@article {RN2520,
	title = {Activities of 223Ra and 226Ra in fluids from the Lost City Hydrothermal Field require short fluid residence times},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021jc017886},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142711737},
	author = {Moore, W. S. and Frankle, J. D. and Benitez-Nelson, C. R. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L. and Lang, S. Q.}
}
@article {RN2527,
	title = {Activities of Ra-223 and Ra-226 in Fluids From the Lost City Hydrothermal Field Require Short Fluid Residence Times},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans},
	volume = {126},
	number = {12},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2021JC017886},
	author = {Moore, W. S. and Frankle, J. D. and Benitez-Nelson, C. R. and Frueh-Green, G. L. and Lang, S. Q.}
}
@article {RN2446,
	title = {Bacterial symbiont subpopulations have different roles in a deep-sea symbiosis},
	journal = {eLife},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e58371},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.7554/elife.58371},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1134365242 https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.58371},
	author = {Hinzke, Tjorven and Kleiner, Manuel and Meister, Mareike and Schl{\"u}ter, Rabea and Hentschker, Christian and Pan{\'e}-Farr{\'e}, Jan and Hildebrandt, Petra and Felbeck, Horst and Sievert, Stefan M. and Bonn, Florian and V{\"o}lker, Uwe and Becher, D{\"o}rte and Schweder, Thomas and Markert, Stephanie}
}
@article {RN2470,
	title = {Coherent pathways for subduction from the surface mixed layer at ocean fronts},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2020jc017042},
	author = {Freilich, M. and Mahadevan, A.}
}
@article {RN2457,
	title = {Expanding the repertoire of electron acceptors for the anaerobic oxidation of methane in carbonates in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-14},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-00918-w},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136330759},
	author = {Beckmann, Sabrina and Farag, Ibrahim F. and Zhao, Rui and Christman, Glenn D. and Prouty, Nancy G. and Biddle, Jennifer F.}
}
@article {RN2488,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, S. Q. and Lilley, M. D. and Baumberger, T. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L. and Walker, S. L. and Brazelton, W. J. and Kelley, D. S. and Elend, M. and Butterfield, D. A. and Mau, A. J.}
}
@article {RN2489,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, Susan Q. and Lilley, Marvin D. and Baumberger, Tamara and Frueh-Green, Gretchen L. and Walker, Sharon L. and Brazelton, William J. and Kelley, Deborah S. and Elend, Mitchell and Butterfield, David A. and Mau, Aaron J.}
}
@article {RN2454,
	title = {Extreme Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Mantle Revealed in Lavas From the 8 degrees 20 {\textquoteright} N Near-Axis Seamount Chain},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {22},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020GC009322},
	author = {Anderson, M. and Wanless, V. D. and Perfit, M. and Conrad, E. and Gregg, P. and Fornari, D. and Ridley, W. I.}
}
@article {RN2504,
	title = {Fe-catalyzed sulfide oxidation in hydrothermal plumes is a source of reactive oxygen species to the ocean},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {40},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e2026654118},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2026654118},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141521757 https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/118/40/e2026654118.full.pdf},
	author = {Shaw, Timothy J. and Luther, George W. and Rosas, Richard and Oldham, V{\'e}ronique E. and Coffey, Nicole R. and Ferry, John L. and Dias, Dewamunnage M. C. and Y{\"u}cel, Mustafa and de Chanvalon, Aubin Thibault}
}
@article {RN2515,
	title = {Fe-catalyzed sulfide oxidation in hydrothermal plumes is a source of reactive oxygen species to the ocean},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {40},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2026654118|1of7},
	author = {Shaw, T. J. and Luther, G. W. and Rosas, R. and Oldham, V. E. and Coffey, N. R. and Ferry, J. L. and Dias, D. M. C. and Yucel, M. and de Chanvalon, A. T.}
}
@article {RN2496,
	title = {Interactions between temperature and energy supply drive microbial communities in hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Communications Biology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1006},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s42003-021-02507-1},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140634439 https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02507-1.pdf},
	author = {Lagostina, Lorenzo and Frandsen, S{\o}s and MacGregor, Barbara J. and Glombitza, Clemens and Deng, Longhui and Fiskal, Annika and Li, Jiaqi and Doll, Mechthild and Geilert, Sonja and Schmidt, Mark and Scholz, Florian and Bernasconi, Stefano Michele and J{\o}rgensen, Bo Barker and Hensen, Christian and Teske, Andreas and Lever, Mark Alexander}
}
@article {RN2528,
	title = {Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-11},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-021-00537-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144475498},
	author = {Bledsoe-Becerra, Yessenia M. and Whittaker, Iesha S. and Horowitz, Jeremy and Naranjo, Katherine Medina and Johnson-Rosemond, Jicayla and Mullins, Kristen H. and Cunningham, Karena M. and Shetty, Suchir and Messinides, Samuel N. and Behney, Melinda S. and Fehsal, Jessica A. and Watson, Ashley N. and McKnight, Kaitlyn E. and Nasiadka, Teresa W. and Popa, Horia and Pettay, D. Tye and Appiah-Madson, Hannah J. and Distel, Daniel L. and Brugler, Mercer R.}
}
@article {RN2458,
	title = {Nickel isotopes and rare earth elements systematics in marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {560},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119999},
	author = {Gueguen, B. and Rouxel, O. and Fouquet, Y.}
}
@article {RN2509,
	title = {Role of Deep-Sea Equipment in Promoting the Forefront of Studies on Life in extreme environments},
	journal = {iScience},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {103299},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2021.103299},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141939143},
	author = {Liang, Jianzhen and Feng, Jing-Chun and Zhang, Si and Cai, Yanpeng and Yang, Zhifeng and Ni, Tian and Yang, Hua-Yong}
}
@article {RN2514,
	title = {Sink or float: microtextural controls on the fate of pumice deposition during the 2012 submarine Havre eruption},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {11},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {80},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s00445-021-01497-6},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142277800},
	author = {Mitchell, Samuel J. and Fauria, Kristen E. and Houghton, Bruce F. and Carey, Rebecca J.}
}
@article {RN2521,
	title = {Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {5047},
	number = {3},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {247-272},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2},
	author = {Saucier, E. H. and France, S. C. and Watling, L.}
}
@article {RN2403,
	title = {Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {649-656},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6},
	author = {Ponnudurai, R. and Heiden, S. E. and Sayavedra, L. and Hinzke, T. and Kleiner, M. and Hentschker, C. and Felbeck, H. and Sievert, S. M. and Schluter, R. and Becher, D. and Schweder, T. and Markert, S.}
}
@article {RN2445,
	title = {Complex subsurface hydrothermal fluid mixing at a submarine arc volcano supports distinct and highly diverse microbial communities},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {117},
	number = {51},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {32627-32638},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2019021117},
	author = {Reysenbach, A. L. and St John, E. and Meneghin, J. and Flores, G. E. and Podar, M. and Dombrowski, N. and Spang, A. and L{\textquoteright}Haridon, S. and Humphris, S. E. and de Ronde, C. E. J. and Tontini, F. C. and Tivey, M. and Stucker, V. K. and Stewart, L. C. and Diehl, A. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2423,
	title = {Evidence for an expanded repertoire of electron acceptors for the anaerobic oxidation of methane in authigenic carbonates in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2020.06.12.148429},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.06.12.148429},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128480116 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/06/14/2020.06.12.148429.full.pdf},
	author = {Beckmann, Sabrina and Farag, Ibrahim and Zhao, Rui and Christman, Glenn D. and Prouty, Nancy G. and Biddle, Jennifer}
}
@article {RN2437,
	title = {Methane thermometry in deep-sea hydrothermal systems: evidence for re-ordering of doubly-substituted isotopologues during fluid cooling},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2020.08.013},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130209500},
	author = {Labidi, J. and Young, E. D. and Giunta, T. and Kohl, I. E. and Seewald, J. and Tang, H. and Lilley, M. D. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L.}
}
@article {RN2418,
	title = {Selection Is a Significant Driver of Gene Gain and Loss in the Pangenome of the Bacterial Genus Sulfurovum in Geographically Distinct Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents},
	journal = {Msystems},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2379-5077},
	doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00673-19},
	author = {Moulana, A. and Anderson, R. E. and Fortunato, C. S. and Huber, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2431,
	title = {Spanning the depths or depth-restricted: Three new species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) and a new record for the hydrothermal vent Bathymodiolus thermophilus at methane seeps along the Costa Rica margin},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {103322},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103322},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129382612},
	author = {McCowin, Marina F. and Feehery, Caitlin and Rouse, Greg W.}
}
@article {RN2372,
	title = {APT: An Instrument for Monitoring Seafloor Acceleration, Pressure, and Temperature with Large Dynamic Range and Bandwidth},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {448-462},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120180132},
	author = {Davis, E. E. and Heesemann, M. and Farrugia, J. J. and Johnson, G. and Paros, J.}
}
@article {RN2381,
	title = {Carbon fixation and energy metabolisms of a subseafloor olivine biofilm},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1737-1749},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0385-0},
	author = {Smith, A. R. and Kieft, B. and Mueller, R. and Fisk, M. R. and Mason, O. U. and Popa, R. and Colwell, F. S.}
}
@article {RN2369,
	title = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent metagenome-assembled genomes provide insight into the phylum Nanoarchaeota},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {262-270},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12740},
	author = {St John, E. and Flores, G. E. and Meneghin, J. and Reysenbach, A. L.}
}
@article {RN2376,
	title = {Diverse anaerobic methane- and multi-carbon alkane-metabolizing archaea coexist and show activity in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {4},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1344-1355},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14568},
	author = {Wang, Y. Z. and Feng, X. Y. and Natarajan, V. P. and Xiao, X. and Wang, F. P.}
}
@article {RN2364,
	title = {Geology and Fluid Discharge at Dorado Outcrop, a Low Temperature Ridge-Flank Hydrothermal System},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {487-504},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007933},
	author = {Wheat, C. G. and Hartwell, A. M. and McManus, J. and Fisher, A. T. and Orcutt, B. N. and Schlicht, L. E. M. and Niedenzu, S. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2405,
	title = {Host-Microbe Interactions in the Chemosynthetic Riftia pachyptila Symbiosis},
	journal = {Mbio},
	volume = {10},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.02243-19},
	author = {Hinzke, T. and Kleiner, M. and Breusing, C. and Felbeck, H. and Hasler, R. and Sievert, S. M. and Schluter, R. and Rosenstiel, P. and Reusch, T. B. H. and Schweder, T. and Markert, S.}
}
@article {RN2359,
	title = {In situ development of a methanotrophic microbiome in deep-sea sediments},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {197-213},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/541396-018-0263-1},
	author = {Ruff, S. E. and Felden, J. and Gruber-Vodicka, H. R. and Marcon, Y. and Knittel, K. and Ramette, A. and Boetius, A.}
}
@article {RN2374,
	title = {Iron and sulfide nanoparticle formation and transport in nascent hydrothermal vent plumes},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-09580-5},
	author = {Findlay, A. J. and Estes, E. R. and Gartman, A. and Yucel, M. and Kamyshny, A. and Luther, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2362,
	title = {Lipid biomarker patterns reflect different formation environments of mussel- and tubeworm-dominated seep carbonates from the Gulf of Mexico (Atwater Valley and Green Canyon)},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {505},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {36-47},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.12.005},
	author = {Guan, H. X. and Feng, D. and Birgel, D. and Peckmann, J. and Roberts, H. H. and Wu, N. Y. and Chen, D. F.}
}
@article {RN2365,
	title = {New constraints on mantle carbon from Mid-Atlantic Ridge popping rocks},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {511},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {67-75},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.019},
	author = {Jones, M. R. and Wanless, V. D. and Soule, S. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Fornari, D. J. and Curtice, J. and Klein, F. and Le Roux, V. and Brodsky, H. and Peron, S. and Schwartz, D. M.}
}
@article {RN2398,
	title = {Remarkable Capacity for Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane at High Methane Concentration},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL084375},
	author = {Bowles, M. W. and Samarkin, V. A. and Hunter, K. S. and Finke, N. and Teske, A. P. and Girguis, P. R. and Joye, S. B.}
}
@article {RN2383,
	title = {Submarine giant pumice: a window into the shallow conduit dynamics of a recent silicic eruption},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {81},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/s00445-019-1298-5},
	author = {Mitchell, S. J. and Houghton, B. F. and Carey, R. J. and Manga, M. and Fauria, K. E. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Conway, C. E. and Wei, Z. H. and Giachetti, T.}
}
@article {RN2337,
	title = {Chemical Variations in the 1998, 2011, and 2015 Lava Flows From Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Cooling During Ascent, Lateral Transport, and Flow},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2915-2933},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007708},
	author = {Clague, D. A. and Paduan, J. B. and Dreyer, B. M. and Chadwick, W. W. and Rubin, K. R. and Perfit, M. R. and Fundis, A. T.}
}
@article {RN2354,
	title = {Deeply-sourced formate fuels sulfate reducers but not methanogens at Lost City hydrothermal field},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {755},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-19002-5},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-19002-5},
	author = {Lang, Susan Q. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, Gretchen L. and Bernasconi, Stefano M. and Brazelton, William J. and Schrenk, Matthew O. and McGonigle, Julia M.}
}
@article {RN2338,
	title = {The Final Stages of Slip and Volcanism on an Oceanic Detachment Fault at 13 degrees 48 {\textquoteright} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {3115-3127},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007536},
	author = {Parnell-Turner, R. E. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Kurz, M. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Klein, F. and Wanless, V. D. and Fornari, D. J.}
}
@article {2487,
	title = {First HOV Alvin study of the pelagic environment at Hydrographer Canyon (NW Atlantic)},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {30 - 40},
	abstract = {Continental slope canyons off the United States Atlantic coast remain poorly studied, and in particular, the distributions of pelagic organisms in waters overlying these unique environments are not well documented. During the Early Career Scientist Deep Submergence Training cruise, AT36-EAGER, the distribution of organisms in the water column overlying Hydrographer Canyon, which cuts through the northwestern Atlantic continental margin, was investigated through daytime midwater observations using HOV Alvin (AD4831) at three depths. Mixed swarms of krill and Themisto sp. amphipods were observed at all depths surveyed. Observations centered at 250 m were also dominated by chaetognaths, copepods, and Phronima sp. amphipods, while at 500 and 750 m, the assemblages were dominated by the fishes in the families Paralepididae, Nemichthyidae, and Mytophidae. Additionally, measurements of methane, nitrous oxide, optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence), dissolved organic carbon, and base-extracted particulate organic carbon were made to better characterize the hydrography and biogeochemistry over Hydrographer Canyon. This study was aided by the use of telepresence to communicate between ship and shore-based researchers, and the expedition marks the first use of SMS messaging to communicate between the submersible and the ship. This study demonstrates the capabilities and utility of using Alvin for conducting water column science.},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.001},
	author = {Netburn, Amanda N. and Kinsey, Joanna D. and Bush, Stephanie L. and Djurhuus, Anni and Fernandez, Julianne and Hoffman, Colleen L. and McVeigh, Doreen M. and Twing, Katrina I. and Bagge, Laura}
}
@article {RN2348,
	title = {The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e1701121},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701121},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/e1701121.abstract},
	author = {Carey, Rebecca and Soule, S. Adam and Manga, Michael and White, James D. L. and McPhie, Jocelyn and Wysoczanski, Richard and Jutzeler, Martin and Tani, Kenichiro and Yoerger, Dana and Fornari, Daniel and Caratori-Tontini, Fabio and Houghton, Bruce and Mitchell, Samuel and Ikegami, Fumihiko and Conway, Chris and Murch, Arran and Fauria, Kristen and Jones, Meghan and Cahalan, Ryan and McKenzie, Warren}
}
@article {RN2352,
	title = {Long-Term Stability of Back-Arc Basin Hydrothermal Vents},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {54},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2018.00054},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2018.00054},
	author = {Du Preez, Cherisse and Fisher, Charles R.}
}
@article {2479,
	title = {Microbial decomposition of marine dissolved organic matter in cool oceanic crust},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {334 - +},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-018-0109-5},
	author = {Walter, Sunita R. Shah and Jaekel, Ulrike and Osterholz, Helena and Fisher, Andrew T. and Huber, Julie A. and Pearson, Ann and Dittmar, Thorsten and Girguis, Peter R.}
}
@article {RN2349,
	title = {Models of habitat suitability, size, and age-class structure for the deep-sea black coral Leiopathes glaberrima in the Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {218-228},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064517301820},
	author = {Etnoyer, Peter J. and Wagner, Daniel and Fowle, Holly A. and Poti, Matthew and Kinlan, Brian and Georgian, Samuel E. and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {2476,
	title = {Spatially distinct, temporally stable microbial populations mediate biogeochemical cycling at and below the seafloor in hydrothermal vent fluids},
	journal = {Environmental microbiology},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {769 - 784},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14011},
	author = {Fortunato, Caroline S. and Larson, Benjamin and Butterfield, David A. and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {ISI:000399660300001,
	title = {{A decade of volcanic construction and destruction at the summit of NW Rota-1 seamount: 2004-2014}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH},
	volume = {122},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1558{\textendash}1584},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Arc volcanoes are important to our understanding of submarine volcanism because at some sites frequent eruptions cause them to grow and collapse on human timescales. This makes it possible to document volcanic processes. Active submarine eruptions have been observed at the summit of NW Rota-1 in the Mariana Arc. We use remotely operated vehicle videography and repeat high-resolution bathymetric surveys to construct geologic maps of the summit of NW Rota-1 in 2009 and 2010 and relate them to the geologic evolution of the summit area over a 10year period (2004-2014). We find that 2009 and 2010 were characterized by different eruptive styles, which affected the type and distribution of eruptive deposits at the summit. Year 2009 was characterized by ultraslow extrusion and autobrecciation of lava at a single eruptive vent, producing a large cone of blocky lava debris. In 2010, higher-energy explosive eruptions occurred at multiple closely spaced vents, producing a thin blanket of pebble-sized tephra overlying lava flow outcrops. A landslide that occurred between 2009 and 2010 had a major effect on lithofacies distribution by removing the debris cone and other unconsolidated deposits, revealing steep massive flow cliffs. This relatively rapid alternation between construction and destruction forms one end of a seamount growth and mass wasting spectrum. Intraplate seamounts, which tend to grow larger than arc volcanoes, experience collapse events that are orders of magnitude larger and much less frequent than those occurring at subduction zone settings. Our results highlight the interrelated cyclicity of eruptive activity and mass wasting at submarine arc volcanoes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JB013742},
	author = {Schnur, Susan R and Chadwick Jr., William W and Embley, Robert W and Ferrini, Vicki L and de Ronde, Cornel E J and Cashman, Katharine V and Deardorff, Nicholas D and Merle, Susan G and Dziak, Robert P and Haxel, Joe H and Matsumoto, Haru}
}
@article {ISI:000394193000005,
	title = {{Magnetic exploration of a low-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal site (Lost City, 30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {461},
	year = {2017},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {40{\textendash}45},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A 2003 high-resolution magnetic survey conducted by the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ABE over the low-temperature, ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal field Lost City reveals a weak positive magnetic anomaly. This observation is in direct contrast to recent observations of strong positive magnetic anomalies documented over the high-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vents fields Rainbow and Ashadze, which indicates that temperature may control the production of magnetization at these sites. The Lost City survey provides a unique opportunity to study a field that is, to date, one of a kind, and is an end member of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems. Our results highlight the key contribution of temperature on magnetite production resulting from serpentinization reactions. Whereas high temperature promotes significant production and partitioning of iron into magnetite, low temperature favors iron partitioning into various alteration phases, resulting in a magnetite-poor rock. Moreover, the distribution of magnetic anomalies confirms results of a previous geological survey indicating the progressive migration of hydrothermal activity upslope. These discoveries contribute to the results of 25 yrs of magnetic exploration of a wide range of hydrothermal sites, from low- to high temperature and from basalt- to ultramafic-hosted, and thereby validate using high-resolution magnetics as a crucial parameter for locating and characterizing hydrothermal sites hosting unique chemosynthetic-based ecosystems and potentially mineral-rich deposits. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.033},
	author = {Szitkar, Florent and Tivey, Maurice A and Kelley, Deborah S and Karson, Jeffrey A and Fruh-Green, Gretchen L and Denny, Alden R}
}
@article {Maher2016,
	title = {{Arsenic concentrations and species in three hydrothermal vent worms, Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulficola and Paralvinella palmiformis}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {41{\textendash}48},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents are surficial expressions of subsurface geological and hydrological processes. Fluids emitting from active vents are chemically distinct from bottom seawater, and are enriched in dissolved metals and metalloids, including arsenic. Vent organisms accumulate arsenic but the arsenic speciation in these non-photosynthetic organisms is largely unknown. Here, arsenic concentrations and chemical species were measured in three deep sea hydrothermal vent worms (Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulfincola and Paralvinella palmiformis ) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Northwest pacific. R. piscesae has similar arsenic concentrations (3.8{\textendash}35 {\textmu}g g-1) to shallow water polychaetes while P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis have significantly higher arsenic concentrations (420{\textendash}1417 and 125{\textendash}321 {\textmu}g g-1 respectively). R. piscesae contains appreciable quantities of inorganic arsenic (36{\textpm}14{\%}), monomethyl arsenic (2{\textpm}2{\%}), dimethyl arsenic (34{\textpm}21{\%}), an unknown methyl arsenical (7{\textpm}16{\%}), OSO3-arsenosugar (5{\textpm}9{\%}), TETRA (4{\textpm}5{\%}), ThioPO4/ThioDMAE (1{\textpm}2{\%}) and an unknown thio-arsenical (12{\textpm}14{\%}). These results suggests that host and symbionts are either involved in the methylation of arsenic, or are bathed in fluids enriched in methylated arsenic as a result of free-living microbial activity. The host carrying out methylation, however, cannot be ruled out. In contrast, 96{\textendash}97{\%} of the arsenic in P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis is inorganic arsenic, likely the result of arsenic precipitation within and upon the mucus they ingest while feeding. While all worms have oxo- and thio arsenosugars (2{\textendash}30{\%}), Paralvinella also have small amounts of arsenobetaine ({\textless}0.001{\textendash}0.21{\%}). The presence of arsenosugars, arsenobetaine and other minor arsenic species in the absence of photosynthesising algae/bacteria indicates that they may be formed by vent animals in the absence of sunlight, but at this time their formation cannot be explained.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.07.009},
	author = {Maher, W A and Duncan, E and Dilly, G and Foster, S and Krikowa, F and Lombi, E and Scheckel, K and Girguis, P}
}
@article {Gueguen2016,
	title = {{Comparative geochemistry of four ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Ocean and significance for the use of Ni isotopes as paleoceanographic tracers}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {189},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {214{\textendash}235},
	abstract = {{Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts are potential archive of the Ni isotope composition of seawater through time. In this study we aim at (1) understanding Ni isotope fractionation mechanisms and metal enrichment processes in Fe-Mn deposits, (2) addressing global vs. local control of Ni isotope composition of these deposits. Two Fe-Mn crusts from the North Pacific Ocean (Apuupuu Seamount, Hawaii) and two Fe-Mn crusts from the South Pacific Ocean (near Rurutu Island, Austral archipelago of French Polynesia) were characterized for their elemental geochemistry and Ni isotope composition. Geochemical analyses were performed at millimeter intervals in order to provide time-resolved record of Ni isotopes. Chronology and growth rates were determined using cosmogenic 10Be isotope abundances. The results show that, despite different growth rates, textures and geochemical patterns, Fe-Mn crusts from both North and South Pacific Oceans have fairly homogenous Ni isotope compositions over the last \~{}17 Ma, yielding average $δ$60/58Ni values of 1.79 {\textpm} 0.21{\textperthousand} (2sd},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.005},
	author = {Gueguen, B and Rouxel, O J and Rouget, M-L and Bollinger, C and Ponzevera, E and Germain, Y and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Thresher2016,
	title = {{A {\textquotedblleft}core-top{\textquotedblright} screen for trace element proxies of environmental conditions and growth rates in the calcite skeletons of bamboo corals (Isididae)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {193},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {75{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {We test for trace element proxies in the high-magnesium calcite fraction of bamboo coral internodes by comparing environmental conditions and growth rates to the specimen-mean compositions of 73 corals that were live-caught at depths ranging from 3 to 3950 m and collected from habitats ranging from tropical coral reefs to the Antarctic slope. Comparisons were done at a large geographic scale (LGS) and for a well sampled area south of Australia, across depths at a single site, in order to help separate the effects of environmental variables that co-vary at one spatial scale, but not the other. Thirty-seven trace elements were measured using solution-based Sector Field ICP-MS, of which seventeen were significantly detected in more than a third of the specimens. Only eight element/calcium ratios correlated significantly with any environmental variable at the large geographic scale, and only four did so at the local level. At the LGS, the highest correlation was between ambient temperature and Mg/Ca, which accounted for 89{\%} of the variance across specimens, spanned all four Isidid sub-families and was independently significant in the two best sampled sub-families. The predictive (geometric mean) relationship is View the MathML sourceT({\textdegree}C)=-23.9({\textpm}2.46)+0.34({\textpm}0.25)Mg/Ca(mmol/mol) Turn MathJax on spanning a temperature range of -1.9 to 26.8 {\textdegree}C, Mg/Ca ratios from 58.6 to 155.1 mmol/mol, and an uncertainty (RMS) of 2.78 {\textdegree}C. The numbers in parentheses are 95{\%} CIs. The slope of the regression does not differ significantly from that of abiotic high-Mg calcites, which suggests that the temperature-dependent incorporation of Mg into the carbonate results from kinetic reactions at the crystal surface. Analysis at the SH scale for the sub-set of specimens for which we had data suggests is also affected by growth rates. There were no obvious trace element correlates at either spatial scale of salinity or oxygen levels that could not be accounted for by covariance between these environmental parameters and, in most cases, temperature. Single and multiple correlation analyses also confirm previous suggestions that Ba/Ca in bamboo coral calcite is a proxy for seawater barium and hence refractory nutrients, suggest that Sr/Ca is influenced by specimen-mean Mg/Ca ratios and water temperature as well as possibly seawater Sr/Ca, and falsify for bamboo corals P/Ca (as well as P/Cd and Cd/Ca) as a proxy for seawater phosphate levels. The predictive relationship between Isidid skeletal-mean Ba/Ca and seawater silicate concentrations appears to be linear, and is given by View the MathML sourcesilicate($μ$molkg-1)=-56.7({\textpm}20.8)+9217({\textpm}1632)Ba/Ca(mmol/mol) Turn MathJax on spanning a silicate range of 0.5 to 120 $μ$mol kg-1, a Ba/Ca range of 0.0042 to 0.0195 mmol/mol, and with an uncertainty (RMS) of 33.1 $μ$mol kg-1. Mn/Ca differences among specimens and sites are highly significant and appear to reflect seawater Mn, suggesting a proxy for this micronutrient. The compilation of growth rate data across 34 specimens indicates a wide range of growth rates even among con-familial specimens from within a single habitat, and suggests both ambient temperature and food availability underlie at least part of this variability.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.07.033},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Fallon, S J and Townsend, A T}
}
@article {Neira2016,
	title = {{Cross-hole tracer experiment reveals rapid fluid flow and low effective porosity in the upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {450},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {355{\textendash}365},
	abstract = {Numerous field, laboratory, and modeling studies have explored the flows of fluid, heat, and solutes during seafloor hydrothermal circulation, but it has been challenging to determine transport rates and flow directions within natural systems. Here we present results from the first cross-hole tracer experiment in the upper oceanic crust, using four subseafloor borehole observatories equipped with autonomous samplers to track the transport of a dissolved tracer (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) injected into a ridge-flank hydrothermal system. During the first three years after tracer injection, SF6 was transported both north and south through the basaltic aquifer. The observed tracer transport rate of \~{}2{\textendash}3 m/day is orders of magnitude greater than bulk rates of flow inferred from thermal and chemical observations and calculated with coupled fluid-heat flow simulations. Taken together, these results suggest that the effective porosity of the upper volcanic crust through which much tracer was transported is {\textless}1{\%}, with fluid flowing rapidly along a few well-connected channels. This is consistent with the heterogeneous (layered, faulted, and/or fractured) nature of the volcanic upper oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.048},
	author = {Neira, N M and Clark, J F and Fisher, A T and Wheat, C G and Haymon, R M and Becker, K}
}
@article {Tontini2016,
	title = {{Crustal magnetization and the subseafloor structure of the ASHES vent field, Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for the investigation of hydrothermal sites}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {6205{\textendash}6211},
	abstract = {High-resolution geophysical data have been collected using the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Sentry over the ASHES (Axial Seamount Hydrothermal Emission Study) high-temperature ({\~{}}348{\textdegree}C) vent field at Axial Seamount, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Multiple surveys were performed on a 3-D grid at different altitudes above the seafloor, providing an unprecedented view of magnetic data resolution as a function of altitude above the seafloor. Magnetic data derived near the seafloor show that the ASHES field is characterized by a zone of low magnetization, which can be explained by hydrothermal alteration of the host volcanic rocks. Surface manifestations of hydrothermal activity at the ASHES vent field are likely controlled by a combination of local faults and fractures and different lava morphologies near the seafloor. Three-dimensional inversion of the magnetic data provides evidence of a vertical, pipe-like upflow zone of the hydrothermal fluids with a vertical extent of {\~{}}100 m.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL069430},
	author = {Tontini, F C and Crone, T J and de Ronde, C E J and Fornari, D J and Kinsey, J C and Mittelstaedt, E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Martin2016,
	title = {{Deep-sea coral $δ$13C: A tool to reconstruct the difference between seawater pH and $δ$11B-derived calcifying fluid pH}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {299{\textendash}308},
	abstract = {{The boron isotopic composition ($δ$11B) of coral skeleton is a proxy for seawater pH. However, $δ$11B-based pH estimates must account for the pH difference between seawater and the coral calcifying fluid, $Δ$pH. We report that skeletal $δ$11B and $Δ$pH are related to the skeletal carbon isotopic composition ($δ$13C) in four genera of deep-sea corals collected across a natural pH range of 7.89{\textendash}8.09, with $Δ$pH related to $δ$13C by $Δ$pH = 0.029 {\texttimes} $δ$13C + 0.929},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GL066494},
	author = {Martin, P and Goodkin, N F and Stewart, J A and Foster, G L and Sikes, E L and White, H K and Hennige, S and Roberts, J M}
}
@article {Mittelstaedt2016,
	title = {{Diffuse venting at the ASHES hydrothermal field: Heat flux and tidally modulated flow variability derived from in situ time-series measurements}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1435{\textendash}1453},
	abstract = {Time-series measurements of diffuse exit-fluid temperature and velocity collected with a new, deep-sea camera, and temperature measurement system, the Diffuse Effluent Measurement System (DEMS), were examined from a fracture network within the ASHES hydrothermal field located in the caldera of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. The DEMS was installed using the HOV Alvin above a fracture near the Phoenix vent. The system collected 20 s of 20 Hz video imagery and 24 s of 1 Hz temperature measurements each hour between 22 July and 2 August 2014. Fluid velocities were calculated using the Diffuse Fluid Velocimetry (DFV) technique. Over the similar to 12 day deployment, median upwelling rates and mean fluid temperature anomalies ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm/s and 0 degrees C to similar to 6.5 degrees C above ambient, yielding a heat flux of 0.29 +/- 0.22 MW M-2 and heat output of 3.1 +/- 2.5 kW. Using a photo mosaic to measure fracture dimensions, the total diffuse heat output from cracks across ASHES field is estimated to be 2.05 +/- 1.95 MW. Variability in temperatures and velocities are strongest at semidiurnal periods and show significant coherence with tidal height variations. These data indicate that periodic variability near Phoenix vent is modulated both by tidally controlled bottom currents and seafloor pressure, with seafloor pressures being the dominant influence. These results emphasize the importance of local permeability on diffuse hydrothermal venting at mid-ocean ridges and the need to better quantify heat flux associated with young oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GC006144},
	author = {Mittelstaedt, E and Fornari, D J and Crone, T J and Kinsey, J C and Kelley, D S and Elend, M J}
}
@article {Prouty2016a,
	title = {{Growth rates and ages of deep-sea corals impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {196{\textendash}212},
	abstract = {The impact of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill on deep-sea coral communities in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is still under investigation, as is the potential for these communities to recover. Impacts from the spill include observation of corals covered with flocculent material, with bare skeleton, excessive mucous production, sloughing tissue, and subsequent colonization of damaged areas by hydrozoans. Information on growth rates and life spans of deep-sea corals is important for understanding the vulnerability of these ecosystems to both natural and anthropogenic perturbations, as well as the likely duration of any observed adverse impacts. We report radiocarbon ages and radial and linear growth rates based on octocorals (Paramuricea spp. and Chrysogorgia sp.) collected in 2010 and 2011 from areas of the DWH impact. The oldest coral radiocarbon ages were measured on specimens collected 11 km to the SW of the oil spill from the Mississippi Canyon (MC) 344 site: 599 and 55 cal yr BP, suggesting continuous life spans of over 600 years for Paramuricea biscaya, the dominant coral species in the region. Calculated radial growth rates, between 0.34 $μ$m yr-1 and 14.20 $μ$m yr-1, are consistent with previously reported proteinaceous corals from the GoM. Anomalously low radiocarbon ($Δ$14C) values for soft tissue from some corals indicate that these corals were feeding on particulate organic carbon derived from an admixture of modern surface carbon and a low 14C carbon source. Results from this work indicate fossil carbon could contribute 5{\textendash}10{\%} to the coral soft tissue $Δ$14C signal within the area of the spill impact. The influence of a low 14C carbon source (e.g., petro-carbon) on the particulate organic carbon pool was observed at all sites within 30 km of the spill site, with the exception of MC118, which may have been outside of the dominant northeast{\textendash}southwest zone of impact. The quantitatively assessed extreme longevity and slow growth rates documented here highlight the vulnerability of these long-lived deep sea coral species to disturbance.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.10.021},
	author = {Prouty, N G and Fisher, C R and Demopoulos, A W J and Druffel, E R M}
}
@article {Salman-Carvalho2016,
	title = {{How Clonal Is Clonal? Genome Plasticity across Multicellular Segments of a "Candidatus Marithrix sp." Filament from Sulfidic, Briny Seafloor Sediments in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1173},
	abstract = {"Candidatus Marithrix" is a recently described lineage within the group of large sulfur bacteria (Beggiatoaceae, Gammaproteobacteria). This genus of bacteria comprises vacuolated, attached-living filaments that inhabit the sediment surface around vent and seep sites in the marine environment. A single filament is ca. 100 mu m in diameter, several millimeters long, and consists of hundreds of clonal cells, which are considered highly polyploid. Based on these characteristics, "Candidatus Marithrix" was used as a model organism for the assessment of genomic plasticity along segments of a single filament using next generation sequencing to possibly identify hotspots of microevolution. Using six consecutive segments of a single filament sampled from a mud volcano in the Gulf of Mexico, we recovered ca. 90{\%} of the "Candidatus Marithrix" genome in each segment. There was a high level of genome conservation along the filament with average nucleotide identities between 99.98 and 100{\%}. Different approaches to assemble all reads into a complete consensus genome could not fill the gaps. Each of the six segment datasets encoded merely a few hundred unique nucleotides and 5 or less unique genes the residual content was redundant in all datasets. Besides the overall high genomic identity, we identified a similar number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the clonal segments, which are comparable to numbers reported for other clonal organisms. An increase of SNPs with greater distance of filament segments was not observed. The polyploidy of the cells was apparent when analyzing the heterogeneity of reads within a segment. Here, a strong increase in single nucleotide variants, or "intrasegmental sequence heterogeneity" (ISH) events, was observed. These sites may represent hotspots for genome plasticity, and possibly microevolution, since two thirds of these variants were not co-localized across the genome copies of the multicellular filament.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.01173},
	author = {Salman-Carvalho, V and Fadeev, E and Joye, S B and Teske, A P}
}
@article {ISI:000372364000020,
	title = {{Metatranscriptomic insights into polyphosphate metabolism in marine sediments}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {2016},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {1015{\textendash}1019},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Microorganisms can influence inorganic phosphate (P-i) in pore waters, and thus the saturation state of phosphatic minerals, by accumulating and hydrolyzing intracellular polyphosphate (poly-P). Here we used comparative metatranscriptomics to explore microbial poly-P utilization in marine sediments. Sulfidic marine sediments from methane seeps near Barbados and from the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) oxygen minimum zone were incubated under oxic and anoxic sulfidic conditions. Pi was sequestered under oxic conditions and liberated under anoxic conditions. Transcripts homologous to poly-P kinase type 2 (ppk2) were 6-22 x more abundant in metatranscriptomes from the anoxic incubations, suggesting that reversible poly-P degradation by Ppk2 may be an important metabolic response to anoxia by marine microorganisms. Overall, diverse taxa differentially expressed homologues of genes for poly-P degradation (ppk2 and exopolyphosphatase) under different incubation conditions. Sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms appeared to preferentially express genes for poly-P degradation under anoxic conditions, which may impact phosphorus cycling in a wide range of oxygen-depleted marine settings.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.169},
	author = {Jones, Daniel S and Flood, Beverly E and Bailey, Jake V}
}
@article {Raven2016,
	title = {{Sedimentary pyrite $δ$34S differs from porewater sulfide in Santa Barbara Basin: Proposed role of organic sulfur}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {186},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {120{\textendash}134},
	abstract = {Santa Barbara Basin sediments host a complex network of abiotic and metabolic chemical reactions that knit together the carbon, sulfur, and iron cycles. From a 2.1-m sediment core collected in the center of the basin, we present high-resolution profiles of the concentrations and isotopic compositions of all the major species in this system: sulfate, sulfide (∑H2S), elemental sulfur (S0), pyrite, extractable organic sulfur (OS), proto-kerogen S, total organic and dissolved inorganic carbon, and total and reducible iron. Below 10 cm depth, the core is characterized by low apparent sulfate reduction rates ({\textless}0.01 mM/yr) except near the sulfate-methane transition zone. Surprisingly, pyrite forming in shallow sediments is \~{}30{\textperthousand} more 34S-depleted than coexisting ∑H2S in porewater. S0 has the same strongly 34S-depleted composition as pyrite where it forms near the sediment{\textendash}water interface, though not at depth. This pattern is not easily explained by conventional hypotheses in which sedimentary pyrite derives from abiotic reactions with porewater ∑H2S or from the products of S0 disproportionation. Instead, we propose that pyrite formation in this environment occurs within sulfate reducing microbial aggregates or biofilms, where it reflects the isotopic composition of the immediate products of bacterial sulfate reduction. Porewater ∑H2S in Santa Barbara Basin may be more 34S-enriched than pyrite due to equilibration with relatively 34S-enriched OS. The difference between OS and pyrite $δ$34S values would then reflect the balance between microbial sulfide formation and the abundance of exchangeable OS. Both OS and pyrite $δ$34S records thus have the potential to provide valuable information about biogeochemical cycles and redox structure in sedimentary paleoenvironments.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.037},
	author = {Raven, M R and Sessions, A L and Fischer, W W and Adkins, J F}
}
@article {ISI:000358290000012,
	title = {{Characterization of a novel thermostable patatin-like protein from a Guaymas basin metagenomic library}},
	journal = {EXTREMOPHILES},
	volume = {19},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {829{\textendash}840},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are a natural habitat for thermophiles, in which contain plenty of enzymes that can function at high temperatures. In this work, we constructed a fosmid library in Escherichia coli using metagenomic DNA isolated from a chimney sample collected in the hydrothermal vents in Guaymas Basin. The library was screened for lipolytic activity and positive clones were subjected to subcloning. A novel patatin-like protein (PLP) that exhibited less than 45 {\%} identity in amino acid sequence to known enzymes was obtained. Common features of the patatin-like proteins, such as four conserved blocks, were detected. Interestingly, there was an Ala at site 42 in PLP instead of the first Gly-residue in the consensus sequence Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly found in other PLP homologs. The active sites of PLP were Ser44 and Asp160. Spectrophotometric assays with different p-nitrophenyl esters demonstrated a preference for p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C4) and p-nitrophenyl decanoate (C10). Moreover, PLP demonstrated optimal activity at 70 A degrees C and at pH 9.0 (Tris-HCl). The activation energy from the linear Arrhenius plot was found to be 38.3 +/- A 0.9 kJ/mol. The K (m) and V (max) of PLP for C4 were 304 +/- A 38 mu M and 14 +/- A 0.38 mu mol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. Gene-mining of the metagenome dataset that was generated by pyrosequencing the same chimney sample resulted in identification of 20 PLP homolog gene fragments, which could represent promising examples of this category of thermostable proteins.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-015-0758-x},
	author = {Fu, Ling and He, Ying and Xu, Fangdi and Ma, Qun and Wang, Fengping and Xu, Jun}
}
@article {ISI:000351204900007,
	title = {{Genomic insights into the uncultivated marine Zetaproteobacteria at Loihi Seamount}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {857{\textendash}870},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Zetaproteobacteria are a candidate class of marine iron-oxidizing bacteria that are typically found in high iron environments such as hydrothermal vent sites. As much remains unknown about these organisms due to difficulties in cultivation, single-cell genomics was used to learn more about this elusive group at Loihi Seamount. Comparative genomics of 23 phylogenetically diverse single amplified genomes (SAGs) and two isolates indicate niche specialization among the Zetaproteobacteria may be largely due to oxygen tolerance and nitrogen transformation capabilities. Only Form II ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RubisCO) genes were found in the SAGs, suggesting that some of the uncultivated Zetaproteobacteria may be adapted to low oxygen and/or high carbon dioxide concentrations. There is also genomic evidence of oxygen-tolerant cytochrome c oxidases and oxidative stress-related genes, indicating that others may be exposed to higher oxygen conditions. The Zetaproteobacteria also have the genomic potential for acquiring nitrogen from numerous sources including ammonium, nitrate, organic compounds, and nitrogen gas. Two types of molybdopterin oxidoreductase genes were found in the SAGs, indicating that those found in the isolates, thought to be involved in iron oxidation, are not consistent among all the Zetaproteobacteria. However, a novel cluster of redox-related genes was found to be conserved in 10 SAGs as well as in the isolates warranting further investigation. These results were used to isolate a novel iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria. Physiological studies and genomic analysis of this isolate were able to support many of the findings from SAG analyses demonstrating the value of these data for designing future enrichment strategies.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2014.183},
	author = {Field, Erin K and Sczyrba, Alexander and Lyman, Audrey E and Harris, Christopher C and Woyke, Tanja and Stepanauskas, Ramunas and Emerson, David}
}
@article {Zhang2015,
	title = {{Intergradation between discrete lineages of Tevnia jerichonana, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {53{\textendash}61},
	abstract = {We describe a broad zone of intergradation between genetically differentiated, northern and southern lineages of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm, Tevnia jerichonana. DNA sequences from four genes, nuclear HSP and ATPs$\alpha$ and mitochondrial COI and Cytb were examined in samples from eastern Pacific vent localities between 13{\textdegree}N and 38{\textdegree}S latitude. Allelic frequencies at these loci exhibited concordant latitudinal clines, and genetic differentiation (pairwise $\Phi$ST{\textquoteright}s) increased with geographical distances between sample localities. Though this pattern of differentiation suggested isolation-by-distance (IBD), it appeared to result from hierarchical population structure. Genotypic assignment tests identified two population clusters comprised of samples from the northern East Pacific Rise (NEPR: 9{\textendash}13{\textdegree}N) and an extension of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR: 31{\textendash}32{\textdegree}S) with a zone of intergradation along the southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR: 7{\textendash}17{\textdegree}S). The overall degrees of DNA sequence divergence between the NEPR and PAR populations were slight and not indicative of lengthy isolation. Bayesian assignment methods suggested that the SEPR populations constitute intergrades that connect the NEPR and PAR populations. Though it typically is difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary intergradation, our results were consistent with parallel studies of vent-restricted species that suggest a high degree of demographic instability along the superfast-spreading SEPR axis. Frequent local extinctions and immigration from NEPR and PAR refugia probably shaped the observed pattern of intergradation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.04.028},
	author = {Zhang, H and Johnson, S B and Flores, V R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {ISI:000360368300003,
	title = {{Molecular study of bacterial diversity within the trophosome of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY-AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1, SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A large proportion of the faunal biomass in hydrothermal vent ecosystems relies on symbiotic relationships, with bacteria as a source of nutrition. Whereas multiple symbioses have been observed in diverse vent hosts, siboglinid tubeworms have been thought to harbour a single endosymbiont phylotype affiliated to the Gammaproteobacteria. In the case of the Northeast Pacific vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae, two previous studies suggested the presence of more than one symbiont. The possibility of multiple, and possibly habitat-specific, symbionts in R. piscesae provided a potential explanation for the tube-worm{\textquoteright}s broad ecological niche, compared with other hydrothermal vent siboglinids. This study further explored the diversity of trophosome bacteria in R. piscesae using two methodological approaches not yet applied to this symbiosis. We carried out 454-pyrosequencing on trophosome samples from 46 individual worms and used catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) to verify the presence of the major groups detected in the pyrotag data. Both methods yielded inconsistent and sometimes contradictory results between sampling sites, and neither provided irrefutable evidence for the presence of symbionts other than the expected Gammaproteobacteria. We therefore conclude that the other adaptive mechanisms must be considered to explain the broad physico-chemical niche occupied by the different growth forms of R. piscesae.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/maec.12169},
	author = {Forget, Nathalie L and Perez, Maeva and Juniper, S Kim}
}
@inbook {DeRonde2015,
	title = {{Molten sulfur lakes of intraoceanic arc volcanoes}},
	booktitle = {Volcanic Lakes},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-36832-5},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Chadwick, W W and Ditchburn, R G and Embley, R W and Tunnicliffe, V and Baker, E T and Walker, S L and Ferrini, V L and Merle, S M},
	editor = {Rouwet, D}
}
@article {Faak2015,
	title = {{Near conductive cooling rates in the upper-plutonic section of crust formed at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {423},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {36{\textendash}47},
	abstract = {A new geospeedometer, based on diffusion modeling of Mg in plagioclase, is used to determine cooling rates of the upper section of the lower oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges. The investigated natural sample suites include gabbroic rocks formed at three different locations along the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise. These samples cover a depth interval of 0{\textendash}840 m below the sheeted dike/gabbro boundary and therefore allow the variation of cooling rate as a function of depth within the upper plutonic sequence to be determined. We demonstrate that the cooling rates we obtained are robust (reproducible and consistent across different vertical sections at fast spreading ridges) and decrease significantly with increasing sample depth (covering almost 4 orders of magnitude, ranging from \~{}1 {\textdegree}C y-1 for the shallowest samples to 0.0003 {\textdegree}C y-1 for the deepest samples). Both the absolute cooling rates, and the rate of decrease of cooling rate with depth, are consistent with conductive thermal models. In contrast, the absolute cooling rates determined from the deeper samples ({\textgreater}300 m below DGB), and the large decrease in cooling rate with depth are inconsistent with thermal models that include substantial cooling by off-axis hydrothermal circulation within the upper plutonic section of the crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2015.04.025},
	author = {Faak, K and Coogan, L A and Chakraborty, S}
}
@article {ISI:000349302600004,
	title = {{Size matters at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: different diversity and habitat fidelity patterns of meio- and macrofauna}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {520},
	year = {2015},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {57{\textendash}66},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Species with markedly different sizes interact when sharing the same habitat. Unravelling mechanisms that control diversity thus requires consideration of a range of size classes. We compared patterns of diversity and community structure for meio-and macrofaunal communities sampled along a gradient of environmental stress at deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N) and neighboring basalt habitats. Both meio-and macrofaunal species richnesses were lowest in the high-stress vent habitat, but macrofaunal richness was highest among intermediate-stress vent habitats. Meiofaunal species richness was negatively correlated with stress, and highest on the basalt. In these deep-sea basalt habitats surrounding hydrothermal vents, meiofaunal species richness was consistently higher than that of macrofauna. Consideration of the physiological capabilities and life history traits of different-sized animals suggests that different patterns of diversity may be caused by different capabilities to deal with environmental stress in the 2 size classes. In contrast to meiofauna, adaptations of macrofauna may have evolved to allow them to maintain their physiological homeostasis in a variety of hydrothermal vent habitats and exploit this food-rich deep-sea environment in high abundances. The habitat fidelity patterns also differed: macrofaunal species occurred primarily at vents and were generally restricted to this habitat, but meiofaunal species were distributed more evenly across proximate and distant basalt habitats and were thus not restricted to vent habitats. Over evolutionary time scales these contrasting patterns are likely driven by distinct reproduction strategies and food demands inherent to fauna of different sizes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps11078},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Fisher, Charles R and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Findlay2015,
	title = {{Trace metal concentration and partitioning in the first 1.5 m of hydrothermal vent plumes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: TAG, Snakepit, and Rainbow}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {412},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {117{\textendash}131},
	abstract = {To determine the significance of metal fluxes from hydrothermal vents, understanding the speciation, reactivity, and possible transformations of metals and metal sulfides within the hydrothermal plume is critical. In this study, we measure the concentration and partitioning of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Co, Pb, Ni) and sulfide phases within the first 1.5 m of the rising plume at three vent fields (TAG, Snakepit, and Rainbow) along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A HCl/HNO3 leaching method was used to differentiate metals present in metal mono-sulfides from those in pyrite and chalcopyrite. At all three vent sites, Mn and Fe are primarily in the {\textless} 0.2 $μ$m (filtered) portion, whereas Cu, Co, Cd, and Pb are mainly in the unfiltered fraction. Significant concentrations of HNO3-extractable metals were found in the {\textless} 0.2 $μ$m fraction at all three vent sites, indicating that they likely exist in a recalcitrant nanoparticulate phase such as pyrite or chalcopyrite. At TAG and Snakepit, Cu is correlated with Co, as Co enters into chalcopyrite and other CuFeS phases and Zn is correlated with Cd and Pb as they form discrete metal sulfide phases. At Rainbow, Zn, Cd, and Pb are correlated, but Cu and Co are not correlated. The Rainbow data are consistent with the higher metal to sulfide ratio found at Rainbow. These speciation differences are significant as both mineral type and size will affect the amount of metal transported from the vent site and its availability for biogeochemical processes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.07.021},
	author = {Findlay, A J and Gartman, A and Shaw, T J and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Govenar2015,
	title = {{Variation in the diets of hydrothermal vent gastropods}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {193{\textendash}201},
	abstract = {A prevailing paradigm of hydrothermal vent ecology is that primary consumers feed on chemoautotrophic bacteria. However, for the purposes of reconstructing vent food webs and for tracking energy flow from the generation of rock and fluid chemistry through primary/ secondary productivity and consumption to the overlying water column, it remains unclear which consumers feed on which bacteria. In paired analyses of carbon and nitrogen tissue stable isotope values with unique 16S rRNA sequences from the stomach contents, we determined that two species of gastropod grazers appear to feed on epsilon-proteobacteria, while two other species have more diverse diets, including one species that consumes alpha-proteobacteria, planctomycetes, and non-green sulfur bacteria. Different carbon fixation pathways used by epsilon- and alpha-proteobacteria may account for the variation in the carbon stable isotope values among the consumers. Furthermore, our results indicate that trophic specialization and niche partitioning may contribute to the distribution and abundance of vent-endemic gastropods and support the hypothesis that consumers in the warmer habitats commonly feed on epsilon-proteobacteria that use the rTCA cycle, while in the cooler habitats they feed on additional bacteria that use the CBB cycle. These results suggest that the phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of free-living bacteria may play an important and previously overlooked role in facilitating species coexistence among primary consumers at hydrothermal vents and other chemosynthesis-based ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.021},
	author = {Govenar, B W and Fisher, C R and Shank, T M}
}
@article {ISI:000330965000004,
	title = {{Age and growth of the cold-water scleractinian Solenosmilia variabilis and its reef on SW Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {CORAL REEFS},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {31{\textendash}38},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about growth rates of deep-water reef-forming corals or the rates at which these reefs accumulate. Such information is critical for determining the resilience of the reefs to anthropogenic impacts such as trawling and climate change. We radiocarbon date live-caught and sub-fossil samples of the bioherm-forming coral Solenosmilia variabilis collected from precisely known depths and locations by means of a remotely operated vehicle on seamounts south of Tasmania, Australia. The growth rate of colonies live-caught between 958 and 1,454 m, which spans most of the depth range of the species locally, ranged from 0.84 to 1.25 mm linear extension yr(-1) and tended to be higher in the deeper-caught material. Analysis of skeletal microstructure suggests annual deposition of growth increments near the growing tips, but not closer to the base, as the skeleton is extended and thickened. Dating of sub-fossil material indicates S. variabilis has been present on Tasmanian seamounts for at least the last 47,000 yrs and a reef accumulation rate of 0.27 mm yr(-1).},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0722-4028},
	doi = {10.1007/s00338-013-1097-y},
	author = {Fallon, S J and Thresher, R E and Adkins, J}
}
@article {Demopoulos2014,
	title = {{Biodiversity and community composition of sediment macrofauna associated with deep-sea Lophelia pertusa habitats in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {91{\textendash}103},
	abstract = {Scleractinian corals create three-dimensional reefs that provide sheltered refuges, facilitate sediment accumulation, and enhance colonization of encrusting fauna. While heterogeneous coral habitats can harbor high levels of biodiversity, their effect on the community composition within nearby sediments remains unclear, particularly in the deep sea. Sediment macrofauna from deep-sea coral habitats (Lophelia pertusa) and non-coral, background sediments were examined at three sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico (VK826, VK906, MC751, 350{\textendash}500 m depth) to determine whether macrofaunal abundance, diversity, and community composition near corals differed from background soft-sediments. Macrofaunal densities ranged from 26 to 125 individuals 32 cm-2 and were significantly greater near coral versus background sediments only at VK826. Of the 86 benthic invertebrate taxa identified, 16 were exclusive to near-coral habitats, while 14 were found only in background sediments. Diversity (Fisher{\textquoteright}s $\alpha$) and evenness were significantly higher within near-coral sediments only at MC751 while taxon richness was similar among all habitats. Community composition was significantly different both between near-coral and background sediments and among the three primary sites. Polychaetes numerically dominated all samples, accounting for up to 70{\%} of the total individuals near coral, whereas peracarid crustaceans were proportionally more abundant in background sediments (18{\%}) than in those near coral (10{\%}). The reef effect differed among sites, with community patterns potentially influenced by the size of reef habitat. Taxon turnover occurred with distance from the reef, suggesting that reef extent may represent an important factor in structuring sediment communities near L. pertusa. Polychaete communities in both habitats differed from other Gulf of Mexico (GOM) soft sediments based on data from previous studies, and we hypothesize that local environmental conditions found near L. pertusa may influence the macrofaunal community structure beyond the edges of the reef. This study represents the first assessment of L. pertusa-associated sediment communities in the GOM and provides baseline data that can help define the role of transition zones, from deep reefs to soft sediments, in shaping macrofaunal community structure and maintaining biodiversity; this information can help guide future conservation and management activities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2014.07.014},
	author = {Demopoulos, A W J and Bourque, J R and Frometa, J}
}
@article {ISI:000338758400018,
	title = {{THE CASCADIA INITIATIVE A Sea Change In Seismological Studies of Subduction Zones}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {138{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Increasing public awareness that the Cascadia subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest is capable of great earthquakes (magnitude 9 and greater) motivates the Cascadia Initiative, an ambitious onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an amphibious array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes, to volcanic arc structure, to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda Plates. Here, we provide an overview of the Cascadia Initiative, including its primary science objectives, its experimental design and implementation, and a preview of how the resulting data are being used by a diverse and growing scientific community. The Cascadia Initiative also exemplifies how new technology and community-based experiments are opening up frontiers for marine science. The new technology shielded ocean bottom seismometers is allowing more routine investigation of the source zone of megathrust earthquakes, which almost exclusively lies offshore and in shallow water. The Cascadia Initiative offers opportunities and accompanying challenges to a rapidly expanding community of those who use ocean bottom seismic data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Toomey, Douglas R and Allen, Richard M and Barclay, Andrew H and Bell, Samuel W and Bromirski, Peter D and Carlson, Richard L and Chen, Xiaowei and Collins, John A and Dziak, Robert P and Evers, Brent and Forsyth, Donald W and Gerstoft, Peter and Hooft, Emilie E E and Livelybrooks, Dean and Lodewyk, Jessica A and Luther, Douglas S and McGuire, Jeffrey J and Schwartz, Susan Y and Tolstoy, Maya and Trehu, Anne M and Weirathmueller, Michelle and Wilcock, William S D}
}
@article {Figueroa2014,
	title = {{Complete mitochondrial genomes elucidate phylogenetic relationships of the deep-sea octocoral families Coralliidae and Paragorgiidae}},
	journal = {Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Deep Sea Corals},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {83{\textendash}91},
	abstract = {In the past decade, molecular phylogenetic analyses of octocorals have shown that the current morphological taxonomic classification of these organisms needs to be revised. The latest phylogenetic analyses show that most octocorals can be divided into three main clades. One of these clades contains the families Coralliidae and Paragorgiidae. These families share several taxonomically important characters and it has been suggested that they may not be monophyletic; with the possibility of the Coralliidae being a derived branch of the Paragorgiidae. Uncertainty exists not only in the relationship of these two families, but also in the classification of the two genera that make up the Coralliidae, Corallium and Paracorallium. Molecular analyses suggest that the genus Corallium is paraphyletic, and it can be divided into two main clades, with the Paracorallium as members of one of these clades. In this study we sequenced the whole mitochondrial genome of five species of Paragorgia and of five species of Corallium to use in a phylogenetic analysis to achieve two main objectives; the first to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship between the Paragorgiidae and Coralliidae and the second to determine whether the genera Corallium and Paracorallium are monophyletic. Our results show that other members of the Coralliidae share the two novel mitochondrial gene arrangements found in a previous study in Corallium konojoi and Paracorallium japonicum; and that the Corallium konojoi arrangement is also found in the Paragorgiidae. Our phylogenetic reconstruction based on all the protein coding genes and ribosomal RNAs of the mitochondrial genome suggest that the Coralliidae are not a derived branch of the Paragorgiidae, but rather a monophyletic sister branch to the Paragorgiidae. While our manuscript was in review a study was published using morphological data and several fragments from mitochondrial genes to redefine the taxonomy of the Coralliidae. Paracorallium was subsumed into Corallium and the genus Hemicorallium was resurrected. This left two disjunct clades as Corallium, making that genus paraphyletic. One of the clades includes the type specimens of Corallium, indicating that clade should remain Corallium. For the other clade, we support the resurrection of the genus Pleurocorallium to fix the paraphyly of Corallium. Based on congruent phylogenies in both studies, the genus Pleurocorallium includes the species C. secundum, C. kishinouyei, C. konojoi, C. elatius, and C. niveum.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513002312},
	author = {Figueroa, D F and Baco, A R}
}
@article {ISI:000338027700011,
	title = {{Depth-dependent gene flow in Gulf of Mexico cold seep Lamellibrachia tubeworms (Annelida, Siboglinidae)}},
	journal = {HYDROBIOLOGIA},
	volume = {736},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {139{\textendash}154},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Lamellibrachia vestimentiferan tubeworms form aggregations at hydrocarbon cold seeps in the deep Gulf of Mexico (GoM), creating structures that provide living space for other fauna. In the GoM, three Lamellibrachia taxa vary in morphology and depth ranges: Lamellibrachia luymesi (300-950 m), Lamellibrachia sp. 1 (950-2,604 m), and Lamellibrachia sp. 2 (1,175-3,304 m). While Lamellibrachia sp. 2 is consistently identified as a separate species, L. luymesi and sp. 1 cannot be discriminated using barcoding markers cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and large ribosomal subunit rDNA (16S). To determine if limited gene flow was a factor in the formation of these taxa, we employed more quickly evolving markers, including mitochondrial cytochrome B (CYTB), hemoglobin subunit B2 intron (HbB2i), and six polymorphic microsatellites; microsatellites were amplified across 45 L. luymesi and sp. 1 individuals. Additionally, we used microsatellites to ask whether populations of Lamellibrachia sp. 1 and sp. 2 show evidence of significant structure. Despite a lack of resolution seen with CYTB and HbB2i, L. luymesi and sp. 1 form genetically differentiated clusters at the cross-amplified microsatellites. Furthermore, we find no evidence for population structure for either Lamellibrachia sp. 1 or sp. 2 across the GoM.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0018-8158},
	doi = {10.1007/s10750-014-1900-y},
	author = {Cowart, Dominique A and Halanych, Kenneth M and Schaeffer, Stephen W and Fisher, Charles R}
}
@article {ISI:000342622400022,
	title = {{Distribution and size fractionation of elemental sulfur in aqueous environments: The Chesapeake Bay and Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA},
	volume = {142},
	year = {2014},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {334{\textendash}348},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Elemental sulfur is an important intermediate of sulfide oxidation and may be produced via abiotic and biotic pathways. In this study the concentration and size fractionation of elemental sulfur were measured in two different sulfidic marine environments: the Chesapeake Bay and buoyant hydrothermal vent plumes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nanoparticulate sulfur ({\textless}0.2 mu m) was found to comprise up to 90{\%} of the total elemental sulfur in anoxic deep waters of the Chesapeake Bay. These data were compared with previous studies of elemental sulfur, and represent one of the few reports of nanoparticulate elemental sulfur in the environment. Additionally, a strain of phototrophic sulfide oxidizing bacteria isolated from the Chesapeake Bay was shown to produce elemental sulfur as a product of sulfide oxidation. Elemental sulfur concentrations are also presented from buoyant hydrothermal vent plumes located along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plume, S-0 concentrations up to 33 mu M were measured in the first meter of rising plumes at three different vent sites, and nanoparticulate S-0 was up to 44{\%} of total elemental sulfur present. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2014.07.032},
	author = {Findlay, Alyssa J and Gartman, Amy and MacDonald, Daniel J and Hanson, Thomas E and Shaw, Timothy J and Luther III, George W}
}
@article {Feseker2014,
	title = {{Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {5385},
	abstract = {Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active H{\aa}kon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4 m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms6385},
	author = {Feseker, T and Boetius, A and Wenzh{\"o}fer, F and Blandin, J and Olu, K and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and German, C R and de Beer, D}
}
@article {ISI:000348060800012,
	title = {{Imaging of CO2 bubble plumes above an erupting submarine volcano, NW Rota-1, Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {11},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {4325{\textendash}4342},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {NW Rota-1 is a submarine volcano in the Mariana volcanic arc located similar to 100 km north of Guam. Underwater explosive eruptions driven by magmatic gases were first witnessed there in 2004 and continued until at least 2010. During a March 2010 expedition, visual observations documented continuous but variable eruptive activity at multiple vents at similar to 560 m depth. Some vents released CO2 bubbles passively and continuously, while others released CO2 during stronger but intermittent explosive bursts. Plumes of CO2 bubbles in the water column over the volcano were imaged by an EM122 (12 kHz) multibeam sonar system. Throughout the 2010 expedition numerous passes were made over the eruptive vents with the ship to document the temporal variability of the bubble plumes and relate them to the eruptive activity on the seafloor, as recorded by an in situ hydrophone and visual observations. Analysis of the EM122 midwater data set shows: (1) bubble plumes were present on every pass over the summit and they rose 200-400 m above the vents but dissolved before they reached the ocean surface, (2) bubble plume deflection direction and distance correlate well with ocean current direction and velocity determined from the ship{\textquoteright}s acoustic doppler current profiler, (3) bubble plume heights and volumes were variable over time and correlate with eruptive intensity as measured by the in situ hydrophone. This study shows that midwater multibeam sonar data can be used to characterize the level of eruptive activity and its temporal variability at a shallow submarine volcano with robust CO2 output.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005543},
	author = {Chadwick Jr., William W and Merle, Susan G and Buck, Nathaniel J and Lavelle, J William and Resing, Joseph A and Ferrini, Vicki}
}
@article {Panieri2014,
	title = {{Late Holocene Foraminifera of Blake Ridge Diapir: Assemblage Variation and Stable-Isotope Record in gas-hydrate bearing sediments}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {353},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {99{\textendash}107},
	abstract = {The presence of gas hydrates on the Blake Ridge diapir, northeastern Atlantic Ocean, offers an opportunity to study the impact of methane seepage on the ecology and geochemistry of benthic foraminifera in the late Holocene. Three push cores, covering a time span of {\~{}}~1000~yrs, were retrieved from three distinct microhabitats at the top of the diapir at a water depth of {\~{}}~2150~m: (i) sediments away from seepage (control core), (ii) sediments overlain by clusters of methanotrophic and thiotrophic bivalves, and (iii) chemoautotrophic microbial mats. The foraminiferal assemblages at the two seep sites are marked by a reduction in benthic foraminiferal species diversity, coupled with a near-absence of agglutinated species. However, an opportunistic population rise in CH4- or H2S-tolerant calcareous species (e.g., Globocassidulina subglobosa and Cassidulina laevigata) that utilize the abundant trophic resources at the seeps has led to an increase in the overall assemblage density there. The $δ$18O and $δ$13C values of three species of benthic foraminifera - Gyroidinoides laevigatus, Globocassidulina subglobosa, and Uvigerina peregrina - and the planktonic species Globorotalia menardii were acquired from all three cores. The benthic species from methane seeps yield $δ$13C values of 0.1 to {\textendash}4.2 ({\textperthousand}VPDB), that are distinctly more 13C-depleted relative to the $δ$13C of 0.4 to {\textendash}1.0 ({\textperthousand}VPDB) at the control (off seep) site. The species from a mussel-bed site exhibit more negative $δ$13C values than those from microbial mats, possibly reflecting different food sources and higher rate of anaerobic oxidation of methane. The positive $δ$13C values in the paired planktonic species suggest that authigenic carbonate precipitation did not overprint the observed 13C depletions. Hence the probable cause of negative $δ$13C of benthic foraminifera is primary calcification from Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) containing mixed carbon fractions from (a) highly 13C-depleted, microbially-oxidized methane and (b) a seawater source.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.03.020},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322714000826},
	author = {Panieri, G and Aharon, Paul and Sen Gupta, B K and Camerlenghi, A and Ferrer, F P and Cacho, I}
}
@article {ISI:000341168300005,
	title = {{Microbial distribution in different spatial positions within the walls of a black sulfide hydrothermal chimney}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {508},
	year = {2014},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {67{\textendash}85},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal chimneys encompass diverse niches for different microbial communities with steep environmental gradients. An active sulfide hydrothermal structure was recovered from the Dudley site of the Main Endeavour Field in the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Subsamples were taken from different spatial positions within the chimney wall and analyzed for mineral composition and microbial biomass and community structure to illustrate the characteristics of microbial distribution and environmental constraints. Mineral analysis showed that the chimney was mainly composed of various Fe-, Zn-, and Cu-rich sulfides, with mineral composition and abundance varying with spatial position. Microbial populations in the chimney predominantly consisted of archaeal members affiliated with the deep-sea hydrothermal vent Euryarchaeota group, Thermococcales, and Desulfurococcales, as well as bacterial members of the Gamma-, Epsilon-, and Deltaproteobacteria. Microbial biomass and composition shifted dramatically and formed different microbial zones within the chimney walls, from predominantly mesophilic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterial communities at the outer surfaces to thermophilic or hyperthermophilic, archaeal sulfur-reducers in the inner layers of the chimney. Based on microbial physiological characteristics and their distribution profiles, we inferred that temperature, fluid geochemistry, and organic compounds probably play an important role in selecting for and sustaining microbial communities. Furthermore, in situ temperature regimes within the chimney walls were roughly estimated based on the temperatures supporting the growth of the dominant microbial groups.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10841},
	author = {Li, Jiangtao and Zhou, Huaiyang and Fang, Jiasong and Sun, Yannan and Dasgupta, Shamik}
}
@article {Gartman2014,
	title = {{Nanoparticulate pyrite and other nanoparticles are a widespread component of hydrothermal vent black smoker emissions}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {366},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {32{\textendash}41},
	abstract = {The presence of nanoparticulate pyrite is reported in hydrothermal emissions from Rainbow, TAG and Snakepit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). When coupled with previously collected data from East Pacific Rise 9{\textdegree}N (EPR) and Lau Basin, these data demonstrate that pyrite nanoparticles are a widespread component of black smoker emissions from hydrothermal vents and are found in significant concentrations at a fast spreading mid-ocean Ridge (EPR), a back-arc basin (Lau Basin), and a slow spreading mid-ocean Ridge (MAR). The maximum percentage of filtered iron emitted as nanoparticulate pyrite was found to be as high as 25{\%}, 10{\%}, and 5{\%}, respectively. As a widespread component of hydrothermal vent emissions, these nanoparticles may be an important source of iron to the world{\textquoteright}s oceans. Metals such as Cu and Zn are detected in pyrite-containing aggregates at all sites, and chalcopyrite was a component of nanoparticle aggregates at MAR. Iron containing silicate nanoparticles are also identified, and indicate that nanoparticles other than sulfides should also be considered when determining transport implications of hydrothermal vent emissions. The varied morphologies and the presence of different minerals within these nanoparticles provide insight into their formation and stability.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541; 1878-5999},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.12.013},
	author = {Gartman, A and Findlay, A J and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Hu2014,
	title = {{New insights into cerium anomalies and mechanisms of trace metal enrichment in authigenic carbonate from hydrocarbon seeps}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {381},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {55{\textendash}66},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonates that form at marine hydrocarbon seeps provide a unique geological archive of past local environmental conditions and pore fluid geochemistry. Recent work on such carbonates revealed variable cerium (Ce) anomalies and anomalous enrichments of certain trace metals. However, the mechanisms accounting for such anomalies remain poorly constrained. Here, we characterize the rare earth element (REE) patterns of carbonate phases and the trace metal patterns of bulk carbonate rocks sampled at three hydrocarbon seeps located at Congo Fan pockmarks (CF) and the Gulf of Mexico sites AC645 and GB425. The analyzed CF, GB425, and AC645 carbonates yielded different REE patterns, displaying positive, no, as well as negative Ce anomalies. The covariation of molybdenum (Mo) with uranium (U), including authigenic Mo (Moauth) and U (Uauth) enrichments as well as (Mo/U)auth ratios proved useful to obtain new insight into the applicability of Ce anomalies to constrain past redox conditions. Trace element patterns suggest that (1) CF carbonates formed in a restricted sulfidic environment, while (2) the AC645 site experienced intermittent oxygenation causing negative Ce anomalies, and (3) environmental conditions were variable at the GB425 mud volcano site. Interestingly, GB425 carbonates show significant Mo, arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb) enrichments with the enrichment factor of As (AsEF) correlating well with the authigenic Fe fraction. These results suggest that iron oxyhydroxides played an important role in the adsorption of Mo, As, and Sb in the water column and their transfer to the sediment. The combination of trace metal and REE geochemistry of authigenic carbonates used here is a promising tool to better assess past variability of redox conditions and biogeochemical processes at marine hydrocarbon seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.014},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254114002538},
	author = {Hu, Y and Feng, D and Peckmann, J and Roberts, H H and Chen, D}
}
@article {Quattrini2014,
	title = {{A phylogenetic approach to octocoral community structure in the deep Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Deep Sea Corals},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {92{\textendash}102},
	abstract = {{Deep-sea communities are becoming increasingly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances, as fishing, hydrocarbon exploration and extraction, and mining activities extend into deeper water. Negative impacts from such activities were recently documented in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), where the Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused substantial damage to a deep-water octocoral community. Although a faunal checklist and numerous museum records are currently available for the entire GoM, local-scale diversity and assemblage structure of octocoral communities remains unknown, particularly in deep water. On a series of recent cruises (2008{\textendash}2011) using remotely operated vehicles, 435 octocorals were collected from 33 deep-water sites (250{\textendash}2500~m) in the northern GoM. To elucidate species boundaries, the extended mitochondrial barcode (COI+igr1+msh) was successfully amplified and sequenced for 422 of these specimens, yielding a total of 64 haplotypes representing at least 52 species. Further, at least 29{\%} of the species collected were either previously not known to occur in the GoM (12 species) or represent new species (at least three species). Overall, species richness at each site was fairly low (1{\textendash}12 spp.). The greatest species richness occurred at the shallowest () was successfully amplified and sequenced for 422 of these specimens, yielding a total of 64 haplotypes representing at least 52 species. Further, at least 29{\%} of the species collected were either previously not known to occur in the GoM (12 species) or represent new species (at least three species). Overall, species richness at each site was fairly low (1{\textendash}12 spp.). The greatest species richness occurred at the shallowest (n=8 spp.) and the deepest (2100{\textendash}2500~m: DC673},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.05.027},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096706451300218X},
	author = {Quattrini, A M and Etnoyer, P J and Doughty, C and English, Lisa and Falco, R and Remon, N and Rittinghouse, M and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {ISI:000341616500008,
	title = {{Spatial patterns of Aquificales in deep-sea vents along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (SW Pacific)}},
	journal = {SYSTEMATIC AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {37},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {442{\textendash}448},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The microbial diversity associated with actively venting deep-sea hydrothermal deposits is tightly connected to the geochemistry of the hydrothermal fluids. Although the dominant members of these deposits drive the structure of the microbial communities, it is less well understood whether the lower abundance groups are as closely connected to the geochemical milieu, or driven perhaps by biotic factors such as microbial community interactions. We used the natural geochemical gradients that exist in the back-arc basin, Eastern Lau Spreading Center and Valu-Fa Ridge (ELSC/VFR) in the Southwestern Pacific, to explore whether the chemolithotrophic Aquificales are influenced by geographical location, host-rock of the vent field or deposit type. Using a combination of cloning, DNA fingerprinting (DGGE) and enrichment culturing approaches, all genera of this order previously described at marine vents were detected, i.e., Desulfurobacterium, Thermovibrio,Aquilex, Hydrogenivirga, Persephonella and Hydrogenothermus. The comparison between clone libraries and DGGE showed similar patterns of distribution of different Aquificales whereas results differed for the enrichment cultures that were retrieved. However, the use of cultivation-based and -independent methods did provide complementary phylogenetic diversity overview of the Aquificales in these systems. Together, this survey revealed that the ELSC/VFR contains some of the largest diversity of Aquificales ever reported at a deep-sea vent area, that the diversity patterns are tied to the geography and geochemistry of the system, and that this geochemical diverse back-arc basin may harbor new members of the Aquificales. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2014.04.002},
	author = {Ferrera, Isabel and Banta, Amy B and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {ISI:000332225300011,
	title = {{Spatial patterns of tissue stable isotope contents give insight into the nutritional sources for seep communities on the Gulf of Mexico lower slope}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {498},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133{\textendash}U481},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In this study, we present the first thorough trophic characterization of cold seep macrofaunal communities on the Gulf of Mexico lower continental slope ({\textgreater} 1000 m depth). We analyzed tissue delta C-13, delta N-15, and delta S-34 of vestimentiferan tubeworms, bathymodiolin mussels, vesicomyid clams, and their associated macrofaunal communities from discrete collections made across the entire lower slope. Over half of macrofauna associated with mussels and about half associated with vestimentiferans had delta C-13 values below -45{\%}. We also observed high spatial variability in the delta C-13 values of entire local communities, and the delta C-13 of associated fauna were significantly correlated with the delta C-13 compositions of the symbiotic species from the same location. These data indicate widespread incorporation of methane-derived carbon in mussel and vestimentiferan communities. This finding was particularly surprising in communities associated with older vestimentiferans, given the low rates of seepage observed in similar communities on the upper slope. On average, delta N-13 values in mussels and their associates were significantly more depleted and more variable than vestimentiferans, clams, and their associates, and there was a significant linear relationship between tissue delta N-15 values of mussels and their associated communities. The tissue delta S-34 values in macrofauna associated with vestimentiferans were more variable and significantly more depleted than mussel associates (delta S-34 = -16.8 to + 19.1{\%} for vestimentiferan associates and delta S-34 = -3.1 to + 20.8{\%} for mussel associates), consistent with higher isotopic fractionation during sulfate reduction in vestimentiferan habitats and a potentially higher nutritional contribution of sulfide-derived organic sulfur in vestimentiferan communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10598},
	author = {Becker, Erin L and Cordes, Erik E and Macko, Stephen A and Lee, Raymond W and Fisher, Charles R}
}
@article {ISI:000339334700007,
	title = {{Symbiont-driven sulfur crystal formation in a thiotrophic symbiosis from deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {364{\textendash}372},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The siboglinid tubeworm Sclerolinum contortum symbiosis inhabits sulfidic sediments at deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. A single symbiont phylotype in the symbiont-housing organ is inferred from phylogenetic analyses of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) gene and fluorescent in situ hybridization. The phylotype we studied here, and a previous study from an arctic hydrocarbon seep population, reveal identical 16S rRNA symbiont gene sequences. While sulfide is apparently the energy source for the symbionts (and ultimately the gutless host), both partners also have to cope with its toxicity. This study demonstrates abundant large sulfur crystals restricted to the trophosome area. Based on Raman microspectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, these crystals have the same S8 sulfur configuration as the recently described small sulfur vesicles formed in the symbionts. The crystals reside adjacent to the symbionts in the trophosome. This suggests that their formation is either extra-or intracellular in symbionts. We propose that formation of these crystals provides both energy-storage compounds for the symbionts and serves the symbiosis by removing excess toxic sulfide from host tissues. This symbiont-mediated sulfide detoxification may have been crucial for the establishment of thiotrophic symbiosis and continues to remain an important function of the symbionts.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12149},
	author = {Eichinger, Irmgard and Schmitz-Esser, Stephan and Schmid, Markus and Fisher, Charles R and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Feng2014,
	title = {{Time integrated variation of sources of fluids and seepage dynamics archived in authigenic carbonates from Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {385},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {129{\textendash}139},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate rocks recovered from the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory in Mississippi Canyon block 118 (MC118) at approximately 900 m water depth were studied using mineralogical, bulk geochemical, and lipid biomarker analyses. Carbonate rocks occurred as fractured blocks and nodular masses incorporated in carbonate breccias. The carbonates were comprised mainly of high-Mg-calcite and aragonite. The stable carbon isotope composition ($δ$13C) of authigenic carbonate varied from - 29.8{\textperthousand} to - 18.1{\textperthousand} vs. V-PDB, suggesting a complex mixture of various carbon sources, including dissolved marine inorganic carbon (DIC), oil, as well as methane. Oxygen isotopes ($δ$18O) varied from + 3.4{\textperthousand} to + 5.8{\textperthousand}. The observed 18O-enrichment in relation to calculated equilibrium values in the carbonates probably reflects decomposition of gas hydrates. The most abundant lipid biomarkers in the carbonates were isoprenoidal glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), predominated by GDGT-2 and GDGT-3, which are typically indicators of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea (ANMEs). Mono- and bicyclic biphytanes (derived after ether cleavage of GDGT-2 and GDGT-3) showed strong 13C-depletion, which is characteristic for ANMEs. Interestingly, large differences between the $δ$13C values of the archaeal diether archaeol and acyclic biphytane on the one hand and monocyclic biphytane on the other hand suggest the presence of archaea other than ANMEs. Archaeol and GDGT-0 (containing two acyclic biphytane moieties) are commonly assigned to various methanogenic archaea. Where methane seepage activity is intermediate or low within acoustic wipeout zones at the MC118 gas hydrate site nowadays, microbial communities must have coped with changing conditions as well as longer-term fluctuations in oil and gas seepage or the temporary cessation of hydrocarbon flux in the past. The change from methane seepage to oil seepage or vice versa in addition to flux variability apparently favors the establishment of complex prokaryotic communities dominated by archaea. In addition to anaerobic oxidation of methane, local production of methane is apparently prominent at the study site based on the occurrence of biomarkers of methanogens in the authigenic carbonate. This finding adds to the ongoing multidisciplinary effort to better constrain the environment at the MC118 observatory site and to determine the locally dominant biogeochemical processes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.07.020},
	author = {Feng, D and Birgel, D and Peckmann, J and Roberts, H H and Joye, S B and Sassen, R and Liu, X-L and Hinrichs, K -U and Chen, D}
}
@article {Baumberger2014,
	title = {{Understanding a submarine eruption through time series hydrothermal plume sampling of dissolved and particulate constituents: West Mata, 2008-2012}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4631{\textendash}4650},
	abstract = {Four cruises between 2008 and 2012 monitored the continuing eruption of West Mata volcano in the NE Lau Basin as it produced plumes of chemically altered water above its summit. Although large enrichments in He-3, CO2, Fe, and Mn were observed in the plumes, the most notable enrichment was that of H-2, which reached concentrations as high as 14,843 nM. Strongly enriched H-2 concentrations in the water column result from reactions between seawater or magmatic water and extremely hot rocks. In 2008, the observation of elevated H-2 concentrations in the water column above West Mata pointed to vigorous ongoing eruptions at the volcano{\textquoteright}s summit. The eruption was confirmed by visual observations made by the ROV Jason 2 in 2009 and demonstrated that H-2 measurements are a vital instrument to detect ongoing volcanic eruptions at the seafloor. Elevated H-2 in 2010 showed that the eruption was ongoing, although at a reduced level given a maximum H-2 concentration of 4410 nM. In 2012, H-2 levels in the water column declined significantly, to a maximum of only 7 nM, consistent with visual observations from the Quest-4000 ROV that found no evidence of an ongoing volcanic eruption. Methane behaved independently of other measured gases and its concentrations in the hydrothermal plume were very low. We attribute its minimal enrichments to a mixture of mantle carbon reduced to CH4 and biological CH4 from diffuse flow sites. This study demonstrates that ongoing submarine volcanic eruptions are characterized by high dissolved H-2 concentrations present in the overlying water column.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005460},
	author = {Baumberger, T and Lilley, M D and Resing, J A and Lupton, J E and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Olson, E J and Fruh-Green, G L}
}
@article {ISI:000320852100014,
	title = {{Characterizing the distribution and rates of microbial sulfate reduction at Middle Valley hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {1391{\textendash}1401},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Few studies have directly measured sulfate reduction at hydrothermal vents, and relatively little is known about how environmental or ecological factors influence rates of sulfate reduction in vent environments. A better understanding of microbially mediated sulfate reduction in hydrothermal vent ecosystems may be achieved by integrating ecological and geochemical data with metabolic rate measurements. Here we present rates of microbially mediated sulfate reduction from three distinct hydrothermal vents in the Middle Valley vent field along the Juan de Fuca Ridge, as well as assessments of bacterial and archaeal diversity, estimates of total biomass and the abundance of functional genes related to sulfate reduction, and in situ geochemistry. Maximum rates of sulfate reduction occurred at 90 degrees C in all three deposits. Pyrosequencing and functional gene abundance data revealed differences in both biomass and community composition among sites, including differences in the abundance of known sulfate-reducing bacteria. The abundance of sequences for Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms and higher sulfate reduction rates at elevated temperatures suggests that Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms may have a role in sulfate reduction in warmer environments. The rates of sulfate reduction presented here suggest that-within anaerobic niches of hydrothermal deposits-heterotrophic sulfate reduction may be quite common and might contribute substantially to secondary productivity, underscoring the potential role of this process in both sulfur and carbon cycling at vents.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.17},
	author = {Frank, Kiana L and Rogers, Daniel R and Olins, Heather C and Vidoudez, Charles and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Feng2013,
	title = {{A comparative study of authigenic carbonates from mussel and tubeworm environments: Implications for discriminating the effects of tubeworms}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {110{\textendash}118},
	abstract = {The Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon seeps are often populated by dense mussel beds and tubeworm aggregations, as well as exposed authigenic carbonate outcrops. Previous studies suggest the activity of mussels and tubeworms could influence the sediment geochemistry of their habitats, resulting in variations in the stable carbon isotopes of the associated carbonates. However, this conclusion was based on the analyses of samples from a single site. To better understand whether there are consistent differences in the geochemical environments of mussels and tubeworms, mineralogical and stable isotopic compositions of authigenic carbonates from mussel and tubeworm environments from four seep sites were analyzed. The studied sites span a depth range of 1200~m to 2800~m on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope. We found that carbonate samples from tubeworm environments were more prone to contain aragonite whereas carbonates from mussel environments were more likely to have calcite. This finding supports the hypothesis that vestimentiferans release sulfate across their roots into the pore waters of the surrounding sediments, a process that could generate a locally sulfate-enriched environment that favors the precipitation of aragonite instead of calcite. Moreover, the $δ$13C values of tubeworm carbonates are generally lighter than that of mussel carbonates from the same site, which is consistent with the fact that tubeworms are fueling extra subsurface methane oxidation through the release of sulfate into the sediment. Such a process, consequently, enriches the subsurface dissolved inorganic carbon pool with light carbon derived from the seeping hydrocarbons. Taken together, our data suggest that tubeworms could produce a carbon isotope shift that is sufficient to influence the sediment geochemistry of their immediate area, and that this impact is reflected in the associated authigenic carbonates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2013.02.002},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063713000435},
	author = {Feng, D and Cordes, E E and Roberts, H H and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Sen2013,
	title = {{Distribution of mega fauna on sulfide edifices on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center and Valu Fa Ridge}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {48{\textendash}60},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent sulfide edifices contain some of the most extreme thermal and chemical conditions in which animals are able to live. As a result, sulfide edifices in the East Pacific Rise, Juan de Fuca Ridge, and Mid Atlantic Ridge vent systems often contain distinct faunal assemblages. In this study, we used high-resolution imagery and in-situ physico-chemical measurements within the context of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to examine community structure and niche differentiation of dominant fauna on sulfide edifices in the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) in the Western Pacific Ocean. Our results show that ELSC and VFR sulfide edifices host two distinct types of communities. One type, that covers the majority of sulfide edifice faces, is overall very similar to nearby lava communities and biomass is dominated by the same chemoautotrophic symbiont-containing molluscs that dominate lava communities, namely the provannid gastropods Alviniconcha spp. and Ifremeria nautilei and the mytilid bivalve Bathymodiolus brevior. The spatial distribution of the dominant molluscs is often a variation of the pattern of concentric rings observed on lavas, with Alviniconcha spp. at the tops of edifices where exposure to vent flow is the highest, and I. nautilei and B. brevior below. Our physico-chemical measurements indicate that because of rapid dispersion of vent fluid, habitable area for symbiont-containing fauna is quite limited on sulfide edifices, and the realized niches of the mollusc groups are narrower on sulfide edifices than on lavas. We suggest that competition plays an important role in determining the realized distributions of the mollusc groups on edifices. The other habitat, present in small patches of presumably hot, new anhydrite, is avoided by the dominant symbiont-containing molluscs and inhabited by crabs, shrimp and polynoids that are likely more heat tolerant. The ratio of sulfide concentration to temperature anomaly of vent fluids was significantly different between sulfide edifice sites and lava sites in the southern vent fields but not in the northern vent fields. We suggest that this is due to increased sulfide consumption by a large microbial consortium associated with the more friable andesitic lava substrates in the south.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.11.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063712002233},
	author = {Sen, A and Becker, E L and Podowski, E L and Wickes, L N and Ma, S and Mullaugh, K M and Hourdez, S and Luther, G W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000323828800015,
	title = {{A low-relief shield volcano origin for the South Kaua{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}i Swell}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {2328{\textendash}2348},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The South Kauai Swell (SKS) is a 110 km x 80 km ovoid bathymetric feature that stands {\textgreater}2 km high and abuts the southern flank of the island of Kauai. The origin of the SKS was investigated using multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter, gravity data, radiometric ages, and geochemistry of rock samples. Most of the SKS rock samples are tholeiitic in composition with ages of 3.9-5.4 Ma indicating they were derived from shield volcanism. The ages and compositions of the SKS rocks partially overlap with those of the nearby Niihau, Kauai and West Kaena volcano complexes. The SKS was originally described as a landslide; however, this interpretation is problematic given the ovoid shape of SKS, its relatively smooth, flat-to-convex surface, and the lack of an obvious source region that could accommodate what would be one of Earth{\textquoteright}s most voluminous (6 x 10(3) km(3)) landslides. The morphology, size, and the surrounding gravity anomaly are more consistent with the SKS being a low-relief shield volcano, which was partially covered with a small volume of landside debris from south Kauai and later with some secondary volcanic seamounts. A shield origin would imply that Hawaiian and possibly other hotspot shield volcanoes can take on a wider variety of forms than is commonly thought, ranging from tall island-building shields, to smaller edifices such as Kaena Ridge and Mahukona, to even lower-relief volcanoes represented by the SKS and possibly the South West Oahu Volcanic Field.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20159},
	author = {Ito, Garrett and Garcia, Michael O and Smith, John R and Taylor, Brian and Flinders, Ashton and Jicha, Brian and Yamasaki, Seiko and Weis, Dominique and Swinnard, Lisa and Blay, Chuck}
}
@article {ISI:000322229800020,
	title = {{Niche divergence by deep-sea octocorals in the genus Callogorgia across the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {MOLECULAR ECOLOGY},
	volume = {22},
	number = {15},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {4123{\textendash}4140},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Environmental variables that are correlated with depth have been suggested to be among the major forces underlying speciation in the deep sea. This study incorporated phylogenetics and ecological niche models (ENM) to examine whether congeneric species of Callogorgia (Octocorallia: Primnoidae) occupy different ecological niches across the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and whether this niche divergence could be important in the evolution of these closely related species. Callogorgia americana americana, Callogorgia americana delta and Callogorgia gracilis were documented at 13 sites in the GoM (250-1000 m) from specimen collections and extensive video observations. On a first order, these species were separated by depth, with C. gracilis occurring at the shallowest sites, C. a. americana at mid-depths and C. a. delta at the deepest sites. Callogorgia a. delta was associated with areas of increased seep activity, whereas C. gracilis and C. a. americana were associated with narrow, yet warmer, temperature ranges and did not occur near cold seeps. ENM background and identity tests revealed little to no overlap in ecological niches between species. Temporal calibration of the phylogeny revealed the formation of the Isthmus of Panama was a vicariance event that may explain some of the patterns of speciation within this genus. These results elucidate the potential mechanisms for speciation in the deep sea, emphasizing both bathymetric speciation and vicariance events in the evolution of a genus across multiple regions.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/mec.12370},
	author = {Quattrini, Andrea M and Georgian, Samuel E and Byrnes, Luke and Stevens, Alex and Falco, Rosalia and Cordes, Erik E}
}
@article {Luther2012,
	title = {{Chemistry, Temperature, and Faunal Distributions at Diffuse-Flow Hydrothermal Vents Comparison of Two Geologically Distinct Ridge Systems}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {234{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Diffuse-flow, low-temperature areas near hydrothermal vents support life via chemosynthesis: hydrogen sulfide (and other reduced chemical compounds) emanating from the subsurface is oxidized with bottom-water oxygen through bacterial mediation to fix carbon dioxide and produce biomass. This article reviews the in~situ diffuse-flow chemistry (mainly H2S and O2) and temperature data collected in 2006 and 2009 along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC), and from 2004 to 2008 at 9{\textdegree}N along the East Pacific Rise (9 N EPR), predominantly around macrofauna that contain endosymbionts at these two hydrothermal vent regions. More than 48,000 and 20,000 distinct chemical and temperature data points were collected with a multi-analyte electrochemical analyzer in the diffuse-flow waters at 9 N EPR and the ELSC, respectively. Despite their different geological settings and different macrofauna (two different species of snails and mussels at the ELSC versus two different species of tubeworms and mussels at 9 N EPR), there are similarities in the temperature and chemistry data, as well as in the distributions of organisms. The pattern of water chemistry preferred by the provannid snails (Alviniconcha~spp., Ifremeria nautilei) and Bathymodiolus brevior at the ELSC is similar to the water chemistry pattern found for the siboglinid tubeworms (Tevnia jerichonana, Riftia pachyptila) and the Bathymodiolus thermophilus mussels at 9 N EPR. The eruptions at 9 N EPR in 2005 and 2006 resulted in increased H2S concentrations, increased H2S/T ratios, and an initial change in the dominant tubeworm species from Riftia pachyptila to Tevnia jerichonana after the eruption created new vent habitats. In 2005, two sites at 9 N EPR showed major increases in the H2S/T ratio from 2004, which suggested a probable eruption in this basalt-dominated system. At the ELSC, there was a decrease in the H2S/T ratio from northern to southern sites, which reflects the change in geological setting from basalt to andesite and the shallower water depths at the southern sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.22},
	author = {Luther, G W and Gartman, A and Yuecel, M and Madison, A S and Moore, T S and Nees, H A and Nuzzio, D B and Sen, A and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Soule2012,
	title = {{CO2 variability in mid-ocean ridge basalts from syn-emplacement degassing: Constraints on eruption dynamics}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {327{\textendash}328},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {39{\textendash}49},
	abstract = {Basaltic glasses produced during mid-ocean ridge (MOR) eruptions display a wide range of dissolved CO2 concentrations with respect to equilibrium saturation at their eruption depth. This variability is thought to reflect the dynamics of magma ascent and emplacement, with rapid ascent and depressurization leading to supersaturated conditions and slower ascent resulting in equilibrium saturation. In this study we examine a suite of samples from the 2005{\textendash}06 eruption of the East Pacific Rise (EPR), collected at {\~{}}~200~m intervals along two well-defined flow pathways within a single seafloor eruption to examine syn-emplacement degassing, using measurements of vesicularity, crystallinity, volatile contents, and helium. This new data set is unique because flow pathways of individual MOR lava flows have rarely been mapped and have never been systematically sampled. Here we show that a large range in dissolved CO2 concentrations exists within this single eruption that nearly spans that observed in tens of flows measured along this portion of the EPR crest. This lava flow experienced equilibrium degassing of dissolved CO2 from supersaturated conditions at the vent (and persisting over the first 750~m of flow) toward equilibrium with seafloor pressures along a {\~{}}~2.5~km-long flow path. This was accompanied by an increase in vesicularity and characteristic bubble radius along the flow, indicating the importance of bubble growth by diffusion for degassing. Nearly constant total helium concentrations (melt~+~vesicles) indicate that no bubbles were lost during emplacement. With a model of diffusion-controlled bubble growth constrained by observations from the samples along the largest flow lobe of the eruption, we calculate minimum ascent rates of 0.15~m/s, and {\textendash} for this portion of the eruption {\textendash} an eruption duration of {\~{}}~30~h and flow rates from 0.02 to 0.12~m/s. This study represents the first quantitative assessment of eruption dynamics using volatiles in a mid-ocean ridge lava flow.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	author = {Soule, S A and Nakata, D S and Fornari, D J and Fundis, A T and Perfit, M R and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600101,
	title = {{Distribution, abundance, and diversity patterns of the thermoacidophilic {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}deep-sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeota 2{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Cultivation-independent studies have shown that taxa belonging to the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}deep-sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeota 2{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} (DHVE2) lineage are widespread at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. While this lineage appears to be a common and important member of the microbial community at vent environments, relatively little is known about their overall distribution and phylogenetic diversity. In this study, we examined the distribution, relative abundance, co-occurrence patterns, and phylogenetic diversity of cultivable thermoacidophilic DHVE2 in deposits from globally distributed vent fields. Results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays with primers specific for the DHVE2 and Archaea demonstrate the ubiquity of the DHVE2 at deep-sea vents and suggest that they are significant members of the archaeal communities of established vent deposit communities. Local similarity analysis of pyrosequencing data revealed that the distribution of the DHVE2 was positively correlated with 10 other Euryarchaeota phylotypes and negatively correlated with mostly Crenarchaeota phylotypes. Targeted cultivation efforts resulted in the isolation of 12 axenic strains from six different vent fields, expanding the cultivable diversity of this lineage to vents along the East Pacific Rise and Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Eleven of these isolates shared greater than 97{\%} 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with one another and the only described isolate of the DHVE2, Aciduliprofundum boonei T469(T). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of five protein-coding loci, atpA, EF-2, radA, rpoB, and secY, revealed clustering of isolates according to geographic region of isolation. Overall, this study increases our understanding of the distribution, abundance, and phylogenetic diversity of the DHVE2.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00047},
	author = {Flores, Gilberto E and Wagner, Isaac D and Liu, Yitai and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {Fornari2012,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise Between 9 degrees N and 10 degrees N: Twenty-Five Years of Integrated, Multidisciplinary Oceanic Spreading Center Studies}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {18{\textendash}43},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {The East Pacific Rise from {\~{}}~9{\textendash}10{\textdegree}N is an archetype for a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. In particular, the segment near 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N has been the focus of multidisciplinary research for over two decades, making it one of the best-studied areas of the global ridge system. It is also one of only two sites along the global ridge where two historical volcanic eruptions have been observed. This volcanically active segment has thus offered unparalleled opportunities to investigate a range of complex interactions among magmatic, volcanic, hydrothermal, and biological processes associated with crustal accretion over a full magmatic cycle. At this 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N site, comprehensive physical oceanographic measurements and modeling have also shed light on linkages between hydrodynamic transport of larvae and other materials and biological dynamics influenced by magmatic processes. Integrated results of high-resolution mapping, and both in~situ and laboratory-based geophysical, oceanographic, geochemical, and biological observations and sampling, reveal how magmatic events perturb the hydrothermal system and the biological communities it hosts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.02},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Bryce, Julia G and Cowen, J P and Ferrini, Vicki and Fundis, A and Lilley, M D and Luther, G W and Mullineaux, L S and Perfit, M R and Meana-Prado, M F and Rubin, K H and Seyfried, W E and Shank, T M and Soule, S A and Tolstoy, M and White, S M}
}
@article {Beinart2012,
	title = {{Evidence for the role of endosymbionts in regional-scale habitat partitioning by hydrothermal vent symbioses}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {47},
	year = {2012},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {E3241{\textendash}E3250},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are populated by dense communities of animals that form symbiotic associations with chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. To date, our understanding of which factors govern the distribution of host/symbiont associations (or holobionts) in nature is limited, although host physiology often is invoked. In general, the role that symbionts play in habitat utilization by vent holobionts has not been thoroughly addressed. Here we present evidence for symbiont-influenced, regional-scale niche partitioning among symbiotic gastropods (genus Alviniconcha) in the Lau Basin. We extensively surveyed Alviniconcha holobionts from four vent fields using quantitative molecular approaches, coupled to characterization of high-temperature and diffuse vent-fluid composition using gastight samplers and in situ electrochemical analyses, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses exposed cryptic host and symbiont diversity, revealing three distinct host types and three different symbiont phylotypes (one $ε$-proteobacteria and two $\gamma$-proteobacteria) that formed specific associations with one another. Strikingly, we observed that holobionts with $ε$-proteobacterial symbionts were dominant at the northern fields, whereas holobionts with $\gamma$-proteobacterial symbionts were dominant in the southern fields. This pattern of distribution corresponds to differences in the vent geochemistry that result from deep subsurface geological and geothermal processes. We posit that the symbionts, likely through differences in chemolithoautotrophic metabolism, influence niche utilization among these holobionts. The data presented here represent evidence linking symbiont type to habitat partitioning among the chemosynthetic symbioses at hydrothermal vents and illustrate the coupling between subsurface geothermal processes and niche availability.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1202690109},
	author = {Beinart, R A and Sanders, J G and Faure, B and Sylva, S P and Lee, R W and Becker, E L and Gartman, A and Luther, G W and Seewald, J S and Fisher, C R and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {ISI:000306502100006,
	title = {{Hippea jasoniae sp nov and Hippea alviniae sp nov., thermoacidophilic members of the class Deltaproteobacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent deposits}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {6},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1252{\textendash}1258},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Thirteen novel, obligately anaerobic, thermoacidophilic bacteria were isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites. Four of the strains, designated EP5-r(T), KM1, Mar08-272r(T) and Mar08-368r, were selected for metabolic and physiological characterization. With the exception of strain EP5-r(T), all strains were short rods that grew between 40 and 72 degrees C, with optimal growth at 60-65 degrees C. Strain EP5-r(T) was more ovoid in shape and grew between 45 and 75 degrees C, with optimum growth at 60 degrees C. The pH range for growth of all the isolates was between pH 3.5 and 5.5 (optimum pH 4.5 to 5.0). Strain Mar08-272r(T) could only grow up to pH 5.0. Elemental sulfur was required for heterotrophic growth on acetate, succinate, Casamino acids and yeast extract. Strains EP5-r(T), Mar08-272r(T) and Mar08-368r could also use fumarate, while strains EP5-r(T), KM1 and Mar08-272r(T) could also use propionate. All isolates were able to grow chemolithotrophically on H-2, CO2, sulfur and vitamins. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed all isolates within the family Desulfurellaceae of the class Deltaproteobacteria, with the closest cultured relative being Hippea maritima MH2T (similar to 95-98{\%} gene sequence similarity). Phylogenetic analysis also identified several isolates with at least one intervening sequence within the 16S rRNA gene. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains EP5-r(T), KM1, Mar08-272r(T) and Mar08-368r were 37.1, 42.0, 35.6 and 37.9 mol{\%}, respectively. The new isolates differed most significantly from H. maritima MH2T in their phylogenetic placement and in that they were obligate thermoacidophiles. Based on these phylogenetic and phenotypic properties, the following two novel species are proposed: Hippea jasoniae sp. nov. (type strain Mar08-272r(T)=DSM 24585(T)=OCM 985(T)) and Hippea alviniae sp. nov. (type strain EP5-r(T)=DSM 24586(T)=OCM 986(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.033001-0},
	author = {Flores, Gilberto E and Hunter, Ryan C and Liu, Yitai and Mets, Anchelique and Schouten, Stefan and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {Baker2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal Discharge During Submarine Eruptions THE IMPORTANCE OF DETECTION, RESPONSE, AND NEW TECHNOLOGY}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {128{\textendash}141},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Submarine volcanic eruptions and intrusions construct new oceanic crust and build long chains of volcanic islands and vast submarine plateaus. Magmatic events are a primary agent for the transfer of heat, chemicals, and even microbes from the crust to the ocean, but the processes that control these transfers are poorly understood. The 1980s discovery that mid-ocean ridge eruptions are often associated with brief releases of immense volumes of hot fluids ("event plumes") spurred interest in methods for detecting the onset of eruptions or intrusions and for rapidly organizing seagoing response efforts. Since then, some 35 magmatic events have been recognized and responded to on mid-ocean ridges and at seamounts in both volcanic arc and intraplate settings. Field responses at mid-ocean ridges have found that event plumes occur over a wide range of eruption styles and sizes, and thus may be a common consequence of ridge eruptions. The source(s) of event plume fluids are still debated. Eruptions detected at ridges generally have high effusion rates and short durations (hours to days), whereas field responses at arc volcanic cones have found eruptions with very low effusion rates and durations on the scale of years. New approaches to the study of submarine magmatic events include the development of autonomous vehicles for detection and response, and the establishment of permanent seafloor observatories at likely future eruption sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.11},
	author = {Baker, E T and Chadwick, W W and Cowen, J P and Dziak, R P and Rubin, K H and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Connelly2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world{\textquoteright}s deepest seafloor spreading centre}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {620},
	abstract = {The Mid-Cayman spreading centre is an ultraslow-spreading ridge in the Caribbean Sea. Its extreme depth and geographic isolation from other mid-ocean ridges offer insights into the effects of pressure on hydrothermal venting, and the biogeography of vent fauna. Here we report the discovery of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre. The Von Damm Vent Field is located on the upper slopes of an oceanic core complex at a depth of 2,300 m. High-temperature venting in this off-axis setting suggests that the global incidence of vent fields may be underestimated. At a depth of 4,960 m on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre axis, the Beebe Vent Field emits copper-enriched fluids and a buoyant plume that rises 1,100 m, consistent with {\textgreater}400 degrees C venting from the world{\textquoteright}s deepest known hydrothermal system. At both sites, a new morphospecies of alvinocaridid shrimp dominates faunal assemblages, which exhibit similarities to those of Mid-Atlantic vents.},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms1636},
	author = {Connelly, D P and Copley, J T and Murton, B J and Stansfield, K and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Van Dover, C L and Amon, D and Furlong, M and Grindlay, N and Hayman, N and Huehnerbach, V and Judge, M and Le Bas, Tim and McPhail, S and Meier, A and Nakamura, K I and Nye, Verity and Pebody, M and Pedersen, R B and Plouviez, S and Sands, Carla and Searle, R C and Stevenson, P and Taws, Sarah and Wilcox, S}
}
@article {White2012,
	title = {{Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {50},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {20303{\textendash}20308},
	abstract = {To assess the potential impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on offshore ecosystems, 11 sites hosting deep-water coral communities were examined 3 to 4 mo after the well was capped. Healthy coral communities were observed at all sites {\textgreater}20 km from the Macondo well, including seven sites previously visited in September 2009, where the corals and communities appeared unchanged. However, at one site 11 km southwest of the Macondo well, coral colonies presented widespread signs of stress, including varying degrees of tissue loss, sclerite enlargement, excess mucous production, bleached commensal ophiuroids, and covering by brown flocculent material (floc). On the basis of these criteria the level of impact to individual colonies was ranked from 0 (least impact) to 4 (greatest impact). Of the 43 corals imaged at that site, 46{\%} exhibited evidence of impact on more than half of the colony, whereas nearly a quarter of all of the corals showed impact to {\textgreater}90{\%} of the colony. Additionally, 53{\%} of these corals{\textquoteright} ophiuroid associates displayed abnormal color and/or attachment posture. Analysis of hopanoid petroleum biomarkers isolated from the floc provides strong evidence that this material contained oil from the Macondo well. The presence of recently damaged and deceased corals beneath the path of a previously documented plume emanating from the Macondo well provides compelling evidence that the oil impacted deep-water ecosystems. Our findings underscore the unprecedented nature of the spill in terms of its magnitude, release at depth, and impact to deep-water ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118029109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Tivey2012,
	title = {{Links from Mantle to Microbe at the Lau Integrated Study Site:Insights from a Back-Arc Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {62{\textendash}77},
	abstract = {The Lau Integrated Study Site (ISS) has provided unique opportunities for study of ridge processes because of its back-arc setting in the southwestern Pacific. Its location allows study of a biogeographical province distinct from those of eastern Pacific and mid-Atlantic ridges, and crustal compositions along the ridge lie outside the range of mid-ocean ridge crustal compositions. The Lau ISS is located above a subduction zone, at an oblique angle. The underlying mantle receives water and other elements derived from the downgoing lithospheric slab, with an increase in slab influence from north to south. Water lowers the mantle melting temperature and leads to greater melt production where the water flux is greater, and to distinctive regional-scale gradients along the ridge. There are deeper faulted axial valleys with basaltic volcanism in the north and inflated axial highs with andesites in the south. Differences in igneous rock composition and release of magmatic volatiles affect compositions of vent fluids and deposits. Differences in vent fluid compositions and small-scale diffuse-flow regimes correlate with regional-scale patterns in microbial and megafaunal distributions. The interdisciplinary research effort at the Lau ISS has successfully identified linkages between subsurface processes and deep-sea biological communities, from mantle to microbe to megafauna.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.04},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Becker, E and Beinart, R and Fisher, C R and Girguis, P R and Langmuir, C H and Michael, P J and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@article {Lang2012,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of abiogenic carbon and hydrogen in a serpentinite-hosted system}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {82{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {Mantle rocks exposed on the seafloor constitute a highly reactive chemical and thermal system, in which interaction with seawater to produce serpentinite has major consequences for lithospheric cooling, global geochemical cycles, and microbial activity. Serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal activity is exemplified by the Lost City Hydrothermal Field (30{\textdegree}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) where fluid{\textendash}rock reactions in the underlying ultramafic rocks result in high concentrations of abiotic hydrogen, methane, C2+ alkanes, and formate. Such systems have been proposed as possible analogs to the Early Earth environments that gave rise to the first biochemical pathways. Thus, characterizing the local microbial communities and their potential link with abiogenic compounds is of particular significance. Here we demonstrate that in active carbonate chimneys where microbial sulfate reduction is important, up to 50{\%} of the microbial biomass is synthesized from mantle carbon. Conversely, mantle carbon contributes only \~{}10{\%} of the biomass in areas with minimal sulfate reduction. We attribute this difference to greater incorporation of formate or methane by the dominant microbial species, the Lost City Methanosarcinales, in locations where sulfate reducers are able to facilitate this assimilation. The ability of autotrophic communities at Lost City to capitalize on the steady stream of chemical products resulting from serpentinization reactions and to utilize abiogenic mantle carbon lend credence to the hypothesis that early biosynthetic pathways could have developed in similar environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Proskurowski, G and Mehay, S and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {ISI:000301945500007,
	title = {{Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {766{\textendash}776},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of the endosymbionts coupled with an in situ characterization of the geochemical environment was performed to investigate their roles and expression profiles in the two respective hosts. The metagenomes indicated that the endosymbionts are genotypically highly homogeneous. Gene sequences coding for enzymes of selected key metabolic functions were found to be 99.9{\%} identical. On the proteomic level, the symbionts showed very consistent metabolic profiles, despite distinctly different geochemical conditions at the plume level of the respective hosts. Only a few minor variations were observed in the expression of symbiont enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, carbon fixation and in the response to oxidative stress. Although these changes correspond to the prevailing environmental situation experienced by each host, our data strongly suggest that the two tubeworm species are able to effectively attenuate differences in habitat conditions, and thus to provide their symbionts with similar micro-environments. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 766-776; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.137; published online 20 October 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.137},
	author = {Gardebrecht, Antje and Markert, Stephanie and Sievert, Stefan M and Felbeck, Horst and Thuermer, Andrea and Albrecht, Dirk and Wollherr, Antje and Kabisch, Johannes and Le Bris, Nadine and Lehmann, Ruediger and Daniel, Rolf and Liesegang, Heiko and Hecker, Michael and Schweder, Thomas}
}
@article {White2012a,
	title = {{Reply to Boehm and Carragher: Multiple lines of evidence link deep-water coral damage to Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {40},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {E2648{\textendash}E2648},
	abstract = {Our original study (1) used visual inspection as well as biological and geochemical analyses of corals and the surrounding sediment to provide complementary and compelling evidence linking the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill to the presence of damaged deep-water corals and brittle stars 11 km from the site of the leaking oil.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1210413109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {McCulloch2012,
	title = {{Resilience of Cold-Water Scleractinian Corals to Ocean Acidification: Boron Isotopic Systematics of pH and Saturation State Up-Regulation}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21{\textendash}34},
	abstract = {The boron isotope systematics has been determined for azooxanthellate scleractinian corals from a wide range of both deep-sea and shallow-water environments. The aragonitic coral species, Caryophyllia smithii, Desmophyllum dianthus, Enallopsammia rostrata, Lophelia pertusa, and Madrepora oculata, are all found to have relatively high $δ$11B compositions ranging from 23.2{\textperthousand} to 28.7{\textperthousand}. These values lie substantially above the pH-dependent inorganic seawater borate equilibrium curve, indicative of strong up-regulation of pH of the internal calcifying fluid (pHcf), being elevated by \~{}0.6{\textendash}0.8~units ($Δ$pH) relative to ambient seawater. In contrast, the deep-sea calcitic coral Corallium sp. has a significantly lower $δ$11B composition of 15.5{\textperthousand}, with a corresponding lower $Δ$pH value of \~{}0.3~units, reflecting the importance of mineralogical control on biological pH up-regulation. The solitary coral D. dianthus was sampled over a wide range of seawater pHT and shows an approximate linear correlation with $Δ$pHDesmo~=~6.43~-~0.71pHT (r2~=~0.79). An improved correlation is however found with the closely related parameter of seawater aragonite saturation state, where $Δ$pHDesmo~=~1.09~-~0.14${\O}mega$arag (r2~=~0.95), indicating the important control that carbonate saturation state has on calcification. The ability to up-regulate internal pHcf, and consequently ${\O}mega$cf, of the calcifying fluid is therefore a process present in both azooxanthellate and zooxanthellate aragonitic corals, and is attributed to the action of Ca2+-ATPase in modulating the proton gradient between seawater and the site of calcification. These findings also show that the boron isotopic compositions ($δ$11Bcarb) of aragonitic corals are highly systematic and consistent with direct uptake of the borate species within the biologically controlled extracellular calcifying medium. We also show that the relatively strong up-regulation of pH and consequent elevation of the internal carbonate saturation state (${\O}mega$cf \~{}8.5 to \~{}13) at the site of calcification by cold-water corals, facilitates calcification at or in some cases below the aragonite saturation horizon, providing a greater ability to adapt to the already low and now decreasing carbonate ion concentrations. Although providing greater resilience to the effects of ocean acidification and enhancing rates of calcification with increasing temperature, the process of internal pHcf up-regulation has an associated energetic cost, and therefore growth-rate cost, of \~{}10{\%} per 0.1 pH unit decrease in seawater pHT. Furthermore, as the aragonite saturation horizon shoals with rapidly increasing pCO2 and ${\O}mega$arag~~},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.027},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.027},
	author = {McCulloch, M and Trotter, J and Montagna, P and Falter, J and Dunbar, R and Freiwald, A and F{\"o}rsterra, G and Correa, M L and Maier, C and R{\"u}ggeberg, A and Taviani, M}
}
@article {Dziak2012,
	title = {{Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {478{\textendash}482},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Volcanoes at spreading centres on land often exhibit seismicity and ground inflation months to years before an eruption, caused by a gradual influx of magma to the source reservoir1, 2, 3, 4. Deflation and seismicity can occur on time scales of hours to days, and result from the injection of magma into adjacent rift zones5, 6, 7, 8. Volcanoes at submarine rift zones, such as Axial Seamount in the northeast Pacific Ocean, have exhibited similar behaviour9, 10, 11, 12, but a direct link between seismicity, seafloor deformation and magma intrusion has never been demonstrated. Here we present recordings from ocean-bottom hydrophones and an established array of bottom-pressure recorders that reveal patterns of both microearthquakes and seafloor deformation at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, before it erupted in April 2011. Our observations show that the rate of seismicity increased steadily during a period of several years, leading up to an intrusion and eruption of magma that began on 6 April 2011. We also detected a sudden increase in seismo-acoustic energy about 2.6 h before the eruption began. Our data indicate that access to real-time seismic data, projected to be available in the near future, might facilitate short-term forecasting and provide sufficient lead-time to prepare in situ instrumentation before future intrusion and eruption events.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1490},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Fowler, M J and Matsumoto, H and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Rubin2012,
	title = {{Volcanic Eruptions in the Deep Sea}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {142{\textendash}157},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions are important events in Earth{\textquoteright}s cycle of magma generation and crustal construction. Over durations of hours to years, eruptions produce new deposits of lava and/or fragmentary ejecta, transfer heat and magmatic volatiles from Earth{\textquoteright}s interior to the overlying air or seawater, and significantly modify the landscape and perturb local ecosystems. Today and through most of geological history, the greatest number and volume of volcanic eruptions on Earth have occurred in the deep ocean along mid-ocean ridges, near subduction zones, on oceanic plateaus, and on thousands of mid-plate seamounts. However, deep-sea eruptions ({\textgreater} 500~m depth) are much more difficult to detect and observe than subaerial eruptions, so comparatively little is known about them. Great strides have been made in eruption detection, response speed, and observational detail since the first recognition of a deep submarine eruption at a mid-ocean ridge 25 years ago. Studies of ongoing or recent deep submarine eruptions reveal information about their sizes, durations, frequencies, styles, and environmental impacts. Ultimately, magma formation and accumulation in the upper mantle and crust, plus local tectonic stress fields, dictate when, where, and how often submarine eruptions occur, whereas eruption depth, magma composition, conditions of volatile segregation, and tectonic setting determine submarine eruption style.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.12},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Soule, S A and Chadwick, W W and Fornari, D J and Clague, D A and Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Perfit, M R and Caress, D W and Dziak, R P}
}
@article {Thiel2012,
	title = {{Widespread occurrence of two carbon fixation pathways in tubeworm endosymbionts: lessons from hydrothermal vent associated tubeworms from the Mediterranean Sea}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {423},
	abstract = {Vestimentiferan tubeworms (siboglinid polychetes) of the genus Lamellibrachia are common members of cold seep faunal communities and have also been found at sedimented hydrothermal vent sites in the Pacific. As they lack a digestive system, they are nourished by chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts growing in a specialized tissue called the trophosome. Here we present the results of investigations of tubeworms and endosymbionts from a shallow hydrothermal vent field in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The tubeworms, which are the first reported vent-associated tubeworms outside the Pacific, are identified as Lamellibrachia anaximandri using mitochondrial ribosomal and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences. They harbor a single gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont. Carbon isotopic data, as well as the analysis of genes involved in carbon and sulfur metabolism indicate a sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic endosymbiont. The detection of a hydrogenase gene fragment suggests the potential for hydrogen oxidation as alternative energy source. Surprisingly, the endosymbiont harbors genes for two different carbon fixation pathways, the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle as well as the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle, as has been reported for the endosymbiont of the vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. In addition to RubisCO genes we detected ATP citrate lyase (ACL {\textendash} the key enzyme of the rTCA cycle) type II gene sequences using newly designed primer sets. Comparative investigations with additional tubeworm species (Lamellibrachia luymesi, Lamellibrachia sp. 1, Lamellibrachia sp. 2, Escarpia laminata, Seepiophila jonesi) from multiple cold seep sites in the Gulf of Mexico revealed the presence of acl genes in these species as well. Thus, our study suggests that the presence of two different carbon fixation pathways, the CBB cycle and the rTCA cycle, is not restricted to the Riftia endosymbiont, but rather might be common in vestimentiferan tubeworm endosymbionts, regardless of the habitat.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00423},
	author = {Thiel, Vera and Hugler, M and Bl{\"u}mel, M and Baumann, H I and G{\"a}rtner, A and Schmaljohann, R and Strauss, H and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Petersen, S and Cowart, D A and Fisher, C R and Imhoff, J F}
}
@article {Li2011,
	title = {{Abundance and distribution of fatty acids within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Journal of Sea Research},
	volume = {65},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {333{\textendash}339},
	abstract = {Abundance and distribution of total fatty acids (TFAs) were examined along the physicochemical gradient within an active hydrothermal chimney collected from the Main Endeavour segment of Juan de Fuca Ridge. Approximately 27 fatty acids are identified with a chain-length ranging from C12 to C22. From the exterior to the interior of the chimney walls, the total concentrations of TFAs (∑~TFAs) show a trend of evident decrease. The observed compositions of TFAs are rich in bacterial biomarkers especially monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and minor branched and cyclopropyl FAs. On the basis of the species-specific FAs and bacterial 16SrRNA gene analysis (Li et al., unpublished data), sulfur-based metabolism appears to be the essential metabolic process in the chimney. Furthermore, the sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) are identified as a basic component of microbial communities at the exterior of the hydrothermal chimney, and its proportion shows an inward decrease while the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) have an inverse distribution.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1385-1101},
	doi = {10.1016/j.seares.2011.01.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2011.01.005},
	author = {Li, J and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Fu, M and Chen, Z Q and Yao, H Q}
}
@article {Kinsey2011,
	title = {{Assessing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {261{\textendash}267},
	abstract = {This paper reports the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle and its deployment on two cruises in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The first cruise, in June 2010, coupled Sentry with the TETHYS mass spectrometer to track and localize a subsea hydrocarbon plume at a depth of approximately 1100m going at least 30km from the oil spill site. In December 2010, Sentry mapped and photographed deep-sea biological communities for follow-up observations and sampling with the Alvin manned submersible. These cruises demonstrate how robots and novel sensing technologies contributed to the oil spill assessment and the broader impact of technologies developed for basic research.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/IROS.2011.6095008},
	author = {Kinsey, J C and Yoerger, D R and Jakuba, M V and Camilli, Rich and Fisher, C R and German, C R}
}
@article {Birgel2011,
	title = {{Changing redox conditions at cold seeps as revealed by authigenic carbonates from Alaminos Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {285},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {82{\textendash}96},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane in anoxic sediments at cold seeps often leads to formation of authigenic carbonates close to the seafloor along continental margins. Recent work, however, indicated that the redox conditions in sediments may vary to some degree during seepage activity. In order to shed new light on the extent of this variability, authigenic carbonates from Alaminos Canyon lease block 645 of the northern Gulf of Mexico have been characterized by means of inorganic and organic geochemistry. The carbonates were collected from seep deposits representing various seafloor morphologies, including extensive pavements, mounds, fractured carbonate slabs surrounded by dense bivalve shells, and vestimentiferan tubeworm colonies. The deposits almost entirely consist of aragonite. The $δ$18O values of aragonite vary from +~2.6 to +~5.8{\textperthousand} V-PDB, suggesting precipitation in slight disequilibrium with the surrounding pore fluids. The $δ$13C values of aragonite between -~33.9 and -~20.4{\textperthousand} V-PDB agree with variable amounts of carbonate derived from oxidation of thermogenic methane and crude oil. Methane was primarily oxidized in an anaerobic process as revealed by the presence of 13C-depleted molecular fossils of methane-oxidizing archaea ($δ$13C values as negative as -~118{\textperthousand}) and sulfate-reducing bacteria ($δ$13C values as negative as -~97{\textperthousand}), the syntrophic partners in the anaerobic oxidation of methane. The observed inventories of molecular fossils in the authigenic carbonates mirror those of known consortia of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria, namely the ANME-2/Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus (DSS) and ANME-3/Desulfobulbus (DBB) consortia. In contrast, the same carbonates exhibit shale-normalized rare earth elements patterns that all display real negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*~ In contrast, the same carbonates exhibit shale-normalized rare earth elements patterns that all display real negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*~13C values of the biomarkers of aerobic methanotrophs are as negative as -~58{\textperthousand} and are consequently less 13C-depleted than the molecular fossils of the prokaryotes performing anaerobic oxidation of methane, a pattern in accord with culture experiments. Overall, our results suggest that redox conditions at cold seeps are variable. This variability probably reflects changes in seepage flux. The combination of an inorganic and an organic geochemical approach used here is promising to better assess the variability and diversity of past fluid and gas expulsion at seeps.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.03.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.03.004},
	author = {Birgel, D and Feng, D and Roberts, H H and Peckmann, J}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {ISI:000298301200007,
	title = {{Effects of chronic low carbonate saturation levels on the distribution, growth and skeletal chemistry of deep-sea corals and other seamount megabenthos}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {442},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {87{\textendash}99},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Ocean acidification has been predicted to reduce the ability of marine organisms to produce carbonate skeletons, threatening their long-term viability and severely impacting marine ecosystems. Corals, as ecosystem engineers, have been identified as particularly vulnerable and important. To determine the sensitivity of corals and allied taxa to long-term exposure to very low carbonate concentrations, we examined the distribution and skeletal characteristics of coral taxa along a natural deep-sea concentration gradient on seamounts of SW Australia. Carbonate under-saturation had little evident effect on the depth distribution, growth or skeletal composition of live scleractinians or gorgonians, with corals growing, often abundantly, in waters as much as 20 to 30{\%} under-saturated. Developmental anomalies in the deepest skeleton-forming anthozoan collected (an isidid gorgonian, at nearly 4 km depth) suggest an absolute low tolerance limit of about 40{\%} under-saturation. Evidence for an effect of acidification on the accumulation of reef structure is ambiguous, with clear indications of dissolution of high-magnesium calcite (HMC) gorgonian skeletons at depths below 2300 m, but also abundant, old scleractinian skeletons well below the aragonite saturation horizon. The latter might be the result of ferromanganese deposition on exposed skeletons, which, however, may render them inhospitable for benthic organisms.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps09400},
	author = {Thresher, Ronald E and Tilbrook, Bronte and Fallon, Stewart and Wilson, Nick C and Adkins, Jess}
}
@article {ISI:000296056300001,
	title = {{Extraordinarily high biomass benthic community on Southern Ocean seamounts}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We describe a previously unknown assemblage of seamount-associated megabenthos that has by far the highest peak biomass reported in the deep-sea outside of vent communities. The assemblage was found at depths of 2-2.5 km on rocky geomorphic features off the southeast coast of Australia, in an area near the Sub-Antarctic Zone characterised by high rates of surface productivity and carbon export to the deep-ocean. These conditions, and the taxa in the assemblage, are widely distributed around the Southern mid-latitudes, suggesting the high-biomass assemblage is also likely to be widespread. The role of this assemblage in regional ecosystem and carbon dynamics and its sensitivities to anthropogenic impacts are unknown. The discovery highlights the lack of information on deep-sea biota worldwide and the potential for unanticipated impacts of deep-sea exploitation.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep00119},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Adkins, J and Fallon, S J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Althaus, F and Williams, A}
}
@article {Smith2011,
	title = {{In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {Q06007},
	abstract = {The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge was used in the first long-term deployment of microbial enrichment flow cells using osmotically driven pumps in a subseafloor borehole. Three novel osmotically driven colonization systems with unidirectional flow were deployed in the borehole and incubated for 4 years to determine the microbial colonization preferences for 12 minerals and glasses present in igneous rocks. Following recovery of the colonization systems, we measured cell density on the minerals and glasses by fluorescent staining and direct counting and found some significant differences between mineral samples. We also determined the abundance of mesophilic and thermophilic culturable organotrophs grown on marine R2A medium and identified isolates by partial 16S or 18S rDNA sequencing. We found that nine distinct phylotypes of culturable mesophilic oligotrophs were present on the minerals and glasses and that eight of the nine can reduce nitrate and oxidize iron. Fe(II)-rich olivine minerals had the highest density of total countable cells and culturable organotrophic mesophiles, as well as the only culturable organotrophic thermophiles. These results suggest that olivine (a common igneous mineral) in seawater-recharged ocean crust is capable of supporting microbial communities, that iron oxidation and nitrate reduction may be important physiological characteristics of ocean crust microbes, and that heterogeneously distributed minerals in marine igneous rocks likely influence the distribution of microbial communities in the ocean crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003424},
	author = {Smith, A and Popa, R and Fisk, M and Nielsen, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Fisher, A T and Becker, K and Sievert, S M and Flores, G}
}
@article {Becker2011,
	title = {{Stable isotopes provide new insights into vestimentiferan physiological ecology at Gulf of Mexico cold seeps}},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {98},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {169{\textendash}174},
	abstract = {On the otherwise low-biomass seafloor of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) continental slope, natural oil and gas seeps are oases of local primary production that support lush animal communities. Hundreds of seep communities have been documented on the continental slope, and nutrition derived from seeps could be an important link in the overall GoM food web. Here, we present a uniquely large and cohesive data set of $δ$13C, $δ$15N, and $δ$34S compositions of the vestimentiferan tubeworms Escarpia laminata and Lamellibrachia sp. 1, which dominate biomass at GoM seeps and provide habitat for hundreds of other species. Our sampling design encompassed an entire region of the GoM lower slope, allowing us for the first time to assess spatial variability in isotope compositions and to robustly address long-standing hypotheses about how vestimentiferans acquire and cycle nutrients over their long lifespan (200+~years). Tissue $δ$13C values provided strong evidence that larger adult vestimentiferans use their buried roots to take up dissolved inorganic carbon from sediment pore water, while very small individuals use their plume to take up carbon dioxide from the seawater. $δ$34S values were extremely variable among individuals of the same species within one location (S values were extremely variable among individuals of the same species within one location (2 area), indicating high variability in the inorganic sulfur pools on a very small spatial scale. This finding supports the hypothesis that vestimentiferans use their roots to cycle sulfate and sulfide between their symbionts and free-living consortia of sulfate-reducing archaea in the sediment. Finally, consistent differences in $δ$15N between two cooccurring vestimentiferan species provided the first strong evidence for partitioning of inorganic resources, which has significant implications for the ecology and evolution of this taxonomic group.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1042},
	doi = {10.1007/s00114-010-0754-z},
	author = {Becker, E L and Macko, S A and Lee, R W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000208863500072,
	title = {{Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: a look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen indicates that the reaction is unfavorable as unstable superoxide and bisulfide radical ions would need to be produced. However, a two-electron transfer is favorable as stable S(0) and peroxide would be formed, but the partially filled orbitals in oxygen that accept electrons prevent rapid kinetics. Abiotic sulfide oxidation kinetics improve when reduced iron and/or manganese are oxidized by oxygen to form oxidized metals which in turn oxidize sulfide. Biological sulfur oxidation relies on enzymes that have evolved to overcome these kinetic constraints to affect rapid sulfide oxidation. Here we review the available thermodynamic and kinetic data for H2S and HS center dot as well as O-2, reactive oxygen species, nitrate, nitrite, and NOx species. We also present new kinetic data for abiotic sulfide oxidation with oxygen in trace metal clean solutions that constrain abiotic rates of sulfide oxidation in metal free solution and agree with the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, we present experimental data that give insight on rates of chemolithotrophic and photolithotrophic sulfide oxidation in the environment. We demonstrate that both anaerobic photolithotrophic and aerobic chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation rates are three or more orders of magnitude higher than abiotic rates suggesting that in most environments biotic sulfide oxidation rates will far exceed abiotic rates due to the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints discussed in the first section of the paper. Such data reshape our thinking about the biotic and abiotic contributions to sulfide oxidation in the environment.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00062},
	author = {Luther III, George W and Findlay, Alyssa J and MacDonald, Daniel J and Owings, Shannon M and Hanson, Thomas E and Beinart, Roxanne A and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Luther2011,
	title = {{Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: a look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {62},
	publisher = {FRONTIERS RESEARCH FOUNDATION},
	address = {LAUSANNE; PO BOX 110, LAUSANNE, 1015, SWITZERLAND},
	abstract = {The thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen indicates that the reaction is unfavorable as unstable superoxide and bisulfide radical ions would need to be produced. However, a two-electron transfer is favorable as stable S(0) and peroxide would be formed, but the partially filled orbitals in oxygen that accept electrons prevent rapid kinetics. Abiotic sulfide oxidation kinetics improve when reduced iron and/or manganese are oxidized by oxygen to form oxidized metals which in turn oxidize sulfide. Biological sulfur oxidation relies on enzymes that have evolved to overcome these kinetic constraints to affect rapid sulfide oxidation. Here we review the available thermodynamic and kinetic data for H2S and HS center dot as well as O-2, reactive oxygen species, nitrate, nitrite, and NOx species. We also present new kinetic data for abiotic sulfide oxidation with oxygen in trace metal clean solutions that constrain abiotic rates of sulfide oxidation in metal free solution and agree with the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, we present experimental data that give insight on rates of chemolithotrophic and photolithotrophic sulfide oxidation in the environment. We demonstrate that both anaerobic photolithotrophic and aerobic chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation rates are three or more orders of magnitude higher than abiotic rates suggesting that in most environments biotic sulfide oxidation rates will far exceed abiotic rates due to the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints discussed in the first section of the paper. Such data reshape our thinking about the biotic and abiotic contributions to sulfide oxidation in the environment.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00062},
	author = {Luther, G W and Findlay, A J and MacDonald, D J and Owings, S M and Hanson, T E and Beinart, R A and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Valentine2010,
	title = {{Asphalt volcanoes as a potential source of methane to late Pleistocene coastal waters}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {3},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {345{\textendash}348},
	abstract = {Every year, natural petroleum seepage emits 0.2{\textendash}2 Tg of oil to the ocean1. Significant oil seepage can build large underwater mounds, consisting of tar deposits with morphologies similar to volcanic lava flows, known as asphalt volcanoes2, 3. Such events are typically accompanied by large fluxes of the greenhouse gas methane4, 5. Marine sediments from the Santa Barbara basin, California, contain a record of elevated methane concentrations6, anoxia and tar deposition7 during the Pleistocene epoch that had been attributed to dissolution of methane hydrates. However, the region is known to have exhibited oil seepage in the past7. Here, we document the discovery of seven extinct asphalt volcanoes off the coast of southern California. The morphology of the deposits and geochemistry of samples taken from the two largest structures supports their classification as asphalt volcanoes, derived from a common source. We estimate that the two structures resulted from seepage of 0.07{\textendash}0.4 Tg of oil, accompanied by the emission of 0.35{\textendash}1.8 Tg of methane. Radiocarbon dating of carbonate deposits entrained with the asphalt indicates formation of the volcanoes between 44 and 31 kyr ago. The timing and volume of erupted hydrocarbons from the asphalt structures can explain some or all of the documented methane release and tar accumulation in the Santa Barbara basin during the Pleistocene.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo848},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo848},
	author = {Valentine, D L and Reddy, C M and Farwell, C and Hill, T M and Pizarro, O and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and Nelson, R K and Peacock, E E and Bagby, S C and Clarke, B A and Roman, C N and Soloway, M}
}
@article {Olu2010,
	title = {{Biogeography and Potential Exchanges Among the Atlantic Equatorial Belt Cold-Seep Faunas}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {e11967},
	abstract = {Like hydrothermal vents along oceanic ridges, cold seeps are patchy and isolated ecosystems along continental margins, extending from bathyal to abyssal depths. The Atlantic Equatorial Belt (AEB), from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of Guinea, was one focus of the Census of Marine Life ChEss (Chemosynthetic Ecosystems) program to study biogeography of seep and vent fauna. We present a review and analysis of collections from five seep regions along the AEB: the Gulf of Mexico where extensive faunal sampling has been conducted from 400 to 3300m, the Barbados accretionary prism, the Blake ridge diapir, and in the Eastern Atlantic from the Congo and Gabon margins and the recently explored Nigeria margin. Of the 72 taxa identified at the species level, a total of 9 species or species complexes are identified as amphi-Atlantic. Similarity analyses based on both Bray Curtis and Hellinger distances among 9 faunal collections, and principal component analysis based on presence/absence of megafauna species at these sites, suggest that within the AEB seep megafauna community structure is influenced primarily by depth rather than by geographic distance. Depth segregation is observed between 1000 and 2000m, with the middle slope sites either grouped with those deeper than 2000m or with the shallower sites. The highest level of community similarity was found between the seeps of the Florida escarpment and Congo margin. In the western Atlantic, the highest degree of similarity is observed between the shallowest sites of the Barbados prism and of the Louisiana slope. The high number of amphi-atlantic cold-seep species that do not cluster according to biogeographic regions, and the importance of depth in structuring AEB cold-seep communities are the major conclusions of this study. The hydrothermal vent sites along the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) did not appear as {\textquotedblleft}stepping stones{\textquotedblright} for dispersal of the AEB seep fauna, however, the south MAR and off axis regions should be further explored to more fully test this hypothesis.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0011967},
	author = {Olu, K and Cordes, E E and Fisher, C R and Brooks, J M and Sibuet, M and Desbruyeres, D}
}
@inbook {Baker2010,
	title = {{Biogeography, Ecology and Vulnerability of Chemosynthetic Ecosystems in the Deep Sea}},
	booktitle = {Life in the World{\textquoteright}s Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {161{\textendash}182},
	publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	organization = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	author = {Baker, M C and Ramirez-Llodra, E and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Boetius, A and Cordes, E E and Dubilier, N and Fisher, C R and Levin, L A and Metaxas, A and Rowden, R and Santos, R S and Shank, R and Van Dover, C L and Young, C and Waren, A}
}
@article {Podowski2010,
	title = {{Biotic and abiotic factors affecting distributions of megafauna in diffuse flow on andesite and basalt along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Tonga}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {418},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {25{\textendash}45},
	abstract = {Imagery and environmental data from 7 diffuse flow hydrothermal vent sites along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) are used to constrain the effects of lava type, temperature, chemistry, and biological interactions on faunal distributions. Of the species with chemoautotrophic endosymbionts, the snail Alviniconcha spp. occupies habitats with the greatest exposure to vent fluids. Temperatures exceeding 45{\textdegree}C define its upper limit of exposure to vent flow, and minimum sulfide requirements constrain its lower limits. The mussel Bathymodiolus brevior experiences the least exposure to vent flow; temperatures of about 20{\textdegree}C determine its upper limit, while its lower limit is defined by its minimum sulfide requirements. The snail Ifremeria nautilei inhabits areas with intermediate exposure to vent fluids and biological interactions are likely the most important factor shaping this snail{\textquoteright}s realized niche. Microhabitats of non-symbiont-containing fauna were defined in terms of symbiont-containing faunal distributions. The crab Austinograea spp. occupies areas with the greatest exposure to vent flow; shrimp, the snail Eosipho desbruyeresi, and anemones inhabit intermediate zones of vent flow; and the squat lobster Munidopsis lauensis dominates the periphery of diffuse flow areas, with little exposure to vent fluids. The physical structure of different lava types along the ELSC differentially affects the diffusion of vent fluids, which has a variety of implications for fauna, particularly distributions of zoanthids, anemones, and mixed communities of I. nautilei and B. brevior.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps08797},
	author = {Podowski, E L and Ma, S and Luther, G W and Wardrop, D and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Fueri2010,
	title = {{Carbon release from submarine seeps at the Costa Rica fore arc: Implications for the volatile cycle at the Central America convergent margin}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q04S21},
	abstract = {We report total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) abundances and isotope ratios, as well as helium isotope ratios (3He/4He), of cold seep fluids sampled at the Costa Rica fore arc in order to evaluate the extent of carbon loss from the submarine segment of the Central America convergent margin. Seep fluids were collected over a 12 month period at Mound 11, Mound 12, and Jaco Scar using copper tubing attached to submarine flux meters operating in continuous pumping mode. The fluids show minimum 3He/4He ratios of 1.3 RA (where RA is air 3He/4He), consistent with a small but discernable contribution of mantle-derived helium. At Mound 11, $δ$13C∑CO2 values between -23.9{\textperthousand} and -11.6{\textperthousand} indicate that DIC is predominantly derived from deep methanogenesis and is carried to the surface by fluids derived from sediments of the subducting slab. In contrast, at Mound 12, most of the ascending dissolved methane is oxidized due to lower flow rates, giving extremely low $δ$13C∑CO2 values ranging from -68.2{\textperthousand} to -60.3{\textperthousand}. We estimate that the carbon flux (CO2 plus methane) through submarine fluid venting at the outer fore arc is 8.0 {\texttimes} 105 g C km-1 yr-1, which is virtually negligible compared to the total sedimentary carbon input to the margin and the output at the volcanic front. Unless there is a significant but hitherto unidentified carbon flux at the inner fore arc, the implication is that most of the carbon being subducted in Costa Rica must be transferred to the (deeper) mantle, i.e., beyond the depth of arc magma generation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002810},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002810},
	author = {Fueri, E and Hilton, D R and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and McMurtry, G M and Brueckmann, W and Wheat, C G}
}
@article {Roberts2010a,
	title = {{Cold-seep carbonates of the middle and lower continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2040{\textendash}2054},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonates from cold seeps on the middle and lower continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) exhibit a wide range of mineralogical and stable isotopic compositions. These carbonates consist of concretions and nodules in surface sediments, hardgrounds of crusts and isolated slabs, and mounded buildups of blocks and slabs of up to over 10 meters in relief above the surrounding seafloor. Mineralogically, the carbonates are dominated by high-Mg calcite (HMC) and aragonite. However, low levels ({\textless}5 wt{\%}) of dolomite are present in most samples. Petrographically, Mg-calcite peloidal matrix and acicular to botryoidal aragonitic void-filling cements are the most frequent associations. The carbon isotopic compositions of the carbonates range from -60.8 to 14.0{\textperthousand} PDB, indicating complex carbon sources that include 13C-depleted biogenic and thermogenic methane, biodegraded crude oil, seawater CO2, and 13C-enriched residual CO2 from methanogenesis. A similarly large variability in $δ$18O values (2.5 to 6.7{\textperthousand} PDB) demonstrates the geochemical complexity of the slope, with some samples pointing toward an 18O-enriched oxygen source that is possibly related to advection of 18O-enriched formation water and/or to the decomposition of gas hydrate. A considerable range of mineralogical and isotopic variations in cold-seep carbonate composition was noted even within individual study sites. However, common trends occur across multiple geographic areas. This situation suggests that local controls on fluid and gas flux, types of seep hydrocarbons, the presence or absence of gas hydrate in the near-surface sediment, and chemosynthetic communities, as well as the temporal evolution of the local hydrocarbon reservoir, all may play a part in determining carbonate mineralogy and isotope geochemistry. The carbon isotope data clearly indicate that between-site variation is greater than within-site variation. Seep carbonates formed on the middle and lower continental slope of the GOM do not appear to be substantially different from those found on the upper slope ({\textless}1000-m water depth). The highly variable fluids and gases that leave their geochemical imprints on seep carbonate of the middle and lower continental slope are similar to their outer shelf and upper slope counterparts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.003},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Feng, D and Joye, S B}
}
@article {Lessard-Pilon2010,
	title = {{Community composition and temporal change at deep Gulf of Mexico cold seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1891{\textendash}1903},
	abstract = {Specialized cold-seep communities have been known to exist in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) since the mid-1980s, but only recently has extensive research been carried out on sites at depths {\textgreater}1000 m. This study uses a combination of imagery and analyses within a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) framework to examine the composition of mussel and tubeworm communities at depths between 2200 and 2800 m in the Gulf of Mexico, spatial relations among the fauna, and changes in these communities over time. Photomosaics at three discrete seep communities were obtained in 2006 and a video mosaic of another community was obtained in 1992. Each of these communities was re-imaged in 2007. In addition, quantitative physical collections were made within two of the photomosaic sites and used to confirm the identification of megafauna, quantify the occurrence of smaller and cryptic macrofauna, and allow first-order calculations of biomass within the sites. Substrate type had a significant effect on community composition. Significant associations were identified between live mussels with anemones, shrimp, and sea cucumbers, and between tubeworm aggregations and Munidopsis sp. crabs and encrusting fauna, indicating differences in the composition of megafauna associated with adjacent mussel and tubeworm aggregations. Little change was seen in the total area colonized by foundation fauna (tubeworms and mussels) between years at any site. However, significant changes occurred in the positions of mussels, even over periods of a single year, at all sites, and evidence for the establishment of new tubeworm aggregations between 1992 and 2007 was noted at one site. These photomosaics provide data suggesting that environmental conditions can change over small spatial and temporal scales and mussels move in response to these changes. The successional trends are examined and compared to the patterns that have been documented in shallow ({\textless}1000-m depth) Gulf of Mexico seep communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.012},
	author = {Lessard-Pilon, S and Porter, M D and Cordes, E E and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Goss2010,
	title = {{Geochemistry of lavas from the 2005-2006 eruption at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright}N-9 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N: Implications for ridge crest plumbing and decadal changes in magma chamber compositions}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q05T09},
	abstract = {Detailed mapping, sampling, and geochemical analyses of lava flows erupted from an \~{}18 km long section of the northern East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 9{\textdegree}46'N to 9{\textdegree}56'N during 2005{\textendash}2006 provide unique data pertaining to the short-term thermochemical changes in a mid-ocean ridge magmatic system. The 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas are typical normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt with strongly depleted incompatible trace element patterns with marked negative Sr and Eu/Eu* anomalies and are slightly more evolved than lavas erupted in 1991{\textendash}1992 at the same location on the EPR. Spatial geochemical differences show that lavas from the northern and southern limits of the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are more evolved than those erupted in the central portion of the fissure system. Similar spatial patterns observed in 1991{\textendash}1992 lavas suggest geochemical gradients are preserved over decadal time scales. Products of northern axial and off-axis fissure eruptions are consistent with the eruption of cooler, more fractionated lavas that also record a parental melt component not observed in the main suite of 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas. Radiogenic isotopic ratios for 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas fall within larger isotopic fields defined for young axial lavas from 9{\textdegree}N to 10{\textdegree}N EPR, including those from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption. Geochemical data from the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are consistent with an invariable mantle source over the spatial extent of the eruption and petrogenetic processes (e.g., fractional crystallization and magma mixing) operating within the crystal mush zone and axial magma chamber (AMC) before and during the 13 year repose period. Geochemical modeling suggests that the 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas represent differentiated residual liquids from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption that were modified by melts added from deeper within the crust and that the eruption was not initiated by the injection of hotter, more primitive basalt directly into the AMC. Rather, the eruption was driven by AMC pressurization from persistent or episodic addition of more evolved magma from the crystal mush zone into the overlying subridge AMC during the period between the two eruptions. Heat balance calculations of a hydrothermally cooled AMC support this model and show that continual addition of melt from the mush zone was required to maintain a sizable AMC over this time interval.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002977},
	author = {Goss, A R and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Rubin, K H and Kamenov, G D and Soule, S A and Fundis, A and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Cordes2010,
	title = {{Influence of foundation species, depth, and location on diversity and community composition at Gulf of Mexico lower-slope cold seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1870{\textendash}1881},
	abstract = {Efforts to understand and preserve the seep communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico (GOM) begin with a comprehensive survey of the biodiversity of these communities. Previous studies have provided a conceptual model of the physiology, population, and community ecology of upper continental slope seeps. However, seeps at water depths below 1000 m in the Gulf of Mexico remain relatively unknown. In this study, data from 47 samples of tubeworm- and mussel-associated communities at depths of 1005{\textendash}2750 m are examined. Other than tubeworms and mussels, 66 taxa of macro- and megafauna were collected, 43 of which appear to be restricted to water depths of over 1000 m, and 39 that have not been reported previously from the Gulf of Mexico. Diversity in mussel beds was highest at mid-slope depths, but tubeworm-associated communities did not show clear bathymetric trends in diversity. Diversity was higher in tubeworm aggregations at the alpha level (per sample), but higher in mussel beds at the beta level (species turnover among collections). Although both community types were often numerically dominated by the endemic shrimp Alvinocaris muricola, broad differences in the communities hosted by tubeworm aggregations and mussel beds were apparent. The most important factors explaining community similarity within community type were the depth, relative abundance of different mussel species in a bed, and the average size of tubeworms in an aggregation. The high proportion of deep-seep species that were found for the first time in the Gulf of Mexico emphasizes the importance of conservation efforts for these patchy communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.010},
	author = {Cordes, E E and Becker, E L and Hourdez, S and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Feng2010,
	title = {{Initial results of comparing cold-seep carbonates from mussel- and tubeworm-associated environments at Atwater Valley 340, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2030{\textendash}2039},
	abstract = {Chemosymbiotic macrofauna (such as mussels and tubeworms) and authigenic carbonates are typical of many hydrocarbon seeps. To address whether mussels and tubeworms could impact the sediment geochemistry of their habitat where authigenic carbonates are precipitated, a comparative study of petrographic and geochemical features of the authigenic carbonates from mussel- and tubeworm-associated environments at hydrocarbon seeps in Atwater Valley lease area block 340 (AT340) of the Gulf of Mexico was undertaken. Both mussel- and tubeworm-associated carbonates are dominated by high-magnesium calcite (HMC) and aragonite, and two tubeworm-associated carbonate samples have minor amounts of dolomite. The $δ$13C values of all carbonates are low, ranging from -60.8{\textperthousand} to -35.5{\textperthousand} PDB. Although there is much overlap, surprisingly the $δ$13C values of mussel-associated carbonates are generally higher than those of tubeworm-associated carbonates (-51.8{\textperthousand} vs. -54.8{\textperthousand} for an average of over 60 subsamples). It is suggested that (1) carbon isotopic vital effect of seep mussels and tubeworms, (2) fluid physical pumping of mussels, and (3) release of sulfate by tubeworm roots may be responsible for the relatively lower $δ$13C values of tubeworm-associated carbonates. It has been suggested that the heterogeneities in mineralogy and stable carbon isotope geochemistry of the seep carbonates may be attributed to the activity of macrofauna (mussels and tubeworms) and associated microbes. Our observations also suggest that at AT340 the geochemical evolution of seep macrofauna is from a mussel-dominated environment to a mixed mussel-tubeworm environment, and finally to a mostly tubeworm-dominated environment. This evolution is controlled mainly by the habitat, e.g., hydrocarbon seep flux.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.004},
	author = {Feng, D and Roberts, H H}
}
@article {ISI:000277252000001,
	title = {{Malaguana-Gadao Ridge: Identification and implications of a magma chamber reflector in the southern Mariana Trough}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Six-channel seismic reflection data reveal a magma chamber reflector beneath the Malaguana-Gadao Ridge, the southernmost segment of the spreading center in the Mariana Trough. For most of its length the spreading center in this active back-arc basin is morphologically similar to slow spreading mid-ocean ridges, having a deep central graben flanked by a zone of abyssal hill fabric. This southernmost segment, however, has a broad, smooth cross section, lacks a deep central graben, and is thus similar in morphology to fast spreading ridges (e.g., the East Pacific Rise). We identify a magma chamber at 1.5 s two-way travel time below the crest of the ridge. Observations from remotely operated vehicles along the ridge reveal not only fresh pillows, lobate, and sheet lava flows but also an abundance of volcaniclastic debris and intense hydrothermal activity. These observations, together with the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}fast spreading{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} morphology of the ridge, suggest that this segment has a considerably higher magma supply than is typical in the Mariana Trough. We suggest that the volcanic arc or enhanced melting of a hydrated mantle is supplying volatile-rich magma as evidenced by a highly negative coefficient of reflection, -0.42, for this MCR and the presence of evolved, highly vesicular lava and volcaniclastic materials. The southeastern Mariana back-arc basin spreading ridge does not compare readily with mechanical models for global mid-ocean ridge data sets because of marked asymmetry in both volcanism and deformation that may be the consequence of slab-related geometry in this part of the convergent margin system.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002719},
	author = {Becker, Nathan C and Fryer, Patricia and Moore, Gregory F}
}
@article {Wankel2010,
	title = {{New constraints on methane fluxes and rates of anaerobic methane oxidation in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool via in situ mass spectrometry}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2022{\textendash}2029},
	abstract = {Deep-sea biogeochemical cycles are, in general, poorly understood owing to the difficulties of making measurements in situ, recovering samples with minimal perturbation, and, in many cases, coping with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In particular, biogeochemical fluxes of volatiles such as methane remain largely unconstrained because of the difficulties with accurate quantification in situ and the patchiness of point sources such as seeps and brine pools. To better constrain biogeochemical fluxes and cycling, we have developed a deep-sea in situ mass spectrometer (ISMS) to enable high-resolution quantification of volatiles in situ. Here we report direct measurements of methane concentrations made in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool located at a depth of over 2300 m. Concentrations of up to 33 mM methane were observed within the brine pool, whereas concentrations in the water directly above were three orders of magnitude lower. These direct measurements enabled us to make the first accurate estimates of the diffusive flux from a brine pool, calculated to be 1.1{\textpm}0.2 mol m-2 yr-1. Integrated rate measurements of aerobic methane oxidation in the water column overlying the brine pool were \~{}320 $μ$mol m-2 yr-1, accounting at most for just 0.03{\%} of the diffusive methane flux from the brine pool. Calculated rates of anaerobic methane oxidation were 600{\textendash}1200 $μ$M yr-1, one to two orders of magnitude higher than previously published values of AOM in anoxic fluids. These findings suggest that brine pools are enormous point sources of methane in the deep sea, and may, in aggregate, have a pronounced impact on the global marine methane cycle.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	author = {Wankel, S D and Joye, S B and Samarkin, V A and Shah, S R and Friederich, G and Melas-Kyriazi, J and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Ferri2010,
	title = {{A novel trigger-based method for hydrothermal vents prospecting using an autonomous underwater robot}},
	journal = {Autonomous Robots},
	volume = {29},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {67{\textendash}83},
	abstract = {In this paper we address the problem of localizing active hydrothermal vents on the seafloor using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). The plumes emitted by hydrothermal vents are the result of thermal and chemical inputs from submarine hot spring systems into the overlying ocean. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution{\textquoteright}s Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) AUV has successfully localized previously undiscovered hydrothermal vent fields in several recent vent prospecting expeditions. These expeditions utilized the AUV for a three-stage, nested survey strategy approach (German et al. in Deep Sea Res. I 55:203{\textendash}219, 2008). Each stage consists of a survey flown at successively deeper depths through easier to detect but spatially more constrained vent fluids. Ideally this sequence of surveys culminates in photographic evidence of the vent fields themselves. In this work we introduce a new adaptive strategy for an AUV{\textquoteright}s movement during the first, highest-altitude survey: the AUV initially moves along pre-designed tracklines but certain conditions can trigger an adaptive movement that is likely to acquire additional high value data for vent localization. The trigger threshold is changed during the mission, adapting the method to the different survey profiles the robot may find. The proposed algorithm is vetted on data from previous ABE missions and measures of efficiency presented.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0929-5593},
	doi = {10.1007/s10514-010-9187-y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-010-9187-y},
	author = {Ferri, G and Jakuba, M V and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {ISI:000281572000001,
	title = {{Paving the seafloor: Volcanic emplacement processes during the 2005-2006 eruptions at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteleft} N}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The 2005-2006 eruptions near 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N at the East Pacific Rise (EPR) marked the first observed repeat eruption at a mid-ocean ridge and provided a unique opportunity to deduce the emplacement dynamics of submarine lava flows. Since these new flows were documented in April 2006, a total of 40 deep-towed imaging surveys have been conducted with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution{\textquoteright}s (WHOI) TowCam system. More than 60,000 digital color images and high-resolution bathymetric profiles of the 2005-2006 flows from the TowCam surveys were analyzed for lava flow morphology and for the presence of kipukas, collapse features, faults and fissures. We use these data to quantify the spatial distributions of lava flow surface morphologies and to investigate how they relate to the physical characteristics of the ridge crest, such as seafloor slope, and inferred dynamics of flow emplacement. We conclude that lava effusion rate was the dominant factor controlling the observed morphological variations in the 2005-2006 flows. We also show that effusion rates were higher than in previously studied eruptions at this site and varied systematically along the length of the eruptive fissure. This is the first well-documented study in which variations in seafloor lava morphology can be directly related to a well documented ridge-crest eruption where effusion rate varied significantly.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003058},
	author = {Fundis, A T and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Hulme2010,
	title = {{Pore water chemistry of the Mariana serpentinite mud volcanoes: A window to the seismogenic zone}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q01X09},
	abstract = {In 2003, we conducted a survey of 11 serpentinite mud volcanoes in the Mariana fore arc. Here we report sediment pore water data from navigated gravity and piston cores and from push cores collected by the ROV system Jason2-Medea. Systematic variations in profiles of pore water chemical compositions from these mud volcanoes are consistent with models that include active upflow of pore water relative to the surrounding serpentinite matrix. The speed of upwelling, based on fits of an advection-diffusion model to observed data (K, Na, Rb, and Cs), reaches a maximum of 36 cm/yr at Big Blue Seamount. Results from these simulations constrain the pore water composition at depth and the degree of additional alteration as the pore water ascends through the sampled section. For example, the transition metals (e.g., Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Mo) are mobilized under conditions of low upwelling speeds and microbial activity. Similarly, the rare earth elements (REE) show evidence of near-surface alteration. In addition to these surficial reactions, distinctive pore water compositional patterns exist as a function of the distance from the trench axis, which is a proxy for the depths of water generation from the downgoing plate below each seamount. Systematic trends in the chemical composition of these slab-sourced fluids are consistent with increasing temperature and pressure at depth west of the trench. These trends include an increase in K, sulfate, carbonate alkalinity, Na/Cl, B, Mn, Fe, Co, Rb, Cs, Gd/Tb, Eu, and light REE (LREE) and a decrease in Ca, Sr, and Y with increasing distance from the trench. Mg and U are universally depleted in the upwelling water. We constrain the thermal conditions along the d{\'e}collement using concentrations of fluid mobile elements (K, B, Cs, and Rb) and the mobilization of LREE relative to heavy REE (HREE). The 80{\textdegree}C isotherm is estimated at a depth of 15 km between Blue Moon Seamount and Cerulean Springs. At slab depths of 17 to 24 km, pore waters lack significant Rb and K enrichments relative to seawater, suggesting an upper bound near 150{\textdegree}C. There is an observed enrichment in LREE relative to HREE at Big Blue Seamount (slab depth 25 km) indicating that the d{\'e}collement at this site is \~{}200{\textdegree}C. The relative mobilization of Cs outpaced that of Rb at all seamounts sampled in this survey. On the basis of laboratory experiments, this observation sets an upper limit of \~{}350{\textdegree}C at a depth of 30 km below the seafloor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002674},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002674},
	author = {Hulme, S M and Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Miglietta2010,
	title = {{Species boundaries of Gulf of Mexico vestimentiferans (Polychaeta, Siboglinidae) inferred from mitochondrial genes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1916{\textendash}1925},
	abstract = {At least six morphospecies of vestimentiferan tubeworms are associated with cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The physiology and ecology of the two best-studied species from depths above 1000 m in the upper Louisiana slope (Lamellibrachia luymesi and Seepiophila jonesi) are relatively well understood. The biology of one rare species from the upper slope (escarpiid sp. nov.) and three morphospecies found at greater depths in the GOM (Lamellibrachia sp. 1, L. sp. 2, and Escarpia laminata) are not as well understood. Here we address species distributions and boundaries of cold-seep tubeworms using phylogenetic hypotheses based on two mitochondrial genes. Fragments of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit rDNA (16S) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were sequenced for 167 vestimentiferans collected from the GOM and analyzed in the context of other seep vestimentiferans for which sequence data were available. The analysis supported five monophyletic clades of vestimentiferans in the GOM. Intra-clade variation in both genes was very low, and there was no apparent correlation between the within-clade diversity and collection depth or location. Two of the morphospecies of Lamellibrachia from different depths in the GOM could not be distinguished by either mitochondrial gene. Similarly, E. laminata could not be distinguished from other described species of Escarpia from either the west coast of Africa or the eastern Pacific using COI. We suggest that the mitochondrial COI and 16S genes have little utility as barcoding markers for seep vestimentiferan tubeworms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.007},
	author = {Miglietta, M P and Hourdez, S and Cowart, D A and Schaeffer, S W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Becker2010,
	title = {{Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of hydrocarbon-seep bivalves on the Gulf of Mexico lower continental slope}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1957{\textendash}1964},
	abstract = {Stable isotope compositions of cold-seep bivalves can illuminate processes that affect the chemical and isotopic compositions of seeping fluids along the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico as well as provide insight into the physiological ecology of these species. Carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions were analyzed in mussels and clams from 14 seep sites spanning a depth range of 1000 to 2800 m along the lower Louisiana slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Mussels of three species found on the lower slope, Bathymodiolus childressi, B. brooksi, and B. heckerae, showed site-specific differences in tissue $δ$13C, reflecting differences in the local methane pool. Mussels from sites on the lower slope sitting atop the contiguous salt sheet generally had tissue $δ$13C values that reflected a stronger biogenic methane signal (-70.8 to -58.8{\textperthousand}) than mussels on the upper slope or seaward of the Sigsbee Escarpment (-67.3 to -40.4{\textperthousand}). Clams (Calyptogena ponderosa and Calyptogena sp. nov.) had a narrow range of $δ$13C values between -37.0 and -34.4{\textperthousand}, indicating that their thiotrophic symbionts are fixing primarily seawater-dissolved organic carbon. The most depleted tissue $δ$15N values yet published for both mussels and clams are reported in this study at -23.7 and -9.2{\textperthousand}, respectively. These depleted values have implications for the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen by these symbioses and the concentrations of particular inorganic nitrogen sources in the local environment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.002},
	author = {Becker, E L and Lee, R W and Macko, S A and Faure, B M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000280324500002,
	title = {{Subseafloor seawater-basalt-microbe reactions: Continuous sampling of borehole fluids in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A was drilled, cased, and instrumented with a long-term, subseafloor observatory (CORK) on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in summer 2004. This borehole is located 1 km south of ODP Hole 1026B and 5 km north of Baby Bare outcrop. Hole 1301A penetrates 262 m of sediment and 108 m of the uppermost 3.5 Ma basaltic basement in an area of warm (64 degrees C) hydrothermal circulation. The borehole was instrumented, and those instruments were recovered 4 years later. Here we report chemical data from two continuous fluid samplers (OsmoSamplers) and temperature recording tools that monitored changes in the state of borehole (formation) fluids. These changes document the effects of drilling, fluid overpressure and flow, seawater-basalt interactions, and microbial metababolic activity. Initially, bottom seawater flowed into the borehole through a leak between concentric CORK casing strings. Eventually, the direction of flow reversed, and warm, altered formation fluid flowed into the borehole and discharged at the seafloor. This reversal occurred during 1 week in September 2007, 3 years after drilling operations ceased. The composition of the formation fluid around Hole 1301A generally lies within bounds defined by springs on Baby Bare outcrop (to the south) and fluids that discharged from Hole 1026B (to the north); deviations likely result from reactions with drilling products. Simple conservative mixing of two end-member fluids reveals reactions occurring within the crust, including nitrate reduction presumably by denitrifying microbes. The observed changes in borehole fluid composition provide the foundation for a conceptual model of chemical and microbial change during recharge of a warm ridge-flank hydrothermal system. This model can be tested through future scientific ocean drilling experiments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003057},
	author = {Wheat, C Geoffrey and Jannasch, Hans W and Fisher, Andrew T and Becker, Keir and Sharkey, Jessica and Hulme, Samuel}
}
@article {ISI:000280049400003,
	title = {{Thermally stimulated {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}runaway{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} downhole flow in a superhydrostatic ocean crustal borehole: Observations, simulations, and inferences regarding crustal permeability}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An array of boreholes, drilled through a regionally continuous hydrologically confining layer of sediments into extrusive igneous basement rocks of the Juan de Fuca Ridge eastern flank, has been instrumented with CORK hydrologic observatories for long-term monitoring and fluid sampling. Omission of seals between nested casing strings reaching into basement at one site created a low-resistance connection between basement and the overlying water column, and despite the natural superhydrostatic state of basement water at that location, a {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}runaway{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} condition of cold seawater downhole flow into the crust was established, which persisted for more than 4 years. The existence of this condition, along with perturbations generated by it and by initial drilling operations observed at a properly sealed hole 2.4 km away, have been used with analytic and finite element model solutions to constrain formation permeability. The minimum threshold permeability allowing stable downhole flow is roughly 4 x 10(-13) m(2). A value of permeability similar to this (3-4 x 10(-13) m(2)) is estimated on the basis of the elapsed time for initial perturbations to propagate between the sites (similar to 2.5 days). The amplitude of the long-term flow perturbation observed at the sealed site (roughly 1.7 kPa) is smaller than that predicted by modeling (5-10 kPa). Models for flow in an anisotropically permeable layer show that this could be the consequence of low vertical permeability (e. g., arising from massive volcanic or sediment interlayering) or high permeability in the direction of the tectonic fabric generated at the ridge axis. Disagreement between the permeabilities estimated here with previous large-scale estimates appropriate for the cross-strike direction (the primary direction between the borehole sites) (10(-10)-10(-9) m(2)) is difficult to reconcile; it is possible that the holes are poorly connected to zones of high permeability that facilitate the large lateral fluid and heat fluxes previously inferred at this young crustal site.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2009JB006986},
	author = {Davis, Earl E and LaBonte, Alison and He, Jiangheng and Becker, Keir and Fisher, Andrew}
}
@article {Stevenson2009,
	title = {{AUV design: shape, drag and practical issues}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {41{\textendash}44},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Stevenson, P and Furlong, M and Dormer, D}
}
@article {Plouviez2009,
	title = {{Comparative phylogeography among hydrothermal vent species along the East Pacific Rise reveals vicariant processes and population expansion in the South}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {18},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {3903{\textendash}3917},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	author = {Plouviez, S and Shank, T M and Faure, B and Daguin-Thiebaut, C and Viard, F and Lallier, F H and Jollivet, D}
}
@article {Podowski2009,
	title = {{Distribution of diffuse flow megafauna in two sites on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Tonga}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {56},
	number = {11},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2041{\textendash}2056},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.07.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.07.002},
	author = {Podowski, E L and Moore, T S and Zelnio, K A and Luther, G W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {VanderHam2009,
	title = {{Exploring the utility of an indel-rich, mitochondrial intergenic region as a molecular barcode for bamboo corals (Octocorallia: Isididae)}},
	journal = {Marine Genomics},
	volume = {2},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {183{\textendash}192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1874-7787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margen.2009.10.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2009.10.002},
	author = {van der Ham, J L and Brugler, M R and France, S C}
}
@article {Rathburn2009,
	title = {{Geological and biological heterogeneity of the Aleutian Margin (1965{\textendash}4822 m)}},
	journal = {Progress In Oceanography},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {22{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	author = {Rathburn, A E and Levin, L A and Tryon, M D and Gieskes, J M and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Fodrie, F J and Neira, C and Fryer, G L and Mendoza, G F and McMillan, P A and Kluesner, J and Adamic, J and Ziebis, W}
}
@article {Petersen2009,
	title = {{The geological setting of the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (14 degrees 45'N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and its influence on massive sulfide formation}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {112},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {40{\textendash}56},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	author = {Petersen, S and Kuhn, K and Kuhn, T and Augustin, N and Hekinian, R and Franz, L and Borowski, C}
}
@article {Becker2009,
	title = {{Importance of seep primary production to Lophelia pertusa and associated fauna in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {56},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {786{\textendash}800},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.006},
	author = {Becker, E L and Cordes, E E and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Cordes2009,
	title = {{Macro-Ecology of Gulf of Mexico Cold Seeps}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Marine Science},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {143{\textendash}168},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163912},
	author = {Cordes, E E and Bergquist, D C and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Ondreas2009,
	title = {{Recent volcanic events and the distribution of hydrothermal venting at the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {Q02006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002171},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002171},
	author = {Ondreas, H and Cannat, M and Fouquet, Y and Normand, A and Sarradin, P -M and Sarrazin, J}
}
@article {Bradley2009a,
	title = {{Structural diversity of diether lipids in carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {40},
	number = {12},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1169{\textendash}1178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.004},
	author = {Bradley, A S and Fredricks, H and Hinrichs, K -U and Summons, R E}
}
@article {Breier2009,
	title = {{A suspended-particle rosette multi-sampler for discrete biogeochemical sampling in low-particle-density waters}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1579{\textendash}1589},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	author = {Breier, J A and Rauch, C G and McCartney, K and Toner, B M and Fakra, S C and White, S N and German, C R}
}
@article {Lenihan2008,
	title = {{Biotic interactions at hydrothermal vents: Recruitment inhibition by the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {12},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1707{\textendash}1717},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.007},
	author = {Lenihan, H S and Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Fisher, C R and Micheli, F}
}
@article {Wheat2008,
	title = {{Borehole observations of fluid flow from South Chamorro Seamount, an active serpentinite mud volcano in the Mariana forearc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {267},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {401{\textendash}409},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.057},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.057},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Fisher, A T and Hulme, S and Jannasch, H W and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Delacour2008b,
	title = {{Carbon geochemistry of serpentinites in the Lost City Hydrothermal System (30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {15},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3681{\textendash}3702},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Schaeffer, P and Kelley, D S}
}
@inbook {Pester2008,
	title = {{The chemistry of diffuse-flow vent fluids on the Galapagos Roft (86 degrees W) : temporal vaiability and subseafloor phase equilibria controls}},
	booktitle = {Magma to microbe : modeling hydrothermal processes at ocean spreading centers},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {178},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {123{\textendash}144},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0875904432},
	doi = {10.1029/178GM07},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/178GM07},
	author = {Pester, N J and Butterfield, D A and Foustoukos, D I and Roe, K K and Ding, K and Shank, T M and Seyfried, W E},
	editor = {Lowell, R P}
}
@article {Cordes2008,
	title = {{Coral communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {777{\textendash}787},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.005},
	author = {Cordes, E E and McGinley, M P and Podowski, E L and Becker, E L and Lessard-Pilon, S and Viada, S T and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Fusaro2008,
	title = {{Development and characterization of 12 microsatellite markers from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent siboglinid Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {132{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1755-098X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01897},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01897},
	author = {Fusaro, A J and Baco, A R and Gerlach, G and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Walker2008,
	title = {{Dissolved inorganic carbon isotopic composition of low-temperature axial and ridge-flank hydrothermal fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {123{\textendash}136},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.002},
	author = {Walker, B D and McCarthy, M D and Fisher, A T and Guilderson, T P}
}
@book {Brooks2008,
	title = {{Investigations of chemosynthetic communities on the lower continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico: Interim Report 1}},
	series = {OCS Reports},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {332},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	organization = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/ESPIS/4/4320.pdf},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Fisher, C R and Roberts, H and Bernard, B and MacDonald, I R and Carney, R and Jove, S and Cordes, E E and Wolff, G A and Goehring, E}
}
@article {Boschi2008,
	title = {{Isotopic and element exchange during serpentinization and metasomatism at the Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N): Insights from B and Sr isotope data}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {7},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1801{\textendash}1823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	author = {Boschi, C and Dini, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Henry2008,
	title = {{Metabolic rates and thermal tolerances of chemoautotrophic symbioses from Lau Basin hydrothermal vents and their implications for species distributions}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {679{\textendash}695},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.02.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.02.001},
	author = {Henry, M S and Childress, J J and Figueroa, D}
}
@article {Dattagupta2008,
	title = {{Modification of sediment geochemistry by the hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi: A combined empirical and modeling approach}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {9},
	year = {2008},
	month = {may},
	pages = {2298{\textendash}2315},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.02.016},
	author = {Dattagupta, S and Arthur, M A and Fisher, C R}
}
@mastersthesis {Fusaro2008a,
	title = {{Spatial and temporal population genetics at deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the east Pacific Rise and Galapagos Rift}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {210},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2564},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2564},
	author = {Fusaro, A J}
}
@article {Delacour2008a,
	title = {{Sr- and Nd-isotope geochemistry of the Atlantis Massif (30 degress N, MAR): Implications for fluid fluxes and lithospheric heterogeneity}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Frank, M and Gutjahr, M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Delacour2008,
	title = {{Sulfur in peridotites and gabbros at Lost City (30 degrees N, MAR): Implications for hydrothermal alteration and microbial activity during serpentinization}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {20},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {5090{\textendash}5110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Ferrini2008,
	title = {{Variable morphologic expression of volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes at six hydrothermal vent fields in the Lau back-arc basin}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {Q07022},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002047},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002047},
	author = {Ferrini, V L and Tivey, M K and Carbotte, S M and Martinez, F and Roman, C}
}
@article {Waite2008,
	title = {{Variation in sulfur speciation with shellfish presence at a Lau Basin diffuse flow vent site}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {163{\textendash}168},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Waite, T J and Moore, T S and Childress, J J and Hsu-Kim, H and Mullaugh, K M and Nuzzio, D B and Paschal, A N and Tsang, J and Fisher, C R and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Mullaugh2008,
	title = {{Voltammetric (micro)electrodes for the in situ study of Fe2+ oxidation kinetics in hot springs and S2O3-2- production at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {280{\textendash}290},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1040-0397},
	doi = {10.1002/elan.200704056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200704056},
	author = {Mullaugh, K M and Luther, G W and Ma, S and Moore, T S and Yucel, M and Becker, E L and Podowski, E L and Fisher, C R and Trouwborst, R E and Pierson, B K}
}
@article {Garcia2008,
	title = {{Widespread secondary volcanism near northern Hawaiian Islands}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {89},
	number = {52},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {542{\textendash}543},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/2008EO520002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008EO520002},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Ito, G and Weis, D and Geist, D J and Swinnard, L and Bianco, T and Flinders, A and Taylor, B and Appelgate, B and Blay, C and Hanano, D and Silva, I N and Naumann, T and Maerschalk, C and Harpp, K S and Christensen, B and Sciaroni, L and Tagami, T and Yamasaki, S}
}
@article {Roberts2007a,
	title = {{Alvin explores the deep northern Gulf of Mexico Slope}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {88},
	number = {35},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {341{\textendash}342},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/2007EO350001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007EO350001},
	author = {Roberts, H and Carney, R and Kupchik, M and Fisher, C R and Nelson, Kim and Becker, E and Goehring, E and Lessard-Pilon, S and Telesnicki, G and Bernard, B and Brooks, J and Bright, M and Cordes, E and Hourdez, S and Hunt, J and Shedd, W and Boland, G and Joye, S and Samarkin, V and Bernier, M and Bowles, M and MacDonald, I and Niemann, H and Petersen, C and Morrison, C and Potter, J}
}
@article {Fisher2007b,
	title = {{Cold Seeps and Associated Communities of the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {118{\textendash}129},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.12},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Roberts, H and Cordes, E and Bernard, B}
}
@article {Robinson2007,
	title = {{Deep-sea scleractinian coral age and depth distributions in the northwest Atlantic for the last 225,000 years}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {81},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {371{\textendash}391},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Robinson, L F and Adkins, J F and Scheirer, D S and Fernandez, D P and Gagnon, A C and Waller, R G}
}
@article {Copley2007,
	title = {{Diversity of melofauna and free-living nematodes in hydrothermal vent mussel beds on the northern and southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {87},
	number = {5},
	year = {2007},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {1141{\textendash}1152},
	abstract = {The ecology and biogeography of meiofauna at deep-sea hydrothermal vents have historically received less attention than those of mega- and macrofauna. This study examines the composition of major meiofaunal taxa in beds of the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus at hydrothermal vents on the northern and southern East Pacific Rise (EPR) and presents the first comparison of species assemblages of the dominant taxon, the nematodes, among sites spanning 27 degrees of latitude. Meiofaunal samples were collected by submersible from three mussel beds at 9 degrees N on the EPR and four mussel beds between 17 and 18 degrees S in 1999. Estimated ages of the mussel beds at the time of sampling range from 4 to {\textgreater}20 years, enabling investigation of the influence of mussel bed age on meiofaunal assemblages. Overall, the meiofauna of the mussel beds was dominated by nematodes, with copepods constituting the second most abundant meiofaunal group. There was variation in the ratio of nematodes to copepods between sites, however, with copepods more abundant than nematodes in the youngest mussel beds. Apart from polychaete larvae, other meiofaunal groups were generally present at very low abundance (},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315407055956},
	author = {Copley, J T P and Flint, H C and Ferrero, T J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Duperron2007,
	title = {{Diversity, relative abundance and metabolic potential of bacterial endosymbionts in three Bathymodiolus mussel species from cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Environmental microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1423{\textendash}1438},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01259.x},
	author = {Duperron, S and Sibuet, M and MacGregor, B J and Kuypers, M M M and Fisher, C R and Dubilier, N}
}
@article {Carney2007,
	title = {{Environmental differences in hemoglobin gene expression in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm, Ridgeia piscesae}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	volume = {146},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {326{\textendash}337},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.11.002},
	author = {Carney, S L and Flores, J F and Orobona, K M and Butterfield, D A and Fisher, C R and Schaeffer, S W}
}
@article {Govenar2007,
	title = {{Experimental evidence of habitat provision by aggregations of Riftia pachyptila at hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {3{\textendash}14},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1439-0485},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00148.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00148.x},
	author = {Govenar, B and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Urcuyo2007,
	title = {{Growth and longevity of the tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae in the variable diffuse flow habitats of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {344},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {143{\textendash}157},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps06710},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps06710},
	author = {Urcuyo, I A and Bergquist, D C and MacDonald, I R and VanHorn, M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Fisher2007a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {14{\textendash}23},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.75},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Takai, K and Le Bris, N}
}
@article {Escartin2007,
	title = {{Interplay between faults and lava flows in construction of the upper oceanic crust: The East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 25 {\textquoteright}-9 degrees 58 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06005},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gc001399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001399},
	author = {Escartin, J and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Kelley2007,
	title = {{The Lost City Hydrothermal Field revisited}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {90{\textendash}99},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.09},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Fruh-Green, G L and Karson, J A and Ludwig, K A}
}
@article {Soule2007,
	title = {{New insights into mid-ocean ridge volcanic processes from the 2005-2006 eruption of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright} N-9 degrees 56{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {12},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1079{\textendash}1082},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G23924A.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G23924A.1},
	author = {Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Rubin, K H}
}
@article {Fisher2007,
	title = {{A proteomic snapshot of life at a vent}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {315},
	number = {5809},
	year = {2007},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {198{\textendash}199},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1137739},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Girguis, P}
}
@article {Foustoukos2007,
	title = {{Quartz solubility in the two-phase and critical region of the NaCl-KCl-H2O system: Implications for submarine hydrothermal vent systems at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {71},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {186{\textendash}201},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.038},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.038},
	author = {Foustoukos, D I and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Ferrini2007,
	title = {{Submeter bathymetric mapping of volcanic and hydrothermal features on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q01006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006GC001333},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001333},
	author = {Ferrini, V L and Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Kinsey, J C and Tivey, M A and Soule, S A and Carbotte, S M and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R and Howland, J}
}
@article {Gollner2007,
	title = {{Tubeworm-associated permanent meiobenthic communities from two chemically different hydrothermal vent sites on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {337},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {39{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps337039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps337039},
	author = {Gollner, S and Zekeley, J and Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Nemeschkal, H L and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Bergquist2007,
	title = {{Using stable isotopes and quantitative community characteristics to determine a local hydrothermal vent food web}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {330},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {49{\textendash}65},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps330049},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps330049},
	author = {Bergquist, D C and Eckner, J T and Urcuyo, I A and Cordes, E E and Hourdez, S and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Karson2006,
	title = {{Detachment shear zone of the Atlantis Massif core complex, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q06016},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001109},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001109},
	author = {Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Ludwig2006,
	title = {{Formation and evolution of carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {70},
	number = {14},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3625{\textendash}3645},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016},
	author = {Ludwig, K A and Kelley, D S and Butterfield, D A and Nelson, B K and Fruh-Green, G L}
}
@article {Garry2006,
	title = {{Formation of submarine lava channel textures: Insights from laboratory simulations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {111},
	number = {B3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {B03104},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2005jb003796},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003796},
	author = {Garry, W B and Gregg, T K P and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J}
}
@inbook {Christie2006,
	title = {{Geological, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Interactions in Back-Arc Spreading Systems{\textemdash}An Introduction}},
	booktitle = {Back-Arc Spreading Systems: Geological, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Interactions},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1{\textendash}4},
	publisher = {AGU},
	organization = {AGU},
	doi = {10.1029/166GM02},
	author = {Christie, D M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Nussbaumer2006,
	title = {{Horizontal endosymbiont transmission in hydrothermal vent tubeworms}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {441},
	number = {7091},
	year = {2006},
	month = {may},
	pages = {345{\textendash}348},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature04793},
	author = {Nussbaumer, A D and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Boschi2006,
	title = {{Mass transfer and fluid flow during detachment faulting and development of an oceanic core complex, Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q01004},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001074},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001074},
	author = {Boschi, C and Fruh-Green, G L and Delacour, A and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Flint2006,
	title = {{Patterns of nematode diversity at hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {365{\textendash}370},
	abstract = {The diversity and abundance of meiofauna in quasi-quantitative samples collected from Bathymodiolus mussel beds in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) was studied with particular reference to nematodes. Copepods, polychaetes and nematodes were found to be the most abundant meiofaunal taxa at all sites processed so far. Species richness (S = 4 - 6), Shannon-Wiener diversity indices (H{\textquoteright}(log e) = 0.9 - 1.5) and Pielou{\textquoteright}s eveness indices (J{\textquoteright} = 0.5 - 0.8) were similar at all sites. Six different species of nematode were identified, both sites exhibiting a dominance of Monhystrid species. Cluster analysis of Bray-Curtis similarities using group-average linkage on standardised data shows that samples from Train Station and East Wall separate out at around the 45{\%} similarity level. This separation results from the different abundances of nematode species present at both sites and the exclusive presence of Thalassomonhystera sp. B at Train Station and Anticoma sp. A at East Wall. A pot sample from a mussel bed at "Oasis" at 17 25{\textquoteright} S on the EPR exhibits approximately 30{\%} similarity with the NEPR samples as a result of higher abundance and species richness of nematodes. To date, meiofauna have seldom been included in ecological studies at vents and it is therefore not clear to whether patterns of faunal zonation and biogeography similar to those known in megafauna are also present in this size class. Future work may reveal possible large-scale variation in nematode species richness.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Flint, H C and Copley, J T P and Ferrero, T J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Tolstoy2006,
	title = {{A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {314},
	number = {5807},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1920{\textendash}1922},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1133950},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133950},
	author = {Tolstoy, M and Cowen, J P and Baker, E T and Fornari, D J and Rubin, K H and Shank, T M and Waldhauser, F and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Forsyth, D W and Holmes, R C and Love, B and Perfit, M R and Weekly, R T and Soule, S A and Glazer, B}
}
@article {Wanless2006,
	title = {{Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai{\textquoteright}i}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q05001},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001086},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001086},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Garcia, M O and Trusdell, F A and Rhodes, J M and Norman, M D and Weis, D and Fornari, D J and Kurz, M D and Guillou, H}
}
@article {Scheirer2006,
	title = {{Temperature variations at diffuse and focused flow hydrothermal vent sites along the northern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q03002},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001094},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001094},
	author = {Scheirer, D S and Shank, T M and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Fryer2006,
	title = {{Variability in serpentinite mudflow mechanisms and sources: ODP drilling results on Mariana forearc seamounts}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q08014},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001201},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001201},
	author = {Fryer, P and Gharib, J and Ross, K and Savov, I and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {LeBris2006,
	title = {{Variability of physico-chemical conditions in 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N EPR diffuse flow vent habitats}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {98},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {167{\textendash}182},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2005.08.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.08.008},
	author = {Le Bris, N and Govenar, B and LeGall, C and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Soule2005,
	title = {{Channelized lava flows at the East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees-10 degrees N: The importance of off-axis lava transport in developing the architecture of young oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {Q08005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc000912},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc000912},
	author = {Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tivey, M A and Ridley, W I and Schouten, H}
}
@article {Pflugfelder2005,
	title = {{The color of the trophosome: elemental sulfur distribution in the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera; Siboglinidae)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {146},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {895{\textendash}901},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-004-1500-x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1500-x},
	author = {Pflugfelder, B and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Dreyer2005,
	title = {{Development of macrofaunal community structure in mussel beds on the northern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {121{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps302121},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps302121},
	author = {Dreyer, J C and Knick, K E and Flickinger, W B and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Govenar2005,
	title = {{Epifaunal community structure associated with Riftia pachyptila aggregations in chemically different hydrothermal vent habitats}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {305},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {67{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps305067},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps305067},
	author = {Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Gollner, S and Glanville, J and Aperghis, A B and Hourdez, S and Fisher, C R}
}
@inbook {Auster2005,
	title = {{A habitat classification scheme for seamount landscapes: assessing the functional role of deepwater corals as fish habitat}},
	booktitle = {Cold-water corals and ecosystems},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {761{\textendash}769},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {3-540-24136-1},
	author = {Auster, P J and Moore, J and Heinonen, K and Watling, L},
	editor = {Freiwald, A}
}
@article {Karson2005,
	title = {{Nested-scale investigation of tectonic windows into super-fast spread crust exposed at the Pito Deep Rift}},
	journal = {InterRidge Newsletter},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {5{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.interridge.org/files/interridge/IR{\_}news{\_}14.pdf},
	author = {Karson, J A and Francheteau, J and Gee, J S and Gillis, K M and Hayman, N W and Hekinian, R and Hey, R N and Hurst, S D and Klein, E M and Naar, D P and Varga, R J and Party, Pito Deep 2005 Scientific}
}
@article {McKiness2005,
	title = {{A new bathymodioline mussel symbiosis at the Juan de Fuca hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {109{\textendash}116},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-005-0065-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0065-7},
	author = {McKiness, Z P and McMullin, E R and Fisher, C R and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {Fleutelot2005,
	title = {{Petrogenetic variability along the North-South Propagating Spreading Center of the North Fiji Basin}},
	journal = {Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {55{\textendash}86},
	issn = {0930-0708},
	doi = {10.1007/s00710-004-0061-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-004-0061-5},
	author = {Fleutelot, C and Eissen, J P and Dosso, L and Juteau, T and Launeau, P and Bollinger, C and Cotten, J and Danyushevsky, L and Savoyant, L}
}
@article {Hahlbeck2005,
	title = {{Proposed nitrate binding by hemoglobin in Riftia pachyptila blood}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {10},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1885{\textendash}1895},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.011},
	author = {Hahlbeck, E and Pospesel, M A and Zal, F and Childress, J J and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Fildes2005,
	title = {{The race to revisit the ocean depths}},
	journal = {New Scientist},
	volume = {187},
	number = {2517},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0262-4079},
	url = {http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725171.200-the-race-to-revisit-the-ocean-depths.html},
	author = {Fildes, J}
}
@article {Sancho2005,
	title = {{Selective predation by the zoarcid fish Thermarces cerberus at hydrothermal vents.}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {837{\textendash}844},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	author = {Sancho, G and Fisher, C R and Mills, S W and Micheli, F and Johnson, G A and Lenihan, H S and Peterson, C H and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Kelley2005a,
	title = {{A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: The lost city hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {307},
	number = {5714},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1428{\textendash}1434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102556},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Yoerger, D R and Shank, T M and Butterfield, D A and Hayes, J M and Schrenk, M O and Olson, E J and Proskurowski, G and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Larson, B I and Ludwig, K A and Glickson, D A and Buckman, K and Bradley, A S and Brazelton, W J and Roe, K and Elend, M J and Delacour, A and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Summons, R T and Sylva, S P}
}
@article {Flores2005,
	title = {{Sulfide binding is mediated by zinc ions discovered in the crystal structure of a hydrothermal vent tubeworm hemoglobin}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {102},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2713{\textendash}2718},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0407455102},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407455102},
	author = {Flores, J F and Fisher, C R and Carney, S L and Green, B N and Freytag, J K and Schaeffer, S W and Royer, W E}
}
@article {Kicklighter2004,
	title = {{Chemical defense of hydrothermal vent and hydrocarbon seep organisms: a preliminary assessment using shallow-water consumers}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {275},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {11{\textendash}19},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps275011},
	author = {Kicklighter, C E and Fisher, C R and Hay, M E}
}
@article {Mottl2004,
	title = {{Chemistry of springs across the Mariana forearc shows progressive devolatilization of the subducting plate}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {68},
	number = {23},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {4915{\textendash}4933},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.037},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.037},
	author = {Mottl, M A and Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Gharib, J and Martin, J B}
}
@article {Govenar2004,
	title = {{Composition of a One-Year-Old Riftia pachyptila Community Following a Clearance Experiment: Insight to Succession Patterns at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {207},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {177{\textendash}182},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1543204},
	author = {Govenar, B and Freeman, M and Bergquist, D C and Johnson, G A and Fisher, C R}
}
@inbook {Childress2004,
	title = {{On the edge of a deep biosphere: Real animals in extreme environments}},
	booktitle = {Subseafloor Biosphere at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {41{\textendash}49},
	publisher = {AGU},
	organization = {AGU},
	doi = {10.1029/144GM04},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Felbeck, H and Girguis, P and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Wheat2004a,
	title = {{Heat flow through a basaltic outcrop on a sedimented young ridge flank}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q12006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000700},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Fisher, A T and Kadko, D and Davis, E E and Baker, E T and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Debenham2004,
	title = {{The impact of whale falls on nematode abundance in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {701{\textendash}706},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.02.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.02.004},
	author = {Debenham, N J and Lambshead, P J D and Ferrero, T J and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Fornari2004a,
	title = {{Realizing the dreams of da Vinci and Verne: a diverse fleet of innovative deep-submergence vehicles heralds a new era of ocean exploration}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {20{\textendash}24},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Fornari, D J}
}
@inbook {Fornari2004,
	title = {{Submarine lava flow emplacement at the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N: Implications for uppermost ocean crust stratigraphy and hydrothermal fluid circulation}},
	booktitle = {Mid-ocean ridges: hydrothermal interactions between the lithosphere and ocean},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {148},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {187{\textendash}217},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875904130},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R and Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Edwards, M H and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Von Damm, K L and Shank, T M and Soule, A},
	editor = {German, C R}
}
@article {Goffredi2004,
	title = {{Unusual benthic fauna associated with a whale fall in Monterey Canyon, California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {10},
	year = {2004},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {1295{\textendash}1306},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.05.009},
	author = {Goffredi, S K and Paull, C K and Fulton-Bennett, K and Hurtado, L A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Fruh-Green2003,
	title = {{30,000 years of hydrothermal activity at the Lost City vent field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {301},
	number = {5632},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {495{\textendash}498},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1085582},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1085582},
	author = {Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S and Bernasconi, S M and Karson, J A and Ludwig, K A and Butterfield, D A and Boschi, C and Proskurowski, G}
}
@article {Sims2003,
	title = {{Aberrant youth: Chemical and isotopic constraints on the young off-axis lavas of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {10},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8621},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000443},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000443},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Blichert-Toft, J and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Goldstein, S J and Johnson, P and DePaolo, D J and Hart, S R and Murrell, M T and Michael, P J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A}
}
@article {VanDover2003a,
	title = {{Blake Ridge methane seeps: Characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {281{\textendash}300},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Aharon, P and Bernhard, J M and Caylor, E and Doerries, M B and Flickinger, W and Gilhooly, W and Goffredi, S K and Knick, K E and Macko, S A and Rapoport, S and Raulfs, E C and Ruppel, C and Salerno, J L and Seitz, R D and Sen Gupta, B K and Shank, T M and Turnipseed, M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Seyfried2003,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geochemical controls in the aftermath of June 1999 seismic events}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2429},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JB001957},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001957},
	author = {Seyfried, W E and Seewald, J S and Berndt, M E and Ding, K and Foustoukos, D}
}
@article {Demopoulos2003,
	title = {{Evaluation of excess 234Th activity in sediments as an indicator of food quality for deep-sea deposit feeders}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {61},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {267{\textendash}284},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224003322005096},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224003322005096},
	author = {Demopoulos, A W J and Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L}
}
@article {Harpp2003,
	title = {{Genovesa Submarine Ridge: A manifestation of plume-ridge interaction in the northern Gal{\'a}pagos Islands}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8511},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GC000531},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000531},
	author = {Harpp, K S and Fornari, D J and Geist, D J and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {Fornari2003,
	title = {{High-T hydrothermal vent monitoring at the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N and a new, improved 64k memory high-T vent fluid temperature logger}},
	journal = {Ridge 2000 Events},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {21{\textendash}25},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0403.pdf},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Gray, R and Olsson, M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Dziak2003,
	title = {{Hydrothermal temperature changes at the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge associated with MW 6.2 Blanco Transform earthquake}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {119{\textendash}122},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0119:HTCATS>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031{\%}3C0119:HTCATS{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Chadwick, W W and Fox, C G and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Perfit2003,
	title = {{Interaction of sea water and lava during submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {426},
	number = {6962},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {62{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature02032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02032},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Cann, J R and Fornari, D J and Engels, J and Smith, D K and Ridley, W I and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Engels2003,
	title = {{A new model for submarine volcanic collapse formation}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1077},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000483},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000483},
	author = {Engels, J and Edwards, M H and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Cann, J R}
}
@article {McMullin2003,
	title = {{Phylogeny and biogeography of deep sea vestimentiferan tubeworms and their bacterial symbionts}},
	journal = {Symbiosis},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1{\textendash}41},
	issn = {0334-5114},
	author = {McMullin, E R and Hourdez, S and Schaeffer, S W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Carney2002,
	title = {{AFLP analyses of genomic DNA reveal no differentiation between two phenotypes of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {363{\textendash}366},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Carney, S L and Peoples, J R and Fisher, C R and Schaeffer, S W}
}
@article {Sims2002,
	title = {{Chemical and isotopic constraints on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {19},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3481{\textendash}3504},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Goldstein, S J and Blichert-Toft, J and Perfit, M R and Kelemen, P and Fornari, D J and Michael, P J and Murrell, M T and Hart, S R and DePaolo, D J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A and Jull, M and Bender, J}
}
@article {Fox2002,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophy as a possible nutritional source in the hydrothermal vent limpet Lepetodrilus fucensis}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {371{\textendash}376},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-371-376.pdf},
	author = {Fox, M and Juniper, S K and Vali, H}
}
@article {White2002,
	title = {{Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: Evidence from volcanic structures and lava flow morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000571},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000571},
	author = {White, S M and Haymon, R M and Fornari, D J and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Reysenbach2002,
	title = {{Expanding the distribution of the Aquificales to the deep-sea vents on Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Central Indian Ridge}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {425{\textendash}428},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-425-428.pdf},
	author = {Reysenbach, A -L and Gotz, D and Banta, A and Jeanthon, C and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Blackman2002,
	title = {{Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {443{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S and Cann, J R and Fruh-Green, G L and Gee, J S and Hurst, S D and John, B E and Morgan, J and Nooner, S L and Ross, D K and Schroeder, T J and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Humphris2002,
	title = {{Geotectonic setting of hydrothermal activity on the summit of Lucky Strike Seamount (37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 1049},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GC000284},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000284},
	author = {Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Schreirer, D S and German, C R and Parson, L M}
}
@article {Pond2002,
	title = {{Origins of long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids in the hydrothermal vent worms, Ridgea piscesae and Protis hydrothermica}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {225},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {219{\textendash}226},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps225219},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps225219},
	author = {Pond, D W and Allen, C E and Bell, M V and Van Dover, C L and Fallick, A E and Dixon, D R and Sargent, J R}
}
@article {Micheli2002,
	title = {{Predation structures communities at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {72},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {365{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-9615},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0365:PSCADS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0365:PSCADS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Micheli, F and Peterson, C H and Mullineaux, L S and Fisher, C R and Mills, S W and Sancho, G and Johnson, G A and Lenihan, H S}
}
@article {Govenar2002,
	title = {{Three Ridgeia piscesae assemblages from a single Juan de Fuca Ridge sulphide edifice: Structurally different and functionally similar}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {247{\textendash}252},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-247-252.pdf},
	author = {Govenar, B W and Bergquist, D C and Urcuyo, I A and Eckner, J T and Fisher, C R}
}
@book {Fornari2001,
	title = {{AHA-NEMO2: Shipboard data web site compiled during R/V Melville NEMO Expedition, Leg 2, May, 2000}},
	volume = {2005},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://science.whoi.edu/ahanemo2},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tolstoy, M and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Johnson, P and Kurras, G and White, S and Getsiv, J and Party, Shipboard Scientific and Technical}
}
@article {VanDover2001,
	title = {{Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {294},
	number = {5543},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {818{\textendash}823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1064574},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1064574},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Cavanaugh, C M and Collier, R and Goffredi, S K and Hashimoto, J and Lilley, M D and Reysenbach, A -L and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Banta, A and Gallant, R M and Gotz, D and Green, D and Hall, J and Harmer, T L and Hurtado, L A and Johnson, P and McKiness, Z P and Meredith, C and Olson, E J and Pan, I L and Turnipseed, M and Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Kolber2001,
	title = {{Contribution of aerobic photoheterotrophic bacteria to the carbon cycle in the ocean}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {292},
	number = {5526},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2492{\textendash}2495},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1059707},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1059707},
	author = {Kolber, Z S and Plumley, F G and Lang, A S and Beatty, J T and Blankenship, R E and Van Dover, C L and Vetriani, C and Koblizek, M and Rathgeber, C and Falkowski, P G}
}
@inbook {Fornari2001a,
	title = {{Deep Submergence, Science of}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of ocean sciences},
	volume = {2 (D-H)},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {643{\textendash}658},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {012227430X},
	doi = {10.1006/rwos.2001.0424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rwos.2001.0424},
	author = {Fornari, D J},
	editor = {Steele, J S}
}
@article {Johnson2001,
	title = {{Earthquakes{\textquoteright} impact on hydrothermal systems may be far-reaching}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {82},
	number = {21},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {233{\textendash}236},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/01EO00127},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/01EO00127},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Dziak, R P and Fisher, C R and Fox, C G and Pruis, M J}
}
@article {Hourdez2001,
	title = {{Functional respiratory anatomy of a deep-sea orbiniid polychaete from the Brine Pool NR-1 in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {120},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {29{\textendash}40},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2001.tb00023.x},
	author = {Hourdez, S and Frederick, L A and Schernecke, A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Smith2001b,
	title = {{Magmatic processes and segmentation at a fast spreading mid-ocean ridge: Detailed investigation of an axial discontinuity on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 37{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {2},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2000GC000134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2000GC000134},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GC000134},
	author = {Smith, M C and Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Ridley, W I and Edwards, M H and Kurras, G J and Von Damm, K L}
}
@inbook {Smith2001a,
	title = {{Mechanisms of age-dependent mixing on the bathyal California margin: The young and the restless}},
	booktitle = {Organism-sediment interactions},
	series = {Belle W. Baruch library in marine science},
	number = {21},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {263{\textendash}278},
	publisher = {University of South Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of South Carolina Press},
	address = {Columbia, S.C.},
	isbn = {1570034311},
	author = {Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L},
	editor = {Aller, J Y}
}
@article {Halanych2001,
	title = {{Molecular evidence that Sclerolinum brattstromi Is closely related to Vestimentiferans, not to Frenulate pogonophorans (Siboglinidae, Annelida)}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {201},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {65{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/201/1/65.pdf},
	author = {Halanych, K M and Feldman, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Kelley2001a,
	title = {{An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {412},
	number = {6843},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {145{\textendash}149},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35084000},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35084000},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Blackman, D K and Fruh-Green, G L and Butterfield, D A and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J and Schrenk, M O and Roe, K K and Lebon, G T and Rivizzigno, P}
}
@book {Flick2001,
	title = {{ONR Share of DSV Avin Major Overhaul - 2001}},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {3},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA406032},
	author = {Flick, L D}
}
@article {Fornes2001,
	title = {{A particle introduction experiment in Santa Catalina Basin sediments: Testing the age-dependent mixing hypothesis}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {59},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {97{\textendash}112},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224001321237380},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224001321237380},
	author = {Fornes, W L and DeMaster, D J and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Nelson2000,
	title = {{Absence of cospeciation in deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworms and their bacterial symbionts}},
	journal = {Symbiosis},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1{\textendash}15},
	author = {Nelson, K and Fisher, C R}
}
@inbook {Freitag2000,
	title = {{Acoustic communication in very shallow water: results from the1999 AUV Fest}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {2155{\textendash}2160},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882253},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882253},
	author = {Freitag, L and Grund, M and Singh, S and Johnson, M}
}
@article {Bright2000,
	title = {{An autoradiographic examination of carbon fixation, transfer and utilization in the Riftia pachyptila symbiosis}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {136},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	month = {may},
	pages = {621{\textendash}632},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270050722},
	author = {Bright, M and Keckeis, H and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Kolber2000,
	title = {{Bacterial photosynthesis in the surface waters of the open ocean}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {407},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {177{\textendash}179},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35025044},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025044},
	author = {Kolber, Z S and Van Dover, C L and Niederman, R A and Falkowski, P G}
}
@article {Charlou2000,
	title = {{Compared geochemical signatures and the evolution of Menez Gwen (37 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N) and Lucky Strike (37 degrees17{\textquoteright}N) hydrothermal fluids, south of the Azores triple junction on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {171},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00244-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00244-8},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Douville, E and Jean-Baptiste, P and Radford-Knoery, J and Fouquet, Y and Dapoigny, A and Stievenard, M}
}
@article {Ballard2000a,
	title = {{The discovery of ancient history in the deep sea using advanced deep submergence technology}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1591{\textendash}1620},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	author = {Ballard, R D and McCann, A M and Yoerger, D R and Whitcomb, L and Mindell, D and Oleson, J and Singh, H and Foley, B and Adams, J and Piechota, D and Giangrande, C}
}
@article {Johnson2000,
	title = {{Earthquake-induced changes in a hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {407},
	number = {6801},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {174{\textendash}177},
	publisher = {Macmillian Magazines Ltd},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35025040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025040},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Hutnak, M and Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Urcuyo, I and Cowen, J P and Nabelek, J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Auzende2000,
	title = {{The eastern and western tips of Manus Basin (Papua, New Guinea) explored by submersible: MANAUTE cruise}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciences. S{\'e}rie II, M{\'e}canique, physique, chimie, sciences de l{\textquoteright}univers, sciences de la terre},
	volume = {331},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {119{\textendash}126},
	issn = {0764-4450},
	doi = {10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ishibashi, J and Beaudoin, Y and Charlou, J L and Delteil, J and Donval, J P and Fouquet, Y and Gouillou, J P and Ildefonse, B and Kimura, H and Nishio, Y and Radford-Knoery, J and Ruellan, E}
}
@article {Miller2000,
	title = {{Feeding selectivity and rapid particle processing by deep-sea megafaunal deposit feeders: A super(234)Th tracer approach}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {58},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {653{\textendash}673},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224000321511061},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224000321511061},
	author = {Miller, R J and Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L}
}
@article {Fryer2000,
	title = {{Future research directions in deep submergence science}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {33},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {74{\textendash}79},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Fryer, P and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Okutani2000,
	title = {{Gastropod fauna of a thermal vent site on the North Knoll of Iheya Ridge, Okinawa Trough}},
	journal = {Venus the Japanese Journal of Malacology},
	volume = {59},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {123{\textendash}128},
	issn = {0042-3580},
	author = {Okutani, T and Fujiwara, Y}
}
@article {DiMeo2000,
	title = {{Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {651{\textendash}658},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.2.651-658.2000},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/2/651},
	author = {Di Meo, C A and Wilbur, A E and Holben, W E and Feldman, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Hourdez2000,
	title = {{Hemoglobin from a deep-sea hydrothermal-vent copepod}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {199},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {95{\textendash}99},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	doi = {10.2307/1542868},
	author = {Hourdez, S and Lamontagne, J and Peterson, P and Weber, R E and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Scheirer2000,
	title = {{High-resolution seafloor mapping using the DSL-120 sonar system: Quantitative assessment of sidescan and phase-bathymetry data from the Lucky Strike segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {121{\textendash}142},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1004701429848},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004701429848},
	author = {Scheirer, D S and Fornari, D J and Humphris, S E and Lerner, S}
}
@article {McMullin2000,
	title = {{Metazoans in Extreme Environments: Adaptations of Hydrothermal Vent and Hydrocarbon Seep Fauna}},
	journal = {Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin},
	volume = {13},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13{\textendash}23},
	author = {McMullin, E R and Bergquist, D C and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Aloisi2000,
	title = {{Methane-related authigenic carbonates of eastern Mediterranean Sea mud volcanoes and their possible relation to gas hydrate destabilisation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {184},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {321{\textendash}338},
	abstract = {Nautile submersible investigations of mud volcanoes and brine seep areas of the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the MEDINAUT cruise in November 1998 discovered extensive areas of authigenic carbonate crusts associated with methane emissions. Carbonate crusts form pavements, round slabs and circular mounds on the central, most active parts of mud volcanoes and in a fault-related valley where brines have accumulated to form a submarine brine lake. Authigenic carbonate nodules have been recovered from the same areas during the MEDINETH cruise in July 1999. Large 13C depletions of authigenic calcite, aragonite and dolomite indicate methane as a major carbon source for the carbonate. Crust pavements are formed when methane from a freshly emplaced, methane-charged mud flow is oxidised at the seafloor. In this environment, where bottom waters provide the sulphate and magnesium, aragonite is favoured versus calcite and accounts for the majority of the methane-related authigenic carbonates. Calcite, when present, contains significant amounts of Mg2+ (high-Mg calcite), and possibly other divalent ions in its crystal lattice. In areas of brine seep and accumulation, dolomitic nodules are present at shallow depth in the sediment. The 18O enrichment of the authigenic carbonates (up to 4{\textperthousand} greater than calculated values for carbonates precipitating from modern eastern Mediterranean bottom waters) is interpreted as due to precipitation from 18O-rich fluids rather than as a temperature effect. The source of the 18O-rich fluids may be multiple and possibly includes the destabilisation of gas hydrates present at shallow subbottom depth, and the seepage of relic Messinian brines.},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8},
	author = {Aloisi, G and Pierre, C and Rouchy, J M and Foucher, J P and Woodside, J}
}
@article {Aharon2000,
	title = {{Microbial sulfate reduction rates and sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionations at oil and gas seeps in deepwater Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {64},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {233{\textendash}246},
	abstract = {Sulfate reduction and anaerobic methane oxidation are the dominant microbial processes occurring in hydrate-bearing sediments at bathyal depths in the Gulf of Mexico where crude oil and methane are advecting through fault conduits to the seafloor. The oil and gas seeps are typically overlain by chemosynthetic communities consisting of thiotrophic bacterial mats (Beggiatoa spp.) and methanotrophic mussels (Bathymodiolus spp.), respectively. Cores were recovered with a manned submersible from fine-grained sediments containing dispersed gas hydrates at the threshold of stability. Estimated sulfate reduction rates are variable but generally are substantially higher in crude oil seeps (up to 50 times) and methane seeps (up to 600 times) relative to a non-seep reference sediment (0.0043 $μ$mol SO42- cm-3 day-1). Sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation factors are highest in the reference sediment ($\alpha$S = 1.027; $\alpha$O = 1.015) but substantially lower in the seep sediments ($\alpha$S = 1.018 to 1.009; $\alpha$O = 1.006 to 1.002) and are controlled primarily by kinetic factors related to sulfate reduction rates. Kinetic effects also control the $δ$34S/$δ$18O ratios such that slow microbial rates yield low ratios whereas faster rates yield progressively higher ratios. The seep data contradict previous claims that $δ$34S/$δ$18O ratios are diagnostic of either microbial sulfate reduction at a fixed $δ$34S/$δ$18O ratio of 4/1 or lower ratios caused by SO4{\textendash}H2O equilibration at ambient temperatures. The new results offer a better understanding of methane removal via anaerobic oxidation in the sulfate reduction zone of hydrate-bearing sediments and have significant implications regarding the origin and geochemical history of sedimentary sulfate reconstructed on the basis of $δ$34S and $δ$18O compositions.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00292-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00292-6},
	author = {Aharon, P and Fu, B}
}
@article {Peek2000,
	title = {{Neutral and nonneutral mitochondrial genetic variation in deep-sea clams from the family Vesicomyidae}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {141{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2844},
	doi = {10.1007/s002399910016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002399910016},
	author = {Peek, A S and Gaut, B S and Feldman, R A and Barry, J P and Kochevar, R E and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@inbook {Purcell2000,
	title = {{New capabilities of the REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {147{\textendash}151},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881250},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881250},
	author = {Purcell, M and von Alt, C and Allen, B and Austin, T and Forrester, N and Goldsborough, R and Stokey, R}
}
@article {Hunt2000,
	title = {{Observations of the pelagic fauna over the Pac Manus site, in the Manus Basin, Papau New Guinea: preliminary results}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {15{\textendash}21},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}01{\_}03.pdf},
	author = {Hunt, J C and Lindsay, D J and Hashimoto, J and Fujikura, K and Fujiwara, Y and Miyake, H and Tsuchida, S}
}
@article {Tsuchida2000,
	title = {{Preliminary report of a biological, geological, and geochemical survey on hydrothermalism at the Hotoma and Minna Knolls SF sub(6) tracer experiment to observe the behavior of hydrothermal plume at South East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {35{\textendash}42},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}06.pdf},
	author = {Tsuchida, S and Watanabe, K and Ishibashi, J and Miyake, H and Watabe, H and Yamaguchi, T and Kitajima, T and Nakano, A and Matsumura, M and Watanabe, H and Tsumune, D and Shitashima, K and Okamura, K and Urabe, T and Nakamura, K and Fujimoto, H and Mitsuzawa, K}
}
@article {Dziak2000,
	title = {{Recent tectonics of the Blanco Ridge, eastern blanco transform fault zone}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {423{\textendash}450},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Embley, R W and Nabelek, J L and Braunmiller, J and Koski, R A}
}
@article {Muench2000,
	title = {{Sea-floor hydrothermal mineralization from the Mt. Jourdanne, Southwest Indian Ridge}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {125{\textendash}132},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}02{\_}12.pdf},
	author = {Muench, U and Halbach, P and Fujimoto, H}
}
@article {Lindsay2000,
	title = {{Submersible observations on the deep-sea fauna of the south-west Indian Ocean: preliminary results for the mesopelagic and near-bottom communities}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23{\textendash}33},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}01{\_}04.pdf},
	author = {Lindsay, D J and Hunt, J C and Hashimoto, J and Fujiwara, Y and Fujikura, K and Miyake, H and Tsuchida, S}
}
@article {Chevaldonne2000,
	title = {{Thermotolerance and the {\textquoteleft}Pompeii worms{\textquoteright}}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {208},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {293{\textendash}295},
	author = {Chevaldonne, P and Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Desbruyeres, D and Jollivet, D and Zal, F and Toulmond, A}
}
@article {Mullineaux2000,
	title = {{Tubeworm succession at hydrothermal vents: Use of biogenic cues to reduce habitat selection error?}},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {123},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {275{\textendash}284},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	doi = {10.1007/s004420051014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420051014},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Fisher, C R and Peterson, C H and Schaeffer, S W}
}
@article {Gregg2000,
	title = {{Using submarine lava pillars to record mid-ocean ridge eruption dynamics}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {178},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {195{\textendash}214},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00085-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00085-6},
	author = {Gregg, T K P and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {Kurras2000,
	title = {{Volcanic morphology of the East Pacific Rise Crest 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-52{\textquoteright}: Implications for volcanic emplacement processes at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {23{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1004792202764},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004792202764},
	author = {Kurras, G J and Fornari, D J and Edwards, M H and Perfit, M R and Smith, M C}
}
@article {Fujiwara1999,
	title = {{Bathymetric and gravity survey of the eastern Nankai Trough}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {357{\textendash}361},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}28.pdf},
	author = {Fujiwara, T and Goto, S and Kobayashi, K}
}
@article {Scott1999,
	title = {{Carbon dioxide use by chemoautotrophic endosymbionts of hydrothermal vent vestimentiferans: affinities for carbon dioxide, absence of carboxysomes, and delta C-13 values}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {135},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {25{\textendash}34},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270050597},
	author = {Scott, K M and Bright, M and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Schouten1999,
	title = {{Central anomaly magnetization high; constraints on the volcanic construction and architecture of seismic Layer 2A at a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge, the EPR at 9 degrees 30{\textquoteright}-50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {169},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {37{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00063-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00063-1},
	author = {Schouten, H and Tivey, M A and Fornari, D J and Cochran, J R}
}
@article {Fujioka1999,
	title = {{Cnidarian Communities on the rocky bottom of upper bathyal zone off Kikai Island, southern Japan}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {285{\textendash}304},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/11{\_}27(1).pdf},
	author = {Fujioka, Y}
}
@article {Cochran1999,
	title = {{Continuous near-bottom gravity measurements made with a BGM-3 gravimeter in DSV Alvin on the East Pacific Rise crest near 9 degrees 31 degrees N and 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {104},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {10,810{\textendash}841,861},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/1999JB900049},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900049},
	author = {Cochran, J R and Fornari, D J and Coakley, B J and Herr, R and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Fujioka1999a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal activity and long-term monitoring at Southern East Pacific Rise - Preliminary results of the Ridge Flux SEPR{\textquoteright}97 Leg 2 cruise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {21{\textendash}33},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}02.pdf},
	author = {Fujioka, K and Mitsuzawa, K and Kinoshita, M and Ishibashi, J and Joshima, M and Shitashima, K and Maruyama, A and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {Hashimoto1999,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent communities in the PACMANUS site, Manus Basin. Results of the BIOACCESS Cruise {\textquoteright}96 in the Manus Basin}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {91{\textendash}102},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}09.pdf},
	author = {Hashimoto, J and Ota, S and Auzende, J M and Fiala-Medioni, A and Miura, T and Nishimura, K and Malagun, S and Kikuchi, T and Ishibashi, J}
}
@article {Urabe1999,
	title = {{Installation of long-term monitoring stations at the superfast-spreading Southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1{\textendash}19},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}01.pdf},
	author = {Urabe, T and Fujioka, K}
}
@article {Fujimoto1999,
	title = {{Long-term ocean bottom pressure measurement and acoustic ranging across the spreading axis of the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {35{\textendash}42},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}03.pdf},
	author = {Fujimoto, H}
}
@article {Hirano1999,
	title = {{Temporal changes of cracks in the oceanward slope of northern Japan Trench off Sanriku: Six-year observation by submersibles}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {445{\textendash}454},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}36.pdf},
	author = {Hirano, S and Ogawa, Y and Yujiro, F and Fujioka, K and Kawamura, K}
}
@article {Mitsuzawa1999,
	title = {{Ten-days observation period on a low-temperature hydrothermal field at the Southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {79{\textendash}90},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}08.pdf},
	author = {Mitsuzawa, K and Sugawara, T and Nakamura, K and Urabe, T and Fujioka, K}
}
@article {Fornari1998a,
	title = {{Axial summit trough of the east Pacific Rise 9 degrees -10 degrees N: geological characteristics and evolution of the axial zone on fast spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9827{\textendash}9855},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/98JB00028},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JB00028},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Perfit, M R and Gregg, T K P and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Scott1998,
	title = {{The burden of independence: Inorganic carbon utilization strategies of the sulphur chemoautotrophic hydrothermal vent isolate Thiomicrospira crunogena and the symbionts of hydrothermal vent and cold seep vestimentiferans}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {39},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {379{\textendash}381},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Scott, K M and Bright, M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Smith1998,
	title = {{Detrital aggregates on the sea floor: chemical composition and aerobic decomposition rates at a time-series station in the abyssal N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {843{\textendash}880},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	author = {Smith, K L and Baldwin, R J and Glatts, R C and Kaufmann, R S and Fisher, E C}
}
@article {Maruyama1998,
	title = {{Global hydrothermal primary production rate estimated from the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {39},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {249{\textendash}252},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb39-3-249-252.pdf},
	author = {Maruyama, A and Urabe, T and Ishibashi, J and Feely, R and Baker, E T}
}
@article {Kurras1998,
	title = {{High-resoluion bathymetry of the East Pacific Rise axial summit trough 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-51{\textquoteright}N: a compilation of Alvin scanning sonar and altimetry data from 1991-1995}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {25},
	number = {8},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1209{\textendash}1212},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/98GL00721},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL00721},
	author = {Kurras, G J and Edwards, M H and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Urcuyo1998,
	title = {{In situ growth of the vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae living in highly diffuse flow environments in the main Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {267{\textendash}270},
	author = {Urcuyo, I A and Massoth, G J and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Fujiwara1998,
	title = {{In situ spawning of a deep-sea vesicomyid clam: Evidence for an environmental cue}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {45},
	number = {11},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1881{\textendash}1889},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00033-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00033-8},
	author = {Fujiwara, Y and Tsukahara, J and Hashimoto, J and Fujikura, K}
}
@article {Fornari1998,
	title = {{Mapping volcanic morphology on the crest of the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-52{\textquoteright}N using the WHOI towed camera system: a versatile new digital camera sled for seafloor mapping}},
	journal = {BRIDGE Newsletter},
	number = {14},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {4{\textendash}12},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Kurras, G and Edwards, M and Spencer, W and Hersey, B}
}
@article {Bachmayer1998,
	title = {{Oceanographic research using remotely operated underwater robotic vehicles: exploration of hydrothermal vent sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37 North 32 West}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {37{\textendash}47},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Bachmayer, R and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Van Dover, C L and Howland, J and Bowen, A and Elder, R and Crook, T and Gleason, D E and Sellers, W and Lerner, S}
}
@article {Sohn1998,
	title = {{Seismic and hydrothermal evidence for a cracking event on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {396},
	number = {6707},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {159{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/24146},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/24146},
	author = {Sohn, R A and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Hildebrand, J A and Webb, S C}
}
@article {Fisher1998,
	title = {{Temperature and sulphide tolerance of hydrothermal vent fauna}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {39},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {283{\textendash}286},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Shank1998,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial patterns of biological community development at nascent deep-sea hydrothermal vents (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {465{\textendash}515},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00089-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00089-1},
	author = {Shank, T M and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M D and Haymon, R M and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Fornari1998b,
	title = {{Time-series temperature measurements at high-temperature hydrothermal vents, East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-51{\textquoteright}N; evidence for monitoring a crustal cracking event}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {419{\textendash}431},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Gregg, T K P and Lilley, M and Levai, G and Bray, A and Haymon, R M and Perfit, M R and Lutz, R}
}
@article {Mottl1998,
	title = {{Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0051:WSDOMO>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026{\%}3C0051:WSDOMO{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Wheat, G and Baker, E and Davis, E and Feely, R and Grehan, A and Kadko, D and Lilley, M and Massoth, G and Moyer, C and Sansone, F}
}
@article {Langmuir1997,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents near a mantle hot spot: The Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {148},
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	year = {1997},
	pages = {69{\textendash}91},
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	issn = {0012-821X},
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}
@article {Fornari1997,
	title = {{Inductively coupled link (ICL) temperature probes for hot hydrothermal fluid sampling from ROV Jason and DSV Alvin}},
	journal = {RIDGE Events},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0297.pdf},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Bradley, A and Humphris, S E and Walden, B and Deuster, A}
}
@article {Butterfield1997,
	title = {{Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry}},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {355},
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	year = {1997},
	pages = {369{\textendash}386},
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	issn = {1364-503X},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Jonasson, I R and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Roe, K K and Embley, R E and Holden, J F and McDuff, R E and Lilley, M D and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Martineu1997,
	title = {{Sulfide binding in the body fluids of hydrothermal vent alvinellid polychaetes}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {578{\textendash}588},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	doi = {10.1086/515864},
	author = {Martineu, P and Juniper, S K and Fisher, C R and Massoth, G J}
}
@article {Fryer1997,
	title = {{Volcanologic and tectonic evolution of the Kasuga seamounts, northern Mariana Trough: Alvin submersible investigations}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {79},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {277{\textendash}311},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00013-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00013-9},
	author = {Fryer, P and Gill, G B and Jackson, M C}
}
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	title = {{Why is the Palau Trench so deep? Deep-sea trench without plate convergence}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences},
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	year = {1997},
	pages = {89{\textendash}94},
	issn = {0386-2208},
	author = {Kobayashi, K and Fujioka, K and Fujiwara, T and Iwabuchi, Y and Kitazato, H}
}
@inbook {Fisher1996,
	title = {{Ecophysiology of primary production at deep-sea vents and seeps.~~ In:~~ Deep-sea and extreme shallow-water habitats: affinities and adaptations}},
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}
@article {Charlou1996a,
	title = {{Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge; East Pacific Rise, 17 degrees to 19 degrees S (Naudur cruise, 1993) phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity}},
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	number = {B7},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15,815{\textendash}899,919},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/96JB00880},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JB00880},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Fouquet, Y and Donval, J P and Auzende, J M and Jean-Baptiste, P and Stievenard, M and Michel, S}
}
@article {Auzende1996,
	title = {{Recent tectonic magmatic and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17 degrees S and 19 degrees S: submersible observations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {10,17,918{\textendash}995},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/96JB01209},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JB01209},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ballu, V and Batiza, R and Bideau, D and Charlou, J L and Cormier, M -H and Fouquet, Y and Geistdoerfer, P and Lagabrielle, Y and Sinton, J and Spadea, P}
}
@article {Macdonald1996,
	title = {{Volcanic growth faults and the origin of Pacific abyssal hills}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {380},
	number = {6570},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {125{\textendash}129},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/380125a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/380125a0},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Fox, P J and Alexander, R T and Pockalny, R and Gente, P}
}
@book {Fornari1995a,
	title = {{Alvin - Atlantis II near-bottom gravity cruise (131-12) : April 11-24, 1994, Manzanillo, MX - Manzanillo, MX}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Cochran, J R and Coakley, B J and Herr, R and Gregg, T K P and Tivey, M A}
}
@inbook {Lilley1995,
	title = {{Chemical and biochemical transformations in hydrothermal plumes}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {369{\textendash}391},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Lilley, M D and Feely, R A and Trefry, J H},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Batiza1995,
	title = {{Chemistry of Deep (3500-5600m) Pacific MORB- Why is the Pacific anomalous?}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {22},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {3067{\textendash}3070},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/95GL01997},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95GL01997},
	author = {Batiza, R and Hekinian, R and Bideau, D and Francheteau, J}
}
@inbook {Nelson1995a,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbiotic bacteria at deep-sea vents and seeps}},
	booktitle = {Microbiology of Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {125{\textendash}167},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	address = {Boca Raton, Fla.},
	isbn = {0-8493-8860-0},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Karl, D M}
}
@article {Felbeck1995,
	title = {{CO2 transport in catheterized hydrothermal vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology},
	volume = {272},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {95{\textendash}102},
	issn = {1097-010X},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.1402720203},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402720203},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Turner, P J}
}
@article {Boetius1995,
	title = {{Digestive enzymes in marine invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and other reducing environments}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {122},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {105{\textendash}113},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00349283},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349283},
	author = {Boetius, A and Felbeck, H}
}
@inbook {Mullineaux1995a,
	title = {{Dispersal mechanisms of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {408{\textendash}424},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and France, S C},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Kinoshita1995,
	title = {{Long-term heat flow measurement on the TAG hydrothermal mound in Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {11},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {137{\textendash}147},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/11{\_}13.pdf},
	author = {Kinoshita, M and Matsubayashi, O and Fujioka, K}
}
@book {Friesen1995,
	title = {{Mineralogy and chemistry of hydrothermal chimneys from the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {56},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	author = {Friesen, W B and Koski, R A}
}
@article {Massoth1995,
	title = {{Observations of manganese and iron at the CoAxial seafloor eruption site, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {151{\textendash}154},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02662},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02662},
	author = {Massoth, G J and Baker, E T and Feely, R A and Butterfield, D A and Embley, R W and Lupton, J E and Thomson, R E and Cannon, G A}
}
@article {Scott1995,
	title = {{Physiological ecology of sulfide metabolism in hydrothermal vent and cold seep vesicomyid clams and vestimentiferan tube worms}},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	volume = {35},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {102{\textendash}111},
	issn = {0003-1569},
	doi = {10.1093/icb/35.2.102},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/35.2.102},
	author = {Scott, K M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Haney1995,
	title = {{Seabird aggregation at a deep North Pacific seamount}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {123},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {1{\textendash}9},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00350317},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350317},
	author = {Haney, J C and Haury, L R and Mullineaux, L S and Fey, C L}
}
@inbook {Fornari1995b,
	title = {{Tectonic and volcanic controls on hydrothermal processes at the Mid-Ocean Ridge: An overview based on near-bottom and submersible studies}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {1{\textendash}46},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Embley, R W},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@inbook {Fisher1995,
	title = {{Toward an appreciation of hydrothermal-vent animals: their environment, physiological ecology, and tissue stable isotope values}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {297{\textendash}316},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Fornari1995,
	title = {{Visualizing the deep sea - vehicles and research techniques yield ever-clearer images of the ocean depths}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {10{\textendash}13},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Bowen, A M and Foster, D B}
}
@article {Lutz1994a,
	title = {{Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in hydrothermal vent fields of the Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {52},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {969{\textendash}982},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/0022240943076894},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/0022240943076894},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Kennish, M J and Pooley, A S and Fritz, L W}
}
@book {McCann1994,
	title = {{Deep water archaeology: a late Roman ship sailing from Carthage and a trade route northeast of Skerki Bank}},
	series = {Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplements},
	number = {13},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {162},
	publisher = {Journal of Roman Archaeology},
	organization = {Journal of Roman Archaeology},
	address = {Ann Arbor, Mich.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1-887829-13-X},
	author = {McCann, A M and Freed, J}
}
@article {Scott1994,
	title = {{Effects of inorganic carbon concentrations, pH, and temperature on autotrophic carbon fixation by the chemoautotrophic symbionts of Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {67},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {617{\textendash}638},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Scott, K M and Fisher, C R and Vodenichar, J S and Nix, E and Minnich, E}
}
@article {Distel1994,
	title = {{Evidence for phylogenetic congruence among sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts and their bivalve hosts}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
	volume = {38},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {533{\textendash}543},
	issn = {0022-2844},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00178852},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178852},
	author = {Distel, D L and Felbeck, H and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {France1994,
	title = {{Genetic population structure and gene flow among deep-sea amphipods, Abyssorchomene spp., from six California Continental Borderland basins}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {67{\textendash}77},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00699220},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00699220},
	author = {France, S C}
}
@inbook {Butterfield1994,
	title = {{Geochemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {139},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {395{\textendash}410},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and McDuff, R E and Franklin, J and Wheat, C G},
	editor = {McQuistion, M K}
}
@article {Fisher1994,
	title = {{Nutritional interactions at Galapagos hydrothermal vents: Inferences from stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {103},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {45{\textendash}55},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps103045},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps103045},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Macko, A and Brooks, J M}
}
@article {Lutz1994b,
	title = {{Rapid growth at deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {371},
	number = {6499},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {663{\textendash}664},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/371663a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/371663a0},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Lilley, M D and Von Damm, K L and Desbruyeres, D}
}
@article {Perfit1994,
	title = {{Small-scale spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge crest magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {375{\textendash}379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0375:SSSATV>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022{\%}3C0375:SSSATV{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Smith, M and Bender, J and Langmuir, C H and Haymon, R M}
}
@article {Massoth1994,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variability of hydrothermal manganese and iron at Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4905{\textendash}4923},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02799},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02799},
	author = {Massoth, G J and Baker, E T and Lupton, J E and Feely, R A and Butterfield, D A and Von Damm, K L and Roe, K K and Lebon, G T}
}
@article {Fornari1994,
	title = {{Temporal variation in the morphology and structure of the axial summit caldera and young volcanic flows, and relationship to hydrothermal venting on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 30-51{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {Fall meet. suppl.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {618},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Haymon, R M and Edwards, M H and Cochran, J R and Coakely, B and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M}
}
@article {Turner1993,
	title = {{Character of active hydrothermal mounds and near by altered hemipelagic sediments in the hydrothermal areas of Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: data on shallow cores}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {973{\textendash}996},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Turner, R J W and Ames, D E and Franklin, J M and Goodfellow, W D and Leitch, C H B and H{\"o}y, T}
}
@article {Lupton1993,
	title = {{Chemical and physical diversity of hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8 degrees 45{\textquoteright} N to 11 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {24},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2913{\textendash}2916},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00906},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00906},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Baker, E T and Mottl, M J and Sansone, F J and Wheat, C G and Resing, J A and Massoth, G J and Measures, C I and Feely, R A}
}
@article {Fisher1993a,
	title = {{The co-occurrence of methanotrophic and chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in a deep-sea mussel}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {277{\textendash}289},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.1993.tb00001.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1993.tb00001.x},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Brooks, J M and Vodenichar, J S and Zande, J M and Childress, J J and Burke, R A}
}
@article {German1993,
	title = {{A geochemical study of metalliferous sediment from the TAG bydrothermal mound, 26 degrees 09{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9683{\textendash}9692},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01705},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01705},
	author = {German, C R and Higgs, N C and Thomson, J and Mills, R and Elderfield, H and Blusztajn, J and Fleer, A P and Bacon, M P}
}
@article {Langmuir1993,
	title = {{Geological setting and characteristics of the Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {99},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Langmuir, C H and Fornari, D J and Colodner, D and Charlou, J L and Costa, I and Desbruyeres, D and Desonie, D and Emerson, T and Fiala-Medioni, A and Fouquet, Y and Humphris, S E and Saldanha, L and Sours-Page, R and Thatcher, M and Tivey, M and Van Dover, C L and Von Damm, K L and Wiese, K and Wilson, C}
}
@article {Martin1993,
	title = {{Halice hesmonectes, a new species of pardaliscid amphipod (Crustacea, Peracarida) from hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {71},
	number = {9},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1724{\textendash}1732},
	issn = {0008-4301},
	doi = {10.1139/z93-244},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-244},
	author = {Martin, J W and France, S C and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Childress1993a,
	title = {{Inorganic carbon uptake in hydrothermal vent tubeworms facilitated by high environmental pCO2}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {362},
	number = {6416},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {147{\textendash}149},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/362147a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362147a0},
	author = {Childress, J J and Lee, R and Sanders, N K and Felbeck, H and Oros, D and Toulmond, A and Desbruyeres, D and Brooks, J and II, Kennicutt M C}
}
@article {Bazler1993,
	title = {{The Jason Project experience and attitudes toward science as an enterprise and career}},
	journal = {Journal of Career Development},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {101{\textendash}112},
	issn = {0894-8453},
	doi = {10.1177/089484539302000201},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089484539302000201},
	author = {Bazler, J A and Spokane, A R and Ballard, R D and Fugate, M}
}
@inbook {Mindell1993,
	title = {{Jason talk: a standard ROV vehicle control system}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}93: Engineering in harmony with the ocean: Proceedings},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {III253{\textendash}III258},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-1385-2},
	author = {Mindell, D A and Yoerger, D R and Freitag, L E and Whitcomb, L L and Eastwood, R L}
}
@article {Stein1993,
	title = {{Kinetic and physical properties of a recombinant RuBisCO from a chemoautotrophic endosymbiont}},
	journal = {Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {5},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {280{\textendash}291},
	issn = {1053-6426},
	author = {Stein, J L and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Hentschel1993,
	title = {{Nitrate respiration in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {366},
	number = {6453},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {338{\textendash}340},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/366338a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/366338a0},
	author = {Hentschel, U and Felbeck, H}
}
@inbook {Fisher1993,
	title = {{Oxidation of methane by deep sea mytilids in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	booktitle = {Biogeochemistry of global change: Radiatively active trace gases: Selected papers from the Tenth International Symposium on Environmental Biogeochemistry, San Francisco, August 19-24, 1991},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {606{\textendash}618},
	publisher = {Chapman and Hall},
	organization = {Chapman and Hall},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-412-04141-3},
	author = {Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Oremland, R S}
}
@article {Childress1993,
	title = {{The role of a zinc-based, serum-borne sulphide-binding component in the uptake and transport of dissolved sulphide by the chemoautotrophic symbiont containing clam Calyptogena elongata}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {179},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {131{\textendash}158},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/179/1/131},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Favuzzi, J A and Arp, A J and Oros, D R}
}
@article {Embley1993,
	title = {{ROV samples vents on Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {15},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {177{\textendash}184},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/93EO00163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93EO00163},
	author = {Embley, R W and Franklin, J M}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1993,
	title = {{Symbiose mit chemoautotrophen Bakterien: Eine alternative Nahrungsquelle}},
	booktitle = {{\"O}kosystem Darm V: Immunologie, Mikrobiologie, Funktionsst{\"o}rungen, klinische Manifestation: Klinik und Therapie akuter und chronischer Darmerkrankungen},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {264{\textendash}268},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	isbn = {3-540-57591-X},
	author = {Felbeck, H}
}
@article {McMurty1993,
	title = {{Unusual geochemistry of hydrothermal vents on submarine arc volcanoes: Kasuga Seamounts, Northern Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {114},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {517{\textendash}528},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90080-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90080-S},
	author = {McMurty, G M and Sedwick, P N and Fryer, P and VonderHaar, D L and Yeh, H W}
}
@article {Haymon1993,
	title = {{Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 45-52{\textquoteright}N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April 1991}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {119},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {85{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Edmond, J and Shanks, W and Lutz, R and Grebmeier, J M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and McLaughlin, E and Smith, M and Beedle, N and Olson, E}
}
@article {Bendel1993,
	title = {{The White Lady hydrothermal field, North Fiji back-arc basin, Southeast Pacific}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2233{\textendash}2245},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2237},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2237},
	author = {Bendel, V and Fouquet, Y and Auzende, J M and Lagabrielle, Y and Grimaud, D and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Lutz1992,
	title = {{Biological and geological baseline along the BIOTRANSECT - East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 49.61{\textquoteright} - 50.35{\textquoteright}N: Short-term temporal variations after the 1991 eruption}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Black, M B and Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Nelson, D and Perfit, M R and Shanks, W C and Lilley, M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@inbook {Childress1992,
	title = {{The biology of hydrothermal vent animals: physiology, biochemistry, and autotrophic symbioses}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {337{\textendash}441},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	isbn = {1857280717},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Barnes, M}
}
@article {Edwards1992,
	title = {{CCD camera maps recent volcanic eruption on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {31},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {329{\textendash}330},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/91EO00254},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91EO00254},
	author = {Edwards, M H and Smith, M and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {VanDover1992,
	title = {{Deep-sea amphipod swarms}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {358},
	number = {6381},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {25{\textendash}26},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/358025a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358025a0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Kaartvedt, S and Bollens, S M and Wiebe, P H and Martin, J W and France, S C}
}
@article {Fox1992,
	title = {{Detection of changes in ridge-crest morphology using repeated multibeam sonar surveys}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	number = {7},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {11,111{\textendash}149,162},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB00601},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB00601},
	author = {Fox, C G and Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Haymon1992,
	title = {{Dramatic short-term changes observed during March {\textquoteright}92 to April {\textquoteright}91 eruption site on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 45-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Lutz, R and Perfit, M and Macdonald, K and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Shanks, W C and Nelson, D and Edwards, M and Kappus, M and Colodner, D and Wright, D and Scherier, D and Black, M and Edmonds, H and Olson, E and Geiselman, T}
}
@article {France1992,
	title = {{Genetic differentiation between spatially-disjunct populations of the deep-sea, hydrothermal vent-endemic amphipod Ventiella sulfuris}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {114},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {551{\textendash}559},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00357252},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357252},
	author = {France, S C and Hessler, R R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Kochevar1992,
	title = {{The methane mussel: roles of symbiont and host in the metabolic utilization of methane}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {112},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {389{\textendash}401},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00356284},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00356284},
	author = {Kochevar, R and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Minnich, E}
}
@article {Fisher1992,
	title = {{Organic carbon transfer from methanotrophic symbionts to the host hydrocarbon seep mussel}},
	journal = {Symbiosis},
	volume = {12},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {221{\textendash}235},
	issn = {0334-5114},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1992,
	title = {{Prokaryotic symbionts in marine invertebrates}},
	booktitle = {Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications},
	volume = {2nd},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3891{\textendash}3906},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-387-97258-7},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Distel, D L},
	editor = {Balows, A}
}
@article {Perfit1992,
	title = {{Submersible transects across the East Pacific Rise crest and upper-flanks at 9 degrees 21{\textquoteright}-32{\textquoteright} N: 2. Small-scale spatial variations in lava geochemistry and implications for temporal variability}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Batiza, R and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Fornari1992,
	title = {{Submersible transects across the East Pacific Rise crest and upper-flanks at 9 degrees 21{\textquoteright}-32{\textquoteright} N: 1. Observations of seafloor morphology and evidence for young volcanism off-axis}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Batiza, R and Edwards, M H}
}
@inbook {Fryer1992,
	title = {{A synthesis of Leg 125 drilling of serpentine seamounts on the Mariana and Izu-Bonin Forearcs}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {593{\textendash}614},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.125.168.1992},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.125.168.1992},
	author = {Fryer, P},
	editor = {Dearmont, L H}
}
@article {Haymon1991,
	title = {{Active eruption seen on East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {72},
	number = {46},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {505,507},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/90EO00362},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90EO00362},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Beedle, N and Johnson, F and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Grebmeier, J and Lilley, M and McLaughlin, E and Olson, E and Edmond, J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Shanks, W C and Lutz, R and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D}
}
@article {Haymon1991b,
	title = {{EPR crest erupts north of Leg 142 drillsite}},
	journal = {JOI/USSAC Newsletter},
	volume = {4},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {4{\textendash}5},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Shanks, W C and Grebmeier, J and Lutz, R and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Smith, M and Laughlin, E and Beedle, N and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D and Olson, E and Johnson, F}
}
@article {Chadwick1991,
	title = {{Evidence for volcanic eruption on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge between 1981 and 1987}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {350},
	number = {6317},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {416{\textendash}418},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/350416a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/350416a0},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W and Fox, C G}
}
@article {Gente1991,
	title = {{An example of a recent accretion on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Snake Pit neovolcanic ridge (MARK Area, 23 degrees 22{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1{\textendash}29},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	author = {Gente, P and M{\'e}vel, C and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Page1991,
	title = {{Experimental evidence for filter-feeding by the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {38},
	number = {12},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1455{\textendash}1461},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(91)90084-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(91)90084-S},
	author = {Page, H M and Fisher, C R and Fiala-Medioni, A and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Haymon1991a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise Crest (9 degrees 09{\textquoteright}-54{\textquoteright}N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast-spreading Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {513{\textendash}534},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(91)90226-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90226-8},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Fornari, D J and Edwards, M H and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {Kurr1991,
	title = {{Methanopyrus kandleri, gen. and sp. nov. represents a novel group of hyperthermophilic methanogens growing at 110C}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {156},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {239{\textendash}247},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00262992},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262992},
	author = {Kurr, M and Huber, R and Konig, H and Jannasch, H W and Fricke, H and Trincone, A and Kristiansson, J K and Stetter, K O}
}
@article {Pley1991,
	title = {{Pyrodictium abyssi sp. nov. represents a novel heterotrophic marine archaeal hyperthermophile growing at 110 degrees C.}},
	journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {245{\textendash}253},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	author = {Pley, Y and Schipka, J and Gambacorta, A and Jannasch, H W and Fricke, H R and Stetter, K O}
}
@book {Fornari1991,
	title = {{Siqueiros - Alvin Diving Cruise, Atlantis-II 125-25 : May 2 to June 2, 1991, Acapulco, Mexico to San Diego}},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {s.n.},
	organization = {s.n.},
	address = {s.l.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Casey, J and Kastens, K and Edwards, M}
}
@article {Childress1991a,
	title = {{Sulfide and carbon dioxide uptake by the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica and its chemoautotrophic symbionts}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {64},
	number = {6},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1444{\textendash}1470},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Favuzzi, J A and Sanders, N K}
}
@article {Childress1991,
	title = {{Sulfide-driven autotrophic balance in the bacterial symbiont-containing hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Jones}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {180},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {135{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/180/1/135},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Favuzzi, J A and Kochevar, R and Sanders, N K and Alayse, A M}
}
@article {Anderson1990,
	title = {{Aerobic metabolism is maintained in animal tissues during rapid sulphide oxidation activity in the symbiont-containing clam Solemya reidi}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology},
	volume = {256},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {130{\textendash}134},
	abstract = {Solemya reidi is a gutless clam that contains intracellular, symbiotic sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria in its gills. It lives in burrows in highly reducing muds rich in sulfide, a compound toxic at low levels to aerobic respiration. In these habitats there is wide variation in levels of O2 and sulfide, both of which are metabolic requirements for this symbiosis. In order to assess whether the animal tissues utilize aerobic or anaerobic ATP-generating pathways in the presence of sulfide, and to determine the sulfide concentrations that might induce a shift to anaerobiosis, clams were incubated in varying levels of sulfide and oxygen. Symbiont-free foot tissues from clams incubated in various levels of sulfide (50{\textendash}500 $μ$M) were analyzed for a common substrate (aspartate) and product (succinate) of invertebrate anaerobic metabolism. The concentrations of these metabolites were compared with those found in tissues of aerobic and anaerobic controls. Aerobic metabolism was maintained in animal tissues in the presence of up to 100 $μ$M sulfide, levels at which maximum autotrophy has been previously reported; however, at higher concentrations, where inhibition of autotrophy has been reported, the onset of anaerobic pathways was evident. This use of anaerobic pathways was not due to the absence of O2, the classical definition of anaerobiosis, but rather to the inhibitory effect of sulfide on aerobic metabolism. The metabolic flexibility of this species in regard to energy metabolism is clearly advantageous living as it does at the interface between a highly oxic environment and an anoxic, highly reducing one.},
	issn = {1097-010X},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.1402560203},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402560203},
	author = {Anderson, A E and Felbeck, H and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Taylor1990,
	title = {{Alvin-Seabeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {127{\textendash}147},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	author = {Taylor, B and Brown, G and Fryer, P and Gill, J B and Hochstaedter, A G and Hotta, H and Langmuir, C H and Leinen, M and Nishimura, A and Urabe, T}
}
@inbook {Fiala-Medioni1990a,
	title = {{Autotrophic processes in invertebrate nutrition: Bacterial symbiosis in bivalve molluscs}},
	booktitle = {Animal Nutrition and Transport Processes: V.1, Nutrition in Wild and Domestic Animals},
	series = {Comparative Physiology},
	number = {5},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {49{\textendash}69},
	publisher = {Karger},
	organization = {Karger},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {3-80555-157-6},
	author = {Fiala-Medioni, A and Felbeck, H},
	editor = {Mellinger, J}
}
@article {Fisher1990,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbioses in marine invertebrates}},
	journal = {Reviews in Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {2},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {399{\textendash}436},
	issn = {0891-4117},
	author = {Fisher, C R}
}
@inbook {Fryer1990,
	title = {{Conical seamount: SeaMARC II, Alvin submersible, and seismic-reflection studies}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Part A. Initial Report},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.125.104.1990},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.125.104.1990},
	author = {Fryer, P and Saboda, K L and Johnson, L E and Mackay, M E and Moore, G F and Stoffers, P},
	editor = {Stewart, S K}
}
@article {Fryer1990a,
	title = {{Deep submersibles and potential marine geological research}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {22{\textendash}31},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Fryer, P}
}
@inbook {Stein1990a,
	title = {{Diversity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase genes in sulfur oxidizing symbiosis}},
	booktitle = {Endocytobiology IV: 4th International Colloquium on Endocytobiology and Symbiosis},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {343{\textendash}348},
	publisher = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	organization = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	address = {Paris},
	isbn = {2-7380-0241-2},
	author = {Stein, J L and Haygood, M and Felbeck, H},
	editor = {Nardon, P}
}
@article {Fisher1990b,
	title = {{Evidence from rare gases for magma-chamber degassing of highly evolved mid-ocean-ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {343},
	number = {6257},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {450{\textendash}452},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/343450a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/343450a0},
	author = {Fisher, D E and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Paull1990,
	title = {{Geology of the strata exposed on the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {177{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	author = {Paull, C K and Freeman-Lynde, R and Bralower, T J and Garsemal, J M and Neumann, A C and D{\textquoteright}Argenio, B and Marsella, E}
}
@article {Embley1990a,
	title = {{High resolution studies of the summit of Axial Volcano}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {12,712{\textendash}785,812},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB08p12785},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB08p12785},
	author = {Embley, R W and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G}
}
@inbook {Fiala-Medioni1990,
	title = {{Lysosomic resorption of bacterial symbionts in deep-sea bivalves}},
	booktitle = {Endocytobiology IV: 4th International Colloquium on Endocytobiology and Symbiosis},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {3335{\textendash}3338},
	publisher = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	organization = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	address = {Paris},
	isbn = {2-7380-0241-2},
	author = {Fiala-Medioni, A and Felbeck, H and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Vetter, R D},
	editor = {Nardon, P}
}
@article {Childress1990,
	title = {{The metabolic rates of deep-sea benthic decapod crustaceans decline with increasing depth primarily due to the decline in temperature}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {929{\textendash}949},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90104-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90104-4},
	author = {Childress, J J and Cowles, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Mickel, T J}
}
@article {Macdonald1990,
	title = {{The mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {262},
	number = {6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {72{\textendash}79},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Fox, P J}
}
@article {Stein1990,
	title = {{Nucleotide sequence and expression of a deep-sea ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase gene cloned from a chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbiont}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {87},
	number = {22},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {8850{\textendash}8854},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.87.22.8850},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.22.8850},
	author = {Stein, J L and Haygood, M and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Page1990,
	title = {{The role of suspension-feeding in the nutritional biology of a deep-sea mussel with methanotrophic symbionts}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {251{\textendash}257},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01313266},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01313266},
	author = {Page, H M and Fisher, C R and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Brooks1990,
	title = {{Salt, seeps and symbiosis in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {71},
	number = {45},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1772{\textendash}1773},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Wiesenburg, D A and Roberts, H and Carney, R S and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R and Guinasso, N L and Sager, W W and McDonald, S J and Burke, R A and Aharon, P and Bright, T J}
}
@article {Fisher1990a,
	title = {{Stable carbon isotopic evidence for carbon limitation in hydrothermal vent vestimentiferans}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {247},
	number = {4946},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1094{\textendash}1096},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.247.4946.1094},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4946.1094},
	author = {Fisher, C R and II, Kennicutt M C and Brooks, J M}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1990,
	title = {{Symbiosis of bacteria with invertebrates in the deep sea}},
	booktitle = {Endocytobiology IV: 4th International Colloquium on Endocytobiology and Symbiosis},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {327{\textendash}334},
	publisher = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	organization = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	address = {Paris},
	isbn = {2-73800-241-2},
	author = {Felbeck, H},
	editor = {Nardon, P}
}
@article {Hochstaedter1990a,
	title = {{Volcanism in the Sumisu Rift I: Major element, volatile and stable isotope geochemistry}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {179{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	author = {Hochstaedter, A G and Gill, J B and Kusakabe, M and Newman, S and Pringle, M and Taylor, B and Fryer, P}
}
@article {Fisher1989,
	title = {{Autotrophic carbon assimilation by the chemoautotrophic symbionts of Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {177},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {372{\textendash}385},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/177/3/372},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Minnich, E}
}
@article {Cary1989a,
	title = {{Multiple trophic resources for a chemoautotrophic community at a deep-sea brine seep at the base of the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {100},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {411{\textendash}418},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00391157},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391157},
	author = {Cary, S C and Fry, B and Felbeck, H and Vetter, R}
}
@article {Cary1989,
	title = {{Observations on the reproductive biology of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {89{\textendash}94},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps052089},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps052089},
	author = {Cary, S C and Felbeck, H and Holland, N D}
}
@article {Uchupi1988,
	title = {{An Angus/Argo study of the neovolcanic zone along the East Pacific rise from the Clipperton fracture zone to 12 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {131{\textendash}138},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02326089},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02326089},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Schwab, W C and Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J F and Hekinian, R and Blackman, D K and Sigurdsson, H}
}
@article {Fox1988,
	title = {{Automated display and statistical analysis of interpreted deep-sea bottom photographs}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {78},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {199{\textendash}216},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(88)90109-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90109-0},
	author = {Fox, C G and Murphy, K M and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Stein1988,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic symbiosis in a hydrothermal vent gastropod}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {174},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {373{\textendash}378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/174/3/373},
	author = {Stein, J L and Cary, S C and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Ohta, S and Vetter, R D and Felbeck, H}
}
@inbook {Mullineaux1988a,
	title = {{Effects of boundary-layer flow on the settlement of organisms onto flatplates: preliminary results from Cross Seamount}},
	booktitle = {Global venting, midwater, and benthic ecological processes},
	series = {National Undersea Research Program research report},
	number = {88-4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {251{\textendash}264},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research},
	address = {Rockville, Md.},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Butman, C A and Fuller, C F},
	editor = {De Luca, M P}
}
@article {Fornari1988,
	title = {{Geochemical and structural studies of the Lamont seamounts: seamounts as indicators of mantle processes}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {89},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {63{\textendash}67,70{\textendash}83},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R and Haymon, R and Barone, A and Ryan, W B F and Smith, T and Simkin, T and Luckman, M A}
}
@article {Ballard1988a,
	title = {{Geological mapping of the East Pacific Rise axis (10 degrees 19{\textquoteright} -11 degrees 53{\textquoteright}N) using the Argo and Angus imaging systems}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {26},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {467{\textendash}486},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E and Blackman, D K and Cheminee, J and Francheteau, J and Hekinian, R and Schwab, W C and Sigurdsson, H}
}
@article {Bazylinski1988,
	title = {{Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {12},
	number = {6},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {547{\textendash}558},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/0146-6380(88)90146-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(88)90146-5},
	author = {Bazylinski, D A and Farrington, J W and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Fisher1988a,
	title = {{Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at Rose Garden}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1769{\textendash}1791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Felbeck, H and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Cary1988,
	title = {{Mussel growth supported by methane as sole carbon and energy source}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {240},
	number = {4848},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {78{\textendash}80},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.240.4848.78},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.240.4848.78},
	author = {Cary, S C and Fisher, C R and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Fisher1988b,
	title = {{Physiology, morphology, and biochemical composition of Riftia pachyptila at Rose Garden in 1985}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1745{\textendash}1758},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D and Favuzzi, J A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Williams1988,
	title = {{Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase of the procaryotic symbiont of a hydrothermal tube worm: kinetics, activity and gene hybridization}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {107{\textendash}112},
	issn = {0378-1097},
	doi = {10.1016/0378-1097(88)90254-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1097(88)90254-6},
	author = {Williams, C A and Nelson, D C and Farah, B A and Jannasch, H W and Shively, J M}
}
@article {Felbeck1988,
	title = {{Riftia pachyptila: a highly integrated symbiosis}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	number = {Special Iss. 8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {131{\textendash}138},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Fisher1988c,
	title = {{The role of vestimentiferan hemoglobin in providing an environment suitable for chemoautotrophic sulfide oxidizing endosymbionts}},
	journal = {Symbiosis},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {229{\textendash}246},
	issn = {0334-5114},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Sanders, N K}
}
@article {Fornari1988a,
	title = {{Small-scale heterogeneities in depleted mantle sources: near-ridge seamount lava geochemistry and implications for mid-ocean-ridge magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {331},
	number = {6156},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {511{\textendash}513},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/331511a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/331511a0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Embley1988a,
	title = {{Submersible investigation of an extinct hydrothermal system on the Galapagos Ridge: Sulfide mounds, stockwork zone and differentiated lavas}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {26},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {517{\textendash}539},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Embley, R W and Jonasson, I R and Pefit, M R and Franklin, J M and Tivey, M A and Malahoff, A and Smith, M F and Francis, T J G}
}
@article {Embley1988,
	title = {{Submersible observation of the {\textquoteright}megaplume{\textquoteright} areas: Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1483},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Embley, R W and Hammond, S and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G and Appelgate, B and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Baker, E T and Gendron, J and Lebon, G and Butterfield, D A and Coughlin, B and Lupton, J E and Jonnason, I and Perfit, M R and Cowen, J P and Tunnicliffe, V and Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Distel1988,
	title = {{Sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts: analysis of phylogeny, specificity, and origins by 16S ribosomal RNA sequences}},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {170},
	number = {6},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2506{\textendash}2510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	url = {http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/6/2506},
	author = {Distel, D L and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J and Pace, B and Pace, N R and Stahl, D A and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Choukroune1988,
	title = {{Tectonics of an incipient oceanic rift}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {9},
	number = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {147{\textendash}163},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00369246},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369246},
	author = {Choukroune, P and Francheteau, J and Auvray, B and Auzende, J M and Brun, J P and Sichler, B and Arthaud, F and Lepine, J C}
}
@article {Fisher1988,
	title = {{Variation in the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica, at Rose Garden vent on the Galapagos Spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1811{\textendash}1832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Dugan, J A and Felbeck, H and Fritz, L W and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Lutz, R A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@inbook {Hosom1987,
	title = {{Alvin {\textendash} 120 VDC/28 VDC electrical system}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}87 Proceedings: The ocean, an international workplace; Halifax, N.S. (Canada), 28 Sep-1 Oct 1987},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1272{\textendash}1277},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1987.1160638},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1987.1160638},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Forrester, N C and Walden, B B}
}
@article {Feely1987,
	title = {{Composition and dissolution of black smoker particulates from active vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11347{\textendash}11363},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11347},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11347},
	author = {Feely, R A and Lewison, M and Massoth, G J and Robert-Baldo, G and Lavelle, J W and Byrne, R H and Von Damm, K L and Curl, H C}
}
@article {Brooks1987,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrocarbon seep communities: Evidence for energy and nutritional carbon sources}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {238},
	number = {4830},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1138{\textendash}1142.},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.238.4830.1138},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4830.1138},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Kennicutt, M C and Fisher, C R and Macko, S A and Cole, K and Childress, J J and Bidigare, R R and Vetter, R D}
}
@article {Fisher1987,
	title = {{The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {96},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {59{\textendash}71},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00394838},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394838},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Oremland, R S and Bidigare, R R}
}
@article {Anderson1987,
	title = {{Net uptake of CO2 driven by sulfide and thiosulfate oxidatyion in the bacterial symbiont-containing clam Solemya reidi}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {133},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1{\textendash}31},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/133/1/1},
	author = {Anderson, A E and Childress, J J and Favuzzi, J A}
}
@article {VanDover1987,
	title = {{Prediction of hydrothermal vent locations from distributions of brachyuran crabs}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {32},
	number = {4},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1006{\textendash}1010},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}32/issue{\_}4/1006.pdf},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Franks, P and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Childress1987a,
	title = {{Symbiosis in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {255},
	number = {May},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {114{\textendash}120},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Childress, J J and Felbeck, H and Somero, G N}
}
@article {Gente1986,
	title = {{Detailed geological mapping by submersible of the East Pacific Rise axial graben near 13 degrees N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {78},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {224{\textendash}236},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(86)90063-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90063-4},
	author = {Gente, P and Auzende, J M and Renard, V and Fouquet, Y and Bideau, D}
}
@article {Karson1986,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Mid-Cayman spreading centre; seismic velocity measurements and implications for the constitution of layer 3}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {85},
	number = {2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {389{\textendash}411},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04520.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04520.x},
	author = {Karson, J A and Fox, P J}
}
@article {Childress1986,
	title = {{A methanotrophic marine molluscan (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) symbiosis: mussels fueled by gas}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {233},
	number = {4768},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1306{\textendash}1308},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.233.4770.1306},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.233.4770.1306},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Brooks, J M and II, Kennicutt M C and Bidigare, R and Anderson, A E}
}
@inbook {Stubblefield1986,
	title = {{NOAA{\textquoteright}s national undersea research program}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}86 Conference Record},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1447{\textendash}1451},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160314},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160314},
	author = {Stubblefield, W L and Finkle, E A and De Luca, M P}
}
@article {Fiala1986,
	title = {{Staphylothermus marinus sp. nov. represents a novel genus of extremely thermophilic submarine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing up to 98C}},
	journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {106{\textendash}113},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	author = {Fiala, G and Stetter, K O and Jannasch, H W and Langworthy, T A and Madon, J}
}
@article {Fisher1986,
	title = {{Translocation of fixed carbon from symbiotic bacteria to host tissues in the gutless bivalve Solemya reidi}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {93},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {59{\textendash}68},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00428655},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428655},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J}
}
@mastersthesis {Fisher1985,
	title = {{Aspects of the symbiosis between some marine microbes and their invertebrate hosts (Zeozanthellae, Riftia, Tridacna)}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {102},
	school = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Santa Barbara, Calif.},
	author = {Fisher, C R}
}
@inbook {Arp1985,
	title = {{Blood gas transport in Riftia pachyptila}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {289{\textendash}300},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Felbeck1985,
	title = {{CO2 fixation in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila (Jones)}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {272{\textendash}281},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Fox1985,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The transform domain}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {329{\textendash}358},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316773},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316773},
	author = {Fox, P J and Moody, R H and Karson, J A and Bonatti, E and Kidd, W S F and Crane, K and Gallo, D G and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1985a,
	title = {{Metabolic adaptations of hydrothermal vent animals}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {261{\textendash}272},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Powell, M A and Hand, S A and Somero, G N},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Hekinian1985,
	title = {{Offset spreading centers near 12 degrees 53 N on East Pacific Rise: Submersible observations and composition of the volcanics}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {359{\textendash}377},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316774},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316774},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Auzende, J M and Francheteau, J and Gente, P and Ryan, W B F and Kappel, E S}
}
@article {Fornari1985,
	title = {{Sea-floor lava fields on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {413{\textendash}416},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<413:SLFOTE>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13{\%}3C413:SLFOTE{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Ryan, W B F and Fox, P J}
}
@article {Renard1985,
	title = {{Submersible observations at the axis of the ultra-fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (17-30 to 21-30 S)}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {339{\textendash}353},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(85)90178-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90178-5},
	author = {Renard, V and Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J and Ballard, R D and Backer, H}
}
@article {Batiza1984,
	title = {{Craters, calderas, and hyaloclastites on young Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {89},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {8371{\textendash}8390},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB089iB10p08371},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB10p08371},
	author = {Batiza, R and Fornari, D J and Vanko, D A and Lonsdale, P}
}
@article {Dymond1984,
	title = {{Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R; control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {48},
	number = {5},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {931{\textendash}949},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8},
	author = {Dymond, J and Lyle, M and Finney, B and Piper, D Z and Murphy, K and Conard, R and Pisias, N}
}
@article {Ballard1984,
	title = {{Geological setting of hydrothermal activity at 12 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N on the East Pacific Rise; A submersible study}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {69},
	number = {1},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {176{\textendash}186},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(84)90081-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90081-5},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J}
}
@article {Team1984,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The ridge-transform intersection}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {109{\textendash}141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285956},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285956},
	author = {Team, OTTER - Oceanographer Tectonic Research and Karson, J A and Fox, P J and Sloan, H and Crane, K T and Kidd, W S F and Bonatti, E and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Gallo, D G and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Childress1984,
	title = {{Metabolic and blood characteristics of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachypitila}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {109{\textendash}124},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00394718},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394718},
	author = {Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Arp1984,
	title = {{Metabolic and blood gas transport characteristics of the hydrothermal vent bivalve Calyptogena magnifica}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {57},
	number = {6},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {648{\textendash}662},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Participants1984,
	title = {{The seeps find at the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {32{\textendash}33},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Participants, Florida Escarpment Cruise and Paull, C K and Hecker, B and Neumann, A C and Sikes, E L and Hook, J and Corso, W and Freeman-Lynde, R and Commeau, R and Golubic, S and Curray, J}
}
@article {Fisher1984,
	title = {{Substrate oxidation by trophosome tissue from Riftia pachyptila Jones (Phylum pogonophora)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology Letters},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {171{\textendash}183},
	issn = {0165-859X},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Team1984a,
	title = {{Tectonics at the intersection of the East Pacific Rise with Tamayo Transform fault}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {159{\textendash}185},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285958},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285958},
	author = {Team, Tamayo Tectonic and Gallo, D G and Kidd, W S F and Fox, P J and Karson, J A and Macdonald, K and Crane, K T and Choukroune, P and Seguret, M and Moody, R and Kastens, K}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1983,
	title = {{Biochemical interaction between molluscs and their algal and bacterial symbionts}},
	booktitle = {Environmental Biochemistry and Physiology},
	series = {Mollusca},
	number = {2},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {331{\textendash}358},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0127514023},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Childress, J J and Somero, G N},
	editor = {Hochachka, P W}
}
@article {Francheteau1983,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees N, 13 degrees N and 20 degrees S: Inferences for along-strike variability of axial processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {64},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {93{\textendash}116},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90055-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90055-9},
	author = {Francheteau, J and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Fornari1983,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos Rift, Inca Transform, and Ecuador Rift: 1, Major element variations in natural glasses and spacial distribution of lavas}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {10,510{\textendash}519,529},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB12p10519},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB12p10519},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Malahoff, A and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Perfit1983,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos Rift, Inca Transform, and Ecuador Rift: 3, Trace element abundances and petrogenesis}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {10,510{\textendash}551,572},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB12p10551},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB12p10551},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Malahoff, A and Embley, R W}
}
@inbook {Ballard1983,
	title = {{Geological processes of the mid-ocean ridge and their relationship to sulfide deposition}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {47{\textendash}62},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Hekinian1983,
	title = {{Intense hydrothermal activity at the axis of the East Pacific Pise near 13 degrees N: Submersible witnesses the growth of sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1{\textendash}14},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00300395},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300395},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J and Renard, V and Ballard, R D and Choukroune, P and Cheminee, J L and Albarede, F and Minster, J F and Charlou, J L and Man{\textquoteright}y, J C and Boulegue, J}
}
@inbook {Ryan1983,
	title = {{Potential of radioactive and other waste disposals on the continental margin by natural dispersal processes}},
	booktitle = {Radioactive Wastes and the Ocean},
	series = {Wastes in the Ocean},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {215{\textendash}236},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471097705},
	author = {Ryan, W B F and Farre, J A},
	editor = {Park, P K}
}
@inbook {Stubblefield1983,
	title = {{Reconnaissance in DSRV Alvin of a fluvial-like meander system in Wilmington Canyon and slump features in South Wilmington Canyon}},
	booktitle = {Environmental Geologic Studies on the United States Mid- and North Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Area 1980-1982: Volume I, Executive Summary},
	series = {USGS Open-File Report},
	number = {83-824},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {16{\textendash}19},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr83824},
	author = {Stubblefield, W L and McGregor, B A and Forde, E B and Lambert, D N and Merrill, G F},
	editor = {McGregor, B A}
}
@inbook {Wimbush1982,
	title = {{Current-induced sediment movement in the deep Florida Straits Observations}},
	booktitle = {Dynamic environment of the ocean floor},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {77{\textendash}94},
	publisher = {Lexington Books},
	organization = {Lexington Books},
	address = {Lexington, Mass.},
	isbn = {0669028096},
	author = {Wimbush, M and Nemeth, L and Birdsall, B},
	editor = {Fanning, K A}
}
@inbook {Malahoff1982,
	title = {{Geomorphology of Norfolk and Washington canyons and the surrounding continental slope and upper rise as observed from DSRV Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Ocean Floor: Bruce Heezen Commemorative Volume},
	volume = {1 (text)},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {97{\textendash}111},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0471100919},
	author = {Malahoff, A and Embley, R W and Fornari, D J},
	editor = {Scrutton, R A}
}
@mastersthesis {Fulker1982,
	title = {{The origin of carbonate cements in Bahama Escarpment limestones}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {130},
	school = {Western Michigan University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Kalamazoo, Mich.},
	author = {Fulker, K D}
}
@article {Felbeck1982,
	title = {{Primary production in deep-sea hydrothermal vent organisms: roles of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria}},
	journal = {Trends in Biochemical Sciences},
	volume = {7},
	number = {6},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {201{\textendash}204},
	issn = {0968-0004},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Somero, G N}
}
@article {Stubblefield1982,
	title = {{Reconnaissance in DSRV Alvin of a fluvial-like meander system in Wilmington Canyon and slump features in south Wilmington Canyon}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {31{\textendash}36},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<31:RIDAOA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10{\%}3C31:RIDAOA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Stubblefield, W L and McGregor, B A and Forde, E B and Lambert, D N and Merrill, G F}
}
@article {Ballard1982,
	title = {{The relationship between active sulfide deposition and the axial processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {8{\textendash}22},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J}
}
@article {Southward1981,
	title = {{Bacterial symbionts and low 13C/12C ratios in tissues of Pogonophora indicate unusual nutrition and metabolism}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {293},
	number = {5834},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {616{\textendash}620},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/293616a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/293616a0},
	author = {Southward, A J and Southward, E C and Dando, P R and Rau, G H and Felbeck, H and Fl{\"u}gel, H}
}
@article {Felbeck1981a,
	title = {{Calvin-Benson cycle and sulphide oxidation enzymes in animals from sulphide-rich habitats}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {293},
	number = {5830},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {291{\textendash}293},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/293291a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/293291a0},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Childress, J J and Somero, G N}
}
@article {Felbeck1981,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm, Riftia pachyptila Jones (Vestimentifera)}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4505},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {336{\textendash}338},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4505.336},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4505.336},
	author = {Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Ballard1981,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: The volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes of the central axis}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J and Juteau, T and Rangan, C and Normark, W}
}
@book {Oudin1981,
	title = {{Etudes mineralogique et geochimique des depots sulfures sous-marins actuels de la ride Est-Pacifique (21 degrees N): Campagne Rise (avril-mai et septembre-octobre 1979)}},
	series = {Documents du BRGM},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {247},
	publisher = {B.R.G.M.},
	organization = {B.R.G.M.},
	address = {Orleans, France},
	isbn = {2715960123},
	author = {Oudin, E and Fouillac, C and Le Bel, L}
}
@article {Team1981,
	title = {{First manned submersible dives on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N (project RITA): general results}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {4},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {345{\textendash}379},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00286034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286034},
	author = {Team, CYAMEX Scientific and Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W R and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Stroup1981,
	title = {{Geologic investigations in the Cayman Trough: Evidence for thin oceanic crust along the Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {89},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {395{\textendash}420},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	author = {Stroup, J B and Fox, P J}
}
@mastersthesis {Fevrier1981,
	title = {{Hydrothermalisme et mineralisations sur la dorsale est pacifique a 21 degr{\'e}s N: Etude mineralogique et geochimique}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {287},
	school = {Universite de Bretagne Occidentale},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Brest, France},
	author = {Fevrier, M}
}
@mastersthesis {Freeman-Lynde1981,
	title = {{The marine geology of the Bahama escarpment}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {292},
	school = {Columbia University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/AAI8204483},
	author = {Freeman-Lynde, R P}
}
@article {Freeman-Lynde1981a,
	title = {{Marine geology of the Bahama Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {119{\textendash}156},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90115-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90115-8},
	author = {Freeman-Lynde, R P and Cita, M B and Jadoul, F and Miller, E L and Ryan, W B F}
}
@article {Spiess1980,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4438},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1421{\textendash}1433},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	author = {Spiess, F N and Macdonald, K C and Atwater, T and Ballard, R D and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Cox, C and Diaz Garcia, V M and Francheteau, J and Guerrero, J and Hawkins, J and Haymon, R and Hessler, R and Juteau, T and Kastner, M and Larson, R and Luyendyk, B and Macdougall, J D and Miller, S and Normark, W and Orcutt, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Juteau1980,
	title = {{Homogeneous basalts from the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: steady state magma reservoirs at moderately fast spreading centers}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {3},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {487{\textendash}503},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Juteau, T and Eissen, J P and Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Rangin, C and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W R and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J}
}
@article {Finkel1980,
	title = {{Sulfide precipitates at 21 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise: 226Ra, 210Pb and 210Po}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {7},
	number = {9},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {685{\textendash}688},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/GL007i009p00685},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL007i009p00685},
	author = {Finkel, R C and Macdougall, J D and Chung, Y C}
}
@article {Filatova1980,
	title = {{On the thermophilic deep-sea bottom faunal communities of the Pacific Ocean rift zones}},
	journal = {Oceanology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {520{\textendash}524},
	issn = {0001-4370},
	author = {Filatova, Z A}
}
@article {Filatova1980a,
	title = {{Thermophylic communities of deep-sea bottom fauna in rift zones of the Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Oceanology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {339{\textendash}341},
	issn = {0001-4370},
	author = {Filatova, Z A}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979f,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Midcayman Rise spreading center: Initial results and observations}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {66{\textendash}93},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Bryan, W B and Davis, K and de Boer, J and DeLong, S and Dick, H and Emery, K O and Fox, P J and Hempton, M and Malcolm, F and Melson, W G and Spydell, K and Stroup, I and Thompson, G and Wright, R and Uchupi, E},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@article {Francheteau1979,
	title = {{Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {277},
	number = {5697},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {523{\textendash}528},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/277523a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/277523a0},
	author = {Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C and Bougault, H and Cambon, P and Hekinian, R}
}
@article {Fehn1977,
	title = {{Deep-water temperatures in the FAMOUS area}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {488{\textendash}494},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<488:DTITFA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C488:DTITFA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Fehn, U and Siegel, M D and Robinson, G R and Holland, H D and Williams, D L and Erickson, A J and Green, K E}
}
@article {Bellaiche1974,
	title = {{Inner floor of the Rift Valley: First submersible study}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {250},
	number = {5467},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {558{\textendash}560},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/250558a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/250558a0},
	author = {Bellaiche, G and Cheminee, J L and Francheteau, J and Hekinian, R and Le Pichon, X and Needham, H D and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ford1974,
	title = {{NSRDC (Naval Ship Research and Development Center) and the new Alvin}},
	journal = {Naval Research Reviews},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {9{\textendash}19},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-145X},
	author = {Ford, J M}
}
@book {Palermo1973,
	title = {{Titanium sphere for Alvin/Autec pressure design considerations}},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Palermo, P M and Kiernan, T J and Sharp, A G and Ferrara, W}
}
@article {Jannasch1971,
	title = {{Microbial degradation of organic matter in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {171},
	number = {3972},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {672{\textendash}675},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.171.3972.672},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3972.672},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Eimhjellen, K and Wirsen, C O and Farmanfarmaian, A}
}
@book {Marquet1969,
	title = {{A recoverable deep ocean navigation beacon}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-61},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Marquet, W M and Webb, D C and Fairhurst, K D}
}
@inbook {Rainnie1967,
	title = {{The use of the deep submersible Alvin in oceanography}},
	booktitle = {Selected papers from the Governor{\textquoteright}s Conference on Oceanography, October 11 and 12, 1967 at the Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y.},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {128{\textendash}143},
	publisher = {New York State Science and Technology Foundation},
	organization = {New York State Science and Technology Foundation},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rainnie, W O},
	editor = {Freedgood, S}
}
@book {Mavor1966a,
	title = {{Alvin, 6000-ft. submergence research vehicle}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-42},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {32},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W and Froehlich, H E and Marquet, W M and Rainnie, W O}
}
@book {Fye1965,
	title = {{New frontiers in oceanography}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Fye, P M}
}
