@article {RN2529,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, and preservation at the Cathedral Hill deep sea hydrothermal vent, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its implications regarding the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {163},
	year = {2022},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	author = {Bentley, J. N. and Ventura, G. T. and Dalzell, C. J. and Walters, C. C. and Peters, C. A. and Mennito, A. S. and Nelson, R. K. and Reddy, C. M. and Seewald, J. S. and Sievert, S. M.}
}
@article {RN2487,
	title = {Abyssal deposit feeders are secondary consumers of detritus and rely on nutrition derived from microbial communities in their guts},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-91927-4},
	author = {Romero-Romero, S. and Miller, E. C. and Black, J. A. and Popp, B. N. and Drazen, J. C.}
}
@article {RN2497,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, preservation at Cathedral Hill, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its link to the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {104302},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140741982},
	author = {Bentley, Jeremy N. and Ventura, G. Todd and Dalzell, Connor J. and Walters, Clifford C. and Peters, Carl A. and Mennito, Anthony S. and Nelson, Robert K. and Reddy, Christopher M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Sievert, Stefan M.}
}
@article {RN2466,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone{\textemdash}{\textquotedblleft}chemotone{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136778362},
	author = {Ashford, Oliver S. and Guan, Shuzhe and Capone, Dante and Rigney, Katherine and Rowley, Katelynn and Orphan, Victoria and Mullin, Sean W. and Dawson, Kat S. and Cortes, Jorge and Rouse, Greg W. and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2477,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone-"chemotone"-in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	author = {Ashford, O. S. and Guan, S. Z. and Capone, D. and Rigney, K. and Rowley, K. and Orphan, V. and Mullin, S. W. and Dawson, K. S. and Cortes, J. and Rouse, G. W. and Mendoza, G. F. and Lee, R. W. and Cordes, E. E. and Levin, L. A.}
}
@article {RN2484,
	title = {Degradation of biological macromolecules supports uncultured microbial populations in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-01026-5},
	author = {Castro, S. P. and Borton, M. A. and Regan, K. and de Angelis, I. H. and Wrighton, K. C. and Teske, A. P. and Strous, M. and Ruff, S. E.}
}
@article {RN2504,
	title = {Fe-catalyzed sulfide oxidation in hydrothermal plumes is a source of reactive oxygen species to the ocean},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {40},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e2026654118},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2026654118},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141521757 https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/118/40/e2026654118.full.pdf},
	author = {Shaw, Timothy J. and Luther, George W. and Rosas, Richard and Oldham, V{\'e}ronique E. and Coffey, Nicole R. and Ferry, John L. and Dias, Dewamunnage M. C. and Y{\"u}cel, Mustafa and de Chanvalon, Aubin Thibault}
}
@article {RN2515,
	title = {Fe-catalyzed sulfide oxidation in hydrothermal plumes is a source of reactive oxygen species to the ocean},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {40},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2026654118|1of7},
	author = {Shaw, T. J. and Luther, G. W. and Rosas, R. and Oldham, V. E. and Coffey, N. R. and Ferry, J. L. and Dias, D. M. C. and Yucel, M. and de Chanvalon, A. T.}
}
@article {RN2483,
	title = {Functional traits provide new insight into recovery and succession at deep-sea hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Ecology},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e03418},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ecy.3418},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138424678},
	author = {Dykman, Lauren N. and Beaulieu, Stace E. and Mills, Susan W. and Solow, Andrew R. and Mullineaux, Lauren S.}
}
@article {RN2485,
	title = {Functional traits provide new insight into recovery and succession at deep-sea hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Ecology},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	doi = {10.1002/ecy.3418},
	author = {Dykman, Lauren N. and Beaulieu, Stace E. and Mills, Susan W. and Solow, Andrew R. and Mullineaux, Lauren S.}
}
@article {RN2511,
	title = {Geothermal heating and episodic cold-seawater intrusions into an isolated ridge-flank basin near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Communications Earth \& Environment},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {226},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-021-00297-2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142242361},
	author = {Becker, Keir and Thomson, Richard E. and Davis, Earl E. and Villinger, Heinrich and Wheat, C. Geoffrey}
}
@article {RN2460,
	title = {Hydrocarbon transformations in sediments from the Cathedral Hill hydrothermal vent complex at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California-A chemometric study of shallow seep architecture},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {152},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104173},
	author = {Dalzell, C. J. and Ventura, G. T. and Walters, C. C. and Nelson, R. K. and Reddy, C. M. and Seewald, J. S. and Sievert, S. M.}
}
@article {RN2496,
	title = {Interactions between temperature and energy supply drive microbial communities in hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Communications Biology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1006},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s42003-021-02507-1},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140634439 https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02507-1.pdf},
	author = {Lagostina, Lorenzo and Frandsen, S{\o}s and MacGregor, Barbara J. and Glombitza, Clemens and Deng, Longhui and Fiskal, Annika and Li, Jiaqi and Doll, Mechthild and Geilert, Sonja and Schmidt, Mark and Scholz, Florian and Bernasconi, Stefano Michele and J{\o}rgensen, Bo Barker and Hensen, Christian and Teske, Andreas and Lever, Mark Alexander}
}
@article {RN2490,
	title = {Large-scale protein level comparison of Deltaproteobacteria reveals cohesive metabolic groups},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-01057-y},
	author = {Langwig, M. V. and De Anda, V. and Dombrowski, N. and Seitz, K. W. and Rambo, I. M. and Greening, C. and Teske, A. P. and Baker, B. J.}
}
@article {RN2481,
	title = {LOC Manuscript for Global Biogeochemical Cycles Using radiocarbon to assess the abundance, distribution, and nature of labile organic carbon in marine sediments},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020gb006676},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138401852},
	author = {DeMaster, D. J. and Taylor, R. S. and Smith, C. R. and Isla, E. and Thomas, C. J.}
}
@article {RN2451,
	title = {Microbial Communities Under Distinct Thermal and Geochemical Regimes in Axial and Off-Axis Sediments of Guaymas Basin},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {633649},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.633649},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135332514 https://fjfsdata01prod.blob.core.windows.net/articles/files/633649/pubmed-zip/.versions/1/.package-entries/fmicb-12-633649/fmicb-12-633649.pdf?sv=2018-03-28\&sr=b\&sig=WKLBqhvZrkcj2oO6X4DtspOriwBM},
	author = {Teske, Andreas and Wegener, Gunter and Chanton, Jeffrey P. and White, Dylan and MacGregor, Barbara and Hoer, Daniel and de Beer, Dirk and Zhuang, Guangchao and Saxton, Matthew A. and Joye, Samantha B. and Lizarralde, Daniel and Soule, S. Adam and Ruff, S. Emil}
}
@article {RN2528,
	title = {Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-11},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-021-00537-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144475498},
	author = {Bledsoe-Becerra, Yessenia M. and Whittaker, Iesha S. and Horowitz, Jeremy and Naranjo, Katherine Medina and Johnson-Rosemond, Jicayla and Mullins, Kristen H. and Cunningham, Karena M. and Shetty, Suchir and Messinides, Samuel N. and Behney, Melinda S. and Fehsal, Jessica A. and Watson, Ashley N. and McKnight, Kaitlyn E. and Nasiadka, Teresa W. and Popa, Horia and Pettay, D. Tye and Appiah-Madson, Hannah J. and Distel, Daniel L. and Brugler, Mercer R.}
}
@article {RN2459,
	title = {A multi-modal approach to measuring particulate iron speciation in buoyant hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {560},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120018},
	author = {Stewart, B. D. and Sorensen, J. V. and Wendt, K. and Sylvan, J. B. and German, C. R. and Anantharaman, K. and Dick, G. J. and Breier, J. A. and Toner, B. M.}
}
@article {RN2452,
	title = {The role of habitat heterogeneity and canyon processes in structuring sediment macrofaunal communities associated with hard substrate habitats in Norfolk Canyon, USA},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {103495},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103495},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135331344},
	author = {Bourque, Jill R. and Demopoulos, Amanda W. J. and Robertson, Craig M. and Mienis, Furu}
}
@article {RN2467,
	title = {Transcriptomic Responses of Deep-Sea Corals Experimentally Exposed to Crude Oil and Dispersant},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {649909},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.649909},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136987963 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.649909},
	author = {DeLeo, Danielle M. and Glazier, Amanda and Herrera, Santiago and Barkman, Alexandria and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {RN2422,
	title = {Calcium isotopic signatures of depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts from the northeastern Pacific},
	journal = {Journal of Oceanology and Limnology},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-12},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s00343-020-0045-2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128295972},
	author = {Zhu, Hongli and Du, Long and Zhang, Zhaofeng and Sun, Weidong}
}
@article {RN2445,
	title = {Complex subsurface hydrothermal fluid mixing at a submarine arc volcano supports distinct and highly diverse microbial communities},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {117},
	number = {51},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {32627-32638},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2019021117},
	author = {Reysenbach, A. L. and St John, E. and Meneghin, J. and Flores, G. E. and Podar, M. and Dombrowski, N. and Spang, A. and L{\textquoteright}Haridon, S. and Humphris, S. E. and de Ronde, C. E. J. and Tontini, F. C. and Tivey, M. and Stucker, V. K. and Stewart, L. C. and Diehl, A. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2438,
	title = {Gammaproteobacteria mediating utilization of methyl-, sulfur- and petroleum organic compounds in deep ocean hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-13},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00745-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130210975},
	author = {Zhou, Zhichao and Liu, Yang and Pan, Jie and Cron, Brandi R. and Toner, Brandy M. and Anantharaman, Karthik and Breier, John A. and Dick, Gregory J. and Li, Meng}
}
@article {RN2425,
	title = {Hydrocarbon migration pathway and methane budget for a Gulf of Mexico natural seep site: Green Canyon 600},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {545},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {116411},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116411},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128798049},
	author = {Johansen, C. and Macelloni, L. and Natter, M. and Silva, M. and Woosley, M. and Woolsey, A. and Diercks, A. R. and Hill, J. and Viso, R. and Marty, E. and Lobodin, V. V. and Shedd, W. and Joye, S. B. and MacDonald, I. R.}
}
@article {RN2421,
	title = {Magnetic Structure of Fast-Spread Oceanic Crust at Pito Deep},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {21},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GC008671},
	author = {Maher, S. M. and Gee, J. S. and Doran, A. K. and Cheadle, M. J. and John, B. E.}
}
@article {RN2449,
	title = {Microbe-mineral biogeography from multi-year incubations in oceanic crust at North Pond, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.15366},
	author = {Orcutt, B. N. and D{\textquoteright}Angelo, T. and Wheat, C. G. and Trembath-Reichert, E.}
}
@article {RN2424,
	title = {A new serial sampler for collecting gas-tight samples from seafloor cold seeps and hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {161},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103282},
	author = {Wang, S. and Wu, S. J. and Du, M. R. and Yang, C. J. and Wang, X.}
}
@article {RN2439,
	title = {Subcritical Phase Separation and Occurrence of Deep-Seated Brines at the NW Caldera Vent Field, Brothers Volcano: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions in Hydrothermal Precipitates},
	journal = {Geofluids},
	volume = {2020},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1468-8115},
	doi = {10.1155/2020/8868259},
	author = {Diehl, A. and de Ronde, C. E. J. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2434,
	title = {Validation of Wind Speeds From Brown-Peaky Retracker in the Gulf of Mexico and East Coast of North America},
	journal = {Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing},
	volume = {58},
	number = {8},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5793-5803},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0196-2892},
	doi = {10.1109/TGRS.2020.2970443},
	author = {Peng, F. K. and Deng, X. L.}
}
@article {RN2372,
	title = {APT: An Instrument for Monitoring Seafloor Acceleration, Pressure, and Temperature with Large Dynamic Range and Bandwidth},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {448-462},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120180132},
	author = {Davis, E. E. and Heesemann, M. and Farrugia, J. J. and Johnson, G. and Paros, J.}
}
@article {RN2366,
	title = {Subseafloor Temperature Variations Influenced by Variations in Bottom Water Temperature and Pressure: New High Resolution Observations and Implications},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth},
	volume = {124},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {76-87},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2018JB016151},
	author = {Davis, E. E. and Villinger, H.}
}
@article {RN2388,
	title = {Validation of Geodetic Seafloor Benchmark Stability Using Structure-From-Motion and Seafloor Pressure Data},
	journal = {Earth and Space Science},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2019EA000623},
	author = {Cook, M. J. and DeSanto, J. B.}
}
@article {2494,
	title = {Biodiversity and trophic ecology of hydrothermal vent fauna associated with tubeworm assemblages on the Juan de Fuca Ridge},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {2629 - 2647},
	issn = {1726-4170},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-15-2629-2018},
	author = {Lelievre, Yann and Sarrazin, Jozee and Marticorena, Julien and Schaal, Gauthier and Day, Thomas and Legendre, Pierre and Hourdez, Stephane and Matabos, Marjolaine}
}
@article {2493,
	title = {Characterization of benthic biogeochemistry and ecology at three methane seep sites on the Northern US Atlantic margin},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {41 - 56},
	isbn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.03.001},
	author = {McVeigh, D. and Skarke, A. and Dekas, A. E. and Borrelli, C. and Hong, W. -L and Marlow, J. J. and Pasulka, A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Barco, R. A. and Djurhuus, A.}
}
@article {RN2337,
	title = {Chemical Variations in the 1998, 2011, and 2015 Lava Flows From Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Cooling During Ascent, Lateral Transport, and Flow},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2915-2933},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007708},
	author = {Clague, D. A. and Paduan, J. B. and Dreyer, B. M. and Chadwick, W. W. and Rubin, K. R. and Perfit, M. R. and Fundis, A. T.}
}
@article {RN2355,
	title = {Filamentous Giant Beggiatoaceae from the Guaymas Basin Are Capable of both Denitrification and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {84},
	number = {15},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e02860-17},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.02860-17},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/84/15/e02860-17.abstract},
	author = {Schutte, Charles A. and Teske, Andreas and MacGregor, Barbara J. and Salman-Carvalho, Verena and Lavik, Gaute and Hach, Philipp and de Beer, Dirk}
}
@article {2487,
	title = {First HOV Alvin study of the pelagic environment at Hydrographer Canyon (NW Atlantic)},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {30 - 40},
	abstract = {Continental slope canyons off the United States Atlantic coast remain poorly studied, and in particular, the distributions of pelagic organisms in waters overlying these unique environments are not well documented. During the Early Career Scientist Deep Submergence Training cruise, AT36-EAGER, the distribution of organisms in the water column overlying Hydrographer Canyon, which cuts through the northwestern Atlantic continental margin, was investigated through daytime midwater observations using HOV Alvin (AD4831) at three depths. Mixed swarms of krill and Themisto sp. amphipods were observed at all depths surveyed. Observations centered at 250 m were also dominated by chaetognaths, copepods, and Phronima sp. amphipods, while at 500 and 750 m, the assemblages were dominated by the fishes in the families Paralepididae, Nemichthyidae, and Mytophidae. Additionally, measurements of methane, nitrous oxide, optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence), dissolved organic carbon, and base-extracted particulate organic carbon were made to better characterize the hydrography and biogeochemistry over Hydrographer Canyon. This study was aided by the use of telepresence to communicate between ship and shore-based researchers, and the expedition marks the first use of SMS messaging to communicate between the submersible and the ship. This study demonstrates the capabilities and utility of using Alvin for conducting water column science.},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.001},
	author = {Netburn, Amanda N. and Kinsey, Joanna D. and Bush, Stephanie L. and Djurhuus, Anni and Fernandez, Julianne and Hoffman, Colleen L. and McVeigh, Doreen M. and Twing, Katrina I. and Bagge, Laura}
}
@article {RN2345,
	title = {Gene expression profiling reveals deep-sea coral response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {20},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {4066-4077},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/mec.14847},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14847},
	author = {DeLeo, Danielle M. and Herrera, Santiago and Lengyel, Stephen D. and Quattrini, Andrea~M and Kulathinal, Rob J. and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {RN2344,
	title = {The influence of different deep-sea coral habitats on sediment macrofaunal community structure and function},
	journal = {PeerJ},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e5276},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2167-8359},
	doi = {10.7717/peerj.5276},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5276},
	author = {Bourque, Jill R. and Demopoulos, Amanda W. J.}
}
@article {RN2340,
	title = {A Lack of Dynamic Triggering of Slow Slip and Tremor Indicates That the Shallow Cascadia Megathrust Offshore Vancouver Island Is Likely Locked},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {45},
	number = {20},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {11095-11103},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL079519},
	author = {McGuire, J. J. and Collins, J. A. and Davis, E. and Becker, K. and Heesemann, M.}
}
@article {2479,
	title = {Microbial decomposition of marine dissolved organic matter in cool oceanic crust},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {334 - +},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-018-0109-5},
	author = {Walter, Sunita R. Shah and Jaekel, Ulrike and Osterholz, Helena and Fisher, Andrew T. and Huber, Julie A. and Pearson, Ann and Dittmar, Thorsten and Girguis, Peter R.}
}
@article {RN2358,
	title = {Observation and Modeling of Hydrothermal Response to the 2015 Eruption at Axial Seamount, Northeast Pacific},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {8},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2780-2797},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007607},
	author = {Xu, G. Y. and Chadwick, W. W. and Wilcock, W. S. D. and Bemis, K. G. and Delaney, J.}
}
@article {RN2346,
	title = {Subgroup Characteristics of Marine Methane-Oxidizing ANME-2 Archaea and Their Syntrophic Partners as Revealed by Integrated Multimodal Analytical Microscopy},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {84},
	number = {11},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e00399-18},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00399-18},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/84/11/e00399-18.abstract},
	author = {McGlynn, Shawn E. and Chadwick, Grayson L. and Neill, Ariel and Mackey, Mason and Thor, Andrea and Deerinck, Thomas J. and Ellisman, Mark H. and Orphan, Victoria J.}
}
@article {ISI:000399660300001,
	title = {{A decade of volcanic construction and destruction at the summit of NW Rota-1 seamount: 2004-2014}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH},
	volume = {122},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1558{\textendash}1584},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Arc volcanoes are important to our understanding of submarine volcanism because at some sites frequent eruptions cause them to grow and collapse on human timescales. This makes it possible to document volcanic processes. Active submarine eruptions have been observed at the summit of NW Rota-1 in the Mariana Arc. We use remotely operated vehicle videography and repeat high-resolution bathymetric surveys to construct geologic maps of the summit of NW Rota-1 in 2009 and 2010 and relate them to the geologic evolution of the summit area over a 10year period (2004-2014). We find that 2009 and 2010 were characterized by different eruptive styles, which affected the type and distribution of eruptive deposits at the summit. Year 2009 was characterized by ultraslow extrusion and autobrecciation of lava at a single eruptive vent, producing a large cone of blocky lava debris. In 2010, higher-energy explosive eruptions occurred at multiple closely spaced vents, producing a thin blanket of pebble-sized tephra overlying lava flow outcrops. A landslide that occurred between 2009 and 2010 had a major effect on lithofacies distribution by removing the debris cone and other unconsolidated deposits, revealing steep massive flow cliffs. This relatively rapid alternation between construction and destruction forms one end of a seamount growth and mass wasting spectrum. Intraplate seamounts, which tend to grow larger than arc volcanoes, experience collapse events that are orders of magnitude larger and much less frequent than those occurring at subduction zone settings. Our results highlight the interrelated cyclicity of eruptive activity and mass wasting at submarine arc volcanoes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JB013742},
	author = {Schnur, Susan R and Chadwick Jr., William W and Embley, Robert W and Ferrini, Vicki L and de Ronde, Cornel E J and Cashman, Katharine V and Deardorff, Nicholas D and Merle, Susan G and Dziak, Robert P and Haxel, Joe H and Matsumoto, Haru}
}
@article {Brooke2017,
	title = {{Distributions and habitat associations of deep-water corals in Norfolk and Baltimore Canyons, Mid-Atlantic Bight, USA}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {131{\textendash}147},
	abstract = {A multi-disciplinary study of two major submarine canyons, Baltimore Canyon and Norfolk Canyon, off the US mid-Atlantic coast focused on the ecology and biology of canyon habitats, particularly those supporting deep-sea corals. Historical data on deep-sea corals from these canyons were sparse with less than 750 records for the mid-Atlantic region, with most being soft sediment species. This study substantially increased the number of deep-sea coral records for the target canyons and the region. Large gorgonians were the dominant structure-forming coral taxa on exposed hard substrates, but several species of scleractinians were also documented, including first observations of Lophelia pertusa in the mid-Atlantic Bight region. Coral distribution varied within and between the two canyons, with greater abundance of the octocoral Paragorgia arborea in Baltimore Canyon, and higher occurrence of stony corals in Norfolk Canyon; these observations reflect the differences in environmental conditions, particularly turbidity, between the canyons. Some species have a wide distribution (e.g., P. arborea, Primnoa resedaeformis, Anthothela grandiflora), while others are limited to certain habitat types and/or depth zones (e.g., Paramuricea placomus, L. pertusa, Solenosmilia variabilis). The distribution of a species is driven by a combination of factors, which include availability of appropriate physical structure and environmental conditions. Although the diversity of the structure-forming corals (gorgonians, branching scleractinians and large anemones) was low, many areas of both canyons supported high coral abundance and a diverse coral-associated community. The canyons provide suitable habitat for the development of deep-sea coral communities that is not readily available elsewhere on the sedimented shelf and slope of the Mid-Atlantic Bight.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.008},
	author = {Brooke, S D and Watts, M W and Heil, A D and Rhode, M and Mienis, F and Duineveld, G C A and Davies, A J and Ross, S W}
}
@article {Syverson2017,
	title = {{Fe isotope fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe during hydrothermal recrystallization: An experimental study at 350 {\textdegree}C and 500 bars}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {200},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {87{\textendash}109},
	abstract = {Equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe was determined in acidic chloride-bearing fluid at 350 {\textdegree}C and 500 bars. The study utilized deformable gold-cell technology, which allowed time-series sampling of solution during chalcopyrite recrystallization and isotope exchange. A key element of the experimental design involved the addition of anomalous dissolved 57Fe to an on-going experiment as a means of determining the degree and rate of isotope exchange. Taking explicit account of imposed chemical and isotopic mass balance constraints of Fe in fluid and mineral (chalcopyrite) reservoirs, these data indicate that no more than 1000 h is required for the isotopically anomalous dissolved Fe reservoir to exchange completely with the coexisting chalcopyrite. The experimental calibration of the rate of Fe isotope exchange for the $δ$57Fe-spiked experiment provides critical insight for the time necessary to achieve Fe isotope exchange in two non-spiked, but otherwise identical experiments. The Fe isotope data indicate that the equilibrium fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe, $Δ$56FeCpy-Fe (aq), at 350 {\textdegree}C is small, 0.09 {\textpm} 0.17{\textperthousand} (2$\sigma$), and is in good agreement with recent theoretical equilibrium predictions. Owing to the apparent rate of Fe isotope exchange at 350 {\textdegree}C, it is likely that chalcopyrite formed at high temperature deep-sea vents (black smoker systems) achieves isotopic equilibrium, and effectively records the Fe isotopic composition of the coexisting end-member hydrothermal fluid. Comparison of the experimental mineral{\textendash}fluid equilibrium fractionation factors with conjugate chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe pairs sampled from high temperature hydrothermal vent systems at Axial Caldera and Main Endeavour Field (Juan de Fuca Ridge) are in agreement with this inference. The experimental data were further used to determine the mineral{\textendash}mineral equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between pyrite-chalcopyrite, $Δ$56FePyr-Cpy, at 350 {\textdegree}C by combining previously determined pyrite-Fe2+(aq) equilibrium fractionation data with chalcopyrite-Fe2+(aq) from this study. The empirically determined $Δ$56FePyr-Cpy value, 0.90 {\textpm} 0.34{\textperthousand} (2$\sigma$), is consistent with theoretical predictions, and when coupled with mineral{\textendash}fluid Fe isotope fractionation systematics and experimentally determined exchange rates, helps to delineate processes of sulfide mineralization in hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.12.002},
	author = {Syverson, D D and Luhmann, A J and Tan, C Y and Borrok, D M and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Bourque2017,
	title = {{Macrofaunal communities associated with chemosynthetic habitats from the U.S. Atlantic margin: A comparison among depth and habitat types}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {42{\textendash}55},
	abstract = {Hydrocarbon seeps support distinct benthic communities capable of tolerating extreme environmental conditions and utilizing reduced chemical compounds for nutrition. In recent years, several locations of methane seepage have been mapped along the U.S. Atlantic continental slope. In 2012 and 2013, two newly discovered seeps were investigated in this region: a shallow site near Baltimore Canyon (BCS, 366{\textendash}412 m) and a deep site near Norfolk Canyon (NCS, 1467{\textendash}1602 m), with both sites containing extensive chemosynthetic mussel bed and microbial mat habitats. Sediment push cores, suction samples, and Ekman box cores were collected to quantify the abundance, diversity, and community structure of benthic macrofauna ({\textgreater}300 $μ$m) in mussel beds, mats, and slope habitats at both sites. Community data from the deep site were also assessed in relation to the associated sediment environment (organic carbon and nitrogen, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, grain size, and depth). Infaunal assemblages and densities differed both between depths and among habitat types. Macrofaunal densities in microbial mats were four times greater than those present in mussel beds and slope sediments and were dominated by the annelid families Dorvilleidae, Capitellidae, and Tubificidae, while mussel habitats had higher proportions of crustaceans. Diversity was lower in BCS microbial mat habitats, but higher in mussel and slope sediments compared to NCS habitats. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed specific sediment properties as important for distinguishing the macrofaunal communities, including larger grain sizes present within NCS microbial mat habitats and depleted stable carbon isotopes ($δ$13C) in sediments present at mussel beds. These results suggest that habitat differences in the quality and source of organic matter are driving the observed patterns in the infaunal assemblages, including high $\beta$ diversity and high variability in the macrofaunal community composition. This study is the first investigation of seep infauna along the U.S. Atlantic slope north of the Blake Ridge Diapir and provides a baseline for future regional comparisons to other seep habitats along the Atlantic margin.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.04.012},
	author = {Bourque, J R and Robertson, C M and Brooke, S and Demopoulos, A W J}
}
@article {ISI:000394193000005,
	title = {{Magnetic exploration of a low-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal site (Lost City, 30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {461},
	year = {2017},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {40{\textendash}45},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A 2003 high-resolution magnetic survey conducted by the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ABE over the low-temperature, ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal field Lost City reveals a weak positive magnetic anomaly. This observation is in direct contrast to recent observations of strong positive magnetic anomalies documented over the high-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vents fields Rainbow and Ashadze, which indicates that temperature may control the production of magnetization at these sites. The Lost City survey provides a unique opportunity to study a field that is, to date, one of a kind, and is an end member of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems. Our results highlight the key contribution of temperature on magnetite production resulting from serpentinization reactions. Whereas high temperature promotes significant production and partitioning of iron into magnetite, low temperature favors iron partitioning into various alteration phases, resulting in a magnetite-poor rock. Moreover, the distribution of magnetic anomalies confirms results of a previous geological survey indicating the progressive migration of hydrothermal activity upslope. These discoveries contribute to the results of 25 yrs of magnetic exploration of a wide range of hydrothermal sites, from low- to high temperature and from basalt- to ultramafic-hosted, and thereby validate using high-resolution magnetics as a crucial parameter for locating and characterizing hydrothermal sites hosting unique chemosynthetic-based ecosystems and potentially mineral-rich deposits. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.033},
	author = {Szitkar, Florent and Tivey, Maurice A and Kelley, Deborah S and Karson, Jeffrey A and Fruh-Green, Gretchen L and Denny, Alden R}
}
@article {Maher2016,
	title = {{Arsenic concentrations and species in three hydrothermal vent worms, Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulficola and Paralvinella palmiformis}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {41{\textendash}48},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents are surficial expressions of subsurface geological and hydrological processes. Fluids emitting from active vents are chemically distinct from bottom seawater, and are enriched in dissolved metals and metalloids, including arsenic. Vent organisms accumulate arsenic but the arsenic speciation in these non-photosynthetic organisms is largely unknown. Here, arsenic concentrations and chemical species were measured in three deep sea hydrothermal vent worms (Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulfincola and Paralvinella palmiformis ) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Northwest pacific. R. piscesae has similar arsenic concentrations (3.8{\textendash}35 {\textmu}g g-1) to shallow water polychaetes while P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis have significantly higher arsenic concentrations (420{\textendash}1417 and 125{\textendash}321 {\textmu}g g-1 respectively). R. piscesae contains appreciable quantities of inorganic arsenic (36{\textpm}14{\%}), monomethyl arsenic (2{\textpm}2{\%}), dimethyl arsenic (34{\textpm}21{\%}), an unknown methyl arsenical (7{\textpm}16{\%}), OSO3-arsenosugar (5{\textpm}9{\%}), TETRA (4{\textpm}5{\%}), ThioPO4/ThioDMAE (1{\textpm}2{\%}) and an unknown thio-arsenical (12{\textpm}14{\%}). These results suggests that host and symbionts are either involved in the methylation of arsenic, or are bathed in fluids enriched in methylated arsenic as a result of free-living microbial activity. The host carrying out methylation, however, cannot be ruled out. In contrast, 96{\textendash}97{\%} of the arsenic in P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis is inorganic arsenic, likely the result of arsenic precipitation within and upon the mucus they ingest while feeding. While all worms have oxo- and thio arsenosugars (2{\textendash}30{\%}), Paralvinella also have small amounts of arsenobetaine ({\textless}0.001{\textendash}0.21{\%}). The presence of arsenosugars, arsenobetaine and other minor arsenic species in the absence of photosynthesising algae/bacteria indicates that they may be formed by vent animals in the absence of sunlight, but at this time their formation cannot be explained.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.07.009},
	author = {Maher, W A and Duncan, E and Dilly, G and Foster, S and Krikowa, F and Lombi, E and Scheckel, K and Girguis, P}
}
@article {Tontini2016,
	title = {{Crustal magnetization and the subseafloor structure of the ASHES vent field, Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for the investigation of hydrothermal sites}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {6205{\textendash}6211},
	abstract = {High-resolution geophysical data have been collected using the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Sentry over the ASHES (Axial Seamount Hydrothermal Emission Study) high-temperature ({\~{}}348{\textdegree}C) vent field at Axial Seamount, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Multiple surveys were performed on a 3-D grid at different altitudes above the seafloor, providing an unprecedented view of magnetic data resolution as a function of altitude above the seafloor. Magnetic data derived near the seafloor show that the ASHES field is characterized by a zone of low magnetization, which can be explained by hydrothermal alteration of the host volcanic rocks. Surface manifestations of hydrothermal activity at the ASHES vent field are likely controlled by a combination of local faults and fractures and different lava morphologies near the seafloor. Three-dimensional inversion of the magnetic data provides evidence of a vertical, pipe-like upflow zone of the hydrothermal fluids with a vertical extent of {\~{}}100 m.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL069430},
	author = {Tontini, F C and Crone, T J and de Ronde, C E J and Fornari, D J and Kinsey, J C and Mittelstaedt, E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Tan2016,
	title = {{Development and Application of a New Mobile pH Calibrator for Real-Time Monitoring of pH in Diffuse Flow Hydrothermal Vent Fluids}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {37{\textendash}47},
	abstract = {In situ measurement of pH in diffuse flow hydrothermal vent fluids is necessary to investigate the feedback between geochemical and biochemical processes. Accurate pH determination has been unusually challenging owing to temperature and pressure effects that place severe constraints on the performance of a wide variety of pH sensor systems. In this paper, we describe a newly developed mobile pH calibrator (MpHC), which makes use of In situ calibration protocols that enhance the accuracy of pH measurement and monitoring on the ocean floor at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The MpHC combines the physically robust and highly sensitive iridium solid-state pH electrode with a flow control system to perform 2-point calibration with on-board pH buffer solutions. The small size and novel design of the sensor probe allow more effective access to seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids and their associated sulfide structures and biological communities. The MpHC is capable of In situ deployment by submersible via ICL (inductively couple link) communication around hydrothermal vents at pressures and temperatures up to 45 MPa and 100 degrees C, respectively. In this paper, we also present results of In situ calibration methods used to correct the standard potential and slope (mV/pH) of the solid-state electrode for temperature effects. The MpHC has been deployed most recently using the submersible Alvin during cruise AT26-17 to Axial Seamount and Main Endeavour Field, Juan De Fuca Ridge in the NE Pacific. With In situ calibration functionality, the MpHC offers the prospect of more successful longer-term measurements in keeping with power availability provided by cabled seafloor observatories coming online in the NE Pacific.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Tan, C Y and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Prouty2016a,
	title = {{Growth rates and ages of deep-sea corals impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {196{\textendash}212},
	abstract = {The impact of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill on deep-sea coral communities in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is still under investigation, as is the potential for these communities to recover. Impacts from the spill include observation of corals covered with flocculent material, with bare skeleton, excessive mucous production, sloughing tissue, and subsequent colonization of damaged areas by hydrozoans. Information on growth rates and life spans of deep-sea corals is important for understanding the vulnerability of these ecosystems to both natural and anthropogenic perturbations, as well as the likely duration of any observed adverse impacts. We report radiocarbon ages and radial and linear growth rates based on octocorals (Paramuricea spp. and Chrysogorgia sp.) collected in 2010 and 2011 from areas of the DWH impact. The oldest coral radiocarbon ages were measured on specimens collected 11 km to the SW of the oil spill from the Mississippi Canyon (MC) 344 site: 599 and 55 cal yr BP, suggesting continuous life spans of over 600 years for Paramuricea biscaya, the dominant coral species in the region. Calculated radial growth rates, between 0.34 $μ$m yr-1 and 14.20 $μ$m yr-1, are consistent with previously reported proteinaceous corals from the GoM. Anomalously low radiocarbon ($Δ$14C) values for soft tissue from some corals indicate that these corals were feeding on particulate organic carbon derived from an admixture of modern surface carbon and a low 14C carbon source. Results from this work indicate fossil carbon could contribute 5{\textendash}10{\%} to the coral soft tissue $Δ$14C signal within the area of the spill impact. The influence of a low 14C carbon source (e.g., petro-carbon) on the particulate organic carbon pool was observed at all sites within 30 km of the spill site, with the exception of MC118, which may have been outside of the dominant northeast{\textendash}southwest zone of impact. The quantitatively assessed extreme longevity and slow growth rates documented here highlight the vulnerability of these long-lived deep sea coral species to disturbance.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.10.021},
	author = {Prouty, N G and Fisher, C R and Demopoulos, A W J and Druffel, E R M}
}
@article {Teske2016,
	title = {{The Guaymas Basin Hiking Guide to Hydrothermal Mounds, Chimneys, and Microbial Mats: Complex Seafloor Expressions of Subsurface Hydrothermal Circulation}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {75},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal mats, mounds, and chimneys of the southern Guaymas Basin are the surface expression of complex subsurface hydrothermal circulation patterns. In this overview, we document the most frequently visited features of this hydrothermal area with photographs, temperature measurements, and selected geochemical data; many of these distinct habitats await characterization of their microbial communities and activities. Microprofiler deployments on microbial mats and hydrothermal sediments show their steep geochemical and thermal gradients at millimeter-scale vertical resolution. Mapping these hydrothermal features and sampling locations within the southern Guaymas Basin suggest linkages to underlying shallow sills and heat flow gradients. Recognizing the inherent spatial limitations of much current Guaymas Basin sampling calls for comprehensive surveys of the wider spreading region.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00075},
	author = {Teske, A P and de Beer, D and McKay, L J and Tivey, M K and Biddle, J F and Hoer, D R and Lloyd, K G and Lever, M A and Roy, H and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and MacGregor, B J}
}
@article {Prouty2016,
	title = {{Insights into methane dynamics from analysis of authigenic carbonates and chemosynthetic mussels at newly-discovered Atlantic Margin seeps}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {449},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {332{\textendash}344},
	abstract = {The recent discovery of active methane venting along the US northern and mid-Atlantic margin represents a new source of global methane not previously accounted for in carbon budgets from this region. However, uncertainty remains as to the origin and history of methane seepage along this tectonically inactive passive margin. Here we present the first isotopic analyses of authigenic carbonates and methanotrophic deep-sea mussels, Bathymodiolus sp., and the first direct constraints on the timing of past methane emission, based on samples collected at the upper slope Baltimore Canyon (\~{}385 m water depth) and deepwater Norfolk (\~{}1600 m) seep fields within the area of newly-discovered venting. The authigenic carbonates at both sites were dominated by aragonite, with an average View the MathML source$δ$C13 signature of -47{\textperthousand}-47{\textperthousand}, a value consistent with microbially driven anaerobic oxidation of methane-rich fluids occurring at or near the sediment{\textendash}water interface. Authigenic carbonate U and Sr isotope data further support the inference of carbonate precipitation from seawater-derived fluids rather than from formation fluids from deep aquifers. Carbonate stable and radiocarbon (View the MathML source$δ$C13 and View the MathML source$Δ$C13) isotope values from living Bathymodiolus sp. specimens are lighter than those of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon, highlighting the influence of fossil carbon from methane on carbonate precipitation. U{\textendash}Th dates on authigenic carbonates suggest seepage at Baltimore Canyon between 14.7{\textpm}0.6 ka14.7{\textpm}0.6 ka to 15.7{\textpm}1.6 ka15.7{\textpm}1.6 ka, and at the Norfolk seep field between 1.0{\textpm}0.7 ka1.0{\textpm}0.7 ka to 3.3{\textpm}1.3 ka3.3{\textpm}1.3 ka, providing constraint on the longevity of methane efflux at these sites. The age of the brecciated authigenic carbonates and the occurrence of pockmarks at the Baltimore Canyon upper slope could suggest a link between sediment delivery during Pleistocene sea-level lowstand, accumulation of pore fluid overpressure from sediment compaction, and release of overpressure through subsequent venting. Calculations show that the Baltimore Canyon site probably has not been within the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) in the past 20 ka, meaning that in-situ release of methane from dissociating gas hydrate cannot be sustaining the seep. We cannot rule out updip migration of methane from dissociation of gas hydrate that occurs farther down the slope as a source of the venting at Baltimore Canyon, but consider that the history of rapid sediment accumulation and overpressure may play a more important role in methane emissions at this site.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.023},
	author = {Prouty, N G and Sahy, D and Ruppel, C D and Roark, E B and Condon, D and Brooke, S and Ross, S W and Demopoulos, A W J}
}
@article {Lin2016,
	title = {{Linkages between mineralogy, fluid chemistry, and microbial communities within hydrothermal chimneys from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {300{\textendash}323},
	abstract = {Rock and fluid samples were collected from three hydrothermal chimneys at the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge to evaluate linkages among mineralogy, fluid chemistry, and microbial community composition within the chimneys. M{\"o}ssbauer, midinfrared thermal emission, and visible-near infrared spectroscopies were utilized for the first time to characterize vent mineralogy, in addition to thin-section petrography, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analyses. A 282{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Bastille edifice was composed primarily of sulfide minerals such as chalcopyrite, marcasite, and sphalerite. In contrast, samples from a 300{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Dante edifice and a 321{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Hot Harold edifice contained a high abundance of the sulfate mineral anhydrite. Geochemical modeling of mixed vent fluids suggested the oxic-anoxic transition zone was above 100{\textdegree}C at all three vents, and that the thermodynamic energy available for autotrophic microbial redox reactions favored aerobic sulfide and methane oxidation. As predicted, microbes within the Dante and Hot Harold chimneys were most closely related to mesophilic and thermophilic aerobes of the Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria and sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria. However, most of the microbes within the Bastille chimney were most closely related to mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobes of the Deltaproteobacteria, especially sulfate reducers, and anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaea. The predominance of anaerobes in the Bastille chimney indicated that other environmental factors promote anoxic conditions. Possibilities include the maturity or fluid flow characteristics of the chimney, abiotic Fe2+ and S2- oxidation in the vent fluids, or O2 depletion by aerobic respiration on the chimney outer wall.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GC006091},
	author = {Lin, T J and Ver Eecke, H C and Breves, E A and Dyar, M D and Jamieson, J W and Hannington, M D and Dahle, H and Bishop, J L and Lane, M D and Butterfield, D A and Kelley, D S and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Holden, J F}
}
@article {ISI:000366671300021,
	title = {{Metagenomic resolution of microbial functions in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes across the Eastern Lau Spreading Center}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {225{\textendash}239},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Microbial processes within deep-sea hydrothermal plumes affect ocean biogeochemistry on global scales. In rising hydrothermal plumes, a combination of microbial metabolism and particle formation processes initiate the transformation of reduced chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, methane, iron, manganese and ammonia that are abundant in hydrothermal vent fluids. Despite the biogeochemical importance of this rising portion of plumes, it is understudied in comparison to neutrally buoyant plumes. Here we use metagenomics and bioenergetic modeling to describe the abundance and genetic potential of microorganisms in relation to available electron donors in five different hydrothermal plumes and three associated background deep-sea waters from the Eastern Lau Spreading Center located in the Western Pacific Ocean. Three hundred and thirty one distinct genomic {\textquoteleft}bins{\textquoteright} were identified, comprising an estimated 951 genomes of archaea, bacteria, eukarya and viruses. A significant proportion of these genomes is from novel microorganisms and thus reveals insights into the energy metabolism of heretofore unknown microbial groups. Community-wide analyses of genes encoding enzymes that oxidize inorganic energy sources showed that sulfur oxidation was the most abundant and diverse chemolithotrophic microbial metabolism in the community. Genes for sulfur oxidation were commonly present in genomic bins that also contained genes for oxidation of hydrogen and methane, suggesting metabolic versatility in these microbial groups. The relative diversity and abundance of genes encoding hydrogen oxidation was moderate, whereas that of genes for methane and ammonia oxidation was low in comparison to sulfur oxidation. Bioenergetic-thermodynamic modeling supports the metagenomic analyses, showing that oxidation of elemental sulfur with oxygen is the most dominant catabolic reaction in the hydrothermal plumes. We conclude that the energy metabolism of microbial communities inhabiting rising hydrothermal plumes is dictated by the underlying plume chemistry, with a dominant role for sulfur-based chemolithoautotrophy.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.81},
	author = {Anantharaman, Karthik and Breier, John A and Dick, Gregory J}
}
@article {ISI:000368893500001,
	title = {{Microbial Communities in Methane- and Short Chain Alkane-Rich Hydrothermal Sediments of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, an active spreading center in the Gulf of California (Mexico), are rich in porewater methane, short-chain alkanes, sulfate and sulfide, and provide a model system to explore habitat preferences of microorganisms, including sulfate-dependent, methane- and short chain alkane-oxidizing microbial communities. In this study, hot sediments (above 60 degrees C) covered with sulfur-oxidizing microbial mats surrounding a hydrothermal mound (termed {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Mat Mound{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) were characterized by porewater geochemistry of methane, C-2-C-6 short-chain alkanes, sulfate, sulfide, sulfate reduction rate measurements, in situ temperature gradients, bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and V6 tag pyrosequencing. The most abundantly detected groups in the Mat mound sediments include anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea of the ANME-1 lineage and its sister Glade ANME-1Guaymas, the uncultured bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 within the Deltaproteobacteria and the separately branching HotSeep-1 Group; these uncultured bacteria are candidates for sulfate-reducing alkane oxidation and for sulfate-reducing syntrophy with ANME archaea. The archaeal dataset indicates distinct habitat preferences for ANME-1, ANME-1-Guaymas, and ANME-2 archaea in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. The bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 and HotSeep-1 co-occur with ANME-1 and ANME-1Guaymas in hydrothermally active sediments underneath microbial mats in Guaymas Basin. We propose the working hypothesis that this mixed bacterial and archaeal community catalyzes the oxidation of both methane and short-chain alkanes, and constitutes a microbial community signature that is characteristic for hydrothermal and/or cold seep sediments containing both substrates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00017},
	author = {Dowell, Frederick and Cardman, Zena and Dasarathy, Srishti and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Lipp, Julius S and Ruff, S Emil and Biddle, Jennifer F and McKay, Luke J and MacGregor, Barbara J and Lloyd, Karen G and Albert, Daniel B and Mendlovitz, Howard and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {ISI:000372166500012,
	title = {{Oceanographic patterns and carbonate chemistry in the vicinity of cold-water coral reefs in the Gulf of Mexico: Implications for resilience in a changing ocean}},
	journal = {LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {61},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {648{\textendash}665},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {To accurately assess the threat that global climate change poses to marine systems, a detailed baseline of the current carbonate chemistry and other oceanographic conditions is required. Despite the heightened vulnerability of deep-sea communities to ocean acidification, there have been relatively few studies investigating the carbonate chemistry immediately above cold-water coral reefs. Here, we present data collected during five cruises from 2010 to 2014 in the northern Gulf of Mexico and quantify the carbonate system and other oceanographic parameters in offshore surface-waters, the water column, and at deep benthic sites. Benthic sites containing the scleractinian cold-water coral L. pertusa occurred in waters with a relatively wide temperature range (6.8-13.6 degrees C), low potential density (sigma(theta)=26.9 +/- 0.3 kg m(-3)), low dissolved oxygen concentration (111.3 +/- 2.0 mu mol kg(-1)), low pH(T) (7.87 +/- 0.04), low Omega(ARAG) (1.31 +/- 0.14), and a low availability of carbonate ions (94.4 +/- 9.2 mu mol kg(-1)) compared with L. pertusa habitats in other regions. Based on previous modelling and experimental results, these values place L. pertusa at the edge of its viable niche in the deep Gulf of Mexico. However, significantly elevated total alkalinity (+139-44 mu mol kg(-1)) was detected above large L. pertusa mounds, suggesting that carbonate dissolution within the mounds may be partially ameliorating the direct effects of ocean acidification. Together, these results provide an important baseline for assessing future oceanographic changes in the Gulf of Mexico and for predicting the resilience of cold-water coral reefs to global climate and ocean change.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.10242},
	author = {Georgian, Samuel E and DeLeo, Danielle and Durkin, Alanna and Gomez, Carlos E and Kurman, Melissa and Lunden, Jay J and Cordes, Erik E}
}
@article {ISI:000378670800006,
	title = {{Sustained in situ measurements of dissolved oxygen, methane and water transport processes in the benthic boundary layer at MC118, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {41{\textendash}52},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Within months of the BP Macondo Wellhead blowout, elevated methane concentrations within the water column revealed a significant retention of light hydrocarbons in deep waters plus corresponding dissolved oxygen (DO) deficits. However, chemical plume tracking efforts were hindered by a lack of in situ monitoring capabilities. Here, we describe results from in situ time-series, lander-based investigations of physical and biogeochemical processes controlling dissolved oxygen, and methane at Mississippi Canyon lease block 118 (similar to 18 km from the oil spill) conducted shortly after the blowout through April 2012. Multiple sensor arrays plus open-cylinder flux chambers ({\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}chimneys{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) deployed from a benthic lander collected oxygen, methane, pressure, and current speed and direction data within one meter of the seafloor. The ROVARD lander system was deployed for an initial 21-day test experiment (9/13/2010-10/04/2010) at 882 m depth before a longer 160-day deployment (10/24/2011-4/01/2012) at 884 m depth. Temporal variability in current directions and velocities and water temperatures revealed strong influences of bathymetrically steered currents and overlying along-shelf flows on local and regional water transport processes. DO concentrations and temperature were inversely correlated as a result of water mass mixing processes. Flux chamber measurements during the 160-day deployment revealed total oxygen utilization (TOU) averaging 11.6 mmol/m(2) day. Chimney DO concentrations measured during the 21-day deployment exhibited quasi-daily variations apparently resulting from an interaction between near inertial waves and the steep topography of an elevated scarp immediately adjacent to the 21-day deployment site that modulated currents at the top of the chimney. Variability in dissolved methane concentrations suggested significant temporal variability in gas release from nearby hydrocarbon seeps and/or delivery by local water transport processes. Free-vehicle (lander) monitoring over time scales of months to years utilizing in situ sensors can provide an understanding of processes controlling water transport, respiration and the fate and impacts of accidental and natural gas and oil releases. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.11.012},
	author = {Martens, Christopher S and Mendlovitz, Howard P and Seim, Harvey and Lapham, Laura and D{\textquoteright}Emidio, Marco}
}
@article {ISI:000370971600005,
	title = {{Transcription, Signaling Receptor Activity, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Fatty Acid Metabolism Mediate the Presence of Closely Related Species in Distinct Intertidal and Cold-Seep Habitats}},
	journal = {GENOME BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {51{\textendash}69},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Bathyal cold seeps are isolated extreme deep-sea environments characterized by low species diversity while biomass can be high. The Hakon Mosby mud volcano (Barents Sea, 1,280 m) is a rather stable chemosynthetic driven habitat characterized by prominent surface bacterial mats with high sulfide concentrations and low oxygen levels. Here, the nematode Halomonhystera hermesithrives in high abundances (11,000 individuals 10 cm(-2)). Halomonhystera hermesi is a member of the intertidal Halomonhystera disjuncta species complex that includes five cryptic species (GD 1-5). GD1-5{\textquoteright}s common habitat is characterized by strong environmental fluctuations. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of H. hermesi and GD1, H. hermesi{\textquoteright}s closest relative. Genes encoding proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation are more strongly expressed in H. hermesi than in GD1, and many genes were only observed in H. hermesi while being completely absent in GD1. Both observations could in part be attributed to high sulfide concentrations and low oxygen levels. Additionally, fatty acid elongation was also prominent in H. hermesi confirming the importance of highly unsaturated fatty acids in this species. Significant higher amounts of transcription factors and genes involved in signaling receptor activity were observed in GD1 (many of which were completely absent in H. hermesi), allowing fast signaling and transcriptional reprogramming which can mediate survival in dynamic intertidal environments. GC content was approximately 8{\%} higher in H. hermesi coding unigenes resulting in differential codon usage between both species and a higher proportion of amino acids with GC-rich codons in H. hermesi. In general our results showed that most pathways were active in both environments and that only three genes are under natural selection. This indicates that also plasticity should be taken in consideration in the evolutionary history of Halomonhystera species. Such plasticity, as well as possible preadaptation to low oxygen and high sulfide levels might have played an important role in the establishment of a cold-seep Halomonhystera population.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {1759-6653},
	doi = {10.1093/gbe/evv242},
	author = {Van Campenhout, Jelle and Vanreusel, Ann and Van Belleghem, Steven and Derycke, Sofie}
}
@article {ISI:000367801400177,
	title = {{Trophosome of the Deep-Sea Tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Inhibits Bacterial Growth}},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila lives in symbiosis with the chemoautotrophic gamma-proteobacterium Cand. Endoriftia persephone. Symbionts are released back into the environment upon host death in high-pressure experiments, while microbial fouling is not involved in trophosome degradation. Therefore, we examined the antimicrobial effect of the tubeworm{\textquoteright}s trophosome and skin. The growth of all four tested Gram-positive, but only of one of the tested Gram-negative bacterial strains was inhibited by freshly fixed and degrading trophosome (incubated up to ten days at either warm or cold temperature), while no effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed. The skin did not show antimicrobial effects. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the ethanol supernatant of fixed trophosomes lead to the tentative identification of the phospholipids 1-palmitoleyl-2-lyso- phosphatidylethanolamine, 2-palmitoleyl-1-lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine and the free fatty acids palmitoleic, palmitic and oleic acid, which are known to have an antimicrobial effect. As a result of tissue autolysis, the abundance of the free fatty acids increased with longer incubation time of trophosome samples. This correlated with an increasing growth inhibition of Bacillus subtilis and Listeria welshimeri, but not of the other bacterial strains. Therefore, the free fatty acids produced upon host degradation could be the cause of inhibition of at least these two bacterial strains.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0146446},
	author = {Klose, Julia and Aistleitner, Karin and Horn, Matthias and Krenn, Liselotte and Dirsch, Verena and Zehl, Martin and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Chadwick2016,
	title = {{Voluminous eruption from a zoned magma body after an increase in supply rate at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {12,063{\textendash}12,070},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is the best monitored submarine volcano in the world, providing an exceptional window into the dynamic interactions between magma storage, transport, and eruption processes in a mid-ocean ridge setting. An eruption in April 2015 produced the largest volume of erupted lava since monitoring and mapping began in the mid-1980s after the shortest repose time, due to a recent increase in magma supply. The higher rate of magma replenishment since 2011 resulted in the eruption of the most mafic lava in the last 500{\textendash}600 years. Eruptive fissures at the volcano summit produced pyroclastic ash that was deposited over an area of at least 8 km2. A systematic spatial distribution of compositions is consistent with a single dike tapping different parts of a thermally and chemically zoned magma reservoir that can be directly related to previous multichannel seismic-imaging results.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL071327},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Paduan, J B and Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Merle, S G and Bobbitt, A M and Caress, D W and Philip, B T and Kelley, D S and Nooner, S L}
}
@article {Gulmann2015,
	title = {{Bacterial diversity and successional patterns during biofilm formation on freshly exposed basalt surfaces at diffuse-flow deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {901},
	abstract = {Many deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems are regularly impacted by volcanic eruptions, leaving fresh basalt where abundant animal and microbial communities once thrived. After an eruption, microbial biofilms are often the first visible evidence of biotic re-colonization. The present study is the first to investigate microbial colonization of newly exposed basalt surfaces in the context of vent fluid chemistry over an extended period of time (4{\textendash}293 days) by deploying basalt blocks within an established diffuse-flow vent at the 9{\textdegree}50' N vent field on the East Pacific Rise. Additionally, samples obtained after a recent eruption at the same vent field allowed for comparison between experimental results and those from natural microbial re-colonization. Over 9 months, the community changed from being composed almost exclusively of Epsilonproteobacteria to a more diverse assemblage, corresponding with a potential expansion of metabolic capabilities. The process of biofilm formation appears to generate similar surface-associated communities within and across sites by selecting for a subset of fluid-associated microbes, via species sorting. Furthermore, the high incidence of shared operational taxonomic units over time and across different vent sites suggests that the microbial communities colonizing new surfaces at diffuse-flow vent sites might follow a predictable successional pattern.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.00901},
	author = {Gulmann, L K and Beaulieu, S E and Shank, T M and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Sievert, S M}
}
@article {ISI:000360888000001,
	title = {{Carbon fixation by basalt-hosted microbial communities}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Oceanic crust is a massive potential habitat for microbial life on Earth, yet our understanding of this ecosystem is limited due to difficulty in access. In particular, measurements of rates of microbial activity are sparse. We used stable carbon isotope incubations of crustal samples, coupled with functional gene analyses, to examine the potential for carbon fixation on oceanic crust. Both seafloor-exposed and subseafloor basalts were recovered from different mid-ocean ridge and hot spot environments (i.e., the Juan de Fuca Ridge, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Loihi Seamount) and incubated with C-13-labeled bicarbonate. Seafloor-exposed basalts revealed incorporation of C-13-label into organic matter over time, though the degree of incorporation was heterogeneous. The incorporation of C-13 into biomass was inconclusive in subseafloor basalts. Translating these measurements into potential rates of carbon fixation indicated that 0.1-10 nmol C g(-1) rock d(-1) could be fixed by seafloor-exposed rocks. When scaled to the global production of oceanic crust, this suggests carbon fixation rates of 10(9)-10(12) g C year(-1), which matches earlier predictions based on thermodynamic calculations. Functional gene analyses indicate that the Calvin cycle is likely the dominant biochemical mechanism for carbon fixation in basalt-hosted biofilms, although the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway and reverse TCA cycle likely play some role in net carbon fixation. These results provide empirical evidence for autotrophy in oceanic crust, suggesting that basalt-hosted autotrophy could be a significant contributor of organic matter in this remote and vast environment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.90400904},
	author = {Orcutt, Beth N and Sylvan, Jason B and Rogers, Daniel R and Delaney, Jennifer and Lee, Raymond W and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Escoube2015,
	title = {{Coupled Ge/Si and Ge isotope ratios as geochemical tracers of seafloor hydrothermal systems: Case studies at Loihi Seamount and East Pacific Rise 9{\textdegree}50'N}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {167},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {93{\textendash}112},
	abstract = {Germanium (Ge) and Silicon (Si) exhibit similar geochemical behavior in marine environments but are variably enriched in seafloor hydrothermal fluids relative to seawater. In this study, Ge isotope and Ge/Si ratio systematics were investigated in low temperature hydrothermal vents from Loihi Seamount (Pacific Ocean, 18{\textdegree}54'N, 155{\textdegree}15'W) and results were compared to high-temperature vents from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9{\textdegree}50'N. Loihi offers the opportunity to understand contrasting Ge and Si behavior in low temperature seafloor hydrothermal systems characterized by abundant Fe oxyhydroxide deposition at the seafloor. The results show that both Ge/Si and $δ$74/70Ge in hydrothermal fluids are fractionated relative to the basaltic host rocks. The enrichment in Ge vs. Si relative to fresh basalts, together with Ge isotope fractionation ($Δ$74/70Gefluid-basalt up to 1.15{\textperthousand} at EPR 9{\textdegree}50'N and 1.64{\textperthousand} at Loihi) are best explained by the precipitation of minerals (e.g. quartz and Fe-sulfides) during higher temperature seawater{\textendash}rock reactions in the subsurface. The study of Fe-rich hydrothermal deposits at Loihi, largely composed of Fe-oxyhydroxides, shows that Ge isotopes are also fractionated upon mineral precipitation at the seafloor. We obtained an average Ge isotope fractionation factor between Fe-oxyhydroxide (ferrihydrite) and dissolved Ge in the fluid of -2.0 {\textpm} 0.6{\textperthousand} (2sd), and a maximum value of -3.6 {\textpm} 0.6{\textperthousand} (2sd), which is consistent with recent theoretical and experimental studies. The study of a hydrothermal chimney at Bio 9 vent at EPR 9{\textdegree}50'N also demonstrates that Ge isotopes are fractionated by approximately -5.6 {\textpm} 0.6{\textperthousand} (2sd) during precipitation of metal sulfides under hydrothermal conditions. Using combined Ge/Si and estimated Ge isotope signatures of Ge sinks and sources in seawater, we propose a preliminary oceanic budget of Ge which reveals that an important sink, referred as the {\textquotedblleft}missing Ge sink{\textquotedblright}, may correspond to Ge sequestration into authigenic Fe-oxyhydroxides in marine sediments. This study shows that combining Ge/Si and $δ$74/70Ge systematics provides a useful tool to trace hydrothermal Ge and Si sources in marine environments and to understand formation processes of seafloor hydrothermal deposits.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.025},
	author = {Escoube, R and Rouxel, O J and Edwards, K J and Glazer, B and Donard, O F X}
}
@article {Li2015,
	title = {{Genomic and transcriptomic evidence for scavenging of diverse organic compounds by widespread deep-sea archaea}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {8933},
	abstract = {Microbial activity is one of the most important processes to mediate the flux of organic carbon from the ocean surface to the seafloor. However, little is known about the microorganisms that underpin this key step of the global carbon cycle in the deep oceans. Here we present genomic and transcriptomic evidence that five ubiquitous archaeal groups actively use proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids and lipids as sources of carbon and energy at depths ranging from 800 to 4,950 m in hydrothermal vent plumes and pelagic background seawater across three different ocean basins. Genome-enabled metabolic reconstructions and gene expression patterns show that these marine archaea are motile heterotrophs with extensive mechanisms for scavenging organic matter. Our results shed light on the ecological and physiological properties of ubiquitous marine archaea and highlight their versatile metabolic strategies in deep oceans that might play a critical role in global carbon cycling.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms9933},
	author = {Li, M and Baker, B J and Anantharaman, K and Jain, S and Breier, J A and Dick, G J}
}
@article {ISI:000351847600028,
	title = {{Long-term explosive degassing and debris flow activity at West Mata submarine volcano}},
	journal = {GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
	volume = {42},
	number = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1480{\textendash}1487},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {West Mata is a 1200m deep submarine volcano where explosive boninite eruptions were observed in 2009. The acoustic signatures from the volcano{\textquoteright}s summit eruptive vents Hades and Prometheus were recorded with an in situ (similar to 25m range) hydrophone during ROV dives in May 2009 and with local (similar to 5km range) moored hydrophones between December 2009 and August 2011. The sensors recorded low frequency (1-40Hz), short duration explosions consistent with magma bubble bursts from Hades, and broadband, 1-5min duration signals associated with episodes of fragmentation degassing from Prometheus. Long-term eruptive degassing signals, recorded through May 2010, preceded a several month period of declining activity. Degassing episodes were not recorded acoustically after early 2011, although quieter effusive eruption activity may have continued. Synchronous optical measurements of turbidity made between December 2009 and April 2010 indicate that turbidity maxima resulted from occasional south flank slope failures triggered by the collapse of accumulated debris during eruption intervals.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL062603},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Baker, E T and Matsumoto, H and Caplan-Auerbach, J and Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Walker, S L and Lau, T-K. and Chadwick Jr., W W}
}
@article {Seyfried2015,
	title = {{The Lost City hydrothermal system: Constraints imposed by vent fluid chemistry and reaction path models on subseafloor heat and mass transfer processes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {163},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {59{\textendash}79},
	abstract = {Since the first reported discovery of the Lost City hydrothermal system in 2001, it was recognized that seawater alteration of ultramafic rocks plays a key role in the composition of the coexisting vent fluids. The unusually high pH and high concentrations of H2 and CH4 provide compelling evidence for this. Here we report the chemistry of hydrothermal fluids sampled from two vent structures (Beehive: \~{}90{\textendash}116 {\textdegree}C, and M6: \~{}75 {\textdegree}C) at Lost City in 2008 during cruise KNOX18RR using ROV Jason 2 and R/V Revelle assets. The vent fluid chemistry at both sites reveals considerable overlap in concentrations of dissolved gases (H2, CH4), trace elements (Cs, Rb, Li, B and Sr), and major elements (SO4, Ca, K, Na, Cl), including a surprising decrease in dissolved Cl, suggesting a common source fluid is feeding both sites. The absence of Mg and relatively high concentrations of Ca and sulfate suggest solubility control by serpentine{\textendash}diopside{\textendash}anhydrite, while trace alkali concentrations, especially Rb and Cs, are high, assuming a depleted mantle protolith. In both cases, but especially for Beehive vent fluid, the silica concentrations are well in excess of those expected for peridotite alteration and the coexistence of serpentine{\textendash}brucite at all reasonable temperatures. However, both the measured pH and silica values are in better agreement with serpentine{\textendash}diopside{\textendash}tremolite-equilibria. Geochemical modeling demonstrates that reaction of plagioclase with serpentinized peridotite can shift the chemical system away from brucite and into the tremolite stability field. This is consistent with the complex intermingling of peridotite and gabbroic bodies commonly observed within the Atlantis Massif. We speculate the existence of such plagioclase bearing peridotite may also account for the highly enriched trace alkali (Cs, Rb) concentrations in the Lost City vent fluids. Additionally, reactive transport modeling taking explicit account of temperature dependent rates of mineral dissolution and precipitation clarifies the feedback between permeability, heat loss, and changes in the dissolved Si of the vent fluids. Assuming both the Beehive and M6 vent fluids were sourced at similar subseafloor conditions (tremolite buffered at 200 {\textdegree}C), model results indicate loss of approximately 30{\%} Si upon cooling to \~{}150 {\textdegree}C during upflow. However, Si concentrations remained largely conservative with continued cooling to lower temperatures owing to unfavorable reaction kinetics. While consistent with the Beehive endmember composition, these results fail to explain the relative Si depletion in the lower temperature M6 fluids. Thus, it may be that more robust kinetic models for silicates are needed to accurately account for the mechanism and rate of silica removal in the unusually high pH of the Lost City vent fluids.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.040},
	author = {Seyfried, W E and Pester, N J and Tutolo, B M and Ding, K}
}
@inbook {DeRonde2015,
	title = {{Molten sulfur lakes of intraoceanic arc volcanoes}},
	booktitle = {Volcanic Lakes},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-36832-5},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Chadwick, W W and Ditchburn, R G and Embley, R W and Tunnicliffe, V and Baker, E T and Walker, S L and Ferrini, V L and Merle, S M},
	editor = {Rouwet, D}
}
@article {ISI:000358260100015,
	title = {{Predicting the response of the deep-ocean microbiome to geochemical perturbations by hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {9},
	number = {8},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1857{\textendash}1869},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Submarine hydrothermal vents perturb the deep-ocean microbiome by injecting reduced chemical species into the water column that act as an energy source for chemosynthetic organisms. These systems thus provide excellent natural laboratories for studying the response of microbial communities to shifts in marine geochemistry. The present study explores the processes that regulate coupled microbial-geochemical dynamics in hydrothermal plumes by means of a novel mathematical model, which combines thermodynamics, growth and reaction kinetics, and transport processes derived from a fluid dynamics model. Simulations of a plume located in the ABE vent field of the Lau basin were able to reproduce metagenomic observations well and demonstrated that the magnitude of primary production and rate of autotrophic growth are largely regulated by the energetics of metabolisms and the availability of electron donors, as opposed to kinetic parameters. Ambient seawater was the dominant source of microbes to the plume and sulphur oxidisers constituted almost 90{\%} of the modelled community in the neutrally-buoyant plume. Data from drifters deployed in the region allowed the different time scales of metabolisms to be cast in a spatial context, which demonstrated spatial succession in the microbial community. While growth was shown to occur over distances of tens of kilometers, microbes persisted over hundreds of kilometers. Given that high-temperature hydrothermal systems are found less than 100 km apart on average, plumes may act as important vectors between different vent fields and other environments that are hospitable to similar organisms, such as oil spills and oxygen minimum zones.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.4},
	author = {Reed, Daniel C and Breier, John A and Jiang, Houshuo and Anantharaman, Karthik and Klausmeier, Christopher A and Toner, Brandy M and Hancock, Cathrine and Speer, Kevin and Thurnherr, Andreas M and Dick, Gregory J}
}
@article {ISI:000345545100011,
	title = {{The Anatomy of a Buried Submarine Hydrothermal System, Clark Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand}},
	journal = {ECONOMIC GEOLOGY},
	volume = {109},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {2261{\textendash}2292},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Clark volcano of the Kermadec arc, northeast of New Zealand, is a large stratovolcano comprised of two coalescing volcanic cones; an apparently younger, more coherent, twin-peaked edifice to the northwest and a relatively older, more degraded and tectonized cone to the southeast. High-resolution water column surveys show an active hydrothermal system at the summit of the NW cone largely along a ridge spur connecting the two peaks, with activity also noted at the head of scarps related to sector collapse. Clark is the only known cone volcano along the Kermadec arc to host sulfide mineralization. Volcano-scale gravity and magnetic surveys over Clark show that it is highly magnetized, and that a strong gravity gradient exists between the two edifices. Modeling suggests that a crustal-scale fault lies between these two edifices, with thinner crust beneath the NW cone. Locations of regional earthquake epicenters show a southwest-northeast trend bisecting the two Clark cones, striking northeastward into Tangaroa volcano. Detailed mapping of magnetics above the NW cone summit shows a highly magnetized ring structure 350 m below the summit that is not apparent in the bathymetry; we believe this structure represents the top of a caldera. Oblate zones of low (weak) magnetization caused by hydrothermal fluid upflow, here termed burn holes, form a pattern in the regional magnetization resembling Swiss cheese. Presumably older burn holes occupy the inner margin of the ring structure and show no signs of hydrothermal activity, while younger burn holes are coincident with active venting on the summit. A combination of mineralogy, geochemistry, and seafloor mapping of the NW cone shows that hydrothermal activity today is largely manifest by widespread diffuse venting, with temperatures ranging between 56 degrees and 106 degrees C. Numerous, small ({\textless}= 30 cm high) chimneys populate the summit area, with one site host to the similar to 7-m-tall {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Twin Towers{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} chimneys with maximum vent fluid temperatures of 221 degrees C (pH 4.9), consistent with delta S-34(anhydrite-pyrite) values indicating formation temperatures of similar to 228 degrees to 249 degrees C. Mineralization is dominated by pyrite-marcasite-barite-anhydrite. Radiometric dating using the Ra-228/Ra-226 and Ra-226/Ba methods shows active chimneys to be {\textless}20 with most {\textless}2 years old. However, the chimneys at Clark show evidence for mixing with, and remobilizing of, barite as old as 19,000 years. This is consistent with Nd and Sr isotope compositions of Clark chimney and sulfate crust samples that indicate mixing of similar to 40{\%} seawater with a vent fluid derived from low K lavas. Similarly, REE data show the hydrothermal fluids have interacted with a plagioclase-rich source rock. A holistic approach to the study of the Clark hydrothermal system has revealed a two-stage process whereby a caldera-forming volcanic event preceded a later cone-building event. This ensured a protracted (at least 20 ka yrs) history of hydrothermal activity and associated mineral deposition. If we assume at least 200-m-high walls for the postulated (buried) caldera, then hydrothermal fluids would have exited the seafloor 20 ka years ago at least 550 m deeper than they do today, with fluid discharge temperatures potentially much hotter (similar to 350 degrees C). Subsequent to caldera infilling, relatively porous volcaniclastic and other units making up the cone acted as largescale filters, enabling ascending hydrothermal fluids to boil and mix with seawater subseafloor, effectively removing the metals (including remobilized Cu) in solution before they reached the seafloor. This has implications for estimates for the metal inventory of seafloor hydrothermal systems pertaining to arc hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Walker, S L and Ditchburn, R G and Tontini, F Caratori and Hannington, M D and Merle, S G and Timm, C and Handler, M R and Wysoczanski, R J and Dekov, V M and Kamenov, G D and Baker, E T and Embley, R W and Lupton, J E and Stoffers, P}
}
@article {Demopoulos2014,
	title = {{Biodiversity and community composition of sediment macrofauna associated with deep-sea Lophelia pertusa habitats in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {91{\textendash}103},
	abstract = {Scleractinian corals create three-dimensional reefs that provide sheltered refuges, facilitate sediment accumulation, and enhance colonization of encrusting fauna. While heterogeneous coral habitats can harbor high levels of biodiversity, their effect on the community composition within nearby sediments remains unclear, particularly in the deep sea. Sediment macrofauna from deep-sea coral habitats (Lophelia pertusa) and non-coral, background sediments were examined at three sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico (VK826, VK906, MC751, 350{\textendash}500 m depth) to determine whether macrofaunal abundance, diversity, and community composition near corals differed from background soft-sediments. Macrofaunal densities ranged from 26 to 125 individuals 32 cm-2 and were significantly greater near coral versus background sediments only at VK826. Of the 86 benthic invertebrate taxa identified, 16 were exclusive to near-coral habitats, while 14 were found only in background sediments. Diversity (Fisher{\textquoteright}s $\alpha$) and evenness were significantly higher within near-coral sediments only at MC751 while taxon richness was similar among all habitats. Community composition was significantly different both between near-coral and background sediments and among the three primary sites. Polychaetes numerically dominated all samples, accounting for up to 70{\%} of the total individuals near coral, whereas peracarid crustaceans were proportionally more abundant in background sediments (18{\%}) than in those near coral (10{\%}). The reef effect differed among sites, with community patterns potentially influenced by the size of reef habitat. Taxon turnover occurred with distance from the reef, suggesting that reef extent may represent an important factor in structuring sediment communities near L. pertusa. Polychaete communities in both habitats differed from other Gulf of Mexico (GOM) soft sediments based on data from previous studies, and we hypothesize that local environmental conditions found near L. pertusa may influence the macrofaunal community structure beyond the edges of the reef. This study represents the first assessment of L. pertusa-associated sediment communities in the GOM and provides baseline data that can help define the role of transition zones, from deep reefs to soft sediments, in shaping macrofaunal community structure and maintaining biodiversity; this information can help guide future conservation and management activities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2014.07.014},
	author = {Demopoulos, A W J and Bourque, J R and Frometa, J}
}
@article {ISI:000338758400018,
	title = {{THE CASCADIA INITIATIVE A Sea Change In Seismological Studies of Subduction Zones}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {138{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Increasing public awareness that the Cascadia subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest is capable of great earthquakes (magnitude 9 and greater) motivates the Cascadia Initiative, an ambitious onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an amphibious array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes, to volcanic arc structure, to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda Plates. Here, we provide an overview of the Cascadia Initiative, including its primary science objectives, its experimental design and implementation, and a preview of how the resulting data are being used by a diverse and growing scientific community. The Cascadia Initiative also exemplifies how new technology and community-based experiments are opening up frontiers for marine science. The new technology shielded ocean bottom seismometers is allowing more routine investigation of the source zone of megathrust earthquakes, which almost exclusively lies offshore and in shallow water. The Cascadia Initiative offers opportunities and accompanying challenges to a rapidly expanding community of those who use ocean bottom seismic data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Toomey, Douglas R and Allen, Richard M and Barclay, Andrew H and Bell, Samuel W and Bromirski, Peter D and Carlson, Richard L and Chen, Xiaowei and Collins, John A and Dziak, Robert P and Evers, Brent and Forsyth, Donald W and Gerstoft, Peter and Hooft, Emilie E E and Livelybrooks, Dean and Lodewyk, Jessica A and Luther, Douglas S and McGuire, Jeffrey J and Schwartz, Susan Y and Tolstoy, Maya and Trehu, Anne M and Weirathmueller, Michelle and Wilcock, William S D}
}
@article {ISI:000337512000014,
	title = {{Close association of active nitrifiers with Beggiatoa mats covering deep-sea hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {6, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1612{\textendash}1626},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal sediments in the Guaymas Basin are covered by microbial mats that are dominated by nitrate-respiring and sulphide-oxidizing Beggiatoa. The presence of these mats strongly correlates with sulphide- and ammonium-rich fluids venting from the subsurface. Because ammonium and oxygen form opposed gradients at the sediment surface, we hypothesized that nitrification is an active process in these Beggiatoa mats. Using biogeochemical and molecular methods, we measured nitrification and determined the diversity and abundance of nitrifiers. Nitrification rates ranged from 74 to 605molNl-1matday-1, which exceeded those previously measured in hydrothermal plumes and other deep-sea habitats. Diversity and abundance analyses of archaeal and bacterial ammonia monooxygenase subunit A genes, archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA pyrotags and fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were associated with Beggiatoa mats. Intriguingly, we observed cells of bacterial and potential thaumarchaeotal ammonia oxidizers attached to narrow, Beggiatoa-like filaments. Such a close spatial coupling of nitrification and nitrate respiration in mats of large sulphur bacteria is novel and may facilitate mat-internal cycling of nitrogen, thereby reducing loss of bioavailable nitrogen in deep-sea sediments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12316},
	author = {Winkel, Matthias and de Beer, Dirk and Lavik, Gaute and Peplies, Joerg and Mussmann, Marc I}
}
@article {Smith2014,
	title = {{Development and evolution of detachment faulting along 50 km of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 16.5{\textdegree}N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4692{\textendash}4711},
	abstract = {A multifaceted study of the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at 16.5{\textdegree}N provides new insights into detachment faulting and its evolution through time. The survey included regional multibeam bathymetry mapping, high-resolution mapping using AUV Sentry, seafloor imaging using the TowCam system, and an extensive rock-dredging program. At different times, detachment faulting was active along \~{}50 km of the western flank of the study area, and may have dominated spreading on that flank for the last 5 Ma. Detachment morphologies vary and include a classic corrugated massif, noncorrugated massifs, and back-tilted ridges marking detachment breakaways. High-resolution Sentry data reveal a new detachment morphology; a low-angle, irregular surface in the regional bathymetry is shown to be a finely corrugated detachment surface (corrugation wavelength of only tens of meters and relief of just a few meters). Multiscale corrugations are observed 2{\textendash}3 km from the detachment breakaway suggesting that they formed in the brittle layer, perhaps by anastomosing faults. The thin wedge of hanging wall lavas that covers a low-angle (6{\textdegree}) detachment footwall near its termination are intensely faulted and fissured; this deformation may be enhanced by the low angle of the emerging footwall. Active detachment faulting currently is limited to the western side of the rift valley. Nonetheless, detachment fault morphologies also are present over a large portion of the eastern flank on crust {\textgreater}2 Ma, indicating that within the last 5 Ma parts of the ridge axis have experienced periods of two-sided detachment faulting.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005563},
	author = {Smith, D K and Schouten, H and Dick, H J B and Cann, J R and Salters, V and Marschall, H R and Ji, F and Yoerger, D R and Sanfilippo, A and Parnell-Turner, R and Palmiotto, C and Zheleznov, A and Bai, H and Junkin, W and Urann, B and Dick, S and Sulanowska, M and Lemmond, P and Curry, S}
}
@article {Feseker2014,
	title = {{Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {5385},
	abstract = {Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active H{\aa}kon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4 m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms6385},
	author = {Feseker, T and Boetius, A and Wenzh{\"o}fer, F and Blandin, J and Olu, K and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and German, C R and de Beer, D}
}
@article {Clague2014,
	title = {{Eruptive and tectonic history of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, based on AUV mapping data and lava flow ages}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3364{\textendash}3391},
	abstract = {High-resolution bathymetric surveys from autonomous underwater vehicles ABE and D. Allan B. were merged to create a coregistered map of 71.7 km(2) of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Radiocarbon dating of foraminifera in cores from three dives of remotely operated vehicle Doc Ricketts provide minimum eruption ages for 40 lava flows that are combined with the bathymetric data to outline the eruptive and tectonic history. The ages range from Modern to 10,700 marine-calibrated years before present (yr BP). During a robust magmatic phase from {\textgreater}10,700 yr BP to approximate to 4300 yr BP, flows erupted from an axial high and many flowed {\textgreater}5 km down the flanks; some partly buried adjacent valleys. Axial magma chambers (AMCs) may have been wider than today to supply dike intrusions over a 2 km wide axial zone. Summit Seamount formed by approximate to 4770 yr BP and was subsequently dismembered during a period of extension with little volcanism starting approximate to 4300 yr BP. This tectonic phase with only rare volcanic eruptions lasted until approximate to 2300 yr BP and may have resulted in near-solidification of the AMCs. The axial graben formed by crustal extension during this period of low magmatic activity. Infrequent eruptions occurred on the flanks between 2620-1760 yr BP and within the axial graben since approximate to 1750 yr BP. This most recent phase of limited volcanic and intense hydrothermal activity that began approximate to 2300 yr BP defines a hydrothermal phase of ridge development that coincides with the present-day 1 km wide AMCs and overlying hydrothermal vent fields.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005415},
	author = {Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Caress, D W and Gill, J B and Kelley, D S and Thomas, H and Portner, R A and Delaney, J R and Guilderson, T P and McGann, M L}
}
@article {Embley2014,
	title = {{Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996{\textendash}2012}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {10},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4093{\textendash}4115},
	abstract = {We present multiple lines of evidence for years to decade-long changes in the location and character of volcanic activity at West Mata seamount in the NE Lau basin over a 16 year period, and a hiatus in summit eruptions from early 2011 to at least September 2012. Boninite lava and pyroclasts were observed erupting from its summit in 2009, and hydroacoustic data from a succession of hydrophones moored nearby show near-continuous eruptive activity from January 2009 to early 2011. Successive differencing of seven multibeam bathymetric surveys of the volcano made in the 1996{\textendash}2012 period reveals a pattern of extended constructional volcanism on the summit and northwest flank punctuated by eruptions along the volcano{\textquoteright}s WSW rift zone (WSWRZ). Away from the summit, the volumetrically largest eruption during the observational period occurred between May 2010 and November 2011 at \~{}2920 m depth near the base of the WSWRZ. The (nearly) equally long ENE rift zone did not experience any volcanic activity during the 1996{\textendash}2012 period. The cessation of summit volcanism recorded on the moored hydrophone was accompanied or followed by the formation of a small summit crater and a landslide on the eastern flank. Water column sensors, analysis of gas samples in the overlying hydrothermal plume and dives with a remotely operated vehicle in September 2012 confirmed that the summit eruption had ceased. Based on the historical eruption rates calculated using the bathymetric differencing technique, the volcano could be as young as several thousand years.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005387},
	author = {Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Baker, E T and Rubin, K H and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and Dziak, R P and Lilley, M D and Chadwick, W W and Shank, T M and Greene, R and Walker, S L and Haxel, J H and Olson, E J and Baumberger, T}
}
@article {ISI:000348463100008,
	title = {{Forever competent: deep-sea bivalves are colonized by their chemosynthetic symbionts throughout their lifetime}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {12, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {3699{\textendash}3713},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Symbiotic bivalves at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps host chemosynthetic bacteria intracellularly in gill cells. In bivalves, the gills grow continuously throughout their lifetime by forming new filaments. We examined how newly developed gill tissues are colonized in bivalves with horizontal and vertical symbiont transmission (Bathymodiolus mussels versus a vesicoymid clam) using fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy. Symbiont colonization was similar in mussels and clams and was independent of the transmission modes. Symbionts were absent in the growth zones of the gills, indicating that symbionts colonize newly formed gill filaments de novo after they are formed and that gill colonization is a continuous process throughout the host{\textquoteright}s lifetime. Symbiont abundance and distribution suggested that colonization is shaped by the developmental stage of host cells. Self-infection, in which new gill cells are colonized by symbionts from ontogenetically older gill tissues, may also play a role. In mussels, symbiont infection led to changes in gill cell structure similar to those described from other epithelial cells infected by intracellular pathogens, such as the loss of microvilli. A better understanding of the factors that affect symbiont colonization of bivalve gills could provide new insights into interactions between intracellular bacteria and epithelial tissues.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12597},
	author = {Wentrup, Cecilia and Wendeberg, Annelie and Schimak, Mario and Borowski, Christian and Dubilier, Nicole}
}
@article {ISI:000336392800014,
	title = {{Greenhouse gases generated from the anaerobic biodegradation of natural offshore asphalt seepages in southern California}},
	journal = {GEO-MARINE LETTERS},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {281{\textendash}295},
	type = {Article; Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Significant offshore asphaltic deposits with active seepage occur in the Santa Barbara Channel offshore southern California. The composition and isotopic signatures of gases sampled from the oil and gas seeps reveal that the coexisting oil in the shallow subsurface is anaerobically biodegraded, generating CO2 with secondary CH4 production. Biomineralization can result in the consumption of as much as 60{\%} by weight of the original oil, with C-13 enrichment of CO2. Analyses of gas emitted from asphaltic accumulations or seeps on the seafloor indicate up to 11{\%} CO2 with C-13 enrichment reaching +24.8aEuro degrees. Methane concentrations range from less than 30{\%} up to 98{\%} with isotopic compositions of -34.9 to -66.1aEuro degrees. Higher molecular weight hydrocarbon gases are present in strongly varying concentrations reflecting both oil-associated gas and biodegradation; propane is preferentially biodegraded, resulting in an enriched C-13 isotopic composition as enriched as -19.5aEuro degrees. Assuming the 132 million barrels of asphaltic residues on the seafloor represent similar to 40{\%} of the original oil volume and mass, the estimated gas generated is 5.0x10(10) kg (similar to 76x10(9) m(3)) CH4 and/or 1.4x10(11) kg CO2 over the lifetime of seepage needed to produce the volume of these deposits. Geologic relationships and oil weathering inferences suggest the deposits are of early Holocene age or even younger. Assuming an age of similar to 1,000 years, annual fluxes are on the order of 5.0x10(7) kg (similar to 76x10(6) m(3)) and/or 1.4x10(8) kg for CH4 and CO2, respectively. The daily volumetric emission rate (2.1x10(5) m(3)) is comparable to current CH4 emission from Coal Oil Point seeps (1.5x10(5) m(3)/day), and may be a significant source of both CH4 and CO2 to the atmosphere provided that the gas can be transported through the water column.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s00367-014-0359-1},
	author = {Lorenson, Thomas D and Wong, Florence L and Dartnell, Peter and Sliter, Ray W}
}
@article {Doughty2014,
	title = {{Insights into the population dynamics of the deep-sea coral genus Paramuricea in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Deep Sea Corals},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {71{\textendash}82},
	abstract = {Species in the genus Paramuricea are among the most common corals in deep waters ({\textgreater}200~m) of the Gulf of Mexico. Paramuricea spp. increase habitat heterogeneity and provide substrate for numerous faunal associates, including ophiuroids that occur on the majority of coral colonies. In light of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, it has become apparent that there is a critical need for data on population dynamics within this genus. To date, at least one species of Paramuricea (P. biscaya) is known to be negatively impacted by the spill. Using remotely operated vehicles from 2009 to 2011, we documented the density and size frequency distributions of Paramuricea across 21 sites at depths of 250{\textendash}2500~m. Molecular barcoding (mtCOI+igr+MutS) was used to delineate species boundaries among the specimens collected. Results suggested that seven haplotypes are present in the Gulf, and appear to be partially segregated by depth [(type H: was used to delineate species boundaries among the specimens collected. Results suggested that seven haplotypes are present in the Gulf, and appear to be partially segregated by depth [(type H: Paramuricea spp. determined by ROV surveys were mapped onto high-resolution bathymetric data, which confirmed the corals{\textquoteright} preference for topographic highs composed of hard substrata. At any one site, densities ranged from 0.043{\textpm}0.01 (VK906, 380~m) to 1.18{\textpm}0.81~colonies/m2 (GC852, 1410~m). Mortality and recruitment rates were estimated from size-frequency data combined with estimated growth rates. Mortality rate decreased with size, from approximately 20{\%} and 70{\%} in new recruits of Paramuricea B3 and P. biscaya respectively, to less than 10{\%} in colonies over 40~cm in both species. Recruitment rates were estimated from less than one to over 30 individuals per year per site, but patterns in size-frequency histograms suggest that this process is highly variable at the different sites and at different times. These data illustrate that populations of the slow-growing Paramuricea species are sparsely distributed and exhibit low recruitment rates, making them highly susceptible to anthropogenic threats.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.05.023},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513002142},
	author = {Doughty, C L and Quattrini, A M and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {ISI:000345702700014,
	title = {{Intracellular Oceanospirillales inhabit the gills of the hydrothermal vent snail Alviniconcha with chemosynthetic, gamma-Proteobacterial symbionts}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {656{\textendash}664},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Associations between bacteria from the -Proteobacterial order Oceanospirillales and marine invertebrates are quite common. Members of the Oceanospirillales exhibit a diversity of interactions with their various hosts, ranging from the catabolism of complex compounds that benefit host growth to attacking and bursting host nuclei. Here, we describe the association between a novel Oceanospirillales phylotype and the hydrothermal vent snail Alviniconcha. Alviniconcha typically harbour chemoautotrophic - or epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts inside their gill cells. Via fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy, we observed an Oceanospirillales phylotype (named AOP for AlviniconchaOceanospirillales phylotype{\textquoteright}) in membrane-bound vacuoles that were separate from the known - or epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we surveyed 181 Alviniconcha hosting -Proteobacterial symbionts and 102 hosting epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts, and found that the population size of AOP was always minor relative to the canonical symbionts (median 0.53{\%} of the total quantified 16S rRNA genes). Additionally, we detected AOP more frequently in Alviniconcha hosting -Proteobacterial symbionts than in those hosting epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts (96{\%} and 5{\%} of individuals respectively). The high incidence of AOP in -Proteobacteria hosting Alviniconcha implies that it could play a significant ecological role either as a host parasite or as an additional symbiont with unknown physiological capacities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12183},
	author = {Beinart, R A and Nyholm, S V and Dubilier, N and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {ISI:000345820100015,
	title = {{A large volume particulate and water multi-sampler with in situ preservation for microbial and biogeochemical studies}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {195{\textendash}206},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new tool was developed for large volume sampling to facilitate marine microbiology and biogeochemical studies. It was developed for remotely operated vehicle and hydrocast deployments, and allows for rapid collection of multiple sample types from the water column and dynamic, variable environments such as rising hydrothermal plumes. It was used successfully during a cruise to the hydrothermal vent systems of the Mid-Cayman Rise. The Suspended Particulate Rosette V2 large volume multi-sampling system allows for the collection of 14 sample sets per deployment. Each sample set can include filtered material, whole (unfiltered) water, and filtrate. Suspended particulate can be collected on filters up to 142 mm in diameter and pore sizes down to 0.2 mu m. Filtration is typically at flowrates of 2 L min(-1) For particulate material, filtered volume is constrained only by sampling time and filter capacity, with all sample volumes recorded by digital flowmeter. The suspended particulate filter holders can be filled with preservative and sealed immediately after sample collection. Up to 2 L of whole water, filtrate, or a combination of the two, can be collected as part of each sample set. The system is constructed of plastics with titanium fasteners and nickel alloy spring loaded seals. There are no ferrous alloys in the sampling system. Individual sample lines are prefilled with filtered, deionized water prior to deployment and remain sealed unless a sample is actively being collected. This system is intended to facilitate studies concerning the relationship between marine microbiology and ocean biogeochemistry. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2014.08.008},
	author = {Breier, J A and Sheik, C S and Gomez-Ibanez, D and Sayre-McCord, R T and Sanger, R and Rauch, C and Coleman, M and Bennett, S A and Cron, B R and Li, M and German, C R and Toner, B M and Dick, G J}
}
@article {ISI:000345631900005,
	title = {{Microbial consumption of zero-valence sulfur in marine benthic habitats}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {11, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {3416{\textendash}3430},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Zero-valence sulfur (S-0) is a central intermediate in the marine sulfur cycle and forms conspicuous accumulations at sediment surfaces, hydrothermal vents and in oxygen minimum zones. Diverse microorganisms can utilize S-0, but those consuming S-0 in the environment are largely unknown. We identified possible key players in S-0 turnover on native or introduced S-0 in benthic coastal and deep-sea habitats using the 16S ribosomal RNA approach, (in situ) growth experiments and activity measurements. In all habitats, the epsilonproteobacterial Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group accounted for a substantial fraction of the microbial community. Deltaproteobacterial Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfuromonadales were also frequently detected, indicating S-0 disproportionation and S-0 respiration under anoxic conditions. Sulfate production from S-0 particles colonized in situ with Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum suggested that this group oxidized S-0. We also show that the type strain Sulfurimonas denitrificans is able to access cyclooctasulfur (S-8), a metabolic feature not yet demonstrated for sulfur oxidizers. The ability to oxidize S-0, in particular S-8, likely facilitates niche partitioning among sulfur oxidizers in habitats with intense microbial sulfur cycling such as sulfidic sediment surfaces. Our results underscore the previously overlooked but central role of Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group for conversion of free S-0 at the seafloor surface.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12410},
	author = {Pjevac, Petra and Kamyshny Jr., Alexey and Dyksma, Stefan and Mussmann, Marc}
}
@article {ISI:000341168300005,
	title = {{Microbial distribution in different spatial positions within the walls of a black sulfide hydrothermal chimney}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {508},
	year = {2014},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {67{\textendash}85},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal chimneys encompass diverse niches for different microbial communities with steep environmental gradients. An active sulfide hydrothermal structure was recovered from the Dudley site of the Main Endeavour Field in the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Subsamples were taken from different spatial positions within the chimney wall and analyzed for mineral composition and microbial biomass and community structure to illustrate the characteristics of microbial distribution and environmental constraints. Mineral analysis showed that the chimney was mainly composed of various Fe-, Zn-, and Cu-rich sulfides, with mineral composition and abundance varying with spatial position. Microbial populations in the chimney predominantly consisted of archaeal members affiliated with the deep-sea hydrothermal vent Euryarchaeota group, Thermococcales, and Desulfurococcales, as well as bacterial members of the Gamma-, Epsilon-, and Deltaproteobacteria. Microbial biomass and composition shifted dramatically and formed different microbial zones within the chimney walls, from predominantly mesophilic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterial communities at the outer surfaces to thermophilic or hyperthermophilic, archaeal sulfur-reducers in the inner layers of the chimney. Based on microbial physiological characteristics and their distribution profiles, we inferred that temperature, fluid geochemistry, and organic compounds probably play an important role in selecting for and sustaining microbial communities. Furthermore, in situ temperature regimes within the chimney walls were roughly estimated based on the temperatures supporting the growth of the dominant microbial groups.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10841},
	author = {Li, Jiangtao and Zhou, Huaiyang and Fang, Jiasong and Sun, Yannan and Dasgupta, Shamik}
}
@article {ISI:000331788900001,
	title = {{Microsporidia-nematode associations in methane seeps reveal basal fungal parasitism in the deep sea}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	month = {feb},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep sea is Earth{\textquoteright}s largest habitat but little is known about the nature of deep-sea parasitism. In contrast to a few characterized cases of bacterial and protistan parasites, the existence and biological significance of deep-sea parasitic fungi is yet to be understood. Here we report the discovery of a fungus-related parasitic microsporidium, Nematocenator marisprofundi n. gen. n. sp. that infects benthic nematodes at methane seeps on the Pacific Ocean floor. This infection is species-specific and has been temporally and spatially stable over 2 years of sampling, indicating an ecologically consistent host-parasite interaction. A high distribution of spores in the reproductive tracts of infected males and females and their absence from host nematodes{\textquoteright} intestines suggests a sexual transmission strategy in contrast to the fecal-oral transmission of most microsporidia. N. mansprofundi targets the host{\textquoteright}s body wall muscles causing cell lysis, and in severe infection even muscle filament degradation. Phylogenetic analyses placed N. marisprofundi in a novel and basal clade not closely related to any described microsporidia clade, suggesting either that microsporidia-nematode parasitism occurred early in microsporidia evolution or that host specialization occurred late in an ancient deep-sea microsporidian lineage. Our findings reveal that methane seeps support complex ecosystems involving interkingdom interactions between bacteria, nematodes, and parasitic fungi and that microsporidia parasitism exists also in the deep-sea biosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00043},
	author = {Sapir, Amir and Dillman, Adler R and Connon, Stephanie A and Grupe, Benjamin M and Ingels, Jeroen and Mundo-Ocampo, Manuel and Levin, Lisa A and Baldwin, James G and Orphan, Victoria J and Sternberg, Paul W}
}
@article {ISI:000328605200015,
	title = {{Nitrate-based niche differentiation by distinct sulfate-reducing bacteria involved in the anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {150{\textendash}163},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Diverse associations between methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacterial groups (SRB) often co-occur in marine methane seeps; however, the ecophysiology of these different symbiotic associations has not been examined. Here, we applied a combination of molecular, geochemical and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) coupled to nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (FISH-NanoSIMS) analyses of in situ seep sediments and methane-amended sediment incubations from diverse locations (Eel River Basin, Hydrate Ridge and Costa Rican Margin seeps) to investigate the distribution and physiology of a newly identified subgroup of the Desulfobulbaceae (seepDBB) found in consortia with ANME-2c archaea, and compared these with the more commonly observed associations between the same ANME partner and the Desulfobacteraceae (DSS). FISH analyses revealed aggregates of seepDBB cells in association with ANME-2 from both environmental samples and laboratory incubations that are distinct in their structure relative to co-occurring ANME/DSS consortia. ANME/seepDBB aggregates were most abundant in shallow sediment depths below sulfide-oxidizing microbial mats. Depth profiles of ANME/seepDBB aggregate abundance revealed a positive correlation with elevated porewater nitrate relative to ANME/DSS aggregates in all seep sites examined. This relationship with nitrate was supported by sediment microcosm experiments, in which the abundance of ANME/seepDBB was greater in nitrate-amended incubations relative to the unamended control. FISH-NanoSIMS additionally revealed significantly higher N-15-nitrate incorporation levels in individual aggregates of ANME/seepDBB relative to ANME/DSS aggregates from the same incubation. These combined results suggest that nitrate is a geochemical effector of ANME/seepDBB aggregate distribution, and provides a unique niche for these consortia through their utilization of a greater range of nitrogen substrates than the ANME/DSS.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.147},
	author = {Green-Saxena, A and Dekas, A E and Dalleska, N F and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Kimball2014,
	title = {{Oxygen and carbon isotope fractionation in calcitic deep-sea corals: Implications for paleotemperature reconstruction}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {381},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {223{\textendash}233},
	abstract = {Inhabiting areas of the ocean where paleoenvironmental records are sparse, deep-sea corals represent valuable yet largely untapped Holocene records of intermediate and deep ocean variability. $δ$18O and $δ$13C were analyzed in nine live-collected deep-sea gorgonian corals (Isididae and Coralliidae) in order to further develop the {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} paleotemperature method. Least squares linear regression analysis for full lifespan $δ$18O vs. $δ$13C (corrected for $δ$18Owater and $δ$13CDIC) was utilized to yield equations of the form y = mx + b. $δ$18O and intercept values were found to be a function of temperature, and to approximate calcite $δ$18O equilibrium. The corals in this study extend the previously reported calibration (Hill et al., 2011) over a broader range of temperatures from 5 {\textdegree}C to 11.2 {\textdegree}C. When combined with the data from Hill et al. (2011), a new expression for the relationship between the $δ$18Ointercept value and temperature is proposed: T ({\textdegree}C) = -4.12 {\textpm} 0.38 ($δ$18Ointercept) + 12.32 {\textpm} 0.75(R2 = 0.90, p value {\textless} 0.0001) Error estimates are {\textpm} 0.7 {\textdegree}C for corals living at cold temperatures (2 {\textdegree}C), {\textpm} 1.4 {\textdegree}C in warmer waters (11 {\textdegree}C), and {\textpm} 0.5 {\textdegree}C at the mean water temperature of the data set (4.6 {\textdegree}C). The first multi-specimen verification of the {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} method was performed on three co-located bamboo (Isididae) corals and found to give nearly coincident $δ$18O intercepts. Detailed intraspecimen sampling reveals $δ$18O and $δ$13C isotopic variability within coeval portions of the skeleton. In one specimen, {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} method analysis was utilized on multiple samples taken from the same temporal increment of the skeleton, yielding multiple $δ$18O intercepts. Calculated temperatures using the calibration proposed here describe a temperature range of 7.9 to 10.3 {\textdegree}C, which approaches the temperature range of 11.1 {\textpm} 0.7 {\textdegree}C at the coral collection location.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254114002460},
	author = {Kimball, J B and Dunbar, R B and Guilderson, T P}
}
@article {Quattrini2014,
	title = {{A phylogenetic approach to octocoral community structure in the deep Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Deep Sea Corals},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {92{\textendash}102},
	abstract = {{Deep-sea communities are becoming increasingly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances, as fishing, hydrocarbon exploration and extraction, and mining activities extend into deeper water. Negative impacts from such activities were recently documented in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), where the Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused substantial damage to a deep-water octocoral community. Although a faunal checklist and numerous museum records are currently available for the entire GoM, local-scale diversity and assemblage structure of octocoral communities remains unknown, particularly in deep water. On a series of recent cruises (2008{\textendash}2011) using remotely operated vehicles, 435 octocorals were collected from 33 deep-water sites (250{\textendash}2500~m) in the northern GoM. To elucidate species boundaries, the extended mitochondrial barcode (COI+igr1+msh) was successfully amplified and sequenced for 422 of these specimens, yielding a total of 64 haplotypes representing at least 52 species. Further, at least 29{\%} of the species collected were either previously not known to occur in the GoM (12 species) or represent new species (at least three species). Overall, species richness at each site was fairly low (1{\textendash}12 spp.). The greatest species richness occurred at the shallowest () was successfully amplified and sequenced for 422 of these specimens, yielding a total of 64 haplotypes representing at least 52 species. Further, at least 29{\%} of the species collected were either previously not known to occur in the GoM (12 species) or represent new species (at least three species). Overall, species richness at each site was fairly low (1{\textendash}12 spp.). The greatest species richness occurred at the shallowest (n=8 spp.) and the deepest (2100{\textendash}2500~m: DC673},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.05.027},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096706451300218X},
	author = {Quattrini, A M and Etnoyer, P J and Doughty, C and English, Lisa and Falco, R and Remon, N and Rittinghouse, M and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {Thresher2014,
	title = {{Strong Depth-Related Zonation of Megabenthos on a Rocky Continental Margin ( similar to 700-4000 m) off Southern Tasmania, Australia: e85872}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.},
	address = {United Kingdom},
	abstract = {Assemblages of megabenthos are structured in seven depth-related zones between {\~{}}700 and 4000 m on the rocky and topographically complex continental margin south of Tasmania, southeastern Australia. These patterns emerge from analysis of imagery and specimen collections taken from a suite of surveys using photographic and in situ sampling by epibenthic sleds, towed video cameras, an autonomous underwater vehicle and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Seamount peaks in shallow zones had relatively low biomass and low diversity assemblages, which may be in part natural and in part due to effects of bottom trawl fishing. Species richness was highest at intermediate depths (1000-1300 m) as a result of an extensive coral reef community based on the bioherm-forming scleractinian Solenosmilia variabilis. However, megabenthos abundance peaked in a deeper, low diversity assemblage at 2000-2500 m. The S. variabilis reef and the deep biomass zone were separated by an extensive dead, sub-fossil S. variabilis reef and a relatively low biomass stratum on volcanic rock roughly coincident with the oxygen minimum layer. Below 2400 m, megabenthos was increasingly sparse, though punctuated by occasional small pockets of relatively high diversity and biomass. Nonetheless, megabenthic organisms were observed in the vast majority of photographs on all seabed habitats and to the maximum depths observed - a sandy plain below 3950 m. Taxonomic studies in progress suggest that the observed depth zonation is based in part on changing species mixes with depth, but also an underlying commonality to much of the seamount and rocky substrate biota across all depths. Although the mechanisms supporting the extraordinarily high biomass in 2000-2500 m depths remains obscure, plausible explanations include equatorwards lateral transport of polar production and/or a response to depth-stratified oxygen availability.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0085872},
	url = {http://norton.whoi.edu/sfx{\_}local?url{\_}ver=Z39.88-2004{\&}rft{\_}val{\_}fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal{\&}genre=article{\&}sid=ProQ:ProQ{\%}253Apqdibs{\&}atitle=Strong+Depth-Related+Zonation+of+Megabenthos+on+a+Rocky+Continental+Margin+{\%}2528+similar+to},
	author = {Thresher, R and Althaus, F and Adkins, J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Alderslade, Phil and Dowdney, Jo and Cho, W and Gagnon, A and Staples, D and McEnnulty, F}
}
@article {Tucholke2013,
	title = {{Cemented mounds and hydrothermal sediments on the detachment surface at Kane Megamullion: A new manifestation of hydrothermal venting}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {3352{\textendash}3378},
	abstract = {Long-lived detachment faults are now known to be important in tectonic evolution of slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges, and there is increasing evidence that fluid flow plays a critical role in development of detachment systems. Here we document a new manifestation of low-temperature hydrothermal venting associated with the detachment fault that formed Kane Megamullion \~{}3.3{\textendash}2.1 m.y. ago in the western rift-valley wall of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Hydrothermal effects on the detachment surface include (1) cemented mounds of igneous rock and chalk debris containing hydrothermal Mn oxides and Fe oxyhydroxides, and (2) layered deposits of similar Fe-Mn minerals {\textpm} interbedded chalks. Mounds are roughly conical, \~{}1{\textendash}10 m high, and contain primarily basalts with lesser gabbro, serpentinite, and polymict breccia. The layered Fe-Mn-rich sediments are flat-bedded to contorted and locally are buckled into low-relief linear or polygonal ridges. We propose that the mounds formed where hydrothermal fluids discharged through the detachment hanging wall near the active fault trace. Hydrothermal precipitates cemented hanging-wall debris and welded it to the footwall, and this debris persisted as mounds as the footwall was exhumed and surrounding unconsolidated material sloughed off the sloping detachment surface. Some of the layered Fe-Mn-rich deposits may have precipitated from fluids discharging from the hanging-wall vents, but they also precipitated from low-temperature fluids venting from the exposed footwall through overlying chalks. Observed natural disturbance and abnormally thin hydrogenous Fe-Mn crusts on some contorted, hydrothermal Fe-Mn-rich chalks on \~{}2.7 Ma crust suggest diffuse venting that is geologically recent. Results of this study imply that there are significant fluid pathways through all parts of detachment systems and that low-temperature venting through fractured detachment footwalls may continue for several million years off-axis.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20186},
	author = {Tucholke, B E and Humphris, S E and Dick, H J B}
}
@article {Tontini2013,
	title = {{Geophysical modeling of collapse-prone zones at Rumble III seamount, southern Pacific Ocean, New Zealand}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {4667{\textendash}4680},
	abstract = {Catastrophic collapses of submarine volcanoes have the potential to generate major tsunami, threatening many coastal populations. Recognizing the difficulties surrounding anticipations of these events, quantitative assessment of collapse-prone regions based on detailed morphological, geological, and geophysical mapping can still provide important information about the hazards associated with these collapses. Rumble III is one of the shallowest, and largest, submarine volcanoes found along the Kermadec arc, and is both volcanically and hydrothermally active. Previous surveys have delineated major collapse features at Rumble III; based on time-lapse bathymetry, dramatic changes in the volcano morphology have been shown to have occurred over the interval 2007{\textendash}2009. Furthermore, this volcano is located just \~{}300 km from the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Here, we present a geophysical model for Rumble III that provides the locations and sizes of potential weak regions of this volcano. Shipborne and near-seafloor geological and geophysical data collected by the AUV Sentry are used to determine the subsurface distribution of weak and unstable volcanic rocks. The resulting model provides evidence for potentially unstable areas located in the Southeastern flank of this volcano which should be included in future hazard predictions.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20278},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20278},
	author = {Tontini, F C and de Ronde, C E J and Kinsey, J C and Soule, A and Yoerger, D and Cocchi, L}
}
@article {ISI:000322119600009,
	title = {{Metatranscriptomics reveal differences in in situ energy and nitrogen metabolism among hydrothermal vent snail symbionts}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1556{\textendash}1567},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite the ubiquity of chemoautotrophic symbioses at hydrothermal vents, our understanding of the influence of environmental chemistry on symbiont metabolism is limited. Transcriptomic analyses are useful for linking physiological poise to environmental conditions, but recovering samples from the deep sea is challenging, as the long recovery times can change expression profiles before preservation. Here, we present a novel, in situ RNA sampling and preservation device, which we used to compare the symbiont metatranscriptomes associated with Alviniconcha, a genus of vent snail, in which specific host-symbiont combinations are predictably distributed across a regional geochemical gradient. Metatranscriptomes of these symbionts reveal key differences in energy and nitrogen metabolism relating to both environmental chemistry (that is, the relative expression of genes) and symbiont phylogeny (that is, the specific pathways employed). Unexpectedly, dramatic differences in expression of transposases and flagellar genes suggest that different symbiont types may also have distinct life histories. These data further our understanding of these symbionts{\textquoteright} metabolic capabilities and their expression in situ, and suggest an important role for symbionts in mediating their hosts{\textquoteright} interaction with regional-scale differences in geochemistry.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.45},
	author = {Sanders, J G and Beinart, R A and Stewart, F J and Delong, E F and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Hansen2013,
	title = {{Mylonitic deformation at the Kane oceanic core complex: Implications for the rheological behavior of oceanic detachment faults}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {3085{\textendash}3108},
	abstract = {The depth extent, strength, and composition of oceanic detachment faults remain poorly understood because the grade of deformation-related fabrics varies widely among sampled oceanic core complexes (OCCs). We address this issue by analyzing fault rocks collected from the Kane oceanic core complex at 23{\textdegree}30'N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A portion of the sample suite was collected from a younger fault scarp that cuts the detachment surface and exposes the interior of the most prominent dome. The style of deformation was assessed as a function of proximity to the detachment surface, revealing a \~{}450 m thick zone of high-temperature mylonitization overprinted by a \~{}200 m thick zone of brittle deformation. Geothermometry of deformed gabbros demonstrates that crystal-plastic deformation occurred at temperatures {\textgreater}700{\textdegree}C. Analysis of the morphology of the complex in conjunction with recent thermochronology suggests that deformation initiated at depths of \~{}7 km. Thus we suggest the detachment system extended into or below the brittle-plastic transition (BPT). Microstructural evidence suggests that gabbros and peridotites with high-temperature fabrics were dominantly deforming by dislocation-accommodated processes and diffusion creep. Recrystallized grain size piezometry yields differential stresses consistent with those predicted by dry-plagioclase flow laws. The temperature and stress at the BPT determined from laboratory-derived constitutive models agree well with the lowest temperatures and highest stresses estimated from gabbro mylonites. We suggest that the variation in abundance of mylonites among oceanic core complexes can be explained by variation in the depth of the BPT, which depends to a first order on the thermal structure and water content of newly forming oceanic lithosphere.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20184},
	author = {Hansen, L N and Cheadle, M J and John, B E and Swapp, S M and Dick, H J B and Tucholke, B E and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe2013,
	title = {{Population ecology of the tonguefish Symphurus thermophilus (Pisces; Pleuronectiformes; Cynoglossidae) at sulphur-rich hydrothermal vents on volcanoes of the northern Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {172{\textendash}182},
	abstract = {Flatfish are a major component of the hydrothermal vent community on three seamounts of the northern Mariana Volcanic Arc in the northwest Pacific. Nikko, Kasuga-2 and Daikoku seamounts host vent fields between 375 and 480~m depth where high temperature vents release molten sulphur. The small cynoglossid tonguefish, Symphurus thermophilus Munroe and Hashimoto, is ubiquitous in all vent habitats observed on these seamounts: among extensive fields of tubeworms and mussels and on solid sulphur surfaces on Nikko; on sulphur-rich sediments and barnacle-covered boulders on Kasuga-2; and on recent sulphur flows and on broad areas of loose and semi-consolidated sediments on Daikoku. We recorded repeated forays by individuals onto flows of molten sulphur as these surfaces cooled. Based on observations using ROVs, the mean density is 90~fish/m2 with maximum counts over 200~fish/m2 on Daikoku sediments. Compared to collected tonguefish from Daikoku and Kasuga-2, those from Nikko have significantly greater lengths and, on average, six times the mass. Otolith data indicate upper ages of 13 years with Nikko tonguefish growing significantly faster. Diets of tonguefish on the three seamounts reflect the different habitats and prey availability; in Daikoku specimens, small crustaceans and polychaetes are most common while on Nikko, gut contents are predominantly larger shrimp. We made the unusual observation of stunned midwater fish falling to the seafloor near the vents where S. thermophilus immediately attacked them. This tonguefish has a wide diet range and foraging behaviour that likely influence the differing growth rates and sizes of fish inhabiting the different vent sites. Limited genetic data suggest that larval exchange probably occurs among sites where the common habitat factor is high levels of elemental sulphur forming hard and partly unconsolidated substrata. Here, in the northern range of the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument, S. thermophilus, despite having an unusually broad habitat association, may be restricted in its overall range to this region of isolated volcanoes with active hydrothermalism.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.01.026},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000465},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Tyler, J and Dower, J F}
}
@article {Jamieson2013,
	title = {{Sulfide geochronology along the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2084{\textendash}2099},
	abstract = {Forty-nine hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate rock samples from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeastern Pacific Ocean, were dated by measuring the decay of 226Ra (half-life of 1600 years) in hydrothermal barite to provide a history of hydrothermal venting at the site over the past 6000 years. This dating method is effective for samples ranging in age from \~{}200 to 20,000 years old and effectively bridges an age gap between shorter- and longer-lived U-series dating techniques for hydrothermal deposits. Results show that hydrothermal venting at the active High Rise, Sasquatch, and Main Endeavour fields began at least 850, 1450, and 2300 years ago, respectively. Barite ages of other inactive deposits on the axial valley floor are between \~{}1200 and \~{}2200 years old, indicating past widespread hydrothermal venting outside of the currently active vent fields. Samples from the half-graben on the eastern slope of the axial valley range in age from \~{}1700 to \~{}2925 years, and a single sample from outside the axial valley, near the westernmost valley fault scarp is \~{}5850 {\textpm} 205 years old. The spatial relationship between hydrothermal venting and normal faulting suggests a temporal relationship, with progressive younging of sulfide deposits from the edges of the axial valley toward the center of the rift. These relationships are consistent with the inward migration of normal faulting toward the center of the valley over time and a minimum age of onset of hydrothermal activity in this region of 5850 years.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20133},
	author = {Jamieson, J W and Hannington, M D and Clague, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Holden, J F and Tivey, M K and Kimpe, L E}
}
@article {Deschamps2013,
	title = {{Waning magmatic activity along the Southern Explorer Ridge revealed through fault restoration of rift topography}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1609{\textendash}1625},
	abstract = {We combine high-resolution bathymetry acquired using the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ABE with digital seafloor imagery collected using the remotely operated vehicle ROPOS across the axial valley of the Southern Explorer Ridge (SER) to infer the recent volcanic and tectonic processes. The SER is an intermediate spreading ridge located in the northeast Pacific. It hosts the Magic Mountain hydrothermal vent. We reconstruct the unfaulted seafloor terrain at SER based on calculations of the vertical displacement field and fault parameters. The vertical changes between the initial and the restored topographies reflect the integrated effects of volcanism and tectonism on relief-forming processes over the last 11,000{\textendash}14,000 years. The restored topography indicates that the axial morphology evolved from a smooth constructional dome {\textgreater}500 m in diameter, to a fault-bounded graben, {\~{}}500 m wide and 30{\textendash}70 m deep. This evolution has been accompanied by changes in eruptive rate, with deposition of voluminous lobate and sheet flows when the SER had a domed morphology, and limited-extent low-effusion rate pillow eruptions during graben development. Most of the faults shaping the present axial valley postdate the construction of the dome. Our study supports a model of cyclic volcanism at the SER with periods of effusive eruptions flooding the axial rift, centered on the broad plateau at the summit of the ridge, followed by a decrease in eruptive activity and a subsequent dominance of tectonic processes, with minor low-effusion rate eruptions confined to the axial graben. The asymmetric shape of the axial graben supports an increasing role of extensional processes, with a component of simple shear in the spreading processes.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20110},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20110},
	author = {Deschamps, A and Tivey, M A and Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W}
}
@article {ISI:000311041900011,
	title = {{Community study of tubeworm-associated epizooic meiobenthos from deep-sea cold seeps and hot vents}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {468},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {135{\textendash}148},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The permanent metazoan meiofauna associated with vestimentiferan tubeworm aggregations from hydrocarbon seeps of the upper Louisiana slope in the Green Canyon (similar to 550 m) and the lower slope in Atwater Valley (similar to 2200 m) of the Gulf of Mexico was characterized. Meiofauna abundance, diversity, and community composition at genus level were compared between these seep sites, and with those of tubeworms from hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise (Gollner et al. 2007; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 337: 39-49). The abundance was not significantly different between the 2 seep sites, and was also similar to those found at vents. A total of 150 meiobenthic genera were identified from the cold seep sites. While no significant difference in univariate measurements of diversity was detected, a shift in community composition between the shallow and the deep seep site was found. The hot vent communities included a total of only 17 genera and the diversity measurements were significantly lower at vents than at seeps. Also, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was 97{\%} between the meiobenthic communities from seeps and vents. The genera richness was negatively correlated with maximum temperature and maximum sulfide concentration, and positively correlated with minimum pH value. We conclude that the harsh conditions tubeworms experience at vents compared to the moderate conditions at cold seeps, as well as the longevity of cold seeps surrounded by sedimented deep-sea plains but short-lived vents on basaltic mid-ocean ridges, might explain the contrasting diversity patterns.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps09889},
	author = {Degen, Renate and Riavitz, Laura and Gollner, Sabine and Vanreusel, Ann and Plum, Christoph and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000308889800003,
	title = {{Deep sea hydrothermal plumes and their interaction with oscillatory flows}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2012},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The acoustic scintillation method is applied to the investigation and monitoring of a vigorous hydrothermal plume from Dante within the Main Endeavour vent field (MEF) in the Endeavour Ridge segment. A 40 day time series of the plume{\textquoteright}s vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations provides a unique opportunity to study deep sea plume dynamics in a tidally varying horizontal cross flow. An integral plume model that takes into account ambient stratification and horizontal cross flows is established from the conservation equations of mass, momentum and density deficit. Using a linear additive entrainment velocity in the model ( E = alpha U-m + beta U-perpendicular to) that is a function of both the plume relative axial velocity (U-m) and the relative ambient flow perpendicular to the plume (U-perpendicular to) gives consistent results to the experimental data, suggesting entrainment coefficients alpha = 0.1 and beta = 0.6. Also from the integral model, the plume height in a horizontal cross flow ( U-a) is shown to scale as 1.8B(1/3)U(a)(-1/3)N(-2/3) for 0.01 {\textless}= U-a {\textless}= 0.1 m/s where B is the initial buoyancy transport and N is the ambient stratification, both of which are assumed constant.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004188},
	author = {Xu, Guangyu and Di Iorio, Daniela}
}
@article {Dziak2012a,
	title = {{Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {11},
	year = {2012},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {Q0AF07},
	abstract = {The output of gas and tephra from volcanoes is an inherently disorganized process that makes reliable flux estimates challenging to obtain. Continuous monitoring of gas flux has been achieved in only a few instances at subaerial volcanoes, but never for submarine volcanoes. Here we use the first sustained (yearlong) hydroacoustic monitoring of an erupting submarine volcano (NW Rota-1, Mariana arc) to make calculations of explosive gas flux from a volcano into the ocean. Bursts of Strombolian explosive degassing at the volcano summit (520 m deep) occurred at 1{\textendash}2 min intervals during the entire 12-month hydrophone record and commonly exhibited cyclic step-function changes between high and low intensity. Total gas flux calculated from the hydroacoustic record is 5.4 {\textpm} 0.6 Tg a-1, where the magmatic gases driving eruptions at NW Rota-1 are primarily H2O, SO2, and CO2. Instantaneous fluxes varied by a factor of \~{}100 over the deployment. Using melt inclusion information to estimate the concentration of CO2 in the explosive gases as 6.9 {\textpm} 0.7 wt {\%}, we calculate an annual CO2 eruption flux of 0.4 {\textpm} 0.1 Tg a-1. This result is within the range of measured CO2 fluxes at continuously erupting subaerial volcanoes, and represents \~{}0.2{\textendash}0.6{\%} of the annual estimated output of CO2from all subaerial arc volcanoes, and \~{}0.4{\textendash}0.6{\%} of the mid-ocean ridge flux. The multiyear eruptive history of NW Rota-1 demonstrates that submarine volcanoes can be significant and sustained sources of CO2 to the shallow ocean.},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004211},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Baker, E T and Shaw, A M and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Haxel, J H and Matsumoto, H and Walker, S L}
}
@article {Baker2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal Discharge During Submarine Eruptions THE IMPORTANCE OF DETECTION, RESPONSE, AND NEW TECHNOLOGY}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {128{\textendash}141},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Submarine volcanic eruptions and intrusions construct new oceanic crust and build long chains of volcanic islands and vast submarine plateaus. Magmatic events are a primary agent for the transfer of heat, chemicals, and even microbes from the crust to the ocean, but the processes that control these transfers are poorly understood. The 1980s discovery that mid-ocean ridge eruptions are often associated with brief releases of immense volumes of hot fluids ("event plumes") spurred interest in methods for detecting the onset of eruptions or intrusions and for rapidly organizing seagoing response efforts. Since then, some 35 magmatic events have been recognized and responded to on mid-ocean ridges and at seamounts in both volcanic arc and intraplate settings. Field responses at mid-ocean ridges have found that event plumes occur over a wide range of eruption styles and sizes, and thus may be a common consequence of ridge eruptions. The source(s) of event plume fluids are still debated. Eruptions detected at ridges generally have high effusion rates and short durations (hours to days), whereas field responses at arc volcanic cones have found eruptions with very low effusion rates and durations on the scale of years. New approaches to the study of submarine magmatic events include the development of autonomous vehicles for detection and response, and the establishment of permanent seafloor observatories at likely future eruption sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.11},
	author = {Baker, E T and Chadwick, W W and Cowen, J P and Dziak, R P and Rubin, K H and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {White2012,
	title = {{Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {50},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {20303{\textendash}20308},
	abstract = {To assess the potential impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on offshore ecosystems, 11 sites hosting deep-water coral communities were examined 3 to 4 mo after the well was capped. Healthy coral communities were observed at all sites {\textgreater}20 km from the Macondo well, including seven sites previously visited in September 2009, where the corals and communities appeared unchanged. However, at one site 11 km southwest of the Macondo well, coral colonies presented widespread signs of stress, including varying degrees of tissue loss, sclerite enlargement, excess mucous production, bleached commensal ophiuroids, and covering by brown flocculent material (floc). On the basis of these criteria the level of impact to individual colonies was ranked from 0 (least impact) to 4 (greatest impact). Of the 43 corals imaged at that site, 46{\%} exhibited evidence of impact on more than half of the colony, whereas nearly a quarter of all of the corals showed impact to {\textgreater}90{\%} of the colony. Additionally, 53{\%} of these corals{\textquoteright} ophiuroid associates displayed abnormal color and/or attachment posture. Analysis of hopanoid petroleum biomarkers isolated from the floc provides strong evidence that this material contained oil from the Macondo well. The presence of recently damaged and deceased corals beneath the path of a previously documented plume emanating from the Macondo well provides compelling evidence that the oil impacted deep-water ecosystems. Our findings underscore the unprecedented nature of the spill in terms of its magnitude, release at depth, and impact to deep-water ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118029109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Corbari2012,
	title = {{New digestive symbiosis in the hydrothermal vent amphipoda Ventiella sulfuris}},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus Biologies},
	volume = {335},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {142{\textendash}154},
	abstract = {Ventiella sulfuris Barnard and Ingram, 1990 is the most abundant amphipod species inhabiting the Eastern Pacific Rise (EPR 9{\textdegree}N) vent fields. This vent-endemic species is frequently encountered near colonies of Pompeii worms Alvinella pompejana. V.~sulfuris specimens were collected during the oceanographic cruise LADDER II at the Bio9 (9{\textdegree}50.3'~N, 2508~m depth) hydrothermal vent site. Main objectives were to highlight the occurrence of bacterial symbiosis in V.~sulfuris and to hypothesise their implications in nutrition. Observations in light and electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) showed that the outer body surface and appendages are free of microorganisms. In contrast, the digestive system revealed two major microbial communities settled in the midgut and in the hindgut. Gut contents showed bacterial traces together with abundant fragments of Alvinellid cuticle and setae, from A.~pompejana, suggesting that V.~sulfuris could directly feed on Alvinellids and/or on their bacterial epibionts. Molecular analyses based on the 16S rRNA genes revealed the diversity of bacterial communities in the digestive system, of which, the Epsilonproteobacteria phylum, could be considered as one of the major bacterial group. Hypotheses were proposed on their symbiotic features and their implications in V.~sulfuris nutrition.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1631-0691},
	doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2011.12.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2011.12.005},
	author = {Corbari, L and Durand, L and Cambon-Bonavita, M -A and Gaill, F and Comp{\`e}re, P}
}
@article {ISI:000301945500007,
	title = {{Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {766{\textendash}776},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of the endosymbionts coupled with an in situ characterization of the geochemical environment was performed to investigate their roles and expression profiles in the two respective hosts. The metagenomes indicated that the endosymbionts are genotypically highly homogeneous. Gene sequences coding for enzymes of selected key metabolic functions were found to be 99.9{\%} identical. On the proteomic level, the symbionts showed very consistent metabolic profiles, despite distinctly different geochemical conditions at the plume level of the respective hosts. Only a few minor variations were observed in the expression of symbiont enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, carbon fixation and in the response to oxidative stress. Although these changes correspond to the prevailing environmental situation experienced by each host, our data strongly suggest that the two tubeworm species are able to effectively attenuate differences in habitat conditions, and thus to provide their symbionts with similar micro-environments. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 766-776; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.137; published online 20 October 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.137},
	author = {Gardebrecht, Antje and Markert, Stephanie and Sievert, Stefan M and Felbeck, Horst and Thuermer, Andrea and Albrecht, Dirk and Wollherr, Antje and Kabisch, Johannes and Le Bris, Nadine and Lehmann, Ruediger and Daniel, Rolf and Liesegang, Heiko and Hecker, Michael and Schweder, Thomas}
}
@article {Caress2012,
	title = {{Repeat bathymetric surveys at 1-metre resolution of lava flows erupted at Axial Seamount in April 2011}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {483{\textendash}488},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {At sites with frequent submarine volcanic activity, it is difficult to discern between new and pre-existing lava flows. In particular, the distribution of the fissures from which lava erupts, the routes taken by lava flows and the relationship between the new flows and the pre-existing seafloor bathymetry are often unclear. The volcanic and hydrothermal systems of Axial Seamount submarine volcano in the Pacific Ocean have been studied intensively since eruptions were detected in 1998 (refs~1, 2) and 2011 (ref.~3). Here we combine pre- and post-eruption bathymetric surveys3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, with 1-m lateral resolution and 0.2-m vertical precision, to precisely map the extent and thickness of the lava flows, calculate the volume of lava and unambiguously identify eruptive fissures from the April 2011 eruption. Where the new lava flows extend beyond the boundaries of the repeated surveys, we use shipboard multibeam surveys to map the flows with lower resolution. We show that the eruption produced both sheet and lobate flows associated with high eruption rates and low-eruption-rate pillow mounds. We find that lava flows erupted from new as well as existing fissures and tended to reoccupy existing flow channels. This reoccupation makes it difficult to map submarine flows produced during one eruption without before-and-after bathymetric surveys.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1496},
	author = {Caress, D W and Clague, D A and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Dreyer, B M and Chadwick, W W and Denny, Alden and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {White2012a,
	title = {{Reply to Boehm and Carragher: Multiple lines of evidence link deep-water coral damage to Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {40},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {E2648{\textendash}E2648},
	abstract = {Our original study (1) used visual inspection as well as biological and geochemical analyses of corals and the surrounding sediment to provide complementary and compelling evidence linking the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill to the presence of damaged deep-water corals and brittle stars 11 km from the site of the leaking oil.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1210413109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {McCulloch2012,
	title = {{Resilience of Cold-Water Scleractinian Corals to Ocean Acidification: Boron Isotopic Systematics of pH and Saturation State Up-Regulation}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21{\textendash}34},
	abstract = {The boron isotope systematics has been determined for azooxanthellate scleractinian corals from a wide range of both deep-sea and shallow-water environments. The aragonitic coral species, Caryophyllia smithii, Desmophyllum dianthus, Enallopsammia rostrata, Lophelia pertusa, and Madrepora oculata, are all found to have relatively high $δ$11B compositions ranging from 23.2{\textperthousand} to 28.7{\textperthousand}. These values lie substantially above the pH-dependent inorganic seawater borate equilibrium curve, indicative of strong up-regulation of pH of the internal calcifying fluid (pHcf), being elevated by \~{}0.6{\textendash}0.8~units ($Δ$pH) relative to ambient seawater. In contrast, the deep-sea calcitic coral Corallium sp. has a significantly lower $δ$11B composition of 15.5{\textperthousand}, with a corresponding lower $Δ$pH value of \~{}0.3~units, reflecting the importance of mineralogical control on biological pH up-regulation. The solitary coral D. dianthus was sampled over a wide range of seawater pHT and shows an approximate linear correlation with $Δ$pHDesmo~=~6.43~-~0.71pHT (r2~=~0.79). An improved correlation is however found with the closely related parameter of seawater aragonite saturation state, where $Δ$pHDesmo~=~1.09~-~0.14${\O}mega$arag (r2~=~0.95), indicating the important control that carbonate saturation state has on calcification. The ability to up-regulate internal pHcf, and consequently ${\O}mega$cf, of the calcifying fluid is therefore a process present in both azooxanthellate and zooxanthellate aragonitic corals, and is attributed to the action of Ca2+-ATPase in modulating the proton gradient between seawater and the site of calcification. These findings also show that the boron isotopic compositions ($δ$11Bcarb) of aragonitic corals are highly systematic and consistent with direct uptake of the borate species within the biologically controlled extracellular calcifying medium. We also show that the relatively strong up-regulation of pH and consequent elevation of the internal carbonate saturation state (${\O}mega$cf \~{}8.5 to \~{}13) at the site of calcification by cold-water corals, facilitates calcification at or in some cases below the aragonite saturation horizon, providing a greater ability to adapt to the already low and now decreasing carbonate ion concentrations. Although providing greater resilience to the effects of ocean acidification and enhancing rates of calcification with increasing temperature, the process of internal pHcf up-regulation has an associated energetic cost, and therefore growth-rate cost, of \~{}10{\%} per 0.1 pH unit decrease in seawater pHT. Furthermore, as the aragonite saturation horizon shoals with rapidly increasing pCO2 and ${\O}mega$arag~~},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.027},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.027},
	author = {McCulloch, M and Trotter, J and Montagna, P and Falter, J and Dunbar, R and Freiwald, A and F{\"o}rsterra, G and Correa, M L and Maier, C and R{\"u}ggeberg, A and Taviani, M}
}
@article {ISI:000299199000017,
	title = {{Response of hydrothermal vent vestimentiferan Riftia pachyptila to differences in habitat chemistry}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {159},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {435{\textendash}442},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Vestimentiferan tubeworms, which rely on intracellular sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria for organic carbon, flourish at deep-sea hydrothermal vents despite the erratic nature of their habitat. To assess the degree to which differences in habitat chemistry (sulfide, pH/CO(2)) might impact host and symbiont metabolic activity, Riftia pachyptila tubeworms were collected from habitats with low (H(2)S {\textless} 0.0001 mM) and high (up to 0.7 mM) sulfide concentrations. The elemental sulfur content of the symbiont-containing trophosome organ was lower in specimens collected from the low-sulfide site. Symbiont abundance, RubisCO activity, and trophosome carbon fixation rates were not significantly different for individuals collected from low- versus high-sulfide habitats. Carbonic anhydrase activities were higher in the anterior gas exchange organs of R. pachyptila from the low-sulfide habitat. Despite large differences in habitat chemistry, symbiont abundance and autotrophic potential were consistent, while the host appears to tailor carbonic anhydrase activity to environmental CO(2) availability.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-011-1821-5},
	author = {Scott, Kathleen M and Boller, Amanda J and Dobrinski, Kimberly P and Le Bris, Nadine}
}
@article {Dziak2012,
	title = {{Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {478{\textendash}482},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Volcanoes at spreading centres on land often exhibit seismicity and ground inflation months to years before an eruption, caused by a gradual influx of magma to the source reservoir1, 2, 3, 4. Deflation and seismicity can occur on time scales of hours to days, and result from the injection of magma into adjacent rift zones5, 6, 7, 8. Volcanoes at submarine rift zones, such as Axial Seamount in the northeast Pacific Ocean, have exhibited similar behaviour9, 10, 11, 12, but a direct link between seismicity, seafloor deformation and magma intrusion has never been demonstrated. Here we present recordings from ocean-bottom hydrophones and an established array of bottom-pressure recorders that reveal patterns of both microearthquakes and seafloor deformation at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, before it erupted in April 2011. Our observations show that the rate of seismicity increased steadily during a period of several years, leading up to an intrusion and eruption of magma that began on 6 April 2011. We also detected a sudden increase in seismo-acoustic energy about 2.6 h before the eruption began. Our data indicate that access to real-time seismic data, projected to be available in the near future, might facilitate short-term forecasting and provide sufficient lead-time to prepare in situ instrumentation before future intrusion and eruption events.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1490},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Fowler, M J and Matsumoto, H and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Chadwick2012a,
	title = {{Submarine landslide triggered by volcanic eruption recorded by in situ hydrophone}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	publisher = {GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC},
	address = {BOULDER; PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA},
	abstract = {NW Rota-1 is a submarine volcano in the Mariana volcanic arc that is notable as the site where underwater explosive eruptions were first witnessed in A.D. 2004. After years of continuous low-level eruptive activity, a major landslide occurred at NW Rota-1 in August 2009, triggered by an unusually large eruption that produced 10 times the acoustic energy of the background level of activity. An anomalous earthquake swarm preceded the eruption, suggesting that the sequence started with a magmatic intrusion and associated faulting beneath the volcano. We quantify the size and extent of the landslide using bathymetric resurveys and interpret the timing of events using data from an in situ hydrophone. This is the first instrumental documentation of an earthquake-eruption-landslide sequence at a submarine volcano, and illustrates the close interaction between magmatic activity and mass wasting events in the growth of undersea arc volcanoes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G32495.1},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Embley, R W and Matsumoto, H}
}
@article {Pester2012,
	title = {{Subseafloor phase equilibria in high-temperature hydrothermal fluids of the Lucky Strike Seamount (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37{\textdegree}17{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {303{\textendash}322},
	abstract = {As part of an integrated study conducted at the Lucky Strike Seamount (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37{\textdegree}17'N) in 2008, gas-tight sampling devices were used to collect high-temperature (\~{}300~{\textdegree}C) hydrothermal fluids issuing from sulfide structures distributed throughout the vent field located in the summit depression. Compared with previous observations from 1993 to 1997, the most substantial changes in vent fluid compositions are dramatically increased CO2 concentrations (\~{}5{\texttimes}, up to 133~mmol/L) and the observation of vent fluids enriched in dissolved chloride relative to seawater. Combined with an increase in $δ$13CCO2$δ$13CCO2 values by \~{}4{\textperthousand} in 2008, the elevated CO2 indicates replenishment of the magmatic heat source and may be indicative of a recent magmatic event. The additional supporting fluid chemistry is, however, similar to that of the previous sampling intervals, necessitating a reassessment of the subseafloor controls on vent fluid chemistry at Lucky Strike in the context of recently obtained geophysical data that provides the depth/extent of a steady-state magma chamber. Two-phase behavior is indicated by the chloride variability in the vent fluids; and comparison with experimental data for the associated chloride-dependent partitioning of minor/trace elements suggests the possibility of a similar source fluid for all the vent structures, while limiting the likelihood of shallow phase separation and subseafloor mixing for the hydrothermal end-members. A recently calibrated Fe/Mn geothermometer indicates minimum subseafloor equilibration temperatures of 350{\textendash}385~{\textdegree}C. However, constraints imposed by dissolved Si/Cl in conjunction with geophysical observations are consistent with peak reaction conditions at temperatures of 430{\textendash}475~{\textdegree}C and pressures near the top of the axial magma chamber (\~{}410{\textendash}480~bars), where magmatic CO2 becomes entrained in the circulating fluids. The distance between the magma chamber and the seafloor at Lucky Strike is substantially greater than at most faster spreading ridges; and we propose the resulting increased residence time in the up-flow zone leads to the re-equilibration of temperature sensitive transition metals at conditions less extreme than those associated with peak reaction. Agreement between experimental data, thermodynamic model calculations, and dissolved concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, H2, and H2S in the Lucky Strike fluids reinforce the hypothesis of pH-redox equilibria for transition metals at relatively oxidizing conditions and temperatures predicted by the empirical Fe/Mn geothermometer. In-situ pH measurements of the high-temperature fluids exiting the seafloor are also consistent with the model calculations.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.05.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.05.018},
	author = {Pester, N J and Reeves, E P and Rough, M E and Ding, K and Seewald, J S and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Kellermann2012,
	title = {{Symbiont{\textendash}host relationships in chemosynthetic mussels: A comprehensive lipid biomarker study}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {112{\textendash}124},
	abstract = {Symbiosis with chemosynthetic microorganisms allows invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, such as mussels, snails and tubeworms, to gain nutrition independently of organic input from photosynthetic communities. Lipid biomarkers and their compound specific stable carbon isotopes ($δ$13C) have greatly aided the elucidation of chemosynthetic symbiosis. Due to recent methodological advances in liquid chromatography it is now possible to obtain a more holistic view of lipid biomarkers, including the analysis of intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs) and bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs). This study provides an extensive examination of polar and apolar lipids in combination with stable carbon isotope analysis of three Bathymodiolus mussels (Bathymodiolus childressi, Bathymodiolus cf. thermophilus, Bathymodiolus brooksi) hosting different types of bacterial symbiont (methane-oxidizing, sulfur-oxidizing and a dual symbiosis with methane- and sulfur-oxidizing symbionts, respectively). We propose that IPLs with C16:1 acyl side chains, and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) head groups, which were only detected in the gill tissue, can be used as symbiont-characteristic biomarkers. These putative symbiont-specific IPLs provide the opportunity to detect and quantify the methanotrophic and thiotrophic symbionts within the gill tissue. Additional characteristic markers for methanotrophic symbionts were found in B. childressi and B. brooksi, including the BHP derivatives aminotriol and aminotetrol, 4-methyl sterols and diagnostic fatty acids (FAs), such as C16:1${\o}mega$9, C16:1${\o}mega$8, and C18:1${\o}mega$8. In general, the $δ$13C values of FAs, alcohols and BHP-derived hopanols were in accordance with carbon assimilation pathways of the respective methanotrophic or thiotrophic symbionts in all three Bathymodiolus mussels. Differences in BHP distribution as well as $δ$13C values in the two mussels hosting a methanotrophic symbiont may indicate the presence of different methanotrophic symbionts and/or changes in the nutritional status. In all three mussel species the $δ$13C values of lipid biomarkers assigned to the symbionts were similar to those of the hosts, indicating the importance of the bacterial symbionts as the main carbon source for the mussel tissue.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	author = {Kellermann, M Y and Schubotz, F and Elvert, M and Lipp, J S and Birgel, D and Prieto-Mollar, X and Dubilier, N and Hinrichs, K -U}
}
@article {Rubin2012,
	title = {{Volcanic Eruptions in the Deep Sea}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {142{\textendash}157},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions are important events in Earth{\textquoteright}s cycle of magma generation and crustal construction. Over durations of hours to years, eruptions produce new deposits of lava and/or fragmentary ejecta, transfer heat and magmatic volatiles from Earth{\textquoteright}s interior to the overlying air or seawater, and significantly modify the landscape and perturb local ecosystems. Today and through most of geological history, the greatest number and volume of volcanic eruptions on Earth have occurred in the deep ocean along mid-ocean ridges, near subduction zones, on oceanic plateaus, and on thousands of mid-plate seamounts. However, deep-sea eruptions ({\textgreater} 500~m depth) are much more difficult to detect and observe than subaerial eruptions, so comparatively little is known about them. Great strides have been made in eruption detection, response speed, and observational detail since the first recognition of a deep submarine eruption at a mid-ocean ridge 25 years ago. Studies of ongoing or recent deep submarine eruptions reveal information about their sizes, durations, frequencies, styles, and environmental impacts. Ultimately, magma formation and accumulation in the upper mantle and crust, plus local tectonic stress fields, dictate when, where, and how often submarine eruptions occur, whereas eruption depth, magma composition, conditions of volatile segregation, and tectonic setting determine submarine eruption style.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.12},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Soule, S A and Chadwick, W W and Fornari, D J and Clague, D A and Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Perfit, M R and Caress, D W and Dziak, R P}
}
@article {Gieskes2011,
	title = {{Cold seeps in Monterey Bay, California: Geochemistry of pore waters and relationship to benthic foraminiferal calcite}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {738{\textendash}746},
	abstract = {An extensive geochemical and biogeochemical examination of CH4 seeps in the Clam Flats area of Monterey Bay provides insight into the character of relationships between seep geochemistry and benthic foraminiferal geochemistry. The area is characterized by sulfide-rich fluids. Sulfide increases are associated with large increases in alkalinity, as well as small decreases in dissolved Ca and Mg. In addition, only small increases in NH4 are observed, but values of $δ$13C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (4, which is transported upward by slow seepage of pore fluids. The geochemistry of the pore fluids should be relevant to the geochemistry of the carbonate tests of living and dead foraminifera. However, a profound disequilibrium of approximately an order of magnitude occurs between the $δ$13C values of stained (cytoplasm-containing) foraminiferal carbonate and the C isotope values of ambient pore water dissolved inorganic C. Reasons are unclear for this isotopic disequilibrium, but have important implications for interpretations of foraminiferal carbonate as a paleoenvironmental proxy. Much fine scale work is needed to fully understand the relationships between the biogeochemistry of benthic foraminifera and the geochemistry of the pore waters where they live.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	author = {Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Mahn, C and Bernhard, J M and Day, S}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {Davis2011,
	title = {{Evidence for episodic aseismic slip across the subduction seismogenic zone off Costa Rica: CORK borehole pressure observations at the subduction prism toe}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {306},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {299{\textendash}305},
	abstract = {Slow slip events, or {\textquotedblleft}silent{\textquotedblright} earthquakes, may relieve a significant amount of stress at many subduction plate boundaries, both downdip of the limit of seismogenesis, and within the seismogenic zone itself in cases where seismic energy release accounts for only a fraction of the plate tectonic displacement rate (Schwartz and Rokosky, 2007). Slow slip has been identified in several instances downdip of the landward limit of the seismogenic zone and is often accompanied by seismic tremor or low-frequency earthquake activity along and above the plate interface (referred to as {\textquotedblleft}episodic tremor and slip{\textquotedblright}, or ETS). Little is known, however, about the spatial distribution and history of slip between great earthquakes along the seismogenic thrust interface itself which lies mostly offshore. In this article we present formation pressure transients observed in two deep-sea boreholes near the toe of the subduction prism off Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, which followed ETS events observed on shore by 1{\textendash}2~weeks. The signatures of the transients are consistent with local slip on the shallow part of the thrust interface, with the underthrusting plate experiencing relaxation and the outer prism experiencing contraction. The delay between the tremor activity and the pressure transients observed c. 100~km seaward at the prism toe suggests either slow propagation across the seismogenic zone or delayed deformation at the outer part of the prism triggered by the slip beneath Nicoya. Such slip may serve generally to relieve stress at subduction zones, but also to increase stress in parts of the plate boundary where interseismic slip does not occur.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.017},
	author = {Davis, E and Heesemann, M and Wang, K}
}
@article {Pietruszka2011,
	title = {{Excesses of seawater-derived 234U in volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount due to crustal contamination}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {304},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {280{\textendash}289},
	abstract = {The effects of crustal contamination on the chemistry of oceanic basalts are commonly assumed to be negligible due to the compositional similarity between the erupted basalt and the underlying oceanic crust or volcanic edifice. Here we evaluate this assumption with high-precision measurements of the 234U{\textendash}238U and 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria, Cl/K2O ratios, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount, a submarine Hawaiian volcano with an active hydrothermal system. The samples, including one from the volcano{\textquoteright}s 1996 eruption, have small to moderate amounts of excess 234U ({\~{}}~0.2{\textendash}1.0{\%}) and variable, elevated Cl/K2O ratios. These excesses of 234U and enrichments in Cl are thought to result from contamination with seawater-derived U and Cl, but neither of these signatures can be explained by syn- or post-eruptive interaction between lava and seawater. Instead, mantle-derived magmas at Loihi appear to be variably contaminated with two distinct crustal materials: hydrothermal brines (which create enrichments in Cl) and U-enriched hydrothermally altered rocks (which create excesses of 234U). Both of these materials are expected to be found within the volcanic edifice as complementary parts of the volcano{\textquoteright}s hydrothermal system. The Loihi glasses display a wide measured range in the amount of excess 230Th from {\~{}}1 to 7{\%} (due to the addition of seawater-derived U) that overlaps with lavas from Kilauea Volcano ({\~{}}~2{\%} excess 230Th). We correct the 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria of the Loihi glasses back to their original pre-contamination values using their 234U{\textendash}238U disequilibria and a simple mass-balance calculation. This correction suggests that mantle-derived magmas at Loihi have a narrow range of {\~{}}~6{\textendash}9{\%} excess 230Th, which is significantly larger than observed for lavas from the neighboring volcano, Kilauea. This difference is consistent with the idea that Loihi is tapping mantle that is upwelling slowly ({\~{}}~5{\textendash}6~cm/yr) on the margin of the Hawaiian plume.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	author = {Pietruszka, A J and Keyes, M J and Duncan, J A and Hauri, E H and Carlson, R W and Garcia, M O}
}
@article {ISI:000295134600001,
	title = {{In situ measurements of hydrogen sulfide, oxygen, and temperature in diffuse fluids of an ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vent field (Logatchev, 14 degrees 45 {\textquoteleft} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Implications for chemosymbiotic bathymodiolin mussels}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Logatchev hydrothermal vent field (14 degrees 45{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) is located in a ridge segment characterized by mantle-derived ultramafic outcrops. Compared to basalt-hosted vents, Logatchev high-temperature fluids are relatively low in sulfide indicating that the diffuse, low-temperature fluids of this vent field may not contain sufficient sulfide concentrations to support a chemosymbiotic invertebrate community. However, the high abundances of bathymodiolin mussels with bacterial symbionts related to free-living sulfur-oxidizing bacteria suggested that bioavailable sulfide is present at Logatchev. To clarify, if diffuse fluids above mussel beds of Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis provide the reductants and oxidants needed by their symbionts for aerobic sulfide oxidation, in situ microsensor measurements of dissolved hydrogen sulfide and oxygen were combined with simultaneous temperature measurements. High temporal fluctuations of all three parameters were measured above the mussel beds. H2S and O-2 coexisted with mean concentrations between 9 and 31 mu M (H2S) and 216 and 228 mu M (O-2). Temperature maxima ({\textless}= 7.4 degrees C) were generally concurrent with H2S maxima ({\textless}= 156 mu M) and O-2 minima ({\textgreater}= 142 mu M). Long-term measurements for 250 days using temperature as a proxy for oxygen and sulfide concentrations indicated that the mussels were neither oxygen limited nor sulfide limited. Our in situ measurements at Logatchev indicate that sulfide may also be bioavailable in diffuse fluids from other ultramafic-hosted vents along slow and ultraslow spreading ridges. Components: 12,100 words, 9 figures, 4 tables.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003632},
	author = {Zielinski, Frank U and Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Borowski, Christian and Wenzhoefer, Frank and Dubilier, Nicole}
}
@article {Pester2011,
	title = {{A new Fe/Mn geothermometer for hydrothermal systems: Implications for high-salinity fluids at 13{\textdegree}N on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {24},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {7881{\textendash}7892},
	abstract = {Field and experimental investigations demonstrate the chemistry of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent fluids reflects fluid{\textendash}mineral reaction at higher temperatures than those typically measured at the seafloor. To account for this and, in turn, be able to better constrain sub-seafloor hydrothermal processes, we have developed an empirical geothermometer based on the dissolved Fe/Mn ratio in high-temperature fluids. Using data from basalt alteration experiments, the relationship; T ({\textdegree}C)~=~331.24~+~112.41*log[Fe/Mn] has been calibrated between 350 and 450~{\textdegree}C. The apparent Fe{\textendash}Mn equilibrium demonstrated by the experimental data is in good agreement with natural vent fluids, suggesting broad applicability. When used in conjunction with constraints imposed by quartz solubility, associated sub-seafloor pressures can be estimated for basalt-hosted systems. As an example, this methodology is used to interpret new data from 13{\textdegree}N on the East Pacific Rise, where high-temperature fluids both enriched and depleted in chloride (339{\textendash}646~mmol/kg), relative to seawater, are actively venting within a close proximity. Accounting for these variable salinities, active phase separation is clearly taking place at 13{\textdegree}N, yet the fluid Fe/Mn ratios and the silica concentrations suggest equilibration at temperatures less than those coinciding with the two-phase region. These data show the chloride-enriched fluid reflects the highest temperature and pressure (\~{}432~{\textdegree}C, 400~bars) of equilibration, consistent with circulation near the top of the inferred magma chamber. This is in agreement with the elevated CO2 concentration relative to the chloride-depleted fluids. The noted temperature derived from the Fe/Mn geothermometer is higher than the critical temperature for a fluid of equivalent salinity. This carries the important implication that, despite being chloride-enriched relative to seawater, these fluids evolved as the vapor component of even higher salinity brine.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2011.08.043},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.08.043},
	author = {Pester, N J and Rough, M and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Deardorff2011,
	title = {{Observations of eruptive plume dynamics and pyroclastic deposits from submarine explosive eruptions at NW Rota-1, Mariana arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {202},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {47{\textendash}59},
	abstract = {Observations at the submarine volcano NW Rota-1, Mariana arc, have provided a unique opportunity to study basaltic explosive eruptions at {\~{}}~550~m below sea level. In particular, during one week of observations in 2006, the active vent evolved from a region of diffuse gas venting and slow lava effusion to a focused vent that emitted a nearly continuous stream of gas with entrained juvenile pyroclasts. The eruptions were small, strombolian bursts that ejected bomb-sized pyroclasts meters above the vent and produced buoyant plumes that rose tens of meters above the vent and contained variable amounts of ash. Sampled pyroclasts are dominantly coarse ash and lapilli with fluidal textures that provide evidence of magmatic fragmentation. However, the blocky morphologies of some clasts, combined with visual evidence of secondary fragmentation, suggest that quench granulation due to rapid cooling was also important in pyroclast formation. Rapid cooling is also suggested by the slow rise of buoyant plumes (which indicates a low heat content and small density contrast with surrounding seawater). Rapid plume deceleration in seawater limited deposition of coarse ash, lapilli, and bombs to within a few meters of the vent, and allowed recycling of <={\~{}}15{\%} of the ejected clasts. Petrologic evidence for pyroclast recycling is provided by numerous microcrystalline inclusions incorporated within microlite-poor matrix glass. The matrix glass within these inclusions is strongly enriched in chlorine (},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.01.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.01.003},
	author = {Deardorff, N D and Cashman, K V and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {ISI:000295799400034,
	title = {{The relative effects of particles and turbulence on acoustic scattering from deep-sea hydrothermal vent plumes}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA},
	volume = {130},
	number = {4, 1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {1856{\textendash}1867},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Acoustic methods are applied to the investigation and monitoring of a vigorous hydrothermal plume within the Main Endeavor vent field at the Endeavor segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Forward propagation and scattering from suspended particulates using Rayleigh scattering theory is shown to be negligible (log-amplitude variance sigma(2)(chi) similar to 10(-7)) compared to turbulence induced by temperature fluctuations (sigma(2)(chi) similar to 0.1). The backscattering from turbulence is then quantified using the forward scattering derived turbulence level, which gives a volume backscattering strength of s(V) = 6.5 x 10(-8) m(-1). The volume backscattering cross section from particulates can range from s(V) = 3.3 x 10(-6) to 7.2 x 10(-10) m(-1) depending on the particle size. These results show that forward scatter acoustic methods in hydrothermal vent applications can be used to quantify turbulence and its effect on backscatter measurements, which can be a dominant factor depending on the particle size and its location within the plume. (C) 2011 Acoustical Society of America. {\{}[{\}}DOI: 10.1121/1.3624816]},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	doi = {10.1121/1.3624816},
	author = {Xu, Guangyu and Di Iorio, Daniela}
}
@article {Seyfried2011,
	title = {{Vent fluid chemistry of the Rainbow Hydrothermal System (36 degrees N, MAR): Phase equilibria and in-situ pH controls on subseafloor alteration processes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1574{\textendash}1593},
	abstract = {The Rainbow hydrothermal field is located at 36{\textdegree}13.8'N{\textendash}33{\textdegree}54.15'W at 2300~m depth on the western flank of a non-volcanic ridge between the South AMAR and AMAR segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The hydrothermal field consists of 10{\textendash}15 active chimneys that emit high-temperature (\~{}365~{\textdegree}C) fluid. In July 2008, vent fluids were sampled during cruise KNOX18RR, providing a rich dataset that extends in time information on subseafloor chemical and physical processes controlling vent fluid chemistry at Rainbow. Data suggest that the Mg concentration of the hydrothermal end-member is not zero, but rather 1.5{\textendash}2~mmol/kg. This surprising result may be caused by a combination of factors including moderately low dissolved silica, low pH, and elevated chloride of the hydrothermal fluid. Combining end-member Mg data with analogous data for dissolved Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and H2, permits calculation of mineral saturation states for minerals thought appropriate for ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at temperatures and pressures in keeping with constraints imposed by field observations. These data indicate that chlorite solid solution, talc, and magnetite achieve saturation in Rainbow vent fluid at a similar pH(T,P) (400~{\textdegree}C, 500~bar) of approximately 4.95, while higher pH values are indicated for serpentine, suggesting that serpentine may not coexist with the former assemblage at depth at Rainbow. The high Fe/Mg ratio of the Rainbow vent fluid notwithstanding, the mole fraction of clinochlore and chamosite components of chlorite solid solution at depth are predicted to be 0.78 and 0.22, respectively. In situ pH measurements made at Rainbow vents are in good agreement with pH(T,P) values estimated from mineral solubility calculations, when the in situ pH data are adjusted for temperature and pressure. Calculations further indicate that pH(T,P) and dissolved H2 are extremely sensitive to changes in dissolved silica owing to constraints imposed by chlorite solid solution-fluid equilibria. Indeed, the predicted correlation between dissolved silica and H2 defines a trend that is in good agreement with vent fluid data from Rainbow and other high-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems. We speculate that the moderate concentrations of dissolved silica in vent fluids from these systems result from hydrothermal alteration of plagioclase and olivine in the form of subsurface gabbroic intrusions, which, in turn are variably replaced by chlorite~+~magnetite~+~talc~{\textpm}~tremolite, with important implications for pH lowering, dissolved sulfide concentrations, and metal mobility.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2011.01.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.01.001},
	author = {Seyfried, W E and Pester, N J and Ding, K and Rough, M}
}
@article {Olu2010,
	title = {{Biogeography and Potential Exchanges Among the Atlantic Equatorial Belt Cold-Seep Faunas}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {e11967},
	abstract = {Like hydrothermal vents along oceanic ridges, cold seeps are patchy and isolated ecosystems along continental margins, extending from bathyal to abyssal depths. The Atlantic Equatorial Belt (AEB), from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of Guinea, was one focus of the Census of Marine Life ChEss (Chemosynthetic Ecosystems) program to study biogeography of seep and vent fauna. We present a review and analysis of collections from five seep regions along the AEB: the Gulf of Mexico where extensive faunal sampling has been conducted from 400 to 3300m, the Barbados accretionary prism, the Blake ridge diapir, and in the Eastern Atlantic from the Congo and Gabon margins and the recently explored Nigeria margin. Of the 72 taxa identified at the species level, a total of 9 species or species complexes are identified as amphi-Atlantic. Similarity analyses based on both Bray Curtis and Hellinger distances among 9 faunal collections, and principal component analysis based on presence/absence of megafauna species at these sites, suggest that within the AEB seep megafauna community structure is influenced primarily by depth rather than by geographic distance. Depth segregation is observed between 1000 and 2000m, with the middle slope sites either grouped with those deeper than 2000m or with the shallower sites. The highest level of community similarity was found between the seeps of the Florida escarpment and Congo margin. In the western Atlantic, the highest degree of similarity is observed between the shallowest sites of the Barbados prism and of the Louisiana slope. The high number of amphi-atlantic cold-seep species that do not cluster according to biogeographic regions, and the importance of depth in structuring AEB cold-seep communities are the major conclusions of this study. The hydrothermal vent sites along the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) did not appear as {\textquotedblleft}stepping stones{\textquotedblright} for dispersal of the AEB seep fauna, however, the south MAR and off axis regions should be further explored to more fully test this hypothesis.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0011967},
	author = {Olu, K and Cordes, E E and Fisher, C R and Brooks, J M and Sibuet, M and Desbruyeres, D}
}
@inbook {Baker2010,
	title = {{Biogeography, Ecology and Vulnerability of Chemosynthetic Ecosystems in the Deep Sea}},
	booktitle = {Life in the World{\textquoteright}s Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {161{\textendash}182},
	publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	organization = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	author = {Baker, M C and Ramirez-Llodra, E and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Boetius, A and Cordes, E E and Dubilier, N and Fisher, C R and Levin, L A and Metaxas, A and Rowden, R and Santos, R S and Shank, R and Van Dover, C L and Young, C and Waren, A}
}
@article {German2010,
	title = {{Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {14020{\textendash}14025},
	abstract = {Thirty years after the first discovery of high-temperature submarine venting, the vast majority of the global mid-ocean ridge remains unexplored for hydrothermal activity. Of particular interest are the world{\textquoteright}s ultraslow spreading ridges that were the last to be demonstrated to host high-temperature venting but may host systems particularly relevant to prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life. Here we report evidence for previously unknown, diverse, and very deep hydrothermal vents along the similar to 110 km long, ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise (MCR). Our data indicate that the MCR hosts at least three discrete hydrothermal sites, each representing a different type of water-rock interaction, including both mafic and ultramafic systems and, at similar to 5,000 m, the deepest known hydrothermal vent. Although submarine hydrothermal circulation, in which seawater percolates through and reacts with host lithologies, occurs on all mid-ocean ridges, the diversity of vent types identified here and their relative geographic isolation make the MCR unique in the oceans. These new sites offer prospects for an expanded range of vent-fluid compositions, varieties of abiotic organic chemical synthesis and extremophile microorganisms, and unparalleled faunal biodiversity-all in close proximity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1009205107},
	author = {German, C R and Bowen, A and Coleman, M L and Honig, D L and Huber, J A and Jakuba, M V and Kinsey, J C and Kurz, M D and Leroy, S and McDermott, J M and de Lepinay, B M and Nakamura, K and Seewald, J S and Smith, J L and Sylva, S P and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Dick2010,
	title = {{Mantle melting, melt transport, and delivery beneath a slow-spreading ridge: the paleo-MAR from 23 degrees15'N to 23 degrees 45'N}},
	journal = {Journal of Petrology},
	volume = {51},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {425{\textendash}467},
	abstract = {Kane Megamullion, an oceanic core complex near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) abutting the Kane Transform, exposes nearly the full plutonic foundation of the MARK paleo-ridge segment. This provides the first opportunity for a detailed look at the patterns of mantle melting, melt transport and delivery at a slow-spreading ridge. The Kane lower crust and mantle section is heterogeneous, as a result of focused mantle melt flow to different points beneath the ridge segment in time and space, over an \~{}300{\textendash}400 kyr time scale. The association of residual mantle peridotite, dunite and troctolite with a large \~{}1 km+ thick gabbro section at the Adam Dome Magmatic Center in the southern third of the complex probably represents the crust{\textendash}mantle transition. This provides direct evidence for local melt accumulation in the shallow mantle near the base of the crust as a result of dilation accompanying corner flow beneath the ridge. Dunite and troctolite with high-Mg Cpx represent melt{\textendash}rock reaction with the mantle, and suggest that this should be taken into account in modeling the evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). Despite early precipitation of high-Mg Cpx, wehrlites similar to those in many ophiolites were not found. Peridotite modes from the main core complex and transform wall define a depletion trend coincident with that for the SW Indian Ridge projecting toward East Pacific Rise mantle exposed at Hess Deep. The average Kane transform peridotite is a lherzolite with 5{\textperiodcentered}2{\%} Cpx, whereas that from the main core complex is a harzburgite with only 3{\textperiodcentered}5{\%} Cpx. As the area corresponds to a regional bathymetric low, and the crust is apparently thin, it is likely that most residual mantle along the MAR is significantly more depleted. Thus, harzburgitic and lherzolitic ophiolite subtypes cannot be simply interpreted as slow- and fast-spreading ridges respectively. The mantle peridotites are consistent with a transform edge effect caused by juxtaposition of old cold lithosphere against upwelling mantle at the ridge{\textendash}transform intersection. This effect is far more local, confined to within 10 km of the transform slip zone, and far smaller than previously thought, corresponding to \~{}8{\%} as opposed to 12{\textperiodcentered}5{\%} melting of a pyrolitic mantle away from the transform. Excluding the transform, the overall degree of melting over 3 Myr indicated by the peridotites is uniform, ranging from \~{}11{\textperiodcentered}3 to 13{\textperiodcentered}8{\%}. Large variations in composition for a single dredge or ROV dive, however, reflect local melt transport through the shallow mantle. This produced variable extents of melt{\textendash}rock reaction, dunite formation, and melt impregnation. At least three styles of late mantle metasomatism are present. Small amounts of plagioclase with elevated sodium and titanium and alumina-depletion in pyroxene relative to residual spinel peridotites represent impregnation by a MORB-like melt. Highly variable alumina depletion in pyroxene rims in spinel peridotite probably represents cryptic metasomatism by small volumes of late transient silica-rich melts meandering through the shallow mantle. Direct evidence for such melts is seen in orthopyroxenite veins. Finally, a late hydrous fluid may be required to explain anomalous pyroxene sodium enrichment in spinel peridotites. The discontinuous thin lower crust exposed at Kane Megamullion contrasts with the {\textgreater}700 km2 1{\textperiodcentered}5 km+ thick Atlantis Bank gabbro massif at the SW Indian Ridge (SWIR), clearly showing more robust magmatism at the latter. However, the SWIR spreading rate is 54{\%} of the MAR rate, the offset of the Atlantis II Fracture Zone is 46{\%} greater and Na8 of the spatially associated basalts 16{\%} greater{\textemdash}all of which predict precisely the opposite. At the same time, the average compositions of Kane and Atlantis II transform peridotites are nearly identical. This is best explained by a more fertile parent mantle beneath the SWIR and demonstrates that crustal thickness predicted by simply inverting MORB compositions can be significantly in error.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-3530},
	doi = {10.1093/petrology/egp088},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp088},
	author = {Dick, H J B and Lissenberg, C J and Warren, J M}
}
@article {Chadwick2010,
	title = {{Northwest Rota-1 Seamount}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {182{\textendash}183},
	abstract = {Northwest Rota-1 Seamount is the first place on Earth where a submarine volcanic eruption was witnessed in 2004, and, remarkably, it appears that the volcano has been erupting continuously ever since. NW Rota-1 is located {\~{}} 100 km north of Guam in the western Pacific, within the newly designated Mariana Trench Marine National Monument (http://www.fws.gov/marianastrenchmarinemonument). With a summit depth of 520 m, it is a symmetrical cone of basaltic andesite composition (Figure 1) formed in the subduction zone setting of the Mariana volcanic arc. It was identified as a site of particular interest in 2003 when sampling of its overlying hydrothermal plume showed very high magmatic volatile input (Resing et al., 2007). Consequently, it was one of several seamounts targeted for dives with a remotely operated vehicle the following year. During these dives, an actively erupting vent was discovered at a depth of 550 m; lava, fluid, and gas samples were collected; and colonies of shrimp, limpets, and crabs (some of them new species) were found living in the volcano summit{\textquoteright}s harsh conditions (Embley et al., 2006; Lim{\'e}n et al., 2006).},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2010.82},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Resing, J A and Lupton, J E and Cashman, K V and Dziak, R P and Tunnicliffe, V and Butterfield, D A and Tamura, Y}
}
@article {ISI:000280049400003,
	title = {{Thermally stimulated {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}runaway{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} downhole flow in a superhydrostatic ocean crustal borehole: Observations, simulations, and inferences regarding crustal permeability}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An array of boreholes, drilled through a regionally continuous hydrologically confining layer of sediments into extrusive igneous basement rocks of the Juan de Fuca Ridge eastern flank, has been instrumented with CORK hydrologic observatories for long-term monitoring and fluid sampling. Omission of seals between nested casing strings reaching into basement at one site created a low-resistance connection between basement and the overlying water column, and despite the natural superhydrostatic state of basement water at that location, a {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}runaway{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} condition of cold seawater downhole flow into the crust was established, which persisted for more than 4 years. The existence of this condition, along with perturbations generated by it and by initial drilling operations observed at a properly sealed hole 2.4 km away, have been used with analytic and finite element model solutions to constrain formation permeability. The minimum threshold permeability allowing stable downhole flow is roughly 4 x 10(-13) m(2). A value of permeability similar to this (3-4 x 10(-13) m(2)) is estimated on the basis of the elapsed time for initial perturbations to propagate between the sites (similar to 2.5 days). The amplitude of the long-term flow perturbation observed at the sealed site (roughly 1.7 kPa) is smaller than that predicted by modeling (5-10 kPa). Models for flow in an anisotropically permeable layer show that this could be the consequence of low vertical permeability (e. g., arising from massive volcanic or sediment interlayering) or high permeability in the direction of the tectonic fabric generated at the ridge axis. Disagreement between the permeabilities estimated here with previous large-scale estimates appropriate for the cross-strike direction (the primary direction between the borehole sites) (10(-10)-10(-9) m(2)) is difficult to reconcile; it is possible that the holes are poorly connected to zones of high permeability that facilitate the large lateral fluid and heat fluxes previously inferred at this young crustal site.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2009JB006986},
	author = {Davis, Earl E and LaBonte, Alison and He, Jiangheng and Becker, Keir and Fisher, Andrew}
}
@article {Stevenson2009,
	title = {{AUV design: shape, drag and practical issues}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {41{\textendash}44},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Stevenson, P and Furlong, M and Dormer, D}
}
@article {Basak2009,
	title = {{Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of live (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Aleutian Margin and the Southern Australian Margin}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {89{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	author = {Basak, C and Rathburn, A E and Perez, M E and Martin, J B and Kluesner, J W and Levin, L A and De Deckker, P and Gieskes, J M and Abriani, M}
}
@article {Plouviez2009,
	title = {{Comparative phylogeography among hydrothermal vent species along the East Pacific Rise reveals vicariant processes and population expansion in the South}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {18},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {3903{\textendash}3917},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	author = {Plouviez, S and Shank, T M and Faure, B and Daguin-Thiebaut, C and Viard, F and Lallier, F H and Jollivet, D}
}
@article {Haase2009,
	title = {{Diking, young volcanism and diffuse hydrothermal activity on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Lilliput field at 9 degrees 33'S}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {266},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {52{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	author = {Haase, K M and Koschinsky, A and Petersen, S and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Melchert, B and Seifert, R and Borowski, C and Giere, O and Paulick, H}
}
@article {Solomon2009,
	title = {{Long-term hydrogeochemical records in the oceanic basement and forearc prism at the Costa Rica subduction zone}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {282},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {240{\textendash}251},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	author = {Solomon, E A and Kastner, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Robertson, G and Davis, E E and Morris, J D}
}
@article {Rona2009,
	title = {{Paleodictyon nodosum: a living fossil on the deep sea floor}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1700{\textendash}1712},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	author = {Rona, P A and Seilacher, A and de Vargas, C and Gooday, A J and Bernhard, J M and Bowser, S and Vetriani, C and Wirsen, C O and Mullineaux, L and Sherrell, R and Grassle, J F and Low, S and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Reed2009,
	title = {{Phylogenetic diversity of methanogenic, sulfate-reducing and methanotrophic prokaryotes from deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {1665{\textendash}1674},
	abstract = {Microbial communities of methanogenic, sulfate-reducing and methanotrophic prokaryotes from deep-sea environments were investigated by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the genes encoding for the methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA), dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrAB) and particulate methane monoxygenase (pmoA), respectively. Clone libraries of PCR amplified genes were constructed using DNA extracted from deep-sea vent chimneys (Rainbow and Logatchev hydrothermal vent fields, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Atlantic Ocean; 9 degrees N East Pacific Rise, Pacific Ocean) and from vertically subsampled sediment cores from cold-seep areas (Blake Ridge, western Atlantic Ocean; Florida Escarpment, Gulf of Mexico). Recombinant clones were screened by RFLP and representative dsrAB, mcrA and pmoA genes were sequenced. The dsrAB sequences grouped primarily within the orders Desulfobacterales, Syntrophobacterales and the Gram-positive order Clostridales. Cold-seep mcrA sequences were distributed among the ANME-2c, -2d and -2e groups, which were previously shown to be associated with the anaerobic oxidation of methane. This study also reports the first mcrA sequences from a high-temperature, black smoker chimney (Logatchev) to group within the ANME-2e subgroup. The majority of the remaining hydrothermal vent mcrA sequences were primarily related to thermophilic members of the anaerobic, methanogenic order Methanococcales. A shift in the dominant ANME-2 group with depth in the sediment for both Florida Escarpment and Blake Ridge mcrA libraries was detected. ANME-2d related clones were detected in the top zones of both cores, with the frequency of ANME-2e related clones increasing with depth. All pmoA sequences retrieved from the cold-seep sites were found to be related to Type I methanotrophic members of the gamma-proteobacteria, and were primarily distributed among three major clusters of sequences. No Type II pmoA sequences related to methanotrophic members of the alpha-proteobacteria were detected, suggesting that the methanotrophic communities in these cold-seep areas are dominated by Type I gamma-proteobacteria. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.012},
	author = {Reed, A J and Dorn, Ruth and Van Dover, C L and Lutz, R A and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Shin2009,
	title = {{Superoxide dismutase from the eukaryotic thermophile Alvinella pompejana: Structures, stability, mechanism, and insights into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
	volume = {385},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1534{\textendash}1555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2836},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	author = {Shin, D S and DiDonato, M and Barondeau, D P and Hura, G L and Hitomi, C and Berglund, J A and Getzoff, E D and Cary, S C and Tainer, J A}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe2009,
	title = {{Survival of mussels in extremely acidic waters on a submarine volcano}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {2},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {may},
	pages = {344{\textendash}348},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/NGEO500},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Davies, K T A and Butterfield, D A and Embley, R W and Rose, J M and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Clague2009,
	title = {{Widespread strombolian eruptions of mid-ocean ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {180},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {171{\textendash}188},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.08.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.08.007},
	author = {Clague, D A and Paduan, J B and Davis, A S}
}
@article {DitteL2008,
	title = {{Biology of the vent crab Bythograea thermydron: A brief review}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {63{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[63:BOTVCB]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[63:BOTVCB]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {DitteL, A I and Perovich, G and Epifanio, C E}
}
@article {Delacour2008b,
	title = {{Carbon geochemistry of serpentinites in the Lost City Hydrothermal System (30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {15},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3681{\textendash}3702},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Schaeffer, P and Kelley, D S}
}
@inbook {Pester2008,
	title = {{The chemistry of diffuse-flow vent fluids on the Galapagos Roft (86 degrees W) : temporal vaiability and subseafloor phase equilibria controls}},
	booktitle = {Magma to microbe : modeling hydrothermal processes at ocean spreading centers},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {178},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {123{\textendash}144},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0875904432},
	doi = {10.1029/178GM07},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/178GM07},
	author = {Pester, N J and Butterfield, D A and Foustoukos, D I and Roe, K K and Ding, K and Shank, T M and Seyfried, W E},
	editor = {Lowell, R P}
}
@article {Voordeckers2008,
	title = {{Culture dependent and independent analyses of 16S rRNA and ATP citrate lyase genes: a comparison of microbial communities from different black smoker chimneys on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {12},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {627{\textendash}640},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-008-0167-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00792-008-0167-5},
	author = {Voordeckers, J W and Do, M H and Hugler, M and Ko, V and Sievert, S M and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Chadwick2008,
	title = {{Direct video and hydrophone observations of submarine explosive eruptions at NW Rota-1 volcano, Mariana arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {B08S10},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JB005215},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005215},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Cashman, K V and Embley, R W and Matsumoto, H and Dziak, R P and de Ronde, C E J and Lau, T K and Deardorff, N D and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Ammons2008,
	title = {{Distribution, habitat use and ecology of deepwater Anemones (Actiniaria) in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {55},
	number = {24-26},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2657{\textendash}2666},
	abstract = {The distribution of deepwater Actiniaria is poorly known. Rarely are these organisms identified to family, as this requires both well-preserved specimens and taxonomic expertise. Ecological information is similarly lacking. From the results of a comprehensive surveying program in the deep Gulf of Mexico, we report the occurrence of nine species of Actiniaria. For the most abundant four of these, we plot distributions and discuss habitat use, morphological variation, and feeding strategies. Actiniaria in the Gulf appear to have broad, basin-wide distributions with little depth preference. Faunal biomass is highest in the NE Gulf within submarine canyons or at the base of slope escarpments. Attachment mode is mostly opportunistic on various types of hard substrata, including trash. Sediment-dwelling forms are very abundant at an organically rich site within a large submarine canyon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.015},
	author = {Ammons, A W and Daly, M}
}
@article {Melchert2008,
	title = {{First evidence for high-temperature off-axis venting of deep crustal/mantle heat: The Nibelungen hydrothermal field, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {61{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	author = {Melchert, B and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Seifert, R and Walter, M and Mertens, C and Yoerger, D R and Baker, E T and Paulick, H and Nakamura, K}
}
@article {Boschi2008,
	title = {{Isotopic and element exchange during serpentinization and metasomatism at the Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N): Insights from B and Sr isotope data}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {7},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1801{\textendash}1823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	author = {Boschi, C and Dini, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Drazen2008,
	title = {{Lipid, sterols and fatty acid composition of abyssal holothurians and ophiuroids from the North-East Pacific Ocean: Food web implications}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.013},
	author = {Drazen, J C and Phleger, C F and Guest, M A and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Dattagupta2008,
	title = {{Modification of sediment geochemistry by the hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi: A combined empirical and modeling approach}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {9},
	year = {2008},
	month = {may},
	pages = {2298{\textendash}2315},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.02.016},
	author = {Dattagupta, S and Arthur, M A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Delacour2008a,
	title = {{Sr- and Nd-isotope geochemistry of the Atlantis Massif (30 degress N, MAR): Implications for fluid fluxes and lithospheric heterogeneity}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Frank, M and Gutjahr, M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Delacour2008,
	title = {{Sulfur in peridotites and gabbros at Lost City (30 degrees N, MAR): Implications for hydrothermal alteration and microbial activity during serpentinization}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {20},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {5090{\textendash}5110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Luther2008,
	title = {{Use of voltammetric solid-state (micro)electrodes for studying biogeochemical processes: Laboratory measurements to real time measurements with an in situ electrochemical analyzer (ISEA)}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {221{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B T and Ma, S and Trouwborst, R E and Moore, T S and Metzger, E and Kraiya, C and Waite, T J and Druschel, G and Sundby, B and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Shank, T M and Lewis, B L and Brendel, P J}
}
@article {Duperron2007,
	title = {{Diversity, relative abundance and metabolic potential of bacterial endosymbionts in three Bathymodiolus mussel species from cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Environmental microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1423{\textendash}1438},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01259.x},
	author = {Duperron, S and Sibuet, M and MacGregor, B J and Kuypers, M M M and Fisher, C R and Dubilier, N}
}
@article {Embley2007,
	title = {{Exploring the submarine ring of fire: Mariana Arc-Western Pacific}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.07},
	author = {Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Chadwick, W W and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and de Ronde, C E J and Nakamura, K I and Tunnicliffe, V and Dower, J F and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Glickson2007,
	title = {{Geology and hydrothermal evolution of the Mothra Hydrothermal Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06010},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001588},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001588},
	author = {Glickson, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Deschamps2007,
	title = {{Quantitative study of the deformation at Southern Explorer Ridge using high-resolution bathymetric data}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {259},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1{\textendash}17},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.007},
	author = {Deschamps, A and Tivey, M A and Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Daly2006,
	title = {{Boloceroides daphneae, a new species of giant sea anemone (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Boloceroididae) from the deep Pacific}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1241{\textendash}1247},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-005-0170-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0170-7},
	author = {Daly, M}
}
@article {McCliment2006,
	title = {{Colonization of nascent, deep-sea hydrothermal vents by a novel Archaeal and Nanoarchaeal assemblage}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {114{\textendash}125},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00874.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00874.x},
	author = {McCliment, E A and Voglesonger, K M and O{\textquoteright}Day, P A and Dunn, E E and Holloway, J R and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Kristall2006,
	title = {{Growth history of a diffusely venting sulfide structure from the Juan de Fuca Ridge: A petrological and geochemical study}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q07001},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001166},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001166},
	author = {Kristall, B and Kelley, D S and Hannington, M D and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Boschi2006,
	title = {{Mass transfer and fluid flow during detachment faulting and development of an oceanic core complex, Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q01004},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001074},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001074},
	author = {Boschi, C and Fruh-Green, G L and Delacour, A and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {DeChaine2006,
	title = {{Off-axis symbiosis found: characterization and biogeography of bacterial symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from Lost City hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {11},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1902{\textendash}1912},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.01113.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.01113.x},
	author = {DeChaine, E G and Bates, A E and Shank, T M and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {Davis2006,
	title = {{Transient formation fluid pressures and temperatures in the Costa Rica forearc prism and subducting oceanic basement: CORK monitoring at ODP Sites 1253 and 1255}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {245},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {232{\textendash}244},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.042},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.042},
	author = {Davis, E E and Villinger, H W}
}
@article {VanDover2005,
	title = {{Community structure in mussel beds at Logatchev hydrothermal vents and a comparison of macrofaunal species richness on slow- and fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {110{\textendash}120},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2005.00047.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2005.00047.x},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Doerries, M B}
}
@article {Dreyer2005,
	title = {{Development of macrofaunal community structure in mussel beds on the northern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {121{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps302121},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps302121},
	author = {Dreyer, J C and Knick, K E and Flickinger, W B and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Ding2005,
	title = {{The in situ pH of hydrothermal fluids at mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {237},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {167{\textendash}174},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.041},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.041},
	author = {Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Zhang, Z and Tivey, M K and Von Damm, K L and Bradley, A M}
}
@article {Collins2005,
	title = {{A new deepwater species of Stauromedusae, Lucernaria janetae (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Lucernariidae), and a preliminary investigation of Stauromedusan phylogeny based on nuclear and mitchondrial rDNA data}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {208},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {221{\textendash}230},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/208/3/221},
	author = {Collins, A G and Daly, M}
}
@article {Fleutelot2005,
	title = {{Petrogenetic variability along the North-South Propagating Spreading Center of the North Fiji Basin}},
	journal = {Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {55{\textendash}86},
	issn = {0930-0708},
	doi = {10.1007/s00710-004-0061-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-004-0061-5},
	author = {Fleutelot, C and Eissen, J P and Dosso, L and Juteau, T and Launeau, P and Bollinger, C and Cotten, J and Danyushevsky, L and Savoyant, L}
}
@article {Kelley2005a,
	title = {{A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: The lost city hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {307},
	number = {5714},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1428{\textendash}1434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102556},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Yoerger, D R and Shank, T M and Butterfield, D A and Hayes, J M and Schrenk, M O and Olson, E J and Proskurowski, G and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Larson, B I and Ludwig, K A and Glickson, D A and Buckman, K and Bradley, A S and Brazelton, W J and Roe, K and Elend, M J and Delacour, A and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Summons, R T and Sylva, S P}
}
@article {Gallager2004,
	title = {{Contribution of fine-scale vertical structure and swimming behavior to formation of plankton layers on Georges Bank}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {267},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {27{\textendash}43},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps267027},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps267027},
	author = {Gallager, S M and Yamazaki, H and Davis, C S}
}
@article {Davis2004,
	title = {{Costa Rica Rift revisited: Constraints on shallow and deep hydrothermal circulation in young oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {222},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {863{\textendash}879},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.032},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K and He, J}
}
@article {Dahlgren2004,
	title = {{Fauna of whale falls: Systematics and ecology of a new polychaete (Annelida: Chrysopetalidae) from the deep Pacific Ocean.}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {12},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1873{\textendash}1887},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.07.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.07.017},
	author = {Dahlgren, T and Glover, A G and Baco, A R and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Wheat2004a,
	title = {{Heat flow through a basaltic outcrop on a sedimented young ridge flank}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q12006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000700},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Fisher, A T and Kadko, D and Davis, E E and Baker, E T and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Davis2004a,
	title = {{Hydrological response to a seafloor spreading episode on the Juan de Fuca ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {430},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {335{\textendash}338},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature02755},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02755},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K and Dziak, R P and Cassidy, J F and Wang, K and Lilley, M}
}
@article {Debenham2004,
	title = {{The impact of whale falls on nematode abundance in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {701{\textendash}706},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.02.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.02.004},
	author = {Debenham, N J and Lambshead, P J D and Ferrero, T J and Smith, C R}
}
@article {DiMeo-Savoie2004,
	title = {{Physicochemical characterization of the microhabitat of the epibionts associated with Alvinella pompejana, a hydrothermal vent annelid}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {68},
	number = {9},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {2055{\textendash}2066},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.039},
	author = {Di Meo-Savoie, C A and Luther, G W and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Becker2004,
	title = {{Temperature and video logs from the upper oceanic crust, Holes 504B and 896A, Costa Rica Rift flank: implications for the permeability of upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {222},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {881{\textendash}896},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.033},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.033},
	author = {Becker, K and Davis, E E and Spiess, F N and DeMoustier, C P}
}
@article {Wheat2004,
	title = {{Venting formation fluids from deep sea boreholes in a ridge flank setting: ODP Sites 1025 and 1026}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q08007},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000710},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000710},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H and Lebon, G}
}
@article {Dreyer2004,
	title = {{Vesicomyicola trifurcata, a new genus and species of commensal polychaete (Annelida:Polychaeta:Nautiliniellidae) found in deep-sea clams from the Blake Ridge cold seep}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {117},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {106{\textendash}113},
	issn = {0006-324X},
	author = {Dreyer, J and Miura, T and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Sims2003,
	title = {{Aberrant youth: Chemical and isotopic constraints on the young off-axis lavas of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {10},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8621},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000443},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000443},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Blichert-Toft, J and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Goldstein, S J and Johnson, P and DePaolo, D J and Hart, S R and Murrell, M T and Michael, P J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A}
}
@article {VanDover2003a,
	title = {{Blake Ridge methane seeps: Characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {281{\textendash}300},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Aharon, P and Bernhard, J M and Caylor, E and Doerries, M B and Flickinger, W and Gilhooly, W and Goffredi, S K and Knick, K E and Macko, S A and Rapoport, S and Raulfs, E C and Ruppel, C and Salerno, J L and Seitz, R D and Sen Gupta, B K and Shank, T M and Turnipseed, M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Seyfried2003,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geochemical controls in the aftermath of June 1999 seismic events}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2429},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JB001957},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001957},
	author = {Seyfried, W E and Seewald, J S and Berndt, M E and Ding, K and Foustoukos, D}
}
@article {Davis2003,
	title = {{Deep-ocean temperature variations and implications for errors in seafloor heat flow determinations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2034},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB001695},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001695},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Becker, K and Thomson, R E and Yashayaev, I}
}
@article {Turnipseed2003,
	title = {{Diversity in mussel-beds at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {518{\textendash}523},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00465.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00465.x},
	author = {Turnipseed, M and Knick, K E and Lipcius, R N and Dreyer, J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@inbook {Smith2003a,
	title = {{Ecology of the deep Pacific Ocean floor}},
	booktitle = {Ecosystems of the deep ocean},
	series = {Ecosystems of the world},
	number = {28},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {179{\textendash}218},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {044482619X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Demopoulos, A W J},
	editor = {Tyler, P A}
}
@article {Demopoulos2003,
	title = {{Evaluation of excess 234Th activity in sediments as an indicator of food quality for deep-sea deposit feeders}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {61},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {267{\textendash}284},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224003322005096},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224003322005096},
	author = {Demopoulos, A W J and Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L}
}
@article {Doerries2003,
	title = {{Higher-taxon richness as a surrogate for species richness in chemosynthetic communities}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {50},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {749{\textendash}755},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00052-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00052-9},
	author = {Doerries, M B and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Dziak2003,
	title = {{Hydrothermal temperature changes at the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge associated with MW 6.2 Blanco Transform earthquake}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {119{\textendash}122},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0119:HTCATS>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031{\%}3C0119:HTCATS{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Chadwick, W W and Fox, C G and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Schrenk2003,
	title = {{Incidence and diversity of mcroorganisms within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {3580{\textendash}3592},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.6.3580-3592.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.6.3580-3592.2003},
	author = {Schrenk, M O and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Becker2003,
	title = {{New evidence for age variation and scale effects of permeabilities of young oceanic crust from borehole thermal and pressure measurements}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {210},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {499{\textendash}508},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00160-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00160-2},
	author = {Becker, K and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Wheat2003,
	title = {{Seawater transport and reaction in upper oceanic basaltic basement: Chemical data from continuous monitoring of sealed boreholes in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {216},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {549{\textendash}564},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H}
}
@article {Sims2002,
	title = {{Chemical and isotopic constraints on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {19},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3481{\textendash}3504},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Goldstein, S J and Blichert-Toft, J and Perfit, M R and Kelemen, P and Fornari, D J and Michael, P J and Murrell, M T and Hart, S R and DePaolo, D J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A and Jull, M and Bender, J}
}
@article {Colaco2002,
	title = {{Delta 13C signature of hydrothermal mussels is related with the end-member fluid concentrations of H2S and CH4 at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent fields}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {259{\textendash}262},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/cbm/?execution=e1s2{\&}{\_}eventId=viewarticledetails{\&}articleId=3940},
	author = {Colaco, A and Dehairs, F and Desbruyeres, D and Le Bris, N and Sarradin, P -M}
}
@article {Biscoito2002,
	title = {{Fishes from the hydrothermal vents and cold seeps: An update}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {359{\textendash}362},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-359-362.pdf},
	author = {Biscoito, M and Segonzac, M and Almeida, A J and Desbruyeres, D and Geistdoerfer, P and Turnipseed, M and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Torres2002,
	title = {{Fluid and chemical flux in and out of sediments hosting methane hydrate deposits on Hydrate Ridge, OR, II: Hydrological processes}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {201},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {525{\textendash}540},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00733-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00732-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00733-1},
	author = {Torres, M E and McManus, J and Hammond, D E and De Angelis, M A and Heeschen, K U and Colbert, S L and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Suess, E and Torres, M E}
}
@article {Petitt2002,
	title = {{The Hawaii-2 Observatory}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {245{\textendash}253},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/JOE.2002.1002479},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2002.1002479},
	author = {Petitt, R A and Harris, D W and Wooding, B and Bailey, J and Jolly, J and Hobart, E and Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Butler, R and Bowen, A and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Karson2002a,
	title = {{Internal structure of uppermost oceanic crust along the Western Blanco Transform Scarp: Implications for subaxial accretion and deformation at the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2181},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000051},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000051},
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}
@article {Davis2002,
	title = {{Observations of natural-state fluid pressures and temperatures in young oceanic crust and inferences regarding hydrothermal circulation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {204},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {231{\textendash}248},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00982-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00982-2},
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}
@article {Pond2002,
	title = {{Origins of long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids in the hydrothermal vent worms, Ridgea piscesae and Protis hydrothermica}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {225},
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	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps225219},
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}
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	title = {{Sister species of eastern Pacific hydrothermal vent worms (Ampharetidae, Alvinellidae, Vestimentifera) provide new mitochondrial COI clock calibration}},
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	number = {3-4},
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	author = {Chevaldonne, P and Jollivet, D and Desbruyeres, D and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Luther2001,
	title = {{Chemical speciation drives hydrothermal vent ecology}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {410},
	number = {6830},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {813{\textendash}816},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35071069},
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}
@article {Johnson2001,
	title = {{Earthquakes{\textquoteright} impact on hydrothermal systems may be far-reaching}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {82},
	number = {21},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {233{\textendash}236},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/01EO00127},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/01EO00127},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Dziak, R P and Fisher, C R and Fox, C G and Pruis, M J}
}
@article {Davis2001,
	title = {{An episode of seafloor spreading and associated plate deformation inferred from crustal fluid pressure transients}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {21,921{\textendash}953,964},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000040},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Thomson, R E and Becker, K and Cassidy, J F}
}
@article {Kelley2001,
	title = {{Geology and venting characteristics of the Mothra hydrothermal field, Endeavour segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {959{\textendash}962},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0959:GAVCOT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029{\%}3C0959:GAVCOT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Ding2001,
	title = {{In situ measurement of dissolved H (sub 2) and H (sub 2) S in high-temperature hydrothermal vent fluids at the Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {186},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {417{\textendash}425},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00257-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00257-6},
	author = {Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Tivey, M K and Bradley, A M}
}
@inbook {Smith2001a,
	title = {{Mechanisms of age-dependent mixing on the bathyal California margin: The young and the restless}},
	booktitle = {Organism-sediment interactions},
	series = {Belle W. Baruch library in marine science},
	number = {21},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {263{\textendash}278},
	publisher = {University of South Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of South Carolina Press},
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}
@article {Tryon2001a,
	title = {{A new benthic aqueous flux meter for very low to moderate discharge rates}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {48},
	number = {9},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2121{\textendash}2146},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00002-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00002-4},
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}
@article {Ravilly2001,
	title = {{NRM intensity of altered oceanic basalts across the MAR (21 degrees N, 0-1.5 Ma): A record of geomagnetic palaeointensity variation?}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {145},
	number = {2},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {401{\textendash}422},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-246x.2001.01381.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2001.01381.x},
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}
@article {Fornes2001,
	title = {{A particle introduction experiment in Santa Catalina Basin sediments: Testing the age-dependent mixing hypothesis}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {59},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {97{\textendash}112},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224001321237380},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224001321237380},
	author = {Fornes, W L and DeMaster, D J and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Martel2001,
	title = {{Species and epilimnion/hypolimnion-related differences in size at larval settlement and metamorphosis in Dreissena (Bivalvia)}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {46},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {707{\textendash}713},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2001.46.3.0707},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}46/issue{\_}3/0707.pdf},
	author = {Martel, A L and Baldwin, B S and Dermott, R M and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Garcia2001,
	title = {{Submarine growth and internal structure of ocean island volcanoes based on submarine observations of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {163{\textendash}166},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0163:SGAISO>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029{\%}3C0163:SGAISO{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Davis, M G}
}
@article {Davis2001a,
	title = {{Using ODP boreholes for studying sub-seafloor hydrogeology: Results from the first decade of CORK observations}},
	journal = {Geoscience Canada},
	volume = {28},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {171{\textendash}178},
	issn = {0315-0941},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K}
}
@inbook {Williams2000,
	title = {{Autonomous underwater simultaneous localisation and map building}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings: 2000 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation April 24-28, 2000, San Francisco Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, California},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1793{\textendash}1798},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-5886-4},
	doi = {10.1109/ROBOT.2000.844855},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2000.844855},
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}
@article {Pancost2000,
	title = {{Biomarker evidence for widespread anaerobic methane oxidation in Mediterranean sediments by a consortium of methanogenic archaea and bacteria}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1126{\textendash}1132},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.3.1126-1132.2000},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/3/1126},
	author = {Pancost, R D and Damste, J S S and De Lint, S and Van der Maarel, M J and Gottschal, J C}
}
@article {Charlou2000,
	title = {{Compared geochemical signatures and the evolution of Menez Gwen (37 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N) and Lucky Strike (37 degrees17{\textquoteright}N) hydrothermal fluids, south of the Azores triple junction on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {171},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00244-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00244-8},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Douville, E and Jean-Baptiste, P and Radford-Knoery, J and Fouquet, Y and Dapoigny, A and Stievenard, M}
}
@article {Revillon2000,
	title = {{A complex history for the Caribbean Plateau; petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the Beata Ridge, South Hispaniola}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {108},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {641{\textendash}661},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	doi = {10.1086/317953},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/317953},
	author = {Revillon, S and Hallot, E and Arndt, N T and Chauvel, C and Duncan, R A}
}
@article {Griboulard2000,
	title = {{Deep-dive observations and acoustic sonar imagery of an accretionary fold: surficial deformations on the South Barbados Wedge (Atlantic Ocean)}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciences. S{\'e}rie II, M{\'e}canique, physique, chimie, sciences de l{\textquoteright}univers, sciences de la terre},
	volume = {330},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {281{\textendash}287},
	issn = {0764-4450},
	doi = {10.1016/S1251-8050(00)00128-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)00128-2},
	author = {Griboulard, R and Deniaud, Y and Gonthier, E}
}
@article {Duplessis2000,
	title = {{Description of a new deep-water calcareous sponge (Porifera: Calcarea) from Northern California}},
	journal = {Pacific Science},
	volume = {54},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {10{\textendash}14},
	issn = {0030-8870},
	url = {http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/1593},
	author = {Duplessis, K and Reiswig, H M}
}
@article {Distel2000,
	title = {{Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents?}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {403},
	number = {6771},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {725{\textendash}726},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35001667},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001667},
	author = {Distel, D L and Baco, A R and Chuang, E and Morrill, W and Cavanaugh, C and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Johnson2000,
	title = {{Earthquake-induced changes in a hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {407},
	number = {6801},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {174{\textendash}177},
	publisher = {Macmillian Magazines Ltd},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35025040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025040},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Hutnak, M and Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Urcuyo, I and Cowen, J P and Nabelek, J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Auzende2000,
	title = {{The eastern and western tips of Manus Basin (Papua, New Guinea) explored by submersible: MANAUTE cruise}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciences. S{\'e}rie II, M{\'e}canique, physique, chimie, sciences de l{\textquoteright}univers, sciences de la terre},
	volume = {331},
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}
@article {Miller2000,
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	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {58},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {653{\textendash}673},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	doi = {10.1357/002224000321511061},
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}
@article {Davis2000,
	title = {{Formation-scale hydraulic and mechanical properties of oceanic crust inferred from pore pressure response to periodic seafloor loading}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13,413{\textendash}423,435},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900084},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900084},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Becker, K and Thomson, R E}
}
@article {DiMeo2000,
	title = {{Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {651{\textendash}658},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.2.651-658.2000},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/2/651},
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}
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	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23,523{\textendash}557,568},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900204},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900204},
	author = {Becker, N C and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Karsten, J L and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Butler2000,
	title = {{Hawaii-2 Observatory pioneers opportunities for remote instrumentation in ocean studies}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {81},
	number = {15},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {157,162{\textendash}163},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/00EO00105},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/00EO00105},
	author = {Butler, R and Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Yoerger, D R and Petitt, R and Harris, D and Wooding, F B and Bowen, A D and Bailey, J and Jolly, J and Hobart, E and Hildebrand, J A and Dodeman, A H}
}
@article {Driscoll2000a,
	title = {{The motion of a deep-sea remotely operated vehicle system: part 1: motion observations}},
	journal = {Ocean Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {29{\textendash}56},
	issn = {0029-8018},
	doi = {10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00076-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00076-6},
	author = {Driscoll, F R and Lueck, R G and Nahon, M}
}
@article {Driscoll2000,
	title = {{The motion of a deep-sea remotely operated vehicle system: part 2: analytical model}},
	journal = {Ocean Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {57{\textendash}76},
	issn = {0029-8018},
	doi = {10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00077-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00077-8},
	author = {Driscoll, F R and Lueck, R G and Nahon, M}
}
@article {Singh2000a,
	title = {{Optical imaging from the ABE AUV}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {39{\textendash}43},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Singh, H and Pizarro, O and Duester, A and Howland, J C}
}
@article {Screaton2000,
	title = {{Permeability of a decollement zone: Results from a two-well experiment in the Barbados accretionary complex}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {21,403{\textendash}421,410},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900220},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900220},
	author = {Screaton, E and Carson, B and Davis, E and Becker, K}
}
@article {Becker2000,
	title = {{Plugging the seafloor with CORKs}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {14{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/dfino/2005/4/v42n1-becker-davis{\_}2258.pdf},
	author = {Becker, K and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Chave2000,
	title = {{Putting H20 in the ocean}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {6{\textendash}9},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Butler, R}
}
@article {Embley2000,
	title = {{Recent eruptions on the CoAxial segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for mid-ocean ridge accretion processes}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {16,501{\textendash}516,525},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900030},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Perfit, M R and Smith, M C and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Dziak2000,
	title = {{Recent tectonics of the Blanco Ridge, eastern blanco transform fault zone}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {423{\textendash}450},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Embley, R W and Nabelek, J L and Braunmiller, J and Koski, R A}
}
@article {Chevaldonne2000,
	title = {{Thermotolerance and the {\textquoteleft}Pompeii worms{\textquoteright}}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {208},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {293{\textendash}295},
	author = {Chevaldonne, P and Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Desbruyeres, D and Jollivet, D and Zal, F and Toulmond, A}
}
@article {DiMeo1999,
	title = {{A new device for sampling small volumes of water from marine micro-environments}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {46},
	number = {7},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1279{\textendash}1287},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00002-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00002-3},
	author = {Di Meo, C A and Wakefield, J R and Cary, S C}
}
@inbook {Singh1999,
	title = {{Quantitative stereo imaging from the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE)}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}99 MTS/IEEE: Riding the crest into the 21st century},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {52{\textendash}57},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	isbn = {0-7803-5629-2},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1999.799706},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1999.799706},
	author = {Singh, H and Weyer, F and Howland, J and Duester, A and Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A}
}
@article {Davis1999,
	title = {{Tidal pumping of fluids within and from the oceanic crust: new observations and opportunities for sampling the crustal hydrosphere}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {172},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {141{\textendash}149},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00197-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00197-1},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K}
}
@book {Davis1998,
	title = {{Automated analysis of zooplankton size and taxonomic composition}},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Instutution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Instutution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA348771},
	author = {Davis, C S and Gallager, S M and Stewart, K}
}
@article {Gao1998,
	title = {{Computer-aided interpretation of side-looking sonar images from the eastern intersection of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge with the Kane Transform}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B9},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {14,20,921{\textendash}997},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/98JB00165},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JB00165},
	author = {Gao, D and Hurst, S D and Karson, J A and Delaney, J R and Speiss, F N}
}
@article {Lutz1998,
	title = {{A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community dominated by Stauromedusae}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {329{\textendash}334},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00047-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00047-7},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Desbruyeres, D and Shank, T M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@book {Buck1998,
	title = {{Faulting and magmatism at mid-ocean ridges}},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Buck, W R and Delaney, P T and Karson, J A and Lagabrielle, L}
}
@article {Wheat1998,
	title = {{Hydrothermal fluid circulation through the sediment of Crater Lake, Oregon: pore water and heat flow constraints}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9931{\textendash}9944},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB03391},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB03391},
	author = {Wheat, C G and McManus, J and Dymond, J and Collier, R and Whiticar, M}
}
@article {Drazen1998,
	title = {{Sediment community response to a temporally varying food supply at an abyssal station in the N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {893{\textendash}913},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00007-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00007-1},
	author = {Drazen, J C and Baldwin, R J and Smith, K L}
}
@article {Smith1998a,
	title = {{Sediment community structure around a whale skeleton in the deep Northeast Pacific: Macrofaunal, microbial and bioturbation effects}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {335{\textendash}364},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Maybaum, H L and Baco, A R and Pope, R H and Carpenter, S D and Yager, P L and Macko, S A and Deming, J W}
}
@article {Mottl1998,
	title = {{Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0051:WSDOMO>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026{\%}3C0051:WSDOMO{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Wheat, G and Baker, E and Davis, E and Feely, R and Grehan, A and Kadko, D and Lilley, M and Massoth, G and Moyer, C and Sansone, F}
}
@article {Dril1997,
	title = {{Geochemistry of basalts from the western Woodlark, Lau and Manus basins: implications for their petrogenesis and source rock compositions}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {142},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {57{\textendash}83},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00041-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00041-8},
	author = {Dril, S I and Kuzmin, M I and Tsipukova, S S and Zonenshain, L P}
}
@article {Langmuir1997,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents near a mantle hot spot: The Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {69{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	author = {Langmuir, C and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Van Dover, C L and Von Damm, K L and Tivey, M K and Colodner, D and Charlou, J L and Desonie, D and Wilson, D and Fouquet, Y and Klinkhammer, G and Bougault, H}
}
@article {Fornari1997,
	title = {{Inductively coupled link (ICL) temperature probes for hot hydrothermal fluid sampling from ROV Jason and DSV Alvin}},
	journal = {RIDGE Events},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0297.pdf},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Bradley, A and Humphris, S E and Walden, B and Deuster, A}
}
@inbook {Wooding1997,
	title = {{Mechanical design and deployment of the Hawaii-2 Observatory}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of International Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables: Marine geophysical research using undersea cables},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {172{\textendash}174},
	publisher = {Japan Print Center},
	organization = {Japan Print Center},
	author = {Wooding, F B and Bowen, A D and Yoerger, D R and Chave, A D and Dodeman, A H}
}
@article {Butterfield1997,
	title = {{Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry}},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {355},
	number = {1723},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {369{\textendash}386},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1364-503X},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Jonasson, I R and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Roe, K K and Embley, R E and Holden, J F and McDuff, R E and Lilley, M D and Delaney, J R}
}
@inbook {Kleinrock1996,
	title = {{Detailed structure and morphology of the TAG active hydrothermal mound and its geotectonic environment}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Humphris, S E and Shaw, P and Bowen, A and Crook, T and Davis, C S and Elder, R and Gleason, D E and Goff, J and Goldstein, L and Handley, W and Howland, J and Hussenoeder, S and Koga, K and Lerner, S and Nakamura, K and Rashid, M and Reiser Wetzel, L and Sellers, W and Sulanowska, M and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@article {Charlou1996,
	title = {{Gases and helium isotopes in high temperature solutions sampled before and after ODP Leg 158 drilling at TAG hydrothermal field (26 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3491{\textendash}3494},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL02141},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL02141},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Jean-Baptiste, P and Dapoigny, A and Rona, P A}
}
@article {Charlou1996a,
	title = {{Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge; East Pacific Rise, 17 degrees to 19 degrees S (Naudur cruise, 1993) phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {B7},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15,815{\textendash}899,919},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/96JB00880},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JB00880},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Fouquet, Y and Donval, J P and Auzende, J M and Jean-Baptiste, P and Stievenard, M and Michel, S}
}
@book {Ballard1995a,
	title = {{Exploring the Lusitania: probing the mysteries of the sinking that changed history}},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {227},
	publisher = {Warner Books},
	organization = {Warner Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-446-51851-4},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Dunmore, S}
}
@article {Distel1994,
	title = {{Evidence for phylogenetic congruence among sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts and their bivalve hosts}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
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	number = {5},
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	pages = {533{\textendash}543},
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	doi = {10.1007/BF00178852},
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	author = {Distel, D L and Felbeck, H and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {Robigou1994,
	title = {{Evolution of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {44 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {706},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Robigou, V and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Lutz1994b,
	title = {{Rapid growth at deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {371},
	number = {6499},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {663{\textendash}664},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/371663a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/371663a0},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Lilley, M D and Von Damm, K L and Desbruyeres, D}
}
@article {Toulmond1994,
	title = {{Unusual carbon dioxide-combining properties of body fluids in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {10},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1447{\textendash}1456},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90054-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90054-X},
	author = {Toulmond, A and Lallier, F H and De Frescheville, J and Childress, J J and Lee, R and Sanders, N K and Desbruyeres, D}
}
@article {Colodner1993,
	title = {{Chemistry of Lucky Strike fluids: Initial results}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {99},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Colodner, D J and Lin, J and VonDamm, K and Buttermore, L G and Kozlowski, R and Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Wilson, C}
}
@inbook {Garzke1993,
	title = {{Deep underwater exploration vehicles {\textendash} past, present and future}},
	booktitle = {Centennial meeting, technical sessions, September 15-17, 1992, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, the New York Hilton and Towers, New York, NY},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {15{\textendash}40},
	publisher = {Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers},
	organization = {Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers},
	address = {Jersey City, N.J.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Garzke, W H and Yoerger, D R and Harris, S and Dulin, R O and Brown, D K}
}
@article {Langmuir1993,
	title = {{Geological setting and characteristics of the Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {99},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Langmuir, C H and Fornari, D J and Colodner, D and Charlou, J L and Costa, I and Desbruyeres, D and Desonie, D and Emerson, T and Fiala-Medioni, A and Fouquet, Y and Humphris, S E and Saldanha, L and Sours-Page, R and Thatcher, M and Tivey, M and Van Dover, C L and Von Damm, K L and Wiese, K and Wilson, C}
}
@article {Blondel1993,
	title = {{High-resolution bathymetry and geology of Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {573},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Blondel, P and Semp{\'e}r{\'e}, J C and Robigou, V and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Childress1993a,
	title = {{Inorganic carbon uptake in hydrothermal vent tubeworms facilitated by high environmental pCO2}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {362},
	number = {6416},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {147{\textendash}149},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/362147a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362147a0},
	author = {Childress, J J and Lee, R and Sanders, N K and Felbeck, H and Oros, D and Toulmond, A and Desbruyeres, D and Brooks, J and II, Kennicutt M C}
}
@article {Robigou1993,
	title = {{Large massive sulphide deposits in a newly discovered active hydrothermal system, the High-Rise Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {17},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1887{\textendash}1890},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL01399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL01399},
	author = {Robigou, V and Delaney, J R and Stakes, D}
}
@article {Blondel1993b,
	title = {{Textural analysis and geological mapping of high-resolution sonar images: Applications to Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {573},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Blondel, P and Semp{\'e}r{\'e}, J C and Robigou, V and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Chevaldonne1992,
	title = {{... And some even hotter}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {359},
	number = {6396},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {593{\textendash}594},
	issn = {0028-0836},
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	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359593b0},
	author = {Chevaldonne, P and Desbruyeres, D and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Delaney1992,
	title = {{Geology of a vigorous hydrothermal system on the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {19,619{\textendash}663,682},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB00174},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB00174},
	author = {Delaney, J R and Robigou, V and McDuff, R E and Tivey, M K}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1992,
	title = {{Prokaryotic symbionts in marine invertebrates}},
	booktitle = {Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications},
	volume = {2nd},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3891{\textendash}3906},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-387-97258-7},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Distel, D L},
	editor = {Balows, A}
}
@inbook {Fryer1992,
	title = {{A synthesis of Leg 125 drilling of serpentine seamounts on the Mariana and Izu-Bonin Forearcs}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {593{\textendash}614},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.125.168.1992},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.125.168.1992},
	author = {Fryer, P},
	editor = {Dearmont, L H}
}
@inbook {VonDamm1991,
	title = {{A comparison of the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal solutions to other sedimented systems and experimental results}},
	booktitle = {Gulf and Peninsular Province of the Californias},
	series = {AAPG Memoirs},
	number = {47},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {743{\textendash}751},
	publisher = {American Association of Petroleum Geologists},
	organization = {American Association of Petroleum Geologists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	isbn = {0-89181-325-X},
	author = {Von Damm, K L},
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}
@article {Yoerger1991,
	title = {{Design and performance evaluation of an actively compliant underwater manipulator for full-ocean depth}},
	journal = {Journal of Robotic Systems},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {371{\textendash}392},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0741-2223},
	doi = {10.1002/rob.4620080306},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rob.4620080306},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Schempf, H and DiPietro, D M}
}
@article {DeBevoise1990,
	title = {{Carotenoids indicate differences in diet of hydrothermal vent crab, Bythograea Thermydron}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {105},
	number = {1},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {109{\textendash}115},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01344276},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01344276},
	author = {DeBevoise, A and Childress, J J and Withers, N}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1990,
	title = {{Control capabilities of Jason and its manipulator}},
	booktitle = {Subsea Work Systems and Technologies},
	series = {Ocean Resources},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {19{\textendash}29},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers.},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers.},
	address = {Boston},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7923-0953-7},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and DiPietro, D M},
	editor = {Ardus, D A}
}
@article {Embley1990,
	title = {{Geological setting of chemosynthetic communities in the Monterey Fan Valley system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {11},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1651{\textendash}1667},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	author = {Embley, R W and Eittreim, S L and McHugh, C H and Normark, W R and Rau, G H and Hecker, B and DeBevoise, A E and Greene, H G and Ryan, W B F and Harrold, C and Baxter, C}
}
@article {Paull1990,
	title = {{Geology of the strata exposed on the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {177{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	author = {Paull, C K and Freeman-Lynde, R and Bralower, T J and Garsemal, J M and Neumann, A C and D{\textquoteright}Argenio, B and Marsella, E}
}
@article {Straube1990,
	title = {{Particulate DNA in smoker fluids: Evidence for existence of microbial populations in hot hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {56},
	number = {5},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1440{\textendash}1447},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=184425{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Straube, W L and Deming, J W and Somerville, C C and Colwell, R R and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Didyk1990,
	title = {{Petroleum characteristics of the oil in a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal chimney}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {29{\textendash}40},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90033-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90033-2},
	author = {Didyk, B M and Simoneit, B R T}
}
@article {Karsten1990,
	title = {{Spatial and temporal evolution of magmatic systems beneath the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Tectonic and petrologic constraints}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {19,219{\textendash}235,256},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB12p19235},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19235},
	author = {Karsten, J L and Delaney, J R and Rhodes, J M and Liias, R A}
}
@article {Schwab1989,
	title = {{Sea-Floor Observations in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas: An Argo/SeaMARC Survey}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {171{\textendash}178},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02431044},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431044},
	author = {Schwab, W C and Uchupi, E and Ballard, R D and Dettweiler, T}
}
@article {Roth1989,
	title = {{Transport and settling of organic material in a deep-sea hydrothermal plume: evidence from particle flux measurements}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {36},
	number = {8},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1237{\textendash}1254},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(89)90103-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90103-9},
	author = {Roth, S and Dymond, J}
}
@inbook {Mullineaux1988a,
	title = {{Effects of boundary-layer flow on the settlement of organisms onto flatplates: preliminary results from Cross Seamount}},
	booktitle = {Global venting, midwater, and benthic ecological processes},
	series = {National Undersea Research Program research report},
	number = {88-4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {251{\textendash}264},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research},
	address = {Rockville, Md.},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Butman, C A and Fuller, C F},
	editor = {De Luca, M P}
}
@article {Fisher1988a,
	title = {{Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at Rose Garden}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1769{\textendash}1791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Felbeck, H and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Fisher1988b,
	title = {{Physiology, morphology, and biochemical composition of Riftia pachyptila at Rose Garden in 1985}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1745{\textendash}1758},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D and Favuzzi, J A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Dymond1988,
	title = {{Plume dispersal hydrothermal particles: a time-series record of settling flux from the Endeavour Ridge using moored sensors}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {10},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2525{\textendash}2536},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90310-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90310-9},
	author = {Dymond, J and Roth, S}
}
@article {Distel1988,
	title = {{Sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts: analysis of phylogeny, specificity, and origins by 16S ribosomal RNA sequences}},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {170},
	number = {6},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2506{\textendash}2510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	url = {http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/6/2506},
	author = {Distel, D L and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J and Pace, B and Pace, N R and Stahl, D A and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Fisher1988,
	title = {{Variation in the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica, at Rose Garden vent on the Galapagos Spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1811{\textendash}1832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Dugan, J A and Felbeck, H and Fritz, L W and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Lutz, R A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Delaney1987,
	title = {{Quartz-cemented breccias from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Samples of a high-salinity hydrothermal upflow zone}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {9175{\textendash}9192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB09p09175},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB09p09175},
	author = {Delaney, J R and Mogk, D W and Mottl, M J}
}
@inbook {Childress1987,
	title = {{Uptake and transport of sulfide in marine invertebrates}},
	booktitle = {Comparative Physiology: Life in Water and on Land},
	series = {FIDIA research series},
	number = {9},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {231{\textendash}238},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-387-96515-7},
	author = {Childress, J J},
	editor = {Dejours, P E}
}
@article {Tivey1986,
	title = {{Growth of large sulfide structures on the endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {77},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {303{\textendash}317},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(86)90142-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90142-1},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Delaney, J R}
}
@inbook {Stubblefield1986,
	title = {{NOAA{\textquoteright}s national undersea research program}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}86 Conference Record},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1447{\textendash}1451},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160314},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160314},
	author = {Stubblefield, W L and Finkle, E A and De Luca, M P}
}
@article {Arnold1985,
	title = {{Predation and avoidance responses in the foraminifera of the Galapagos hydrothermal mounds}},
	journal = {Journal of Foraminiferal Research},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {38{\textendash}42},
	issn = {0096-1191},
	doi = {10.2113/gsjfr.15.1.38},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.15.1.38},
	author = {Arnold, A J and D{\textquoteright}Escrivan, F and Parker, W C}
}
@article {Dymond1984,
	title = {{Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R; control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {48},
	number = {5},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {931{\textendash}949},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8},
	author = {Dymond, J and Lyle, M and Finney, B and Piper, D Z and Murphy, K and Conard, R and Pisias, N}
}
@article {Dymond1983,
	title = {{226Ra and 222Rn contents of Galapagos Rift hydrothermal waters: The importance of low-temperature interactions with crustal rocks}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {64},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {417{\textendash}429},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90102-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90102-4},
	author = {Dymond, J and Cobler, K and Gordon, L and Biscayne, P E and Mathieu, G}
}
@inbook {Duane1983,
	title = {{Federal program in marine polymetallic sulfide research}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}83: San Francisco, August 29-September 1, 1983: Conference},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {825{\textendash}827},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152108},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152108},
	author = {Duane, D B and Henrichs, D F and Offield, T W}
}
@article {Karson1983,
	title = {{Tectonics of ridge-transform intersections at the Kane fracture zone}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {51{\textendash}98},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00300398},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300398},
	author = {Karson, J A and Dick, H J B}
}
@article {Desbruyeres1983,
	title = {{Unusual nutrition of the Pompeii worm Alvinella pompejana (polychaetous annelid) from a hydrothermal vent environment: SEM, TEM, 13C and 15N evidence}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {75},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {201{\textendash}205},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00406003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406003},
	author = {Desbruyeres, D and Gaill, F and Laubier, L and Prieur, D and Rau, G H}
}
@inbook {Pastouret1982,
	title = {{Geologie du canyon Shamrock, marge Armoricaine (Atlantique du N.E.)}},
	booktitle = {Processus geodynamiques observes en submersible: Geodynamic processes observed from a submersible: Seminaire du 2 avril 1982},
	series = {Oceanis},
	number = {8, fasc.8},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {683{\textendash}710},
	publisher = {Institut Oceanographique},
	organization = {Institut Oceanographique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	author = {Pastouret, L and Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Beuzart, P and Dubois, P and Seguret, M and Sigal, J and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Vanney, J R}
}
@article {Southward1981,
	title = {{Bacterial symbionts and low 13C/12C ratios in tissues of Pogonophora indicate unusual nutrition and metabolism}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {293},
	number = {5834},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {616{\textendash}620},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/293616a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/293616a0},
	author = {Southward, A J and Southward, E C and Dando, P R and Rau, G H and Felbeck, H and Fl{\"u}gel, H}
}
@article {Brevart1981,
	title = {{Metallogenesis at spreading centers: Lead isotope systematics for sulfides, manganese-rich crusts, basalts, and sediments from the Cyamex and Alvin areas (East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {76},
	number = {5},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1205{\textendash}1210},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1205},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1205},
	author = {Brevart, O and Dupre, B and Allegre, C J}
}
@article {Schouten1980,
	title = {{Geometry of transform zones}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {288},
	number = {5790},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {470{\textendash}473},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/288470a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/288470a0},
	author = {Schouten, H and Karson, J A and Dick, H J B}
}
@inbook {Grassle1980,
	title = {{In situ studies of deep-sea communities}},
	booktitle = {Advanced Concepts in Ocean Measurements for Marine Biology},
	series = {Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science},
	number = {10},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {321{\textendash}332},
	publisher = {University of South Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of South Carolina Press},
	address = {Columbia, S.C.},
	isbn = {0872493881},
	author = {Grassle, J F},
	editor = {Diemer, F P}
}
@article {Cobler1980,
	title = {{Sediment trap experiment on the Galapagos Spreading Center, Equatorial Pacific}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {209},
	number = {4458},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {801{\textendash}803},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.209.4458.801},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4458.801},
	author = {Cobler, R and Dymond, J}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1980a,
	title = {{Studies on the microbial turnover of organic substances in deep sea sediments}},
	booktitle = {Biogeochimie de la Matiere Organique a l{\textquoteright}Interface Eau-Sediment Marin: Marseille 25-27 Avril 1979},
	series = {Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	volume = {293},
	number = {293},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {289{\textendash}290},
	publisher = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	organization = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	isbn = {2222026385},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O},
	editor = {Daumas, R}
}
@inbook {Mullins1979b,
	title = {{Deep carbonate bank margin structure and sedimentation in the northern Bahamas}},
	booktitle = {Geology of Continental Slopes},
	series = {Special publication - Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	number = {27},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {165{\textendash}192},
	publisher = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	organization = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C},
	editor = {Doyle, L J}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979f,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Midcayman Rise spreading center: Initial results and observations}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {66{\textendash}93},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Bryan, W B and Davis, K and de Boer, J and DeLong, S and Dick, H and Emery, K O and Fox, P J and Hempton, M and Malcolm, F and Melson, W G and Spydell, K and Stroup, I and Thompson, G and Wright, R and Uchupi, E},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@inbook {Keller1979,
	title = {{Geotechnical properties of continental slope deposits: Cape Hatteras to Hydrographer Canyon}},
	booktitle = {Geology of Continental Slopes},
	series = {Special publication - Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	number = {27},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {131{\textendash}151},
	publisher = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	organization = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	author = {Keller, G H and Lambert, D N and Bennett, R H},
	editor = {Doyle, L J}
}
@article {Williams1979,
	title = {{The hydrothermal mounds of the Galapagos Rift: Observations with DSRV Alvin and detailed heat flow studies}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {7467{\textendash}7484},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	author = {Williams, D L and Green, K and van Andel, T H and Von Herzen, R P and Dymond, J R and Crane, K}
}
@article {Phillips1979,
	title = {{A new undersea geological survey tool: Angus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {211{\textendash}225},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(79)90077-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(79)90077-3},
	author = {Phillips, J D and Driscoll, A H and Peal, K R and Marquet, W M and Owen, D M}
}
@article {Dayal1979,
	title = {{Radionuclide redistribution mechanisms at the 2800-m Atlantic nuclear waste disposal site}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {26},
	number = {12},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1329{\textendash}1345},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(79)90002-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(79)90002-5},
	author = {Dayal, R and Okubo, A and Duedall, I W and Ramamoorthy, A}
}
@inbook {Schlager1979,
	title = {{Sediment facies of platform-basin transaction, Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas}},
	booktitle = {Geology of Continental Slopes},
	series = {Special publication - Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	number = {27},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {193{\textendash}208},
	publisher = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	organization = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	author = {Schlager, W and Chermak, A},
	editor = {Doyle, L J}
}
@article {Corliss1979a,
	title = {{Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {203},
	number = {4385},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1073{\textendash}1083},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	author = {Corliss, J B and Dymond, J and Gordon, L I and Edmond, J M and Von Herzen, R P and Ballard, R D and Green, K and Williams, D and Bainbridge, A and Crane, K and van Andel, T H}
}
@article {Turekian1978,
	title = {{Bioturbation in deep-sea deposits: Rates and consequences}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {34{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Turekian, K K and Cochran, J K and DeMaster, D J}
}
@book {Bland1976,
	title = {{Alvin users manual}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {36},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bland, E L and Donnelly, J D and Shumaker, L A}
}
@inbook {Dyer1976,
	title = {{Environmental surveys of two deepsea radioactive waste disposal sites using submersibles}},
	booktitle = {Management of Radioactive Wastes from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Management of Radioactive Wastes from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle},
	series = {Proceedings Series - International Atomic Energy Agency},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {317{\textendash}338},
	publisher = {International Atomic Energy Agency},
	organization = {International Atomic Energy Agency},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {9200202764},
	author = {Dyer, R S}
}
@book {Hosom1975b,
	title = {{Alvin battery charging procedures}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {20},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Donnelly, J D and Page, W F}
}
@book {Hosom1975,
	title = {{Alvin gyrocompass performance report: 5 June 1974 to 15 September 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Donnelly, J D}
}
@book {Davis1975,
	title = {{ARPA rock drill report}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {75-28},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {29},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Davis, R E and Williams, D L and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@book {Sharp1973,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report, 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Doherty, K W}
}
@book {Ballard1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1973 - 31 July 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-92},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {82},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Maxwell, A E and Davis, R E and Eliason, A H and Hess, F R and McCamis, M J and McElroy, P T and Marquet, W M and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Daubin1972,
	title = {{Search tactics for finding lost objects at sea}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {7{\textendash}17},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Daubin, S C}
}
@book {Merrifield1970,
	title = {{Results with a deep research vehicle transponder navigation system at the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office}},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Merrifield, R and Delort, R R}
}
@book {Daubin1969,
	title = {{Deep submergence vehicles for ocean research}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-86},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {33},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Daubin, S C}
}
@article {Donnelly1968,
	title = {{1967 {\textendash} Alvin{\textquoteright}s year of science}},
	journal = {Naval Research Reviews},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {18{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-145X},
	author = {Donnelly, J D}
}
@book {Dadley1967,
	title = {{Hydrostatic proof test of Autec I (Alvin 3) personnel sphere}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1967},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Dadley, A E}
}
@book {Briggs1964,
	title = {{Alvin hull penetrator test}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964d,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis for Alvin hull number 1}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964a,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis for Alvin hull number 2}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964c,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis of Alvin buoyancy spheres}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964b,
	title = {{Stud tension tests of twelve interference fitted studs after compressive failure}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1963,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis and leak test for Alvin hull number 1}},
	series = {Final Report},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {47},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Bynum1963,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis of a model of the Alvin hull}},
	series = {Final Report},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {52},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bynum, D J and DeHart, R C}
}
