas},
	address = {Bergen, Norway},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {8299113423},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and von Alt, C and Newman, J B and Bowen, A and Hersey, W J},
	editor = {Atteraas, L}
}
@inbook {Mullineaux1988a,
	title = {{Effects of boundary-layer flow on the settlement of organisms onto flatplates: preliminary results from Cross Seamount}},
	booktitle = {Global venting, midwater, and benthic ecological processes},
	series = {National Undersea Research Program research report},
	number = {88-4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {251{\textendash}264},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research},
	address = {Rockville, Md.},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Butman, C A and Fuller, C F},
	editor = {De Luca, M P}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1988a,
	title = {{An experimental investigation of the quasi-statics and dynamics of a long vertical tow cable}},
	booktitle = {OMAE 1988 Houston: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {489{\textendash}495},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A and Triantafyllou, M S and Engebretsen, K and Burgess, J},
	editor = {Chung, J S}
}
@book {Ballard1988,
	title = {{Exploring the Titanic}},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {64},
	publisher = {Scholastic},
	organization = {Scholastic},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-590-41953-6},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Triantafyllou1988,
	title = {{A full-scale experiment and theoretical study of the dynamics of underwater vehicles employing very long tethers}},
	booktitle = {BOSS {\textquoteright}88 : proceedings of the International Conference on Behavior of Offshore Structures, Trondheim, Norway, June 1988},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {549{\textendash}563},
	publisher = {Tapir Publishers},
	organization = {Tapir Publishers},
	address = {Trondheim, Norway},
	isbn = {8251908558},
	author = {Triantafyllou, M S and Engebretsen, K and Burgess, J J and Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A},
	editor = {Moan, T}
}
@article {Fornari1988,
	title = {{Geochemical and structural studies of the Lamont seamounts: seamounts as indicators of mantle processes}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {89},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {63{\textendash}67,70{\textendash}83},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R and Haymon, R and Barone, A and Ryan, W B F and Smith, T and Simkin, T and Luckman, M A}
}
@article {Karson1988,
	title = {{Geologic setting of the Snake Pit Hydrothermal Site: An active vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {91{\textendash}107},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02424662},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02424662},
	author = {Karson, J A and Brown, J R}
}
@article {Ballard1988a,
	title = {{Geological mapping of the East Pacific Rise axis (10 degrees 19{\textquoteright} -11 degrees 53{\textquoteright}N) using the Argo and Angus imaging systems}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {26},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {467{\textendash}486},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E and Blackman, D K and Cheminee, J and Francheteau, J and Hekinian, R and Schwab, W C and Sigurdsson, H}
}
@article {Uchupi1988a,
	title = {{Geology of the Titanic site and vicinity}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {7},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1093{\textendash}1110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90002-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90002-7},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Muck, M T and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Graham1988,
	title = {{He, Pb, Sr and Nd isotope constraints on magma genesis and mantle heterogeneity beneath young Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {99},
	number = {4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {446{\textendash}463},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00371936},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371936},
	author = {Graham, D W and Zindler, A and Kurz, M D and Jenkins, W J and Batiza, R and Staudigel, H}
}
@article {Bazylinski1988,
	title = {{Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {12},
	number = {6},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {547{\textendash}558},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/0146-6380(88)90146-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(88)90146-5},
	author = {Bazylinski, D A and Farrington, J W and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Fisher1988a,
	title = {{Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at Rose Garden}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1769{\textendash}1791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Felbeck, H and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@book {Brundage1988,
	title = {{NRL{\textquoteright}s deep sea floor search ERA: a brief history of the NRL/MIZAR search system and Its major achievements}},
	series = {NRL- Memorandum Report},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {56},
	publisher = {Naval Research Laboratory},
	organization = {Naval Research Laboratory},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Brundage, W}
}
@article {Culver1988,
	title = {{Observations of a fast burst of the deep western boundary undercurrent and sediment transport in South Wilmington Canyon from DSRVAlvin}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {159{\textendash}165},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02326092},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02326092},
	author = {Culver, S J and Brunner, C A and Nittrouer, C A}
}
@article {LeHuray1988,
	title = {{Pb isotope ratios in sulfides from mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal sites}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {16},
	number = {4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {362{\textendash}365},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0362:PIISFM>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016{\%}3C0362:PIISFM{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {LeHuray, A P and Church, S E and Koski, R A and Bouse, R M}
}
@article {Fisher1988b,
	title = {{Physiology, morphology, and biochemical composition of Riftia pachyptila at Rose Garden in 1985}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1745{\textendash}1758},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D and Favuzzi, J A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Johnson1988,
	title = {{Short term temperature variability in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field: an unstable deep-sea environment}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1711{\textendash}1722},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90045-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90045-3},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Childress, J J and Beehler, C L}
}
@article {Fornari1988a,
	title = {{Small-scale heterogeneities in depleted mantle sources: near-ridge seamount lava geochemistry and implications for mid-ocean-ridge magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {331},
	number = {6156},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {511{\textendash}513},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/331511a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/331511a0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Embley1988,
	title = {{Submersible observation of the {\textquoteright}megaplume{\textquoteright} areas: Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1483},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Embley, R W and Hammond, S and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G and Appelgate, B and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Baker, E T and Gendron, J and Lebon, G and Butterfield, D A and Coughlin, B and Lupton, J E and Jonnason, I and Perfit, M R and Cowen, J P and Tunnicliffe, V and Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Choukroune1988,
	title = {{Tectonics of an incipient oceanic rift}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {9},
	number = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {147{\textendash}163},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00369246},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369246},
	author = {Choukroune, P and Francheteau, J and Auvray, B and Auzende, J M and Brun, J P and Sichler, B and Arthaud, F and Lepine, J C}
}
@article {Hessler1988a,
	title = {{Temporal change in megafauna at the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent (Galapagos Rift; eastern tropical Pacific)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1681{\textendash}1710},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90044-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90044-1},
	author = {Hessler, R R and Smithey, W M and Boudrias, M A and Keller, C H and Lutz, R A and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Fisher1988,
	title = {{Variation in the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica, at Rose Garden vent on the Galapagos Spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1811{\textendash}1832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Dugan, J A and Felbeck, H and Fritz, L W and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Lutz, R A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Brown1988,
	title = {{Variations in axial processes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: the median valley of the MARK area}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {109{\textendash}138},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02424663},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02424663},
	author = {Brown, J R and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Aggrey1988,
	title = {{Volatile abundances in basaltic glasses from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N and 12 -14 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2115{\textendash}2119},
	abstract = {Volatiles in glasses from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise (EPR) in the vicinity of 21{\textdegree}N and 12{\textendash}14{\textdegree}N were analyzed by high-temperature mass spectrometry. Compared to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) magmas erupted at the spreading axis of the EPR at 21{\textdegree}N, the seamount magmas are commonly enriched in H2O, Cl, F and S (at the same Mg{\#}). Water and Cl abundances range from 0.111 to 1.021 wt.{\%} and 0.003 to 0.226 wt.{\%}, respectively. The wide range in abundances is consistent with the diversity of magmas erupted by these seamounts as indicated previously from major and rare-earth element data. H2O shows a strong linear positive correlation with K2O content [H2O = 0.45 ({\textpm}0.04) K2O + 0.22 ({\textpm}0.03) with RMS error of 0.09]. Based on -ratios and K2O abundances the glasses separate into three distinct groups: highly volatile-enriched alkalic/transitional, enriched tholeiitic, and depleted tholeiitic. Ratio-ratio plots of incompatible elements ( vs. ) indicate that these seamount magmas can all be related by the mixing of enriched and depleted source materials.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90191-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90191-3},
	author = {Aggrey, K E and Muenow, D W and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Karson1987,
	title = {{Along-axis variations in seafloor spreading in the MARK area}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {328},
	number = {6132},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {681{\textendash}685},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/328681a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/328681a0},
	author = {Karson, J A and Thompson, G and Humphris, S E and Edmond, J M and Bryan, W B and Brown, J R and Winters, A T and Pockalny, R A and Casey, J F and Campbell, A C and Klinkhammer, G and Palmer, M R and Kinzler, R J and Sulanowska, M M}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1987,
	title = {{Biology of geothermal environments}},
	booktitle = {Current Perspectives in Environmental Biogeochemistry},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {597{\textendash}601},
	publisher = {CNR-IPRA},
	organization = {CNR-IPRA},
	address = {Rome},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Caldwell, D E and Buonocore, V},
	editor = {Giovannozzi-Sermanni, G}
}
@article {Borg1987,
	title = {{Birth of an island: Alvin explores the caldera of Loihi}},
	journal = {Oceans},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {26{\textendash}33},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8174},
	author = {Borg, J C}
}
@article {VonDamm1987,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal solutions from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}334,346},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11334},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11334},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Bischoff, J L}
}
@article {Feely1987,
	title = {{Composition and dissolution of black smoker particulates from active vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11347{\textendash}11363},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11347},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11347},
	author = {Feely, R A and Lewison, M and Massoth, G J and Robert-Baldo, G and Lavelle, J W and Byrne, R H and Von Damm, K L and Curl, H C}
}
@article {Brooks1987,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrocarbon seep communities: Evidence for energy and nutritional carbon sources}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {238},
	number = {4830},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1138{\textendash}1142.},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.238.4830.1138},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4830.1138},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Kennicutt, M C and Fisher, C R and Macko, S A and Cole, K and Childress, J J and Bidigare, R R and Vetter, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1987,
	title = {{The discovery of the Titanic}},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {230},
	publisher = {Warner Books},
	organization = {Warner Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-446-51385-7},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Archbold, R}
}
@article {Ballard1987b,
	title = {{Epilogue for Titanic}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {172},
	number = {4},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {454{\textendash}463},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Graham1987,
	title = {{Helium isotopic disequilibrium geochronlogy of glassy submarine basalts}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {326},
	number = {6103},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {384{\textendash}386},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/326384a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326384a0},
	author = {Graham, D W and Jenkins, W J and Kurz, M D and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Fisher1987,
	title = {{The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {96},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {59{\textendash}71},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00394838},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394838},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Oremland, R S and Bidigare, R R}
}
@inbook {VonAlt1987,
	title = {{Jason Junior: System design and deep submergence vehicle interface}},
	booktitle = {Intervention {\textquoteright}87 Conference and Exposition},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {200{\textendash}208},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {von Alt, C and Bowen, A D and Bergeron, E M}
}
@article {Ballard1987a,
	title = {{Live deep-sea expedition video coverage planned for scientists ashore}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11{\textendash}15},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Ballard, R D and von Alt, C and Hersey, W J}
}
@article {Brett1987,
	title = {{Mineralogical studies of sulfide samples and volatile concentrations of basalt glasses from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}373,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11373},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11373},
	author = {Brett, R and Evans, H T and Gibson, E K and Hedenquist, J W and Wandless, M V and Sommer, M A}
}
@inbook {Allan1987,
	title = {{Petrology and chemistry of lavas from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise axis, 21 degrees N: implications concerning the mantle source composition for both seamount and adjacent EPR lavas}},
	booktitle = {Seamounts, islands, and atolls},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {43},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {255{\textendash}282},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-87590-068-2},
	author = {Allan, J F and Batiza, R and Lonsdale, P},
	editor = {Keating, B H}
}
@article {VanDover1987,
	title = {{Prediction of hydrothermal vent locations from distributions of brachyuran crabs}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {32},
	number = {4},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1006{\textendash}1010},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}32/issue{\_}4/1006.pdf},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Franks, P and Ballard, R D}
}
@mastersthesis {Brown1987,
	title = {{Variations in volcanic processes along the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 22 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N to 23 degrees 40{\textquoteright}N}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {118},
	school = {Duke University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Durham, N.C.},
	author = {Brown, J R}
}
@book {Brewer1986,
	title = {{Alvin {\textquoteright}86: A Report on the Program{\textquoteright}s Status, Special Alvin Study Committee}},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {40},
	publisher = {University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS)},
	organization = {University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS)},
	address = {Alexandria, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Brewer, P G}
}
@article {Booda1986,
	title = {{Camera advances set for July Titanic expedition}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {60},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Booda, L L}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1986,
	title = {{Design of underwater vehicles for high performance control}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}86 Conference Record},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1431{\textendash}1437},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160335},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160335},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and von Alt, C J and Bowen, A D and Newman, J B}
}
@article {Gente1986,
	title = {{Detailed geological mapping by submersible of the East Pacific Rise axial graben near 13 degrees N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {78},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {224{\textendash}236},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(86)90063-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90063-4},
	author = {Gente, P and Auzende, J M and Renard, V and Fouquet, Y and Bideau, D}
}
@article {Sakamoto-Arnold1986,
	title = {{Determination of hydrogen sulfide in seawater using flow injection analysis and flow analysis}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {894{\textendash}900},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}31/issue{\_}4/0894.pdf},
	author = {Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Johnson, K S and Beehler, C L}
}
@article {Morton1986,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at lat 19 degrees S: evidence for a recent ridge jump}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {111{\textendash}114},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<111:EPRALS>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C111:EPRALS{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Morton, J L and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {McConachy1986,
	title = {{Geologic form and setting of a hydrothermal vent field at lat 10 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise; a detailed study using Angus and Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {295{\textendash}298},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<295:GFASOA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C295:GFASOA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {McConachy, T F and Ballard, R D and Mottl, M J and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Johnson1986,
	title = {{In situ measurements of chemical distributions in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {231},
	number = {4742},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1139{\textendash}1141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.231.4742.1139},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4742.1139},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Beehler, C L and Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Ballard1986,
	title = {{A long last look at Titanic}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {170},
	number = {6},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {697{\textendash}727},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Childress1986,
	title = {{A methanotrophic marine molluscan (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) symbiosis: mussels fueled by gas}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {233},
	number = {4768},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1306{\textendash}1308},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.233.4770.1306},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.233.4770.1306},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Brooks, J M and II, Kennicutt M C and Bidigare, R and Anderson, A E}
}
@article {Group1986,
	title = {{Submarine fissure eruptions and hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge; preliminary observations from the submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {823{\textendash}827},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<823:SFEAHV>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C823:SFEAHV{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Group, U S Geological Survey Juan de Fuca Study and Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Bischoff, J L and Brett, R and Holcomb, R T and Kappel, E S and Koski, R A and Ross, S L and Shanks, W C and Slack, J F and Von Damm, K L and Zierenberg, R A}
}
@article {Johnson1986a,
	title = {{A submersible flow analysis system}},
	journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	volume = {179},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {245{\textendash}257},
	issn = {0003-2670},
	doi = {10.1016/S0003-2670(00)84469-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)84469-4},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Beehler, C L and Sakamoto-Arnold, C M}
}
@article {Belkin1986,
	title = {{Symbiotic assimilation of CO2 in two hydrothermal vent animals, the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus and the tube worm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {170},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {110{\textendash}121},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/1/110},
	author = {Belkin, S and Nelson, D C and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Smith1986a,
	title = {{Zooplankton and bacterioplankton of an abyssal benthic boundary layer: in situ rates of metabolism}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {47{\textendash}55},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Smith, K L and Carlucci, A F and Williams, P M and Henrichs, S M and Baldwin, R J and Graven, D B}
}
@article {Ballard1985a,
	title = {{Comment nous avons retrouve le Titanic}},
	journal = {GEO},
	number = {82},
	year = {1985},
	issn = {0220-8245},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Jones1985a,
	title = {{Dive data of certain submersibles at hydrothermal and other sites}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {539{\textendash}545},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Jones, M L and Bright, C F},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Kadko1985,
	title = {{An estimate of hydrothermal fluid residence times and vent chimney growth rates based on 210-Pb/Pb ratios and mineralogic studies of sulfides dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {76},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3},
	author = {Kadko, D and Koski, R A and Tatsumoto, M and Bouse, R M}
}
@article {Fox1985,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The transform domain}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {329{\textendash}358},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316773},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316773},
	author = {Fox, P J and Moody, R H and Karson, J A and Bonatti, E and Kidd, W S F and Crane, K and Gallo, D G and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Ballard1985,
	title = {{How we found Titanic}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {168},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {696{\textendash}719},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Lonsdale1985,
	title = {{Hydrothermal plumes, hot springs, and conductive heat flow in the southern trough of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {73},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {211{\textendash}225},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(85)90070-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90070-6},
	author = {Lonsdale, P and Becker, K}
}
@article {Renard1985,
	title = {{Submersible observations at the axis of the ultra-fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (17-30 to 21-30 S)}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {339{\textendash}353},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(85)90178-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90178-5},
	author = {Renard, V and Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J and Ballard, R D and Backer, H}
}
@book {Bland1984,
	title = {{Briefs of Alvin history from June 1964 to the present}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {6},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bland, E L}
}
@article {Batiza1984,
	title = {{Craters, calderas, and hyaloclastites on young Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {89},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {8371{\textendash}8390},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB089iB10p08371},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB10p08371},
	author = {Batiza, R and Fornari, D J and Vanko, D A and Lonsdale, P}
}
@inbook {Harris1984,
	title = {{Development status: Argo deep ocean instrument platform}},
	booktitle = {Remotely Operated Vehicles: ROV {\textquoteright}84 Technology Update, an International Perspective : May 14-18, 1984, Town and Country Hotel, San Diego, California},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {224{\textendash}227},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Harris, S E and Marquet, W M and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1984b,
	title = {{The exploits of Alvin and Angus: Exploring the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {7{\textendash}14},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1984,
	title = {{Geological setting of hydrothermal activity at 12 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N on the East Pacific Rise; A submersible study}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {69},
	number = {1},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {176{\textendash}186},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(84)90081-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90081-5},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J}
}
@article {Team1984,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The ridge-transform intersection}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {109{\textendash}141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285956},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285956},
	author = {Team, OTTER - Oceanographer Tectonic Research and Karson, J A and Fox, P J and Sloan, H and Crane, K T and Kidd, W S F and Bonatti, E and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Gallo, D G and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Ben-Avraham1984,
	title = {{Near bottom temperature anomalies in the Dead Sea}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {71},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {356{\textendash}360},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(84)90102-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90102-X},
	author = {Ben-Avraham, Z and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Broadus1984,
	title = {{Polymetallic sulfides and policy spheres}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {26{\textendash}31},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Broadus, J M and Bowen, R E}
}
@inbook {Ballard1984a,
	title = {{ROV development at Woods Hole{\textquoteright}s Deep Submergence Laboratory}},
	booktitle = {Remotely Operated Vehicles: ROV {\textquoteright}84 Technology Update, an International Perspective : May 14-18, 1984, Town and Country Hotel, San Diego, California},
	year = {1984},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Karl1984,
	title = {{Themophilic microbial activity in samples from deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Biology Letters},
	volume = {5},
	number = {4},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {227{\textendash}231},
	issn = {0165-859X},
	author = {Karl, D M and Burns, D and Orrett, K and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Dymond1983,
	title = {{226Ra and 222Rn contents of Galapagos Rift hydrothermal waters: The importance of low-temperature interactions with crustal rocks}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {64},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {417{\textendash}429},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90102-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90102-4},
	author = {Dymond, J and Cobler, K and Gordon, L and Biscayne, P E and Mathieu, G}
}
@article {Bowers1983,
	title = {{Chemical evolution of mid-ocean ridge hot springs}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {2239{\textendash}2252},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90224-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90224-8},
	author = {Bowers, T S and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M}
}
@article {Francheteau1983,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees N, 13 degrees N and 20 degrees S: Inferences for along-strike variability of axial processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {64},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {93{\textendash}116},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90055-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90055-9},
	author = {Francheteau, J and Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1983a,
	title = {{Exploring our living planet}},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {366},
	publisher = {National Geographic Society},
	organization = {National Geographic Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {087044459X},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Ballard1983,
	title = {{Geological processes of the mid-ocean ridge and their relationship to sulfide deposition}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {47{\textendash}62},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Lalou1983,
	title = {{Hydrothermal manganese oxide deposits from Galapagos mounds, DSDP Leg 70, Hole 509B and Alvin dives 729 and 721}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {63},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {63{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90022-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90022-5},
	author = {Lalou, C and Brichet, E and Jehanno, C and Perez-Leclaire, H}
}
@article {Hekinian1983,
	title = {{Intense hydrothermal activity at the axis of the East Pacific Pise near 13 degrees N: Submersible witnesses the growth of sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1{\textendash}14},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00300395},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300395},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J and Renard, V and Ballard, R D and Choukroune, P and Cheminee, J L and Albarede, F and Minster, J F and Charlou, J L and Man{\textquoteright}y, J C and Boulegue, J}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1983,
	title = {{Interactions between the carbon and sulfur cycles in the marine environment}},
	booktitle = {Major biogeochemical cycles and their interactions},
	series = {SCOPE Report},
	number = {21},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {517{\textendash}525},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471105228},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Bolin, B}
}
@article {Smith1983b,
	title = {{Oxygen consumption of pelagic juveniles and demersal adults of the deep-sea fish Sebastolobus altivelis, measured at depth}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {76},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {325{\textendash}332},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00393036},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393036},
	author = {Smith, K L and Brown, N O}
}
@inbook {Lilley1983,
	title = {{Reduced gases and bacteria in hydrothermal fluids: The Galapagos Spreading Center and 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {411{\textendash}449},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Gordon, L I},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@inbook {Corliss1983,
	title = {{The thermal springs of the Galapagos Rift: Their implications for biology and the chemistry of sea water}},
	booktitle = {Patterns of evolution in Galapagos organisms},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {25{\textendash}31},
	publisher = {Pacific Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	organization = {Pacific Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	address = {San Francisco, Calif.},
	isbn = {0934394059},
	author = {Corliss, J B},
	editor = {Bowman, R}
}
@article {Byers1983,
	title = {{Volatiles in basalts and andesites from the Galapagos Spreading Center, 85 degrees to 86 degrees W}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1551{\textendash}1558},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(83)90181-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90181-3},
	author = {Byers, C D and Muenow, D W and Garcia, M O}
}
@article {Lalou1982,
	title = {{Ages and implications of East Pacific Rise sulphide deposits at 21 degrees N}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {300},
	number = {5888},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {169{\textendash}171},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/300169a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/300169a0},
	author = {Lalou, C and Brichet, E}
}
@article {Ballard1982a,
	title = {{Argo and Jason}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {30{\textendash}35},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Wimbush1982,
	title = {{Current-induced sediment movement in the deep Florida Straits Observations}},
	booktitle = {Dynamic environment of the ocean floor},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {77{\textendash}94},
	publisher = {Lexington Books},
	organization = {Lexington Books},
	address = {Lexington, Mass.},
	isbn = {0669028096},
	author = {Wimbush, M and Nemeth, L and Birdsall, B},
	editor = {Fanning, K A}
}
@article {Machado1982,
	title = {{Fine-scale isotopic heterogeneity in the sub-Atlantic mantle}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {295},
	number = {5846},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {226{\textendash}228},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/295226a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/295226a0},
	author = {Machado, N and Ludden, J N and Brooks, C and Thompson, G}
}
@inbook {Bryan1982,
	title = {{Fractionation, partial melting, and mixing in normal basalts from 22-25 degrees N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Symposium on the Activity of Oceanic Volcanoes},
	series = {Arquipelago, Serie Ciencias da Natureza},
	number = {3},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {135{\textendash}144},
	publisher = {Universidade dos Acores},
	organization = {Universidade dos Acores},
	address = {Ponta Delgada, Portugal},
	author = {Bryan, W B},
	editor = {Baker, P E}
}
@article {Ballard1982b,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 5, Variations in volcanism, structure, and hydrothermal activity along a 30-kilometer segment of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {87},
	number = {B2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {1149{\textendash}1161},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB087iB02p01149},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB02p01149},
	author = {Ballard, R D and van Andel, T H and Holcomb, R T}
}
@inbook {Pastouret1982,
	title = {{Geologie du canyon Shamrock, marge Armoricaine (Atlantique du N.E.)}},
	booktitle = {Processus geodynamiques observes en submersible: Geodynamic processes observed from a submersible: Seminaire du 2 avril 1982},
	series = {Oceanis},
	number = {8, fasc.8},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {683{\textendash}710},
	publisher = {Institut Oceanographique},
	organization = {Institut Oceanographique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	author = {Pastouret, L and Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Beuzart, P and Dubois, P and Seguret, M and Sigal, J and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Vanney, J R}
}
@inbook {Uchupi1982,
	title = {{Mesozoic-Cenozoic regressions and the development of margin off northeastern North America}},
	booktitle = {Ocean Floor: Bruce Heezen Commemorative Volume},
	volume = {1 (text)},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {81{\textendash}95},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471100919},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Ellis, J P and Austin, J A and Keller, G H and Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Scrutton, R A}
}
@article {Lonsdale1982,
	title = {{Metallogenesis at seamounts on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {54{\textendash}61},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Lonsdale, P F and Batiza, R and Simkin, T}
}
@article {Ballard1982,
	title = {{The relationship between active sulfide deposition and the axial processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {8{\textendash}22},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J}
}
@article {Bryan1981,
	title = {{Compositional variation in normal MORB from 22 degrees -25 degrees N: Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Kane fracture zone}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {86},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {11,811{\textendash}815,836},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB086iB12p11815},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB12p11815},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G and Ludden, J N}
}
@article {Group1981,
	title = {{Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4503},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {31{\textendash}40},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4503.31},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.31},
	author = {Group, East Pacific Rise Study and Ballard, R D and Craig, H and Edmond, J and Einaudi, M and Holcomb, R and Holland, H D and Hopson, C and Luyendyk, B P and Macdonald, K and Morton, J and Orcutt, J and Sleep, N}
}
@article {Ballard1981,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: The volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes of the central axis}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J and Juteau, T and Rangan, C and Normark, W}
}
@article {Team1981,
	title = {{First manned submersible dives on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N (project RITA): general results}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {4},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {345{\textendash}379},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00286034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286034},
	author = {Team, CYAMEX Scientific and Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W R and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Brevart1981,
	title = {{Metallogenesis at spreading centers: Lead isotope systematics for sulfides, manganese-rich crusts, basalts, and sediments from the Cyamex and Alvin areas (East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {76},
	number = {5},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1205{\textendash}1210},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1205},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1205},
	author = {Brevart, O and Dupre, B and Allegre, C J}
}
@article {Burreson1981,
	title = {{A new deep-sea leech, Bathybdella sawyeri , n.gen., n.sp., from thermal vent areas on the Galapagos Rift}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {94},
	number = {2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {483{\textendash}491},
	issn = {0006-324X},
	author = {Burreson, E M}
}
@article {Hine1981,
	title = {{Offbank transport of carbonate sands along open, leeward bank margins: Northern Bahamas.}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {327{\textendash}348},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90169-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90169-9},
	author = {Hine, A C and Wilber, R J and Bane, J M and Neumann, A C and Lorenson, K R}
}
@inbook {Hubbard1981,
	title = {{Preliminary studies of the fate of shallow-water detritus in the basin north of St. Croix, U.S.V.I.}},
	booktitle = {Reef and Man: Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, Philippines, 18-22 May 1981},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {383{\textendash}388},
	publisher = {University of the Philippines, Marine Sciences Center},
	organization = {University of the Philippines, Marine Sciences Center},
	address = {Quezon City, Philippines},
	isbn = {9710300156},
	author = {Hubbard, D K and Suchanek, T H and Gill, I P and Cowper, S and Ogden, J C and Westerfield, J R and Bayes, J},
	editor = {Gomez, E D}
}
@inbook {Bowen1981,
	title = {{Radionuclide distribution in sediment cores retrieved from marine radioactive waste dumpsites}},
	booktitle = {Impacts of Radionuclide Releases into the Marine Environment: Proceedings of an International Symposium on the Impacts of Radionuclide Releases into the Marine Environment},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {33{\textendash}63},
	publisher = {International Atomic Energy Agency},
	organization = {International Atomic Energy Agency},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	isbn = {9200204813},
	author = {Bowen, V T and Livingston, H D}
}
@article {Crane1981,
	title = {{Volcanics and structure of the FAMOUS Narrowgate Rift: Evidence for cyclic evolution: AMAR 1}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {86},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {5112{\textendash}5124},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB086iB06p05112},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB06p05112},
	author = {Crane, K and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Killingley1980,
	title = {{18O/16O variations in deep-sea carbonate shells from the Rise hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {287},
	number = {5779},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {218{\textendash}221},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/287218a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/287218a0},
	author = {Killingley, J S and Berger, W H and Macdonald, K C and Newman, W A}
}
@article {Berg1980,
	title = {{Description of living specimens of Calyptogena magnifica, Boss and Turner with notes on their distribution and ecology}},
	journal = {Malacologia},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {183{\textendash}185},
	issn = {0076-2997},
	author = {Berg, C J and Turner, R D}
}
@article {Spiess1980,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4438},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1421{\textendash}1433},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	author = {Spiess, F N and Macdonald, K C and Atwater, T and Ballard, R D and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Cox, C and Diaz Garcia, V M and Francheteau, J and Guerrero, J and Hawkins, J and Haymon, R and Hessler, R and Juteau, T and Kastner, M and Larson, R and Luyendyk, B and Macdougall, J D and Miller, S and Normark, W and Orcutt, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Crane1980,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 4, Structure and morphology of hydrothermal fields and their relationship to the volcanic and tectonic processes of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {85},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1443{\textendash}1454},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB085iB03p01443},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB085iB03p01443},
	author = {Crane, K and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Thompson1980,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Mid-Cayman Rise spreading center: Geochemical variation and petrogenesis of basalt glasses}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {41{\textendash}55},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	author = {Thompson, G and Bryan, W B and Melson, W G}
}
@article {Austin1980,
	title = {{Geology of the New England passive margin}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {501{\textendash}526},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Austin, J A and Uchupi, E and Shaughnessy, D R and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Boss1980,
	title = {{Giant white clam from the Galapagos Rift, Calyptogena magnifica species novum}},
	journal = {Malacologia},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {161{\textendash}194},
	issn = {0076-2997},
	author = {Boss, K J and Turner, R D}
}
@article {Juteau1980,
	title = {{Homogeneous basalts from the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: steady state magma reservoirs at moderately fast spreading centers}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {3},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {487{\textendash}503},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Juteau, T and Eissen, J P and Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Rangin, C and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W R and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J}
}
@article {Macdonald1980,
	title = {{Hydrothermal heat flux of the "black smoker" vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {48},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1{\textendash}7},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(80)90163-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90163-6},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Becker, K and Spiess, F N and Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Ballard1980,
	title = {{Mapping the mid-ocean ridge}},
	booktitle = {Twelfth Annual Offshore Technology Conference: 1980 Proceedings},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {55{\textendash}64},
	publisher = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	organization = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	address = {Dallas, Tex.},
	doi = {10.4043/3682-MS},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/3682-MS},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Mullins1980a,
	title = {{Nodular carbonate sediment on Bahamian slopes: Possible precursors to nodular limestones}},
	journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Petrology},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {117{\textendash}131},
	issn = {0022-4472},
	url = {http://jsedres.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/1/117},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C and Weller, R J and Boardman, M R}
}
@article {Wells1979,
	title = {{Comparative morphology of ancient and modern pillow lavas}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {87},
	number = {4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {427{\textendash}440},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30059326},
	author = {Wells, G and Bryan, W B and Pearce, T H}
}
@article {Bryan1979,
	title = {{Compositional variation in a steady-state zoned magma chamber: Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {63{\textendash}85},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(79)90335-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90335-4},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G and Michael, P J}
}
@article {Mullins1979,
	title = {{Echo character of off-platform carbonates}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {251{\textendash}268},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90067-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90067-7},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Boardman, M R and Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Grassle1979,
	title = {{Galapagos {\textquoteright}79: Initial findings of a deep-sea biological quest}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Berg, C J and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Jannasch, H W and Karl, D M and Lutz, R A and Mickel, T J and Rhoads, D C and Sanders, H L and Smith, K L and Somero, G N and Turner, R D and Tuttle, J H and Walsh, P J and Williams, A J}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979e,
	title = {{The Galapagos rift}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia Science Supplement 1979},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {134{\textendash}139},
	publisher = {Grolier, Inc},
	organization = {Grolier, Inc},
	address = {Danbury, Conn.},
	author = {Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Kondo, H}
}
@article {VanAndel1979,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 2, Volcanism, structure, and evolution of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {5390{\textendash}5406},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB084iB10p05390},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB10p05390},
	author = {van Andel, T H and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1979b,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 3, Sheet flows, collapse pits, and lava lakes of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {5407{\textendash}5422},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB084iB10p05407},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB10p05407},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Holcomb, R T and van Andel, T H}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979f,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Midcayman Rise spreading center: Initial results and observations}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {66{\textendash}93},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Bryan, W B and Davis, K and de Boer, J and DeLong, S and Dick, H and Emery, K O and Fox, P J and Hempton, M and Malcolm, F and Melson, W G and Spydell, K and Stroup, I and Thompson, G and Wright, R and Uchupi, E},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@inbook {Keller1979,
	title = {{Geotechnical properties of continental slope deposits: Cape Hatteras to Hydrographer Canyon}},
	booktitle = {Geology of Continental Slopes},
	series = {Special publication - Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	number = {27},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {131{\textendash}151},
	publisher = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	organization = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	author = {Keller, G H and Lambert, D N and Bennett, R H},
	editor = {Doyle, L J}
}
@article {Ballard1979g,
	title = {{Incredible world of the deep-sea rifts}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {156},
	number = {5},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {680{\textendash}688},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1979d,
	title = {{Life where the earth is renewed}},
	journal = {World Book{\textquoteright}s Science Year in Review},
	volume = {1979},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {12{\textendash}27},
	issn = {1537-5870},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Francheteau1979,
	title = {{Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {277},
	number = {5697},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {523{\textendash}528},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/277523a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/277523a0},
	author = {Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C and Bougault, H and Cambon, P and Hekinian, R}
}
@article {Bellaiche1979,
	title = {{Petrological evidence of a typical oceanic crust in the Western Meditteranean Sea}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {M11{\textendash}M18},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90141-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90141-5},
	author = {Bellaiche, G and Rehault, J P and Robin, C and Gennesseaux, M and Auzende, J M and Boivin, M C}
}
@article {Bryan1979a,
	title = {{Regional variation and petrogenesis of basalt glasses from the FAMOUS area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Petrology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {293{\textendash}325},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-3530},
	url = {http://petrology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/2/293},
	author = {Bryan, W B}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979c,
	title = {{Research submersibles: Explorers of the ocean depths}},
	booktitle = {Britannica Yearbook of Science and the Future},
	volume = {1979},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {46{\textendash}61},
	publisher = {Encyclopaedia Britannica},
	organization = {Encyclopaedia Britannica},
	address = {Chicago, Ill.},
	isbn = {0068-1199},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1979a,
	title = {{Return to oases of the deep}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {156},
	number = {5},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {680{\textendash}705},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Grassle, J F}
}
@article {Bender1979,
	title = {{Slashed budgets cripple deepwater research fleet: Trend continues toward building coastal R/Vs}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {6},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {16{\textendash}18},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Bender, E}
}
@article {Corliss1979a,
	title = {{Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {203},
	number = {4385},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1073{\textendash}1083},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	author = {Corliss, J B and Dymond, J and Gordon, L I and Edmond, J M and Von Herzen, R P and Ballard, R D and Green, K and Williams, D and Bainbridge, A and Crane, K and van Andel, T H}
}
@book {Houghton1979,
	title = {{Submersible observations of the New England seamounts}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {79-18},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Houghton, R L and Heirtzler, J R and Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1979a,
	title = {{The ultimate sink}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop: Microbial Degradation of Pollutants in Marine Environments, Pensacola Beach, Florida, 9-14 April 1978},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {3{\textendash}9},
	publisher = {Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency},
	organization = {Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency},
	address = {Gulf Breeze, Fla.},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Bourquin, A W}
}
@book {Heirtzler1979,
	title = {{A visit to the New England Seamounts}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {79-17},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {7},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Taylor, P T and Ballard, R D and Houghton, R L}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979,
	title = {{Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge system and their relationship to the future exploitation of the deep-sea}},
	booktitle = {Marine Sciences and Ocean Policy Symposium: A Definition of the Issues and a Search for a Consensus on Multiple Uses: A Symposium on the Occasion of the Inauguration of Robert A. Huttenback as Chancellor, University of California at Santa Barbara},
	year = {1979},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	organization = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	address = {Santa Barbara, Calif.},
	isbn = {0937202002},
	author = {Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Simonett, D S}
}
@article {Mullins1978,
	title = {{Characteristics of deep Bahama channels in relation to hydrocarbon potential}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {62},
	number = {4},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {693{\textendash}704},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	doi = {10.1306/C1EA4E37-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/C1EA4E37-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Lynts, G W and Neumann, A C and Ball, M M}
}
@inbook {Grassle1978,
	title = {{Life histories and genetic variation in marine invertebrates}},
	booktitle = {Marine Organisms: Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {347{\textendash}364.},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306400200},
	author = {Grassle, J F},
	editor = {Battaglia, B}
}
@inbook {Beaumariage1978,
	title = {{NOAA{\textquoteright}s manned undersea science and technology program and diving operations}},
	booktitle = {Working Diver 1978: Symposium Proceedings, March 7-8, 1978, Columbus, Ohio},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {55{\textendash}66},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Beaumariage, D C and Miller, J W}
}
@inbook {Ballard1978,
	title = {{The ocean depths}},
	booktitle = {Ocean Realm},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {148{\textendash}167},
	publisher = {National Geographic Society},
	organization = {National Geographic Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0870442511},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Hermes1978,
	title = {{Upper Ordovician peralkalic granites from the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {89},
	number = {12},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {1761{\textendash}1774},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<1761:UOPGFT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89{\%}3C1761:UOPGFT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Hermes, O D and Ballard, R D and Banks, P O}
}
@book {Heirtzler1977c,
	title = {{The 1974 Alvin dives on Corner Rise and New England seamounts}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {77-8},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {53},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Taylor, P T and Ballard, R D and Houghton, R L}
}
@article {Bryan1977a,
	title = {{Basalts from DSDP leg 37 and the FAMOUS area: Compositional and petrogenic comparisons}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {875{\textendash}885},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4077},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G}
}
@article {Bryan1977,
	title = {{Compositional variations of young basalts in the Mid-Atlantic ridge rift near lat 36 degrees 49{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {556{\textendash}570},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<556:CVOYBI>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C556:CVOYBI{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Moore, J G}
}
@article {Uchupi1977,
	title = {{Continental slope and upper rise off western Nova Scotia and Georges Bank}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {61},
	number = {9},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {1483{\textendash}1492},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	doi = {10.1306/C1EA45B8-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/C1EA45B8-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Ballard, R D and Ellis, J P}
}
@article {Ballard1977b,
	title = {{Morphology and tectonics of the inner rift valley at lat 36 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {507{\textendash}530},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<507:MATOTI>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C507:MATOTI{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Ballard, R D and van Andel, T H}
}
@article {Ballard1977a,
	title = {{Notes on a major oceanographic find}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Corliss1977,
	title = {{Oasis of life in the cold abyss}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {152},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {441{\textendash}453},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Corliss, J B and Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1977c,
	title = {{Photographic atlas of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Rift Valley}},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {125},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0387902473},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Moore, J G}
}
@article {Ballard1977,
	title = {{Project FAMOUS: Operational techniques and American submersible operations}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {495{\textendash}506},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<495:PFOTAA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C495:PFOTAA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Ballard, R D and van Andel, T H}
}
@article {White1977,
	title = {{Sr-isotope, K, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, and rare-earth geochemistry of basalts from the FAMOUS area}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {571{\textendash}576},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<571:SKRCSB>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C571:SKRCSB{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {White, W R and Bryan, W B}
}
@inbook {Heirtzler1977b,
	title = {{Submersible observations at the Hole 332B area}},
	booktitle = {Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project: A Project Planned by and Carried Out with the Advice of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {363{\textendash}365},
	publisher = {National Science Foundation},
	organization = {National Science Foundation},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/dsdp.proc.37.109.1977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.37.109.1977},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Houghton1977,
	title = {{Submersible observations of the New England seamounts}},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {64},
	number = {7},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {348{\textendash}355},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1042},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368733},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368733},
	author = {Houghton, R L and Heirtzler, J R and Ballard, R D and Taylor, P T}
}
@article {Heirtzler1977,
	title = {{A visit to the New England seamounts}},
	journal = {American Scientist},
	volume = {65},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {466{\textendash}472},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-0996},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Taylor, P T and Ballard, R D and Houghton, R L}
}
@book {Bland1976,
	title = {{Alvin users manual}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {36},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bland, E L and Donnelly, J D and Shumaker, L A}
}
@inbook {Ballard1976,
	title = {{Application of deepwater mapping techniques in specific geologic programs project FAMOUS Cayman Trench}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}76: Second Annual Combined Conference, September 13-15, 1976, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {87},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154241},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154241},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Barnes1976,
	title = {{Deep-sea macroplanktonic sea cucumbers: suspended sediment feeders captured from deep submergence vehicle}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {194},
	number = {4269},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {1083{\textendash}1085},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.194.4269.1083},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4269.1083},
	author = {Barnes, A T and Quetin, L B and Childress, J J and Pawson, D L}
}
@book {Bertsche1976,
	title = {{Description of an experimental undersea manipulator system with force feedback: November 1975}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {28},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Bertsche1976a,
	title = {{Investigation of operator performance and related design variables in undersea force feedback manipulator systems, December 1975}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-47},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {35},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@inbook {Ballard1976a,
	title = {{Marine geophysics in the Caribbean}},
	booktitle = {Geophysics in the Americas: A Symposium of the Geophysics Commission of the Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Ottawa, Canada, September, 1976},
	series = {Publication - Earth Physics Branch},
	number = {46, no. 3},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {102{\textendash}104},
	publisher = {Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Earth Physics Branch},
	organization = {Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Earth Physics Branch},
	address = {Ottawa, Ont.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0660007029},
	author = {Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Tanner, J G}
}
@book {Wiebe1976a,
	title = {{Particulate matter sinking to the deep-sea floor at 2000 m in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, with a description of a new sedimentation trap}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-85},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {14},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1792},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1792},
	author = {Wiebe, P H and Boyd, S H and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Wiebe1976,
	title = {{Particulate matter sinking to the deep-sea floor at 2000 m in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, with a description of a new sedimentation trap}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {34},
	number = {3},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {341{\textendash}354},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	author = {Wiebe, P H and Boyd, S H and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Bertsche1976b,
	title = {{Potential design alternatives and analysis of system response variables, characteristic of undersea manipulators with force feedback}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {66},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Hekinian1976,
	title = {{Volcanic rocks and processes of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near 36 degrees 49{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {1},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {83{\textendash}110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00384746},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384746},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Moore, J G and Bryan, W B}
}
@article {Ballard1976b,
	title = {{Window on Earth{\textquoteright}s interior}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {150},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {228{\textendash}249},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1975a,
	title = {{Dive into the great rift}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {147},
	number = {5},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {604{\textendash}615},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Heirtzler1975a,
	title = {{The floor of the Mid-Atlantic Rift}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {233},
	number = {2},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {79{\textendash}90},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Bryan, W B}
}
@inbook {Pesch1975,
	title = {{Force feedback systems in undersea manipulator applications}},
	booktitle = {Second Conference on Remotely Manned Systems (RMS): Technology and Applications},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {57{\textendash}58},
	publisher = {[s.n.]},
	organization = {[s.n.]},
	address = {[s.l.]},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Pesch, A J and Bertsche, W R and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Ballard1975c,
	title = {{Improving the usefulness of deep-sea photographs with precision tracking}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {40{\textendash}43},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1975b,
	title = {{Probing the Mid-Atlantic Rift}},
	journal = {Science Teacher},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {12{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8555},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1975,
	title = {{Triassic rift structure in the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {59},
	number = {7},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {1041{\textendash}1072},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E}
}
@article {Ballard1974,
	title = {{Geology of the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {58},
	number = {6},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {1156{\textendash}1158},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E}
}
@article {Bellaiche1974,
	title = {{Inner floor of the Rift Valley: First submersible study}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {250},
	number = {5467},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {558{\textendash}560},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/250558a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/250558a0},
	author = {Bellaiche, G and Cheminee, J L and Francheteau, J and Hekinian, R and Le Pichon, X and Needham, H D and Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1974d,
	title = {{The nature of Triassic continental rift structures in the Gulf of Maine}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-71},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {96},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1974b,
	title = {{Summary of seismic reflection, refraction, magnetic and dredge station data collected during a geologic study of the Gulf of Maine}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-30},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {87},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Instituion},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Instituion},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1974c,
	title = {{Summary of the geologic dives conducted in the Gulf of Maine during 1971 and 1972 by the research submersible Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-29},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {73},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/877},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/877},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1974a,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1973 - 31 January 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-27},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {44},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Hays, E E and Hess, F R and Marquet, W M and McCamis, M J and McElroy, P T and Winget, C L}
}
@inbook {Barber1973,
	title = {{The oceans as ultimate sinks for wastewaters and wastewater residuals}},
	booktitle = {Ultimate Disposal of Wastewaters and Their Residuals: Proceedings of a National Symposium, April 26 and 27, 1973},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {199{\textendash}213},
	publisher = {Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina},
	organization = {Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina},
	address = {Raleigh, N.C.},
	author = {Barber, R T and Kirby-Smith, W},
	editor = {McJunkin, F E}
}
@book {Aldrich1973a,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1972 - 31 January 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-37},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {51},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Ballard, R D and Marquet, W M and Porter, D and McCamis, M J and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Aldrich1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1972 - 31 July 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-20},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Ballard, R D and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and McCamis, M J and Phillips, J D and Porter, D and Vine, A C and Teal, J M and Marquet, W M and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Ballard1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1973 - 31 July 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-92},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {82},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Maxwell, A E and Davis, R E and Eliason, A H and Hess, F R and McCamis, M J and McElroy, P T and Marquet, W M and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Ballard1972,
	title = {{Carboniferous and Triassic rifting: A preliminary outline of the tectonic history of the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {83},
	number = {8},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {2285{\textendash}2302},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2285:CATRAP]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2285:CATRAP]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E}
}
@book {Aldrich1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1971 - 31 January 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-90},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {66},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Bryan1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1971 - 31 July 1971}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-33},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Ballard, R D and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Zafiriou, O C and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@book {Berteaux1970,
	title = {{Experimental analysis of the failed wire ropes of the submersible Alvin hoist system}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {37},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Berteaux, H O and Morey, R L}
}
@article {Ballard1970,
	title = {{Morphology and Quarternary history of the continental shelf of the Gulf Coast of the United States}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {547{\textendash}559},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E}
}
@book {Ballard1970a,
	title = {{Research submersibles in oceanography}},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {73},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Emery, K O}
}
@book {Busby1969,
	title = {{Hazards of the deep}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-52},
	year = {1969},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Busby, R F and Hunt, L M and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Rainnie1969a,
	title = {{Recovery of the DSRV Alvin, part 1}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {4},
	number = {11},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {61{\textendash}63},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Rainnie, W O and Buchanan, C L}
}
@article {Rainnie1969,
	title = {{Recovery of the DSRV Alvin, part 2}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {4},
	number = {12},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {69{\textendash}70},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Rainnie, W O and Buchanan, C L}
}
@book {Backus1968,
	title = {{Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Pecular sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {68-58},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Backus, R H and Craddock, J E and Haedrich, R L and Shores, D L and Teal, J M and Wing, A S and Clarke, W D}
}
@article {Backus1968a,
	title = {{Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Peculiar sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3831},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {991{\textendash}993},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	author = {Backus, R H and Craddock, J E and Haedrich, R L and Shores, D L and Teal, J M and Wing, A S and Mead, G W and Clarke, W D}
}
@book {Bland1968,
	title = {{Criteria for the selection, training and qualification of pilots for the deep submergence engineering and operations section}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {18},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bland, E L}
}
@book {Busby1968,
	title = {{Design and operational performance of manned submersibles}},
	series = {Informal Report},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {30},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Busby, R F}
}
@article {Busby1968c,
	title = {{Hazards of the deep, part 1}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {3},
	number = {7},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {72{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Busby, R F and Hunt, L M and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Busby1968b,
	title = {{Hazards of the deep, part 2}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {3},
	number = {8},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {32{\textendash}39},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Busby, R F and Hunt, L M and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Busby1968a,
	title = {{Hazards of the deep, part 3}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {3},
	number = {9},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {53{\textendash}58},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Busby, R F and Hunt, L M and Rainnie, W O}
}
@book {Briggs1968,
	title = {{Men in the sea}},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {128},
	publisher = {Simon and Schuster},
	organization = {Simon and Schuster},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, P}
}
@article {Boykin1967,
	title = {{1966 - a good year for Alvin}},
	journal = {Naval Research Reviews},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {22{\textendash}25},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-145X},
	author = {Boykin, R}
}
@book {Booth1967,
	title = {{A comparative study of the heave and pitch motions of the deep submersible Alvin and her support catamaran during surface operations}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {101},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Booth, K J}
}
@inbook {Burke1967,
	title = {{DRV operation and instrumentation}},
	booktitle = {New thrust seaward Transactions of the Third Annual MTS Conference {\&} Exhibit, 5-7 June, 1967, San Diego, California},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {445{\textendash}457},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Burke, F P and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Rucker1967,
	title = {{Sea-floor strength observations from the DRV Alvin in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Southeastern Geology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {1{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0038-3678},
	author = {Rucker, J B and Stiles, N T and Busby, R F}
}
@book {Busby1967,
	title = {{Undersea studies with the DSRV Alvin, Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, September 1966}},
	series = {Informal Report},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {62},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Busby, R F and Merrifield, R}
}
@book {Breaker1967,
	title = {{The variability of bottom reflected signals using the deep research vehicle Alvin}},
	series = {Informal Report},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD669897},
	author = {Breaker, L C and Winokur, R S}
}
@book {Baxter1966,
	title = {{Discussion of various means of improving visibility from the DSRV Alvin or similar vehicles}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {15},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Baxter, L}
}
@book {Winter1966,
	title = {{A photoelastic investigation of deep submergence windows}},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {54},
	publisher = {Allied Research Associates, Inc.},
	organization = {Allied Research Associates, Inc.},
	address = {Concord, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD634403},
	author = {Winter, R and Becker, H}
}
@book {McCamis1965,
	title = {{Fuse testing in oil for Alvin batteries}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {9},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {McCamis, M J and Marquet, W M and Broderson, G and Mason, D}
}
@book {Briggs1964,
	title = {{Alvin hull penetrator test}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964d,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis for Alvin hull number 1}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964a,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis for Alvin hull number 2}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964c,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis of Alvin buoyancy spheres}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964b,
	title = {{Stud tension tests of twelve interference fitted studs after compressive failure}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1963,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis and leak test for Alvin hull number 1}},
	series = {Final Report},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {47},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Bynum1963,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis of a model of the Alvin hull}},
	series = {Final Report},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {52},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bynum, D J and DeHart, R C}
}
