@article {RN2495,
	title = {Beta diversity differs among hydrothermal vent systems: Implications for conservation},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0256637},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256637},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140656566 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256637},
	author = {Gigu{\`e}re, Thomas N. and Tunnicliffe, Verena}
}
@article {RN2486,
	title = {Carbonate-hosted microbial communities are prolific and pervasive methane oxidizers at geologically diverse marine methane seep sites},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {25},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2006857118},
	author = {Marlow, J. J. and Hoer, D. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Reynard, L. M. and Gartman, A. and Chavez, M. S. and El-Naggar, M. Y. and Tuross, N. and Orphan, V. J. and Girguis, P. R.}
}
@article {RN2466,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone{\textemdash}{\textquotedblleft}chemotone{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136778362},
	author = {Ashford, Oliver S. and Guan, Shuzhe and Capone, Dante and Rigney, Katherine and Rowley, Katelynn and Orphan, Victoria and Mullin, Sean W. and Dawson, Kat S. and Cortes, Jorge and Rouse, Greg W. and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2477,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone-"chemotone"-in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	author = {Ashford, O. S. and Guan, S. Z. and Capone, D. and Rigney, K. and Rowley, K. and Orphan, V. and Mullin, S. W. and Dawson, K. S. and Cortes, J. and Rouse, G. W. and Mendoza, G. F. and Lee, R. W. and Cordes, E. E. and Levin, L. A.}
}
@article {RN2472,
	title = {Copepod assemblages along a hydrothermal stress gradient at diffuse flow habitats within the ABE vent site (Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Southwest Pacific)},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {103532},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103532},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1137332865},
	author = {Lorenzo, Coral Diaz-Recio and Bruggen, Daisy ter and Luther, George W. and Gartman, Amy and Gollner, Sabine}
}
@article {RN2513,
	title = {Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson, 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a world- wide distribution},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {5051},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {443-486},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18},
	author = {Mathiske, A. and Thistle, D. and Gheerardyn, H. and Veit-Kohler, G.}
}
@article {RN2463,
	title = {Distribution of Methane Plumes on Cascadia Margin and Implications for the Landward Limit of Methane Hydrate Stability},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {531714},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2021.531714},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136622263 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.531714/pdf},
	author = {Merle, Susan G. and Embley, Robert W. and Johnson, H. Paul and Lau, T. K. and Phrampus, Benjamin J. and Raineault, Nicole A. and Gee, Lindsay J.}
}
@article {RN2505,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141690217 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, Ol{\'\i}via S. and Gonzalez, Jennifer and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Le, Jennifer and Coscino, Connor L. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cortes, Jorge and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2507,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141690217 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, Ol{\'\i}via S. and Gonzalez, Jennifer and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Le, Jennifer and Coscino, Connor L. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cortes, Jorge and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2517,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-8925},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, O. S. and Gonzalez, J. and Mendoza, G. F. and Le, J. and Coscino, C. L. and Lee, R. W. and Cortes, J. and Cordes, E. E. and Levin, L. A.}
}
@article {RN2454,
	title = {Extreme Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Mantle Revealed in Lavas From the 8 degrees 20 {\textquoteright} N Near-Axis Seamount Chain},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {22},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020GC009322},
	author = {Anderson, M. and Wanless, V. D. and Perfit, M. and Conrad, E. and Gregg, P. and Fornari, D. and Ridley, W. I.}
}
@article {RN2496,
	title = {Interactions between temperature and energy supply drive microbial communities in hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Communications Biology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1006},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s42003-021-02507-1},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140634439 https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02507-1.pdf},
	author = {Lagostina, Lorenzo and Frandsen, S{\o}s and MacGregor, Barbara J. and Glombitza, Clemens and Deng, Longhui and Fiskal, Annika and Li, Jiaqi and Doll, Mechthild and Geilert, Sonja and Schmidt, Mark and Scholz, Florian and Bernasconi, Stefano Michele and J{\o}rgensen, Bo Barker and Hensen, Christian and Teske, Andreas and Lever, Mark Alexander}
}
@article {RN2490,
	title = {Large-scale protein level comparison of Deltaproteobacteria reveals cohesive metabolic groups},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-01057-y},
	author = {Langwig, M. V. and De Anda, V. and Dombrowski, N. and Seitz, K. W. and Rambo, I. M. and Greening, C. and Teske, A. P. and Baker, B. J.}
}
@article {RN2459,
	title = {A multi-modal approach to measuring particulate iron speciation in buoyant hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {560},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120018},
	author = {Stewart, B. D. and Sorensen, J. V. and Wendt, K. and Sylvan, J. B. and German, C. R. and Anantharaman, K. and Dick, G. J. and Breier, J. A. and Toner, B. M.}
}
@article {RN2458,
	title = {Nickel isotopes and rare earth elements systematics in marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {560},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119999},
	author = {Gueguen, B. and Rouxel, O. and Fouquet, Y.}
}
@article {RN2491,
	title = {Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning proxies strengthen when approaching chemosynthetic deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
	volume = {288},
	number = {1957},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {20210950},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2021.0950},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140465965},
	author = {Ashford, Oliver S. and Guan, Shuzhe and Capone, Dante and Rigney, Katherine and Rowley, Katelynn and Cordes, Erik E. and Cortes, Jorge and Rouse, Greg W. and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Sweetman, Andrew K. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2482,
	title = {Scientific and budgetary tradeoffs between morphological and molecular methods for deep-sea biodiversity assessment},
	journal = {Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ieam.4466},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138219669},
	author = {Le, Jennifer T. and Levin, Lisa A. and Lejzerowicz, Franck and Cordier, Tristan and Gooday, Andrew J. and Pawlowski, Jan}
}
@article {RN2525,
	title = {Seascape Genomics Reveals Metapopulation Connectivity Network of Paramuricea biscaya in the Northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {790929},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.790929},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143780001 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.790929},
	author = {Galaska, Matthew P. and Liu, Guangpeng and West, Destiny and Erickson, Katie and Quattrini, Andrea M. and Bracco, Annalisa and Herrera, Santiago}
}
@article {RN2508,
	title = {Seascape genomics reveals metapopulation connectivity network of Paramuricea biscaya in the northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2021.10.06.463359},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2021.10.06.463359},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141727454 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/10/08/2021.10.06.463359.full.pdf},
	author = {Galaska, Matthew P. and Liu, Guangpeng and West, Destiny and Erickson, Katie and Quattrini, Andrea and Bracco, Annalisa and Herrera, Santiago}
}
@article {RN2501,
	title = {Three-dimensional magnetic stripes require slow cooling in fast-spread lower ocean crust},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {597},
	number = {7877},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {511-515},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03831-6},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141298634},
	author = {Maher, Sarah M. and Gee, Jeffrey S. and Cheadle, Michael J. and John, Barbara E.}
}
@article {RN2467,
	title = {Transcriptomic Responses of Deep-Sea Corals Experimentally Exposed to Crude Oil and Dispersant},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {649909},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.649909},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136987963 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.649909},
	author = {DeLeo, Danielle M. and Glazier, Amanda and Herrera, Santiago and Barkman, Alexandria and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {RN2435,
	title = {Abiotic redox reactions in hydrothermal mixing zones: Decreased energy availability for the subsurface biosphere},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {202003108},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2003108117},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130064349},
	author = {McDermott, Jill M. and Sylva, Sean P. and Ono, Shuhei and German, Christopher R. and Seewald, Jeffrey S.}
}
@article {RN2426,
	title = {Fungal communities in sediments along a depth gradient in the Eastern Tropical Pacific},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2020.06.26.173682},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.06.26.173682},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128815769 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/06/26/2020.06.26.173682.full.pdf},
	author = {Rojas-Jimenez, Keilor and Grossart, Hans Peter and Cordes, Erik and Cortes, Jorge}
}
@article {RN2421,
	title = {Magnetic Structure of Fast-Spread Oceanic Crust at Pito Deep},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {21},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GC008671},
	author = {Maher, S. M. and Gee, J. S. and Doran, A. K. and Cheadle, M. J. and John, B. E.}
}
@article {RN2437,
	title = {Methane thermometry in deep-sea hydrothermal systems: evidence for re-ordering of doubly-substituted isotopologues during fluid cooling},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2020.08.013},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130209500},
	author = {Labidi, J. and Young, E. D. and Giunta, T. and Kohl, I. E. and Seewald, J. and Tang, H. and Lilley, M. D. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L.}
}
@article {RN2395,
	title = {Fine Scale Assemblage Structure of Benthic Invertebrate Megafauna on the North Pacific Seamount Mokumanamana},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00715},
	author = {Morgan, N. B. and Goode, S. and Roark, E. B. and Baco, A. R.}
}
@article {RN2390,
	title = {Genome-resolved metagenomics and metatranscriptomics reveal niche differentiation in functionally redundant microbial communities at deep-sea hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Environ Microbiol},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2920},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14806},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573126},
	author = {Galambos, D. and Anderson, R. E. and Reveillaud, J. and Huber, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2359,
	title = {In situ development of a methanotrophic microbiome in deep-sea sediments},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {197-213},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/541396-018-0263-1},
	author = {Ruff, S. E. and Felden, J. and Gruber-Vodicka, H. R. and Marcon, Y. and Knittel, K. and Ramette, A. and Boetius, A.}
}
@article {RN2374,
	title = {Iron and sulfide nanoparticle formation and transport in nascent hydrothermal vent plumes},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-09580-5},
	author = {Findlay, A. J. and Estes, E. R. and Gartman, A. and Yucel, M. and Kamyshny, A. and Luther, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2362,
	title = {Lipid biomarker patterns reflect different formation environments of mussel- and tubeworm-dominated seep carbonates from the Gulf of Mexico (Atwater Valley and Green Canyon)},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {505},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {36-47},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.12.005},
	author = {Guan, H. X. and Feng, D. and Birgel, D. and Peckmann, J. and Roberts, H. H. and Wu, N. Y. and Chen, D. F.}
}
@article {RN2380,
	title = {Marinitoga lauensis sp. nov., a novel deep-sea hydrothermal vent thermophilic anaerobic heterotroph with a prophage},
	journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {3},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {343-347},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2019.02.006},
	author = {L{\textquoteright}Haridon, S. and Gouhier, L. and St John, E. and Reysenbach, A. L.}
}
@article {RN2397,
	title = {Meio-epifaunal wood colonization in the vicinity of methane seeps},
	journal = {Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/maec.12573},
	author = {Gracia, A. and Levin, L. A. and Zea, S.}
}
@article {RN2398,
	title = {Remarkable Capacity for Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane at High Methane Concentration},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL084375},
	author = {Bowles, M. W. and Samarkin, V. A. and Hunter, K. S. and Finke, N. and Teske, A. P. and Girguis, P. R. and Joye, S. B.}
}
@article {RN2377,
	title = {Structure of Lo{\textquoteright}ihi Seamount, Hawai{\textquoteright}i and Lava Flow Morphology From High-Resolution Mapping},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2296-6463},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2019.00058},
	author = {Clague, D. A. and Paduan, J. B. and Caress, D. W. and Moyer, C. L. and Glazer, B. T. and Yoerger, D. R.}
}
@article {RN2383,
	title = {Submarine giant pumice: a window into the shallow conduit dynamics of a recent silicic eruption},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {81},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/s00445-019-1298-5},
	author = {Mitchell, S. J. and Houghton, B. F. and Carey, R. J. and Manga, M. and Fauria, K. E. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Conway, C. E. and Wei, Z. H. and Giachetti, T.}
}
@article {2491,
	title = {Comparison of microbiomes of cold-water corals Primnoa pacifica and Primnoa resedaeformis, with possible link between microbiome composition and host genotype},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {12383 - 12383},
	abstract = {Cold-water corals provide critical habitats for a multitude of marine species, but are understudied relative to tropical corals. Primnoa pacifica is a cold-water coral prevalent throughout Alaskan waters, while another species in the genus, Primnoa resedaeformis, is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. This study examined the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene after amplifying and pyrosequencing bacterial DNA from samples of these species. Key differences between the two species{\textquoteright} microbiomes included a robust presence of bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiales order in most of the P. pacifica samples, whereas no more than 2\% of any microbial community from P. resedaeformis comprised these bacteria. Microbiomes of P. resedaeformis exhibited higher diversity than those of P. pacifica, and the two species largely clustered separately in a principal coordinate analysis. Comparison of P. resedaeformis microbiomes from samples collected in two submarine canyons revealed a significant difference between locations. This finding mirrored significant genetic differences among the P. resedaeformis from the two canyons based upon population genetic analysis of microsatellite loci. This study presents the first report of microbiomes associated with these two coral species.},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-30901-z},
	author = {Goldsmith, Dawn B. and Kellogg, Christina A. and Morrison, Cheryl L. and Gray, Michael A. and Stone, Robert P. and Waller, Rhian G. and Brooke, Sandra D. and Ross, Steve W.}
}
@article {2490,
	title = {Diversity patterns and isolation of Planctomycetes associated with metalliferous deposits from hydrothermal vent fields along the Valu Fa Ridge (SW Pacific)},
	journal = {Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {841 - 858},
	issn = {0003-6072},
	doi = {10.1007/s10482-018-1026-8},
	author = {Storesund, Julia Endresen and Lanzen, Anders and Garcia-Moyano, Antonio and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise and Ovreas, Lise}
}
@article {2497,
	title = {A dynamic microbial community with high functional redundancy inhabits the cold, oxic subseafloor aquifer},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {1 - 16},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2017.187},
	author = {Tully, Benjamin J. and Wheat, C. Geoff and Glazer, Brain T. and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {2485,
	title = {Geochemical and iron isotopic insights into hydrothermal iron oxyhydroxide deposit formation at Loihi Seamount},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {220},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {449 - 482},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2017.09.050},
	author = {Rouxel, Olivier J. and Toner, Brandy and Germain, Yoan and Glazer, Brian}
}
@article {2486,
	title = {Geochemistry of fluids from Earth{\textquoteright}s deepest ridge-crest hot-springs: Piccard hydrothermal field, Mid-Cayman Rise},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {228},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {95 - 118},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.021},
	author = {McDermott, Jill M. and Sylva, Sean P. and Ono, Shuhei and German, Christopher R. and Seewald, Jeffrey S.}
}
@article {RN2350,
	title = {Improved detection and mapping of deepwater hydrocarbon seeps: optimizing multibeam echosounder seafloor backscatter acquisition and processing techniques},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Research},
	volume = {39},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {323-347},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1573-0581},
	doi = {10.1007/s11001-018-9345-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-018-9345-8},
	author = {Mitchell, Garrett A. and Orange, Daniel L. and Gharib, Jamshid J. and Kennedy, Paul}
}
@article {RN2339,
	title = {An investigation of mid-ocean ridge degassing using He, CO2, and delta C-13 variations during the 2005-06 eruption at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N on the East Pacific Rise},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {504},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {84-93},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2018.09.040},
	author = {Graham, D. W. and Michael, P. J. and Rubin, K. H.}
}
@article {2479,
	title = {Microbial decomposition of marine dissolved organic matter in cool oceanic crust},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {334 - +},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-018-0109-5},
	author = {Walter, Sunita R. Shah and Jaekel, Ulrike and Osterholz, Helena and Fisher, Andrew T. and Huber, Julie A. and Pearson, Ann and Dittmar, Thorsten and Girguis, Peter R.}
}
@article {RN2349,
	title = {Models of habitat suitability, size, and age-class structure for the deep-sea black coral Leiopathes glaberrima in the Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {218-228},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064517301820},
	author = {Etnoyer, Peter J. and Wagner, Daniel and Fowle, Holly A. and Poti, Matthew and Kinlan, Brian and Georgian, Samuel E. and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {2495,
	title = {A review of the brachyuran deep-sea vent community of the western Pacific, with two new species of Austinograea Hessler \& Martin, 1989 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Bythograeidae) from the Lau and North Fiji Back-Arc Basins},
	journal = {Zoosystema},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {75 - 107},
	issn = {1280-9551},
	doi = {10.5252/zoosystema2018v40a5},
	author = {Guinot, Daniele and Segonzac, Michel}
}
@article {ISI:000393587200032,
	title = {{Bringing microbial diversity into focus: high-resolution analysis of iron mats from the Lo{\textquoteright}ihi Seamount}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {19},
	number = {1},
	year = {2017},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {301{\textendash}316},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Thirty kilometers south of the island of Hawaii lies the Lihi Seamount, an active submarine volcano that hosts a network of low-temperature hydrothermal vents enriched in ferrous iron that supports extensive microbial mats. These mats, which can be a half a meter deep, are composed of ferric iron bound to organic polymers - the metabolic byproduct of iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria. Though the role of Zetaproteobacteria in mat formation is well established, we have a limited understanding of how differences in diversity are related to mat morphology. We used Minimum Entropy Decomposition and ZetaOtu classification to demonstrate cryptic diversity between closely related Zetaproteobacteria while showing habitat and geographic specificity. Veiled mats, common structures at Lihi, exhibit distinct community composition and contain diversity not detected in other mat types, including specific Zetaproteobacteria and an unclassified Gammaproteobacteria. Our analyses also indicate that diversity can change dramatically across small spatial transects from points of active venting, yet we found comparatively few differences between major sampling sites. This study provides a better picture of the microbiome responsible for iron mat production at Lihi and has broad implications for our understanding of these globally distributed communities.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13607},
	author = {Scott, Jarrod J and Glazer, Brian T and Emerson, David}
}
@article {Levin2017,
	title = {{Methane seepage effects on biodiversity and biological traits of macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {26{\textendash}41},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate rocks at methane seeps are recognized as hosting diverse and abundant invertebrate assemblages, with potential forcing from fluid seepage and hydrography. Mensurative studies of carbonate macrofauna ({\textgreater}0.3 mm) at Hydrate Ridge, OR revealed little effect of water depth and overlying oxygenation (at 600 m and 800 m) but a large influence of seepage activity on density, taxonomic composition, diversity, and biological traits (feeding, lifestyle, motility, size and calcification). Rocks exposed to active seepage had 3{\textendash}4{\texttimes} higher total macrofaunal densities than under inactive conditions. Assemblages exhibited higher species richness and reduced evenness (greater dominance) under active seepage than inactive conditions, but no difference in H' or rarefaction diversity. Actively seeping sites were characterized by errant (motile), bacterial grazing, small- and medium-sized, heavily calcified species, whereas inactive sites exhibited a greater diversity of feeding modes and more burrowers, sessile, large and lightly calcified species. Active rocks supported more exogonid (Syllidae), ampharetid, and cirratulid polychaetes, provannid snails, pyropeltid limpets, nemerteans, and sponges; whereas inactive rocks supported higher densities of ophiuroids, isopods, gammarid amphipods, hydroids, Typosyllis (Syllidae) and tanaids. Transplant experiments, in which rocks were transferred between active and inactive sites at Hydrate Ridge North (600 m), revealed that assemblages respond within 13 months to increase or cessation of seepage, taking on the feeding, size and calcification characteristics of the background fauna at the new site. Lifestyles and motility patterns shifted more slowly as the sessile, attached species did not track seepage as quickly. Provannid snails and pyropeltid limpets rapidly colonized rocks transplanted to active sites and disappeared when transplanted to inactive sites. Given the known variability of fluid fluxes and rapid community response, a mosaic of communities changing in space and time is hypothesized to generate the relatively high species diversity at methane seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.021},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Grupe, B M}
}
@article {ISI:000400818400021,
	title = {{Telepresence is a potentially transformative tool for field science}},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
	volume = {114},
	number = {19},
	year = {2017},
	month = {may},
	pages = {4841{\textendash}4844},
	publisher = {NATL ACAD SCIENCES},
	address = {2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1703514114},
	author = {Marlow, Jeffrey and Borrelli, Chiara and Jungbluth, Sean P and Hoffman, Colleen and Marlow, Jennifer and Girguis, Peter R and Team, AT-36}
}
@article {Maher2016,
	title = {{Arsenic concentrations and species in three hydrothermal vent worms, Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulficola and Paralvinella palmiformis}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {41{\textendash}48},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents are surficial expressions of subsurface geological and hydrological processes. Fluids emitting from active vents are chemically distinct from bottom seawater, and are enriched in dissolved metals and metalloids, including arsenic. Vent organisms accumulate arsenic but the arsenic speciation in these non-photosynthetic organisms is largely unknown. Here, arsenic concentrations and chemical species were measured in three deep sea hydrothermal vent worms (Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulfincola and Paralvinella palmiformis ) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Northwest pacific. R. piscesae has similar arsenic concentrations (3.8{\textendash}35 {\textmu}g g-1) to shallow water polychaetes while P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis have significantly higher arsenic concentrations (420{\textendash}1417 and 125{\textendash}321 {\textmu}g g-1 respectively). R. piscesae contains appreciable quantities of inorganic arsenic (36{\textpm}14{\%}), monomethyl arsenic (2{\textpm}2{\%}), dimethyl arsenic (34{\textpm}21{\%}), an unknown methyl arsenical (7{\textpm}16{\%}), OSO3-arsenosugar (5{\textpm}9{\%}), TETRA (4{\textpm}5{\%}), ThioPO4/ThioDMAE (1{\textpm}2{\%}) and an unknown thio-arsenical (12{\textpm}14{\%}). These results suggests that host and symbionts are either involved in the methylation of arsenic, or are bathed in fluids enriched in methylated arsenic as a result of free-living microbial activity. The host carrying out methylation, however, cannot be ruled out. In contrast, 96{\textendash}97{\%} of the arsenic in P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis is inorganic arsenic, likely the result of arsenic precipitation within and upon the mucus they ingest while feeding. While all worms have oxo- and thio arsenosugars (2{\textendash}30{\%}), Paralvinella also have small amounts of arsenobetaine ({\textless}0.001{\textendash}0.21{\%}). The presence of arsenosugars, arsenobetaine and other minor arsenic species in the absence of photosynthesising algae/bacteria indicates that they may be formed by vent animals in the absence of sunlight, but at this time their formation cannot be explained.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.07.009},
	author = {Maher, W A and Duncan, E and Dilly, G and Foster, S and Krikowa, F and Lombi, E and Scheckel, K and Girguis, P}
}
@article {Krukenberg2016,
	title = {{Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {9},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3073{\textendash}3091},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation ofmethane (AOM) ismediated by consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and their specific partner bacteria. In thermophilic AOM consortia enriched from Guaymas Basin, members of the ANME-1 clade are associated with bacteria of the HotSeep-1 cluster, which likely perform direct electron exchange via nanowires. The partner bacterium was enriched with hydrogen as sole electron donor and sulfate as electron acceptor. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic characteristics we propose to name this chemolithoautotrophic sulfate reducer Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii. Ca.D. auxilii grows on hydrogen at temperatures between 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C with an activity optimum at 60 degrees C and doubling time of 4-6 days. Its genome draft encodes for canonical sulfate reduction, periplasmic and soluble hydrogenases and autotrophic carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. The presence of genes for pili formation and cytochromes, and their similarity to genes of Geobacter spp., indicate a potential for syntrophic growth via direct interspecies electron transfer when the organism grows in consortia with ANME. This first ANME-free enrichment of an AOM partner bacterium and its characterization opens the perspective for a deeper understanding of syntrophy in anaerobic methane oxidation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13283},
	author = {Krukenberg, V and Harding, K and Richter, M and Gloeckner, F O and Gruber-Vodicka, H R and Adam, B and Berg, J S and Knittel, K and Tegetmeyer, H E and Boetius, A and Wegener, G}
}
@article {Gueguen2016,
	title = {{Comparative geochemistry of four ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Ocean and significance for the use of Ni isotopes as paleoceanographic tracers}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {189},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {214{\textendash}235},
	abstract = {{Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts are potential archive of the Ni isotope composition of seawater through time. In this study we aim at (1) understanding Ni isotope fractionation mechanisms and metal enrichment processes in Fe-Mn deposits, (2) addressing global vs. local control of Ni isotope composition of these deposits. Two Fe-Mn crusts from the North Pacific Ocean (Apuupuu Seamount, Hawaii) and two Fe-Mn crusts from the South Pacific Ocean (near Rurutu Island, Austral archipelago of French Polynesia) were characterized for their elemental geochemistry and Ni isotope composition. Geochemical analyses were performed at millimeter intervals in order to provide time-resolved record of Ni isotopes. Chronology and growth rates were determined using cosmogenic 10Be isotope abundances. The results show that, despite different growth rates, textures and geochemical patterns, Fe-Mn crusts from both North and South Pacific Oceans have fairly homogenous Ni isotope compositions over the last \~{}17 Ma, yielding average $δ$60/58Ni values of 1.79 {\textpm} 0.21{\textperthousand} (2sd},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.005},
	author = {Gueguen, B and Rouxel, O J and Rouget, M-L and Bollinger, C and Ponzevera, E and Germain, Y and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Martin2016,
	title = {{Deep-sea coral $δ$13C: A tool to reconstruct the difference between seawater pH and $δ$11B-derived calcifying fluid pH}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {299{\textendash}308},
	abstract = {{The boron isotopic composition ($δ$11B) of coral skeleton is a proxy for seawater pH. However, $δ$11B-based pH estimates must account for the pH difference between seawater and the coral calcifying fluid, $Δ$pH. We report that skeletal $δ$11B and $Δ$pH are related to the skeletal carbon isotopic composition ($δ$13C) in four genera of deep-sea corals collected across a natural pH range of 7.89{\textendash}8.09, with $Δ$pH related to $δ$13C by $Δ$pH = 0.029 {\texttimes} $δ$13C + 0.929},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GL066494},
	author = {Martin, P and Goodkin, N F and Stewart, J A and Foster, G L and Sikes, E L and White, H K and Hennige, S and Roberts, J M}
}
@article {ISI:000371206300001,
	title = {{A distinct and active bacterial community in cold oxygenated fluids circulating beneath the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic ridge}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The rock-hosted, oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth, yet little is known about its indigenous microorganisms. Here we provide the first phylogenetic and functional description of an active microbial community residing in the cold oxic crustal aquifer. Using subseafloor observatories, we recovered crustal fluids and found that the geochemical composition is similar to bottom seawater, as are cell abundances. However, based on relative abundances and functional potential of key bacterial groups, the crustal fluid microbial community is heterogeneous and markedly distinct from seawater. Potential rates of autotrophy and heterotrophy in the crust exceeded those of seawater, especially at elevated temperatures (25 degrees C) and deeper in the crust. Together, these results reveal an active, distinct, and diverse bacterial community engaged in both heterotrophy and autotrophy in the oxygenated crustal aquifer, providing key insight into the role of microbial communities in the ubiquitous cold dark subseafloor biosphere.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep22541},
	author = {Meyer, Julie L and Jaekel, Ulrike and Tully, Benjamin J and Glazer, Brian T and Wheat, C Geoffrey and Lin, Huei-Ting and Hsieh, Chih-Chiang and Cowen, James P and Hulme, Samuel M and Girguis, Peter R and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {Rouxel2016,
	title = {{Geochemistry and iron isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume fall-out at East Pacific Rise 9{\textdegree}50'N}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {441},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {212{\textendash}234},
	abstract = {While gross hydrothermal fluxes entering the ocean are known to be significant, much remains unknown about the fate of this material as it disperses through the oceans, and its impact upon ocean biogeochemistry. Mineral precipitation within hydrothermal plumes removes hydrothermally-sourced metals from solution and also acts to scavenge trace elements from the surrounding water column. Here, we investigate the fate of particulate Fe released from high-temperature hydrothermal venting at EPR 9{\textdegree}50'N and its potential impact on local deep-ocean Fe-isotopic and geochemical budgets. We measured the geochemical composition, mineralogy and Fe isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume products in order to determine whether mineral precipitation imposes characteristic Fe-isotope {\textquotedblleft}fingerprints{\textquotedblright} for hydrothermally sourced Fe in the deep ocean. Our sampling includes sediment trap deployments after the eruptive event of Jan. 2006, allowing the examination of temporal changes of hydrothermal fluxes over a 160 day period. Results show that Fe isotope composition in the high-temperature vent fluids is rather constant over the sampling period 2004{\textendash}2008, and that secular variations of $δ$56Fe values of plume particles from - 0.03 to - 0.91{\textperthousand} (relative to IRMM-14 standard) could be explained by local processes leading to variable mixing extents of hydrothermal, biogenic and lithogenic particles. Through geochemical modeling, we have calculated the relative abundances of hydrothermal plume components such as sulfides, Fe oxyhydroxides, organic matter, biogenic and lithogenic phases. We demonstrate that Fe isotope fractionation in the hydrothermal plume occurs during the formation and rapid settling of Fe-sulfides that are characterized by $δ$56Fe values ranging from - 0.73 {\textpm} 0.13{\textperthousand} to - 0.86 {\textpm} 0.13{\textperthousand}, which is systematically lower than the end-member hydrothermal fluids ($δ$56Fe = - 0.4{\textperthousand}). This study suggests that both the initial Fe isotope composition of the high-temperature vent fluids and its initial Fe/H2S ratio (i.e. Fe-sulfide precipitation versus Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation) should impose characteristic Fe isotope {\textquotedblleft}fingerprints{\textquotedblright} for hydrothermally derived Fe in the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.08.027},
	author = {Rouxel, O J and Toner, B M and Manganini, S J and German, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000372166500012,
	title = {{Oceanographic patterns and carbonate chemistry in the vicinity of cold-water coral reefs in the Gulf of Mexico: Implications for resilience in a changing ocean}},
	journal = {LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {61},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {648{\textendash}665},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {To accurately assess the threat that global climate change poses to marine systems, a detailed baseline of the current carbonate chemistry and other oceanographic conditions is required. Despite the heightened vulnerability of deep-sea communities to ocean acidification, there have been relatively few studies investigating the carbonate chemistry immediately above cold-water coral reefs. Here, we present data collected during five cruises from 2010 to 2014 in the northern Gulf of Mexico and quantify the carbonate system and other oceanographic parameters in offshore surface-waters, the water column, and at deep benthic sites. Benthic sites containing the scleractinian cold-water coral L. pertusa occurred in waters with a relatively wide temperature range (6.8-13.6 degrees C), low potential density (sigma(theta)=26.9 +/- 0.3 kg m(-3)), low dissolved oxygen concentration (111.3 +/- 2.0 mu mol kg(-1)), low pH(T) (7.87 +/- 0.04), low Omega(ARAG) (1.31 +/- 0.14), and a low availability of carbonate ions (94.4 +/- 9.2 mu mol kg(-1)) compared with L. pertusa habitats in other regions. Based on previous modelling and experimental results, these values place L. pertusa at the edge of its viable niche in the deep Gulf of Mexico. However, significantly elevated total alkalinity (+139-44 mu mol kg(-1)) was detected above large L. pertusa mounds, suggesting that carbonate dissolution within the mounds may be partially ameliorating the direct effects of ocean acidification. Together, these results provide an important baseline for assessing future oceanographic changes in the Gulf of Mexico and for predicting the resilience of cold-water coral reefs to global climate and ocean change.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.10242},
	author = {Georgian, Samuel E and DeLeo, Danielle and Durkin, Alanna and Gomez, Carlos E and Kurman, Melissa and Lunden, Jay J and Cordes, Erik E}
}
@article {Garcia2016,
	title = {{Petrology and geochronology of lavas from Ka{\textquoteleft}ula Volcano: Implications for rejuvenated volcanism of the Hawaiian mantle plume}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {185},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {278{\textendash}301},
	abstract = {Marine surveying and submersible sampling of Ka{\textquoteleft}ula Volcano, located 100 km off the axis of the Hawaiian chain, revealed widespread areas of young volcanism. New 40Ar/39Ar and geochemical analyses of the olivine-phyric submarine and subaerial volcanic rocks show that Ka{\textquoteleft}ula is shrouded with 1.9{\textendash}0.5 Ma alkalic basalts. The ages and chemistry of these rocks overlap with rejuvenated lavas on nearby, northern Hawaiian Island shields (Ni{\textquoteleft}ihau, Kaua{\textquoteleft}i and South Kaua{\textquoteleft}i Swell). Collectively, these rejuvenated lavas cover a vast area (\~{}7000 km2), much more extensive than any other area of rejuvenated volcanism worldwide. Ka{\textquoteleft}ula rejuvenated lavas range widely in alkalinity and incompatible element abundances (e.g., up to 10{\texttimes} P2O5 at a given MgO value) and ratios indicating variable degrees of melting of a heterogeneous source. Heavy REE elements in Ka{\textquoteleft}ula lavas are pinned at a mantle normalized Yb value of 10 {\textpm} 1, reflecting the presence of garnet in the source. Trace element ratios indicate the source also contained phlogopite and an Fe{\textendash}Ti oxide. The new Ka{\textquoteleft}ula ages show that rejuvenated volcanism was nearly coeval from \~{}0.3 to 0.6 Ma along a 450 km segment of the Hawaiian Islands (from West Maui to north of Ka{\textquoteleft}ula). The ages and volumes for rejuvenated volcanism are inconsistent with all but one geodynamic melting model proposed to date. This model advocates a significant contribution of pyroxenite to rejuvenated magmas. Analyses of olivine phenocryst compositions suggest a major (33{\textendash}69{\%}) pyroxenite component in Ka{\textquoteleft}ula rejuvenated lavas, which correlates positively with radiogenic Pb isotope ratios for Ka{\textquoteleft}ula. This correlation is also observed in lavas from nearby South Kaua{\textquoteleft}i lavas, as was reported for Atlantic oceanic islands. The presence of pyroxenite in the source may have extended the duration and volume of Hawaiian rejuvenated volcanism.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.03.025},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Weis, D and Jicha, B R and Ito, G and Hanano, D}
}
@article {ISI:000380376700024,
	title = {{Subseafloor microbial communities in hydrogen-rich vent fluids from hydrothermal systems along the Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {18},
	number = {6, SI},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1970{\textendash}1987},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Warm fluids emanating from hydrothermal vents can be used as windows into the rocky subseafloor habitat and its resident microbial community. Two new vent systems on the Mid-Cayman Rise each exhibits novel geologic settings and distinctively hydrogen-rich vent fluid compositions. We have determined and compared the chemistry, potential energy yielding reactions, abundance, community composition, diversity, and function of microbes in venting fluids from both sites: Piccard, the world{\textquoteright}s deepest vent site, hosted in mafic rocks; and Von Damm, an adjacent, ultramafic-influenced system. Von Damm hosted a wider diversity of lineages and metabolisms in comparison to Piccard, consistent with thermodynamic models that predict more numerous energy sources at ultramafic systems. There was little overlap in the phylotypes found at each site, although similar and dominant hydrogen-utilizing genera were present at both. Despite the differences in community structure, depth, geology, and fluid chemistry, energetic modelling and metagenomic analysis indicate near functional equivalence between Von Damm and Piccard, likely driven by the high hydrogen concentrations and elevated temperatures at both sites. Results are compared with hydrothermal sites worldwide to provide a global perspective on the distinctiveness of these newly discovered sites and the interplay among rocks, fluid composition and life in the subseafloor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13173},
	author = {Reveillaud, Julie and Reddington, Emily and McDermott, Jill and Algar, Christopher and Meyer, Julie L and Sylva, Sean and Seewald, Jeffrey and German, Christopher R and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {Garcia-Pineda2016,
	title = {{Transience and persistence of natural hydrocarbon seepage in Mississippi Canyon, Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {119{\textendash}129},
	abstract = {Analysis of the magnitude of oil discharged from natural hydrocarbon seeps can improve understanding of the carbon cycle and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) ecosystem. With use of a large archive of remote sensing data, in combination with geophysical and multibeam data, we identified, mapped, and characterized natural hydrocarbon seeps in the Macondo prospect region near the wreck site of the drill-rig Deepwater Horizon (DWH). Satellite image processing and the cluster analysis revealed locations of previously undetected seep zones. Including duplicate detections, a total of 562 individual gas plumes were also observed in multibeam surveys. In total, SAR imagery confirmed 52 oil-producing seep zones in the study area. In almost all cases gas plumes were associated with oil-producing seep zones. The cluster of seeps in the vicinity of lease block MC302 appeared to host the most persistent and prolific oil vents. Oil slicks and gas plumes observed over the DWH site were consistent with discharges of residual oil from the wreckage. In contrast with highly persistent oil seeps observed in the Green Canyon and Garden Banks lease areas, the seeps in the vicinity of Macondo Prospect were intermittent. The difference in the number of seeps and the quantity of surface oil detected in Green Canyon was almost two orders of magnitude greater than in Mississippi Canyon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.011},
	author = {Garcia-Pineda, O and MacDonald, I and Silva, M and Shedd, W and Daneshgar Asl, S and Schumaker, B}
}
@article {Gulmann2015,
	title = {{Bacterial diversity and successional patterns during biofilm formation on freshly exposed basalt surfaces at diffuse-flow deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {901},
	abstract = {Many deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems are regularly impacted by volcanic eruptions, leaving fresh basalt where abundant animal and microbial communities once thrived. After an eruption, microbial biofilms are often the first visible evidence of biotic re-colonization. The present study is the first to investigate microbial colonization of newly exposed basalt surfaces in the context of vent fluid chemistry over an extended period of time (4{\textendash}293 days) by deploying basalt blocks within an established diffuse-flow vent at the 9{\textdegree}50' N vent field on the East Pacific Rise. Additionally, samples obtained after a recent eruption at the same vent field allowed for comparison between experimental results and those from natural microbial re-colonization. Over 9 months, the community changed from being composed almost exclusively of Epsilonproteobacteria to a more diverse assemblage, corresponding with a potential expansion of metabolic capabilities. The process of biofilm formation appears to generate similar surface-associated communities within and across sites by selecting for a subset of fluid-associated microbes, via species sorting. Furthermore, the high incidence of shared operational taxonomic units over time and across different vent sites suggests that the microbial communities colonizing new surfaces at diffuse-flow vent sites might follow a predictable successional pattern.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.00901},
	author = {Gulmann, L K and Beaulieu, S E and Shank, T M and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Sievert, S M}
}
@article {ISI:000360888000001,
	title = {{Carbon fixation by basalt-hosted microbial communities}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Oceanic crust is a massive potential habitat for microbial life on Earth, yet our understanding of this ecosystem is limited due to difficulty in access. In particular, measurements of rates of microbial activity are sparse. We used stable carbon isotope incubations of crustal samples, coupled with functional gene analyses, to examine the potential for carbon fixation on oceanic crust. Both seafloor-exposed and subseafloor basalts were recovered from different mid-ocean ridge and hot spot environments (i.e., the Juan de Fuca Ridge, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Loihi Seamount) and incubated with C-13-labeled bicarbonate. Seafloor-exposed basalts revealed incorporation of C-13-label into organic matter over time, though the degree of incorporation was heterogeneous. The incorporation of C-13 into biomass was inconclusive in subseafloor basalts. Translating these measurements into potential rates of carbon fixation indicated that 0.1-10 nmol C g(-1) rock d(-1) could be fixed by seafloor-exposed rocks. When scaled to the global production of oceanic crust, this suggests carbon fixation rates of 10(9)-10(12) g C year(-1), which matches earlier predictions based on thermodynamic calculations. Functional gene analyses indicate that the Calvin cycle is likely the dominant biochemical mechanism for carbon fixation in basalt-hosted biofilms, although the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway and reverse TCA cycle likely play some role in net carbon fixation. These results provide empirical evidence for autotrophy in oceanic crust, suggesting that basalt-hosted autotrophy could be a significant contributor of organic matter in this remote and vast environment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.90400904},
	author = {Orcutt, Beth N and Sylvan, Jason B and Rogers, Daniel R and Delaney, Jennifer and Lee, Raymond W and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000356841900006,
	title = {{Cetia pacifica gen. nov., sp nov., a chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {65},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {1144{\textendash}1150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A thermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, strain TB-6(T), was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent located on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees N. The cells were Gram-staining-negative and rod-shaped with one or more polar flagella. Cell size was approximately 1-1.5 mu m in length and 0.5 mu m in width. Strain TB-6(T) grew between 45 and 70 degrees C (optimum 55-60 degrees C), 0 and 35 g NaCl l(-1) (optimum 20-30 gl(-1)) and pH 4.5 and 7.5 (optimum pH 5.5-6.0). Generation time under optimal conditions was 2 h. Growth of strain TB-6(T) occurred with H-2 as the energy source, CO2 as the carbon source and nitrate or sulfur as electron acceptors, with formation of ammonium or hydrogen sulfide, respectively. Acetate, (+)-n-glucose, Casamino acids, sucrose and yeast extract were not used as carbon and energy sources. Inhibition of growth occurred in the presence of lactate, peptone and tryptone under a H-2/CO2 (80 :20; 200 kPa) gas phase. Thiosulfate, sulfite, arsenate, selenate and oxygen were not used as electron acceptors. The G +C content of the genomic DNA was 36.8 molo/o. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of strain TB-6(T) showed that this organism branched separately from the three most closely related genera, Caminibacter, Nautilia and Lebetimonas, within the family Nautiliaceae. Strain TB-6(T) contained several unique fatty acids in comparison with other members of the family Nautiliaceae. Based on experimental evidence, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel species and genus within the family Nautiliaceae, Cetia pacifica, gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is TB-6(T) (=DSM 27783T=JCM 19563(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.000070},
	author = {Grosche, Ashley and Sekaran, Hema and Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Starovoytov, Valentin and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {Escoube2015,
	title = {{Coupled Ge/Si and Ge isotope ratios as geochemical tracers of seafloor hydrothermal systems: Case studies at Loihi Seamount and East Pacific Rise 9{\textdegree}50'N}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {167},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {93{\textendash}112},
	abstract = {Germanium (Ge) and Silicon (Si) exhibit similar geochemical behavior in marine environments but are variably enriched in seafloor hydrothermal fluids relative to seawater. In this study, Ge isotope and Ge/Si ratio systematics were investigated in low temperature hydrothermal vents from Loihi Seamount (Pacific Ocean, 18{\textdegree}54'N, 155{\textdegree}15'W) and results were compared to high-temperature vents from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9{\textdegree}50'N. Loihi offers the opportunity to understand contrasting Ge and Si behavior in low temperature seafloor hydrothermal systems characterized by abundant Fe oxyhydroxide deposition at the seafloor. The results show that both Ge/Si and $δ$74/70Ge in hydrothermal fluids are fractionated relative to the basaltic host rocks. The enrichment in Ge vs. Si relative to fresh basalts, together with Ge isotope fractionation ($Δ$74/70Gefluid-basalt up to 1.15{\textperthousand} at EPR 9{\textdegree}50'N and 1.64{\textperthousand} at Loihi) are best explained by the precipitation of minerals (e.g. quartz and Fe-sulfides) during higher temperature seawater{\textendash}rock reactions in the subsurface. The study of Fe-rich hydrothermal deposits at Loihi, largely composed of Fe-oxyhydroxides, shows that Ge isotopes are also fractionated upon mineral precipitation at the seafloor. We obtained an average Ge isotope fractionation factor between Fe-oxyhydroxide (ferrihydrite) and dissolved Ge in the fluid of -2.0 {\textpm} 0.6{\textperthousand} (2sd), and a maximum value of -3.6 {\textpm} 0.6{\textperthousand} (2sd), which is consistent with recent theoretical and experimental studies. The study of a hydrothermal chimney at Bio 9 vent at EPR 9{\textdegree}50'N also demonstrates that Ge isotopes are fractionated by approximately -5.6 {\textpm} 0.6{\textperthousand} (2sd) during precipitation of metal sulfides under hydrothermal conditions. Using combined Ge/Si and estimated Ge isotope signatures of Ge sinks and sources in seawater, we propose a preliminary oceanic budget of Ge which reveals that an important sink, referred as the {\textquotedblleft}missing Ge sink{\textquotedblright}, may correspond to Ge sequestration into authigenic Fe-oxyhydroxides in marine sediments. This study shows that combining Ge/Si and $δ$74/70Ge systematics provides a useful tool to trace hydrothermal Ge and Si sources in marine environments and to understand formation processes of seafloor hydrothermal deposits.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.025},
	author = {Escoube, R and Rouxel, O J and Edwards, K J and Glazer, B and Donard, O F X}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300014,
	title = {{Differences in recovery between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and vent-proximate communities after a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {167{\textendash}182},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and the surrounding basalt seafloor are subject to major natural disturbance events such as volcanic eruptions. In the near future, anthropogenic disturbance in the form of deep-sea mining could also significantly affect the faunal communities of hydrothermal vents. In this study, we monitor and compare the recovery of insular, highly productive vent communities and vent-proximate basalt communities following a volcanic eruption that destroyed almost all existing communities at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N in 2006. To study the recovery patterns of the benthic communities, we placed settlement substrates at vent sites and their proximate basalt areas and measured the prokaryotic abundance and compared the meio- and macrofaunal species richness and composition at one, two and four years after the eruption. In addition, we collected samples from the overlying water column with a pelagic pump, at one and two years after the volcanic eruption, to determine the abundance of potential meiofauna colonisers. One year after eruption, mean meio- and macrofaunal abundances were not significantly different from pre-eruption values in vent habitats (meio: 8-1838 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 3-6246 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02; macro: 95-1600 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 205-4577 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02) and on non-vent basalt habitats (meio: 10-1922 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 8328 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04; macro: 14-3351 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 2-63 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04), but species recovery patterns differed between the two habitat types. In the vent habitat, the initial community recovery was relatively quick but incomplete four years after eruption, which may be due to the good dispersal capabilities of vent endemic macrofauna and vent endemic dirivultid copepods. At vents, 42{\%} of the pre-eruption meio- and 39{\%} of macrofaunal species had returned. In addition, some new species not evident prior to the eruption were found. At the tubeworm site Tica, a total of 26 meio- and 19 macrofaunal species were found in 2009, which contrasts with the 24 meio- and 29 macrofauna species detected at the site in 2001/01 In the basalt habitat, community recovery of meiofauna was slower with only 28{\%} of the original 64 species present four years after eruption. The more limited dispersal capabilities of meiofauna basalt specialists such as nematodes or harpacticoid copepods probably caused this pattern. In contrast, 67{\%} of the original 27 macrofaunal species had recolonized the basalt by 2009. Our results suggest that not only vent communities, but also species-rich communities of vent-proximate habitats require attention in conservation efforts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.008},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Arbizu, Pedro Martinez and Mills, Susan and Le Bris, Nadine and Weinbauer, Markus and Shank, Timothy M and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000361755600008,
	title = {{Diversity and composition of the copepod communities associated with megafauna around a cold seep in the Gulf of Mexico with remarks on species biogeography}},
	journal = {MARINE BIODIVERSITY},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {419{\textendash}432},
	type = {Article; Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {In order to characterize the copepod communities associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations around a hydrocarbon seep in the Green Canyon of the Gulf of Mexico, diversity, abundance, and community composition were analyzed. Also analyzed were species biogeography and the potential connectivity to other chemosynthesis-based habitats. Copepod abundance and biomass were very low among tubeworms and mussels, with 0.22 to 6.08 individuals per 10 cm(2) sampled area and 9.02 to 42.43 mu g wet weight 10 cm(2) sampled area, respectively; but, abundance was significantly higher among the mussels. Fifty-five copepod species were identified, of which most were newly discovered and primarily belonging to the Harpacticoida order. Four copepod species were previously recorded from other food-rich and hard-substrata environments, such as hydrothermal vents or wood falls. Another four species showed close morphological proximity to species described from cold seeps, hydrothermal vents, and wood falls. Copepod diversity and community composition showed no significant differences between the foundation species. However, differences in the relative abundance and dominance of single species indicate a rather homogeneous community in mussel beds and a more heterogeneous community among tubeworms, indicating that foundation species may shape the abundance and community composition of associated copepods at cold seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1867-1616},
	doi = {10.1007/s12526-014-0310-8},
	author = {Plum, Christoph and Gollner, Sabine and Martinez-Arbizu, Pedro and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000366805800006,
	title = {{{\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Fingerprinting{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} tectono-magmatic provenance using trace elements in igneous zircon}},
	journal = {CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY},
	volume = {170},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over 5300 recent SHRIMP-RG analyses of trace elements (TE) in igneous zircon have been compiled and classified based on their original tectono-magmatic setting to empirically evaluate {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}geochemical fingerprints{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} unique to those settings. Immobile element geochemical fingerprints used for lavas are applied with the same rational to zircon, including consideration of mineral competition on zircon TE ratios, and new criteria for distinguishing mid-ocean ridge (MOR), magmatic arc, and ocean island (and other plume-influenced) settings are proposed. The elemental ratios in zircon effective for fingerprinting tectono-magmatic provenance are systematically related to lava composition from equivalent settings. Existing discrimination diagrams using zircon U/Yb versus Hf or Y do not distinguish TE-enriched ocean island settings (i.e., Iceland, Hawaii) from magmatic arc settings. However, bivariate diagrams with combined cation ratios involving U-Nb-Sc-Yb-Gd-Ce provide a more complete distinction of zircon from these settings. On diagrams of U/Yb versus Nb/Yb, most MOR, ocean island, and kimberlite zircon define a broad {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}mantle-zircon array{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}; arc zircon defines a parallel array offset to higher U/Yb. Distinctly low U/Yb ratios of MOR zircon (typically {\textless}0.1) mirror their parental magmas and long-term incompatible element depletion of the MORB mantle. Plume-influenced sources are distinguished from MOR by higher U/Yb, U/Nb, Nb/Yb, and Nb/Sc. For zircon with U/Yb {\textgreater}0.1, high Sc/Yb separates arc settings from low-Sc/Yb plume-influenced sources. The slope of scandium enrichment trends in zircon differ between MOR and continental arc settings, likely reflecting the involvement of amphibole during melt differentiation. Scandium is thus also critical for discriminating provenance, but its behavior in zircon probably reflects contrasting melt fractionation trends between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline systems more than compositional differences in primitive magmas sourced at each tectono-magmatic source.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-015-1199-3},
	author = {Grimes, C B and Wooden, J L and Cheadle, M J and John, B E}
}
@article {Greene2015,
	title = {{Geologic implications of seafloor character and carbonate lithification imaged on the domal core of Atlantis Massif}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {246{\textendash}255},
	abstract = {We document the seafloor character on Atlantis Massif, an ocean core complex located at 30{\textdegree}N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, with an emphasis on the distribution of carbonate features. Seafloor imagery, near-bottom backscatter, and bathymetry were analyzed on the Central Dome and the Western Shoulder of the exposed footwall to the detachment, and on the Eastern Block, a hanging wall to the fault. We merged Argo II still images to produce photo-mosaics and evaluated these together with video imagery, acoustic reflectivity, and basic rock composition. The seafloor was classified as unconsolidated sediment, lithified carbonate crust, consolidated carbonate cap, exposed basement, or rubble, and the spatial distribution of each type was assessed. Unconsolidated sediment, exposed basement, and rubble were documented in all three regions studied. Lithified carbonate crust was also present on the Western Shoulder and eastern Central Dome. Consolidated carbonate cap was found on the Eastern Block. The formation of the carbonate rock is interpreted to reflect precipitation and/or sediment cementation via fluids derived from serpentinization. Both processes occur at the nearby Lost City Hydrothermal Field. The newly documented locations of seafloor carbonate lithification therefore mark pathways of past, possibly recent, fluid flux from subsurface water-rock reaction zones and represent an additional constituent of the carbon cycling hosted by oceanic lithosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.020},
	author = {Greene, J A and Tominaga, M and Blackman, D K}
}
@article {ISI:000352192100007,
	title = {{Investigation of extractable organic compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA},
	volume = {156},
	year = {2015},
	month = {may},
	pages = {122{\textendash}144},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The possibility that deep-sea hydrothermal vents may contain organic compounds produced by abiotic synthesis or by microbial communities living deep beneath the surface has led to numerous studies of the organic composition of vent fluids. Most of these studies have focused on methane and other light hydrocarbons, while the possible occurrence of more complex organic compounds in the fluids has remained largely unstudied. To address this issue, the presence of higher molecular weight organic compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal fluids was assessed at three sites along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that span a range of temperatures (51 to {\textgreater}360 degrees C), fluid compositions, and host-rock lithologies (mafic to ultramafic). Samples were obtained at several sites within the Lucky Strike, Rainbow, and Lost City hydrothermal fields. Three methods were employed to extract organic compounds for analysis, including liquid: liquid extraction, cold trapping on the walls of a coil of titanium tubing, and pumping fluids through cartridges filled with solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents. The only samples to consistently yield high amounts of extractable organic compounds were the warm (51-91 degrees C), highly alkaline fluids from Lost City, which contained elevated concentrations of C-8, C-10, and C-12 n-alkanoic acids and, in some cases, trithiolane, hexadecanol, squalene, and cholesterol. Collectively, the C-8-C-12 acids can account for about 15{\%} of the total dissolved organic carbon in the Lost City fluids. The even-carbon-number predominance of the alkanoic acids indicates a biological origin, but it is unclear whether these compounds are derived from microbial activity occurring within the hydrothermal chimney proximal to the site of fluid discharge or are transported from deeper within the system. Hydrothermal fluids from the Lucky Strike and Rainbow fields were characterized by an overall scarcity of extractable dissolved organic compounds. Trace amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons including phenanthrenes and benzothiophene were the only compounds that could be identified as indigenous components of these fluids. Although hydrocarbons and fatty acids were observed in some samples, those compounds were likely derived from particulate matter or biomass entrained during fluid collection. In addition, extracts of some fluid samples from the Rainbow field were found to contain an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of organic compounds. This UCM shared some characteristics with organic matter extracted from bottom seawater, suggesting that the organic matter observed in these samples might represent seawater-derived compounds that had persisted, albeit with partial alteration, during circulation through the hydrothermal system. While there is considerable evidence that Rainbow and Lost City vent fluids contain methane and other light hydrocarbons produced through abiotic reduction of inorganic carbon, we found no evidence for more complex organic compounds with an abiotic origin in the same fluids. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.022},
	author = {McCollom, Thomas M and Seewald, Jeffrey S and German, Christopher R}
}
@article {Germanovich2015,
	title = {{Measuring fluid flow and heat output in seafloor hydrothermal environments}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {120},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {8031{\textendash}8055},
	abstract = {We review techniques for measuring fluid flow and advective heat output from seafloor hydrothermal systems and describe new anemometer and turbine flowmeter devices we have designed, built, calibrated, and tested. These devices allow measuring fluid velocity at high-and low-temperature focused and diffuse discharge sites at oceanic spreading centers. The devices perform at ocean floor depths and black smoker temperatures and can be used to measure flow rates ranging over 2 orders of magnitude. Flow velocity is determined from the rotation rate of the rotor blades or paddle assembly. These devices have an open bearing design that eliminates clogging by particles or chemical precipitates as the fluid passes by the rotors. The devices are compact and lightweight enough for deployment from either an occupied or remotely operated submersible. The measured flow rates can be used in conjunction with vent temperature or geochemical measurements to obtain heat outputs or geochemical fluxes from both vent chimneys and diffuse flow regions. The devices have been tested on 30 Alvin dives on the Juan de Fuca Ridge and 3 Jason dives on the East Pacific Rise (EPR). We measured an anomalously low entrainment coefficient (0.064) and report 104 new measurements over a wide range of discharge temperatures (5 degrees-363 degrees C), velocities (2-199 cm/s), and depths (1517-2511 m). These include the first advective heat output measurements at the High Rise vent field and the first direct fluid flow measurement at Middle Valley. Our data suggest that black smoker heat output at the Main Endeavour vent field may have declined since 1994 and that after the 2005-2006 eruption, the high-temperature advective flow at the EPR 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N field may have become more channelized, predominately discharging through the Bio 9 structure. We also report 16 measurements on 10 Alvin dives and 2 Jason dives with flow meters that predate devices described in this work and were used in the process of their development. This includes the first advective measurements in the Lau Basin and at the EPR 9 degrees 39.5{\textquoteright}N. We discuss potential error sources and how they may affect the accuracy of measurements by our devices and other devices. In particular, we use the turbulent plume theory to evaluate the effect of entrainment of ambient seawater.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015JB012245},
	author = {Germanovich, L N and Hurt, R S and Smith, J E and Genc, G and Lowell, R P}
}
@article {OBrien2015,
	title = {{Microbial biofilms associated with fluid chemistry and megafaunal colonization at post-eruptive deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {31{\textendash}40},
	abstract = {At deep-sea hydrothermal vents, reduced, super-heated hydrothermal fluids mix with cold, oxygenated seawater. This creates temperature and chemical gradients that support chemosynthetic primary production and a biomass-rich community of invertebrates. In late 2005/early 2006 an eruption occurred on the East Pacific Rise at 9{\textdegree}50'N, 104{\textdegree}17'W. Direct observations of the post-eruptive diffuse-flow vents indicated that the earliest colonizers were microbial biofilms. Two cruises in 2006 and 2007 allowed us to monitor and sample the early steps of ecosystem recovery. The main objective of this work was to characterize the composition of microbial biofilms in relation to the temperature and chemistry of the hydrothermal fluids and the observed patterns of megafaunal colonization. The area selected for this study had local seafloor habitats of active diffuse flow (in-flow) interrupted by adjacent habitats with no apparent expulsion of hydrothermal fluids (no-flow). The in-flow habitats were characterized by higher temperatures (1.6{\textendash}25.2 {\textdegree}C) and H2S concentrations (up to 67.3 {\textmu}M) than the no-flow habitats, and the microbial biofilms were dominated by chemosynthetic Epsilonproteobacteria. The no-flow habitats had much lower temperatures (1.2{\textendash}5.2 {\textdegree}C) and H2S concentrations (0.3{\textendash}2.9 {\textmu}M), and Gammaproteobacteria dominated the biofilms. Siboglinid tubeworms colonized only in-flow habitats, while they were absent at the no-flow areas, suggesting a correlation between siboglinid tubeworm colonization, active hydrothermal flow, and the composition of chemosynthetic microbial biofilms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.07.020},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, C E and Giovannelli, D and Govenar, B W and Luther, G W and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {ISI:000356731300054,
	title = {{Pathways for abiotic organic synthesis at submarine hydrothermal fields}},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
	volume = {112},
	number = {25},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {7668{\textendash}7672},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Arguments for an abiotic origin of low-molecular weight organic compounds in deep-sea hot springs are compelling owing to implications for the sustenance of deep biosphere microbial communities and their potential role in the origin of life. Theory predicts that warm H-2-rich fluids, like those emanating from serpentinizing hydrothermal systems, create a favorable thermodynamic drive for the abiotic generation of organic compounds from inorganic precursors. Here, we constrain two distinct reaction pathways for abiotic organic synthesis in the natural environment at the Von Damm hydrothermal field and delineate spatially where inorganic carbon is converted into bioavailable reduced carbon. We reveal that carbon transformation reactions in a single system can progress over hours, days, and up to thousands of years. Previous studies have suggested that CH4 and higher hydrocarbons in ultramafic hydrothermal systems were dependent on H-2 generation during active serpentinization. Rather, our results indicate that CH4 found in vent fluids is formed in H-2-rich fluid inclusions, and higher n-alkanes may likely be derived from the same source. This finding implies that, in contrast with current paradigms, these compounds may form independently of actively circulating serpentinizing fluids in ultramafic-influenced systems. Conversely, widespread production of formate by SCO2 reduction at Von Damm occurs rapidly during shallow subsurface mixing of the same fluids, which may support anaerobic methanogenesis. Our finding of abiogenic formate in deep-sea hot springs has significant implications for microbial life strategies in the present- day deep biosphere as well as early life on Earth and beyond.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1506295112},
	author = {McDermott, Jill M and Seewald, Jeffrey S and German, Christopher R and Sylva, Sean P}
}
@article {ISI:000349302600004,
	title = {{Size matters at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: different diversity and habitat fidelity patterns of meio- and macrofauna}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {520},
	year = {2015},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {57{\textendash}66},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Species with markedly different sizes interact when sharing the same habitat. Unravelling mechanisms that control diversity thus requires consideration of a range of size classes. We compared patterns of diversity and community structure for meio-and macrofaunal communities sampled along a gradient of environmental stress at deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N) and neighboring basalt habitats. Both meio-and macrofaunal species richnesses were lowest in the high-stress vent habitat, but macrofaunal richness was highest among intermediate-stress vent habitats. Meiofaunal species richness was negatively correlated with stress, and highest on the basalt. In these deep-sea basalt habitats surrounding hydrothermal vents, meiofaunal species richness was consistently higher than that of macrofauna. Consideration of the physiological capabilities and life history traits of different-sized animals suggests that different patterns of diversity may be caused by different capabilities to deal with environmental stress in the 2 size classes. In contrast to meiofauna, adaptations of macrofauna may have evolved to allow them to maintain their physiological homeostasis in a variety of hydrothermal vent habitats and exploit this food-rich deep-sea environment in high abundances. The habitat fidelity patterns also differed: macrofaunal species occurred primarily at vents and were generally restricted to this habitat, but meiofaunal species were distributed more evenly across proximate and distant basalt habitats and were thus not restricted to vent habitats. Over evolutionary time scales these contrasting patterns are likely driven by distinct reproduction strategies and food demands inherent to fauna of different sizes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps11078},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Fisher, Charles R and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Findlay2015,
	title = {{Trace metal concentration and partitioning in the first 1.5 m of hydrothermal vent plumes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: TAG, Snakepit, and Rainbow}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {412},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {117{\textendash}131},
	abstract = {To determine the significance of metal fluxes from hydrothermal vents, understanding the speciation, reactivity, and possible transformations of metals and metal sulfides within the hydrothermal plume is critical. In this study, we measure the concentration and partitioning of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Co, Pb, Ni) and sulfide phases within the first 1.5 m of the rising plume at three vent fields (TAG, Snakepit, and Rainbow) along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A HCl/HNO3 leaching method was used to differentiate metals present in metal mono-sulfides from those in pyrite and chalcopyrite. At all three vent sites, Mn and Fe are primarily in the {\textless} 0.2 $μ$m (filtered) portion, whereas Cu, Co, Cd, and Pb are mainly in the unfiltered fraction. Significant concentrations of HNO3-extractable metals were found in the {\textless} 0.2 $μ$m fraction at all three vent sites, indicating that they likely exist in a recalcitrant nanoparticulate phase such as pyrite or chalcopyrite. At TAG and Snakepit, Cu is correlated with Co, as Co enters into chalcopyrite and other CuFeS phases and Zn is correlated with Cd and Pb as they form discrete metal sulfide phases. At Rainbow, Zn, Cd, and Pb are correlated, but Cu and Co are not correlated. The Rainbow data are consistent with the higher metal to sulfide ratio found at Rainbow. These speciation differences are significant as both mineral type and size will affect the amount of metal transported from the vent site and its availability for biogeochemical processes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.07.021},
	author = {Findlay, A J and Gartman, A and Shaw, T J and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Govenar2015,
	title = {{Variation in the diets of hydrothermal vent gastropods}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {193{\textendash}201},
	abstract = {A prevailing paradigm of hydrothermal vent ecology is that primary consumers feed on chemoautotrophic bacteria. However, for the purposes of reconstructing vent food webs and for tracking energy flow from the generation of rock and fluid chemistry through primary/ secondary productivity and consumption to the overlying water column, it remains unclear which consumers feed on which bacteria. In paired analyses of carbon and nitrogen tissue stable isotope values with unique 16S rRNA sequences from the stomach contents, we determined that two species of gastropod grazers appear to feed on epsilon-proteobacteria, while two other species have more diverse diets, including one species that consumes alpha-proteobacteria, planctomycetes, and non-green sulfur bacteria. Different carbon fixation pathways used by epsilon- and alpha-proteobacteria may account for the variation in the carbon stable isotope values among the consumers. Furthermore, our results indicate that trophic specialization and niche partitioning may contribute to the distribution and abundance of vent-endemic gastropods and support the hypothesis that consumers in the warmer habitats commonly feed on epsilon-proteobacteria that use the rTCA cycle, while in the cooler habitats they feed on additional bacteria that use the CBB cycle. These results suggest that the phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of free-living bacteria may play an important and previously overlooked role in facilitating species coexistence among primary consumers at hydrothermal vents and other chemosynthesis-based ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.021},
	author = {Govenar, B W and Fisher, C R and Shank, T M}
}
@article {ISI:000338758400018,
	title = {{THE CASCADIA INITIATIVE A Sea Change In Seismological Studies of Subduction Zones}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {138{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Increasing public awareness that the Cascadia subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest is capable of great earthquakes (magnitude 9 and greater) motivates the Cascadia Initiative, an ambitious onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an amphibious array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes, to volcanic arc structure, to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda Plates. Here, we provide an overview of the Cascadia Initiative, including its primary science objectives, its experimental design and implementation, and a preview of how the resulting data are being used by a diverse and growing scientific community. The Cascadia Initiative also exemplifies how new technology and community-based experiments are opening up frontiers for marine science. The new technology shielded ocean bottom seismometers is allowing more routine investigation of the source zone of megathrust earthquakes, which almost exclusively lies offshore and in shallow water. The Cascadia Initiative offers opportunities and accompanying challenges to a rapidly expanding community of those who use ocean bottom seismic data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Toomey, Douglas R and Allen, Richard M and Barclay, Andrew H and Bell, Samuel W and Bromirski, Peter D and Carlson, Richard L and Chen, Xiaowei and Collins, John A and Dziak, Robert P and Evers, Brent and Forsyth, Donald W and Gerstoft, Peter and Hooft, Emilie E E and Livelybrooks, Dean and Lodewyk, Jessica A and Luther, Douglas S and McGuire, Jeffrey J and Schwartz, Susan Y and Tolstoy, Maya and Trehu, Anne M and Weirathmueller, Michelle and Wilcock, William S D}
}
@article {ISI:000338213900015,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria encode a conserved and widespread nitrate reduction pathway (Nap)}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {8},
	number = {7},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {1510{\textendash}1521},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite the frequent isolation of nitrate-respiring Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, the genes coding for the nitrate reduction pathway in these organisms have not been investigated in depth. In this study we have shown that the gene cluster coding for the periplasmic nitrate reductase complex (nap) is highly conserved in chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Furthermore, we have shown that the napA gene is expressed in pure cultures of vent Epsilonproteobacteria and it is highly conserved in microbial communities collected from deep-sea vents characterized by different temperature and redox regimes. The diversity of nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria was found to be higher in moderate temperature, diffuse flow vents than in high temperature black smokers or in low temperatures, substrate-associated communities. As NapA has a high affinity for nitrate compared with the membrane-bound enzyme, its occurrence in vent Epsilonproteobacteria may represent an adaptation of these organisms to the low nitrate concentrations typically found in vent fluids. Taken together, our findings indicate that nitrate reduction is widespread in vent Epsilonproteobacteria and provide insight on alternative energy metabolism in vent microorganisms. The occurrence of the nap cluster in vent, commensal and pathogenic Epsilonproteobacteria suggests that the ability of these bacteria to respire nitrate is important in habitats as different as the deep-sea vents and the human body.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.246},
	author = {Vetriani, Costantino and Voordeckers, James W and Crespo-Medina, Melitza and O{\textquoteright}Brien, Charles E and Giovannelli, Donato and Lutz, Richard A}
}
@article {ISI:000342622400022,
	title = {{Distribution and size fractionation of elemental sulfur in aqueous environments: The Chesapeake Bay and Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA},
	volume = {142},
	year = {2014},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {334{\textendash}348},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Elemental sulfur is an important intermediate of sulfide oxidation and may be produced via abiotic and biotic pathways. In this study the concentration and size fractionation of elemental sulfur were measured in two different sulfidic marine environments: the Chesapeake Bay and buoyant hydrothermal vent plumes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nanoparticulate sulfur ({\textless}0.2 mu m) was found to comprise up to 90{\%} of the total elemental sulfur in anoxic deep waters of the Chesapeake Bay. These data were compared with previous studies of elemental sulfur, and represent one of the few reports of nanoparticulate elemental sulfur in the environment. Additionally, a strain of phototrophic sulfide oxidizing bacteria isolated from the Chesapeake Bay was shown to produce elemental sulfur as a product of sulfide oxidation. Elemental sulfur concentrations are also presented from buoyant hydrothermal vent plumes located along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plume, S-0 concentrations up to 33 mu M were measured in the first meter of rising plumes at three different vent sites, and nanoparticulate S-0 was up to 44{\%} of total elemental sulfur present. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2014.07.032},
	author = {Findlay, Alyssa J and Gartman, Amy and MacDonald, Daniel J and Hanson, Thomas E and Shaw, Timothy J and Luther III, George W}
}
@article {ISI:000346944000013,
	title = {{Diverse magma flow directions during construction of sheeted dike complexes at fast- to superfast-spreading centers}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {408},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {119{\textendash}131},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Dike intrusion is a fundamental process during upper oceanic crustal accretion at fast- to superfast-spreading ridges. Based on the distribution of magma along fast-spreading centers inferred from marine geophysical data, models predict systematic steep flow at magmatically robust segment centers and shallow magma flow toward distal segment ends. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) fabrics from 48 fully-oriented block samples of dikes from upper oceanic crust exposed at Hess Deep Rift and Pito Deep Rift reveal a wide range of magma flow directions that are not consistent with such simple magma supply models. The AMS is interpreted to arise from distribution anisotropy of titanomagnetite crystals based on weak shape-preferred orientation of opaque oxide and plagioclase crystals generally parallel to AMS maximum eigenvectors. Most dike samples show normal AMS fabrics with maximum eigenvector directions ranging from subvertical to subhorizontal. The distributions of inferred magma flow lineations from maximum eigenvectors show no preferred flow pattern, even after structural correction. We use a Kolmogorov Smirnov test (KS-test) to show that the distribution of bootstrapped flow lineation rakes from Pito Deep are not statistically distinct from Hess Deep, and neither are distinguishable from Oman and Troodos Ophiolite AMS data. Magma flow directions in sheeted dikes from these two seafloor escarpments also do not correlate with available geochemistry in any systematic way as previously predicted. These results indicate distinct compositional sources feed melt that is injected into dikes at fast- to superfast-spreading ridges with no preference for subhorizontal or subvertical magma flow. Collectively, results imply ephemeral melt lenses at different along-axis locations within the continuous axial magma chamber and either direct injection or intermingling of melt from other deeper ridge-centered or off-axis sources. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.022},
	author = {Horst, A J and Varga, R J and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Feseker2014,
	title = {{Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {5385},
	abstract = {Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active H{\aa}kon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4 m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms6385},
	author = {Feseker, T and Boetius, A and Wenzh{\"o}fer, F and Blandin, J and Olu, K and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and German, C R and de Beer, D}
}
@article {Clague2014,
	title = {{Eruptive and tectonic history of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, based on AUV mapping data and lava flow ages}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3364{\textendash}3391},
	abstract = {High-resolution bathymetric surveys from autonomous underwater vehicles ABE and D. Allan B. were merged to create a coregistered map of 71.7 km(2) of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Radiocarbon dating of foraminifera in cores from three dives of remotely operated vehicle Doc Ricketts provide minimum eruption ages for 40 lava flows that are combined with the bathymetric data to outline the eruptive and tectonic history. The ages range from Modern to 10,700 marine-calibrated years before present (yr BP). During a robust magmatic phase from {\textgreater}10,700 yr BP to approximate to 4300 yr BP, flows erupted from an axial high and many flowed {\textgreater}5 km down the flanks; some partly buried adjacent valleys. Axial magma chambers (AMCs) may have been wider than today to supply dike intrusions over a 2 km wide axial zone. Summit Seamount formed by approximate to 4770 yr BP and was subsequently dismembered during a period of extension with little volcanism starting approximate to 4300 yr BP. This tectonic phase with only rare volcanic eruptions lasted until approximate to 2300 yr BP and may have resulted in near-solidification of the AMCs. The axial graben formed by crustal extension during this period of low magmatic activity. Infrequent eruptions occurred on the flanks between 2620-1760 yr BP and within the axial graben since approximate to 1750 yr BP. This most recent phase of limited volcanic and intense hydrothermal activity that began approximate to 2300 yr BP defines a hydrothermal phase of ridge development that coincides with the present-day 1 km wide AMCs and overlying hydrothermal vent fields.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005415},
	author = {Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Caress, D W and Gill, J B and Kelley, D S and Thomas, H and Portner, R A and Delaney, J R and Guilderson, T P and McGann, M L}
}
@article {Embley2014,
	title = {{Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996{\textendash}2012}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {10},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4093{\textendash}4115},
	abstract = {We present multiple lines of evidence for years to decade-long changes in the location and character of volcanic activity at West Mata seamount in the NE Lau basin over a 16 year period, and a hiatus in summit eruptions from early 2011 to at least September 2012. Boninite lava and pyroclasts were observed erupting from its summit in 2009, and hydroacoustic data from a succession of hydrophones moored nearby show near-continuous eruptive activity from January 2009 to early 2011. Successive differencing of seven multibeam bathymetric surveys of the volcano made in the 1996{\textendash}2012 period reveals a pattern of extended constructional volcanism on the summit and northwest flank punctuated by eruptions along the volcano{\textquoteright}s WSW rift zone (WSWRZ). Away from the summit, the volumetrically largest eruption during the observational period occurred between May 2010 and November 2011 at \~{}2920 m depth near the base of the WSWRZ. The (nearly) equally long ENE rift zone did not experience any volcanic activity during the 1996{\textendash}2012 period. The cessation of summit volcanism recorded on the moored hydrophone was accompanied or followed by the formation of a small summit crater and a landslide on the eastern flank. Water column sensors, analysis of gas samples in the overlying hydrothermal plume and dives with a remotely operated vehicle in September 2012 confirmed that the summit eruption had ceased. Based on the historical eruption rates calculated using the bathymetric differencing technique, the volcano could be as young as several thousand years.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005387},
	author = {Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Baker, E T and Rubin, K H and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and Dziak, R P and Lilley, M D and Chadwick, W W and Shank, T M and Greene, R and Walker, S L and Haxel, J H and Olson, E J and Baumberger, T}
}
@article {ISI:000338120000010,
	title = {{High-resolution ecological niche modelling of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {506},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {145{\textendash}U454},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The niche of many deep-sea species remains poorly resolved despite decades of seafloor exploration. Without better information on the distribution and habitat preference of key species, a complete understanding of the ecology of deep-sea communities will remain unattainable. It is increasingly apparent that cold-water corals are among the dominant foundation species in the deep sea, providing both structurally complex habitat and significant ecosystem services. In this study, the niche and distribution of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa in the Gulf of Mexico was evaluated using the maximum entropy (Maxent) approach. Ecological niche models were constructed for a broad region of the northern Gulf of Mexico using data gridded at a spatial resolution of 25 m, including bathymetry, substrate type, export productivity, and aragonite saturation state at depth. Fine-scale models were constructed at a resolution of 5 m using only remotely sensed bathymetric and surface reflectivity data. The broad-scale model performed well, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.981. All fine-scale models performed well when verified using training data (average AUC of 0.963) and when validated using independent occurrence data from a new geographic region (average AUC of 0.937). The distribution of L. pertusa in the Gulf of Mexico was found to be controlled primarily by depth, local topography, and availability of hard substrate. While these factors have long been associated with the success of cold-water corals, their relative importance has never been quantified in the Gulf of Mexico, making it historically difficult to precisely delineate L. pertusa{\textquoteright}s niche and predict its distribution in unexplored regions. Given these results, we suggest that future expeditions combine remotely sensed data with niche modelling techniques to increase the efficiency of deep-sea exploration.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10816},
	author = {Georgian, Samuel E and Shedd, William and Cordes, Erik E}
}
@article {ISI:000345702700014,
	title = {{Intracellular Oceanospirillales inhabit the gills of the hydrothermal vent snail Alviniconcha with chemosynthetic, gamma-Proteobacterial symbionts}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {656{\textendash}664},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Associations between bacteria from the -Proteobacterial order Oceanospirillales and marine invertebrates are quite common. Members of the Oceanospirillales exhibit a diversity of interactions with their various hosts, ranging from the catabolism of complex compounds that benefit host growth to attacking and bursting host nuclei. Here, we describe the association between a novel Oceanospirillales phylotype and the hydrothermal vent snail Alviniconcha. Alviniconcha typically harbour chemoautotrophic - or epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts inside their gill cells. Via fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy, we observed an Oceanospirillales phylotype (named AOP for AlviniconchaOceanospirillales phylotype{\textquoteright}) in membrane-bound vacuoles that were separate from the known - or epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we surveyed 181 Alviniconcha hosting -Proteobacterial symbionts and 102 hosting epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts, and found that the population size of AOP was always minor relative to the canonical symbionts (median 0.53{\%} of the total quantified 16S rRNA genes). Additionally, we detected AOP more frequently in Alviniconcha hosting -Proteobacterial symbionts than in those hosting epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts (96{\%} and 5{\%} of individuals respectively). The high incidence of AOP in -Proteobacteria hosting Alviniconcha implies that it could play a significant ecological role either as a host parasite or as an additional symbiont with unknown physiological capacities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12183},
	author = {Beinart, R A and Nyholm, S V and Dubilier, N and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {ISI:000345820100015,
	title = {{A large volume particulate and water multi-sampler with in situ preservation for microbial and biogeochemical studies}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {195{\textendash}206},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new tool was developed for large volume sampling to facilitate marine microbiology and biogeochemical studies. It was developed for remotely operated vehicle and hydrocast deployments, and allows for rapid collection of multiple sample types from the water column and dynamic, variable environments such as rising hydrothermal plumes. It was used successfully during a cruise to the hydrothermal vent systems of the Mid-Cayman Rise. The Suspended Particulate Rosette V2 large volume multi-sampling system allows for the collection of 14 sample sets per deployment. Each sample set can include filtered material, whole (unfiltered) water, and filtrate. Suspended particulate can be collected on filters up to 142 mm in diameter and pore sizes down to 0.2 mu m. Filtration is typically at flowrates of 2 L min(-1) For particulate material, filtered volume is constrained only by sampling time and filter capacity, with all sample volumes recorded by digital flowmeter. The suspended particulate filter holders can be filled with preservative and sealed immediately after sample collection. Up to 2 L of whole water, filtrate, or a combination of the two, can be collected as part of each sample set. The system is constructed of plastics with titanium fasteners and nickel alloy spring loaded seals. There are no ferrous alloys in the sampling system. Individual sample lines are prefilled with filtered, deionized water prior to deployment and remain sealed unless a sample is actively being collected. This system is intended to facilitate studies concerning the relationship between marine microbiology and ocean biogeochemistry. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2014.08.008},
	author = {Breier, J A and Sheik, C S and Gomez-Ibanez, D and Sayre-McCord, R T and Sanger, R and Rauch, C and Coleman, M and Bennett, S A and Cron, B R and Li, M and German, C R and Toner, B M and Dick, G J}
}
@article {Panieri2014,
	title = {{Late Holocene Foraminifera of Blake Ridge Diapir: Assemblage Variation and Stable-Isotope Record in gas-hydrate bearing sediments}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {353},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {99{\textendash}107},
	abstract = {The presence of gas hydrates on the Blake Ridge diapir, northeastern Atlantic Ocean, offers an opportunity to study the impact of methane seepage on the ecology and geochemistry of benthic foraminifera in the late Holocene. Three push cores, covering a time span of {\~{}}~1000~yrs, were retrieved from three distinct microhabitats at the top of the diapir at a water depth of {\~{}}~2150~m: (i) sediments away from seepage (control core), (ii) sediments overlain by clusters of methanotrophic and thiotrophic bivalves, and (iii) chemoautotrophic microbial mats. The foraminiferal assemblages at the two seep sites are marked by a reduction in benthic foraminiferal species diversity, coupled with a near-absence of agglutinated species. However, an opportunistic population rise in CH4- or H2S-tolerant calcareous species (e.g., Globocassidulina subglobosa and Cassidulina laevigata) that utilize the abundant trophic resources at the seeps has led to an increase in the overall assemblage density there. The $δ$18O and $δ$13C values of three species of benthic foraminifera - Gyroidinoides laevigatus, Globocassidulina subglobosa, and Uvigerina peregrina - and the planktonic species Globorotalia menardii were acquired from all three cores. The benthic species from methane seeps yield $δ$13C values of 0.1 to {\textendash}4.2 ({\textperthousand}VPDB), that are distinctly more 13C-depleted relative to the $δ$13C of 0.4 to {\textendash}1.0 ({\textperthousand}VPDB) at the control (off seep) site. The species from a mussel-bed site exhibit more negative $δ$13C values than those from microbial mats, possibly reflecting different food sources and higher rate of anaerobic oxidation of methane. The positive $δ$13C values in the paired planktonic species suggest that authigenic carbonate precipitation did not overprint the observed 13C depletions. Hence the probable cause of negative $δ$13C of benthic foraminifera is primary calcification from Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) containing mixed carbon fractions from (a) highly 13C-depleted, microbially-oxidized methane and (b) a seawater source.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.03.020},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322714000826},
	author = {Panieri, G and Aharon, Paul and Sen Gupta, B K and Camerlenghi, A and Ferrer, F P and Cacho, I}
}
@article {ISI:000331788900001,
	title = {{Microsporidia-nematode associations in methane seeps reveal basal fungal parasitism in the deep sea}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	month = {feb},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep sea is Earth{\textquoteright}s largest habitat but little is known about the nature of deep-sea parasitism. In contrast to a few characterized cases of bacterial and protistan parasites, the existence and biological significance of deep-sea parasitic fungi is yet to be understood. Here we report the discovery of a fungus-related parasitic microsporidium, Nematocenator marisprofundi n. gen. n. sp. that infects benthic nematodes at methane seeps on the Pacific Ocean floor. This infection is species-specific and has been temporally and spatially stable over 2 years of sampling, indicating an ecologically consistent host-parasite interaction. A high distribution of spores in the reproductive tracts of infected males and females and their absence from host nematodes{\textquoteright} intestines suggests a sexual transmission strategy in contrast to the fecal-oral transmission of most microsporidia. N. mansprofundi targets the host{\textquoteright}s body wall muscles causing cell lysis, and in severe infection even muscle filament degradation. Phylogenetic analyses placed N. marisprofundi in a novel and basal clade not closely related to any described microsporidia clade, suggesting either that microsporidia-nematode parasitism occurred early in microsporidia evolution or that host specialization occurred late in an ancient deep-sea microsporidian lineage. Our findings reveal that methane seeps support complex ecosystems involving interkingdom interactions between bacteria, nematodes, and parasitic fungi and that microsporidia parasitism exists also in the deep-sea biosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00043},
	author = {Sapir, Amir and Dillman, Adler R and Connon, Stephanie A and Grupe, Benjamin M and Ingels, Jeroen and Mundo-Ocampo, Manuel and Levin, Lisa A and Baldwin, James G and Orphan, Victoria J and Sternberg, Paul W}
}
@article {Gartman2014,
	title = {{Nanoparticulate pyrite and other nanoparticles are a widespread component of hydrothermal vent black smoker emissions}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {366},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {32{\textendash}41},
	abstract = {The presence of nanoparticulate pyrite is reported in hydrothermal emissions from Rainbow, TAG and Snakepit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). When coupled with previously collected data from East Pacific Rise 9{\textdegree}N (EPR) and Lau Basin, these data demonstrate that pyrite nanoparticles are a widespread component of black smoker emissions from hydrothermal vents and are found in significant concentrations at a fast spreading mid-ocean Ridge (EPR), a back-arc basin (Lau Basin), and a slow spreading mid-ocean Ridge (MAR). The maximum percentage of filtered iron emitted as nanoparticulate pyrite was found to be as high as 25{\%}, 10{\%}, and 5{\%}, respectively. As a widespread component of hydrothermal vent emissions, these nanoparticles may be an important source of iron to the world{\textquoteright}s oceans. Metals such as Cu and Zn are detected in pyrite-containing aggregates at all sites, and chalcopyrite was a component of nanoparticle aggregates at MAR. Iron containing silicate nanoparticles are also identified, and indicate that nanoparticles other than sulfides should also be considered when determining transport implications of hydrothermal vent emissions. The varied morphologies and the presence of different minerals within these nanoparticles provide insight into their formation and stability.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541; 1878-5999},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.12.013},
	author = {Gartman, A and Findlay, A J and Luther, G W}
}
@article {ISI:000328605200015,
	title = {{Nitrate-based niche differentiation by distinct sulfate-reducing bacteria involved in the anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {150{\textendash}163},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Diverse associations between methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacterial groups (SRB) often co-occur in marine methane seeps; however, the ecophysiology of these different symbiotic associations has not been examined. Here, we applied a combination of molecular, geochemical and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) coupled to nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (FISH-NanoSIMS) analyses of in situ seep sediments and methane-amended sediment incubations from diverse locations (Eel River Basin, Hydrate Ridge and Costa Rican Margin seeps) to investigate the distribution and physiology of a newly identified subgroup of the Desulfobulbaceae (seepDBB) found in consortia with ANME-2c archaea, and compared these with the more commonly observed associations between the same ANME partner and the Desulfobacteraceae (DSS). FISH analyses revealed aggregates of seepDBB cells in association with ANME-2 from both environmental samples and laboratory incubations that are distinct in their structure relative to co-occurring ANME/DSS consortia. ANME/seepDBB aggregates were most abundant in shallow sediment depths below sulfide-oxidizing microbial mats. Depth profiles of ANME/seepDBB aggregate abundance revealed a positive correlation with elevated porewater nitrate relative to ANME/DSS aggregates in all seep sites examined. This relationship with nitrate was supported by sediment microcosm experiments, in which the abundance of ANME/seepDBB was greater in nitrate-amended incubations relative to the unamended control. FISH-NanoSIMS additionally revealed significantly higher N-15-nitrate incorporation levels in individual aggregates of ANME/seepDBB relative to ANME/DSS aggregates from the same incubation. These combined results suggest that nitrate is a geochemical effector of ANME/seepDBB aggregate distribution, and provides a unique niche for these consortia through their utilization of a greater range of nitrogen substrates than the ANME/DSS.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.147},
	author = {Green-Saxena, A and Dekas, A E and Dalleska, N F and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Kimball2014,
	title = {{Oxygen and carbon isotope fractionation in calcitic deep-sea corals: Implications for paleotemperature reconstruction}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {381},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {223{\textendash}233},
	abstract = {Inhabiting areas of the ocean where paleoenvironmental records are sparse, deep-sea corals represent valuable yet largely untapped Holocene records of intermediate and deep ocean variability. $δ$18O and $δ$13C were analyzed in nine live-collected deep-sea gorgonian corals (Isididae and Coralliidae) in order to further develop the {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} paleotemperature method. Least squares linear regression analysis for full lifespan $δ$18O vs. $δ$13C (corrected for $δ$18Owater and $δ$13CDIC) was utilized to yield equations of the form y = mx + b. $δ$18O and intercept values were found to be a function of temperature, and to approximate calcite $δ$18O equilibrium. The corals in this study extend the previously reported calibration (Hill et al., 2011) over a broader range of temperatures from 5 {\textdegree}C to 11.2 {\textdegree}C. When combined with the data from Hill et al. (2011), a new expression for the relationship between the $δ$18Ointercept value and temperature is proposed: T ({\textdegree}C) = -4.12 {\textpm} 0.38 ($δ$18Ointercept) + 12.32 {\textpm} 0.75(R2 = 0.90, p value {\textless} 0.0001) Error estimates are {\textpm} 0.7 {\textdegree}C for corals living at cold temperatures (2 {\textdegree}C), {\textpm} 1.4 {\textdegree}C in warmer waters (11 {\textdegree}C), and {\textpm} 0.5 {\textdegree}C at the mean water temperature of the data set (4.6 {\textdegree}C). The first multi-specimen verification of the {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} method was performed on three co-located bamboo (Isididae) corals and found to give nearly coincident $δ$18O intercepts. Detailed intraspecimen sampling reveals $δ$18O and $δ$13C isotopic variability within coeval portions of the skeleton. In one specimen, {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} method analysis was utilized on multiple samples taken from the same temporal increment of the skeleton, yielding multiple $δ$18O intercepts. Calculated temperatures using the calibration proposed here describe a temperature range of 7.9 to 10.3 {\textdegree}C, which approaches the temperature range of 11.1 {\textpm} 0.7 {\textdegree}C at the coral collection location.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254114002460},
	author = {Kimball, J B and Dunbar, R B and Guilderson, T P}
}
@article {Thresher2014,
	title = {{Strong Depth-Related Zonation of Megabenthos on a Rocky Continental Margin ( similar to 700-4000 m) off Southern Tasmania, Australia: e85872}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.},
	address = {United Kingdom},
	abstract = {Assemblages of megabenthos are structured in seven depth-related zones between {\~{}}700 and 4000 m on the rocky and topographically complex continental margin south of Tasmania, southeastern Australia. These patterns emerge from analysis of imagery and specimen collections taken from a suite of surveys using photographic and in situ sampling by epibenthic sleds, towed video cameras, an autonomous underwater vehicle and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Seamount peaks in shallow zones had relatively low biomass and low diversity assemblages, which may be in part natural and in part due to effects of bottom trawl fishing. Species richness was highest at intermediate depths (1000-1300 m) as a result of an extensive coral reef community based on the bioherm-forming scleractinian Solenosmilia variabilis. However, megabenthos abundance peaked in a deeper, low diversity assemblage at 2000-2500 m. The S. variabilis reef and the deep biomass zone were separated by an extensive dead, sub-fossil S. variabilis reef and a relatively low biomass stratum on volcanic rock roughly coincident with the oxygen minimum layer. Below 2400 m, megabenthos was increasingly sparse, though punctuated by occasional small pockets of relatively high diversity and biomass. Nonetheless, megabenthic organisms were observed in the vast majority of photographs on all seabed habitats and to the maximum depths observed - a sandy plain below 3950 m. Taxonomic studies in progress suggest that the observed depth zonation is based in part on changing species mixes with depth, but also an underlying commonality to much of the seamount and rocky substrate biota across all depths. Although the mechanisms supporting the extraordinarily high biomass in 2000-2500 m depths remains obscure, plausible explanations include equatorwards lateral transport of polar production and/or a response to depth-stratified oxygen availability.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0085872},
	url = {http://norton.whoi.edu/sfx{\_}local?url{\_}ver=Z39.88-2004{\&}rft{\_}val{\_}fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal{\&}genre=article{\&}sid=ProQ:ProQ{\%}253Apqdibs{\&}atitle=Strong+Depth-Related+Zonation+of+Megabenthos+on+a+Rocky+Continental+Margin+{\%}2528+similar+to},
	author = {Thresher, R and Althaus, F and Adkins, J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Alderslade, Phil and Dowdney, Jo and Cho, W and Gagnon, A and Staples, D and McEnnulty, F}
}
@article {ISI:000331111400001,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of short-chain alkanes in hydrothermal sediments: potential influences on sulfur cycling and microbial diversity}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {may},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Short-chain alkanes play a substantial role in carbon and sulfur cycling at hydrocarbon-rich environments globally, yet few studies have examined the metabolism of ethane (C-2), propane (C-3), and butane (C-4) in anoxic sediments in contrast to methane (C-1). In hydrothermal vent systems, short-chain alkanes are formed over relatively short geological time scales via thermogenic processes and often exist at high concentrations. The sediment-covered hydrothermal vent systems at Middle Valley (MV Juan de Fuca Ridge) are an ideal site for investigating the anaerobic oxidation of C-1-C-4 alkanes, given the elevated temperatures and dissolved hydrocarbon species characteristic of these metalliferous sediments. We examined whether MV microbial communities oxidized C-1-C-4 alkanes under mesophilic to thermophilic sulfate-reducing conditions. Here we present data from discrete temperature (25, 55, and 75 degrees C) anaerobic batch reactor incubations of MV sediments supplemented with individual alkanes. Co-registered alkane consumption and sulfate reduction (SR) measurements provide clear evidence for C-1-C-4 alkane oxidation linked to SR over time and across temperatures. In these anaerobic batch reactor sediments, 16S ribosomal RNA pyrosequencing revealed that Deltaproteobacteria, particularly a novel sulfate-reducing lineage, were the likely phylotypes mediating the oxidation of C-2-C-4 alkanes. Maximum C-1-C-4 alkane oxidation rates occurred at 55 degrees C, which reflects the mid-core sediment temperature profile and corroborates previous studies of rate maxima for the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Of the alkanes investigated, C-3 was oxidized at the highest rate over time, then C-4, C-2, and C-1, respectively. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to the potential competition between the anaerobic oxidation of C-2-C(4)alkanes with AOM for available oxidants and the influence on the fate of C-1 derived from these hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00110},
	author = {Adams, Melissa M and Hoarfrost, Adrienne L and Bose, Arpita and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000320852100014,
	title = {{Characterizing the distribution and rates of microbial sulfate reduction at Middle Valley hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {1391{\textendash}1401},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Few studies have directly measured sulfate reduction at hydrothermal vents, and relatively little is known about how environmental or ecological factors influence rates of sulfate reduction in vent environments. A better understanding of microbially mediated sulfate reduction in hydrothermal vent ecosystems may be achieved by integrating ecological and geochemical data with metabolic rate measurements. Here we present rates of microbially mediated sulfate reduction from three distinct hydrothermal vents in the Middle Valley vent field along the Juan de Fuca Ridge, as well as assessments of bacterial and archaeal diversity, estimates of total biomass and the abundance of functional genes related to sulfate reduction, and in situ geochemistry. Maximum rates of sulfate reduction occurred at 90 degrees C in all three deposits. Pyrosequencing and functional gene abundance data revealed differences in both biomass and community composition among sites, including differences in the abundance of known sulfate-reducing bacteria. The abundance of sequences for Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms and higher sulfate reduction rates at elevated temperatures suggests that Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms may have a role in sulfate reduction in warmer environments. The rates of sulfate reduction presented here suggest that-within anaerobic niches of hydrothermal deposits-heterotrophic sulfate reduction may be quite common and might contribute substantially to secondary productivity, underscoring the potential role of this process in both sulfur and carbon cycling at vents.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.17},
	author = {Frank, Kiana L and Rogers, Daniel R and Olins, Heather C and Vidoudez, Charles and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Wagner2013,
	title = {{Cold-seep habitat mapping: High-resolution spatial characterization of the Blake Ridge Diapir seep field}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {183{\textendash}188},
	abstract = {Relationships among seep community biomass, diversity, and physiographic controls such as underlying geology are not well understood. Previous efforts to constrain these relationships at the Blake Ridge Diapir were limited to observations from piloted deep-submergence vehicles. In August 2012, the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Sentry collected geophysical and photographic data over a 0.131~km2 area at the Blake Ridge Diapir seeps. A nested survey approach was used that began with a regional or reconnaissance-style survey using sub-bottom mapping systems to locate and identify seeps and underlying conduits. This survey was followed by AUV-mounted sidescan sonar and multibeam echosounder systems mapping on a mesoscale to characterize the seabed physiography. At the most detailed survey level, digital photographic imaging was used to resolve sub-meter characteristics of the biology. Four pockmarks (25{\textendash}70~m diameter) were documented, each supporting chemosynthetic communities. Concentric zonation of mussels and clams suggests the influence of chemical gradients on megafaunal distribution. Data collection and analytical techniques used here yield high-resolution habitat maps that can serve as baselines to constrain temporal evolution of seafloor seeps, and to inform ecological niche modeling and resource management.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.008},
	author = {Wagner, J K S and McEntee, M H and Brothers, L L and German, C R and Kaiser, C L and Yoerger, D R and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Levin2013,
	title = {{Ecological release and niche partitioning under stress:lessons from dorvilleid polychaetes in sulfidic sediments at methane seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {214{\textendash}233},
	abstract = {Organisms inhabiting methane seep sediments are exposed to stress in the form of high levels of hydrogen sulfide, which result mainly from sulfate reduction coupled to anaerobic methane oxidation. Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta) have successfully invaded this ecosystem, and multiple species in divergent genetic clades co-occur at high densities. At methane seeps in the NE Pacific off California and Oregon, the genera Ophryotrocha, Parougia and Exallopus are especially well represented. To test the hypothesis that dorvilleid coexistence is facilitated by niche partitioning through sulfide tolerance and trophic patterns, we examined dorvilleid species-specific patterns of occurrence and nutrition at methane seeps off Eel R. [ER] on the Californian continental slope and at Hydrate Ridge [HR] on the Oregon continental slope, and in two habitats (clam bed and microbial mat) characterized by lower and higher hydrogen sulfide levels, respectively. Microelectrode measurements of hydrogen sulfide enabled characterization of environmental sulfide levels for species sampled in background sediment cores and in colonization trays. Dorvilleids tolerated H2S levels from 10~$μ$M to over 2.6~mM, with the majority of species inhabiting sediments with similar environmental H2S concentrations (median 85{\textendash}100~$μ$M). Dorvilleid species richness was greater at HR than ER, but did not differ between clam bed and microbial mat habitats. Species distribution patterns reflected preferences for ER clam bed (lower sulfide levels), ER mat and HR clam bed (moderate sulfide levels), or HR mat (very high sulfide levels). Nutritional patterns, including trophic diversity and functional similarity, were examined using community stable isotope metrics based on $δ$15N and $δ$13C. Within each region, dorvilleid species exhibited multiple trophic strategies. Co-existing congeners typically exhibited distinct isotope signatures, suggesting trophic partitioning. Trophic diversity and $δ$15N range for whole assemblages (measured by Total Hull Area and Standard Elliptical Area using species averages) and functional redundancy or species packing (measured as distance to nearest neighbor) among species and individuals were generally higher at ER, where sulfide levels were lower than at HR. In contrast, average trophic diversity among individuals within a species was greater at HR than ER. In colonization experiments involving agar-based manipulations of sulfide in tray sediments that mimicked clam bed and mat conditions, dorvilleids comprised 68{\%} and 48{\%} of colonists at ER and HR, respectively. Dorvilleid species richness was higher in trays that were initially more sulfidic. However, habitat exerted stronger influence on the composition of colonizing dorvilleids than did sulfide additions. In the NE Pacific, regional, habitat and vertical (down-core) variation in hydrogen sulfide creates complex environmental heterogeneity at methane seeps, promoting high diversity of stress-tolerant taxa such as dorvilleid polychaetes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000635},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G and Bertics, V J and Washington, T and Gonzalez, J and Thurber, A R and Ebbe, B and Lee, R W}
}
@article {Brothers2013,
	title = {{Evidence for extensive methane venting on the southeastern U.S. Atlantic margin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {807{\textendash}810},
	abstract = {We present the first evidence for widespread seabed methane venting along the southeastern United States Atlantic margin beyond the well-known Blake Ridge diapir seep. Recent ship- and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)-collected data resolve multiple water-column anomalies ({\textgreater}1000 m height) and extensive new chemosynthetic seep communities at the Blake Ridge and Cape Fear diapirs. These results indicate that multiple, highly localized fluid conduits punctuate the areally extensive Blake Ridge gas hydrate province, and enable the delivery of significant amounts of methane to the water column. Thus, there appears to be an abundance of seabed fluid flux not previously ascribed to the Atlantic margin of the United States.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G34217.1},
	author = {Brothers, L L and Van Dover, C L and German, C R and Kaiser, C L and Yoerger, D R and Ruppel, C D and Lobecker, E and Skarke, A D and Wagner, J K S}
}
@article {ISI:000331550900001,
	title = {{Geomicrobiological linkages between short-chain alkane consumption and sulfate reduction rates in seep sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Marine hydrocarbon seeps are ecosystems that are rich in methane, and, in some cases, short-chain (C-2-C-5) and longer alkanes. C-2-C-4 alkanes such as ethane, propane, and butane can be significant components of seeping fluids. Some sulfate-reducing microbes oxidize short-chain alkanes anaerobically, and may play an important role in both the competition for sulfate and the local carbon budget. To better understand the anaerobic oxidation of short-chain n-alkanes coupled with sulfate-reduction, hydrocarbon-rich sediments from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) were amended with artificial, sulfate-replete seawater and one of four n-alkanes (C-1-C-4) then incubated under strict anaerobic conditions. Measured rates of alkane oxidation and sulfate reduction closely follow stoichiometric predictions that assume the complete oxidation of alkanes to CO2 (though other sinks for alkane carbon likely exist). Changes in the delta C-13 of all the alkanes in the reactors show enrichment over the course of the incubation, with the C-3 and C-4 incubations showing the greatest enrichment (4.4 and 4.5 parts per thousand, respectively). The concurrent depletion in the delta C-13 of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) implies a transfer of carbon from the alkane to the DIC pool (-3.5 and -6.7 parts per thousand for C-3 and C-4 incubations, respectively). Microbial community analyses reveal that certain members of the class Deltaproteobacteria are selectively enriched as the incubations degrade C-1-C-4 alkanes. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that distinct phylotypes are enriched in the ethane reactors, while phylotypes in the propane and butane reactors align with previously identified C-3-C-4 alkane-oxidizing sulfate-reducers. These data further constrain the potential influence of alkane oxidation on sulfate reduction rates (SRRs) in cold hydrocarbon-rich sediments, provide insight into their contribution to local carbon cycling, and illustrate the extent to which short-chain alkanes can serve as electron donors and govern microbial community composition and density.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00386},
	author = {Bose, Arpita and Rogers, Daniel R and Adams, Melissa M and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000331005900001,
	title = {{Low temperature geomicrobiology follows host rock composition along a geochemical gradient in Lau Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The East Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) comprise a ridge segment in the southwest Pacific Ocean where rapid transitions in the underlying mantle chemistry manifest themselves as gradients in seafloor rock geochemistry. We studied the geology and microbial diversity of three silicate rock samples and three inactive sulfide chimney samples collected, from north to south, at the vent fields Kilo Moana, ABE, Tui Malila, and Mariner. This is the first study of microbial populations on basaltic andesite, which was sampled at Mariner vent field. Silicate rock geochemistry exhibits clear latitudinal trends that are mirrored by changes in bacterial community composition. alpha-proteobacteria, epsilon-proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes are most common on a silicate collected from Kilo Moana and their proportions decrease linearly on silicates collected further south. Conversely, a silicate from Mariner vent field hosts high proportions of a unique lineage of Chloroflexi unrelated ({\textless}90{\%} sequence similarity) to previously recovered environmental clones or isolates, which decrease at ABE and are absent at Kilo Moana. The exteriors of inactive sulfide structures are dominated by lineages of sulfur oxidizing alpha-proteobacteria, gamma-proteobacteria, and epsilon-proteobacteria, while the interior of one chimney is dominated by putative sulfur-reducing delta-proteobacteria. A comparison of bacterial communities on inactive sulfides from this and previous studies reveals the presence of a clade of uncultured Bacteroidetes exclusive to sulfidic environments, and a high degree of heterogeneity in bacterial community composition from one sulfide structure to another. In light of the heterogeneous nature of bacterial communities observed here and in previous studies of both active and inactive hydrothermal sulfide structures, the presence of numerous niches may be detected on these structures in the future by finer scale sampling and analysis.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00061},
	author = {Sylvan, Jason B and Sia, Tiffany Y and Haddad, Amanda G and Briscoe, Lindsey J and Toner, Brandy M and Girguis, Peter R and Edwards, Katrina J}
}
@article {ISI:000323828800015,
	title = {{A low-relief shield volcano origin for the South Kaua{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}i Swell}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {2328{\textendash}2348},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The South Kauai Swell (SKS) is a 110 km x 80 km ovoid bathymetric feature that stands {\textgreater}2 km high and abuts the southern flank of the island of Kauai. The origin of the SKS was investigated using multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter, gravity data, radiometric ages, and geochemistry of rock samples. Most of the SKS rock samples are tholeiitic in composition with ages of 3.9-5.4 Ma indicating they were derived from shield volcanism. The ages and compositions of the SKS rocks partially overlap with those of the nearby Niihau, Kauai and West Kaena volcano complexes. The SKS was originally described as a landslide; however, this interpretation is problematic given the ovoid shape of SKS, its relatively smooth, flat-to-convex surface, and the lack of an obvious source region that could accommodate what would be one of Earth{\textquoteright}s most voluminous (6 x 10(3) km(3)) landslides. The morphology, size, and the surrounding gravity anomaly are more consistent with the SKS being a low-relief shield volcano, which was partially covered with a small volume of landside debris from south Kauai and later with some secondary volcanic seamounts. A shield origin would imply that Hawaiian and possibly other hotspot shield volcanoes can take on a wider variety of forms than is commonly thought, ranging from tall island-building shields, to smaller edifices such as Kaena Ridge and Mahukona, to even lower-relief volcanoes represented by the SKS and possibly the South West Oahu Volcanic Field.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20159},
	author = {Ito, Garrett and Garcia, Michael O and Smith, John R and Taylor, Brian and Flinders, Ashton and Jicha, Brian and Yamasaki, Seiko and Weis, Dominique and Swinnard, Lisa and Blay, Chuck}
}
@article {ISI:000322119600009,
	title = {{Metatranscriptomics reveal differences in in situ energy and nitrogen metabolism among hydrothermal vent snail symbionts}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1556{\textendash}1567},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite the ubiquity of chemoautotrophic symbioses at hydrothermal vents, our understanding of the influence of environmental chemistry on symbiont metabolism is limited. Transcriptomic analyses are useful for linking physiological poise to environmental conditions, but recovering samples from the deep sea is challenging, as the long recovery times can change expression profiles before preservation. Here, we present a novel, in situ RNA sampling and preservation device, which we used to compare the symbiont metatranscriptomes associated with Alviniconcha, a genus of vent snail, in which specific host-symbiont combinations are predictably distributed across a regional geochemical gradient. Metatranscriptomes of these symbionts reveal key differences in energy and nitrogen metabolism relating to both environmental chemistry (that is, the relative expression of genes) and symbiont phylogeny (that is, the specific pathways employed). Unexpectedly, dramatic differences in expression of transposases and flagellar genes suggest that different symbiont types may also have distinct life histories. These data further our understanding of these symbionts{\textquoteright} metabolic capabilities and their expression in situ, and suggest an important role for symbionts in mediating their hosts{\textquoteright} interaction with regional-scale differences in geochemistry.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.45},
	author = {Sanders, J G and Beinart, R A and Stewart, F J and Delong, E F and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {ISI:000313236000014,
	title = {{Microbial diversity within basement fluids of the sediment-buried Juan de Fuca Ridge flank}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {161{\textendash}172},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite its immense size, logistical and methodological constraints have largely limited microbiological investigations of the subseafloor basement biosphere. In this study, a unique sampling system was used to collect fluids from the subseafloor basaltic crust via a Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit (CORK) observatory at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program borehole 1301A, located at a depth of 2667 m in the Pacific Ocean on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Here, a fluid delivery line directly accesses a 3.5 million years old basalt-hosted basement aquifer, overlaid by 262 m of sediment, which serves as a barrier to direct exchange with bottom seawater. At an average of 1.2 x 10(4) cells ml(-1), microorganisms in borehole fluids were nearly an order of magnitude less abundant than in surrounding bottom seawater. Ribosomal RNA genes were characterized from basement fluids, providing the first snapshots of microbial community structure using a high-integrity fluid delivery line. Interestingly, microbial communities retrieved from different CORKs (1026B and 1301A) nearly a decade apart shared major community members, consistent with hydrogeological connectivity. However, over three sampling years, the dominant gene clone lineage changed from relatives of Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator within the bacterial phylum Firmicutes in 2008 to the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group in 2009 and a lineage within the JTB35 group of Gammaproteobacteria in 2010, and statistically significant variation in microbial community structure was observed. The enumeration of different phylogenetic groups of cells within borehole 1301A fluids supported our observation that the deep subsurface microbial community was temporally dynamic. The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 161-172; doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.73; published online 12 July 2012},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2012.73},
	author = {Jungbluth, Sean P and Grote, Jana and Lin, Huei-Ting and Cowen, James P and Rappe, Michael S}
}
@article {ISI:000322229800020,
	title = {{Niche divergence by deep-sea octocorals in the genus Callogorgia across the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {MOLECULAR ECOLOGY},
	volume = {22},
	number = {15},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {4123{\textendash}4140},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Environmental variables that are correlated with depth have been suggested to be among the major forces underlying speciation in the deep sea. This study incorporated phylogenetics and ecological niche models (ENM) to examine whether congeneric species of Callogorgia (Octocorallia: Primnoidae) occupy different ecological niches across the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and whether this niche divergence could be important in the evolution of these closely related species. Callogorgia americana americana, Callogorgia americana delta and Callogorgia gracilis were documented at 13 sites in the GoM (250-1000 m) from specimen collections and extensive video observations. On a first order, these species were separated by depth, with C. gracilis occurring at the shallowest sites, C. a. americana at mid-depths and C. a. delta at the deepest sites. Callogorgia a. delta was associated with areas of increased seep activity, whereas C. gracilis and C. a. americana were associated with narrow, yet warmer, temperature ranges and did not occur near cold seeps. ENM background and identity tests revealed little to no overlap in ecological niches between species. Temporal calibration of the phylogeny revealed the formation of the Isthmus of Panama was a vicariance event that may explain some of the patterns of speciation within this genus. These results elucidate the potential mechanisms for speciation in the deep sea, emphasizing both bathymetric speciation and vicariance events in the evolution of a genus across multiple regions.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/mec.12370},
	author = {Quattrini, Andrea M and Georgian, Samuel E and Byrnes, Luke and Stevens, Alex and Falco, Rosalia and Cordes, Erik E}
}
@article {Waters2013,
	title = {{Sill to surface: Linking young off-axis volcanism with subsurface melt at the overlapping spreading center at 9{\textdegree}03'N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {369{\textendash}370},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {59{\textendash}70},
	abstract = {No young, off-axis, mid-ocean ridge lavas have yet been directly linked to underlying off-axis melt bodies. In this study, we present new measurements of 238U{\textendash}230Th{\textendash}226Ra{\textendash}210Pb isotope compositions for a suite of lavas from the overlapping spreading center (OSC) at 9{\textdegree}03'N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR). These lavas span a large range of compositions, from basalt to dacite, and include both axial and off-axis samples recovered from a prominent, axis-parallel pillow ridge and a flat-topped seamount that overlie the westernmost extent of a 4-km-wide melt lens (Kent et al., 2000). We report 210Pb excesses in axial basalts and basaltic andesites, which we suggest results from gas-magma fractionation of 222Rn from 226Ra beneath dacite magmas. In addition, our U-series ages agree with visual observations, indicating that while most recent volcanic activity occurs at the spreading axis, active volcanism also occurs away from the axis. Specifically, the off-axis pillow ridge and seamount samples overlying the off-axis subsurface melt body have eruption ages of less than 8~ka, and likely as young as 1~ka, despite being located on crust that has a spreading age of {\~{}}75~ka. The young ages of these lavas, combined with existing geological, geochemical and geophysical constraints, provide evidence for a genetic link between the pillow ridge and seamount lavas and the seismically imaged, underlying off-axis melt lens. This link demonstrates that off-axis volcanism does not necessarily come from a sub-axial magma body and can be sourced directly from off-axis magma bodies.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.03.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13001209},
	author = {Waters, C L and Sims, K W W and Klein, E M and White, S M and Reagan, M K and Girard, G}
}
@article {Kinsey2013,
	title = {{Sustained volcanically-hosted venting at ultraslow ridges: Piccard Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {380},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {162{\textendash}168},
	abstract = {At slow spreading mid-ocean ridges sustained submarine venting and the deposition of large seafloor massive sulfide deposits have previously been ascribed to tectonically-controlled hydrothermal circulation unrelated to young volcanic activity. Here, by contrast, we show that the Piccard Hydrothermal Field (PHF), on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise, represents a site of sustained fluid flow and sulfide formation hosted in a neovolcanic setting. The lateral extent and apparent longevity associated with the PHF are comparable to some of the largest tectonically-hosted vent sites known along the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge. If such systems recur along all ultraslow ridges, which comprise \~{}20{\%} of the \~{}55,000 km global ridge crest, potential implications would include (i) a higher probability of locating large, economically valuable, mineral deposits along ultraslow ridges together with (ii) larger fluxes than previously anticipated of chemicals released from high-temperature venting entering the oceans along the Atlantic{\textendash}Indian Ocean sectors of the deep-ocean thermohaline conveyor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13004214},
	author = {Kinsey, J C and German, C R}
}
@article {Bennett2013,
	title = {{Trophic regions of a hydrothermal plume dispersing away from an ultramafic-hosted vent-system: Von Damm vent-site, Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {317{\textendash}327},
	abstract = {Deep-sea ultramafic-hosted vent systems have the potential to provide large amounts of metabolic energy to both autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms in their dispersing hydrothermal plumes. Such vent-systems release large quantities of hydrogen and methane to the water column, both of which can be exploited by autotrophic microorganisms. Carbon cycling in these hydrothermal plumes may, therefore, have an important influence on open-ocean biogeochemistry. In this study, we investigated an ultramafic-hosted system on the Mid-Cayman Rise, emitting metal-poor and hydrogen sulfide-, methane-, and hydrogen-rich hydrothermal fluids. Total organic carbon concentrations in the plume ranged between 42.1 and 51.1 $μ$M (background = 43.2 {\textpm} 0.7 $μ$M (n = 5)) and near-field plume samples with elevated methane concentrations imply the presence of chemoautotrophic primary production and in particular methanotrophy. In parts of the plume characterized by persistent potential temperature anomalies but lacking elevated methane concentrations, we found elevated organic carbon concentrations of up to 51.1 $μ$M, most likely resulting from the presence of heterotrophic communities, their extracellular products and vent larvae. Elevated carbon concentrations up to 47.4 $μ$M were detected even in far-field plume samples. Within the Von Damm hydrothermal plume, we have used our data to hypothesize a microbial food web in which chemoautotrophy supports a heterotrophic community of microorganisms. Such an active microbial food web would provide a source of labile organic carbon to the deep ocean that should be considered in any future studies evaluating sources and sinks of carbon from hydrothermal venting to the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20063},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20063},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Coleman, Max and Huber, J A and Reddington, E and Kinsey, J C and McIntyre, C and Seewald, J S and German, C R}
}
@article {Cowen2012,
	title = {{Advanced instrument system for real-time and time-series microbial geochemical sampling of the deep (basaltic) crustal biosphere}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {43{\textendash}56},
	abstract = {Integrated Ocean Drilling Program borehole CORK (Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit) observatories provide long-term access to hydrothermal fluids circulating within the basaltic crust (basement), providing invaluable opportunities to study the deep biosphere. We describe the design and application parameters of the GeoMICROBE instrumented sled, an autonomous sensor and fluid sampling system. The GeoMICROBE system couples with CORK fluid delivery lines to draw large volumes of fluids from crustal aquifers to the seafloor. These fluids pass a series of in-line sensors and an in situ filtration and collection system. GeoMICROBE{\textquoteright}s major components include a primary valve manifold system, a positive displacement primary pump, sensors (e.g., fluid flow rate, temperature, dissolved O2, electrochemistry-voltammetry analyzer), a 48-port in situ filtration and fluid collection system, computerized controller, seven 24~V{\textendash}40~A batteries and wet-mateable (ODI) communications with submersibles. This constantly evolving system has been successfully connected to IODP Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Also described here is a mobile pumping system (MPS), which possesses many of the same components as the GeoMICROBE (e.g., pump, sensors, controller), but is directly powered and controlled in real time via submersible operations; the MPS has been employed repeatedly to collect pristine basement fluids for a variety of geochemical and microbial studies.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2011.11.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.11.004},
	author = {Cowen, J P and Copson, D A and Jolly, J and Hsieh, C -C and Lin, H -T and Glazer, B T and Wheat, C G}
}
@article {ISI:000309446000009,
	title = {{Anaerobic methane oxidation in metalliferous hydrothermal sediments: influence on carbon flux and decoupling from sulfate reduction}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10, SI},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2726{\textendash}2740},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a globally significant sink that regulates methane flux from sediments into the oceans and atmosphere. Here we examine mesophilic to thermophilic AOM in hydrothermal sediments recovered from the Middle Valley vent field, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Using continuous-flow sediment bioreactors and batch incubations, we characterized (i) the degree to which AOM contributes to net dissolved inorganic carbon flux, (ii) AOM and sulfate reduction (SR) rates as a function of temperature and (iii) the distribution and density of known anaerobic methanotrophs (ANMEs). In sediment bioreactors, inorganic carbon stable isotope mass balances results indicated that AOM accounted for between 16{\%} and 86{\%} of the inorganic carbon produced, underscoring the role of AOM in governing inorganic carbon flux from these sediments. At 90 degrees C, AOM occurred in the absence of SR, demonstrating a striking decoupling of AOM from SR. An abundance of Fe(III)-bearing minerals resembling mixed valent Fe oxides, such as green rust, suggests the potential for a coupling of AOM to Fe(III) reduction in these metalliferous sediments. While SR bacteria were only observed in cooler temperature sediments, ANMEs allied to ANME-1 ribotypes, including a putative ANME-1c group, were found across all temperature regimes and represented a substantial proportion of the archaeal community. In concert, these results extend and reshape our understanding of the nature of high temperature methane biogeochemistry, providing insight into the physiology and ecology of thermophilic anaerobic methanotrophy and suggesting that AOM may play a central role in regulating biological dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes to the deep ocean from the organic-poor, metalliferous sediments of the global mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent system.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02825.x},
	author = {Wankel, Scott D and Adams, Melissa M and Johnston, David T and Hansel, Colleen M and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Luther2012,
	title = {{Chemistry, Temperature, and Faunal Distributions at Diffuse-Flow Hydrothermal Vents Comparison of Two Geologically Distinct Ridge Systems}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {234{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Diffuse-flow, low-temperature areas near hydrothermal vents support life via chemosynthesis: hydrogen sulfide (and other reduced chemical compounds) emanating from the subsurface is oxidized with bottom-water oxygen through bacterial mediation to fix carbon dioxide and produce biomass. This article reviews the in~situ diffuse-flow chemistry (mainly H2S and O2) and temperature data collected in 2006 and 2009 along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC), and from 2004 to 2008 at 9{\textdegree}N along the East Pacific Rise (9 N EPR), predominantly around macrofauna that contain endosymbionts at these two hydrothermal vent regions. More than 48,000 and 20,000 distinct chemical and temperature data points were collected with a multi-analyte electrochemical analyzer in the diffuse-flow waters at 9 N EPR and the ELSC, respectively. Despite their different geological settings and different macrofauna (two different species of snails and mussels at the ELSC versus two different species of tubeworms and mussels at 9 N EPR), there are similarities in the temperature and chemistry data, as well as in the distributions of organisms. The pattern of water chemistry preferred by the provannid snails (Alviniconcha~spp., Ifremeria nautilei) and Bathymodiolus brevior at the ELSC is similar to the water chemistry pattern found for the siboglinid tubeworms (Tevnia jerichonana, Riftia pachyptila) and the Bathymodiolus thermophilus mussels at 9 N EPR. The eruptions at 9 N EPR in 2005 and 2006 resulted in increased H2S concentrations, increased H2S/T ratios, and an initial change in the dominant tubeworm species from Riftia pachyptila to Tevnia jerichonana after the eruption created new vent habitats. In 2005, two sites at 9 N EPR showed major increases in the H2S/T ratio from 2004, which suggested a probable eruption in this basalt-dominated system. At the ELSC, there was a decrease in the H2S/T ratio from northern to southern sites, which reflects the change in geological setting from basalt to andesite and the shallower water depths at the southern sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.22},
	author = {Luther, G W and Gartman, A and Yuecel, M and Madison, A S and Moore, T S and Nees, H A and Nuzzio, D B and Sen, A and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Guilini2012,
	title = {{Cold seep and oxygen minimum zone associated sources of margin heterogeneity affect benthic assemblages, diversity and nutrition at the Cascadian margin (NE Pacific Ocean)}},
	journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {77{\textendash}92},
	abstract = {Hydrate Ridge (HR), located on the northeastern Pacific margin off Oregon, is characterized by the presence of outcropping hydrates and active methane seepage. Additionally, permanent low oxygen conditions overlay the benthic realm. This study evaluated the relative influence of both seepage and oxygen minima as sources of habitat heterogeneity and potential stress-inducing features on the bathyal metazoan benthos (primarily nematodes) at three different seep and non-seep HR locations, exposed to decreasing bottom-water oxygen concentrations with increasing water depth. The nematode seep communities at HR exhibited low diversity with dominance of only one or two genera (Daptonema and Metadesmolaimus), elevated average individual biomass and $δ$13C evidence for strong dependance on chemosynthesis-derived carbon, resembling deep-sea seeps worldwide. Although the HR seep habitats harbored a distinct nematode community like in other known seep communities, they differed from deep-sea seeps in well-oxygenated waters based on that they shared the dominant genera with the surrounding non-seep sediments overlain by oxygen-deficient bottom water. The homogenizing effect of the oxygen minimum zone on the seep nematode assemblages and surrounding sediments was constant with increasing water depth and concomitant greater oxygen-deficiency, resulting in a loss of habitat heterogeneity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2011.10.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.10.003},
	author = {Guilini, K and Levin, L A and Vanreusel, A}
}
@article {ISI:000311041900011,
	title = {{Community study of tubeworm-associated epizooic meiobenthos from deep-sea cold seeps and hot vents}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {468},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {135{\textendash}148},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The permanent metazoan meiofauna associated with vestimentiferan tubeworm aggregations from hydrocarbon seeps of the upper Louisiana slope in the Green Canyon (similar to 550 m) and the lower slope in Atwater Valley (similar to 2200 m) of the Gulf of Mexico was characterized. Meiofauna abundance, diversity, and community composition at genus level were compared between these seep sites, and with those of tubeworms from hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise (Gollner et al. 2007; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 337: 39-49). The abundance was not significantly different between the 2 seep sites, and was also similar to those found at vents. A total of 150 meiobenthic genera were identified from the cold seep sites. While no significant difference in univariate measurements of diversity was detected, a shift in community composition between the shallow and the deep seep site was found. The hot vent communities included a total of only 17 genera and the diversity measurements were significantly lower at vents than at seeps. Also, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was 97{\%} between the meiobenthic communities from seeps and vents. The genera richness was negatively correlated with maximum temperature and maximum sulfide concentration, and positively correlated with minimum pH value. We conclude that the harsh conditions tubeworms experience at vents compared to the moderate conditions at cold seeps, as well as the longevity of cold seeps surrounded by sedimented deep-sea plains but short-lived vents on basaltic mid-ocean ridges, might explain the contrasting diversity patterns.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps09889},
	author = {Degen, Renate and Riavitz, Laura and Gollner, Sabine and Vanreusel, Ann and Plum, Christoph and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Colman2012,
	title = {{Effects of variable magma supply on mid-ocean ridge eruptions: Constraints from mapped lava flow fields along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {Q08014},
	abstract = {Mapping and sampling of 18 eruptive units in two study areas along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center (GSC) provide insight into how magma supply affects mid-ocean ridge (MOR) volcanic eruptions. The two study areas have similar spreading rates (53 versus 55~mm/yr), but differ by 30{\%} in the time-averaged rate of magma supply (0.3~{\texttimes}~106 versus 0.4~{\texttimes}~106~m3/yr/km). Detailed geologic maps of each study area incorporate observations of flow contacts and sediment thickness, in addition to sample petrology, geomagnetic paleointensity, and inferences from high-resolution bathymetry data. At the lower-magma-supply study area, eruptions typically produce irregularly shaped clusters of pillow mounds with total eruptive volumes ranging from 0.09 to 1.3~km3. At the higher-magma-supply study area, lava morphologies characteristic of higher effusion rates are more common, eruptions typically occur along elongated fissures, and eruptive volumes are an order of magnitude smaller (0.002{\textendash}0.13~km3). At this site, glass MgO contents (2.7{\textendash}8.4 wt. {\%}) and corresponding liquidus temperatures are lower on average, and more variable, than those at the lower-magma-supply study area (6.2{\textendash}9.1 wt. {\%} MgO). The differences in eruptive volume, lava temperature, morphology, and inferred eruption rates observed between the two areas along the GSC are similar to those that have previously been related to variable spreading rates on the global MOR system. Importantly, the documentation of multiple sequences of eruptions at each study area, representing hundreds to thousands of years, provides constraints on the variability in eruptive style at a given magma supply and spreading rate.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004163},
	author = {Colman, A and Sinton, J M and White, S M and McClinton, J T and Bowles, J A and Rubin, K H and Behn, M D and Cushman, B and Eason, D E and Gregg, T K P and Gr{\"o}nvold, Karl and Hidalgo, S and Howell, J and Neill, O and Russo, Chris}
}
@article {Beinart2012,
	title = {{Evidence for the role of endosymbionts in regional-scale habitat partitioning by hydrothermal vent symbioses}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {47},
	year = {2012},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {E3241{\textendash}E3250},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are populated by dense communities of animals that form symbiotic associations with chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. To date, our understanding of which factors govern the distribution of host/symbiont associations (or holobionts) in nature is limited, although host physiology often is invoked. In general, the role that symbionts play in habitat utilization by vent holobionts has not been thoroughly addressed. Here we present evidence for symbiont-influenced, regional-scale niche partitioning among symbiotic gastropods (genus Alviniconcha) in the Lau Basin. We extensively surveyed Alviniconcha holobionts from four vent fields using quantitative molecular approaches, coupled to characterization of high-temperature and diffuse vent-fluid composition using gastight samplers and in situ electrochemical analyses, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses exposed cryptic host and symbiont diversity, revealing three distinct host types and three different symbiont phylotypes (one $ε$-proteobacteria and two $\gamma$-proteobacteria) that formed specific associations with one another. Strikingly, we observed that holobionts with $ε$-proteobacterial symbionts were dominant at the northern fields, whereas holobionts with $\gamma$-proteobacterial symbionts were dominant in the southern fields. This pattern of distribution corresponds to differences in the vent geochemistry that result from deep subsurface geological and geothermal processes. We posit that the symbionts, likely through differences in chemolithoautotrophic metabolism, influence niche utilization among these holobionts. The data presented here represent evidence linking symbiont type to habitat partitioning among the chemosynthetic symbioses at hydrothermal vents and illustrate the coupling between subsurface geothermal processes and niche availability.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1202690109},
	author = {Beinart, R A and Sanders, J G and Faure, B and Sylva, S P and Lee, R W and Becker, E L and Gartman, A and Luther, G W and Seewald, J S and Fisher, C R and Girguis, P R}
}
@booklet {Levin2012,
	title = {{A hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margin: middle ground in a continuum of reducing ecosystems}},
	howpublished = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {279},
	number = {1738},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {2580{\textendash}2588},
	abstract = {Upon their initial discovery, hydrothermal vents and methane seeps were considered to be related but distinct ecosystems, with different distributions, geomorphology, temperatures, geochemical properties and mostly different species. However, subsequently discovered vents and seep systems have blurred this distinction. Here, we report on a composite, hydrothermal seep ecosystem at a subducting seamount on the convergent Costa Rica margin that represents an intermediate between vent and seep ecosystems. Diffuse flow of shimmering, warm fluids with high methane concentrations supports a mixture of microbes, animal species, assemblages and trophic pathways with vent and seep affinities. Their coexistence reinforces the continuity of reducing environments and exemplifies a setting conducive to interactive evolution of vent and seep biota.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.0205},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1738/2580.abstract},
	author = {Levin, L A and Orphan, V J and Rouse, G W and Rathburn, A E and Ussler, W and Cook, G S and Goffredi, S K and Perez, Elena M and Waren, A and Grupe, B M and Chadwick, G and Strickrott, B}
}
@article {Connelly2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world{\textquoteright}s deepest seafloor spreading centre}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {620},
	abstract = {The Mid-Cayman spreading centre is an ultraslow-spreading ridge in the Caribbean Sea. Its extreme depth and geographic isolation from other mid-ocean ridges offer insights into the effects of pressure on hydrothermal venting, and the biogeography of vent fauna. Here we report the discovery of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre. The Von Damm Vent Field is located on the upper slopes of an oceanic core complex at a depth of 2,300 m. High-temperature venting in this off-axis setting suggests that the global incidence of vent fields may be underestimated. At a depth of 4,960 m on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre axis, the Beebe Vent Field emits copper-enriched fluids and a buoyant plume that rises 1,100 m, consistent with {\textgreater}400 degrees C venting from the world{\textquoteright}s deepest known hydrothermal system. At both sites, a new morphospecies of alvinocaridid shrimp dominates faunal assemblages, which exhibit similarities to those of Mid-Atlantic vents.},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms1636},
	author = {Connelly, D P and Copley, J T and Murton, B J and Stansfield, K and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Van Dover, C L and Amon, D and Furlong, M and Grindlay, N and Hayman, N and Huehnerbach, V and Judge, M and Le Bas, Tim and McPhail, S and Meier, A and Nakamura, K I and Nye, Verity and Pebody, M and Pedersen, R B and Plouviez, S and Sands, Carla and Searle, R C and Stevenson, P and Taws, Sarah and Wilcox, S}
}
@article {White2012,
	title = {{Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {50},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {20303{\textendash}20308},
	abstract = {To assess the potential impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on offshore ecosystems, 11 sites hosting deep-water coral communities were examined 3 to 4 mo after the well was capped. Healthy coral communities were observed at all sites {\textgreater}20 km from the Macondo well, including seven sites previously visited in September 2009, where the corals and communities appeared unchanged. However, at one site 11 km southwest of the Macondo well, coral colonies presented widespread signs of stress, including varying degrees of tissue loss, sclerite enlargement, excess mucous production, bleached commensal ophiuroids, and covering by brown flocculent material (floc). On the basis of these criteria the level of impact to individual colonies was ranked from 0 (least impact) to 4 (greatest impact). Of the 43 corals imaged at that site, 46{\%} exhibited evidence of impact on more than half of the colony, whereas nearly a quarter of all of the corals showed impact to {\textgreater}90{\%} of the colony. Additionally, 53{\%} of these corals{\textquoteright} ophiuroid associates displayed abnormal color and/or attachment posture. Analysis of hopanoid petroleum biomarkers isolated from the floc provides strong evidence that this material contained oil from the Macondo well. The presence of recently damaged and deceased corals beneath the path of a previously documented plume emanating from the Macondo well provides compelling evidence that the oil impacted deep-water ecosystems. Our findings underscore the unprecedented nature of the spill in terms of its magnitude, release at depth, and impact to deep-water ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118029109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Tivey2012,
	title = {{Links from Mantle to Microbe at the Lau Integrated Study Site:Insights from a Back-Arc Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {62{\textendash}77},
	abstract = {The Lau Integrated Study Site (ISS) has provided unique opportunities for study of ridge processes because of its back-arc setting in the southwestern Pacific. Its location allows study of a biogeographical province distinct from those of eastern Pacific and mid-Atlantic ridges, and crustal compositions along the ridge lie outside the range of mid-ocean ridge crustal compositions. The Lau ISS is located above a subduction zone, at an oblique angle. The underlying mantle receives water and other elements derived from the downgoing lithospheric slab, with an increase in slab influence from north to south. Water lowers the mantle melting temperature and leads to greater melt production where the water flux is greater, and to distinctive regional-scale gradients along the ridge. There are deeper faulted axial valleys with basaltic volcanism in the north and inflated axial highs with andesites in the south. Differences in igneous rock composition and release of magmatic volatiles affect compositions of vent fluids and deposits. Differences in vent fluid compositions and small-scale diffuse-flow regimes correlate with regional-scale patterns in microbial and megafaunal distributions. The interdisciplinary research effort at the Lau ISS has successfully identified linkages between subsurface processes and deep-sea biological communities, from mantle to microbe to megafauna.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.04},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Becker, E and Beinart, R and Fisher, C R and Girguis, P R and Langmuir, C H and Michael, P J and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@article {ISI:000301095200020,
	title = {{Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Plumes in the Near-Bottom Boundary Layer at Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1, SI},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {192{\textendash}195},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Hautala, Susan and Johnson, H Paul and Pruis, Matthew and Garcia-Berdeal, Irene and Bjorklund, Tor}
}
@article {ISI:000305233800008,
	title = {{Mineralogical and strontium isotopic record of hydrothermal processes in the lower ocean crust at and near the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY},
	volume = {164},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {123{\textendash}141},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Tectonic exposures of upper plutonics ({\textgreater} 800 m) that are part of a contiguous section of young East Pacific Rise (EPR) crust at the Hess Deep Rift provide the first regional-scale constraints on hydrothermal processes in the upper plutonic crust formed at a fast-spreading ridge. Submersible-collected samples recovered over a 4-km-wide region show that the sheeted dike complex is largely underlain by a 150- to 200-m-thick gabbro unit, followed by a more primitive gabbronorite unit. Gabbroic samples are variably altered by pervasive fluid flow along fracture networks to amphibole-dominated assemblages. The gabbroic rocks are significantly less altered (average 11{\%} hydrous phases) than the overlying sheeted dike complex (average 24{\%}), and the percentage of hydrous alteration diminishes with depth. Incipient, pervasive fluid flow occurred at amphibolite facies conditions (average 720A degrees C), with slightly higher temperatures in the lower 500 m of the section. The extent of subsequent lower-temperature alteration is generally low and regionally variable. The gabbroic samples are slightly elevated in Sr-87/Sr-86 relative to fresh rock values (0.7024) and less enriched than the overlying sheeted dike complex. Sr-87/Sr-86 for the pervasively altered gabbroic samples ranges from 0.70244 to 0.70273 (mean 0.70257), tonalites is 0.7038, and pyroxene hornfels ranges from 0.70259 to 0.70271. Sr-87/Sr-86 does not vary with depth, and there is a strong positive correlation with the percentage of hydrous phases. Strontium contents of igneous and hydrothermal minerals, combined with bulk rock Sr-87/Sr-86, indicate that Sr-isotopic exchange is largely controlled by the uptake of fluid Sr-87/Sr-86 in hydrous minerals and does not require Sr gain or loss. The minimum, time-integrated fluid-rock ratio for the sheeted dike complex and upper plutonics is 0.55-0.66, and the fluid flux calculated by mass balance is similar to 2.1 to 2.5 x 10(6) kg m(-2), 30-60{\%} higher than fluid fluxes calculated in the same manner for sheeted dike complexes on their own at Hess and Pito Deeps, and Ocean Drilling Program Hole 504B. Alteration patterns within the upper plutonics evolved in response to axial magma chamber (AMC) dynamics at the EPR, such that magma replenishment led to assimilation and thermal metamorphism of the country rock, and the position of the hydrothermal root-zone tracked the vertical migration of the AMC. The freshness of the lowermost gabbroic rocks suggests that pervasive fluid flow does not lead to significant fluid and heat fluxes at and near fast-spreading ridges.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-012-0729-5},
	author = {Kirchner, Timo M and Gillis, Kathryn M}
}
@article {Corbari2012,
	title = {{New digestive symbiosis in the hydrothermal vent amphipoda Ventiella sulfuris}},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus Biologies},
	volume = {335},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {142{\textendash}154},
	abstract = {Ventiella sulfuris Barnard and Ingram, 1990 is the most abundant amphipod species inhabiting the Eastern Pacific Rise (EPR 9{\textdegree}N) vent fields. This vent-endemic species is frequently encountered near colonies of Pompeii worms Alvinella pompejana. V.~sulfuris specimens were collected during the oceanographic cruise LADDER II at the Bio9 (9{\textdegree}50.3'~N, 2508~m depth) hydrothermal vent site. Main objectives were to highlight the occurrence of bacterial symbiosis in V.~sulfuris and to hypothesise their implications in nutrition. Observations in light and electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) showed that the outer body surface and appendages are free of microorganisms. In contrast, the digestive system revealed two major microbial communities settled in the midgut and in the hindgut. Gut contents showed bacterial traces together with abundant fragments of Alvinellid cuticle and setae, from A.~pompejana, suggesting that V.~sulfuris could directly feed on Alvinellids and/or on their bacterial epibionts. Molecular analyses based on the 16S rRNA genes revealed the diversity of bacterial communities in the digestive system, of which, the Epsilonproteobacteria phylum, could be considered as one of the major bacterial group. Hypotheses were proposed on their symbiotic features and their implications in V.~sulfuris nutrition.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1631-0691},
	doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2011.12.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2011.12.005},
	author = {Corbari, L and Durand, L and Cambon-Bonavita, M -A and Gaill, F and Comp{\`e}re, P}
}
@article {ISI:000311587800012,
	title = {{Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila gen. nov., sp nov., a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {10},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2388{\textendash}2394},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A novel hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, designated strain HB-8(T), was isolated from the tube of Alvinella pompejana tubeworms collected from the wall of an actively venting sulfide structure on the East Pacific Rise at 13 degrees N. The cells were Gram-negative rods, approximately 1.0-1.5 mu m long and 0.5 mu m wide. Strain HB-8(T) grew between 65 and 80 degrees C (optimum 75 degrees C), 15 and 35 g NaCl l(-1) (optimum 30 gl(-1)) and pH 4.5 and 8.5 (optimum pH 6.0). Generation time under optimal conditions was 26 min. Growth occurred under chemolithoautotrophic conditions with H-2 as the energy source and CO2 as the carbon source. Nitrate and sulfur were used as electron acceptors, with concomitant formation of ammonium or hydrogen sulfide, respectively. The presence of lactate, formate, acetate or tryptone in the culture medium inhibited growth. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 47.8 mol{\%}. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and of the alpha subunit of the ATP citrate lyase of strain HB-8(T) indicated that this organism formed a novel lineage within the class Aquificae, equally distant from the type strains of the type species of the three genera that represent the family Desulfurobacteriaceae: Thermovibrio ruber ED11/3LLK8(T), Balnearium lithotrophicum 17S(T) and Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum BSA(T). The polar lipids of strain HB-8(T) differed substantially from those of other members of the Desulfurobacteriaceae, and this bacterium produced novel quinones. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel genus and species within the family Desulfurobacteriaceae, Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila is HB-8(T) (=DSM 24425(T) =JCM 17384(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.035642-0},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Grosche, Ashley and Massenburg, Lynnicia and Starovoytov, Valentin and Lutz, Richard A and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000301945500007,
	title = {{Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {766{\textendash}776},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of the endosymbionts coupled with an in situ characterization of the geochemical environment was performed to investigate their roles and expression profiles in the two respective hosts. The metagenomes indicated that the endosymbionts are genotypically highly homogeneous. Gene sequences coding for enzymes of selected key metabolic functions were found to be 99.9{\%} identical. On the proteomic level, the symbionts showed very consistent metabolic profiles, despite distinctly different geochemical conditions at the plume level of the respective hosts. Only a few minor variations were observed in the expression of symbiont enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, carbon fixation and in the response to oxidative stress. Although these changes correspond to the prevailing environmental situation experienced by each host, our data strongly suggest that the two tubeworm species are able to effectively attenuate differences in habitat conditions, and thus to provide their symbionts with similar micro-environments. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 766-776; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.137; published online 20 October 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.137},
	author = {Gardebrecht, Antje and Markert, Stephanie and Sievert, Stefan M and Felbeck, Horst and Thuermer, Andrea and Albrecht, Dirk and Wollherr, Antje and Kabisch, Johannes and Le Bris, Nadine and Lehmann, Ruediger and Daniel, Rolf and Liesegang, Heiko and Hecker, Michael and Schweder, Thomas}
}
@article {ISI:000307173100024,
	title = {{{\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} krylovata, a new species of vesicomyid clam from cold seeps along the Costa Rica Margin}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM},
	volume = {92},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1127{\textendash}1137},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} krylovata, sp. nov. (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae: Pliocardiinae) is described from cold seeps off the coast of the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica (700-1000 m depth). The phylogenetic position of {\textquoteleft}P.{\textquoteright} krylovata was assessed by both morphological comparisons as well as nucleotide data from the cytochrome c oxidase I gene. Within the vesicomyids, {\textquoteleft}P.{\textquoteright} krylovata belongs to the Pliocardiinae and its closest relative is {\textquoteleft}Calyptogena{\textquoteright} ponderosa, which also bears some morphological resemblance to the genus Pliocardia, perhaps suggesting a need for reanalysis of not only its generic designation, but also the entire Pliocardiinae subfamily. {\textquoteleft}P.{\textquoteright} krylovata has morphological similarities to {\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} bowdeniana and {\textquoteleft}Vesicomya{\textquoteright} crenulomarginata, recently reassigned to the genus Pliocardia, including a thick shell, obvious rostrum, pointed posterior end, and a sculptured shell with concentric ribs on the outer surface, to name a few. It is morphologically distinguished, however, by having a complex pallial sinus and remarkably deep escutcheon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315411000713},
	author = {Martin, Alanna M and Goffredi, Shana K}
}
@article {ISI:000301095200023,
	title = {{On the Potential for Bioenergy and Biofuels from Hydrothermal Vent Microbes}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1, SI},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {213{\textendash}217},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Girguis, Peter R and Holden, James F}
}
@article {White2012a,
	title = {{Reply to Boehm and Carragher: Multiple lines of evidence link deep-water coral damage to Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {40},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {E2648{\textendash}E2648},
	abstract = {Our original study (1) used visual inspection as well as biological and geochemical analyses of corals and the surrounding sediment to provide complementary and compelling evidence linking the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill to the presence of damaged deep-water corals and brittle stars 11 km from the site of the leaking oil.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1210413109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@conference {Kaiser2012,
	title = {{Satellite based remote management and operation of a 6000m AUV}},
	booktitle = {Oceans, 2012},
	volume = {Hampton Ro},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {During a July, 2012 expedition to the Hatteras Transverse Canyon, Blake Ridge, and Cape Fear Diapir, the AUV Sentry, aboard the NOAA Ship Okeanos, conducted experiments into remote operation of an AUV via satellite link. Remote launch, remote engineering, remote data processing and remote watch standing were all explored with varying degrees of success. Remote engineering and troubleshooting was found to be exceptionally promising and worthy of further effort. Remote data processing was a valuable addition for a telepresence enabled cruise where a substantial component of the science team was on shore. Remore watch standing and remote launch were both found to be viable though requiring improvement. Technology infrastructure is discussed along with successes, difficulties, and recommendations for future improvement.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2012.6404900},
	author = {Kaiser, C L and Kinsey, J C and Pinner, W and Yoerger, D R and German, C R and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Gaudron2012,
	title = {{Spatial And Temporal Variations In Food Web Structure From Newly-Opened Habitat At Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Marine Environmental Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {129{\textendash}140},
	abstract = {To highlight the spatio-temporal variability of the food web structure of hydrothermal vent fauna from newly-opened habitat, a series of Titanium Ring for Alvinellid Colonization devices (TRACs) was deployed at TICA site on the East Pacific Rise in 2006. This experiment was conducted for periods of 4 days, 13 days and one month and deployments were aligned along a gradient from the basaltic bottom to the vent openings. $δ$13C values of colonists revealed a narrower range of carbon sources in proximity to vent openings in Alvinella pompejana habitat than in Tevnia jerichonana habitat, separated by a distance of four meters. This was possibly due to a spatial change in available food sources with a possible higher contribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to the siboglinid habitat compared to a higher contribution of microbial primary producers such as Epsilonproteobacteria in the alvinellid habitat. Temporal variability was also observed during experimentation in the form of a shift in either $δ$13C and/or $δ$15N values for A. pompejana, Lepetodrilus elevatus, dirivultid copepods and polynoid polychaetes within a one-month window showing first of all, fast tissues turnover and secondly, a possible switch in feeding strategy or food sources. Lepidonotopodium riftense and Branchinotogluma sandersi may have to alternate between detritivorous and predatory feeding strategies. In addition, through the analysis of stable isotope composition of A.~pompejana and its episymbionts, we provided evidence that these attached bacteria formed part of the worms{\textquoteright} diet during the course of these colonization experiments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0141-1136},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.005},
	author = {Gaudron, S M and Lefebvre, S and Jorge, A N and Gaill, F and Pradillon, F}
}
@article {ISI:000308207400009,
	title = {{The Transcriptome of Bathymodiolus azoricus Gill Reveals Expression of Genes from Endosymbionts and Free-Living Deep-Sea Bacteria}},
	journal = {MARINE DRUGS},
	volume = {10},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1765{\textendash}1783},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea environments are largely unexplored habitats where a surprising number of species may be found in large communities, thriving regardless of the darkness, extreme cold, and high pressure. Their unique geochemical features result in reducing environments rich in methane and sulfides, sustaining complex chemosynthetic ecosystems that represent one of the most surprising findings in oceans in the last 40 years. The deep-sea Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent field, located in the Mid Atlantic Ridge, is home to large vent mussel communities where Bathymodiolus azoricus represents the dominant faunal biomass, owing its survival to symbiotic associations with methylotrophic or methanotrophic and thiotrophic bacteria. The recent transcriptome sequencing and analysis of gill tissues from B. azoricus revealed a number of genes of bacterial origin, hereby analyzed to provide a functional insight into the gill microbial community. The transcripts supported a metabolically active microbiome and a variety of mechanisms and pathways, evidencing also the sulfur and methane metabolisms. Taxonomic affiliation of transcripts and 16S rRNA community profiling revealed a microbial community dominated by thiotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbionts of B. azoricus and the presence of a Sulfurovum-like epsilonbacterium.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1660-3397},
	doi = {10.3390/md10081765},
	author = {Egas, Conceicao and Pinheiro, Miguel and Gomes, Paula and Barroso, Cristina and Bettencourt, Raul}
}
@article {Brandl2012,
	title = {{Volcanism on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise: Quantitative constraints on mantle heterogeneity and melting processes}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {298{\textendash}299},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {41{\textendash}56},
	abstract = {We present major and trace element and Sr, Nd and triple-spike Pb isotope data for 17 fresh volcanic glasses from Seamount 6, a 10-km diameter seamount located 140~km east of the East Pacific Rise at 12{\textdegree}45'N. Geological and geochronological evidence show that magma compositions evolved from tholeiitic basalts to alkalic basalts and basaltic trachyandesites during the 1{\textendash}2~Ma active lifetime of the seamount. Major and trace element compositions in Seamount 6 lavas vary systematically with isotope ratios; the youngest lavas with the highest incompatible trace element concentrations have the highest La/Yb, Nb/Zr, K2O/TiO2, 87Sr/86Sr, 206Pb/204Pb and the lowest 143Nd/144Nd, MgO and CaO. The range in element concentrations, incompatible element ratios, and isotope compositions in Seamount 6 lavas exceeds that observed in lavas erupted at the adjacent ridge axis, and is comparable to the range in lava compositions reported from all near-ridge seamounts studied to date. The observed range in lava compositions is consistent with mixing between enriched and depleted melts at shallow levels in the crust. The inferred difference in composition between these mixing endmembers cannot be explained by variable degrees of melting of a single source composition, and requires that the upper mantle is extremely heterogeneous on the scale of the melting region beneath a single seamount. We can show that the range in composition of EPR seamount lavas cannot be generated by melting of variably heterogeneous mantle in which enriched and depleted materials contribute equally to melting (source mixing). Instead, the trace element and isotope compositions of seamount lavas can be reproduced by melting models in which more enriched, fertile mantle lithologies are preferentially melted during mantle upwelling. At progressively lower degrees of melting, erupted lavas are thus more enriched in incompatible trace elements, have higher La/Yb, K/Ti, 87Sr/86Sr ratios and lower 143Nd/144Nd. If this is a common process, then mantle-derived magmas are unlikely to inherit the average incompatible trace element and isotope composition of their mantle source, which is likely to be significantly more depleted, nor will they display the full range of compositions present in the mantle melting region. These results have implications for the way in which oceanic basalts can be used to infer the composition of the upper mantle.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.015},
	author = {Brandl, P A and Beier, C and Regelous, M and Abouchami, W and Haase, K M and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Galer, S J G}
}
@article {Thiel2012,
	title = {{Widespread occurrence of two carbon fixation pathways in tubeworm endosymbionts: lessons from hydrothermal vent associated tubeworms from the Mediterranean Sea}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {423},
	abstract = {Vestimentiferan tubeworms (siboglinid polychetes) of the genus Lamellibrachia are common members of cold seep faunal communities and have also been found at sedimented hydrothermal vent sites in the Pacific. As they lack a digestive system, they are nourished by chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts growing in a specialized tissue called the trophosome. Here we present the results of investigations of tubeworms and endosymbionts from a shallow hydrothermal vent field in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The tubeworms, which are the first reported vent-associated tubeworms outside the Pacific, are identified as Lamellibrachia anaximandri using mitochondrial ribosomal and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences. They harbor a single gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont. Carbon isotopic data, as well as the analysis of genes involved in carbon and sulfur metabolism indicate a sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic endosymbiont. The detection of a hydrogenase gene fragment suggests the potential for hydrogen oxidation as alternative energy source. Surprisingly, the endosymbiont harbors genes for two different carbon fixation pathways, the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle as well as the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle, as has been reported for the endosymbiont of the vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. In addition to RubisCO genes we detected ATP citrate lyase (ACL {\textendash} the key enzyme of the rTCA cycle) type II gene sequences using newly designed primer sets. Comparative investigations with additional tubeworm species (Lamellibrachia luymesi, Lamellibrachia sp. 1, Lamellibrachia sp. 2, Escarpia laminata, Seepiophila jonesi) from multiple cold seep sites in the Gulf of Mexico revealed the presence of acl genes in these species as well. Thus, our study suggests that the presence of two different carbon fixation pathways, the CBB cycle and the rTCA cycle, is not restricted to the Riftia endosymbiont, but rather might be common in vestimentiferan tubeworm endosymbionts, regardless of the habitat.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00423},
	author = {Thiel, Vera and Hugler, M and Bl{\"u}mel, M and Baumann, H I and G{\"a}rtner, A and Schmaljohann, R and Strauss, H and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Petersen, S and Cowart, D A and Fisher, C R and Imhoff, J F}
}
@article {Kinsey2011,
	title = {{Assessing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {261{\textendash}267},
	abstract = {This paper reports the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle and its deployment on two cruises in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The first cruise, in June 2010, coupled Sentry with the TETHYS mass spectrometer to track and localize a subsea hydrocarbon plume at a depth of approximately 1100m going at least 30km from the oil spill site. In December 2010, Sentry mapped and photographed deep-sea biological communities for follow-up observations and sampling with the Alvin manned submersible. These cruises demonstrate how robots and novel sensing technologies contributed to the oil spill assessment and the broader impact of technologies developed for basic research.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/IROS.2011.6095008},
	author = {Kinsey, J C and Yoerger, D R and Jakuba, M V and Camilli, Rich and Fisher, C R and German, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000295971300003,
	title = {{Bacterial sulfur cycling shapes microbial communities in surface sediments of an ultramafic hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2633{\textendash}2648},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (LHF) is characterized by vent fluids, which are enriched in dissolved hydrogen and methane compared with fluids from basalt-hosted systems. Thick sediment layers in LHF are partly covered by characteristic white mats. In this study, these sediments were investigated in order to determine biogeochemical processes and key organisms relevant for primary production. Temperature profiling at two mat-covered sites showed a conductive heating of the sediments. Elemental sulfur was detected in the overlying mat and metal-sulfides in the upper sediment layer. Micro-profiles revealed an intensive hydrogen sulfide flux from deeper sediment layers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that filamentous and vibrioid, Arcobacter-related Epsilonproteobacteria dominated the overlying mats. This is in contrast to sulfidic sediments in basalt-hosted fields where mats of similar appearance are composed of large sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria. Epsilonproteobacteria (7-21{\%}) and Deltaproteobacteria (20-21{\%}) were highly abundant in the surface sediment layer. The physiology of the closest cultivated relatives, revealed by comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, was characterized by the capability to metabolize sulfur components. High sulfate reduction rates as well as sulfide depleted in (34)S further confirmed the importance of the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. In contrast, methane was found to be of minor relevance for microbial life in mat-covered surface sediments. Our data indicate that in conductively heated surface sediments microbial sulfur cycling is the driving force for bacterial biomass production although ultramafichosted systems are characterized by fluids with high levels of dissolved methane and hydrogen.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02530.x},
	author = {Schauer, Regina and Roy, Hans and Augustin, Nico and Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Peters, Marc and Wenzhoefer, Frank and Amann, Rudolf and Meyerdierks, Anke}
}
@mastersthesis {Grinar2011,
	title = {{A characterization of a hydrothermal vent community from a diffuse flow vertical wall of "The tower" sulfide edifice at the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {48},
	school = {Temple University},
	type = {phd},
	abstract = {The Juan de Fuca Ridge, located 400 km off the coast of Washington State, is home to unstable and unpredictable hydrothermal vent sites where chemosynthetic communities flourish. In 2007 the manned submersible ALVIN retrieved a Ridgeia piscesae tubeworm community in its entirety from the side of the Tower sulfide edifice from the Endeavor segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (47 55.416720 N, 129 6.487020 W, at a depth of 2269 m) using the Bushmaster Jr. collection device. The collection was analyzed for community structure and the data collected were compared to that from several other hydrothermal vent communities. It was determined that substrate composition is a factor that heavily influences community structure. The data were then compared to the community succession model developed by Sarrazin et. al. in 1997 and 1999 (Sarrazin et. al. 1997, Sarrazin and Juniper 1999). The Tower community was found to expand the model as a new community succession classification; that of community iii low flow. The Tower community was then analyzed for diversity, structure and tubeworm morphology in conjunction with two other communities from differing substrata. The Ridgeia piscesae tubeworms were found to be of the "long skinny" morphotype, one that was previously thought to only reside on basaltic substrate. The Tower community has similar species richness and higher species evenness than those from basaltic substrate, but similar richness and lower evenness that those from sulfide. This community type combines the characteristics of those from both substrata, resulting in a community with diversity and structure that is an intermediary between sulfide and basaltic substrates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/204453},
	author = {Grinar, M}
}
@article {Gieskes2011,
	title = {{Cold seeps in Monterey Bay, California: Geochemistry of pore waters and relationship to benthic foraminiferal calcite}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {738{\textendash}746},
	abstract = {An extensive geochemical and biogeochemical examination of CH4 seeps in the Clam Flats area of Monterey Bay provides insight into the character of relationships between seep geochemistry and benthic foraminiferal geochemistry. The area is characterized by sulfide-rich fluids. Sulfide increases are associated with large increases in alkalinity, as well as small decreases in dissolved Ca and Mg. In addition, only small increases in NH4 are observed, but values of $δ$13C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (4, which is transported upward by slow seepage of pore fluids. The geochemistry of the pore fluids should be relevant to the geochemistry of the carbonate tests of living and dead foraminifera. However, a profound disequilibrium of approximately an order of magnitude occurs between the $δ$13C values of stained (cytoplasm-containing) foraminiferal carbonate and the C isotope values of ambient pore water dissolved inorganic C. Reasons are unclear for this isotopic disequilibrium, but have important implications for interpretations of foraminiferal carbonate as a paleoenvironmental proxy. Much fine scale work is needed to fully understand the relationships between the biogeochemistry of benthic foraminifera and the geochemistry of the pore waters where they live.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	author = {Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Mahn, C and Bernhard, J M and Day, S}
}
@article {ISI:000290021000005,
	title = {{Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys with contrasting chemistries}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {414{\textendash}426},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys harbor a high diversity of largely unknown microorganisms. Although the phylogenetic diversity of these microorganisms has been described previously, the adaptation and metabolic potential of the microbial communities is only beginning to be revealed. A pyrosequencing approach was used to directly obtain sequences from a fosmid library constructed from a black smoker chimney 4143-1 in the Mothra hydrothermal vent field at the Juan de Fuca Ridge. A total of 308 034 reads with an average sequence length of 227 bp were generated. Comparative genomic analyses of metagenomes from a variety of environments by two-way clustering of samples and functional gene categories demonstrated that the 4143-1 metagenome clustered most closely with that from a carbonate chimney from Lost City. Both are highly enriched in genes for mismatch repair and homologous recombination, suggesting that the microbial communities have evolved extensive DNA repair systems to cope with the extreme conditions that have potential deleterious effects on the genomes. As previously reported for the Lost City microbiome, the metagenome of chimney 4143-1 exhibited a high proportion of transposases, implying that horizontal gene transfer may be a common occurrence in the deep-sea vent chimney biosphere. In addition, genes for chemotaxis and flagellar assembly were highly enriched in the chimney metagenomes, reflecting the adaptation of the organisms to the highly dynamic conditions present within the chimney walls. Reconstruction of the metabolic pathways revealed that the microbial community in the wall of chimney 4143-1 was mainly fueled by sulfur oxidation, putatively coupled to nitrate reduction to perform inorganic carbon fixation through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. On the basis of the genomic organization of the key genes of the carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation pathways contained in the large genomic fragments, both obligate and facultative autotrophs appear to be present and contribute to biomass production. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 414-426; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.144; published online 7 October 2010},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2010.144},
	author = {Xie, Wei and Wang, Fengping and Guo, Lei and Chen, Zeling and Sievert, Stefan M and Meng, Jun and Huang, Guangrui and Li, Yuxin and Yan, Qingyu and Wu, Shan and Wang, Xin and Chen, Shangwu and He, Guangyuan and Xiao, Xiang and Xu, Anlong}
}
@article {ISI:000292610200001,
	title = {{Deciphering the ocean bottom pressure variation in the Logatchev hydrothermal field at the eastern flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Ocean bottom pressure data from the Logatchev hydrothermal field (LHF) are presented and analyzed. The data were collected with two ocean bottom pressure meters (OBPs), constructed at the University of Bremen, that are capable of recording signals with frequencies up to 0.25 Hz. Over the long-term, a nearly 2.5 kPa (25 cm water column equivalent) pressure variation over 3.7 years is observed, which is consistent with uplift followed by subsidence, but cannot unequivocally be discerned from instrumental drift. Medium-term pressure variations are compared with satellite surface topography, satellite gravity, ocean modeling, and in situ data from an OBP 700 km away. It is shown that fluctuations in the oceanic mass distribution dominate the variations in this frequency range and that oceanic modeling and data from a 700 km distant OBP are positively correlated with the LHF bottom pressure time series. The short-term variations are dominated by microseisms originating from sea surface waves and pressure waves from earthquakes as can be shown by comparison with weather buoy and teleseismic data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003441},
	author = {Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Villinger, Heinrich}
}
@article {Bennett2011,
	title = {{Dissolved and particulate organic carbon in hydrothermal plumes from the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50'N}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {58},
	number = {9},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {922{\textendash}931},
	abstract = {Chemoautotrophic production in seafloor hydrothermal systems has the potential to provide an important source of organic carbon that is exported to the surrounding deep-ocean. While hydrothermal plumes may export carbon, entrained from chimney walls and biologically rich diffuse flow areas, away from sites of venting they also have the potential to provide an environment for in-situ carbon fixation. In this study, we have followed the fate of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) as it is dispersed through and settles beneath a hydrothermal plume system at 9{\textdegree}50'N on the East Pacific Rise. Concentrations of both DOC and POC are elevated in buoyant plume samples that were collected directly above sites of active venting using both DSV Alvin and a CTD-rosette. Similar levels of POC enrichment are also observed in the dispersing non-buoyant plume, \~{}500~m downstream from the vent-site. Further, sediment-trap samples collected beneath the same dispersing plume system, show evidence for a close coupling between organic carbon and Fe oxyhydroxide fluxes. We propose, therefore, a process that concentrates POC into hydrothermal plumes as they disperse through the deep-ocean. This is most probably the result of some combination of preferential adsorption of organic carbon onto Fe-oxyhydroxides and/or microbial activity that preferentially concentrates organic carbon in association with Fe-oxyhydroxides (e.g. through the microbial oxidation of Fe(II) and Fe sulfides). This potential for biological production and consumption within hydrothermal plumes highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the role of the carbon cycle in deep-sea hydrothermal systems as well as the role that hydrothermal systems may play in regulating global deep-ocean carbon budgets.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Statham, P J and Green, D R H and Le Bris, N and McDermott, J M and Prado, F and Rouxel, O J and Von Damm, K L and German, C R}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {Pietruszka2011,
	title = {{Excesses of seawater-derived 234U in volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount due to crustal contamination}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {304},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {280{\textendash}289},
	abstract = {The effects of crustal contamination on the chemistry of oceanic basalts are commonly assumed to be negligible due to the compositional similarity between the erupted basalt and the underlying oceanic crust or volcanic edifice. Here we evaluate this assumption with high-precision measurements of the 234U{\textendash}238U and 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria, Cl/K2O ratios, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount, a submarine Hawaiian volcano with an active hydrothermal system. The samples, including one from the volcano{\textquoteright}s 1996 eruption, have small to moderate amounts of excess 234U ({\~{}}~0.2{\textendash}1.0{\%}) and variable, elevated Cl/K2O ratios. These excesses of 234U and enrichments in Cl are thought to result from contamination with seawater-derived U and Cl, but neither of these signatures can be explained by syn- or post-eruptive interaction between lava and seawater. Instead, mantle-derived magmas at Loihi appear to be variably contaminated with two distinct crustal materials: hydrothermal brines (which create enrichments in Cl) and U-enriched hydrothermally altered rocks (which create excesses of 234U). Both of these materials are expected to be found within the volcanic edifice as complementary parts of the volcano{\textquoteright}s hydrothermal system. The Loihi glasses display a wide measured range in the amount of excess 230Th from {\~{}}1 to 7{\%} (due to the addition of seawater-derived U) that overlaps with lavas from Kilauea Volcano ({\~{}}~2{\%} excess 230Th). We correct the 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria of the Loihi glasses back to their original pre-contamination values using their 234U{\textendash}238U disequilibria and a simple mass-balance calculation. This correction suggests that mantle-derived magmas at Loihi have a narrow range of {\~{}}~6{\textendash}9{\%} excess 230Th, which is significantly larger than observed for lavas from the neighboring volcano, Kilauea. This difference is consistent with the idea that Loihi is tapping mantle that is upwelling slowly ({\~{}}~5{\textendash}6~cm/yr) on the margin of the Hawaiian plume.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	author = {Pietruszka, A J and Keyes, M J and Duncan, J A and Hauri, E H and Carlson, R W and Garcia, M O}
}
@article {ISI:000296056300001,
	title = {{Extraordinarily high biomass benthic community on Southern Ocean seamounts}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We describe a previously unknown assemblage of seamount-associated megabenthos that has by far the highest peak biomass reported in the deep-sea outside of vent communities. The assemblage was found at depths of 2-2.5 km on rocky geomorphic features off the southeast coast of Australia, in an area near the Sub-Antarctic Zone characterised by high rates of surface productivity and carbon export to the deep-ocean. These conditions, and the taxa in the assemblage, are widely distributed around the Southern mid-latitudes, suggesting the high-biomass assemblage is also likely to be widespread. The role of this assemblage in regional ecosystem and carbon dynamics and its sensitivities to anthropogenic impacts are unknown. The discovery highlights the lack of information on deep-sea biota worldwide and the potential for unanticipated impacts of deep-sea exploitation.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep00119},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Adkins, J and Fallon, S J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Althaus, F and Williams, A}
}
@article {Schmidt2011,
	title = {{Fluid elemental and stable isotope composition of the Nibelungen hydrothermal field (8 degrees18{\textquoteright}S, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Constraints on fluid-rock interaction in heterogeneous lithosphere}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {280},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	abstract = {Depending on the geological setting, the interaction of submarine hydrothermal fluids with the host rock leads to distinct energy and mass transfers between the lithosphere and the hydrosphere. The Nibelungen hydrothermal field is located at 8{\textdegree}18'S, about 9~km off-axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). At 3000~m water depth, 372~{\textdegree}C hot, acidic fluids emanate directly from the bottom, without visible sulfide chimney formation. Hydrothermal fluids obtained in 2009 are characterized by low H2S concentrations (1.1~mM), a depletion of B (192~$μ$M) relative to seawater, lower Si (13.7~mM) and Li (391~$μ$M) concentrations relative to basaltic-hosted hydrothermal systems and a large positive Eu anomaly, and display a distinct stable isotope signature of hydrogen (∆2HH2O~=~7.6{\textendash}8.7{\textperthousand}) and of oxygen (∆18OH2O~=~2.2{\textendash}2.4{\textperthousand}). The heavy hydrogen isotopic signature of the Nibelungen fluids is a specific feature of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems and is mainly controlled by the formation of OH-bearing alteration minerals like serpentine, brucite, and tremolite during pervasive serpentinization. New isotopic data obtained for the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev I field at 14{\textdegree}45'N, MAR (∆2HH2O~=~3.8{\textendash}4.2{\textperthousand}) display a similar trend, being clearly distinguished from other, mafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at the MAR. The fluid geochemistry at Nibelungen kept stable since the first sampling campaign in 2006 and is evident for a hybrid alteration of mafic and ultramafic rocks in the subseafloor. Whereas the ultramafic-fingerprint parameters Si, Li, B, Eu anomaly and ∆2HH2O distinguish the Nibelungen field from other hydrothermal systems venting in basaltic settings at similar physico-chemical conditions and are related to the interaction with mantle rocks, the relatively high concentrations of trace alkali elements, Pb, and Tl can only be attributed to the alteration of melt-derived gabbroic rocks. The elemental and isotopic composition of the fluid suggest a multi-step alteration sequence: (1) low- to medium-temperature alteration of gabbroic rocks, (2) pervasive serpentinization at moderate to high temperatures, and (3) limited high-temperature interaction with basaltic rocks during final ascent of the fluid. The integrated water/rock ratio for the Nibelungen hydrothermal system is about 0.5. The fluid compositional fingerprint at Nibelungen is similar to the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev I fluids with respect to key parameters. Some compositional differences can be ascribed to different alteration temperatures and other fluid pathways involving a variety of source rocks, higher water/rock ratios, and sulfide precipitation in the sub-seafloor at Logatchev I.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.07.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.07.008},
	author = {Schmidt, K and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Koschinsky, A and Strauss, H and Jost, C L and Klevenz, V and Koniger, P}
}
@article {Yucel2011,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents as a kinetically stable source of iron-sulphide-bearing nanoparticles to the ocean}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {4},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {367{\textendash}371},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents emit sulphur and metals to the ocean(1). Particular attention has been paid to hydrothermal fluxes of iron(2-4), a limiting micronutrient of marine primary production(5). Vent-derived iron was previously thought to rapidly oxidize and precipitate around vents(6). However, organic matter can bind to and stabilize dissolved and particulate iron in hydrothermal plumes(7-9), facilitating its dispersion into the open ocean(10). Here, we report measurements of the chemical speciation of sulphide and iron in high-temperature fluids emanating from vents in the East Pacific Rise and the Eastern Lau Spreading Center. We show that pyrite nanoparticles-composed of iron and sulphur-account for up to 10{\%} of the filterable iron (less than 200nm in size) in these fluids. We suggest that these particles form before the discharge of the vent fluid. We estimate that pyrite nanoparticles sink more slowly than larger plume particles, and are more resistant to oxidation than dissolved Fe(II) and FeS. We suggest that the discharge of iron in the form of pyrite nanoparticles increases the probability that vent-derived iron will be transported over long distances in the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/NGEO1148},
	author = {Yucel, M and Gartman, A and Chan, Clara S and Luther, G W}
}
@article {ISI:000295134600001,
	title = {{In situ measurements of hydrogen sulfide, oxygen, and temperature in diffuse fluids of an ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vent field (Logatchev, 14 degrees 45 {\textquoteleft} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Implications for chemosymbiotic bathymodiolin mussels}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Logatchev hydrothermal vent field (14 degrees 45{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) is located in a ridge segment characterized by mantle-derived ultramafic outcrops. Compared to basalt-hosted vents, Logatchev high-temperature fluids are relatively low in sulfide indicating that the diffuse, low-temperature fluids of this vent field may not contain sufficient sulfide concentrations to support a chemosymbiotic invertebrate community. However, the high abundances of bathymodiolin mussels with bacterial symbionts related to free-living sulfur-oxidizing bacteria suggested that bioavailable sulfide is present at Logatchev. To clarify, if diffuse fluids above mussel beds of Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis provide the reductants and oxidants needed by their symbionts for aerobic sulfide oxidation, in situ microsensor measurements of dissolved hydrogen sulfide and oxygen were combined with simultaneous temperature measurements. High temporal fluctuations of all three parameters were measured above the mussel beds. H2S and O-2 coexisted with mean concentrations between 9 and 31 mu M (H2S) and 216 and 228 mu M (O-2). Temperature maxima ({\textless}= 7.4 degrees C) were generally concurrent with H2S maxima ({\textless}= 156 mu M) and O-2 minima ({\textgreater}= 142 mu M). Long-term measurements for 250 days using temperature as a proxy for oxygen and sulfide concentrations indicated that the mussels were neither oxygen limited nor sulfide limited. Our in situ measurements at Logatchev indicate that sulfide may also be bioavailable in diffuse fluids from other ultramafic-hosted vents along slow and ultraslow spreading ridges. Components: 12,100 words, 9 figures, 4 tables.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003632},
	author = {Zielinski, Frank U and Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Borowski, Christian and Wenzhoefer, Frank and Dubilier, Nicole}
}
@article {Gross2011,
	title = {{Seabed search boost}},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {R94{\textendash}R95},
	abstract = {Oceanography{\textquoteright}s newest deep-sea research submersible is also its oldest.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.021},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.021},
	author = {Gross, M G}
}
@article {Gartman2011,
	title = {{Sulfide Oxidation across Diffuse Flow Zones of Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Aquatic Geochemistry},
	volume = {17},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {2011},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {583{\textendash}601},
	publisher = {SPRINGER},
	address = {NEW YORK; 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA},
	abstract = {The sulfide (H(2)S/HS(-)) that is emitted from hydrothermal vents begins to oxidize abiotically with oxygen upon contact with ambient bottom water, but the reaction kinetics are slow. Here, using in situ voltammetry, we report detection of the intermediate sulfur oxidation products polysulfides [S(x)(2-)] and thiosulfate [S(2)O(3)(2-)], along with contextual data on sulfide, oxygen, and temperature. At Lau Basin in 2006, thiosulfate was identified in less than one percent of approximately 10,500 scans and no polysulfides were detected. Only five percent of 11,000 voltammetric scans taken at four vent sites at Lau Basin in May 2009 show either thiosulfate or polysulfides. These in situ data indicate that abiotic sulfide oxidation does not readily occur as H(2)S contacts oxic bottom waters. Calculated abiotic potential sulfide oxidation rates are},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1380-6165},
	doi = {10.1007/s10498-011-9136-1},
	author = {Gartman, A and Yucel, M and Madison, A S and Chu, D W and Ma, S and Janzen, C P and Becker, E L and Beinart, R A and Girguis, P R and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Adams2011,
	title = {{Surface-generated mesoscale eddies transport deep-sea products from hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {332},
	number = {6029},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {580{\textendash}583},
	abstract = {Atmospheric forcing, which is known to have a strong influence on surface ocean dynamics and production, is typically not considered in studies of the deep sea. Our observations and models demonstrate an unexpected influence of surface-generated mesoscale eddies in the transport of hydrothermal vent efflux and of vent larvae away from the northern East Pacific Rise. Transport by these deep-reaching eddies provides a mechanism for spreading the hydrothermal chemical and heat flux into the deep-ocean interior and for dispersing propagules hundreds of kilometers between isolated and ephemeral communities. Because the eddies interacting with the East Pacific Rise are formed seasonally and are sensitive to phenomena such as El Ni{\~n}o, they have the potential to introduce seasonal to interannual atmospheric variations into the deep sea.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1201066},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1201066},
	author = {Adams, D K and McGillicuddy, D J and Zamudio, L and Thurnherr, A M and Liang, X and Rouxel, O J and German, C R and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {ISI:000208863500072,
	title = {{Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: a look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen indicates that the reaction is unfavorable as unstable superoxide and bisulfide radical ions would need to be produced. However, a two-electron transfer is favorable as stable S(0) and peroxide would be formed, but the partially filled orbitals in oxygen that accept electrons prevent rapid kinetics. Abiotic sulfide oxidation kinetics improve when reduced iron and/or manganese are oxidized by oxygen to form oxidized metals which in turn oxidize sulfide. Biological sulfur oxidation relies on enzymes that have evolved to overcome these kinetic constraints to affect rapid sulfide oxidation. Here we review the available thermodynamic and kinetic data for H2S and HS center dot as well as O-2, reactive oxygen species, nitrate, nitrite, and NOx species. We also present new kinetic data for abiotic sulfide oxidation with oxygen in trace metal clean solutions that constrain abiotic rates of sulfide oxidation in metal free solution and agree with the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, we present experimental data that give insight on rates of chemolithotrophic and photolithotrophic sulfide oxidation in the environment. We demonstrate that both anaerobic photolithotrophic and aerobic chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation rates are three or more orders of magnitude higher than abiotic rates suggesting that in most environments biotic sulfide oxidation rates will far exceed abiotic rates due to the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints discussed in the first section of the paper. Such data reshape our thinking about the biotic and abiotic contributions to sulfide oxidation in the environment.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00062},
	author = {Luther III, George W and Findlay, Alyssa J and MacDonald, Daniel J and Owings, Shannon M and Hanson, Thomas E and Beinart, Roxanne A and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Luther2011,
	title = {{Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: a look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {62},
	publisher = {FRONTIERS RESEARCH FOUNDATION},
	address = {LAUSANNE; PO BOX 110, LAUSANNE, 1015, SWITZERLAND},
	abstract = {The thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen indicates that the reaction is unfavorable as unstable superoxide and bisulfide radical ions would need to be produced. However, a two-electron transfer is favorable as stable S(0) and peroxide would be formed, but the partially filled orbitals in oxygen that accept electrons prevent rapid kinetics. Abiotic sulfide oxidation kinetics improve when reduced iron and/or manganese are oxidized by oxygen to form oxidized metals which in turn oxidize sulfide. Biological sulfur oxidation relies on enzymes that have evolved to overcome these kinetic constraints to affect rapid sulfide oxidation. Here we review the available thermodynamic and kinetic data for H2S and HS center dot as well as O-2, reactive oxygen species, nitrate, nitrite, and NOx species. We also present new kinetic data for abiotic sulfide oxidation with oxygen in trace metal clean solutions that constrain abiotic rates of sulfide oxidation in metal free solution and agree with the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, we present experimental data that give insight on rates of chemolithotrophic and photolithotrophic sulfide oxidation in the environment. We demonstrate that both anaerobic photolithotrophic and aerobic chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation rates are three or more orders of magnitude higher than abiotic rates suggesting that in most environments biotic sulfide oxidation rates will far exceed abiotic rates due to the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints discussed in the first section of the paper. Such data reshape our thinking about the biotic and abiotic contributions to sulfide oxidation in the environment.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00062},
	author = {Luther, G W and Findlay, A J and MacDonald, D J and Owings, S M and Hanson, T E and Beinart, R A and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Wanless2011,
	title = {{Volatile abundances and oxygen isotopes in basaltic to dacitic lavas on mid-ocean ridges: The role of assimilation at spreading centers}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {287},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {54{\textendash}65},
	abstract = {Most geochemical variability in MOR basalts is consistent with low- to moderate-pressure fractional crystallization of various mantle-derived parental melts. However, our geochemical data from MOR high-silica glasses, including new volatile and oxygen isotope data, suggest that assimilation of altered crustal material plays a significant role in the petrogenesis of dacites and may be important in the formation of basaltic lavas at MOR in general. MOR high-silica andesites and dacites from diverse areas show remarkably similar major element trends, incompatible trace element enrichments, and isotopic signatures suggesting similar processes control their chemistry. In particular, very high Cl and elevated H2O concentrations and relatively light oxygen isotope ratios ({\~{}}~5.8{\textperthousand} vs. expected values of {\~{}}~6.8{\textperthousand}) in fresh dacite glasses can be explained by contamination of magmas from a component of ocean crust altered by hydrothermal fluids. Crystallization of silicate phases and Fe-oxides causes an increase in $δ$18O in residual magma, but assimilation of material initially altered at high temperatures results in lower $δ$18O values. The observed geochemical signatures can be explained by extreme fractional crystallization of a MOR basalt parent combined with partial melting and assimilation (AFC) of amphibole-bearing altered oceanic crust. The MOR dacitic lavas do not appear to be simply the extrusive equivalent of oceanic plagiogranites. The combination of partial melting and assimilation produces a distinct geochemical signature that includes higher incompatible trace element abundances and distinct trace element ratios relative to those observed in plagiogranites.},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Wallace, P J and Grimes, C B and Klein, E M}
}
@inbook {Baker2010,
	title = {{Biogeography, Ecology and Vulnerability of Chemosynthetic Ecosystems in the Deep Sea}},
	booktitle = {Life in the World{\textquoteright}s Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {161{\textendash}182},
	publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	organization = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	author = {Baker, M C and Ramirez-Llodra, E and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Boetius, A and Cordes, E E and Dubilier, N and Fisher, C R and Levin, L A and Metaxas, A and Rowden, R and Santos, R S and Shank, R and Van Dover, C L and Young, C and Waren, A}
}
@article {German2010,
	title = {{Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {14020{\textendash}14025},
	abstract = {Thirty years after the first discovery of high-temperature submarine venting, the vast majority of the global mid-ocean ridge remains unexplored for hydrothermal activity. Of particular interest are the world{\textquoteright}s ultraslow spreading ridges that were the last to be demonstrated to host high-temperature venting but may host systems particularly relevant to prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life. Here we report evidence for previously unknown, diverse, and very deep hydrothermal vents along the similar to 110 km long, ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise (MCR). Our data indicate that the MCR hosts at least three discrete hydrothermal sites, each representing a different type of water-rock interaction, including both mafic and ultramafic systems and, at similar to 5,000 m, the deepest known hydrothermal vent. Although submarine hydrothermal circulation, in which seawater percolates through and reacts with host lithologies, occurs on all mid-ocean ridges, the diversity of vent types identified here and their relative geographic isolation make the MCR unique in the oceans. These new sites offer prospects for an expanded range of vent-fluid compositions, varieties of abiotic organic chemical synthesis and extremophile microorganisms, and unparalleled faunal biodiversity-all in close proximity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1009205107},
	author = {German, C R and Bowen, A and Coleman, M L and Honig, D L and Huber, J A and Jakuba, M V and Kinsey, J C and Kurz, M D and Leroy, S and McDermott, J M and de Lepinay, B M and Nakamura, K and Seewald, J S and Smith, J L and Sylva, S P and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Levin2010,
	title = {{Diversity of bathyal macrofauna on the northeastern Pacific margin: the influence of methane seeps and oxygen minimum zones}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {94{\textendash}110},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {The upper continental slope in the northeastern Pacific Ocean is intercepted by a deep oxygen minimum zone (OMZ; 650{\textendash}1100 m) and punctuated by conduits of methane seepage. We examined the effects of these two dominant sources of heterogeneity on the density, composition and diversity of heterotrophic macrofauna off Hydrate Ridge, Oregon (OR; 800 m water depth), where the seeps co-occur within an OMZ, and off the Eel River, Northern California (CA; 500 m), where seeps are overlain by better oxygenated waters. We hypothesized that seeps (containing clam beds and microbial mats) should contribute a suite of distinct species to the regional margin species pool but that OMZ-associated hypoxia would dampen seep-related heterogeneity. Macrofaunal densities were highest (23,000{\textendash}33,510 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2) in the CA seep sediments and in the OR near-seep samples, intermediate in the OR seep, CA near seep and CA and OR 500-m margin sediments (10,054{\textendash}19,777 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2), and lowest in the CA and OR OMZ habitats at 800 m (4269{\textendash}7847 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2). Annelids constituted over 50{\%} of the taxa in all but the CA clam bed and OR microbial mat sediments, where mollusks were abundant. Approximately 50{\%} of seep species appeared to be habitat endemic; species present in microbial mats largely formed a subset of those present in the clam beds. Dorvilleid and ampharetid polychaetes were dominant in the seep sediments; non-seep margin sediments at 500 and 800 m were populated heavily by branchiate polychaetes including cossurids and paraonids. Alpha diversity (Es[20] calculated per core) was lowest and rank 1 dominance was highest in the CA and OR microbial mat habitats. Pooled analyses of Es[100] revealed highest species richness in the CA clam bed and near-seep habitats (30.3 and 29.6, respectively), and lowest species richness in the OR microbial mat and near-seep habitats (16.5 and 17.9, respectively). Non-seep sediments (500 and 800 m) off both CA and OR were more homogeneous (55{\textendash}57{\%} within-habitat similarity) than clam bed and microbial mat sediments (only 32{\textendash}37{\%} within-habitat similarity). CA sediment macrofauna generally exhibit higher alpha diversity, and as habitats are combined, a higher rate of increase in the slope of the species accumulation curves than do OR margin macrofauna. Methane seeps in the NE Pacific introduce significant heterogeneity that increases margin biodiversity at multiple spatial scales. However, our hypothesis that the OMZ would lessen the seep contributions to diversity was not supported. The better oxygenated CA seeps at 500 m shared more of the background margin fauna (at 500 m) than did the OR seeps at 800 m (with OMZ fauna at 800 m). Geographical differences in the fluxes of methane-rich fluids and the increased reliance on chemosynthetic food sources with increased depth could explain these results.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1439-0485},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00335.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00335.x},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Gonzalez, J P and Thurber, A R and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {Bright2010,
	title = {{Epizooic metazoan meiobenthos associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations from cold seeps of the northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1982{\textendash}1989},
	abstract = {The abundance and higher taxonomic composition of epizooic metazoan meiobenthic communities associated with mussel and tubeworm aggregations of hydrocarbon seeps at Green Canyon, Atwater Valley, and Alaminos Canyon in depths between 1400 and 2800 m were studied and compared to the infaunal community of non-seep sediments nearby. Epizooic meiofaunal abundances of associated meiobenthos living in tubeworm bushes and mussel beds at seeps were extremely low (usually {\textless}100 ind. 10 cm-2), similar to epizooic meiofauna at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and the communities were composed primarily of nematodes, copepods, ostracods, and halacarids. In contrast, epizooic meiobenthic abundance is lower than previous studies have reported for infauna from seep sediments. Interestingly, non-seep sediments contained higher abundances and higher taxonomic diversity than epizooic seep communities, although in situ primary production is restricted to seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	author = {Bright, M and Plum, C and Riavitz, L A and Arbizu, P M and Cordes, E E and Gollner, S}
}
@article {ISI:000280633000010,
	title = {{Functional genes as markers for sulfur cycling and CO2 fixation in microbial communities of hydrothermal vents of the Logatchev field}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {73},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {526{\textendash}537},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Life at deep-sea hydrothermal vents depends on chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms as primary producers mediating the transfer of energy from hydrothermal fluids to higher trophic levels. A comprehensive molecular survey was performed with microbial communities in a mussel patch at the Irina II site of the Logatchev hydrothermal field by combining the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences with studies of functional key genes involved in biochemical pathways of sulfur oxidation-reduction (soxB, aprA) and autotrophic carbon fixation (aclB, cbbM, cbbL). Most significantly, major groups of chemoautotrophic sulfur oxidizers in the diffuse fluids differed in their biosynthetic pathways of both carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation. One important component of the community, the Epsilonproteobacteria, has the potential to grow chemoautotrophically by means of the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle and to gain energy through the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds using the Sox pathway. The majority of soxB and all retrieved aclB gene sequences were assigned to this group. Another important group in this habitat, the Gammaproteobacteria, may use the adenosine 5{\textquoteright}-phosphosulfate pathway and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, deduced from the presence of aprA and cbbM genes. Hence, two important groups of primary producers at the investigated site might use different pathways for sulfur oxidation and carbon fixation.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00919.x},
	author = {Huegler, Michael and Gaertner, Andrea and Imhoff, Johannes F}
}
@article {Goss2010,
	title = {{Geochemistry of lavas from the 2005-2006 eruption at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright}N-9 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N: Implications for ridge crest plumbing and decadal changes in magma chamber compositions}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q05T09},
	abstract = {Detailed mapping, sampling, and geochemical analyses of lava flows erupted from an \~{}18 km long section of the northern East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 9{\textdegree}46'N to 9{\textdegree}56'N during 2005{\textendash}2006 provide unique data pertaining to the short-term thermochemical changes in a mid-ocean ridge magmatic system. The 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas are typical normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt with strongly depleted incompatible trace element patterns with marked negative Sr and Eu/Eu* anomalies and are slightly more evolved than lavas erupted in 1991{\textendash}1992 at the same location on the EPR. Spatial geochemical differences show that lavas from the northern and southern limits of the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are more evolved than those erupted in the central portion of the fissure system. Similar spatial patterns observed in 1991{\textendash}1992 lavas suggest geochemical gradients are preserved over decadal time scales. Products of northern axial and off-axis fissure eruptions are consistent with the eruption of cooler, more fractionated lavas that also record a parental melt component not observed in the main suite of 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas. Radiogenic isotopic ratios for 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas fall within larger isotopic fields defined for young axial lavas from 9{\textdegree}N to 10{\textdegree}N EPR, including those from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption. Geochemical data from the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are consistent with an invariable mantle source over the spatial extent of the eruption and petrogenetic processes (e.g., fractional crystallization and magma mixing) operating within the crystal mush zone and axial magma chamber (AMC) before and during the 13 year repose period. Geochemical modeling suggests that the 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas represent differentiated residual liquids from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption that were modified by melts added from deeper within the crust and that the eruption was not initiated by the injection of hotter, more primitive basalt directly into the AMC. Rather, the eruption was driven by AMC pressurization from persistent or episodic addition of more evolved magma from the crystal mush zone into the overlying subridge AMC during the period between the two eruptions. Heat balance calculations of a hydrothermally cooled AMC support this model and show that continual addition of melt from the mush zone was required to maintain a sizable AMC over this time interval.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002977},
	author = {Goss, A R and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Rubin, K H and Kamenov, G D and Soule, S A and Fundis, A and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {ISI:000279984900002,
	title = {{Indigenous ectosymbiotic bacteria associated with diverse hydrothermal vent invertebrates}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {2},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {479{\textendash}488},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {P{\textgreater}Symbioses involving bacteria and invertebrates contribute to the biological diversity and high productivity of both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Well-known examples from chemosynthetic deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments involve ectosymbiotic microbes associated with the external surfaces of marine invertebrates. Some of these ectosymbioses confer protection or defence from predators or the environment itself, some are nutritional in nature, and many still are of unknown function. Several recently discovered hydrothermal vent invertebrates, including two populations of yeti crab (Kiwa spp.), a limpet (Symmetromphalus aff. hageni), and the scaly-foot snail (as yet undescribed), support a consortium of diverse bacteria. Comparisons of these ectosymbioses to those previously described revealed similarities among the associated microorganisms, suggesting that certain microbes are indigenous to the surfaces of marine invertebrates. In particular, members of the Thiovulgaceae (epsilonproteobacteria) and Thiotrichaceae (gammaproteobacteria) appear to preferentially form ectosymbioses with vent crustaceans and gastropods. Interactions between specific Proteobacteria and the surfaces of many marine invertebrates likely have ecological and evolutionary significance at these chemically challenging habitats.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00136.x},
	author = {Goffredi, Shana K}
}
@article {Barker2010,
	title = {{Insights into the behaviour of sulphur in mid-ocean ridge axial hydrothermal systems from the composition of the sheeted dyke complex at Pito Deep}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {105{\textendash}115},
	abstract = {The behaviour of seawater sulphate in hydrothermal systems at intermediate- to fast-spreading ridges is investigated using new analyses of the $δ$34S, sulphur concentration and Fe2O3/Fe2O3total, combined with existing 87Sr/86Sr, of sheeted dykes from the Pito Deep tectonic window. The Pito Deep sheeted dyke complex has a similar composition to the sheeted dykes drilled at ODP Hole 504B suggesting that the measured compositions are representative of sheeted dyke complexes at intermediate- to fast-spreading ridges. The dykes show only small increases in $δ$34S which, combined with the rock dominated $δ$34S of vent fluids, requires the majority of seawater sulphate to be precipitated as anhydrite before the fluid reacts with the sheeted dyke complex. This loss of sulphate from the fluid means that a much higher Fe2O3 in the sheeted dyke complex than in fresh MORB glasses cannot be explained by oxidation due to seawater sulphate reduction during fluid{\textendash}rock reaction. Instead, oxidation probably occurs due to degassing of reduced species, largely H2, during dyke emplacement and solidification. A mass balance model that accounts for anhydrite precipitation and Sr partitioning into the anhydrite, as well as fitting the concentration and isotopic ratios of S and Sr in the sheeted dykes and vent fluids, suggests water/rock ratios of \~{} 1. For a 1 km thick sheeted dyke complex this is equivalent to a fluid flux of \~{} 3 {\texttimes} 106 kg m- 2, sufficient to remove \~{} 60{\%} of the latent heat of crystallization from the lower crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.05.003},
	author = {Barker, A K and Coogan, L A and Gillis, K M}
}
@article {Wankel2010,
	title = {{New constraints on methane fluxes and rates of anaerobic methane oxidation in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool via in situ mass spectrometry}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2022{\textendash}2029},
	abstract = {Deep-sea biogeochemical cycles are, in general, poorly understood owing to the difficulties of making measurements in situ, recovering samples with minimal perturbation, and, in many cases, coping with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In particular, biogeochemical fluxes of volatiles such as methane remain largely unconstrained because of the difficulties with accurate quantification in situ and the patchiness of point sources such as seeps and brine pools. To better constrain biogeochemical fluxes and cycling, we have developed a deep-sea in situ mass spectrometer (ISMS) to enable high-resolution quantification of volatiles in situ. Here we report direct measurements of methane concentrations made in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool located at a depth of over 2300 m. Concentrations of up to 33 mM methane were observed within the brine pool, whereas concentrations in the water directly above were three orders of magnitude lower. These direct measurements enabled us to make the first accurate estimates of the diffusive flux from a brine pool, calculated to be 1.1{\textpm}0.2 mol m-2 yr-1. Integrated rate measurements of aerobic methane oxidation in the water column overlying the brine pool were \~{}320 $μ$mol m-2 yr-1, accounting at most for just 0.03{\%} of the diffusive methane flux from the brine pool. Calculated rates of anaerobic methane oxidation were 600{\textendash}1200 $μ$M yr-1, one to two orders of magnitude higher than previously published values of AOM in anoxic fluids. These findings suggest that brine pools are enormous point sources of methane in the deep sea, and may, in aggregate, have a pronounced impact on the global marine methane cycle.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	author = {Wankel, S D and Joye, S B and Samarkin, V A and Shah, S R and Friederich, G and Melas-Kyriazi, J and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Bailey2010,
	title = {{Pseudofossils in relict methane seep carbonates resemble endemic microbial consortia}},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {285},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {131{\textendash}142},
	abstract = {Pleistocene-age methane seep carbonates from the Eel River Basin, California contain aggregate-like structures composed of tightly-packed hollow spheres that morphologically resemble syntrophic archaeal{\textendash}bacterial consortia known to catalyze the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Tetragonal microstructures also present in the carbonates resemble seep-endemic Methanosarcinales cell clusters. Despite morphological similarities to the seep-endemic microbes that likely mediated the authigenesis of Eel River Basin carbonates and sulfides, detailed petrographic, SEM, and magnetic microscopic imaging, remanence rock magnetism, laser Raman, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, suggest that these microstructures are not microfossils, but rather mineral structures that result from the diagenetic alteration of euhedral Fe-sulfide framboids. Electron microscopy shows that during diagenesis, reaction rims composed of Fe oxide form around framboid microcrystalites. Subsequent dissolution of greigite or pyrite crystals leaves behind hollow cell-like casings (external molds) {\textemdash} a transformation that occurs on timescales of \~{}100 kyr or less. Despite their superficial resemblance to morphologically-distinctive extant microbes in local sediments, the presence of acellular precursor grains, as well as of partially-altered transitional forms, complicate the interpretation of these and other framboidal microstructures that have been reported from the rock record.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.002},
	author = {Bailey, J V and Raub, T D and Meckler, A N and Harrison, B K and Raub, T M D and Green, A M and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Walter2010,
	title = {{Rapid dispersal of a hydrothermal plume by turbulent mixing}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {57},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {931{\textendash}945},
	abstract = {The water column imprint of the hydrothermal plume observed at the Nibelungen field (8{\textdegree}18'S 13{\textdegree}30'W) is highly variable in space and time. The off-axis location of the site, along the southern boundary of a non-transform ridge offset at the joint between two segments of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is characterized by complex, rugged topography, and thus favorable for the generation of internal tides, subsequent internal wave breaking, and associated vertical mixing in the water column. We have used towed transects and vertical profiles of stratification, turbidity, and direct current measurements to investigate the strength of turbulent mixing in the vicinity of the vent site and the adjacent rift valley, and its temporal and spatial variability in relation to the plume dispersal. Turbulent diffusivities K$\rho$K$\rho$ were calculated from temperature inversions via Thorpe scales. Heightened mixing (compared to open ocean values) was observed in the whole rift valley within an order of K$\rho$K$\rho$ around 10-3 m2 s-1. The mixing close to the vent site was even more elevated, with an average of View the MathML sourceK$\rho$=4{\texttimes}10-2m2s-1. The mixing, as well as the flow field, exhibited a strong tidal cycle, with strong currents and mixing at the non-buoyant plume level during ebb flow. Periods of strong mixing were associated with increased internal wave activity and frequent occurrence of turbulent overturns. Additional effects of mixing on plume dispersal include bifurcation of the particle plume, likely as a result of the interplay between the modulated mixing strength and current speed, as well as high frequency internal waves in the effluent plume layer, possibly triggered by the buoyant plume via nonlinear interaction with the elevated background turbulence or penetrative convection.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	author = {Walter, M and Mertens, C and Stober, U and German, C R and Yoerger, D R and Sultemfub, J and Rhein, M and Melchert, B and Baker, E T}
}
@article {Garcia-Pineda2010,
	title = {{Remote-sensing evaluation of geophysical anomaly sites in the outer continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1859{\textendash}1869},
	abstract = {Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images obtained from satellites are a reliable tool for localizing natural hydrocarbon seeps. For this study, we used the Texture Classifier Neural Network Algorithm (TCNNA) to interpret SAR data from the RADARSAT satellite and a geostatistical clustering analysis to compare seeps detected in 579 SAR images covering the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Geostatistical analysis results indicate that, in a typical active seep formation, oil vents would be found within a seep formation \~{}2.5 km in diameter. Repeated observations of slicks at a given seep formation indicate that advection of rising oil in the water column causes an offset from the vent depending on water depth. At 500 m, the radial offset is up to 1400 m; at 2000 m, it is up to 3270 m. Observations with submersibles showed that, in 100{\%} of the cases, the calculated seep formations that are matched with active oil seeps correspond to anomalies interpreted from surface amplitude maps and migration pathways in the seismic data. However, episodically, larger releases from persistent seeps occurred, and also some other seep formations showed intermittent releases. Our analysis indicates that active oil seeps detected with SAR represent a subset of the total array of geophysical features generated by hydrocarbon migration on the northern continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.005},
	author = {Garcia-Pineda, O and MacDonald, I R and Zimmer, B and Shedd, B and Roberts, H}
}
@article {Basak2009,
	title = {{Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of live (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Aleutian Margin and the Southern Australian Margin}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {89{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	author = {Basak, C and Rathburn, A E and Perez, M E and Martin, J B and Kluesner, J W and Levin, L A and De Deckker, P and Gieskes, J M and Abriani, M}
}
@article {Webster2009,
	title = {{Coral reef evolution on rapidly subsiding margins}},
	journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
	volume = {66},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {128{\textendash}148},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0921-8181},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010},
	author = {Webster, J M and Braga, J C and Clague, D A and Gallup, C and Hein, J R and Potts, D C and Renema, W and Riding, R and Riker-Coleman, K and Silver, E A and Wallace, L M}
}
@article {Pradillon2009,
	title = {{Development of assemblages associated with alvinellid colonies on the walls of high-temperature vents at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1622{\textendash}1631},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.009},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Zbinden, M and Le Bris, N and Hourdez, S and Barnay, A S and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Haase2009,
	title = {{Diking, young volcanism and diffuse hydrothermal activity on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Lilliput field at 9 degrees 33'S}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {266},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {52{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	author = {Haase, K M and Koschinsky, A and Petersen, S and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Melchert, B and Seifert, R and Borowski, C and Giere, O and Paulick, H}
}
@article {Rathburn2009,
	title = {{Geological and biological heterogeneity of the Aleutian Margin (1965{\textendash}4822 m)}},
	journal = {Progress In Oceanography},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {22{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	author = {Rathburn, A E and Levin, L A and Tryon, M D and Gieskes, J M and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Fodrie, F J and Neira, C and Fryer, G L and Mendoza, G F and McMillan, P A and Kluesner, J and Adamic, J and Ziebis, W}
}
@article {Schmitt2009,
	title = {{Mass-dependent cadmium isotopic variations in nature with emphasis on the marine environment}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {277},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {262{\textendash}272},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.025},
	author = {Schmitt, A -D and Galer, S J G and Abouchami, W}
}
@article {Boswell2009,
	title = {{Occurrence of gas hydrate in Oligocene Frio sand: Alaminos Canyon Block 818: northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1499{\textendash}1512},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.005},
	author = {Boswell, R and Shelander, D and Lee, M and Latham, T and Collett, T and Geurin, G and Moridis, G and Reagan, M and Goldberg, D}
}
@article {Rona2009,
	title = {{Paleodictyon nodosum: a living fossil on the deep sea floor}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1700{\textendash}1712},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	author = {Rona, P A and Seilacher, A and de Vargas, C and Gooday, A J and Bernhard, J M and Bowser, S and Vetriani, C and Wirsen, C O and Mullineaux, L and Sherrell, R and Grassle, J F and Low, S and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Glazer2009,
	title = {{Redox speciation and distribution within diverse iron-dominated microbial habitats at Loihi Seamount}},
	journal = {Geomicrobiology Journal},
	volume = {26},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {606{\textendash}622},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0149-0451},
	doi = {10.1080/01490450903263392},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490450903263392},
	author = {Glazer, B T and Rouxel, O J}
}
@article {Shin2009,
	title = {{Superoxide dismutase from the eukaryotic thermophile Alvinella pompejana: Structures, stability, mechanism, and insights into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
	volume = {385},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1534{\textendash}1555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2836},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	author = {Shin, D S and DiDonato, M and Barondeau, D P and Hura, G L and Hitomi, C and Berglund, J A and Getzoff, E D and Cary, S C and Tainer, J A}
}
@article {Breier2009,
	title = {{A suspended-particle rosette multi-sampler for discrete biogeochemical sampling in low-particle-density waters}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1579{\textendash}1589},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	author = {Breier, J A and Rauch, C G and McCartney, K and Toner, B M and Fakra, S C and White, S N and German, C R}
}
@article {Panieri2008,
	title = {{Benthic Foraminifera of the Blake Ridge hydrate mound, Western North Atlantic Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {91{\textendash}102},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.08.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.08.002},
	author = {Panieri, G and Sen Gupta, B K}
}
@article {Fusaro2008,
	title = {{Development and characterization of 12 microsatellite markers from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent siboglinid Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {132{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1755-098X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01897},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01897},
	author = {Fusaro, A J and Baco, A R and Gerlach, G and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Varga2008,
	title = {{Direct evidence from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility for lateral melt migration at superfast spreading centers}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {Q08008},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002075},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002075},
	author = {Varga, R J and Horst, A J and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Walker2008,
	title = {{Dissolved inorganic carbon isotopic composition of low-temperature axial and ridge-flank hydrothermal fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {123{\textendash}136},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.002},
	author = {Walker, B D and McCarthy, M D and Fisher, A T and Guilderson, T P}
}
@mastersthesis {Gregg2008,
	title = {{The dynamics of oceanic transform faults : constraints from geophysical, geochemical, and geodynamical modeling}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {133},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2322},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2322},
	author = {Gregg, P M}
}
@article {Melchert2008,
	title = {{First evidence for high-temperature off-axis venting of deep crustal/mantle heat: The Nibelungen hydrothermal field, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {61{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	author = {Melchert, B and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Seifert, R and Walter, M and Mertens, C and Yoerger, D R and Baker, E T and Paulick, H and Nakamura, K}
}
@article {German2008,
	title = {{Hydrothermal exploration with the Autonomous Benthic Explorer}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {203{\textendash}219},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.004},
	author = {German, C R and Yoerger, D R and Jakuba, M V and Shank, T M and Langmuir, C H and Nakamura, K I}
}
@book {Brooks2008,
	title = {{Investigations of chemosynthetic communities on the lower continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico: Interim Report 1}},
	series = {OCS Reports},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {332},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	organization = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/ESPIS/4/4320.pdf},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Fisher, C R and Roberts, H and Bernard, B and MacDonald, I R and Carney, R and Jove, S and Cordes, E E and Wolff, G A and Goehring, E}
}
@article {Drazen2008,
	title = {{Lipid, sterols and fatty acid composition of abyssal holothurians and ophiuroids from the North-East Pacific Ocean: Food web implications}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.013},
	author = {Drazen, J C and Phleger, C F and Guest, M A and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Delacour2008a,
	title = {{Sr- and Nd-isotope geochemistry of the Atlantis Massif (30 degress N, MAR): Implications for fluid fluxes and lithospheric heterogeneity}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Frank, M and Gutjahr, M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Luther2008,
	title = {{Use of voltammetric solid-state (micro)electrodes for studying biogeochemical processes: Laboratory measurements to real time measurements with an in situ electrochemical analyzer (ISEA)}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {221{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B T and Ma, S and Trouwborst, R E and Moore, T S and Metzger, E and Kraiya, C and Waite, T J and Druschel, G and Sundby, B and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Shank, T M and Lewis, B L and Brendel, P J}
}
@article {Garcia2008,
	title = {{Widespread secondary volcanism near northern Hawaiian Islands}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {89},
	number = {52},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {542{\textendash}543},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/2008EO520002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008EO520002},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Ito, G and Weis, D and Geist, D J and Swinnard, L and Bianco, T and Flinders, A and Taylor, B and Appelgate, B and Blay, C and Hanano, D and Silva, I N and Naumann, T and Maerschalk, C and Harpp, K S and Christensen, B and Sciaroni, L and Tagami, T and Yamasaki, S}
}
@article {Roberts2007a,
	title = {{Alvin explores the deep northern Gulf of Mexico Slope}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {88},
	number = {35},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {341{\textendash}342},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/2007EO350001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007EO350001},
	author = {Roberts, H and Carney, R and Kupchik, M and Fisher, C R and Nelson, Kim and Becker, E and Goehring, E and Lessard-Pilon, S and Telesnicki, G and Bernard, B and Brooks, J and Bright, M and Cordes, E and Hourdez, S and Hunt, J and Shedd, W and Boland, G and Joye, S and Samarkin, V and Bernier, M and Bowles, M and MacDonald, I and Niemann, H and Petersen, C and Morrison, C and Potter, J}
}
@article {Yoerger2007b,
	title = {{Autonomous and remotely operated vehicle technology for hydrothermal vent discovery, exploration, and sampling}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {152{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.89},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Jakuba, M V and German, C R and Shank, T M and Tivey, M}
}
@article {Heyl2007,
	title = {{Characteristics of vesicomyid clams and their environment at the Blake Ridge cold seep, South Carolina, USA}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {339},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {169{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps339169},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps339169},
	author = {Heyl, T P and Gilhooly, W P and Chambers, R M and Gilchrist, G W and Macko, S A and Ruppel, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Robinson2007,
	title = {{Deep-sea scleractinian coral age and depth distributions in the northwest Atlantic for the last 225,000 years}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {81},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {371{\textendash}391},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Robinson, L F and Adkins, J F and Scheirer, D S and Fernandez, D P and Gagnon, A C and Waller, R G}
}
@article {Govenar2007,
	title = {{Experimental evidence of habitat provision by aggregations of Riftia pachyptila at hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {3{\textendash}14},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1439-0485},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00148.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00148.x},
	author = {Govenar, B and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {VanDover2007a,
	title = {{A fungal epizootic in mussels at a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {54{\textendash}62},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00121.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00121.x},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Ward, M E and Scott, J L and Underdown, J and Anderson, B and Gustafson, C and Whalen, M and Carnegie, R B}
}
@article {Glickson2007,
	title = {{Geology and hydrothermal evolution of the Mothra Hydrothermal Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06010},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001588},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001588},
	author = {Glickson, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Yoerger2007,
	title = {{Mid-ocean ridge exploration with an autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {52{\textendash}61},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.05},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Jakuba, M V and Tivey, M A and German, C R and Shank, T M and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Gilbert2007,
	title = {{Porosity of the upper edifice of Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {49{\textendash}52},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G22892A.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G22892A.1},
	author = {Gilbert, L A and McDuff, R E and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Fisher2007,
	title = {{A proteomic snapshot of life at a vent}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {315},
	number = {5809},
	year = {2007},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {198{\textendash}199},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1137739},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Girguis, P}
}
@article {Gannoun2007,
	title = {{The scale and origin of the osmium isotope variations in mid-ocean ridge basalts}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {259},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {541{\textendash}556},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	author = {Gannoun, A and Burton, K W and Parkinson, I J and Alard, O and Schiano, P and Thomas, L E}
}
@article {Gollner2007,
	title = {{Tubeworm-associated permanent meiobenthic communities from two chemically different hydrothermal vent sites on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {337},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {39{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps337039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps337039},
	author = {Gollner, S and Zekeley, J and Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Nemeschkal, H L and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Gollner2006,
	title = {{Benthic copepod communities associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {397{\textendash}402},
	abstract = {Variability in the structure of the meiobenthic copepod communities was studied among three vent sites on the East Pacific Rise. One of the sites was dominated by the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus, and the other two of the sites were dominated by the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. In addition to the differences in the dominant megafauna, the maximum temperatures were much lower at the mussel-dominated sites, and the temperature to sulfide ratio was different between the tubeworm-dominated sites. A total of 22 vent endemic siphonostomatoid copepod species and 5 harpacticoid copepod species were identified among the three sites. Copepod abundance was low at all sites (},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Gollner, S and Zekely, Julia and Van Dover, C L and Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Nemeschkal, H L and Bright, M}
}
@article {Garry2006,
	title = {{Formation of submarine lava channel textures: Insights from laboratory simulations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {111},
	number = {B3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {B03104},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2005jb003796},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003796},
	author = {Garry, W B and Gregg, T K P and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Gallant2006,
	title = {{Geochemical controls on hydrothermal fluids from the Kairei and Edmond Vent Fields, 23 degrees-25 degrees S, Central Indian Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q06018},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001067},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001067},
	author = {Gallant, R M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Girguis2006,
	title = {{Metabolite uptake, stoichiometry and chemoautotrophic function of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila: responses to environmental variations in substrate concentrations and temperature}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {209},
	number = {18},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3516{\textendash}3528},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.02404},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02404},
	author = {Girguis, P R and Childress, J J}
}
@book {Embley2006a,
	title = {{NOAA Ocean Explorer: Submarine ring of fire 2006}},
	volume = {2007},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	address = {Silver Spring, Md.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06fire/welcome.html},
	author = {Embley, R W and Gottfried, S}
}
@article {Levin2006,
	title = {{Recruitment response of methane-seep macrofauna to sulfide-rich sediments: An in situ experiment}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {330},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {132{\textendash}150},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.022},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.022},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G F and Growney-Cannon, V and Walther, S}
}
@book {German2006,
	title = {{RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 169, 17 Feb - 19 Mar 2005: Hydrothermal exploration of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	series = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton Cruise Report},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {92},
	publisher = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton},
	organization = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton},
	address = {Southampton, UK},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	url = {http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/41274/},
	author = {German, C R and Parson, L M}
}
@article {Tolstoy2006,
	title = {{A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {314},
	number = {5807},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1920{\textendash}1922},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1133950},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133950},
	author = {Tolstoy, M and Cowen, J P and Baker, E T and Fornari, D J and Rubin, K H and Shank, T M and Waldhauser, F and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Forsyth, D W and Holmes, R C and Love, B and Perfit, M R and Weekly, R T and Soule, S A and Glazer, B}
}
@article {Wanless2006,
	title = {{Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai{\textquoteright}i}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q05001},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001086},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001086},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Garcia, M O and Trusdell, F A and Rhodes, J M and Norman, M D and Weis, D and Fornari, D J and Kurz, M D and Guillou, H}
}
@article {Fryer2006,
	title = {{Variability in serpentinite mudflow mechanisms and sources: ODP drilling results on Mariana forearc seamounts}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q08014},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001201},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001201},
	author = {Fryer, P and Gharib, J and Ross, K and Savov, I and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {LeBris2006,
	title = {{Variability of physico-chemical conditions in 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N EPR diffuse flow vent habitats}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {98},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {167{\textendash}182},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2005.08.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.08.008},
	author = {Le Bris, N and Govenar, B and LeGall, C and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Pradillon2005,
	title = {{Colonisation of newly-opened habitat by a pioneer species, Alvinella pompejana (Polychaeta : Alvinellidae), at East Pacific Rise vent sites}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {147{\textendash}157},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps302147},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps302147},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Zbinden, M and Mullineaux, L S and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Govenar2005,
	title = {{Epifaunal community structure associated with Riftia pachyptila aggregations in chemically different hydrothermal vent habitats}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {305},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {67{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps305067},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps305067},
	author = {Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Gollner, S and Glanville, J and Aperghis, A B and Hourdez, S and Fisher, C R}
}
@mastersthesis {Gier2005,
	title = {{The geological implications of the basalts and sediments of the Lucky Strike segment}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {244},
	school = {Columbia University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/AAI3188739},
	author = {Gier, E J}
}
@article {Pradillon2005a,
	title = {{Influence of environmental conditions on early development of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Alvinella pompejana}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {208},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1551{\textendash}1561},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.01567},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01567},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Le Bris, N and Shillito, B and Young, C M and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Phleger2005a,
	title = {{Lipid biomarkers of deep-sea hydrothermal vent polychaetes - Alvinella pompejana, A-caudata, Paralvinella grasslei and Hesiolyra bergii}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {12},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2333{\textendash}2352},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2005.08.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.08.001},
	author = {Phleger, C F and Nelson, M M and Groce, A K and Cary, S C and Coyne, K J and Gibson, J A E and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Phleger2005,
	title = {{Lipid composition of deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia packyptila, crabs Munidopsis subsquatnosa and Bythograea thermydron, mussels Bathymodiolus sp and limpets Lepetodrilus spp}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	volume = {141},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {196{\textendash}210},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.03.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.03.001},
	author = {Phleger, C F and Nelson, M M and Groce, A K and Cary, S C and Coyne, K J and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Karson2005,
	title = {{Nested-scale investigation of tectonic windows into super-fast spread crust exposed at the Pito Deep Rift}},
	journal = {InterRidge Newsletter},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {5{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.interridge.org/files/interridge/IR{\_}news{\_}14.pdf},
	author = {Karson, J A and Francheteau, J and Gee, J S and Gillis, K M and Hayman, N W and Hekinian, R and Hey, R N and Hurst, S D and Klein, E M and Naar, D P and Varga, R J and Party, Pito Deep 2005 Scientific}
}
@article {Kelley2005a,
	title = {{A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: The lost city hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {307},
	number = {5714},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1428{\textendash}1434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102556},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Yoerger, D R and Shank, T M and Butterfield, D A and Hayes, J M and Schrenk, M O and Olson, E J and Proskurowski, G and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Larson, B I and Ludwig, K A and Glickson, D A and Buckman, K and Bradley, A S and Brazelton, W J and Roe, K and Elend, M J and Delacour, A and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Summons, R T and Sylva, S P}
}
@article {Flores2005,
	title = {{Sulfide binding is mediated by zinc ions discovered in the crystal structure of a hydrothermal vent tubeworm hemoglobin}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {102},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2713{\textendash}2718},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0407455102},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407455102},
	author = {Flores, J F and Fisher, C R and Carney, S L and Green, B N and Freytag, J K and Schaeffer, S W and Royer, W E}
}
@article {Mottl2004,
	title = {{Chemistry of springs across the Mariana forearc shows progressive devolatilization of the subducting plate}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {68},
	number = {23},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {4915{\textendash}4933},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.037},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.037},
	author = {Mottl, M A and Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Gharib, J and Martin, J B}
}
@article {Govenar2004,
	title = {{Composition of a One-Year-Old Riftia pachyptila Community Following a Clearance Experiment: Insight to Succession Patterns at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {207},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {177{\textendash}182},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1543204},
	author = {Govenar, B and Freeman, M and Bergquist, D C and Johnson, G A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Gallager2004,
	title = {{Contribution of fine-scale vertical structure and swimming behavior to formation of plankton layers on Georges Bank}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {267},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {27{\textendash}43},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps267027},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps267027},
	author = {Gallager, S M and Yamazaki, H and Davis, C S}
}
@inbook {Childress2004,
	title = {{On the edge of a deep biosphere: Real animals in extreme environments}},
	booktitle = {Subseafloor Biosphere at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {41{\textendash}49},
	publisher = {AGU},
	organization = {AGU},
	doi = {10.1029/144GM04},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Felbeck, H and Girguis, P and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Dahlgren2004,
	title = {{Fauna of whale falls: Systematics and ecology of a new polychaete (Annelida: Chrysopetalidae) from the deep Pacific Ocean.}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {12},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1873{\textendash}1887},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.07.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.07.017},
	author = {Dahlgren, T and Glover, A G and Baco, A R and Smith, C R}
}
@inbook {German2004,
	title = {{Hydrothermal processes}},
	booktitle = {Treatise on geochemistry},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {181{\textendash}222},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0080437516},
	author = {German, C R and Von Damm, K L},
	editor = {Turekian, K K}
}
@article {Goffredi2004a,
	title = {{Novel forms of structural integration between microbes and a hydrothermal vent gastropod from the Indian Ocean}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {3082{\textendash}3090},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.5.3082-3090.2004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.5.3082-3090.2004},
	author = {Goffredi, S K and Waren, A and Orphan, V J and Van Dover, C L and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Rouse2004,
	title = {{Osedax: Bone-eating marine worms with dwarf males}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {305},
	number = {5684},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {668{\textendash}671},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1098650},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1098650},
	author = {Rouse, G W and Goffredi, S K and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Varga2004,
	title = {{Paleomagnetic constraints on deformation models for uppermost oceanic crust exposed at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for axial processes at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {109},
	number = {B2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {B02104},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2003JB002486},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002486},
	author = {Varga, R J and Karson, J A and Gee, J S}
}
@inbook {Fornari2004,
	title = {{Submarine lava flow emplacement at the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N: Implications for uppermost ocean crust stratigraphy and hydrothermal fluid circulation}},
	booktitle = {Mid-ocean ridges: hydrothermal interactions between the lithosphere and ocean},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {148},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {187{\textendash}217},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875904130},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R and Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Edwards, M H and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Von Damm, K L and Shank, T M and Soule, A},
	editor = {German, C R}
}
@article {Goffredi2004,
	title = {{Unusual benthic fauna associated with a whale fall in Monterey Canyon, California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {10},
	year = {2004},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {1295{\textendash}1306},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.05.009},
	author = {Goffredi, S K and Paull, C K and Fulton-Bennett, K and Hurtado, L A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Sims2003,
	title = {{Aberrant youth: Chemical and isotopic constraints on the young off-axis lavas of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {10},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8621},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000443},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000443},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Blichert-Toft, J and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Goldstein, S J and Johnson, P and DePaolo, D J and Hart, S R and Murrell, M T and Michael, P J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A}
}
@article {VanDover2003a,
	title = {{Blake Ridge methane seeps: Characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {281{\textendash}300},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Aharon, P and Bernhard, J M and Caylor, E and Doerries, M B and Flickinger, W and Gilhooly, W and Goffredi, S K and Knick, K E and Macko, S A and Rapoport, S and Raulfs, E C and Ruppel, C and Salerno, J L and Seitz, R D and Sen Gupta, B K and Shank, T M and Turnipseed, M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@inbook {Karson2003,
	title = {{Comparison of geologic and seismic structure of uppermost fast-spread oceanic crust: Insights from a crustal cross section at the Hess Deep Rift}},
	booktitle = {Heterogeneity in the Crust and Upper Mantle: Nature, Scaling, and Seismic Properties},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {99{\textendash}129},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic/Plenum},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic/Plenum},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0306474476},
	author = {Karson, J A and Christeson, G L},
	editor = {Goff, J A}
}
@article {Glover2003,
	title = {{The deep-sea floor ecosystem: Current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025}},
	journal = {Environmental Conservation},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {219{\textendash}241},
	issn = {0376-8929},
	doi = {10.1017/S0376892903000225},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000225},
	author = {Glover, A G and Smith, C R}
}
@inbook {Smith2003,
	title = {{The ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {311{\textendash}354},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0415254639},
	author = {Smith, C R and Baco, A R and Gibson, R N and Atkinson, R J A},
	editor = {Gibson, R N}
}
@article {Goto2003,
	title = {{Estimate of heat flux and its temporal variation at the TAG hydrothermal mound, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26{\textdegree}N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {2434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000703},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000703},
	author = {Goto, S and Kinoshita, M and Schultz, A and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Goffredi2003,
	title = {{Evolutionary relationships of deep-sea vent and cold seep clams (Mollusca: Vesicomyidae) of the "pacifica/lepta" species complex}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {142},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {311{\textendash}320},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-002-0941-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0941-3},
	author = {Goffredi, S K and Hurtado, L A and Hallam, S J and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {VonDamm2003,
	title = {{Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {206},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2003},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {365{\textendash}378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M D and Shanks, W C and Brockington, M and Bray, A M and O{\textquoteright}Grady, K M and Olson, E J and Graham, A and Proskurowski, G and Party, SouEPR Science}
}
@article {Harpp2003,
	title = {{Genovesa Submarine Ridge: A manifestation of plume-ridge interaction in the northern Gal{\'a}pagos Islands}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8511},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GC000531},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000531},
	author = {Harpp, K S and Fornari, D J and Geist, D J and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {Fornari2003,
	title = {{High-T hydrothermal vent monitoring at the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N and a new, improved 64k memory high-T vent fluid temperature logger}},
	journal = {Ridge 2000 Events},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {21{\textendash}25},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0403.pdf},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Gray, R and Olsson, M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Waren2003,
	title = {{A hot-vent gastropod with iron-sulphide dermal sclerites}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {302},
	number = {5647},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1007},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1087696},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1087696},
	author = {Waren, A and Bengtson, S and Goffredi, S K and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Levin2003,
	title = {{Spatial heterogeneity of macrofauna at northern California methane seeps: Influence of sulfide concentration and fluid flow}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {265},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {123{\textendash}139},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps265123},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps265123},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G F and Growney, V A and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Mahn, C and Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Tyler2003,
	title = {{Understanding the biogeography of chemosynthetic ecosystems.}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {25},
	number = {5},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {227{\textendash}241},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	doi = {10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01202-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01202-1},
	author = {Tyler, P A and German, C R and Ramirez-Llodra, E and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Sims2002,
	title = {{Chemical and isotopic constraints on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {19},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3481{\textendash}3504},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Goldstein, S J and Blichert-Toft, J and Perfit, M R and Kelemen, P and Fornari, D J and Michael, P J and Murrell, M T and Hart, S R and DePaolo, D J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A and Jull, M and Bender, J}
}
@article {VanDover2002,
	title = {{Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {295},
	number = {5558},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1253{\textendash}1257},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1067361},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1067361},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and German, C R and Speer, K G and Parson, L M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Reysenbach2002,
	title = {{Expanding the distribution of the Aquificales to the deep-sea vents on Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Central Indian Ridge}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {425{\textendash}428},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-425-428.pdf},
	author = {Reysenbach, A -L and Gotz, D and Banta, A and Jeanthon, C and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Smith2002,
	title = {{Faunal succession on replicate deep-sea whale falls:time scales and vent-seep affinities}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {293{\textendash}297},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-293-297.pdf},
	author = {Smith, C R and Baco, A R and Glover, A G}
}
@article {Biscoito2002,
	title = {{Fishes from the hydrothermal vents and cold seeps: An update}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {359{\textendash}362},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-359-362.pdf},
	author = {Biscoito, M and Segonzac, M and Almeida, A J and Desbruyeres, D and Geistdoerfer, P and Turnipseed, M and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Blackman2002,
	title = {{Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {443{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S and Cann, J R and Fruh-Green, G L and Gee, J S and Hurst, S D and John, B E and Morgan, J and Nooner, S L and Ross, D K and Schroeder, T J and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Humphris2002,
	title = {{Geotectonic setting of hydrothermal activity on the summit of Lucky Strike Seamount (37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 1049},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GC000284},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000284},
	author = {Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Schreirer, D S and German, C R and Parson, L M}
}
@article {Lawrence2002,
	title = {{Magnetic anisotropy of serpentinized peridotites from the MARK area: Implications for the orientation of mesoscopic structures and major fault zones}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {EPM{\textendash}4{\textendash}1 {\textendash} EPM{\textendash}4{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000007},
	author = {Lawrence, R M and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Guinot2002,
	title = {{New genus and species of brachyuran crab from the southern East Pacific Rise (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Bythograeidae)}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus Biologies},
	volume = {325},
	number = {11},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1143{\textendash}1152},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1631-0691},
	doi = {10.1016/S1631-0691(02)01520-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1631-0691(02)01520-2},
	author = {Guinot, D and Hurtado, L A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@inbook {Snelgrove2002,
	title = {{A riot of species in an environmental calm: The paradox of the species-rich deep-sea floor}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {311{\textendash}342},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0415254620},
	author = {Snelgrove, P V R and Smith, C R},
	editor = {Gibson, R N}
}
@article {Govenar2002,
	title = {{Three Ridgeia piscesae assemblages from a single Juan de Fuca Ridge sulphide edifice: Structurally different and functionally similar}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {247{\textendash}252},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-247-252.pdf},
	author = {Govenar, B W and Bergquist, D C and Urcuyo, I A and Eckner, J T and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Sinton2002,
	title = {{Volcanic eruptions on mid-ocean ridges: New evidence from the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 17 degrees-19 degrees S}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000090},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000090},
	author = {Sinton, J and Bergmanis, E and Rubin, K H and Batiza, R and Gregg, T K P and Gronvold, K and Macdonald, K C and White, S M}
}
@book {Fornari2001,
	title = {{AHA-NEMO2: Shipboard data web site compiled during R/V Melville NEMO Expedition, Leg 2, May, 2000}},
	volume = {2005},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://science.whoi.edu/ahanemo2},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tolstoy, M and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Johnson, P and Kurras, G and White, S and Getsiv, J and Party, Shipboard Scientific and Technical}
}
@article {VanDover2001,
	title = {{Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {294},
	number = {5543},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {818{\textendash}823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1064574},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1064574},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Cavanaugh, C M and Collier, R and Goffredi, S K and Hashimoto, J and Lilley, M D and Reysenbach, A -L and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Banta, A and Gallant, R M and Gotz, D and Green, D and Hall, J and Harmer, T L and Hurtado, L A and Johnson, P and McKiness, Z P and Meredith, C and Olson, E J and Pan, I L and Turnipseed, M and Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Sakimoto2001,
	title = {{Channeled flow: Analytic solutions, laboratory experiments, and applications to lava flows}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {8629{\textendash}8644},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900384},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900384},
	author = {Sakimoto, S E H and Gregg, T K P}
}
@article {Levin2001,
	title = {{Dressing up for the deep: agglutinated protists adorn an irregular urchin}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {81},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {881{\textendash}882},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315401004738},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401004738},
	author = {Levin, L A and Gooday, A J and James, D W}
}
@article {Levin2001a,
	title = {{Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {51{\textendash}93},
	issn = {1543-592X},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002},
	author = {Levin, L A and Etter, R J and Rex, M A and Gooday, A J and Smith, C R and Pineda, J and Stuart, C T and Hessler, R R and Pawson, D}
}
@article {Gillis2001,
	title = {{Fluid flow patterns in fast spreading East Pacific Rise crust exposed at Hess Deep}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B11},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {26,311{\textendash}326,329},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000038},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000038},
	author = {Gillis, K M and Muehlenbachs, K and Stewart, M and Gleeson, T and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Smith2001,
	title = {{Magnetic anomalies at the Puna Ridge, a submarine extension of Kilauea Volcano: Implications for lava deposition}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {16,16{\textendash}47,60},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000014},
	author = {Smith, D K and Tivey, M A and Gregg, P and Kong, L}
}
@article {Ravilly2001,
	title = {{NRM intensity of altered oceanic basalts across the MAR (21 degrees N, 0-1.5 Ma): A record of geomagnetic palaeointensity variation?}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {145},
	number = {2},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {401{\textendash}422},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-246x.2001.01381.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2001.01381.x},
	author = {Ravilly, M and Horen, H and Perrin, M and Dyment, J and Gente, P and Guillou, H}
}
@article {Garcia2001,
	title = {{Submarine growth and internal structure of ocean island volcanoes based on submarine observations of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {163{\textendash}166},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0163:SGAISO>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029{\%}3C0163:SGAISO{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Davis, M G}
}
@article {Luther2001a,
	title = {{Sulfur speciation monitored in situ with solid state gold amalgam voltammetric microelectrodes: Polysulfides as a special case in sediments, microbial mats and hydrothermal vent waters}},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {61{\textendash}66},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1464-0325},
	doi = {10.1039/b006499h},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b006499h},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B Y and Hohmann, L and Popp, J I and Taillefert, M and Rozan, T F and Brendel, P J and Theberge, S M and Nuzzio, D B}
}
@inbook {Freitag2000,
	title = {{Acoustic communication in very shallow water: results from the1999 AUV Fest}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {2155{\textendash}2160},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882253},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882253},
	author = {Freitag, L and Grund, M and Singh, S and Johnson, M}
}
@inbook {Williams2000,
	title = {{Autonomous underwater simultaneous localisation and map building}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings: 2000 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation April 24-28, 2000, San Francisco Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, California},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1793{\textendash}1798},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-5886-4},
	doi = {10.1109/ROBOT.2000.844855},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2000.844855},
	author = {Williams, S and Newman, B and Dissanayake, P and Gamini, D W}
}
@article {Pancost2000,
	title = {{Biomarker evidence for widespread anaerobic methane oxidation in Mediterranean sediments by a consortium of methanogenic archaea and bacteria}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1126{\textendash}1132},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.3.1126-1132.2000},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/3/1126},
	author = {Pancost, R D and Damste, J S S and De Lint, S and Van der Maarel, M J and Gottschal, J C}
}
@inbook {Galkin2000,
	title = {{Bottom fauna of the Mohns Ridge: submersible investigations}},
	booktitle = {Bentos morei Rossii i Severnoi Atlantiki: sbornik nauchnykh trudov (Benthos of the Russian Sea and the Northern Atlantic)},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {81{\textendash}85},
	publisher = {Nauka},
	organization = {Nauka},
	address = {Moscow, Russia},
	isbn = {5-8538-2193-8},
	author = {Galkin, S V},
	editor = {Kuznetsov, A P}
}
@article {Hekinian2000,
	title = {{Deep sea explosive activity on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 34 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N; magma composition, vesicularity and volatile content}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}77},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00190-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00190-0},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Pineau, F and Shilobreeva, S and Bideau, D and Gracia, E and Javoy, M}
}
@article {Griboulard2000,
	title = {{Deep-dive observations and acoustic sonar imagery of an accretionary fold: surficial deformations on the South Barbados Wedge (Atlantic Ocean)}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciences. S{\'e}rie II, M{\'e}canique, physique, chimie, sciences de l{\textquoteright}univers, sciences de la terre},
	volume = {330},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {281{\textendash}287},
	issn = {0764-4450},
	doi = {10.1016/S1251-8050(00)00128-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)00128-2},
	author = {Griboulard, R and Deniaud, Y and Gonthier, E}
}
@article {Gebruk2000,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities of the Logatchev area (14 degrees 45{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Diverse biotypes and high biomass}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {80},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {383{\textendash}393},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315499002088},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315499002088},
	author = {Gebruk, A V and Chevaldonne, P and Shank, T M and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Ballard2000a,
	title = {{The discovery of ancient history in the deep sea using advanced deep submergence technology}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1591{\textendash}1620},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	author = {Ballard, R D and McCann, A M and Yoerger, D R and Whitcomb, L and Mindell, D and Oleson, J and Singh, H and Foley, B and Adams, J and Piechota, D and Giangrande, C}
}
@article {Auzende2000,
	title = {{The eastern and western tips of Manus Basin (Papua, New Guinea) explored by submersible: MANAUTE cruise}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciences. S{\'e}rie II, M{\'e}canique, physique, chimie, sciences de l{\textquoteright}univers, sciences de la terre},
	volume = {331},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {119{\textendash}126},
	issn = {0764-4450},
	doi = {10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ishibashi, J and Beaudoin, Y and Charlou, J L and Delteil, J and Donval, J P and Fouquet, Y and Gouillou, J P and Ildefonse, B and Kimura, H and Nishio, Y and Radford-Knoery, J and Ruellan, E}
}
@article {Voight2000a,
	title = {{Egg brooding by deep-sea octopuses in the North Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {198},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {94{\textendash}100},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/198/1/94},
	author = {Voight, J R and Grehan, A J}
}
@inbook {Bowen2000,
	title = {{Elevators {\textendash} autonomous transporters for deepsea benthic sample recovery}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {343{\textendash}348},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881282},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881282},
	author = {Bowen, M F and Bernard, P J and Gleason, D E and Whitcomb, L L}
}
@article {Gebruk2000a,
	title = {{Food sources, behaviour, and distribution of hydrothermal vent shrimps at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {80},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {485{\textendash}499},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315400002186},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400002186},
	author = {Gebruk, A V and Southward, E C and Kennedy, H and Southward, A J}
}
@inbook {Juniper2000,
	title = {{IRL: an interactive real-time logging system for ROVs}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {465{\textendash}473},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881301},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881301},
	author = {Juniper, S and Garrett, K and Shepherd, J F and Tamburri, K and Wallace, K}
}
@article {Galgani2000,
	title = {{Litter on the sea floor along European coasts}},
	journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	volume = {40},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {516{\textendash}527},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9},
	author = {Galgani, F and Leaute, J P and Moguedet, P and Souplet, A and Verin, Y and Carpentier, A and Goraguer, H and Latrouite, D and Andral, B and Cadiou, Y and Mahe, J C and Poulard, J C and Nerisson, P}
}
@article {Peek2000,
	title = {{Neutral and nonneutral mitochondrial genetic variation in deep-sea clams from the family Vesicomyidae}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {141{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2844},
	doi = {10.1007/s002399910016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002399910016},
	author = {Peek, A S and Gaut, B S and Feldman, R A and Barry, J P and Kochevar, R E and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@inbook {Purcell2000,
	title = {{New capabilities of the REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {147{\textendash}151},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881250},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881250},
	author = {Purcell, M and von Alt, C and Allen, B and Austin, T and Forrester, N and Goldsborough, R and Stokey, R}
}
@article {Mitchell2000,
	title = {{Seafloor slopes at mid-ocean ridges from submersible observations and implications for interpreting geology from seafloor topography}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {183},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {543{\textendash}555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00270-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00270-3},
	author = {Mitchell, N C and Tivey, M A and Gente, P}
}
@article {Glasby2000,
	title = {{Submarine hydrothermal mineralization on the Izu-Bonin Arc, south of Japan: an overview}},
	journal = {Marine Georesources {\&} Geotechnology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {141{\textendash}176},
	issn = {1064-119X},
	doi = {10.1080/10641190009353785},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190009353785},
	author = {Glasby, G P and Izasa, K and Yuasa, M and Usui, A}
}
@article {Hekinian2000a,
	title = {{Submersible observations of equatorial atlantic mantle: The St. Paul Fracture Zone region}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {529{\textendash}560},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1004819701870},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004819701870},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Juteau, T and Gracia, E and Sichler, B and Sichel, S and Udintsev, G and Apprioual, R and Ligi, M}
}
@article {Sturm2000,
	title = {{Uranium-series age constraints on lavas from the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, MARK area}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {181},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {61{\textendash}70},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1},
	author = {Sturm, M E and Goldstein, S J and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Murrell, M T}
}
@article {Gregg2000,
	title = {{Using submarine lava pillars to record mid-ocean ridge eruption dynamics}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {178},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {195{\textendash}214},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00085-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00085-6},
	author = {Gregg, T K P and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {White2000,
	title = {{Variations in ambient light emission from black smokers and flange pools on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {27},
	number = {8},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1151{\textendash}1154},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL011074},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011074},
	author = {White, S N and Chave, A D and Reynolds, G T and Gaidos, E J and Tyson, J A and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Fujiwara1999,
	title = {{Bathymetric and gravity survey of the eastern Nankai Trough}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {357{\textendash}361},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}28.pdf},
	author = {Fujiwara, T and Goto, S and Kobayashi, K}
}
@article {Gilbert1999,
	title = {{Direct measurements of oceanic crustal density at the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {26},
	number = {24},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {3633{\textendash}3636},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL008391},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008391},
	author = {Gilbert, L A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Thistle1999,
	title = {{Physical reworking by near-bottom flow alters the metazoan meiofauna of Fieberling Guyot (northeast Pacific)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {46},
	number = {12},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {2041{\textendash}2052},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00040-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00040-0},
	author = {Thistle, D and Levin, L A and Gooday, A J and Pfannkuche, O and Lambshead, P J D}
}
@article {Chadwick1999,
	title = {{Submarine lineated sheet flows: a unique lava morphology formed on subsiding lava ponds}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {61},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {194{\textendash}206},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/s004450050271},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050271},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Gregg, T K P and Embley, R W}
}
@book {Davis1998,
	title = {{Automated analysis of zooplankton size and taxonomic composition}},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Instutution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Instutution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA348771},
	author = {Davis, C S and Gallager, S M and Stewart, K}
}
@article {Fornari1998a,
	title = {{Axial summit trough of the east Pacific Rise 9 degrees -10 degrees N: geological characteristics and evolution of the axial zone on fast spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9827{\textendash}9855},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/98JB00028},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JB00028},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Perfit, M R and Gregg, T K P and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Gao1998,
	title = {{Computer-aided interpretation of side-looking sonar images from the eastern intersection of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge with the Kane Transform}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B9},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {14,20,921{\textendash}997},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/98JB00165},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JB00165},
	author = {Gao, D and Hurst, S D and Karson, J A and Delaney, J R and Speiss, F N}
}
@article {Smith1998,
	title = {{Detrital aggregates on the sea floor: chemical composition and aerobic decomposition rates at a time-series station in the abyssal N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {843{\textendash}880},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	author = {Smith, K L and Baldwin, R J and Glatts, R C and Kaufmann, R S and Fisher, E C}
}
@article {Bachmayer1998,
	title = {{Oceanographic research using remotely operated underwater robotic vehicles: exploration of hydrothermal vent sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37 North 32 West}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {37{\textendash}47},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Bachmayer, R and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Van Dover, C L and Howland, J and Bowen, A and Elder, R and Crook, T and Gleason, D E and Sellers, W and Lerner, S}
}
@article {Mullineaux1998,
	title = {{Recruitment variation during a pilot colonization study of hydrothermal vents (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {441{\textendash}464},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00045-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00045-3},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Mills, S W and Goldman, E}
}
@article {Tebbens1998,
	title = {{Teaching marine science to the next generation: Innovative programs for 6th-8th graders gain momentum}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {79},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {137,141},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/98EO00096},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98EO00096},
	author = {Tebbens, S F and Coble, P G and Greely, T}
}
@article {Fornari1998b,
	title = {{Time-series temperature measurements at high-temperature hydrothermal vents, East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-51{\textquoteright}N; evidence for monitoring a crustal cracking event}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {419{\textendash}431},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Gregg, T K P and Lilley, M and Levai, G and Bray, A and Haymon, R M and Perfit, M R and Lutz, R}
}
@article {Mottl1998,
	title = {{Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0051:WSDOMO>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026{\%}3C0051:WSDOMO{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Wheat, G and Baker, E and Davis, E and Feely, R and Grehan, A and Kadko, D and Lilley, M and Massoth, G and Moyer, C and Sansone, F}
}
@article {Bogdanov1997,
	title = {{Geological and biological investigations in the northern part of Mohn Ridge (Norwegian Sea)}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {609{\textendash}616},
	issn = {0030-1574},
	author = {Bogdanov, Y and Sagalevich, A M and Galkin, S V and Chernyaev, E S and Lukashin, V N and Ivanov, G V}
}
@article {Galkin1997,
	title = {{Megafauna associated with hydrothermal vents in the Manus Back-Arc Basin (Bismarck Sea)}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {142},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {197{\textendash}206},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00051-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00051-0},
	author = {Galkin, S V}
}
@article {Goff1997,
	title = {{Multiscale spectral analysis of bathymetry on the flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Modification of the seafloor by mass wasting and sedimentation}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {102},
	number = {B7},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {15,415{\textendash}447,462},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB00723},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB00723},
	author = {Goff, J A and Tucholke, B E}
}
@article {Fryer1997,
	title = {{Volcanologic and tectonic evolution of the Kasuga seamounts, northern Mariana Trough: Alvin submersible investigations}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {79},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {277{\textendash}311},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00013-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00013-9},
	author = {Fryer, P and Gill, G B and Jackson, M C}
}
@inbook {Kleinrock1996,
	title = {{Detailed structure and morphology of the TAG active hydrothermal mound and its geotectonic environment}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Humphris, S E and Shaw, P and Bowen, A and Crook, T and Davis, C S and Elder, R and Gleason, D E and Goff, J and Goldstein, L and Handley, W and Howland, J and Hussenoeder, S and Koga, K and Lerner, S and Nakamura, K and Rashid, M and Reiser Wetzel, L and Sellers, W and Sulanowska, M and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@article {Wilson1996,
	title = {{Hydrothermal anomalies in the Lucky Strike segment on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {142},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {467{\textendash}477},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	author = {Wilson, C and Charlou, J L and Ludford, E and Klinkhammer, G and Chin, C and Bougault, H and German, C R and Speer, K and Palmer, M}
}
@article {Zuleger1996,
	title = {{Institial water chemistry of sediments of the Costa Rica accretionary complex off the Nicoya Peninsula}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {899{\textendash}902},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00386},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00386},
	author = {Zuleger, E and Gieskes, J M and You, C F}
}
@article {Batiza1996,
	title = {{New evidence from Alvin for the origin of deep-sea eruptive hyaloclastite on Seamount 6; Cocos Plate, 12 degrees 43{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {77},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {319},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Batiza, R and Becker, N and Bercovici, D and Coleman, T and Gorman, T and Head, J W and Holloway, L and Karsten, J and Kelly, A and Keszthelyi, L P and Maicher, D and Mueller, W and Muller, J and Norby, L and Paduan, J and Parker, G and Prockter, L and Stakes, D and White, J}
}
@article {Auzende1996,
	title = {{Recent tectonic magmatic and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17 degrees S and 19 degrees S: submersible observations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {10,17,918{\textendash}995},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/96JB01209},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JB01209},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ballu, V and Batiza, R and Bideau, D and Charlou, J L and Cormier, M -H and Fouquet, Y and Geistdoerfer, P and Lagabrielle, Y and Sinton, J and Spadea, P}
}
@article {McAdoo1996,
	title = {{Seafloor structural observations, Costa Rica accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {883{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00731},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00731},
	author = {McAdoo, B G and Orange, D L and Silver, E A and McIntosh, K and Abbott, L and Galewsky, J and Kahn, L and Protti, M}
}
@article {Gregg1996,
	title = {{Submarine lava-flow inflation: A model for the formation of lava pillars}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {11},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {981{\textendash}984},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0981:SLFIAM>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024{\%}3C0981:SLFIAM{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Gregg, T K P and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Macdonald1996,
	title = {{Volcanic growth faults and the origin of Pacific abyssal hills}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {380},
	number = {6570},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {125{\textendash}129},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/380125a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/380125a0},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Fox, P J and Alexander, R T and Pockalny, R and Gente, P}
}
@book {Fornari1995a,
	title = {{Alvin - Atlantis II near-bottom gravity cruise (131-12) : April 11-24, 1994, Manzanillo, MX - Manzanillo, MX}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Cochran, J R and Coakley, B J and Herr, R and Gregg, T K P and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Shillito1995,
	title = {{Chitin localization in the secretion system of a deep-sea tube worm}},
	journal = {Journal of Structural Biology},
	volume = {114},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {67{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1047-8477},
	doi = {10.1006/jsbi.1995.1006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.1995.1006},
	author = {Shillito, B and L{\"u}bbering, B and Lechaire, J P and Childress, J and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Popov1995,
	title = {{Comparative analysis of magnetic properties of basalts from Juan de Fuca Ridge and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {451{\textendash}462},
	issn = {0030-1574},
	author = {Popov, K V and Gapeev, A K and Shcherbakov, V P and Gorshkov, A G}
}
@article {VonDamm1995,
	title = {{Evolution of East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent fluids following a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {375},
	number = {6526},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {47{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/375047a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375047a0},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Oosting, S E and Kozlowski, R and Buttermore, L G and Colodner, D C and Edmonds, H N and Edmond, J M and Grebmeier, J M}
}
@article {Wishner1995,
	title = {{Pelagic and benthic ecology of the lower interface of the Eastern Tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {93{\textendash}115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	author = {Wishner, K F and Ashjian, C J and Gelfman, C and Gowing, M M and Kann, L and Levin, L A and Mullineaux, L S and Saltzman, J}
}
@book {Zuleger1995,
	title = {{Sediment cores on the Costa Rica accretionary prism (Atlantis II cruise 131-10): pore water studies}},
	series = {SIO Reference},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {75 p.},
	publisher = {University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography},
	organization = {University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography},
	address = {La Jolla, Calif.},
	author = {Zuleger, E and Gieskes, J M and You, C F}
}
@article {Hover1994,
	title = {{Calculations of dynamic motions and tensions of towed underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {449{\textendash}457},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.312921},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.312921},
	author = {Hover, F and Grosenbaugh, M A and Triantafyllou, M}
}
@article {Geistdoerfer1994,
	title = {{Careproctus hyaleius, a new cyclopterid fish (Liparinae) from the hydrothermal ecosystem of the East Pacific Ridge (13 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Cybium},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {325{\textendash}333},
	issn = {0399-0974},
	author = {Geistdoerfer, P}
}
@inbook {Campbell1994,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {201{\textendash}221},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Campbell, A C and German, C R and Palmer, M R and Gamo, T and Edmond, J M},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Gorodezky1994,
	title = {{Effects of sulfide exposure history and hemolymph thiosulfate on oxygen-consumption rates and regulation in the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {120},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {123{\textendash}131},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00381948},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381948},
	author = {Gorodezky, L and Childress, J J}
}
@inbook {Magenheim1994,
	title = {{Evidence for hydrothermal flow through surficial sediments, Escanaba Trough}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {241{\textendash}255},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Magenheim, A J and Gieskes, J M},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Bennett1994,
	title = {{Faunal community structure of a chemoautotrophic assemblage on whale bones in the deep Northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {205{\textendash}223},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps108205},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps108205},
	author = {Bennett, B A and Smith, C R and Glaser, B and Maybaum, H L}
}
@article {Ginster1994,
	title = {{Heat flux from black smokers on the Endeavour and Cleft segments, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4937{\textendash}4950},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02800},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02800},
	author = {Ginster, U and Mottl, M J and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Auzende1994,
	title = {{Observation of sections of oceanic crust and mantle cropping out on the southern wall of the Kane FZ (N. Atlantic)}},
	journal = {Terra Nova},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {143{\textendash}148},
	issn = {0954-4879},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Henriet, J P and Juteau, T and Karson, J A and Lagabrielle, Y and M{\'e}vel, C and Tivey, M}
}
@article {Geistdoerfer1994a,
	title = {{Pachycara thermophilum, a new zoarcid fish from hydrothermal ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.; Pachycara thermophilium, une nouvelle espece do poisson Zoarcidae des sites hydrothermaux de la dorsale medio-atlantique}},
	journal = {Cybium},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {109{\textendash}115},
	issn = {0399-0974},
	author = {Geistdoerfer, P}
}
@inbook {Grassle1994,
	title = {{Soft-Sediment hydrothermal vent communities of Escanaba Trough}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {327{\textendash}335},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Petrecca, R F},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Goetz1993,
	title = {{Aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in the petroleum-rich sediments of the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site: Preference for aromatic hydroxylic acids}},
	journal = {Geomicrobiology Journal},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	issn = {0149-0451},
	author = {Goetz, F E and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Turner1993,
	title = {{Character of active hydrothermal mounds and near by altered hemipelagic sediments in the hydrothermal areas of Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: data on shallow cores}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {973{\textendash}996},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Turner, R J W and Ames, D E and Franklin, J M and Goodfellow, W D and Leitch, C H B and H{\"o}y, T}
}
@inbook {Garzke1993,
	title = {{Deep underwater exploration vehicles {\textendash} past, present and future}},
	booktitle = {Centennial meeting, technical sessions, September 15-17, 1992, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, the New York Hilton and Towers, New York, NY},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {15{\textendash}40},
	publisher = {Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers},
	organization = {Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers},
	address = {Jersey City, N.J.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Garzke, W H and Yoerger, D R and Harris, S and Dulin, R O and Brown, D K}
}
@article {Garcia1993,
	title = {{An evaluation of temporal geochemical evolution of Loihi summit lavas: results from Alvin submersible dives}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {537{\textendash}550},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01707},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01707},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Jorgenson, B A and Mahoney, J J and Ito, E and Irving, A J}
}
@article {German1993,
	title = {{A geochemical study of metalliferous sediment from the TAG bydrothermal mound, 26 degrees 09{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9683{\textendash}9692},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01705},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01705},
	author = {German, C R and Higgs, N C and Thomson, J and Mills, R and Elderfield, H and Blusztajn, J and Fleer, A P and Bacon, M P}
}
@article {Kochevar1993,
	title = {{Identification and characterization of two carbonic anhydrases from the hydrothermal vent tube-worm Riftia pachyptila Jones}},
	journal = {Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {10{\textendash}19},
	issn = {1053-6426},
	author = {Kochevar, R E and Govind, N S and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Cary1993,
	title = {{Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques}},
	journal = {Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {51{\textendash}62},
	issn = {1053-6426},
	author = {Cary, S C and Warren, W and Anderson, E and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Grosenbaugh1993,
	title = {{Simulating the dynamics of underwater vehicles with low-tension tethers}},
	journal = {International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {213{\textendash}218},
	issn = {1053-5381},
	author = {Grosenbaugh, M A and Howell, C T and Moxnes, S}
}
@mastersthesis {Gallo1993,
	title = {{The structural character of oceanic transforms: Implications for tectonic processes}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {282},
	school = {University of Rhode Island},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Kingston, R.I.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Gallo, D G}
}
@article {Gillis1993,
	title = {{A view of the lower crustal component of hydrothermal systems at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {19,519{\textendash}597,619},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB01717},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB01717},
	author = {Gillis, K M and Thonpson, G and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Haymon1993,
	title = {{Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 45-52{\textquoteright}N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April 1991}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {119},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {85{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Edmond, J and Shanks, W and Lutz, R and Grebmeier, J M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and McLaughlin, E and Smith, M and Beedle, N and Olson, E}
}
@article {Bendel1993,
	title = {{The White Lady hydrothermal field, North Fiji back-arc basin, Southeast Pacific}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2233{\textendash}2245},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2237},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2237},
	author = {Bendel, V and Fouquet, Y and Auzende, J M and Lagabrielle, Y and Grimaud, D and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Haymon1992,
	title = {{Dramatic short-term changes observed during March {\textquoteright}92 to April {\textquoteright}91 eruption site on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 45-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Lutz, R and Perfit, M and Macdonald, K and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Shanks, W C and Nelson, D and Edwards, M and Kappus, M and Colodner, D and Wright, D and Scherier, D and Black, M and Edmonds, H and Olson, E and Geiselman, T}
}
@inbook {Howell1992,
	title = {{Maneuvering underwater vehicles employing low-tension tethers}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second (1992) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {321{\textendash}326},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineer (ISOPE)},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineer (ISOPE)},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	isbn = {1-880653-00-1},
	author = {Howell, C T and Grosenbaugh, M A and Moxnes, S and Anderson, J and Triantafyllou, M S}
}
@article {Gunderson1992,
	title = {{Mats of giant sulfur bacteria in deep-sea sediments due to fluctuating hydrothermal flow}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {360},
	number = {6403},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {454{\textendash}456},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/360454a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360454a0},
	author = {Gunderson, J and Jorgensen, B B and Larsen, E and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Haymon1991,
	title = {{Active eruption seen on East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {72},
	number = {46},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {505,507},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/90EO00362},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90EO00362},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Beedle, N and Johnson, F and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Grebmeier, J and Lilley, M and McLaughlin, E and Olson, E and Edmond, J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Shanks, W C and Lutz, R and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D}
}
@article {Grimaud1991,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 17 degrees S active site on the North Fiji Basin Ridge (SW Pacific)}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {93},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {209{\textendash}218},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/0009-2541(91)90114-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90114-7},
	author = {Grimaud, D and Ishibashi, J I and Lagabrielle, Y and Auzende, J M and Urabe, T}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1991,
	title = {{Design methods of improving robot manipulator performance}},
	booktitle = {Advances in Design Automation, 1991},
	series = {DE (American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Design Engineering Division)},
	volume = {2},
	number = {32},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {545{\textendash}550},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-79180-748-4},
	author = {Ulrich, N T and Kumar, V},
	editor = {Gabriele, G A}
}
@article {Grosenbaugh1991,
	title = {{Drag forces and flow-induced vibrations of a long vertical tow cable - Part II: Unsteady towing conditions}},
	journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {113},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {199{\textendash}204},
	issn = {0892-7219},
	doi = {10.1115/1.2919920},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919920},
	author = {Grosenbaugh, M A and Yoerger, D R and Hover, F S and Triantafyllou, M S}
}
@article {Yoerger1991b,
	title = {{Drag forces and flow-induced vibrations of a long vertical tow cable - Part I: Steady-state towing conditions}},
	journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {113},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {117{\textendash}127},
	issn = {0892-7219},
	doi = {10.1115/1.2919907},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919907},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A and Triantafyllou, M S and Burgess, J J}
}
@article {Mevel1991,
	title = {{Emplacement of deep crustal and mantle rocks on the west median valley wall of the MARK area (MAR, 23 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {31{\textendash}53},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	author = {M{\'e}vel, C and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Marion, E and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Haymon1991b,
	title = {{EPR crest erupts north of Leg 142 drillsite}},
	journal = {JOI/USSAC Newsletter},
	volume = {4},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {4{\textendash}5},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Shanks, W C and Grebmeier, J and Lutz, R and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Smith, M and Laughlin, E and Beedle, N and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D and Olson, E and Johnson, F}
}
@article {Gente1991,
	title = {{An example of a recent accretion on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Snake Pit neovolcanic ridge (MARK Area, 23 degrees 22{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1{\textendash}29},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	author = {Gente, P and M{\'e}vel, C and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A and Fouquet, Y}
}
@inbook {Gortan1991,
	title = {{Exploration sousmarine: Engins d{\textquoteright}hier d{\textquoteright}aujourd{\textquoteright}hui et de demain}},
	booktitle = {La Vie des Oceans},
	series = {Science et vie},
	number = {176},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {4{\textendash}12},
	publisher = {Excelsior},
	organization = {Excelsior},
	address = {Paris},
	author = {Gortan, C}
}
@article {Pley1991,
	title = {{Pyrodictium abyssi sp. nov. represents a novel heterotrophic marine archaeal hyperthermophile growing at 110 degrees C.}},
	journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {245{\textendash}253},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	author = {Pley, Y and Schipka, J and Gambacorta, A and Jannasch, H W and Fricke, H R and Stetter, K O}
}
@article {Goff1991,
	title = {{Quantitative comparisons of bathymetric survey systems}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {18},
	number = {7},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1243{\textendash}1256},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/91GL01558},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91GL01558},
	author = {Goff, J A and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Triantafyllou1991,
	title = {{Robust control for underwater vehicle systems with time delays}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {16},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {146{\textendash}151},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.64894},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.64894},
	author = {Triantafyllou, M S and Grosenbaugh, M A}
}
@article {Taylor1990,
	title = {{Alvin-Seabeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {127{\textendash}147},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	author = {Taylor, B and Brown, G and Fryer, P and Gill, J B and Hochstaedter, A G and Hotta, H and Langmuir, C H and Leinen, M and Nishimura, A and Urabe, T}
}
@inbook {Grosenbaugh1990,
	title = {{The effect of unsteady motion on the drag forces and flow-induced vibrations of a long vertical tow cable}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the First (1990) European Offshore Mechanics Symposium: Hydrodynamics and Structural Mechanics, Tubular Joints and Fatigue, TLP, Offshore Systems, Pipelines and Risers, Cables and Mooring, Ice-Structure Interactions},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {464{\textendash}473},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-962610-44-5},
	author = {Grosenbaugh, M A},
	editor = {Chung, J S}
}
@article {Embley1990,
	title = {{Geological setting of chemosynthetic communities in the Monterey Fan Valley system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {11},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1651{\textendash}1667},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	author = {Embley, R W and Eittreim, S L and McHugh, C H and Normark, W R and Rau, G H and Hecker, B and DeBevoise, A E and Greene, H G and Ryan, W B F and Harrold, C and Baxter, C}
}
@article {Paull1990,
	title = {{Geology of the strata exposed on the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {177{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	author = {Paull, C K and Freeman-Lynde, R and Bralower, T J and Garsemal, J M and Neumann, A C and D{\textquoteright}Argenio, B and Marsella, E}
}
@article {Wishner1990,
	title = {{Involvement of the oxygen minimum in benthic zonation of a deep seamount}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {346},
	number = {6279},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {57{\textendash}59},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/346057a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346057a0},
	author = {Wishner, K and Levin, L A and Gowing, M and Mullineaux, L}
}
@inbook {Hover1990,
	title = {{Modelling the dynamics of a deeply-towed underwater vehicle system}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the First (1990) European Offshore Mechanics Symposium: Hydrodynamics and Structural Mechanics, Tubular Joints and Fatigue, TLP, Offshore Systems, Pipelines and Risers, Cables and Mooring, Ice-Structure Interactions},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {457{\textendash}463},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	isbn = {0-962610-44-5},
	author = {Hover, F S and Triantafyllou, M S and Grosenbaugh, M A},
	editor = {Chung, J S}
}
@article {Gieskes1990,
	title = {{Retrograde oxidation of hydrothermal precipitates and petroleum in Escanaba Trough sediments}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {93{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90040-C},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90040-C},
	author = {Gieskes, J M and Simoneit, B R T and Magenheim, A J and Leif, R N}
}
@article {Brooks1990,
	title = {{Salt, seeps and symbiosis in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {71},
	number = {45},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1772{\textendash}1773},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Wiesenburg, D A and Roberts, H and Carney, R S and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R and Guinasso, N L and Sager, W W and McDonald, S J and Burke, R A and Aharon, P and Bright, T J}
}
@article {Hochstaedter1990a,
	title = {{Volcanism in the Sumisu Rift I: Major element, volatile and stable isotope geochemistry}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {179{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	author = {Hochstaedter, A G and Gill, J B and Kusakabe, M and Newman, S and Pringle, M and Taylor, B and Fryer, P}
}
@article {Hochstaedter1990,
	title = {{Volcanism in the Sumisu Rift II: Subduction and non-subduction related components}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {195{\textendash}209},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90185-Z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90185-Z},
	author = {Hochstaedter, A G and Gill, J B and Morris, J D}
}
@article {Childress1989,
	title = {{Benthopelagic biomass distribution and oxygen consumption in a deep-sea benthic boundary layer dominated by gelatinous organisms}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {34},
	number = {5},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {913{\textendash}930},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}34/issue{\_}5/0913.pdf},
	author = {Childress, J J and Gluck, D L and Carney, R S and Gowing, M M}
}
@article {Segall1989,
	title = {{Clay-size minerals as indicators of modern sedimentary processes in submarine canyons: Application to the Wilmington canyon system}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {90},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {175{\textendash}192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(89)90040-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(89)90040-6},
	author = {Segall, M P and Kuehl, S A and Gipson, M}
}
@book {Eittreim1989,
	title = {{Observations in Monterey Canyon and fan valley using the submersible Alvin and a photographic sled}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {28},
	publisher = {United States Geological Survey},
	organization = {United States Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr89291},
	author = {Eittreim, S L and Embley, R W and Normark, W R and Greene, H G and McHugh, C M and Ryan, W B F}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1988a,
	title = {{An experimental investigation of the quasi-statics and dynamics of a long vertical tow cable}},
	booktitle = {OMAE 1988 Houston: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {489{\textendash}495},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A and Triantafyllou, M S and Engebretsen, K and Burgess, J},
	editor = {Chung, J S}
}
@inbook {Triantafyllou1988,
	title = {{A full-scale experiment and theoretical study of the dynamics of underwater vehicles employing very long tethers}},
	booktitle = {BOSS {\textquoteright}88 : proceedings of the International Conference on Behavior of Offshore Structures, Trondheim, Norway, June 1988},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {549{\textendash}563},
	publisher = {Tapir Publishers},
	organization = {Tapir Publishers},
	address = {Trondheim, Norway},
	isbn = {8251908558},
	author = {Triantafyllou, M S and Engebretsen, K and Burgess, J J and Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A},
	editor = {Moan, T}
}
@article {Graham1988,
	title = {{He, Pb, Sr and Nd isotope constraints on magma genesis and mantle heterogeneity beneath young Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {99},
	number = {4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {446{\textendash}463},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00371936},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371936},
	author = {Graham, D W and Zindler, A and Kurz, M D and Jenkins, W J and Batiza, R and Staudigel, H}
}
@article {Karl1988,
	title = {{A microbiological study of Guaymas Basin high temperature hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {777{\textendash}791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	author = {Karl, D M and Taylor, G T and Novitsky, J A and Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Pace, N R and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Embley1988,
	title = {{Submersible observation of the {\textquoteright}megaplume{\textquoteright} areas: Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1483},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Embley, R W and Hammond, S and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G and Appelgate, B and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Baker, E T and Gendron, J and Lebon, G and Butterfield, D A and Coughlin, B and Lupton, J E and Jonnason, I and Perfit, M R and Cowen, J P and Tunnicliffe, V and Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Distel1988,
	title = {{Sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts: analysis of phylogeny, specificity, and origins by 16S ribosomal RNA sequences}},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {170},
	number = {6},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2506{\textendash}2510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	url = {http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/6/2506},
	author = {Distel, D L and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J and Pace, B and Pace, N R and Stahl, D A and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Little1988,
	title = {{Tidal current effects on temperature measurements in diffuse hydrothermal flow: Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {15},
	number = {13},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1491{\textendash}1494},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/GL015i013p01491},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL015i013p01491},
	author = {Little, S A and Stolzenbach, K D and Grassle, J F}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1987,
	title = {{Biology of geothermal environments}},
	booktitle = {Current Perspectives in Environmental Biogeochemistry},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {597{\textendash}601},
	publisher = {CNR-IPRA},
	organization = {CNR-IPRA},
	address = {Rome},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Caldwell, D E and Buonocore, V},
	editor = {Giovannozzi-Sermanni, G}
}
@article {Graham1987,
	title = {{Helium isotopic disequilibrium geochronlogy of glassy submarine basalts}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {326},
	number = {6103},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {384{\textendash}386},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/326384a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326384a0},
	author = {Graham, D W and Jenkins, W J and Kurz, M D and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Brett1987,
	title = {{Mineralogical studies of sulfide samples and volatile concentrations of basalt glasses from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}373,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11373},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11373},
	author = {Brett, R and Evans, H T and Gibson, E K and Hedenquist, J W and Wandless, M V and Sommer, M A}
}
@article {Guerrero-Garcia1987,
	title = {{Observacion geologica directa del fondo oceanico en la Costa Pacifica Oriental. (Direct deep geologic observation in the East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Boletin de Mineralogia},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {31{\textendash}47},
	issn = {0186-470X},
	author = {Guerrero-Garcia, J A and Cordoba-Mendez, D A and Carranza-Edwards, A}
}
@article {Gannon1987,
	title = {{Underwater canyons}},
	journal = {Popular Science},
	volume = {231},
	number = {July},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {60(7)},
	issn = {0161-7370},
	author = {Gannon, R}
}
@article {Gente1986,
	title = {{Detailed geological mapping by submersible of the East Pacific Rise axial graben near 13 degrees N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {78},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {224{\textendash}236},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(86)90063-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90063-4},
	author = {Gente, P and Auzende, J M and Renard, V and Fouquet, Y and Bideau, D}
}
@article {Group1986,
	title = {{Submarine fissure eruptions and hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge; preliminary observations from the submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {823{\textendash}827},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<823:SFEAHV>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C823:SFEAHV{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Group, U S Geological Survey Juan de Fuca Study and Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Bischoff, J L and Brett, R and Holcomb, R T and Kappel, E S and Koski, R A and Ross, S L and Shanks, W C and Slack, J F and Von Damm, K L and Zierenberg, R A}
}
@article {Gowing1986,
	title = {{Trophic relationships of deep-sea calanoid copepods from the benthic boundary layer of the Santa Catalina Basin, California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {33},
	number = {7},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {939{\textendash}961},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(86)90008-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(86)90008-7},
	author = {Gowing, M M and Wishner, K F}
}
@article {Smith1986a,
	title = {{Zooplankton and bacterioplankton of an abyssal benthic boundary layer: in situ rates of metabolism}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {47{\textendash}55},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Smith, K L and Carlucci, A F and Williams, P M and Henrichs, S M and Baldwin, R J and Graven, D B}
}
@article {VonDamm1985a,
	title = {{Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21 degrees N, East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {2197{\textendash}2220},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90222-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90222-4},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M and Grant, B and Measures, C I and Walden, B and Weiss, R F}
}
@article {VonDamm1985,
	title = {{Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {2221{\textendash}2237},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90223-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90223-6},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M and Measures, C I and Grant, B}
}
@article {Fox1985,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The transform domain}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {329{\textendash}358},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316773},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316773},
	author = {Fox, P J and Moody, R H and Karson, J A and Bonatti, E and Kidd, W S F and Crane, K and Gallo, D G and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@inbook {Giermann1985,
	title = {{Les submersibles de recherche en geologie marine}},
	booktitle = {Deuxiemes Journees d{\textquoteright}etude sur la plongee scientifique},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {75{\textendash}83},
	publisher = {Musee Oceanographique},
	organization = {Musee Oceanographique},
	address = {Monaco-Ville},
	isbn = {272600136x},
	author = {Giermann, G},
	editor = {Roy, P}
}
@book {Kennedy1985,
	title = {{Observations from DSRV Alvin of Quaternary faulting on the southern California continental margin}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr8539},
	author = {Kennedy, M P and Clarke, S H and Greene, H G and Lonsdale, P F}
}
@article {Hekinian1985,
	title = {{Offset spreading centers near 12 degrees 53 N on East Pacific Rise: Submersible observations and composition of the volcanics}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {359{\textendash}377},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316774},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316774},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Auzende, J M and Francheteau, J and Gente, P and Ryan, W B F and Kappel, E S}
}
@article {Goud1985,
	title = {{Tectonics of short-offset, slow-slipping transform zones in the FAMOUS area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {489{\textendash}514},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368952},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368952},
	author = {Goud, M R and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Suchanek1985,
	title = {{Utilization of shallow-water seagrass detritus by Caribbean deep-sea macrofauna: delta super(13)C evidence}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {32},
	number = {2},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {201{\textendash}214},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(85)90028-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(85)90028-7},
	author = {Suchanek, T H and Williams, S L and Ogden, J C and Hubbard, D K and Gill, I P}
}
@article {Grassle1984,
	title = {{Animals in the soft sediment near the hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {63{\textendash}66},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F}
}
@mastersthesis {Gluck1984,
	title = {{Biomass, chemical composition and oxygen consumption of the near-bottom pelagic communities in two deep-sea basins off southern California}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {125},
	school = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Santa Barbara, Calif.},
	author = {Gluck, D L}
}
@article {Team1984,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The ridge-transform intersection}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {109{\textendash}141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285956},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285956},
	author = {Team, OTTER - Oceanographer Tectonic Research and Karson, J A and Fox, P J and Sloan, H and Crane, K T and Kidd, W S F and Bonatti, E and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Gallo, D G and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Rona1984,
	title = {{Hydrothermal activity at the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest at 26 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {89},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}365,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	author = {Rona, P A and Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Karson, J A and Jenkins, W J and Graham, D and Mallette, M and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M}
}
@inbook {Auzende1984,
	title = {{Intraoceanic tectonism in the Gorringe Bank: observations by submersible}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere},
	series = {Geological Society Special Publications},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {113{\textendash}120},
	publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	organization = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	address = {Boston, Mass.},
	isbn = {0632012196},
	doi = {10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ceuleneer, G and Cornen, G and Juteau, T and Lagabrielle, Y and Lensch, G and M{\'e}vel, C and Nicolas, A and Prichard, H and Ribeiro, A and Ruellan, E and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Gass, I G}
}
@article {Gross1984,
	title = {{Introduction: Deep-sea hot springs and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {2{\textendash}6},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Gross, M G}
}
@article {Participants1984,
	title = {{The seeps find at the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {32{\textendash}33},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Participants, Florida Escarpment Cruise and Paull, C K and Hecker, B and Neumann, A C and Sikes, E L and Hook, J and Corso, W and Freeman-Lynde, R and Commeau, R and Golubic, S and Curray, J}
}
@article {Team1984a,
	title = {{Tectonics at the intersection of the East Pacific Rise with Tamayo Transform fault}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {159{\textendash}185},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285958},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285958},
	author = {Team, Tamayo Tectonic and Gallo, D G and Kidd, W S F and Fox, P J and Karson, J A and Macdonald, K and Crane, K T and Choukroune, P and Seguret, M and Moody, R and Kastens, K}
}
@article {Dymond1983,
	title = {{226Ra and 222Rn contents of Galapagos Rift hydrothermal waters: The importance of low-temperature interactions with crustal rocks}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {64},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {417{\textendash}429},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90102-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90102-4},
	author = {Dymond, J and Cobler, K and Gordon, L and Biscayne, P E and Mathieu, G}
}
@article {Robb1983,
	title = {{Furrowed outcrops of Eocene chalk on the lower continental slope offshore New Jersey}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {182{\textendash}186},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<182:FOOECO>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11{\%}3C182:FOOECO{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Robb, J M and Kirby, J R and Hampson, J C and Gibson, P R and Hecker, B}
}
@inbook {Grassle1983,
	title = {{Introduction to the biology of hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {671{\textendash}682},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Grassle, J F},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@inbook {VonDamm1983a,
	title = {{Preliminary report on the chemistry of hydrothermal solutions at 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {359{\textendash}389},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Grant, B and Edmond, J M},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@inbook {Lilley1983,
	title = {{Reduced gases and bacteria in hydrothermal fluids: The Galapagos Spreading Center and 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {411{\textendash}449},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Gordon, L I},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Desbruyeres1983,
	title = {{Unusual nutrition of the Pompeii worm Alvinella pompejana (polychaetous annelid) from a hydrothermal vent environment: SEM, TEM, 13C and 15N evidence}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {75},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {201{\textendash}205},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00406003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406003},
	author = {Desbruyeres, D and Gaill, F and Laubier, L and Prieur, D and Rau, G H}
}
@article {Byers1983,
	title = {{Volatiles in basalts and andesites from the Galapagos Spreading Center, 85 degrees to 86 degrees W}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1551{\textendash}1558},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(83)90181-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90181-3},
	author = {Byers, C D and Muenow, D W and Garcia, M O}
}
@book {Vanney1982,
	title = {{Processus geodynamiques observes en submersible: Geodynamic processes observed from a submersible: Seminaire du 2 avril 1982}},
	series = {Oceanis},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {40},
	publisher = {Institut Oceanographique},
	organization = {Institut Oceanographique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	author = {Vanney, J -R and Gennesseaux, M}
}
@inbook {Auffret1982,
	title = {{Recent mass wasting processes on the Provencal margin (western Mediterranean)}},
	booktitle = {Marine slides and other mass movements},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {8},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {53{\textendash}58},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306408880},
	author = {Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Gennesseaux, M and Monti, S and Pastouret, L and Pautot, G and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Saxov, S E}
}
@article {Group1981,
	title = {{Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4503},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {31{\textendash}40},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4503.31},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.31},
	author = {Group, East Pacific Rise Study and Ballard, R D and Craig, H and Edmond, J and Einaudi, M and Holcomb, R and Holland, H D and Hopson, C and Luyendyk, B P and Macdonald, K and Morton, J and Orcutt, J and Sleep, N}
}
@article {Team1981,
	title = {{First manned submersible dives on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N (project RITA): general results}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {4},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {345{\textendash}379},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00286034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286034},
	author = {Team, CYAMEX Scientific and Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W R and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C}
}
@inbook {Hubbard1981,
	title = {{Preliminary studies of the fate of shallow-water detritus in the basin north of St. Croix, U.S.V.I.}},
	booktitle = {Reef and Man: Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, Philippines, 18-22 May 1981},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {383{\textendash}388},
	publisher = {University of the Philippines, Marine Sciences Center},
	organization = {University of the Philippines, Marine Sciences Center},
	address = {Quezon City, Philippines},
	isbn = {9710300156},
	author = {Hubbard, D K and Suchanek, T H and Gill, I P and Cowper, S and Ogden, J C and Westerfield, J R and Bayes, J},
	editor = {Gomez, E D}
}
@article {Cavanaugh1981,
	title = {{Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: possible chemoautotrophic symbionts}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4505},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {340{\textendash}341},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4505.340},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4505.340},
	author = {Cavanaugh, C M and Gardiner, S L and Jones, M L and Jannasch, H W and Waterbury, J B}
}
@article {Spiess1980,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4438},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1421{\textendash}1433},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	author = {Spiess, F N and Macdonald, K C and Atwater, T and Ballard, R D and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Cox, C and Diaz Garcia, V M and Francheteau, J and Guerrero, J and Hawkins, J and Haymon, R and Hessler, R and Juteau, T and Kastner, M and Larson, R and Luyendyk, B and Macdougall, J D and Miller, S and Normark, W and Orcutt, J and Rangin, C}
}
@mastersthesis {Green1980,
	title = {{Geothermal processes at the Galapagos spreading center}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {232},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1829},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1829},
	author = {Green, K E}
}
@article {Juteau1980,
	title = {{Homogeneous basalts from the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: steady state magma reservoirs at moderately fast spreading centers}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {3},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {487{\textendash}503},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Juteau, T and Eissen, J P and Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Rangin, C and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W R and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J}
}
@inbook {Grassle1980,
	title = {{In situ studies of deep-sea communities}},
	booktitle = {Advanced Concepts in Ocean Measurements for Marine Biology},
	series = {Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science},
	number = {10},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {321{\textendash}332},
	publisher = {University of South Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of South Carolina Press},
	address = {Columbia, S.C.},
	isbn = {0872493881},
	author = {Grassle, J F},
	editor = {Diemer, F P}
}
@article {Edmond1979,
	title = {{On the formation of metal-rich deposits at ridge crests}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {46},
	number = {1},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {19{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(79)90062-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(79)90062-1},
	author = {Edmond, J M and Measures, C and Mangum, B and Grant, B and Sclater, F R and Collier, R and Hudson, A and Gordon, L I and Corliss, J B}
}
@article {Grassle1979,
	title = {{Galapagos {\textquoteright}79: Initial findings of a deep-sea biological quest}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Berg, C J and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Jannasch, H W and Karl, D M and Lutz, R A and Mickel, T J and Rhoads, D C and Sanders, H L and Smith, K L and Somero, G N and Turner, R D and Tuttle, J H and Walsh, P J and Williams, A J}
}
@article {Williams1979,
	title = {{The hydrothermal mounds of the Galapagos Rift: Observations with DSRV Alvin and detailed heat flow studies}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {7467{\textendash}7484},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	author = {Williams, D L and Green, K and van Andel, T H and Von Herzen, R P and Dymond, J R and Crane, K}
}
@article {Francheteau1979,
	title = {{Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {277},
	number = {5697},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {523{\textendash}528},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/277523a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/277523a0},
	author = {Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C and Bougault, H and Cambon, P and Hekinian, R}
}
@inbook {Smith1979,
	title = {{Measures of diversity with unbiased estimates}},
	booktitle = {Ecological Diversity in Theory and Practice},
	series = {Statistical Ecology Series},
	number = {6},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {177{\textendash}191},
	publisher = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
	organization = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
	address = {Fairland, Md.},
	isbn = {0899740030},
	author = {Smith, W and Grassle, J F and Kravitz, D},
	editor = {Grassle, J F}
}
@article {Bellaiche1979,
	title = {{Petrological evidence of a typical oceanic crust in the Western Meditteranean Sea}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {M11{\textendash}M18},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90141-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90141-5},
	author = {Bellaiche, G and Rehault, J P and Robin, C and Gennesseaux, M and Auzende, J M and Boivin, M C}
}
@article {Ballard1979a,
	title = {{Return to oases of the deep}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {156},
	number = {5},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {680{\textendash}705},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Grassle, J F}
}
@article {Edmond1979b,
	title = {{Ridge crest hydrothermal activity and the balances of the major and minor elements in the ocean: The Galapagos data}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {46},
	number = {1},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(79)90061-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(79)90061-X},
	author = {Edmond, J M and Measures, C and McDuff, R E and Chan, L H and Collier, R and Grant, B and Gordon, L I and Corless, J B}
}
@inbook {Edmond1979a,
	title = {{Ridge crest-hydrothermal metamorphism at the Galapagos spreading center and reverse weathering}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {383{\textendash}390},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Edmond, J and Corliss, J and Gordon, L I},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@article {Rowe1979a,
	title = {{Sedimentation rates in the slope water of the northwest Atlantic Ocean measured directly with sediment traps}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {37},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {581{\textendash}600},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Gardner, W D}
}
@inbook {Corliss1979,
	title = {{Some implications of heat/mass ratios in Galapagos Rift hydrothermal fluids for models of sea water-rock interaction and the formation of oceanic crust}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {391{\textendash}402},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Corliss, J B and Gordon, L I and Edmond, J M},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@article {Corliss1979a,
	title = {{Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {203},
	number = {4385},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1073{\textendash}1083},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	author = {Corliss, J B and Dymond, J and Gordon, L I and Edmond, J M and Von Herzen, R P and Ballard, R D and Green, K and Williams, D and Bainbridge, A and Crane, K and van Andel, T H}
}
@article {Grassle1978a,
	title = {{Diversity and population dynamics of benthic organisms}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {42{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F}
}
@inbook {Grassle1978,
	title = {{Life histories and genetic variation in marine invertebrates}},
	booktitle = {Marine Organisms: Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {347{\textendash}364.},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306400200},
	author = {Grassle, J F},
	editor = {Battaglia, B}
}
@article {Fehn1977,
	title = {{Deep-water temperatures in the FAMOUS area}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {488{\textendash}494},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<488:DTITFA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C488:DTITFA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Fehn, U and Siegel, M D and Robinson, G R and Holland, H D and Williams, D L and Erickson, A J and Green, K E}
}
@mastersthesis {Gardner1977,
	title = {{Fluxes, dynamics and chemistry of particulates in the ocean}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {405},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1546},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1546},
	author = {Gardner, W D}
}
@inbook {Talkington1977,
	title = {{Manned and remotely operated submersible systems: A comparison}},
	booktitle = {Submersibles and Their Use in Oceanography and Ocean Engineering},
	series = {Elsevier Oceanography Series},
	number = {17},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {77{\textendash}95},
	publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0444415459},
	author = {Talkington, H and Geyer, R A},
	editor = {Geyer, R A}
}
@article {Grassle1977a,
	title = {{Slow recolonisation of deep-sea sediment}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {265},
	number = {5595},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {618{\textendash}619},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/265618a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/265618a0},
	author = {Grassle, J F}
}
@inbook {Keller1977,
	title = {{The submersible- a unique tool for marine geology}},
	booktitle = {Submersibles and Their Use in Oceanography and Ocean Engineering},
	series = {Elsevier Oceanography Series},
	number = {17},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {213{\textendash}234},
	publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0444415459},
	author = {Keller, G H},
	editor = {Geyer, R A}
}
@inbook {Grassle1977,
	title = {{Temporal adaptations in sibling species of Capitella}},
	booktitle = {Ecology of Marine Benthos},
	series = {Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science},
	number = {6},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {177{\textendash}189},
	publisher = {University of South Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of South Carolina Press},
	address = {Columbia, S.C.},
	isbn = {0872493555},
	author = {Grassle, J F},
	editor = {Coull, B C}
}
@article {Heirtzler1976,
	title = {{Deep-sea research by manned submersibles}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {194},
	number = {4262},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {294{\textendash}299},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.194.4262.294},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4262.294},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Grassle, J F}
}
@article {Grassle1975,
	title = {{Pattern and zonation: a study of the bathyal megafauna using the research submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	volume = {22},
	number = {7},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {457{\textendash}482},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0011-7471},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(75)90020-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(75)90020-0},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Sanders, H L and Hessler, R R and Rowe, G T and McLellan, T}
}
@article {Girice1972,
	title = {{The existence of a bottom-living calanoid copepod fauna in the deep water with descriptions of five new species}},
	journal = {Crustaceana},
	volume = {23},
	number = {3},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {219{\textendash}242},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0011-216X},
	doi = {10.1163/156854072X00138},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854072X00138},
	author = {Girice, C D}
}
@article {Grice1970,
	title = {{New species of bottom-living Calanoid copepods collected in deepwater by DSRV Alvin}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College},
	volume = {139},
	number = {4},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {185{\textendash}230},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-4100},
	author = {Grice, G D and Hulsemann, K}
}
@article {Galantin1965,
	title = {{Vehicles for deep ocean technology}},
	journal = {Shipmate},
	volume = {28},
	number = {5},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {24{\textendash}29},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0488-6720},
	author = {Galantin, I J}
}
