@article {RN2530,
	title = {Distributions of microplastics and larger anthropogenic debris in Norfolk Canyon, Baltimore Canyon, and the adjacent continental slope (Western North Atlantic Margin, USA)},
	journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	volume = {174},
	year = {2022},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113047},
	author = {Jones, E. S. and Ross, S. W. and Robertson, C. M. and Young, C. M.}
}
@article {RN2486,
	title = {Carbonate-hosted microbial communities are prolific and pervasive methane oxidizers at geologically diverse marine methane seep sites},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {25},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2006857118},
	author = {Marlow, J. J. and Hoer, D. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Reynard, L. M. and Gartman, A. and Chavez, M. S. and El-Naggar, M. Y. and Tuross, N. and Orphan, V. J. and Girguis, P. R.}
}
@article {RN2523,
	title = {Differential patterns of connectivity in Western Pacific hydrothermal vent metapopulations: A comparison of biophysical and genetic models},
	journal = {Evolutionary Applications},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1111/eva.13326},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143048765 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.13326},
	author = {Breusing, Corinna and Johnson, Shannon B. and Mitarai, Satoshi and Beinart, Roxanne A. and Tunnicliffe, Verena}
}
@article {RN2463,
	title = {Distribution of Methane Plumes on Cascadia Margin and Implications for the Landward Limit of Methane Hydrate Stability},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {531714},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2021.531714},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136622263 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.531714/pdf},
	author = {Merle, Susan G. and Embley, Robert W. and Johnson, H. Paul and Lau, T. K. and Phrampus, Benjamin J. and Raineault, Nicole A. and Gee, Lindsay J.}
}
@article {RN2503,
	title = {Early development and coloniality in Oligophylloides from the Devonian of Morocco{\textemdash}Are Heterocorallia Palaeozoic octocorals?},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0257523},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0257523},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141477788 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0257523\&type=printable},
	author = {Berkowski, B{\l}a{\.z}ej and Zapalski, Miko{\l}aj K. and Jarochowska, Emilia and Alderslade, Phil}
}
@article {RN2500,
	title = {Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0256321},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256321},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140963870 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0256321\&type=printable},
	author = {Ram{\'\i}rez, Gustavo A. and Mara, Paraskevi and Sehein, Taylor and Wegener, Gunter and Chambers, Christopher R. and Joye, Samantha B. and Peterson, Richard N. and Philippe, Aur{\'e}lie and Burgaud, Ga{\"e}tan and Edgcomb, Virginia P. and Teske, Andreas P.}
}
@article {RN2496,
	title = {Interactions between temperature and energy supply drive microbial communities in hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Communications Biology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1006},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s42003-021-02507-1},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140634439 https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02507-1.pdf},
	author = {Lagostina, Lorenzo and Frandsen, S{\o}s and MacGregor, Barbara J. and Glombitza, Clemens and Deng, Longhui and Fiskal, Annika and Li, Jiaqi and Doll, Mechthild and Geilert, Sonja and Schmidt, Mark and Scholz, Florian and Bernasconi, Stefano Michele and J{\o}rgensen, Bo Barker and Hensen, Christian and Teske, Andreas and Lever, Mark Alexander}
}
@article {RN2451,
	title = {Microbial Communities Under Distinct Thermal and Geochemical Regimes in Axial and Off-Axis Sediments of Guaymas Basin},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {633649},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.633649},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135332514 https://fjfsdata01prod.blob.core.windows.net/articles/files/633649/pubmed-zip/.versions/1/.package-entries/fmicb-12-633649/fmicb-12-633649.pdf?sv=2018-03-28\&sr=b\&sig=WKLBqhvZrkcj2oO6X4DtspOriwBM},
	author = {Teske, Andreas and Wegener, Gunter and Chanton, Jeffrey P. and White, Dylan and MacGregor, Barbara and Hoer, Daniel and de Beer, Dirk and Zhuang, Guangchao and Saxton, Matthew A. and Joye, Samantha B. and Lizarralde, Daniel and Soule, S. Adam and Ruff, S. Emil}
}
@article {RN2528,
	title = {Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-11},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-021-00537-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144475498},
	author = {Bledsoe-Becerra, Yessenia M. and Whittaker, Iesha S. and Horowitz, Jeremy and Naranjo, Katherine Medina and Johnson-Rosemond, Jicayla and Mullins, Kristen H. and Cunningham, Karena M. and Shetty, Suchir and Messinides, Samuel N. and Behney, Melinda S. and Fehsal, Jessica A. and Watson, Ashley N. and McKnight, Kaitlyn E. and Nasiadka, Teresa W. and Popa, Horia and Pettay, D. Tye and Appiah-Madson, Hannah J. and Distel, Daniel L. and Brugler, Mercer R.}
}
@article {RN2501,
	title = {Three-dimensional magnetic stripes require slow cooling in fast-spread lower ocean crust},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {597},
	number = {7877},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {511-515},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03831-6},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141298634},
	author = {Maher, Sarah M. and Gee, Jeffrey S. and Cheadle, Michael J. and John, Barbara E.}
}
@article {RN2450,
	title = {Allopatric and Sympatric Drivers of Speciation in Alviniconcha Hydrothermal Vent Snails},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	volume = {37},
	number = {12},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3469-3484},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0737-4038},
	doi = {10.1093/molbev/msaa177},
	author = {Breusing, C. and Johnson, S. B. and Tunnicliffe, V. and Clague, D. A. and Vrijenhoek, R. C. and Beinart, R. A.}
}
@article {RN2428,
	title = {Allopatric and sympatric drivers of speciation in Alviniconcha hydrothermal vent snails},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {msaa177},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1093/molbev/msaa177},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129111732 https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/doi/10.1093/molbev/msaa177/33491520/msaa177.pdf},
	author = {Breusing, Corinna and Johnson, Shannon B. and Tunnicliffe, Verena and Clague, David A. and Vrijenhoek, Robert C. and Beinart, Roxanne A.}
}
@article {RN2425,
	title = {Hydrocarbon migration pathway and methane budget for a Gulf of Mexico natural seep site: Green Canyon 600},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {545},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {116411},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116411},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128798049},
	author = {Johansen, C. and Macelloni, L. and Natter, M. and Silva, M. and Woosley, M. and Woolsey, A. and Diercks, A. R. and Hill, J. and Viso, R. and Marty, E. and Lobodin, V. V. and Shedd, W. and Joye, S. B. and MacDonald, I. R.}
}
@article {RN2421,
	title = {Magnetic Structure of Fast-Spread Oceanic Crust at Pito Deep},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {21},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GC008671},
	author = {Maher, S. M. and Gee, J. S. and Doran, A. K. and Cheadle, M. J. and John, B. E.}
}
@article {RN2372,
	title = {APT: An Instrument for Monitoring Seafloor Acceleration, Pressure, and Temperature with Large Dynamic Range and Bandwidth},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {448-462},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120180132},
	author = {Davis, E. E. and Heesemann, M. and Farrugia, J. J. and Johnson, G. and Paros, J.}
}
@article {RN2389,
	title = {Characteristics and Evolution of sill-driven off-axis hydrothermalism in Guaymas Basin - the Ringvent site},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {9},
	number = {ARTN 13847},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50200-5},
	author = {Teske, A. and McKay, L. J. and Ravelo, A. C. and Aiello, I. and Mortera, C. and Nunez-Useche, F. and Canet, C. and Chanton, J. P. and Brunner, B. and Hensen, C. and Ramirez, G. A. and Sibert, R. J. and Turner, T. and White, D. and Chambers, C. R. and Buckley, A. and Joye, S. B. and Soule, S. A. and Lizarralde, D.}
}
@article {RN2375,
	title = {Divergent methyl-coenzyme M reductase genes in a deep-subseafloor Archaeoglobi},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1269-1279},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-018-0343-2},
	author = {Boyd, J. A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Leu, A. O. and Evans, P. N. and Woodcroft, B. J. and Chadwick, G. L. and Orphan, V. J. and Amend, J. P. and Rappe, M. S. and Tyson, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2371,
	title = {Generation and Utilization of Volatile Fatty Acids and Alcohols in Hydrothermally Altered Sediments in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {46},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2637-2646},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL081284},
	author = {Zhuang, G. C. and Montgomery, A. and Samarkin, V. A. and Song, M. and Liu, J. R. and Schubotz, F. and Teske, A. and Hinrichs, K. U. and Joye, S. B.}
}
@article {RN2365,
	title = {New constraints on mantle carbon from Mid-Atlantic Ridge popping rocks},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {511},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {67-75},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.019},
	author = {Jones, M. R. and Wanless, V. D. and Soule, S. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Fornari, D. J. and Curtice, J. and Klein, F. and Le Roux, V. and Brodsky, H. and Peron, S. and Schwartz, D. M.}
}
@article {RN2382,
	title = {Noble gas systematics in new popping rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (14 degrees N): Evidence for small-scale upper mantle heterogeneities},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {519},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {70-82},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.037},
	author = {Peron, S. and Moreira, M. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Curtice, J. and Blusztajn, J. S. and Putlitz, B. and Wanless, V. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Mittelstaedt, E.}
}
@article {RN2398,
	title = {Remarkable Capacity for Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane at High Methane Concentration},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL084375},
	author = {Bowles, M. W. and Samarkin, V. A. and Hunter, K. S. and Finke, N. and Teske, A. P. and Girguis, P. R. and Joye, S. B.}
}
@article {RN2383,
	title = {Submarine giant pumice: a window into the shallow conduit dynamics of a recent silicic eruption},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {81},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/s00445-019-1298-5},
	author = {Mitchell, S. J. and Houghton, B. F. and Carey, R. J. and Manga, M. and Fauria, K. E. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Conway, C. E. and Wei, Z. H. and Giachetti, T.}
}
@article {2493,
	title = {Characterization of benthic biogeochemistry and ecology at three methane seep sites on the Northern US Atlantic margin},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {41 - 56},
	isbn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.03.001},
	author = {McVeigh, D. and Skarke, A. and Dekas, A. E. and Borrelli, C. and Hong, W. -L and Marlow, J. J. and Pasulka, A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Barco, R. A. and Djurhuus, A.}
}
@article {RN2356,
	title = {The Eruption of Submarine Rhyolite Lavas and Domes in the Deep Ocean {\textendash} Havre 2012, Kermadec Arc},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {147},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2296-6463},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2018.00147},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2018.00147},
	author = {Ikegami, Fumihiko and McPhie, Jocelyn and Carey, Rebecca and Mundana, Rhiannan and Soule, Adam and Jutzeler, Martin}
}
@article {RN2338,
	title = {The Final Stages of Slip and Volcanism on an Oceanic Detachment Fault at 13 degrees 48 {\textquoteright} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {3115-3127},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007536},
	author = {Parnell-Turner, R. E. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Kurz, M. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Klein, F. and Wanless, V. D. and Fornari, D. J.}
}
@article {RN2348,
	title = {The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e1701121},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701121},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/e1701121.abstract},
	author = {Carey, Rebecca and Soule, S. Adam and Manga, Michael and White, James D. L. and McPhie, Jocelyn and Wysoczanski, Richard and Jutzeler, Martin and Tani, Kenichiro and Yoerger, Dana and Fornari, Daniel and Caratori-Tontini, Fabio and Houghton, Bruce and Mitchell, Samuel and Ikegami, Fumihiko and Conway, Chris and Murch, Arran and Fauria, Kristen and Jones, Meghan and Cahalan, Ryan and McKenzie, Warren}
}
@article {2479,
	title = {Microbial decomposition of marine dissolved organic matter in cool oceanic crust},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {334 - +},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-018-0109-5},
	author = {Walter, Sunita R. Shah and Jaekel, Ulrike and Osterholz, Helena and Fisher, Andrew T. and Huber, Julie A. and Pearson, Ann and Dittmar, Thorsten and Girguis, Peter R.}
}
@article {ISI:000399660300001,
	title = {{A decade of volcanic construction and destruction at the summit of NW Rota-1 seamount: 2004-2014}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH},
	volume = {122},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1558{\textendash}1584},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Arc volcanoes are important to our understanding of submarine volcanism because at some sites frequent eruptions cause them to grow and collapse on human timescales. This makes it possible to document volcanic processes. Active submarine eruptions have been observed at the summit of NW Rota-1 in the Mariana Arc. We use remotely operated vehicle videography and repeat high-resolution bathymetric surveys to construct geologic maps of the summit of NW Rota-1 in 2009 and 2010 and relate them to the geologic evolution of the summit area over a 10year period (2004-2014). We find that 2009 and 2010 were characterized by different eruptive styles, which affected the type and distribution of eruptive deposits at the summit. Year 2009 was characterized by ultraslow extrusion and autobrecciation of lava at a single eruptive vent, producing a large cone of blocky lava debris. In 2010, higher-energy explosive eruptions occurred at multiple closely spaced vents, producing a thin blanket of pebble-sized tephra overlying lava flow outcrops. A landslide that occurred between 2009 and 2010 had a major effect on lithofacies distribution by removing the debris cone and other unconsolidated deposits, revealing steep massive flow cliffs. This relatively rapid alternation between construction and destruction forms one end of a seamount growth and mass wasting spectrum. Intraplate seamounts, which tend to grow larger than arc volcanoes, experience collapse events that are orders of magnitude larger and much less frequent than those occurring at subduction zone settings. Our results highlight the interrelated cyclicity of eruptive activity and mass wasting at submarine arc volcanoes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JB013742},
	author = {Schnur, Susan R and Chadwick Jr., William W and Embley, Robert W and Ferrini, Vicki L and de Ronde, Cornel E J and Cashman, Katharine V and Deardorff, Nicholas D and Merle, Susan G and Dziak, Robert P and Haxel, Joe H and Matsumoto, Haru}
}
@article {LaBella2017,
	title = {{Gene flow between Atlantic and Pacific Ocean basins in three lineages of deep-sea clams (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae: Pliocardiinae) and subsequent limited gene flow within the Atlantic}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {307{\textendash}317},
	abstract = {Pliocardiin (vesicomyid) clams rely on microbial symbionts for nutrition and are obligate inhabitants of deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. Unlike many other invertebrate hosts of chemosynthetic microbes, pliocardiin clams are found in every ocean in a variety of reducing habitats, including hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, organic falls and deep-sea fans. The global distribution of pliocardiin clams suggests historical gene flow between ocean basins. We focus on 3 pliocardiin genera{\textemdash}{\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} I, Calyptogena and Abyssogena{\textemdash}each of which has a pair of sister clades in the Atlantic and Pacific. Our work tests the hypothesis that historical gene flow between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans within these genera was interrupted by the closure of the Panamanian seaway and tests whether isolation between the ocean basins is the result of vicariance or past colonization. These questions are investigated in the context of fossil evidence, biogeography and phylogenetics. This study revealed a set of substitution rates consistent with other invertebrate studies ($μ$=0.8{\%}/My/lineage), and a set consistent with much lower rates often attributed to deep-sea organisms ($μ$=0.3{\%}/My/lineage). Among the Pacific/Atlantic sister pairs, {\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} I COI divergence per lineage is intermediate (2.5{\%}), Calyptogena is the highest (6.1{\%}) and Abyssogena the lowest (0.8{\%}). The substitution rates suggest that {\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} I and Calyptogena have histories of at least 2.8 My in the Atlantic, with Calyptogena likely older. The slower rate, however, is inconsistent with both the maximum age of the family and several well studied fossils: leaving the faster rate preferred. With the faster rate, the Abyssogena southwardae clade diverged from its Pacific sister clade around 1 Mya, which likely post-dates the closure of the Isthmus of Panama and the opening of the Bering Strait. In light of this recent divergence, we test the previously proposed hypothesis that there is a high level of ongoing gene flow between Atlantic populations of A. southwardae. A. southwardae has colonized a broad geographic range of seep sites including the West Florida Escarpment, the Barbados Accretionary Prism, the Lobes of Congo, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north and south of the Romanche Transform Fault. Coalescent methods detect gene flow between Barbados and the Mid-Atlantic ridge; and between the West Florida Escarpment and the Lobes of Congo. All other comparisons failed to detect gene flow, contrary to prevailing interpretations of connectivity across the entire Atlantic Basin.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.08.013},
	author = {LaBella, A L and Van Dover, C L and Jollivet, D and Cunningham, C W}
}
@article {ISI:000400818400021,
	title = {{Telepresence is a potentially transformative tool for field science}},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
	volume = {114},
	number = {19},
	year = {2017},
	month = {may},
	pages = {4841{\textendash}4844},
	publisher = {NATL ACAD SCIENCES},
	address = {2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1703514114},
	author = {Marlow, Jeffrey and Borrelli, Chiara and Jungbluth, Sean P and Hoffman, Colleen and Marlow, Jennifer and Girguis, Peter R and Team, AT-36}
}
@article {Johansen2017,
	title = {{Time series video analysis of bubble release processes at natural hydrocarbon seeps in the Northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {21{\textendash}34},
	abstract = {This research quantifies the rate and volume of oil and gas released from two natural seep sites in the Gulf of Mexico: lease blocks GC600 (1200 m depth) and MC118 (850 m depth). Our objectives were to determine variability in release rates and bubble size at five individual vents and to investigate the effects of tidal fluctuations on bubble release. Observations with autonomous video cameras captured the formation of individual bubbles as they were released through partially exposed deposits of gas hydrate. Image processing techniques determined bubble type (oily, gaseous, and mixed: oily and gaseous), size distribution, release rate, and temporal variations (observation intervals ranged from 3 h to 26 d). A semi-automatic bubble counting algorithm was developed to analyze bubble count and release rates from video data. This method is suitable for discrete vents with small bubble streams commonly seen at seeps and is adaptable to multiple in situ set-ups. Two vents at GC600 (Birthday Candles 1 and Birthday Candles 2) were analyzed. They released oily bubbles with an average diameter of 5.0 mm at a rate of 4.7 bubbles s-1, and 1.3 bubbles s-1, respectively. Approximately 1 km away, within the GC600 seep site, two more vents (Mega Plume 1 and Mega Plume 2) were analyzed. These vents released a mixture of oily and gaseous bubbles with an average diameter of 3.9 mm at a rate of 49 bubbles s-1, and 81 bubbles s-1, respectively. The fifth vent at MC118 (Rudyville) released gaseous bubbles with an average diameter of 3.0 mm at a rate of 127 bubbles s-1. Pressure records at Mega Plume and Rudyville showed a diurnal tidal cycle (24.5 h). Rudyville was the only vent that demonstrated any positive correlation ($\rho$ = 0.60) to the 24.5 h diurnal tidal cycle. However, these observations were not conclusive regarding tidal effects on bubble release.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.01.014},
	author = {Johansen, C and Todd, A C and MacDonald, I R}
}
@article {ISI:000371206300001,
	title = {{A distinct and active bacterial community in cold oxygenated fluids circulating beneath the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic ridge}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The rock-hosted, oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth, yet little is known about its indigenous microorganisms. Here we provide the first phylogenetic and functional description of an active microbial community residing in the cold oxic crustal aquifer. Using subseafloor observatories, we recovered crustal fluids and found that the geochemical composition is similar to bottom seawater, as are cell abundances. However, based on relative abundances and functional potential of key bacterial groups, the crustal fluid microbial community is heterogeneous and markedly distinct from seawater. Potential rates of autotrophy and heterotrophy in the crust exceeded those of seawater, especially at elevated temperatures (25 degrees C) and deeper in the crust. Together, these results reveal an active, distinct, and diverse bacterial community engaged in both heterotrophy and autotrophy in the oxygenated crustal aquifer, providing key insight into the role of microbial communities in the ubiquitous cold dark subseafloor biosphere.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep22541},
	author = {Meyer, Julie L and Jaekel, Ulrike and Tully, Benjamin J and Glazer, Brian T and Wheat, C Geoffrey and Lin, Huei-Ting and Hsieh, Chih-Chiang and Cowen, James P and Hulme, Samuel M and Girguis, Peter R and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {Salman-Carvalho2016,
	title = {{How Clonal Is Clonal? Genome Plasticity across Multicellular Segments of a "Candidatus Marithrix sp." Filament from Sulfidic, Briny Seafloor Sediments in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1173},
	abstract = {"Candidatus Marithrix" is a recently described lineage within the group of large sulfur bacteria (Beggiatoaceae, Gammaproteobacteria). This genus of bacteria comprises vacuolated, attached-living filaments that inhabit the sediment surface around vent and seep sites in the marine environment. A single filament is ca. 100 mu m in diameter, several millimeters long, and consists of hundreds of clonal cells, which are considered highly polyploid. Based on these characteristics, "Candidatus Marithrix" was used as a model organism for the assessment of genomic plasticity along segments of a single filament using next generation sequencing to possibly identify hotspots of microevolution. Using six consecutive segments of a single filament sampled from a mud volcano in the Gulf of Mexico, we recovered ca. 90{\%} of the "Candidatus Marithrix" genome in each segment. There was a high level of genome conservation along the filament with average nucleotide identities between 99.98 and 100{\%}. Different approaches to assemble all reads into a complete consensus genome could not fill the gaps. Each of the six segment datasets encoded merely a few hundred unique nucleotides and 5 or less unique genes the residual content was redundant in all datasets. Besides the overall high genomic identity, we identified a similar number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the clonal segments, which are comparable to numbers reported for other clonal organisms. An increase of SNPs with greater distance of filament segments was not observed. The polyploidy of the cells was apparent when analyzing the heterogeneity of reads within a segment. Here, a strong increase in single nucleotide variants, or "intrasegmental sequence heterogeneity" (ISH) events, was observed. These sites may represent hotspots for genome plasticity, and possibly microevolution, since two thirds of these variants were not co-localized across the genome copies of the multicellular filament.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.01173},
	author = {Salman-Carvalho, V and Fadeev, E and Joye, S B and Teske, A P}
}
@article {ISI:000390261300037,
	title = {{Inflation-predictable behavior and co-eruption deformation at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {SCIENCE},
	volume = {354},
	number = {6318},
	year = {2016},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1399{\textendash}1403},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deformation of the ground surface at active volcanoes provides information about magma movements at depth. Improved seafloor deformation measurements between 2011 and 2015 documented a fourfold increase in magma supply and confirmed that Axial Seamount{\textquoteright}s eruptive behavior is inflation-predictable, probably triggered by a critical level of magmatic pressure. A 2015 eruption was successfully forecast on the basis of this deformation pattern and marked the first time that deflation and tilt were captured in real time by a new seafloor cabled observatory, revealing the timing, location, and volume of eruption-related magma movements. Improved modeling of the deformation suggests a steeply dipping prolate-spheroid pressure source beneath the eastern caldera that is consistent with the location of the zone of highest melt within the subcaldera magma reservoir determined from multichannel seismic results.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aah4666},
	author = {Nooner, Scott L and Chadwick Jr., William W}
}
@article {Lin2016,
	title = {{Linkages between mineralogy, fluid chemistry, and microbial communities within hydrothermal chimneys from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {300{\textendash}323},
	abstract = {Rock and fluid samples were collected from three hydrothermal chimneys at the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge to evaluate linkages among mineralogy, fluid chemistry, and microbial community composition within the chimneys. M{\"o}ssbauer, midinfrared thermal emission, and visible-near infrared spectroscopies were utilized for the first time to characterize vent mineralogy, in addition to thin-section petrography, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analyses. A 282{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Bastille edifice was composed primarily of sulfide minerals such as chalcopyrite, marcasite, and sphalerite. In contrast, samples from a 300{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Dante edifice and a 321{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Hot Harold edifice contained a high abundance of the sulfate mineral anhydrite. Geochemical modeling of mixed vent fluids suggested the oxic-anoxic transition zone was above 100{\textdegree}C at all three vents, and that the thermodynamic energy available for autotrophic microbial redox reactions favored aerobic sulfide and methane oxidation. As predicted, microbes within the Dante and Hot Harold chimneys were most closely related to mesophilic and thermophilic aerobes of the Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria and sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria. However, most of the microbes within the Bastille chimney were most closely related to mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobes of the Deltaproteobacteria, especially sulfate reducers, and anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaea. The predominance of anaerobes in the Bastille chimney indicated that other environmental factors promote anoxic conditions. Possibilities include the maturity or fluid flow characteristics of the chimney, abiotic Fe2+ and S2- oxidation in the vent fluids, or O2 depletion by aerobic respiration on the chimney outer wall.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GC006091},
	author = {Lin, T J and Ver Eecke, H C and Breves, E A and Dyar, M D and Jamieson, J W and Hannington, M D and Dahle, H and Bishop, J L and Lane, M D and Butterfield, D A and Kelley, D S and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Holden, J F}
}
@article {ISI:000372364000020,
	title = {{Metatranscriptomic insights into polyphosphate metabolism in marine sediments}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {2016},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {1015{\textendash}1019},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Microorganisms can influence inorganic phosphate (P-i) in pore waters, and thus the saturation state of phosphatic minerals, by accumulating and hydrolyzing intracellular polyphosphate (poly-P). Here we used comparative metatranscriptomics to explore microbial poly-P utilization in marine sediments. Sulfidic marine sediments from methane seeps near Barbados and from the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) oxygen minimum zone were incubated under oxic and anoxic sulfidic conditions. Pi was sequestered under oxic conditions and liberated under anoxic conditions. Transcripts homologous to poly-P kinase type 2 (ppk2) were 6-22 x more abundant in metatranscriptomes from the anoxic incubations, suggesting that reversible poly-P degradation by Ppk2 may be an important metabolic response to anoxia by marine microorganisms. Overall, diverse taxa differentially expressed homologues of genes for poly-P degradation (ppk2 and exopolyphosphatase) under different incubation conditions. Sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms appeared to preferentially express genes for poly-P degradation under anoxic conditions, which may impact phosphorus cycling in a wide range of oxygen-depleted marine settings.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.169},
	author = {Jones, Daniel S and Flood, Beverly E and Bailey, Jake V}
}
@article {Medagoda2016,
	title = {{Mid-water current aided localization for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Autonomous Robots},
	volume = {40},
	number = {7, SI},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1207{\textendash}1227},
	abstract = {Survey-class autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) typically rely on Doppler Velocity Logs (DVL) for precision localization near the seafloor. In cases where the seafloor depth is greater than the DVL bottom-lock range, localizing between the surface and the seafloor presents a localization problem since both GPS and DVL observations are unavailable in the mid-water column. This work proposes a solution to this problem that exploits the fact that current profile layers of the water column are near constant over short time scales (in the scale of minutes). Using observations of these currents obtained with the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler mode of the DVL during descent, along with data from other sensors, the method discussed herein constrains position error. The method is validated using field data from the Sirius AUV coupled with view-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and on descents up to 3km deep with the Sentry AUV.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1007/s10514-016-9547-3},
	author = {Medagoda, L and Williams, S B and Pizarro, O and Kinsey, J C and Jakuba, M V}
}
@article {ISI:000373321200001,
	title = {{Nanocalorimetric Characterization of Microbial Activity in Deep Subsurface Oceanic Crustal Fluids}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {apr},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Although fluids within the upper oceanic basaltic crust harbor a substantial fraction of the total prokaryotic cells on Earth, the energy needs of this microbial population are unknown. In this study, a nanocalorimeter (sensitivity down to 1.2 nW ml(-1)) was used to measure the enthalpy of microbially catalyzed reactions as a function of temperature in samples from two distinct crustal fluid aquifers. Microorganisms in unamended, warm (63 degrees C) and geochemically altered anoxic fluids taken from 292 meters sub-basement (msb) near the Juan de Fuca Ridge produced 267.3 mJ of heat over the course of 97 h during a step-wise isothermal scan from 35.5 to 85.0 degrees C. Most of this heat signal likely stems from the germination of thermophilic endospores (6.66 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) FLUID) and their subsequent metabolic activity at temperatures greater than 50 degrees C. The average cellular energy consumption (5.68 pW cell(-1)) reveals the high metabolic potential of a dormant community transported by fluids circulating through the ocean crust. By contrast, samples taken from 293 msb from cooler (3.8 degrees C), relatively unaltered oxic fluids, produced 12.8 mJ of heat over the course of 14 h as temperature ramped from 34.8 to 43.0 degrees C. Corresponding cell-specific energy turnover rates (0.18 pW cell(-1)) were converted to oxygen uptake rates of 24.5 nmol O-2 ml(-1) FLUID d(-1), validating previous model predictions of microbial activity in this environment. Given that the investigated fluids are characteristic of expansive areas of the upper oceanic crust, the measured metabolic heat rates can be used to constrain boundaries of habitability and microbial activity in the oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00454},
	author = {Robador, Alberto and LaRowe, Douglas E and Jungbluth, Sean P and Lin, Huei-Ting and Rappe, Michael S and Nealson, Kenneth H and Amend, Jan P}
}
@article {Jungbluth2016,
	title = {{Novel microbial assemblages inhabiting crustal fluids within mid-ocean ridge flank subsurface basalt}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {2033{\textendash}2047},
	abstract = {Although little is known regarding microbial life within our planet{\textquoteright}s rock-hosted deep subseafloor biosphere, boreholes drilled through deep ocean sediment and into the underlying basaltic crust provide invaluable windows of access that have been used previously to document the presence of microorganisms within fluids percolating through the deep ocean crust. In this study, the analysis of 1.7 million small subunit ribosomal RNA genes amplified and sequenced from marine sediment, bottom seawater and basalt-hosted deep subseafloor fluids that span multiple years and locations on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank was used to quantitatively delineate a subseafloor microbiome comprised of distinct bacteria and archaea. Hot, anoxic crustal fluids tapped by newly installed seafloor sampling observatories at boreholes U1362A and U1362B contained abundant bacterial lineages of phylogenetically unique Nitrospirae, Aminicenantes, Calescamantes and Chloroflexi. Although less abundant, the domain Archaea was dominated by unique, uncultivated lineages of marine benthic group E, the Terrestrial Hot Spring Crenarchaeotic Group, the Bathyarchaeota and relatives of cultivated, sulfate-reducing Archaeoglobi. Consistent with recent geochemical measurements and bioenergetic predictions, the potential importance of methane cycling and sulfate reduction were imprinted within the basalt-hosted deep subseafloor crustal fluid microbial community. This unique window of access to the deep ocean subsurface basement reveals a microbial landscape that exhibits previously undetected spatial heterogeneity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.248},
	author = {Jungbluth, S P and Bowers, R M and Lin, H-T and Cowen, J P and Rappe, M S}
}
@article {ISI:000378670800005,
	title = {{Patterns and variability in geochemical signatures and microbial activity within and between diverse cold seep habitats along the lower continental slope, Northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {31{\textendash}40},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We collected 69 sediment cores from distinct ecological and geological settings along the deep slope in the Northern Gulf of Mexico to evaluate whether specific geochemical- or habitat-related factors correlated with rates of microbial processes and geochemical signatures. By collecting replicate cores from distinct habitats across multiple sites, we illustrate and quantify the heterogeneity of cold seep geochemistry and microbial activity. These data also document the factors driving unique aspects of the geochemistry of deep slope gas, oil and brine seeps. Surprisingly little variation was observed between replicate (n=2-5) cores within sites for most analytes (except methane), implying that the common practice of collecting one core for geochemical analysis can capture the signature of a habitat in most cases. Depth-integrated concentrations of methane, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and calcium were the predominant geochemical factors that correlated with a site{\textquoteright}s ecological or geological settings. Pore fluid methane concentration was related to the phosphate and DIC concentration, as well as to rates of sulfate reduction. While distinctions between seep habitats were identified from geochemical signatures, habitat specific geochemistry varied little across sites. The relative concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen versus phosphorus suggests that phosphorus availability limits biomass production at cold seeps. Correlations between calcium, chloride, and phosphate concentrations were indicative of brine-associated phosphate transport, suggesting that in addition to the co-migration of methane, dissolved organic carbon, and ammonium with brine, phosphate delivery is also associated with brine advection. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.02.011},
	author = {Bowles, Marshall and Hunter, Kimberley S and Samarkin, Vladimir and Joye, Samantha}
}
@article {Garcia2016,
	title = {{Petrology and geochronology of lavas from Ka{\textquoteleft}ula Volcano: Implications for rejuvenated volcanism of the Hawaiian mantle plume}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {185},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {278{\textendash}301},
	abstract = {Marine surveying and submersible sampling of Ka{\textquoteleft}ula Volcano, located 100 km off the axis of the Hawaiian chain, revealed widespread areas of young volcanism. New 40Ar/39Ar and geochemical analyses of the olivine-phyric submarine and subaerial volcanic rocks show that Ka{\textquoteleft}ula is shrouded with 1.9{\textendash}0.5 Ma alkalic basalts. The ages and chemistry of these rocks overlap with rejuvenated lavas on nearby, northern Hawaiian Island shields (Ni{\textquoteleft}ihau, Kaua{\textquoteleft}i and South Kaua{\textquoteleft}i Swell). Collectively, these rejuvenated lavas cover a vast area (\~{}7000 km2), much more extensive than any other area of rejuvenated volcanism worldwide. Ka{\textquoteleft}ula rejuvenated lavas range widely in alkalinity and incompatible element abundances (e.g., up to 10{\texttimes} P2O5 at a given MgO value) and ratios indicating variable degrees of melting of a heterogeneous source. Heavy REE elements in Ka{\textquoteleft}ula lavas are pinned at a mantle normalized Yb value of 10 {\textpm} 1, reflecting the presence of garnet in the source. Trace element ratios indicate the source also contained phlogopite and an Fe{\textendash}Ti oxide. The new Ka{\textquoteleft}ula ages show that rejuvenated volcanism was nearly coeval from \~{}0.3 to 0.6 Ma along a 450 km segment of the Hawaiian Islands (from West Maui to north of Ka{\textquoteleft}ula). The ages and volumes for rejuvenated volcanism are inconsistent with all but one geodynamic melting model proposed to date. This model advocates a significant contribution of pyroxenite to rejuvenated magmas. Analyses of olivine phenocryst compositions suggest a major (33{\textendash}69{\%}) pyroxenite component in Ka{\textquoteleft}ula rejuvenated lavas, which correlates positively with radiogenic Pb isotope ratios for Ka{\textquoteleft}ula. This correlation is also observed in lavas from nearby South Kaua{\textquoteleft}i lavas, as was reported for Atlantic oceanic islands. The presence of pyroxenite in the source may have extended the duration and volume of Hawaiian rejuvenated volcanism.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.03.025},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Weis, D and Jicha, B R and Ito, G and Hanano, D}
}
@article {ISI:000348807500001,
	title = {{Activity and phylogenetic diversity of sulfate-reducing microorganisms in low-temperature subsurface fluids within the upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The basaltic ocean crust is the largest aquifer system on Earth, yet the rates of biological activity in this environment are unknown. Low-temperature ({\textless}100 degrees C) fluid samples were investigated from two borehole observatories in the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JFR) flank, representing a range of upper oceanic basement thermal and geochemical properties. Microbial sulfate reduction rates (SRR) were measured in laboratory incubations with S-35-sulfate over a range of temperatures and the identity of the corresponding sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) was studied by analyzing the sequence diversity of the functional marker dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase (dsrAB) gene. We found that microbial sulfate reduction was limited by the decreasing availability of organic electron donors in higher temperature, more altered fluids. Thermodynamic calculations indicate energetic constraints for metabolism, which together with relatively higher cell-specific SRR reveal increased maintenance requirements, consistent with novel species-level dsrAB phylotypes of thermophilic SRM. Our estimates suggest that microbially-mediated sulfate reduction may account for the removal of organic matter in fluids within the upper oceanic crust and underscore the potential quantitative impact of microbial processes in deep subsurface marine crustal fluids on marine and global biogeochemical carbon cycling.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00748},
	author = {Robador, Alberto and Jungbluth, Sean P and LaRowe, Douglas E and Bowers, Robert M and Rappe, Michael S and Amend, Jan P and Cowen, James P}
}
@article {ISI:000350088800011,
	title = {{Characterization of vent fauna at the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {124{\textendash}133},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents in the deep sea have a global distribution on mid-ocean ridges and comprise at least six biogeographic provinces. A geographically isolated vent system was recently discovered on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center (MCSC). Here, we describe the faunal assemblages associated with this system and their relationship to known biogeographic provinces. Taxa from MCSC vents were sorted based on morphology and barcoded using the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) genes for identification. Distinct faunal assemblages were recognized around vent chimneys at two hydrothermal vent fields (Von Damm and Beebe) separated by a distance of similar to 13 km and {\textgreater} 2.5-km depth along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center. These results suggest that depth and/or local conditions structure faunal assemblages in this region. COI and microsatellite markers were then used to explore the genetic structure of the shrimp Rimicaris hybisae, the only abundant species shared between the shallow Von Damm and the deep Beebe vent fields. R. hybisae was not genetically differentiated between the Von Damm Spire and Beebe chimneys, suggesting this species is better adapted for bathymetric dispersal and the differences in local conditions than other MCSC species. In addition, a third faunal assemblage dominated by two species of tubeworms was identified at Von Damm in association with weakly diffuse flow sites (including the site known as {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Marker X18{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}). The Marker X18 assemblage shares species with seeps in the region. Fauna shared with both vents and seeps at the MCSC reinforces the need for a global biogeographic study of deep-sea chemosynthetic fauna that is not focused on specific habitats. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2014.11.011},
	author = {Plouviez, Sophie and Jacobson, Alixandra and Wu, Mengyou and Van Dover, Cindy L}
}
@article {ISI:000366805800006,
	title = {{{\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Fingerprinting{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} tectono-magmatic provenance using trace elements in igneous zircon}},
	journal = {CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY},
	volume = {170},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over 5300 recent SHRIMP-RG analyses of trace elements (TE) in igneous zircon have been compiled and classified based on their original tectono-magmatic setting to empirically evaluate {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}geochemical fingerprints{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} unique to those settings. Immobile element geochemical fingerprints used for lavas are applied with the same rational to zircon, including consideration of mineral competition on zircon TE ratios, and new criteria for distinguishing mid-ocean ridge (MOR), magmatic arc, and ocean island (and other plume-influenced) settings are proposed. The elemental ratios in zircon effective for fingerprinting tectono-magmatic provenance are systematically related to lava composition from equivalent settings. Existing discrimination diagrams using zircon U/Yb versus Hf or Y do not distinguish TE-enriched ocean island settings (i.e., Iceland, Hawaii) from magmatic arc settings. However, bivariate diagrams with combined cation ratios involving U-Nb-Sc-Yb-Gd-Ce provide a more complete distinction of zircon from these settings. On diagrams of U/Yb versus Nb/Yb, most MOR, ocean island, and kimberlite zircon define a broad {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}mantle-zircon array{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}; arc zircon defines a parallel array offset to higher U/Yb. Distinctly low U/Yb ratios of MOR zircon (typically {\textless}0.1) mirror their parental magmas and long-term incompatible element depletion of the MORB mantle. Plume-influenced sources are distinguished from MOR by higher U/Yb, U/Nb, Nb/Yb, and Nb/Sc. For zircon with U/Yb {\textgreater}0.1, high Sc/Yb separates arc settings from low-Sc/Yb plume-influenced sources. The slope of scandium enrichment trends in zircon differ between MOR and continental arc settings, likely reflecting the involvement of amphibole during melt differentiation. Scandium is thus also critical for discriminating provenance, but its behavior in zircon probably reflects contrasting melt fractionation trends between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline systems more than compositional differences in primitive magmas sourced at each tectono-magmatic source.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-015-1199-3},
	author = {Grimes, C B and Wooden, J L and Cheadle, M J and John, B E}
}
@article {Li2015,
	title = {{Genomic and transcriptomic evidence for scavenging of diverse organic compounds by widespread deep-sea archaea}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {8933},
	abstract = {Microbial activity is one of the most important processes to mediate the flux of organic carbon from the ocean surface to the seafloor. However, little is known about the microorganisms that underpin this key step of the global carbon cycle in the deep oceans. Here we present genomic and transcriptomic evidence that five ubiquitous archaeal groups actively use proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids and lipids as sources of carbon and energy at depths ranging from 800 to 4,950 m in hydrothermal vent plumes and pelagic background seawater across three different ocean basins. Genome-enabled metabolic reconstructions and gene expression patterns show that these marine archaea are motile heterotrophs with extensive mechanisms for scavenging organic matter. Our results shed light on the ecological and physiological properties of ubiquitous marine archaea and highlight their versatile metabolic strategies in deep oceans that might play a critical role in global carbon cycling.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms9933},
	author = {Li, M and Baker, B J and Anantharaman, K and Jain, S and Breier, J A and Dick, G J}
}
@article {Zhang2015,
	title = {{Intergradation between discrete lineages of Tevnia jerichonana, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {53{\textendash}61},
	abstract = {We describe a broad zone of intergradation between genetically differentiated, northern and southern lineages of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm, Tevnia jerichonana. DNA sequences from four genes, nuclear HSP and ATPs$\alpha$ and mitochondrial COI and Cytb were examined in samples from eastern Pacific vent localities between 13{\textdegree}N and 38{\textdegree}S latitude. Allelic frequencies at these loci exhibited concordant latitudinal clines, and genetic differentiation (pairwise $\Phi$ST{\textquoteright}s) increased with geographical distances between sample localities. Though this pattern of differentiation suggested isolation-by-distance (IBD), it appeared to result from hierarchical population structure. Genotypic assignment tests identified two population clusters comprised of samples from the northern East Pacific Rise (NEPR: 9{\textendash}13{\textdegree}N) and an extension of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR: 31{\textendash}32{\textdegree}S) with a zone of intergradation along the southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR: 7{\textendash}17{\textdegree}S). The overall degrees of DNA sequence divergence between the NEPR and PAR populations were slight and not indicative of lengthy isolation. Bayesian assignment methods suggested that the SEPR populations constitute intergrades that connect the NEPR and PAR populations. Though it typically is difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary intergradation, our results were consistent with parallel studies of vent-restricted species that suggest a high degree of demographic instability along the superfast-spreading SEPR axis. Frequent local extinctions and immigration from NEPR and PAR refugia probably shaped the observed pattern of intergradation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.04.028},
	author = {Zhang, H and Johnson, S B and Flores, V R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {ISI:000351847600028,
	title = {{Long-term explosive degassing and debris flow activity at West Mata submarine volcano}},
	journal = {GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
	volume = {42},
	number = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1480{\textendash}1487},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {West Mata is a 1200m deep submarine volcano where explosive boninite eruptions were observed in 2009. The acoustic signatures from the volcano{\textquoteright}s summit eruptive vents Hades and Prometheus were recorded with an in situ (similar to 25m range) hydrophone during ROV dives in May 2009 and with local (similar to 5km range) moored hydrophones between December 2009 and August 2011. The sensors recorded low frequency (1-40Hz), short duration explosions consistent with magma bubble bursts from Hades, and broadband, 1-5min duration signals associated with episodes of fragmentation degassing from Prometheus. Long-term eruptive degassing signals, recorded through May 2010, preceded a several month period of declining activity. Degassing episodes were not recorded acoustically after early 2011, although quieter effusive eruption activity may have continued. Synchronous optical measurements of turbidity made between December 2009 and April 2010 indicate that turbidity maxima resulted from occasional south flank slope failures triggered by the collapse of accumulated debris during eruption intervals.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL062603},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Baker, E T and Matsumoto, H and Caplan-Auerbach, J and Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Walker, S L and Lau, T-K. and Chadwick Jr., W W}
}
@article {ISI:000360368300003,
	title = {{Molecular study of bacterial diversity within the trophosome of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY-AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1, SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A large proportion of the faunal biomass in hydrothermal vent ecosystems relies on symbiotic relationships, with bacteria as a source of nutrition. Whereas multiple symbioses have been observed in diverse vent hosts, siboglinid tubeworms have been thought to harbour a single endosymbiont phylotype affiliated to the Gammaproteobacteria. In the case of the Northeast Pacific vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae, two previous studies suggested the presence of more than one symbiont. The possibility of multiple, and possibly habitat-specific, symbionts in R. piscesae provided a potential explanation for the tube-worm{\textquoteright}s broad ecological niche, compared with other hydrothermal vent siboglinids. This study further explored the diversity of trophosome bacteria in R. piscesae using two methodological approaches not yet applied to this symbiosis. We carried out 454-pyrosequencing on trophosome samples from 46 individual worms and used catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) to verify the presence of the major groups detected in the pyrotag data. Both methods yielded inconsistent and sometimes contradictory results between sampling sites, and neither provided irrefutable evidence for the presence of symbionts other than the expected Gammaproteobacteria. We therefore conclude that the other adaptive mechanisms must be considered to explain the broad physico-chemical niche occupied by the different growth forms of R. piscesae.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/maec.12169},
	author = {Forget, Nathalie L and Perez, Maeva and Juniper, S Kim}
}
@article {Bemis2015,
	title = {{The path to COVIS: A review of acoustic imaging of hydrothermal flow regimes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {159{\textendash}176},
	abstract = {Acoustic imaging of hydrothermal flow regimes started with the incidental recognition of a plume on a routine sonar scan for obstacles in the path of the human-occupied submersible ALVIN. Developments in sonar engineering, acoustic data processing and scientific visualization have been combined to develop technology which can effectively capture the behavior of focused and diffuse hydrothermal discharge. This paper traces the development of these acoustic imaging techniques for hydrothermal flow regimes from their conception through to the development of the Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS). COVIS has monitored such flow eight times a day for several years. Successful acoustic techniques for estimating plume entrainment, bending, vertical rise, volume flux, and heat flux are presented as is the state-of-the-art in diffuse flow detection.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.002},
	author = {Bemis, K G and Silver, D and Xu, G and Light, R and Jackson, D R and Jones, C D and Ozer, S and Liu, L}
}
@article {ISI:000358260100015,
	title = {{Predicting the response of the deep-ocean microbiome to geochemical perturbations by hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {9},
	number = {8},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1857{\textendash}1869},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Submarine hydrothermal vents perturb the deep-ocean microbiome by injecting reduced chemical species into the water column that act as an energy source for chemosynthetic organisms. These systems thus provide excellent natural laboratories for studying the response of microbial communities to shifts in marine geochemistry. The present study explores the processes that regulate coupled microbial-geochemical dynamics in hydrothermal plumes by means of a novel mathematical model, which combines thermodynamics, growth and reaction kinetics, and transport processes derived from a fluid dynamics model. Simulations of a plume located in the ABE vent field of the Lau basin were able to reproduce metagenomic observations well and demonstrated that the magnitude of primary production and rate of autotrophic growth are largely regulated by the energetics of metabolisms and the availability of electron donors, as opposed to kinetic parameters. Ambient seawater was the dominant source of microbes to the plume and sulphur oxidisers constituted almost 90{\%} of the modelled community in the neutrally-buoyant plume. Data from drifters deployed in the region allowed the different time scales of metabolisms to be cast in a spatial context, which demonstrated spatial succession in the microbial community. While growth was shown to occur over distances of tens of kilometers, microbes persisted over hundreds of kilometers. Given that high-temperature hydrothermal systems are found less than 100 km apart on average, plumes may act as important vectors between different vent fields and other environments that are hospitable to similar organisms, such as oil spills and oxygen minimum zones.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.4},
	author = {Reed, Daniel C and Breier, John A and Jiang, Houshuo and Anantharaman, Karthik and Klausmeier, Christopher A and Toner, Brandy M and Hancock, Cathrine and Speer, Kevin and Thurnherr, Andreas M and Dick, Gregory J}
}
@article {Lee2015,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variation in temperature experienced by macrofauna at Main Endeavour hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {154{\textendash}166},
	abstract = {A significant focus of hydrothermal vent ecological studies has been to understand how species cope with various stressors through physiological tolerance and biochemical resistance. Yet, the environmental conditions experienced by vent species have not been well characterized. This objective requires continuous observations over time intervals that can capture environmental variability at scales that are relevant to animals. We used autonomous temperature logger arrays (four roughly parallel linear arrays of 12 loggers spaced every 10{\textendash}12 cm) to study spatial and temporal variations in the thermal regime experienced by hydrothermal vent macrofauna at a diffuse flow vent. Hourly temperatures were recorded over eight months from 2010 to 2011 at Grotto vent in the Main Endeavour vent field on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, a focus area of the Ocean Networks Canada cabled observatory. The conspicuous animal assemblages in video footage contained Ridgeia piscesae tubeworms, gastropods (primarily Lepetodrilus fucensis), and polychaetes (polynoid scaleworms and the palm worm Paralvinella palmiformis). Two dimensional spatial gradients in temperature were generally stable over the deployment period. The average temperature recorded by all arrays, and in some individual loggers, revealed distinctive fluctuations in temperature that often corresponded with the tidal cycle. We postulate that this may be related to changes in bottom currents or fluctuations in vent discharge. A marked transient temperature increase lasting over a period of days was observed in April 2011. While the distributions and behavior of Juan de Fuca Ridge vent invertebrates may be partially constrained by environmental temperature and temperature tolerance, except for the one transient high-temperature event, observed fluid temperatures were generally similar to the thermal preferences for some species, and typically well below lethal temperatures for all species. Average temperatures of the four arrays ranged from 4.1 to 11.0 {\textdegree}C during the deployment, indicating that on an hourly timescale the temperature conditions in this tubeworm community were fairly moderate and stable. The generality of these findings and behavioral responses of vent organisms to predictable},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.004},
	author = {Lee, R W and Robert, K and Matabos, M and Bates, A E and Juniper, S K}
}
@article {Smith2014,
	title = {{Development and evolution of detachment faulting along 50 km of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 16.5{\textdegree}N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4692{\textendash}4711},
	abstract = {A multifaceted study of the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at 16.5{\textdegree}N provides new insights into detachment faulting and its evolution through time. The survey included regional multibeam bathymetry mapping, high-resolution mapping using AUV Sentry, seafloor imaging using the TowCam system, and an extensive rock-dredging program. At different times, detachment faulting was active along \~{}50 km of the western flank of the study area, and may have dominated spreading on that flank for the last 5 Ma. Detachment morphologies vary and include a classic corrugated massif, noncorrugated massifs, and back-tilted ridges marking detachment breakaways. High-resolution Sentry data reveal a new detachment morphology; a low-angle, irregular surface in the regional bathymetry is shown to be a finely corrugated detachment surface (corrugation wavelength of only tens of meters and relief of just a few meters). Multiscale corrugations are observed 2{\textendash}3 km from the detachment breakaway suggesting that they formed in the brittle layer, perhaps by anastomosing faults. The thin wedge of hanging wall lavas that covers a low-angle (6{\textdegree}) detachment footwall near its termination are intensely faulted and fissured; this deformation may be enhanced by the low angle of the emerging footwall. Active detachment faulting currently is limited to the western side of the rift valley. Nonetheless, detachment fault morphologies also are present over a large portion of the eastern flank on crust {\textgreater}2 Ma, indicating that within the last 5 Ma parts of the ridge axis have experienced periods of two-sided detachment faulting.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005563},
	author = {Smith, D K and Schouten, H and Dick, H J B and Cann, J R and Salters, V and Marschall, H R and Ji, F and Yoerger, D R and Sanfilippo, A and Parnell-Turner, R and Palmiotto, C and Zheleznov, A and Bai, H and Junkin, W and Urann, B and Dick, S and Sulanowska, M and Lemmond, P and Curry, S}
}
@article {ISI:000343625500006,
	title = {{Dissolved hydrogen and methane in the oceanic basaltic biosphere}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {405},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {62{\textendash}73},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The oceanic basaltic crust is the largest aquifer on Earth and has the potential to harbor substantial subsurface microbial ecosystems, which hitherto remains largely uncharacterized and is analogous to extraterrestrial subsurface habitats. Within the sediment-buried 3.5 Myr old basaltic crust of the eastern Juan de Fuca Ridge flank, the circulating basement fluids have moderate temperature (similar to 65 degrees C) and low to undetectable dissolved oxygen and nitrate concentrations. Sulfate, present in high concentrations, is therefore expected to serve as the major electron acceptor in this subsurface environment. This study focused on the availability and potential sources of two important electron donors, methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H-2), for the subseafloor biosphere. High integrity basement fluids were collected via fluid delivery lines associated with Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kits (CORKs) that extend from basement depths to outlet ports at the seafloor. Two new CORKs installed during IODP 327 in 2010, 1362A and 1362B, were sampled in 2011 and 2013. The two CORKs are superior than earlier style CORKs in that they are equipped with coated casing and polytetrafluoroethylene fluid delivery lines, reducing the interaction between casing materials with the environment. Additional samples were collected from an earlier style CORK at Borehole 1301A. The basement fluids are enriched in H-2 (0.05-1.8 mu mol/kg), suggesting that the ocean basaltic aquifer can support H-2-driven metabolism. The basement fluids also contain significant amount of CH4 (5-32 mu mol/kg), revealing CH4 as an available substrate for subseafloor basaltic habitats. The delta C-13 values of CH4 from the three boreholes ranged from -22.5 to -58 parts per thousand, while the delta H-2 values ranged from 316 to 57 parts per thousand. The isotopic compositions of CH4 and the molecular compositions of hydrocarbons suggest that CH4 in the basement fluids is of both biogenic and abiotic origins, varying among sites and sampling times. The delta H-2 values of CH4 in CORK 1301A fluid samples are much more positive than found in all other marine environments investigated to date and are best explained by the partial microbial oxidation of biogenic CH4. In conclusion, our study shows that CH4 and H-2 are persistently available to fuel the deep biosphere and that CH4 is both produced and potentially consumed by microorganisms in the oceanic basement. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.037},
	author = {Lin, Huei-Ting and Cowen, James P and Olson, Eric J and Lilley, Marvin D and Jungbluth, Sean P and Wilson, Samuel T and Rappe, Michael S}
}
@article {ISI:000345292900023,
	title = {{Diversity and abundance of Bacteria and nirS-encoding denitrifiers associated with the Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal system}},
	journal = {ANNALS OF MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1691{\textendash}1705},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Denitrification, which results in the loss of bioavailable nitrogen-an essential macronutrient for all living organisms-may potentially affect chemosynthetic primary production in hydrothermal vent ecosystems where sub-oxic conditions favorable to denitrification are common. Here we describe the diversity and abundance of denitrifying bacteria in the subsurface biosphere at Axial Volcano and the Endeavour Segment on the Juan de Fuca Ridge using a combination of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU or 16S rRNA) pyrotag and nitrite reductase (nirS) clone library sequencing methods. Bacterial communities were diverse and dominated by members of the epsilon- and gamma-proteobacteria, including taxonomic groups containing known denitrifiers. Assemblages of denitrifiers that could be evaluated by nirS gene sequence comparisons showed low diversity. The single nirS sequence shared by the two locations, affiliated with a gamma-proteobacteria isolated from estuarine sediments (Pseudomonas sp. BA2), represented more than half of all sequences recovered when clustered at 97 {\%} identity. All other nirS sequences clustered into different taxonomic groups, indicating important differences in denitrifier community membership between the two sites. Total nirS gene abundance was at least two orders of magnitude lower than 16S rRNA abundance. Overall, our results demonstrate that the diversity and abundance of the nirS gene-containing bacterial community are rather low, as might be expected under the extreme conditions encountered in the subsurface biosphere of hydrothermal vent systems, and do not correlate clearly with any environmental variables investigated (i.e., pH, temperature, and H2S, NO3-, NH4+ concentrations).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1590-4261},
	doi = {10.1007/s13213-014-0813-3},
	author = {Bourbonnais, Annie and Juniper, S Kim and Butterfield, David A and Anderson, Rika E and Lehmann, Moritz F}
}
@article {Thal2014,
	title = {{Geologic setting of PACManus hydrothermal area - High resolution mapping and in situ observations}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {355},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {98{\textendash}114},
	abstract = {This study presents a systematic analysis and interpretation of autonomous underwater vehicle-based microbathymetry combined with remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video recordings, rock analyses and temperature measurements within the PACManus hydrothermal area located on Pual Ridge in the Bismarck Sea of eastern Manus Basin. The data obtained during research cruise Magellan-06 and So-216 provides a framework for understanding the relationship between the volcanism, tectonism and hydrothermal activity. PACManus is a submarine felsic vocanically-hosted hydrothermal area that hosts multiple vent fields located within several hundred meters of one another but with different fluid chemistries, vent temperatures and morphologies. The total area of hydrothermal activity is estimated to be 20,279 m(2). The microbathymetry maps combined with the ROV video observations allow for precise high-resolution mapping estimates of the areal extents of hydrothermal activity. We find the distribution of hydrothermal fields in the PACManus area is primarily controlled by volcanic features that include lava domes, thick and massive blocky lava flows, breccias and feeder dykes. Spatial variation in the permeability of local volcanic facies appears to control the distribution of venting within a field. We define a three-stage chronological sequence for the volcanic evolution of the PACManus based on lava flow morphology, sediment cover and lava SiO2 concentration. In Stage-1, sparsely to moderately porphyritic dacite lavas (68-69.8 wt.{\%} SiO2) erupted to form domes or cryptodomes. In Stage-2, aphyric lava with slightly lower SiO2 concentrations (67.2-67.9 wt.{\%} SiO2) formed jumbled and pillowed lava flows. In the most recent phase Stage-3, massive blocky lavas with 69 to 72.5 wt{\%} SiO2 were erupted through multiple vents constructing a volcanic ridge identified as the PACManus neovolcanic zone. The transition between these stages may be gradual and related to progressive heating of a silicic magma following a recharge event of hot, mantle-derived melts.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.05.011},
	author = {Thal, Janis and Tivey, Maurice and Yoerger, Dana and Joens, Niels and Bach, Wolfgang}
}
@article {Tivey2014,
	title = {{High-resolution near-bottom vector magnetic anomalies over Raven Hydrothermal Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {119},
	number = {10},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {7389{\textendash}7403},
	abstract = {High-resolution, near-bottom vector magnetic data were collected by remotely operated vehicle Jason over the Raven hydrothermal vent field (47{\textdegree}57.3'N 129{\textdegree}5.75'W) located north of Main Endeavour vent field on the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The survey was part of a comprehensive heat flow study of the Raven site using innovative thermal blanket technology to map the heat flux and crustal fluid pathways around a solitary hydrothermal vent field. Raven hydrothermal activity is presently located along the western axial valley wall, while additional inactive hydrothermal deposits are found to the NW on the upper rift valley wall. Magnetic inversion results show discrete areas of reduced magnetization associated with both active and inactive hydrothermal vent deposits that also show high conductive heat flow. Higher spatial variability in the heat flow patterns compared to the magnetization is consistent with the heat flow reflecting the currently active but ephemeral thermal environment of fluid flow, while crustal magnetization is representative of the static time-averaged effect of hydrothermal alteration. A general NW to SE trend in reduced magnetization across the Raven area correlates closely with the distribution of hydrothermal deposits and heat flux patterns and suggests that the fluid circulation system at depth is likely controlled by local crustal structure and magma chamber geometry. Magnetic gradient tensor components computed from vector magnetic data improve the resolution of the magnetic anomaly source and indicate that the hydrothermally altered zone directly beneath the Raven site is approximately 15 {\texttimes} 106 m3 in volume.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014JB011223},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P and Salmi, M S and Hutnak, M}
}
@article {Jamieson2014,
	title = {{Hydrothermal sulfide accumulation along the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {395},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {136{\textendash}148},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal sulfide deposits that form on the seafloor are often located by the detection of hydrothermal plumes in the water column, followed by exploration with deep-towed cameras, side-scan sonar imaging, and finally by visual surveys using remotely-operated vehicle or occupied submersible. Hydrothermal plume detection, however, is ineffective for finding hydrothermally-inactive sulfide deposits, which may represent a significant amount of the total sulfide accumulation on the seafloor, even in hydrothermally active settings. Here, we present results from recent high-resolution, autonomous underwater vehicle-based mapping of the hydrothermally-active Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Analysis of the ridge bathymetry resulted in the location of 581 individual sulfide deposits along 24 km of ridge length. Hydrothermal deposits were distinguished from volcanic and tectonic features based on the characteristics of their surface morphology, such as shape and slope angles. Volume calculations for each deposit results in a total volume of 372,500 m3 of hydrothermal sulfide{\textendash}sulfate{\textendash}silica material, for an equivalent mass of \~{}1.2 Mt of hydrothermal material on the seafloor within the ridge{\textquoteright}s axial valley, assuming a density of 3.1 g/cm3. Much of this total volume is from previously undocumented inactive deposits outside the main active vent fields. Based on minimum ages of sulfide deposition, the deposits accumulated at a maximum rate of \~{}400 t/yr, with a depositional efficiency (proportion of hydrothermal material that accumulates on the seafloor to the total amount hydrothermally mobilized and transported to the seafloor) of \~{}5{\%}. The calculated sulfide tonnage represents a four-fold increase over previous sulfide estimates for the Endeavour Segment that were based largely on accumulations from within the active fields. These results suggest that recent global seafloor sulfide resource estimates, which were based mostly on the sizes and distribution of hydrothermally-active deposits, may be similarly underestimating the amount of sulfide along the global submarine neovolcanic zones.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.035},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14001873},
	author = {Jamieson, J W and Clague, D A and Hannington, M D}
}
@article {ISI:000348060800012,
	title = {{Imaging of CO2 bubble plumes above an erupting submarine volcano, NW Rota-1, Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {11},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {4325{\textendash}4342},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {NW Rota-1 is a submarine volcano in the Mariana volcanic arc located similar to 100 km north of Guam. Underwater explosive eruptions driven by magmatic gases were first witnessed there in 2004 and continued until at least 2010. During a March 2010 expedition, visual observations documented continuous but variable eruptive activity at multiple vents at similar to 560 m depth. Some vents released CO2 bubbles passively and continuously, while others released CO2 during stronger but intermittent explosive bursts. Plumes of CO2 bubbles in the water column over the volcano were imaged by an EM122 (12 kHz) multibeam sonar system. Throughout the 2010 expedition numerous passes were made over the eruptive vents with the ship to document the temporal variability of the bubble plumes and relate them to the eruptive activity on the seafloor, as recorded by an in situ hydrophone and visual observations. Analysis of the EM122 midwater data set shows: (1) bubble plumes were present on every pass over the summit and they rose 200-400 m above the vents but dissolved before they reached the ocean surface, (2) bubble plume deflection direction and distance correlate well with ocean current direction and velocity determined from the ship{\textquoteright}s acoustic doppler current profiler, (3) bubble plume heights and volumes were variable over time and correlate with eruptive intensity as measured by the in situ hydrophone. This study shows that midwater multibeam sonar data can be used to characterize the level of eruptive activity and its temporal variability at a shallow submarine volcano with robust CO2 output.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005543},
	author = {Chadwick Jr., William W and Merle, Susan G and Buck, Nathaniel J and Lavelle, J William and Resing, Joseph A and Ferrini, Vicki}
}
@article {ISI:000345631900005,
	title = {{Microbial consumption of zero-valence sulfur in marine benthic habitats}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {11, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {3416{\textendash}3430},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Zero-valence sulfur (S-0) is a central intermediate in the marine sulfur cycle and forms conspicuous accumulations at sediment surfaces, hydrothermal vents and in oxygen minimum zones. Diverse microorganisms can utilize S-0, but those consuming S-0 in the environment are largely unknown. We identified possible key players in S-0 turnover on native or introduced S-0 in benthic coastal and deep-sea habitats using the 16S ribosomal RNA approach, (in situ) growth experiments and activity measurements. In all habitats, the epsilonproteobacterial Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group accounted for a substantial fraction of the microbial community. Deltaproteobacterial Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfuromonadales were also frequently detected, indicating S-0 disproportionation and S-0 respiration under anoxic conditions. Sulfate production from S-0 particles colonized in situ with Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum suggested that this group oxidized S-0. We also show that the type strain Sulfurimonas denitrificans is able to access cyclooctasulfur (S-8), a metabolic feature not yet demonstrated for sulfur oxidizers. The ability to oxidize S-0, in particular S-8, likely facilitates niche partitioning among sulfur oxidizers in habitats with intense microbial sulfur cycling such as sulfidic sediment surfaces. Our results underscore the previously overlooked but central role of Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group for conversion of free S-0 at the seafloor surface.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12410},
	author = {Pjevac, Petra and Kamyshny Jr., Alexey and Dyksma, Stefan and Mussmann, Marc}
}
@article {Salmi2014,
	title = {{Quantitative estimate of heat flow from a mid-ocean ridge axial valley, Raven field, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Observations and inferences}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {119},
	number = {9},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {6841{\textendash}6854},
	abstract = {A systematic heat flow survey using thermal blankets within the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge axial valley provides quantitative estimates of the magnitude and distribution of conductive heat flow at a mid-ocean ridge, with the goal of testing current models of hydrothermal circulation present within newly formed oceanic crust. Thermal blankets were deployed covering an area of 700 by 450 m in the Raven Hydrothermal vent field area located 400 m north of the Main Endeavour hydrothermal field. A total of 176 successful blanket deployment sites measured heat flow values that ranged from 0 to 31 W m-2. Approximately 53{\%} of the sites recorded values lower than 100 mW m-2, suggesting large areas of seawater recharge and advective extraction of lithospheric heat. High heat flow values were concentrated around relatively small {\textquotedblleft}hot spots.{\textquotedblright} Integration of heat flow values over the Raven survey area gives an estimate of conductive heat output of 0.3 MW, an average of 0.95 W m-2, over the survey area. Fluid circulation cell dimensions and scaling equations allow calculation of a Rayleigh number of approximately 700 in Layer 2A. The close proximity of high and low heat flow areas, coupled with previous estimates of surficial seafloor permeability, argues for the presence of small-scale hydrothermal fluid circulation cells within the high-porosity uppermost crustal layer of the axial seafloor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014JB011086},
	author = {Salmi, M S and Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A and Hutnak, M}
}
@article {Feng2014,
	title = {{Time integrated variation of sources of fluids and seepage dynamics archived in authigenic carbonates from Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {385},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {129{\textendash}139},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate rocks recovered from the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory in Mississippi Canyon block 118 (MC118) at approximately 900 m water depth were studied using mineralogical, bulk geochemical, and lipid biomarker analyses. Carbonate rocks occurred as fractured blocks and nodular masses incorporated in carbonate breccias. The carbonates were comprised mainly of high-Mg-calcite and aragonite. The stable carbon isotope composition ($δ$13C) of authigenic carbonate varied from - 29.8{\textperthousand} to - 18.1{\textperthousand} vs. V-PDB, suggesting a complex mixture of various carbon sources, including dissolved marine inorganic carbon (DIC), oil, as well as methane. Oxygen isotopes ($δ$18O) varied from + 3.4{\textperthousand} to + 5.8{\textperthousand}. The observed 18O-enrichment in relation to calculated equilibrium values in the carbonates probably reflects decomposition of gas hydrates. The most abundant lipid biomarkers in the carbonates were isoprenoidal glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), predominated by GDGT-2 and GDGT-3, which are typically indicators of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea (ANMEs). Mono- and bicyclic biphytanes (derived after ether cleavage of GDGT-2 and GDGT-3) showed strong 13C-depletion, which is characteristic for ANMEs. Interestingly, large differences between the $δ$13C values of the archaeal diether archaeol and acyclic biphytane on the one hand and monocyclic biphytane on the other hand suggest the presence of archaea other than ANMEs. Archaeol and GDGT-0 (containing two acyclic biphytane moieties) are commonly assigned to various methanogenic archaea. Where methane seepage activity is intermediate or low within acoustic wipeout zones at the MC118 gas hydrate site nowadays, microbial communities must have coped with changing conditions as well as longer-term fluctuations in oil and gas seepage or the temporary cessation of hydrocarbon flux in the past. The change from methane seepage to oil seepage or vice versa in addition to flux variability apparently favors the establishment of complex prokaryotic communities dominated by archaea. In addition to anaerobic oxidation of methane, local production of methane is apparently prominent at the study site based on the occurrence of biomarkers of methanogens in the authigenic carbonate. This finding adds to the ongoing multidisciplinary effort to better constrain the environment at the MC118 observatory site and to determine the locally dominant biogeochemical processes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.07.020},
	author = {Feng, D and Birgel, D and Peckmann, J and Roberts, H H and Joye, S B and Sassen, R and Liu, X-L and Hinrichs, K -U and Chen, D}
}
@article {ISI:000321177000006,
	title = {{Active positioning of vent larvae at a mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {92},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {46{\textendash}57},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The vertical position of larvae of vent species above a mid-ocean ridge potentially has a strong effect on their dispersal. Larvae may be advected upward in the buoyant vent plume, or move as a consequence of their buoyancy or by active swimming. Alternatively, they may be retained near the bottom by the topography of the axial trough, or by downward swimming. At vents near 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N on the axis of the East Pacific Rise, evidence for active larval positioning was detected in a comparison between field observations of larvae in the plankton in 2006 and 2007 and distributions of non-swimming larvae in a two-dimensional bio-physical model. In the field, few vent larvae were collected at the level of the neutrally buoyant plume (similar to 75 m above the bottom); their relative abundances at that height were much lower than those of simulated larvae from a near-bottom release in the model. This discrepancy was observed for many vent species, particularly gastropods, suggesting that they may actively remain near the bottom by sinking or swimming downward. Near the seafloor, larval abundance decreased from the ridge axis to 1000 m off axis much more strongly in the observations than in the simulations, again pointing to behavior as a potential regulator of larval transport. We suspect that transport off axis was reduced by downward-moving behavior, which positioned larvae into locations where they were isolated from cross-ridge currents by seafloor topography, such as the walls of the axial valley which are not resolved in the model. Cross-ridge gradients in larval abundance varied between gastropods and polychaetes, indicating that behavior may vary between taxonomic groups, and possibly between species. These results suggest that behaviorally mediated retention of vent larvae may be common, even for species that have a long planktonic larval duration and are capable of long-distance dispersal. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.032},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and McGillicuddy Jr., D J and Mills, S W and Kosnyrev, V K and Thurnherr, A M and Ledwell, J R and Lavelle, J W}
}
@article {ISI:000326430500019,
	title = {{Activity and positioning of eurythermal hydrothermal vent sulphide worms in a variable thermal environment}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY},
	volume = {448},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {149{\textendash}155},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Here we investigate behavioral responses to fine-scale spatial and temporal temperature gradients in a heat tolerant hydrothermal vent worm (Paralvinella sulfincola). While this species has been a model organism for understanding physiological adaptations to extreme environments, lacking are corroborative in situ experiments and characterization of temperature-related behaviors representing the lower thermal tolerance range of this species. To address this knowledge gap, we first quantified the upper thermal limit for this species using a rapid heating protocol executed remotely on the seafloor. Second, we used a combination of in situ observations and shipboard experiments to test for temperature-dependent patterns in activity and behavior. We confirm that P. sulfincola is remarkably eurythermal and demonstrates a thermal niche breadth exceeding 45 degrees C. We further show that the activity and positioning of worms relate to temperatures within its lower preferred range (i.e., between 4 and 20 degrees C). Worms tended to remain closer to their tube openings and held their branchial crown in a consistent location when fluids were relatively warm. By contrast, when fluids were cooler, both the distance worms were observed from their tubes and positioning of their branchial crown were more variable. A Bayesian hidden Markov model classified each worm at each time interval as being in a high or low activity state according to the magnitude of change in their orientation and how far they moved between successive time lapse images. We found that the transition between active and inactive states at any time period is related to fluid temperature. Our observations indicate that the behavior of the worms is temperature-dependent, which may in turn reflect temperature-related variables such as the delivery of food particles, dissolved oxygen concentration, or relative environmental variability. Our findings demonstrate that this species can respond behaviorally to very fine-scale environmental variability in a manner not simply predicted by models of increasing activity with temperature. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2013.06.015},
	author = {Bates, Amanda E and Bird, Tomas J and Robert, Katleen and Onthank, Kirt L and Quinn, Gerry P and Juniper, S Kim and Lee, Raymond W}
}
@article {ISI:000331111400001,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of short-chain alkanes in hydrothermal sediments: potential influences on sulfur cycling and microbial diversity}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {may},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Short-chain alkanes play a substantial role in carbon and sulfur cycling at hydrocarbon-rich environments globally, yet few studies have examined the metabolism of ethane (C-2), propane (C-3), and butane (C-4) in anoxic sediments in contrast to methane (C-1). In hydrothermal vent systems, short-chain alkanes are formed over relatively short geological time scales via thermogenic processes and often exist at high concentrations. The sediment-covered hydrothermal vent systems at Middle Valley (MV Juan de Fuca Ridge) are an ideal site for investigating the anaerobic oxidation of C-1-C-4 alkanes, given the elevated temperatures and dissolved hydrocarbon species characteristic of these metalliferous sediments. We examined whether MV microbial communities oxidized C-1-C-4 alkanes under mesophilic to thermophilic sulfate-reducing conditions. Here we present data from discrete temperature (25, 55, and 75 degrees C) anaerobic batch reactor incubations of MV sediments supplemented with individual alkanes. Co-registered alkane consumption and sulfate reduction (SR) measurements provide clear evidence for C-1-C-4 alkane oxidation linked to SR over time and across temperatures. In these anaerobic batch reactor sediments, 16S ribosomal RNA pyrosequencing revealed that Deltaproteobacteria, particularly a novel sulfate-reducing lineage, were the likely phylotypes mediating the oxidation of C-2-C-4 alkanes. Maximum C-1-C-4 alkane oxidation rates occurred at 55 degrees C, which reflects the mid-core sediment temperature profile and corroborates previous studies of rate maxima for the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Of the alkanes investigated, C-3 was oxidized at the highest rate over time, then C-4, C-2, and C-1, respectively. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to the potential competition between the anaerobic oxidation of C-2-C(4)alkanes with AOM for available oxidants and the influence on the fate of C-1 derived from these hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00110},
	author = {Adams, Melissa M and Hoarfrost, Adrienne L and Bose, Arpita and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Jacobson2013a,
	title = {{Characterization of 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Rimicaris hybisae, a shrimp from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {449{\textendash}451},
	abstract = {Rimicaris hybisae is a deep-sea alvinocaridid shrimp found at hydrothermal vents along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center. Eleven selectively neutral and unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for this species and two additional loci were found to cross-amplify from a related species. Nine loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Seven loci cross-amplified with Chorocaris sp. 2, an alvinocaridid shrimp found at vents in the Southwestern Pacific. Microsatellite loci developed for R. hybisae are being deployed to study connectivity and genetic variability of populations along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-012-9825-0},
	author = {Jacobson, A and Plouviez, S and Thaler, A D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Jacobson2013,
	title = {{Characterization of 9 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Lamellibrachia sp 2, a tubeworm found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	volume = {5},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1005{\textendash}1007},
	abstract = {Lamellibrachia sp. 2 is a deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm found at hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center and at hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of Barbados. Nine selectively neutral and unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for this species. Eight of these loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.14 to 0.92. Microsatellites developed for Lamellibrachia sp. 2 are being deployed to study connectivity and gene flow among populations of this species.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-013-9955-z},
	author = {Jacobson, A and Plouviez, S and Thaler, A D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {ISI:000331550900001,
	title = {{Geomicrobiological linkages between short-chain alkane consumption and sulfate reduction rates in seep sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Marine hydrocarbon seeps are ecosystems that are rich in methane, and, in some cases, short-chain (C-2-C-5) and longer alkanes. C-2-C-4 alkanes such as ethane, propane, and butane can be significant components of seeping fluids. Some sulfate-reducing microbes oxidize short-chain alkanes anaerobically, and may play an important role in both the competition for sulfate and the local carbon budget. To better understand the anaerobic oxidation of short-chain n-alkanes coupled with sulfate-reduction, hydrocarbon-rich sediments from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) were amended with artificial, sulfate-replete seawater and one of four n-alkanes (C-1-C-4) then incubated under strict anaerobic conditions. Measured rates of alkane oxidation and sulfate reduction closely follow stoichiometric predictions that assume the complete oxidation of alkanes to CO2 (though other sinks for alkane carbon likely exist). Changes in the delta C-13 of all the alkanes in the reactors show enrichment over the course of the incubation, with the C-3 and C-4 incubations showing the greatest enrichment (4.4 and 4.5 parts per thousand, respectively). The concurrent depletion in the delta C-13 of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) implies a transfer of carbon from the alkane to the DIC pool (-3.5 and -6.7 parts per thousand for C-3 and C-4 incubations, respectively). Microbial community analyses reveal that certain members of the class Deltaproteobacteria are selectively enriched as the incubations degrade C-1-C-4 alkanes. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that distinct phylotypes are enriched in the ethane reactors, while phylotypes in the propane and butane reactors align with previously identified C-3-C-4 alkane-oxidizing sulfate-reducers. These data further constrain the potential influence of alkane oxidation on sulfate reduction rates (SRRs) in cold hydrocarbon-rich sediments, provide insight into their contribution to local carbon cycling, and illustrate the extent to which short-chain alkanes can serve as electron donors and govern microbial community composition and density.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00386},
	author = {Bose, Arpita and Rogers, Daniel R and Adams, Melissa M and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000323828800015,
	title = {{A low-relief shield volcano origin for the South Kaua{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}i Swell}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {2328{\textendash}2348},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The South Kauai Swell (SKS) is a 110 km x 80 km ovoid bathymetric feature that stands {\textgreater}2 km high and abuts the southern flank of the island of Kauai. The origin of the SKS was investigated using multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter, gravity data, radiometric ages, and geochemistry of rock samples. Most of the SKS rock samples are tholeiitic in composition with ages of 3.9-5.4 Ma indicating they were derived from shield volcanism. The ages and compositions of the SKS rocks partially overlap with those of the nearby Niihau, Kauai and West Kaena volcano complexes. The SKS was originally described as a landslide; however, this interpretation is problematic given the ovoid shape of SKS, its relatively smooth, flat-to-convex surface, and the lack of an obvious source region that could accommodate what would be one of Earth{\textquoteright}s most voluminous (6 x 10(3) km(3)) landslides. The morphology, size, and the surrounding gravity anomaly are more consistent with the SKS being a low-relief shield volcano, which was partially covered with a small volume of landside debris from south Kauai and later with some secondary volcanic seamounts. A shield origin would imply that Hawaiian and possibly other hotspot shield volcanoes can take on a wider variety of forms than is commonly thought, ranging from tall island-building shields, to smaller edifices such as Kaena Ridge and Mahukona, to even lower-relief volcanoes represented by the SKS and possibly the South West Oahu Volcanic Field.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20159},
	author = {Ito, Garrett and Garcia, Michael O and Smith, John R and Taylor, Brian and Flinders, Ashton and Jicha, Brian and Yamasaki, Seiko and Weis, Dominique and Swinnard, Lisa and Blay, Chuck}
}
@article {Joseph2013,
	title = {{Methane-derived authigenic carbonates from modern and paleoseeps on the Cascadia margin: Mechanisms of formation and diagenetic signals}},
	journal = {Tracing Phanerozoic hydrocarbon seepage from local basins to the global Earth system},
	volume = {390},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {52{\textendash}67},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate precipitation occurs within marine sediments where sulfate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation occurs. Geochemical and isotopic analyses of authigenic carbonates are commonly used as indicators of carbon sources and environmental conditions present during carbonate formation, but burial diagenesis and recrystallization can overprint these signals. Plane polarized light (PPL) and cathodoluminescent (CL) petrography allows for detailed characterization of carbonate phases and their subsequent alteration. Petrographic, isotopic, and geochemical characteristics of modern offshore authigenic carbonates from central and northern Cascadia are compared with Oligocene{\textendash}Pliocene fossil seep carbonates uplifted on the Olympic Peninsula. Coupled analyses show the value and complexity of separating primary vs. secondary signals with relevance to understanding fluid-burial history in methane seep provinces on tectonically active convergent margins. The modern, offshore, near-seafloor diagenetic environment (S. Hydrate Ridge and Barkley Canyon) is dominated by acicular and microcrystalline aragonite and high-Mg calcite (HMC, {\textgreater}~12~mol {\%} Mg). PPL and CL data illustrate that aragonite and HMC phases recrystallize to intermediate-Mg calcite (IMC, 5{\textendash}12~mol{\%} Mg) during burial and diagenesis and eventually to low-Mg calcite (LMC, 18O attributable to elevated fluid temperatures during recrystallization.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.01.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018213000333},
	author = {Joseph, C and Campbell, K A and Torres, M E and Martin, R A and Pohlman, J W and Riedel, M and Rose, K}
}
@article {ISI:000313236000014,
	title = {{Microbial diversity within basement fluids of the sediment-buried Juan de Fuca Ridge flank}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {161{\textendash}172},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite its immense size, logistical and methodological constraints have largely limited microbiological investigations of the subseafloor basement biosphere. In this study, a unique sampling system was used to collect fluids from the subseafloor basaltic crust via a Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit (CORK) observatory at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program borehole 1301A, located at a depth of 2667 m in the Pacific Ocean on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Here, a fluid delivery line directly accesses a 3.5 million years old basalt-hosted basement aquifer, overlaid by 262 m of sediment, which serves as a barrier to direct exchange with bottom seawater. At an average of 1.2 x 10(4) cells ml(-1), microorganisms in borehole fluids were nearly an order of magnitude less abundant than in surrounding bottom seawater. Ribosomal RNA genes were characterized from basement fluids, providing the first snapshots of microbial community structure using a high-integrity fluid delivery line. Interestingly, microbial communities retrieved from different CORKs (1026B and 1301A) nearly a decade apart shared major community members, consistent with hydrogeological connectivity. However, over three sampling years, the dominant gene clone lineage changed from relatives of Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator within the bacterial phylum Firmicutes in 2008 to the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group in 2009 and a lineage within the JTB35 group of Gammaproteobacteria in 2010, and statistically significant variation in microbial community structure was observed. The enumeration of different phylogenetic groups of cells within borehole 1301A fluids supported our observation that the deep subsurface microbial community was temporally dynamic. The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 161-172; doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.73; published online 12 July 2012},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2012.73},
	author = {Jungbluth, Sean P and Grote, Jana and Lin, Huei-Ting and Cowen, James P and Rappe, Michael S}
}
@article {Hansen2013,
	title = {{Mylonitic deformation at the Kane oceanic core complex: Implications for the rheological behavior of oceanic detachment faults}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {3085{\textendash}3108},
	abstract = {The depth extent, strength, and composition of oceanic detachment faults remain poorly understood because the grade of deformation-related fabrics varies widely among sampled oceanic core complexes (OCCs). We address this issue by analyzing fault rocks collected from the Kane oceanic core complex at 23{\textdegree}30'N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A portion of the sample suite was collected from a younger fault scarp that cuts the detachment surface and exposes the interior of the most prominent dome. The style of deformation was assessed as a function of proximity to the detachment surface, revealing a \~{}450 m thick zone of high-temperature mylonitization overprinted by a \~{}200 m thick zone of brittle deformation. Geothermometry of deformed gabbros demonstrates that crystal-plastic deformation occurred at temperatures {\textgreater}700{\textdegree}C. Analysis of the morphology of the complex in conjunction with recent thermochronology suggests that deformation initiated at depths of \~{}7 km. Thus we suggest the detachment system extended into or below the brittle-plastic transition (BPT). Microstructural evidence suggests that gabbros and peridotites with high-temperature fabrics were dominantly deforming by dislocation-accommodated processes and diffusion creep. Recrystallized grain size piezometry yields differential stresses consistent with those predicted by dry-plagioclase flow laws. The temperature and stress at the BPT determined from laboratory-derived constitutive models agree well with the lowest temperatures and highest stresses estimated from gabbro mylonites. We suggest that the variation in abundance of mylonites among oceanic core complexes can be explained by variation in the depth of the BPT, which depends to a first order on the thermal structure and water content of newly forming oceanic lithosphere.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20184},
	author = {Hansen, L N and Cheadle, M J and John, B E and Swapp, S M and Dick, H J B and Tucholke, B E and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Jamieson2013,
	title = {{Sulfide geochronology along the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2084{\textendash}2099},
	abstract = {Forty-nine hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate rock samples from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeastern Pacific Ocean, were dated by measuring the decay of 226Ra (half-life of 1600 years) in hydrothermal barite to provide a history of hydrothermal venting at the site over the past 6000 years. This dating method is effective for samples ranging in age from \~{}200 to 20,000 years old and effectively bridges an age gap between shorter- and longer-lived U-series dating techniques for hydrothermal deposits. Results show that hydrothermal venting at the active High Rise, Sasquatch, and Main Endeavour fields began at least 850, 1450, and 2300 years ago, respectively. Barite ages of other inactive deposits on the axial valley floor are between \~{}1200 and \~{}2200 years old, indicating past widespread hydrothermal venting outside of the currently active vent fields. Samples from the half-graben on the eastern slope of the axial valley range in age from \~{}1700 to \~{}2925 years, and a single sample from outside the axial valley, near the westernmost valley fault scarp is \~{}5850 {\textpm} 205 years old. The spatial relationship between hydrothermal venting and normal faulting suggests a temporal relationship, with progressive younging of sulfide deposits from the edges of the axial valley toward the center of the rift. These relationships are consistent with the inward migration of normal faulting toward the center of the valley over time and a minimum age of onset of hydrothermal activity in this region of 5850 years.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20133},
	author = {Jamieson, J W and Hannington, M D and Clague, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Holden, J F and Tivey, M K and Kimpe, L E}
}
@article {ISI:000326247700007,
	title = {{Surficial permeability of the axial valley seafloor: Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {9},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {3409{\textendash}3424},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean spreading centers play a fundamental role in Earth{\textquoteright}s geothermal budget. One underexamined facet of marine hydrothermal systems is the role that permeability of the uppermost seafloor veneer plays in the distribution of hydrothermal fluid. As both the initial and final vertical gateway for subsurface fluid circulation, uppermost seafloor permeability may influence the local spatial distribution of hydrothermal flow. A method of deriving a photomosaic from seafloor video was developed and utilized to estimate relative surface permeability in an active hydrothermal area on the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The mosaic resolves seafloor geology of the axial valley seafloor at submeter resolution over an area greater than 1 km(2). Results indicate that the valley walls and basal talus slope are topographically rugged and unsedimented, providing minimal resistance to fluid transmission. Elsewhere, the axial valley floor is capped by an unbroken blanket of low-permeability sediment, resisting fluid exchange with the subsurface reservoir. Active fluid emission sites were restricted to the high-permeability zone at the base of the western wall. A series of inactive fossil hydrothermal structures form a linear trend along the western bounding wall, oriented orthogonal to the spreading axis. High-temperature vent locations appear to have migrated over 100 m along-ridge-strike over the decade between surveys. While initially an expression of subsurface faulting, this spatial pattern suggests that increases in seafloor permeability from sedimentation may be at least a secondary contributing factor in regulating fluid flow across the seafloor interface.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20209},
	author = {Hearn, Casey K and Homola, Kira L and Johnson, H Paul}
}
@article {Peterson2013,
	title = {{On the utility of radium isotopes as tracers of hydrocarbon discharge}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {156},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {98{\textendash}107},
	abstract = {Natural seepage of hydrocarbons commonly occurs in the Gulf of Mexico and numerous other locations around the world{\textquoteright}s oceans. In-situ quantification of discharge and transport of these hydrocarbons through the water column is somewhat limited by a lack of available tracers. Here, we consider the utility of using radium isotopes, which are commonly enriched in formation fluids contained within hydrocarbon reservoirs, as tracers of hydrocarbons discharged into the deep ocean. During a cruise in November/December 2010 through the Gulf of Mexico, radium isotopes (224Ra and 226Ra) revealed anomalous concentrations in near-bottom samples associated with the presence of hydrocarbons at several sites where hydrocarbon seepage was known to occur and observed real-time via the human-occupied vehicle Alvin. These tracers also indicated the presence of near-bottom hydrocarbons in the vicinity of the Macondo wellhead where the Deepwater Horizon blowout occurred months earlier. These hydrocarbons are presumed to originate from nearby gas seeps later identified by water column sonar returns. The short half-life of 224Ra (3.66~days) suggests that anomalously high unsupported activities of this isotope must be derived from recent (days to weeks) discharge. Sampling at the sediment{\textendash}water interface confirmed that the source of the water column radium isotope anomalies is likely benthic sources. These results suggest that radium isotopes may serve as useful tracers of hydrocarbons in such an environment, and we outline steps required to quantify discharge rates and transport time scales with these tracers.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2013.02.008},
	author = {Peterson, R N and Viso, R F and MacDonald, I R and Joye, S B}
}
@article {Cowen2012,
	title = {{Advanced instrument system for real-time and time-series microbial geochemical sampling of the deep (basaltic) crustal biosphere}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {43{\textendash}56},
	abstract = {Integrated Ocean Drilling Program borehole CORK (Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit) observatories provide long-term access to hydrothermal fluids circulating within the basaltic crust (basement), providing invaluable opportunities to study the deep biosphere. We describe the design and application parameters of the GeoMICROBE instrumented sled, an autonomous sensor and fluid sampling system. The GeoMICROBE system couples with CORK fluid delivery lines to draw large volumes of fluids from crustal aquifers to the seafloor. These fluids pass a series of in-line sensors and an in situ filtration and collection system. GeoMICROBE{\textquoteright}s major components include a primary valve manifold system, a positive displacement primary pump, sensors (e.g., fluid flow rate, temperature, dissolved O2, electrochemistry-voltammetry analyzer), a 48-port in situ filtration and fluid collection system, computerized controller, seven 24~V{\textendash}40~A batteries and wet-mateable (ODI) communications with submersibles. This constantly evolving system has been successfully connected to IODP Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Also described here is a mobile pumping system (MPS), which possesses many of the same components as the GeoMICROBE (e.g., pump, sensors, controller), but is directly powered and controlled in real time via submersible operations; the MPS has been employed repeatedly to collect pristine basement fluids for a variety of geochemical and microbial studies.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2011.11.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.11.004},
	author = {Cowen, J P and Copson, D A and Jolly, J and Hsieh, C -C and Lin, H -T and Glazer, B T and Wheat, C G}
}
@article {ISI:000309446000009,
	title = {{Anaerobic methane oxidation in metalliferous hydrothermal sediments: influence on carbon flux and decoupling from sulfate reduction}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10, SI},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2726{\textendash}2740},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a globally significant sink that regulates methane flux from sediments into the oceans and atmosphere. Here we examine mesophilic to thermophilic AOM in hydrothermal sediments recovered from the Middle Valley vent field, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Using continuous-flow sediment bioreactors and batch incubations, we characterized (i) the degree to which AOM contributes to net dissolved inorganic carbon flux, (ii) AOM and sulfate reduction (SR) rates as a function of temperature and (iii) the distribution and density of known anaerobic methanotrophs (ANMEs). In sediment bioreactors, inorganic carbon stable isotope mass balances results indicated that AOM accounted for between 16{\%} and 86{\%} of the inorganic carbon produced, underscoring the role of AOM in governing inorganic carbon flux from these sediments. At 90 degrees C, AOM occurred in the absence of SR, demonstrating a striking decoupling of AOM from SR. An abundance of Fe(III)-bearing minerals resembling mixed valent Fe oxides, such as green rust, suggests the potential for a coupling of AOM to Fe(III) reduction in these metalliferous sediments. While SR bacteria were only observed in cooler temperature sediments, ANMEs allied to ANME-1 ribotypes, including a putative ANME-1c group, were found across all temperature regimes and represented a substantial proportion of the archaeal community. In concert, these results extend and reshape our understanding of the nature of high temperature methane biogeochemistry, providing insight into the physiology and ecology of thermophilic anaerobic methanotrophy and suggesting that AOM may play a central role in regulating biological dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes to the deep ocean from the organic-poor, metalliferous sediments of the global mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent system.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02825.x},
	author = {Wankel, Scott D and Adams, Melissa M and Johnston, David T and Hansel, Colleen M and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600378,
	title = {{Denitrification and environmental factors influencing nitrate removal in Guaymas Basin hydrothermally altered sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We measured potential nitrate removal and denitrification rates in hydrothermally altered sediments inhabited by Beggiatoa mats and adjacent brown oil stained sediments from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Sediments with Beggiatoa maintained slightly higher rates of potential denitrification than did brown sediments at 31.2 +/- 12.1 versus 21.9 +/- 1.4 mu M N day-1, respectively. In contrast, the nitrate removal rates in brown sediments were higher than those observed in mat-hosting sediments at 418 +/- 145 versus 174 +/- 74 mu M N day-1, respectively. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the responses of denitrifying communities to environmental factors {\{}[{\}}i.e., nitrate, sulfide, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration)]. The denitrifying community had a high affinity for nitrate (Km = 137 +/- 91 mu M N day-1), in comparison to other environmental communities of denitrifiers, and was capable of high maximum rates of denitrification (Vmax = 1164 +/- 153 mu M N day-1). The presence of sulfide resulted in significantly lower denitrification rates. Microorganisms with the potential to perform denitrification were assessed in these sediments using the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) functional gene libraries. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library was dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (38{\%}), some of which (e.g., Sulfurimonas sp.) have a potential for sulfide-dependent denitrification. The nosZ clone library did not contain clones similar to pure culture denitrifiers; these clones were most closely associated with environmental clones.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00377},
	author = {Bowles, Marshall W and Nigro, Lisa M and Teske, Andreas P and Joye, Samantha B}
}
@article {Connelly2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world{\textquoteright}s deepest seafloor spreading centre}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {620},
	abstract = {The Mid-Cayman spreading centre is an ultraslow-spreading ridge in the Caribbean Sea. Its extreme depth and geographic isolation from other mid-ocean ridges offer insights into the effects of pressure on hydrothermal venting, and the biogeography of vent fauna. Here we report the discovery of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre. The Von Damm Vent Field is located on the upper slopes of an oceanic core complex at a depth of 2,300 m. High-temperature venting in this off-axis setting suggests that the global incidence of vent fields may be underestimated. At a depth of 4,960 m on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre axis, the Beebe Vent Field emits copper-enriched fluids and a buoyant plume that rises 1,100 m, consistent with {\textgreater}400 degrees C venting from the world{\textquoteright}s deepest known hydrothermal system. At both sites, a new morphospecies of alvinocaridid shrimp dominates faunal assemblages, which exhibit similarities to those of Mid-Atlantic vents.},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms1636},
	author = {Connelly, D P and Copley, J T and Murton, B J and Stansfield, K and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Van Dover, C L and Amon, D and Furlong, M and Grindlay, N and Hayman, N and Huehnerbach, V and Judge, M and Le Bas, Tim and McPhail, S and Meier, A and Nakamura, K I and Nye, Verity and Pebody, M and Pedersen, R B and Plouviez, S and Sands, Carla and Searle, R C and Stevenson, P and Taws, Sarah and Wilcox, S}
}
@article {ISI:000301095200020,
	title = {{Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Plumes in the Near-Bottom Boundary Layer at Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1, SI},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {192{\textendash}195},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Hautala, Susan and Johnson, H Paul and Pruis, Matthew and Garcia-Berdeal, Irene and Bjorklund, Tor}
}
@article {Robert2012,
	title = {{Small-scale thermal responses of hydrothermal vent polynoid polychaetes: Preliminary in situ experiments and methodological development}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {420-421},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {69{\textendash}76},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent systems represent a unique marine environment where high spatial variability allows the study of habitat selection with respect to small-scale temperature gradients. An autonomous time-lapse camera with a temperature logger array was deployed on four occasions to examine the thermal responses of two vent endemic polynoid polychaete taxa: Branchinotogluma sp. and Lepidonotopodium piscesae. Over a total deployment time of 52~h, we collected over 3,400 frames, in which 1,700 individuals were observed and monitored. Automated image processing and particle tracking routines were used to quickly process the imagery acquired in situ. Kriging interpolation was employed to create temperature maps (2.5{\textendash}67~{\textdegree}C) of the field of view within which individual polynoids were tracked over time. Using the individual trajectories, we examined whether organisms selected for a narrower range of temperature than available in the environment and whether past information regarding the temperature encountered influenced subsequent movement decisions. A two state hidden Markov model was applied to predict behaviour based on movement patterns and examine whether areas characterized by different movement patterns differed in temperature. We found polynoids to be active over a wide range of temperatures and areas where different movement patterns were observed did not differ in temperature. Within their tolerated range of temperature, polynoids appear to thermoconform to the highly spatially variable thermal environment. Based on these preliminary deployments, we make suggestions for future studies over broader thermal regimes and longer time scales.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.019},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.019},
	author = {Robert, K and Onthank, K L and Juniper, S K and Lee, R W}
}
@article {Gaudron2012,
	title = {{Spatial And Temporal Variations In Food Web Structure From Newly-Opened Habitat At Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Marine Environmental Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {129{\textendash}140},
	abstract = {To highlight the spatio-temporal variability of the food web structure of hydrothermal vent fauna from newly-opened habitat, a series of Titanium Ring for Alvinellid Colonization devices (TRACs) was deployed at TICA site on the East Pacific Rise in 2006. This experiment was conducted for periods of 4 days, 13 days and one month and deployments were aligned along a gradient from the basaltic bottom to the vent openings. $δ$13C values of colonists revealed a narrower range of carbon sources in proximity to vent openings in Alvinella pompejana habitat than in Tevnia jerichonana habitat, separated by a distance of four meters. This was possibly due to a spatial change in available food sources with a possible higher contribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to the siboglinid habitat compared to a higher contribution of microbial primary producers such as Epsilonproteobacteria in the alvinellid habitat. Temporal variability was also observed during experimentation in the form of a shift in either $δ$13C and/or $δ$15N values for A. pompejana, Lepetodrilus elevatus, dirivultid copepods and polynoid polychaetes within a one-month window showing first of all, fast tissues turnover and secondly, a possible switch in feeding strategy or food sources. Lepidonotopodium riftense and Branchinotogluma sandersi may have to alternate between detritivorous and predatory feeding strategies. In addition, through the analysis of stable isotope composition of A.~pompejana and its episymbionts, we provided evidence that these attached bacteria formed part of the worms{\textquoteright} diet during the course of these colonization experiments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0141-1136},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.005},
	author = {Gaudron, S M and Lefebvre, S and Jorge, A N and Gaill, F and Pradillon, F}
}
@article {ISI:000299990700001,
	title = {{Subseafloor nitrogen transformations in diffuse hydrothermal vent fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge evidenced by the isotopic composition of nitrate and ammonium}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) transformations in hydrothermal vent (HV) fluids. Here, we present the first isotopic measurements of nitrate (delta N-15 and delta O-18) and ammonium (delta N-15) from three HV fields on the Juan de Fuca ridge (NE-Pacific). The dominant process that drives DIN concentration variations in low-T diffuse fluids is water mass mixing below the seafloor, with no effect on the DIN isotope ratios. Strong inter-site variations in the concentration and delta N-15 of NH4+ in high-T fluids suggest different subsurface nitrogen (N) sources (deep-sea nitrate versus organic sediments) for hydrothermally discharged ammonium. Low NH4+ community N isotope effects ({\textless}3 parts per thousand) for net NH4+ consumption suggest an important contribution from gross ammonium regeneration in low-T fluids. Elevation of HV nitrate N-15/N-14 and O-18/O-16 over deep-sea mean isotope values at some sites, concomitant with decreased nitrate concentrations, indicate assimilatory or dissimilatory nitrate consumption by bacteria in the subsurface, with relatively low community N isotope effects ((15)epsilon(k) {\textless} 3 parts per thousand). The low N isotope effects suggest that nitrate assimilation or denitrification occur in bacterial mats, and/or in situ production of low delta N-15 nitrate. A significantly stronger relative increase for nitrate delta O-18 than for delta N-15 was observed at many sites, resulting in marked deviations from the 1:1 relationship for nitrate delta N-15 versus delta O-18 that is expected for nitrate reduction in marine settings. Simple box-model calculation show that the observed un-coupling of N and O nitrate isotope ratios is consistent with nitrate regeneration by either nitrite reoxidation and/or partial nitrification of hydrothermal ammonium (possibly originating from N-2 fixation). Our isotope data confirm the role of subsurface microbial communities in modulating hydrothermal fluxes to the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003863},
	author = {Bourbonnais, Annie and Lehmann, Moritz F and Butterfield, David A and Juniper, S Kim}
}
@article {Kinsey2011,
	title = {{Assessing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {261{\textendash}267},
	abstract = {This paper reports the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle and its deployment on two cruises in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The first cruise, in June 2010, coupled Sentry with the TETHYS mass spectrometer to track and localize a subsea hydrocarbon plume at a depth of approximately 1100m going at least 30km from the oil spill site. In December 2010, Sentry mapped and photographed deep-sea biological communities for follow-up observations and sampling with the Alvin manned submersible. These cruises demonstrate how robots and novel sensing technologies contributed to the oil spill assessment and the broader impact of technologies developed for basic research.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/IROS.2011.6095008},
	author = {Kinsey, J C and Yoerger, D R and Jakuba, M V and Camilli, Rich and Fisher, C R and German, C R}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {Schmidt2011,
	title = {{Fluid elemental and stable isotope composition of the Nibelungen hydrothermal field (8 degrees18{\textquoteright}S, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Constraints on fluid-rock interaction in heterogeneous lithosphere}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {280},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	abstract = {Depending on the geological setting, the interaction of submarine hydrothermal fluids with the host rock leads to distinct energy and mass transfers between the lithosphere and the hydrosphere. The Nibelungen hydrothermal field is located at 8{\textdegree}18'S, about 9~km off-axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). At 3000~m water depth, 372~{\textdegree}C hot, acidic fluids emanate directly from the bottom, without visible sulfide chimney formation. Hydrothermal fluids obtained in 2009 are characterized by low H2S concentrations (1.1~mM), a depletion of B (192~$μ$M) relative to seawater, lower Si (13.7~mM) and Li (391~$μ$M) concentrations relative to basaltic-hosted hydrothermal systems and a large positive Eu anomaly, and display a distinct stable isotope signature of hydrogen (∆2HH2O~=~7.6{\textendash}8.7{\textperthousand}) and of oxygen (∆18OH2O~=~2.2{\textendash}2.4{\textperthousand}). The heavy hydrogen isotopic signature of the Nibelungen fluids is a specific feature of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems and is mainly controlled by the formation of OH-bearing alteration minerals like serpentine, brucite, and tremolite during pervasive serpentinization. New isotopic data obtained for the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev I field at 14{\textdegree}45'N, MAR (∆2HH2O~=~3.8{\textendash}4.2{\textperthousand}) display a similar trend, being clearly distinguished from other, mafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at the MAR. The fluid geochemistry at Nibelungen kept stable since the first sampling campaign in 2006 and is evident for a hybrid alteration of mafic and ultramafic rocks in the subseafloor. Whereas the ultramafic-fingerprint parameters Si, Li, B, Eu anomaly and ∆2HH2O distinguish the Nibelungen field from other hydrothermal systems venting in basaltic settings at similar physico-chemical conditions and are related to the interaction with mantle rocks, the relatively high concentrations of trace alkali elements, Pb, and Tl can only be attributed to the alteration of melt-derived gabbroic rocks. The elemental and isotopic composition of the fluid suggest a multi-step alteration sequence: (1) low- to medium-temperature alteration of gabbroic rocks, (2) pervasive serpentinization at moderate to high temperatures, and (3) limited high-temperature interaction with basaltic rocks during final ascent of the fluid. The integrated water/rock ratio for the Nibelungen hydrothermal system is about 0.5. The fluid compositional fingerprint at Nibelungen is similar to the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev I fluids with respect to key parameters. Some compositional differences can be ascribed to different alteration temperatures and other fluid pathways involving a variety of source rocks, higher water/rock ratios, and sulfide precipitation in the sub-seafloor at Logatchev I.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.07.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.07.008},
	author = {Schmidt, K and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Koschinsky, A and Strauss, H and Jost, C L and Klevenz, V and Koniger, P}
}
@article {Smith2011,
	title = {{In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {Q06007},
	abstract = {The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge was used in the first long-term deployment of microbial enrichment flow cells using osmotically driven pumps in a subseafloor borehole. Three novel osmotically driven colonization systems with unidirectional flow were deployed in the borehole and incubated for 4 years to determine the microbial colonization preferences for 12 minerals and glasses present in igneous rocks. Following recovery of the colonization systems, we measured cell density on the minerals and glasses by fluorescent staining and direct counting and found some significant differences between mineral samples. We also determined the abundance of mesophilic and thermophilic culturable organotrophs grown on marine R2A medium and identified isolates by partial 16S or 18S rDNA sequencing. We found that nine distinct phylotypes of culturable mesophilic oligotrophs were present on the minerals and glasses and that eight of the nine can reduce nitrate and oxidize iron. Fe(II)-rich olivine minerals had the highest density of total countable cells and culturable organotrophic mesophiles, as well as the only culturable organotrophic thermophiles. These results suggest that olivine (a common igneous mineral) in seawater-recharged ocean crust is capable of supporting microbial communities, that iron oxidation and nitrate reduction may be important physiological characteristics of ocean crust microbes, and that heterogeneously distributed minerals in marine igneous rocks likely influence the distribution of microbial communities in the ocean crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003424},
	author = {Smith, A and Popa, R and Fisk, M and Nielsen, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Fisher, A T and Becker, K and Sievert, S M and Flores, G}
}
@article {Gartman2011,
	title = {{Sulfide Oxidation across Diffuse Flow Zones of Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Aquatic Geochemistry},
	volume = {17},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {2011},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {583{\textendash}601},
	publisher = {SPRINGER},
	address = {NEW YORK; 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA},
	abstract = {The sulfide (H(2)S/HS(-)) that is emitted from hydrothermal vents begins to oxidize abiotically with oxygen upon contact with ambient bottom water, but the reaction kinetics are slow. Here, using in situ voltammetry, we report detection of the intermediate sulfur oxidation products polysulfides [S(x)(2-)] and thiosulfate [S(2)O(3)(2-)], along with contextual data on sulfide, oxygen, and temperature. At Lau Basin in 2006, thiosulfate was identified in less than one percent of approximately 10,500 scans and no polysulfides were detected. Only five percent of 11,000 voltammetric scans taken at four vent sites at Lau Basin in May 2009 show either thiosulfate or polysulfides. These in situ data indicate that abiotic sulfide oxidation does not readily occur as H(2)S contacts oxic bottom waters. Calculated abiotic potential sulfide oxidation rates are},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1380-6165},
	doi = {10.1007/s10498-011-9136-1},
	author = {Gartman, A and Yucel, M and Madison, A S and Chu, D W and Ma, S and Janzen, C P and Becker, E L and Beinart, R A and Girguis, P R and Luther, G W}
}
@article {ISI:000277238700001,
	title = {{Abyssogena: a new genus of the family Vesicomyidae (Bivalvia) from deep-water vents and seeps}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF MOLLUSCAN STUDIES},
	volume = {76},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {may},
	pages = {107{\textendash}132},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new genus Abyssogena is established for A. phaseoliformis ( Metivier, Okutani {\&} Ohta, 1986) and A. kaikoi ( Okutani {\&} Metivier, 1986), which were previously assigned to the genus Calyptogena Dall, 1891, and also for two new species, A. southwardae and A. novacula. The most characteristic features of Abyssogena are an elongate shell up to about 280 mm in length; a pallial line starting from the ventral margin of the anterior adductor scar; secondary pallial attachment scars developed dorsal to the pallial line; radially arranged hinge teeth with a reduced anterior cardinal tooth in the right valve; and presence of an inner ctenidial demibranch only. Abyssogena occurs in deep water from 2,985 to 6,400 m and is distributed in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans at cold seeps along continental margins and hydrothermal vents at mid-oceanic ridges. Some species have a remarkably wide geographic distribution; A. southwardae is present throughout the Atlantic and A. phaseoliformis is present in Japan, Kuril-Kamchatka, as well as Aleutian Trenches. No fossils of Abyssogena are known.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0260-1230},
	doi = {10.1093/mollus/eyp052},
	author = {Krylova, Elena M and Sahling, Heiko and Janssen, Ronald}
}
@article {Joye2010,
	title = {{Biogeochemical signatures and microbial activity of different cold-seep habitats along the Gulf of Mexico deep slope}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1990{\textendash}2001},
	abstract = {Microorganisms and the processes they mediate serve as the metabolic foundation of cold seeps. We characterized a suite of biogeochemical constituents and quantified rates of two key microbial processes, Sulfate Reduction (SR) and Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM), to assess variability between habitats at water depths exceeding 1000 m in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Rates of SR were highest in sediments beneath microbial mats, lower in brine-influenced and oil-influenced sediments, and lowest in animal habitats. Sediments collected near tubeworms had the highest SR rates for animal habitats. Rates of AOM generally were low, but higher rates were associated with brine-influenced, oil-influenced, tubeworm- and urchin-inhabited sediments. Rates of both SR and AOM were orders of magnitude lower at deep-slope sites compared to upper-slope sites examined previously. As observed at upper-slope sites, SR and AOM rates were often loosely coupled. At one site, AOM rates exceeded SR rates, suggesting that an alternate electron acceptor for AOM is possible. Extremely depleted $δ$13C values in methane illustrated the broad significance of biogenic methane production at deep-slope sites. Brine-influenced habitats were characterized by extremely high concentrations of ammonium and dissolved organic carbon, serving as important focused sources of these chemicals to adjacent environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.06.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.06.001},
	author = {Joye, S B and Bowles, M W and Samarkin, V A and Hunter, K S and Niemann, H}
}
@article {Thaler2010,
	title = {{Characterization of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Ifremeria nautilei, a chemoautotrophic gastropod from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {101{\textendash}103},
	abstract = {{Ifremeria nautilei is deep-sea provannid gastropod endemic to hydrothermal vents at southwest Pacific back-arc spreading centers. Twelve, selectively neutral and unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for this species. Three loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.719 to 0.906 (mean H-O = 0.547},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-010-9174-9},
	author = {Thaler, A D and Zelnio, K and Jones, R and Carlsson, J and Van Dover, C L and Schultz, T F}
}
@article {Roberts2010a,
	title = {{Cold-seep carbonates of the middle and lower continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2040{\textendash}2054},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonates from cold seeps on the middle and lower continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) exhibit a wide range of mineralogical and stable isotopic compositions. These carbonates consist of concretions and nodules in surface sediments, hardgrounds of crusts and isolated slabs, and mounded buildups of blocks and slabs of up to over 10 meters in relief above the surrounding seafloor. Mineralogically, the carbonates are dominated by high-Mg calcite (HMC) and aragonite. However, low levels ({\textless}5 wt{\%}) of dolomite are present in most samples. Petrographically, Mg-calcite peloidal matrix and acicular to botryoidal aragonitic void-filling cements are the most frequent associations. The carbon isotopic compositions of the carbonates range from -60.8 to 14.0{\textperthousand} PDB, indicating complex carbon sources that include 13C-depleted biogenic and thermogenic methane, biodegraded crude oil, seawater CO2, and 13C-enriched residual CO2 from methanogenesis. A similarly large variability in $δ$18O values (2.5 to 6.7{\textperthousand} PDB) demonstrates the geochemical complexity of the slope, with some samples pointing toward an 18O-enriched oxygen source that is possibly related to advection of 18O-enriched formation water and/or to the decomposition of gas hydrate. A considerable range of mineralogical and isotopic variations in cold-seep carbonate composition was noted even within individual study sites. However, common trends occur across multiple geographic areas. This situation suggests that local controls on fluid and gas flux, types of seep hydrocarbons, the presence or absence of gas hydrate in the near-surface sediment, and chemosynthetic communities, as well as the temporal evolution of the local hydrocarbon reservoir, all may play a part in determining carbonate mineralogy and isotope geochemistry. The carbon isotope data clearly indicate that between-site variation is greater than within-site variation. Seep carbonates formed on the middle and lower continental slope of the GOM do not appear to be substantially different from those found on the upper slope ({\textless}1000-m water depth). The highly variable fluids and gases that leave their geochemical imprints on seep carbonate of the middle and lower continental slope are similar to their outer shelf and upper slope counterparts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.003},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Feng, D and Joye, S B}
}
@article {Jackson2010,
	title = {{Dispersion of a tracer on the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees N{\textendash}10 degrees N), including the influence of hydrothermal plumes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {57},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {37{\textendash}52},
	abstract = {On 12 November 2006, 3 kg of sulfur hexafluoride were released in a 1.2 km long streak in the axial summit trough of the East Pacific Rise at 9{\textdegree}30'N to study how circulation and mixing affect larval dispersion. The first half of a tracer survey performed approximately 40 days after the injection found a small percentage of the tracer on the ridge axis between 9{\textdegree}30'N and 10{\textdegree}10'N, with the main concentration near 9{\textdegree}50'N, a site of many active hydrothermal vents. These observations provide evidence of larval connectivity between vent sites on the ridge. The latter half of the survey detected the primary patch of tracer west of the ridge and just south of the Lamont Seamounts, as a majority of the tracer had been transported off the ridge. However, by the end of the survey, the eastern edge of this patch was transported back to within 10 km of the ridge crest at 9{\textdegree}50'N by a reversal in the subinertial flow, suggesting another pathway for larvae between points along the ridge. Both the horizontal and vertical distributions of the tracer were complex and were likely heavily influenced by topography and vents in the area. Elevated tracer concentrations within the axial summit trough and an adjacent depression on the upper ridge flank suggest that tracers may be detained in such depressions. Correlated tracer/turbidity profiles provide direct evidence of entrainment of the tracer into vent plumes from 9{\textdegree}30'N to 10{\textdegree}N. A comparison of the vertical tracer inventory with neutral density vent-plume observations suggests that on the order of 10{\%} of the tracer injected was entrained into vent plumes near the injection site. The results imply that effluent from diffuse hydrothermal sources and larvae of hydrothermal vent fauna can be entrained in significant quantities into plumes from discrete sources and dispersed in the neutrally buoyant plumes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.011},
	author = {Jackson, P R and Ledwell, J R and Thurnherr, A M}
}
@article {German2010,
	title = {{Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {14020{\textendash}14025},
	abstract = {Thirty years after the first discovery of high-temperature submarine venting, the vast majority of the global mid-ocean ridge remains unexplored for hydrothermal activity. Of particular interest are the world{\textquoteright}s ultraslow spreading ridges that were the last to be demonstrated to host high-temperature venting but may host systems particularly relevant to prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life. Here we report evidence for previously unknown, diverse, and very deep hydrothermal vents along the similar to 110 km long, ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise (MCR). Our data indicate that the MCR hosts at least three discrete hydrothermal sites, each representing a different type of water-rock interaction, including both mafic and ultramafic systems and, at similar to 5,000 m, the deepest known hydrothermal vent. Although submarine hydrothermal circulation, in which seawater percolates through and reacts with host lithologies, occurs on all mid-ocean ridges, the diversity of vent types identified here and their relative geographic isolation make the MCR unique in the oceans. These new sites offer prospects for an expanded range of vent-fluid compositions, varieties of abiotic organic chemical synthesis and extremophile microorganisms, and unparalleled faunal biodiversity-all in close proximity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1009205107},
	author = {German, C R and Bowen, A and Coleman, M L and Honig, D L and Huber, J A and Jakuba, M V and Kinsey, J C and Kurz, M D and Leroy, S and McDermott, J M and de Lepinay, B M and Nakamura, K and Seewald, J S and Smith, J L and Sylva, S P and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Johnson2010,
	title = {{Hydrothermal circulation within the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q05002},
	abstract = {Areas of the seafloor at mid-ocean ridges where hydrothermal vents discharge are easily recognized by the dramatic biological, physical, and chemical processes that characterize such sites. Locations where seawater flows into the seafloor to recharge hydrothermal cells within the crustal reservoir are by contrast almost invisible but can be indirectly identified by a systematic grid of conductive heat flow measurements. An array of conductive heat flow stations in the Endeavour axial valley of the Juan de Fuca Ridge has identified recharge zones that appear to represent a nested system of fluid circulation paths. At the scale of an axial rift valley, conductive heat flow data indicate a general cross-valley fluid flow, where seawater enters the shallow subsurface crustal reservoir at the eastern wall of the Endeavour axial valley and undergoes a kilometer of horizontal transit beneath the valley floor, finally exiting as warm hydrothermal fluid discharge on the western valley bounding wall. Recharge zones also have been identified as located within an annular ring of very cold seafloor around the large Main Endeavour Hydrothermal Field, with seawater inflow occurring within faults that surround the fluid discharge sites. These conductive heat flow data are consistent with previous models where high-temperature fluid circulation cells beneath large hydrothermal vent fields may be composed of narrow vertical cylinders. Subsurface fluid circulation on the Endeavour Segment occurs at various crustal depths in three distinct modes: (1) general east to west flow across the entire valley floor, (2) in narrow cylinders that penetrate deeply to high-temperature heat sources, and (3) supplying low-temperature diffuse vents where seawater is entrained into the shallow uppermost crust by the adjacent high-temperature cylindrical systems. The systematic array of conductive heat flow measurements over the axial valley floor averaged \~{}150 mW/m2, suggesting that only about 3{\%} of the total energy flux of ocean crustal formation is removed by conductive heat transfer, with the remainder being dissipated to overlying seawater by fluid advection.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002957},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002957},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A and Bjorklund, T A and Salmi, M S}
}
@article {Wankel2010,
	title = {{New constraints on methane fluxes and rates of anaerobic methane oxidation in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool via in situ mass spectrometry}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2022{\textendash}2029},
	abstract = {Deep-sea biogeochemical cycles are, in general, poorly understood owing to the difficulties of making measurements in situ, recovering samples with minimal perturbation, and, in many cases, coping with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In particular, biogeochemical fluxes of volatiles such as methane remain largely unconstrained because of the difficulties with accurate quantification in situ and the patchiness of point sources such as seeps and brine pools. To better constrain biogeochemical fluxes and cycling, we have developed a deep-sea in situ mass spectrometer (ISMS) to enable high-resolution quantification of volatiles in situ. Here we report direct measurements of methane concentrations made in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool located at a depth of over 2300 m. Concentrations of up to 33 mM methane were observed within the brine pool, whereas concentrations in the water directly above were three orders of magnitude lower. These direct measurements enabled us to make the first accurate estimates of the diffusive flux from a brine pool, calculated to be 1.1{\textpm}0.2 mol m-2 yr-1. Integrated rate measurements of aerobic methane oxidation in the water column overlying the brine pool were \~{}320 $μ$mol m-2 yr-1, accounting at most for just 0.03{\%} of the diffusive methane flux from the brine pool. Calculated rates of anaerobic methane oxidation were 600{\textendash}1200 $μ$M yr-1, one to two orders of magnitude higher than previously published values of AOM in anoxic fluids. These findings suggest that brine pools are enormous point sources of methane in the deep sea, and may, in aggregate, have a pronounced impact on the global marine methane cycle.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	author = {Wankel, S D and Joye, S B and Samarkin, V A and Shah, S R and Friederich, G and Melas-Kyriazi, J and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Ferri2010,
	title = {{A novel trigger-based method for hydrothermal vents prospecting using an autonomous underwater robot}},
	journal = {Autonomous Robots},
	volume = {29},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {67{\textendash}83},
	abstract = {In this paper we address the problem of localizing active hydrothermal vents on the seafloor using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). The plumes emitted by hydrothermal vents are the result of thermal and chemical inputs from submarine hot spring systems into the overlying ocean. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution{\textquoteright}s Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) AUV has successfully localized previously undiscovered hydrothermal vent fields in several recent vent prospecting expeditions. These expeditions utilized the AUV for a three-stage, nested survey strategy approach (German et al. in Deep Sea Res. I 55:203{\textendash}219, 2008). Each stage consists of a survey flown at successively deeper depths through easier to detect but spatially more constrained vent fluids. Ideally this sequence of surveys culminates in photographic evidence of the vent fields themselves. In this work we introduce a new adaptive strategy for an AUV{\textquoteright}s movement during the first, highest-altitude survey: the AUV initially moves along pre-designed tracklines but certain conditions can trigger an adaptive movement that is likely to acquire additional high value data for vent localization. The trigger threshold is changed during the mission, adapting the method to the different survey profiles the robot may find. The proposed algorithm is vetted on data from previous ABE missions and measures of efficiency presented.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0929-5593},
	doi = {10.1007/s10514-010-9187-y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-010-9187-y},
	author = {Ferri, G and Jakuba, M V and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {ISI:000283642100005,
	title = {{Phylogenetic diversity of sediment bacteria from the deep Northeastern Pacific Ocean: a comparison with the deep Eastern Mediterranean Sea}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {143{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The variability of bacterial community composition and diversity was studied by comparative analysis of five 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from deep-sea sediments (water column depth: 4000 m) of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Eastern Mediterranean Sea. This is the first comparison of the bacterial communities living in these deep-sea ecosystems. The estimated chlorophyll a, organic carbon, and C/N ratio provided evidence of significant differences in the trophic state of the sediments between the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and the much warmer Eastern Mediterranean Sea. A diverse range of 16S rRNA gene phylotypes was found in the sediments of both regions. These were represented by 11 different taxonomic groups, with Gammaproteobacteria predominating in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean sediments and Acidobacteria in the Eastern Mediterranean microbial community. In addition, several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes only distantly related to any of the previously identified sequences (non-affiliated rRNA genes) represented a significant fraction of the total sequences. The potential diversity at the two sites differs but remains largely unexplored and remains of continuing scientific interest. {\{}[{\}}Int Microbiol 2010; 13(3):143-150]},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1139-6709},
	doi = {10.2436/20.1501.01.119},
	author = {Kouridaki, Ioanna and Polymenakou, Paraskevi N and Tselepides, Anastasios and Mandalakis, Manolis and Smith Jr., Kenneth L}
}
@article {ISI:000280324500002,
	title = {{Subseafloor seawater-basalt-microbe reactions: Continuous sampling of borehole fluids in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A was drilled, cased, and instrumented with a long-term, subseafloor observatory (CORK) on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in summer 2004. This borehole is located 1 km south of ODP Hole 1026B and 5 km north of Baby Bare outcrop. Hole 1301A penetrates 262 m of sediment and 108 m of the uppermost 3.5 Ma basaltic basement in an area of warm (64 degrees C) hydrothermal circulation. The borehole was instrumented, and those instruments were recovered 4 years later. Here we report chemical data from two continuous fluid samplers (OsmoSamplers) and temperature recording tools that monitored changes in the state of borehole (formation) fluids. These changes document the effects of drilling, fluid overpressure and flow, seawater-basalt interactions, and microbial metababolic activity. Initially, bottom seawater flowed into the borehole through a leak between concentric CORK casing strings. Eventually, the direction of flow reversed, and warm, altered formation fluid flowed into the borehole and discharged at the seafloor. This reversal occurred during 1 week in September 2007, 3 years after drilling operations ceased. The composition of the formation fluid around Hole 1301A generally lies within bounds defined by springs on Baby Bare outcrop (to the south) and fluids that discharged from Hole 1026B (to the north); deviations likely result from reactions with drilling products. Simple conservative mixing of two end-member fluids reveals reactions occurring within the crust, including nitrate reduction presumably by denitrifying microbes. The observed changes in borehole fluid composition provide the foundation for a conceptual model of chemical and microbial change during recharge of a warm ridge-flank hydrothermal system. This model can be tested through future scientific ocean drilling experiments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003057},
	author = {Wheat, C Geoffrey and Jannasch, Hans W and Fisher, Andrew T and Becker, Keir and Sharkey, Jessica and Hulme, Samuel}
}
@article {Plouviez2009,
	title = {{Comparative phylogeography among hydrothermal vent species along the East Pacific Rise reveals vicariant processes and population expansion in the South}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {18},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {3903{\textendash}3917},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	author = {Plouviez, S and Shank, T M and Faure, B and Daguin-Thiebaut, C and Viard, F and Lallier, F H and Jollivet, D}
}
@article {Solomon2009,
	title = {{Long-term hydrogeochemical records in the oceanic basement and forearc prism at the Costa Rica subduction zone}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {282},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {240{\textendash}251},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	author = {Solomon, E A and Kastner, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Robertson, G and Davis, E E and Morris, J D}
}
@mastersthesis {Jensen2009,
	title = {{Variable buoyancy system metric}},
	volume = {M. S.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {112},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3033},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3033},
	author = {Jensen, H F}
}
@article {Won2008,
	title = {{Absence of cospeciation between deep-sea mytilids and their thiotrophic endosymbionts}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {129{\textendash}138},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[129:AOCBDM]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[129:AOCBDM]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Jones, W J and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Wheat2008,
	title = {{Borehole observations of fluid flow from South Chamorro Seamount, an active serpentinite mud volcano in the Mariana forearc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {267},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {401{\textendash}409},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.057},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.057},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Fisher, A T and Hulme, S and Jannasch, H W and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Johnson2008,
	title = {{DNA barcoding of Lepetodrilus limpets reveals cryptic species}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {43{\textendash}51},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[43:DBOLLR]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[43:DBOLLR]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Johnson, S B and Waren, A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {German2008,
	title = {{Hydrothermal exploration with the Autonomous Benthic Explorer}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {203{\textendash}219},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.004},
	author = {German, C R and Yoerger, D R and Jakuba, M V and Shank, T M and Langmuir, C H and Nakamura, K I}
}
@article {Nees2008,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent mussel habitat chemistry, pre- and post-eruption at 9 degrees 50'North on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {169{\textendash}175},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[169:HVMHCP]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[169:HVMHCP]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Nees, H A and Moore, T S and Mullaugh, K M and Holyoke, R R and Janzen, C P and Ma, S and Metzger, E and Waite, T J and Yucel, M and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Vetriani, C and Nuzzio, D B and Luther, G W}
}
@book {Brooks2008,
	title = {{Investigations of chemosynthetic communities on the lower continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico: Interim Report 1}},
	series = {OCS Reports},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {332},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	organization = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/ESPIS/4/4320.pdf},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Fisher, C R and Roberts, H and Bernard, B and MacDonald, I R and Carney, R and Jove, S and Cordes, E E and Wolff, G A and Goehring, E}
}
@article {Lam2008,
	title = {{Microbial ammonia oxidation and enhanced nitrogen cycling in the Endeavour hydrothermal plume}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2268{\textendash}2286},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.033},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.033},
	author = {Lam, P and Cowen, J P and Popp, B N and Jones, R D}
}
@article {John2008,
	title = {{Zinc stable isotopes in seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids and chimneys}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {269},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {17{\textendash}28},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.12.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.12.011},
	author = {John, S G and Rouxel, O J and Craddock, P R and Engwall, A M and Boyle, E A}
}
@article {Roberts2007a,
	title = {{Alvin explores the deep northern Gulf of Mexico Slope}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {88},
	number = {35},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {341{\textendash}342},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/2007EO350001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007EO350001},
	author = {Roberts, H and Carney, R and Kupchik, M and Fisher, C R and Nelson, Kim and Becker, E and Goehring, E and Lessard-Pilon, S and Telesnicki, G and Bernard, B and Brooks, J and Bright, M and Cordes, E and Hourdez, S and Hunt, J and Shedd, W and Boland, G and Joye, S and Samarkin, V and Bernier, M and Bowles, M and MacDonald, I and Niemann, H and Petersen, C and Morrison, C and Potter, J}
}
@article {Olu-LeRoy2007,
	title = {{Amphi-Atlantic cold-seep Bathymodiolus species complexes across the equatorial belt}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {54},
	number = {11},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1890{\textendash}1911},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2007.07.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.07.004},
	author = {Olu-Le Roy, K and von Cosel, R and Hourdez, S and Carney, S L and Jollivet, D}
}
@article {Yoerger2007b,
	title = {{Autonomous and remotely operated vehicle technology for hydrothermal vent discovery, exploration, and sampling}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {152{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.89},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Jakuba, M V and German, C R and Shank, T M and Tivey, M}
}
@article {Wu2007,
	title = {{Mechatronic integration and implementation of in situ multipoint temperature measurement for seafloor hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {144{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1006-9321},
	doi = {10.1007/s11431-007-0013-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-007-0013-5},
	author = {Wu, H C and Chen, Y and Yang, C J and Zhang, J F and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Ji, F W}
}
@article {Yoerger2007,
	title = {{Mid-ocean ridge exploration with an autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {52{\textendash}61},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.05},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Jakuba, M V and Tivey, M A and German, C R and Shank, T M and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Jones2007,
	title = {{Molecular phylogeny of the East Pacific squat lobsters of the genus Munidopsis (decapoda: galatheidae) with the descriptions of seven new species}},
	journal = {Journal of Crustacean Biology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {477{\textendash}501},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0278-0372},
	doi = {10.1651/S-2791.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1651/S-2791.1},
	author = {Jones, W J and Macpherson, E}
}
@article {Gilbert2007,
	title = {{Porosity of the upper edifice of Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {49{\textendash}52},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G22892A.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G22892A.1},
	author = {Gilbert, L A and McDuff, R E and Johnson, H P}
}
@mastersthesis {Jakuba2007,
	title = {{Stochastic mapping for chemical plume source localization with application to autonomous hydrothermal vent discovery}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {325},
	school = {Massachusetts Institutte of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1583},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1583},
	author = {Jakuba, M V}
}
@article {Yoerger2007a,
	title = {{Techniques for deep sea near bottom survey using an autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {International Journal of Robotics Research},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {41{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0278-3649},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-48113-3_36},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48113-3{\_}36},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Bingham, B}
}
@inbook {Heesemann2006,
	title = {{Data report: Long-term temperature measurements in holes 1253A and 1255A off Costa Rica, ODP Leg 205}},
	booktitle = {Fluid Flow and Subduction Fluxes across the Costa Rica Convergent Margin: Implications for the Seismogenic Zone and Subduction Factory},
	series = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {205},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1{\textendash}20},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1096-7451},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.205.209.2006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.205.209.2006},
	author = {Heesemann, M and Villinger, H and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M},
	editor = {Morris, J D}
}
@article {Lang2006,
	title = {{Dissolved organic carbon in ridge-axis and ridge-flank hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {70},
	number = {15},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3830{\textendash}3842},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.031},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.031},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Butterfield, D A and Lilley, M D and Johnson, H P and Hedges, J I}
}
@article {Rona2006,
	title = {{Entrainment and bending in a major hydrothermal plume, Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {33},
	number = {19},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {L19313},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gl027211},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027211},
	author = {Rona, P A and Bemis, K G and Jones, C D and Jackson, D R and Mitsuzawa, K and Silver, D}
}
@article {Jones2006,
	title = {{Evolution of habitat use by deep-sea mussels}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {841{\textendash}851},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-005-0115-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0115-1},
	author = {Jones, W J and Won, Y -J and Maas, P A Y and Smith, P J and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Huber2006,
	title = {{Microbial life in ridge flank crustal fluids}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {88{\textendash}99},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00872.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00872.x},
	author = {Huber, J A and Johnson, H P and Butterfield, D A and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Johnson2006a,
	title = {{Migration, isolation, and speciation of hydrothermal vent limpets (Gastropoda ; Lepetodrilidae) across the Blanco Transform Fault}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {210},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {140{\textendash}157},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/210/2/158},
	author = {Johnson, S B and Young, C R and Jones, W J and Waren, A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Johnson2006,
	title = {{On sampling the upper crustal reservoir of the NE Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Geofluids},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {251{\textendash}271},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1468-8123},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1468-8123.2006.00151.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2006.00151.x},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Baross, J A and Bjorklund, T A}
}
@article {Fleutelot2005,
	title = {{Petrogenetic variability along the North-South Propagating Spreading Center of the North Fiji Basin}},
	journal = {Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {55{\textendash}86},
	issn = {0930-0708},
	doi = {10.1007/s00710-004-0061-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-004-0061-5},
	author = {Fleutelot, C and Eissen, J P and Dosso, L and Juteau, T and Launeau, P and Bollinger, C and Cotten, J and Danyushevsky, L and Savoyant, L}
}
@article {Sancho2005,
	title = {{Selective predation by the zoarcid fish Thermarces cerberus at hydrothermal vents.}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {837{\textendash}844},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	author = {Sancho, G and Fisher, C R and Mills, S W and Micheli, F and Johnson, G A and Lenihan, H S and Peterson, C H and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Kelley2005a,
	title = {{A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: The lost city hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {307},
	number = {5714},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1428{\textendash}1434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102556},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Yoerger, D R and Shank, T M and Butterfield, D A and Hayes, J M and Schrenk, M O and Olson, E J and Proskurowski, G and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Larson, B I and Ludwig, K A and Glickson, D A and Buckman, K and Bradley, A S and Brazelton, W J and Roe, K and Elend, M J and Delacour, A and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Summons, R T and Sylva, S P}
}
@article {Turnipseed2004,
	title = {{Community structure in Florida Escarpment seep and Snake Pit (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) vent mussel beds}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {145},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {121{\textendash}132},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-004-1304-z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1304-z},
	author = {Turnipseed, M and Jenkins, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Govenar2004,
	title = {{Composition of a One-Year-Old Riftia pachyptila Community Following a Clearance Experiment: Insight to Succession Patterns at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {207},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {177{\textendash}182},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1543204},
	author = {Govenar, B and Freeman, M and Bergquist, D C and Johnson, G A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Schroeder2004,
	title = {{Strain localization on an oceanic detachment fault system, Atlantis Massif, 30 degrees N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q11007},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000728},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000728},
	author = {Schroeder, T J and John, B E}
}
@article {Hunt2004,
	title = {{Testing biological control of colonization by vestimentiferan tubeworms at deep-sea hydrothermal vents (East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {225{\textendash}234},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2003.10.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2003.10.008},
	author = {Hunt, H L and Metaxas, A and Jennings, R L and Halanych, K M and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Wheat2004,
	title = {{Venting formation fluids from deep sea boreholes in a ridge flank setting: ODP Sites 1025 and 1026}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q08007},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000710},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000710},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H and Lebon, G}
}
@article {Sims2003,
	title = {{Aberrant youth: Chemical and isotopic constraints on the young off-axis lavas of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {10},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8621},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000443},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000443},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Blichert-Toft, J and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Goldstein, S J and Johnson, P and DePaolo, D J and Hart, S R and Murrell, M T and Michael, P J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A}
}
@article {Shah2003,
	title = {{Episodic dike swarms inferred from near-bottom magnetic anomaly maps at the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2097},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000564},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000564},
	author = {Shah, A K and Cormier, M -H and Ryan, W B F and Jin, W and Carlut, J and Bergmanis, E C and Bradley, A M and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Ward2003,
	title = {{Functional morphology and feeding strategy of the hydrothermal-vent polychaete Archinome rosacea (Amphinomidae)}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {81},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {582{\textendash}590},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4301},
	doi = {10.1139/z03-034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-034},
	author = {Ward, M E and Jenkins, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Beard2003,
	title = {{Iron isotope constraints on Fe cycling and mass balance in oxygenated Earth oceans}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {7},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {629{\textendash}632},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0629:IICOFC>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031{\%}3C0629:IICOFC{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Beard, B L and Johnson, C M and Von Damm, K L and Poulson, R L}
}
@article {Carbotte2003,
	title = {{Magmatic subsidence of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 18 degrees14{\textquoteright}S revealed through fault restoration of ridge crest bathymetry}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000337},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000337},
	author = {Carbotte, S M and Ryan, W B and Cormier, M -H and Jin, W and Bergmanis, E C and Sinton, J and White, S}
}
@mastersthesis {Jakuba2003,
	title = {{Modeling and control of an autonomous underwater vehicle with combined foil/thruster actuators}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {123},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2460},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2460},
	author = {Jakuba, M V}
}
@article {Wheat2003,
	title = {{Seawater transport and reaction in upper oceanic basaltic basement: Chemical data from continuous monitoring of sealed boreholes in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {216},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {549{\textendash}564},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H}
}
@article {Pruis2002,
	title = {{Age dependent porosity of young upper oceanic crust: Insights from seafloor gravity studies of recent volcanic eruptions}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {29},
	number = {5},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1076},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GL013977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013977},
	author = {Pruis, M J and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Sims2002,
	title = {{Chemical and isotopic constraints on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {19},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3481{\textendash}3504},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Goldstein, S J and Blichert-Toft, J and Perfit, M R and Kelemen, P and Fornari, D J and Michael, P J and Murrell, M T and Hart, S R and DePaolo, D J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A and Jull, M and Bender, J}
}
@article {Fox2002,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophy as a possible nutritional source in the hydrothermal vent limpet Lepetodrilus fucensis}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {371{\textendash}376},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-371-376.pdf},
	author = {Fox, M and Juniper, S K and Vali, H}
}
@article {Tivey2002,
	title = {{Crustal magnetization reveals subsurface structure of Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal fields}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {11},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {979{\textendash}982},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0979:CMRSSO>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030{\%}3C0979:CMRSSO{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Jenkins2002,
	title = {{The digestive system of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Galapagomystides aristata (Phyllodocidae): Evidence for hematophagy?}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {121},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {243{\textendash}254},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00064.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00064.x},
	author = {Jenkins, C D and Ward, M E and Turnipseed, M and Osterberg, J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Reysenbach2002,
	title = {{Expanding the distribution of the Aquificales to the deep-sea vents on Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Central Indian Ridge}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {425{\textendash}428},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-425-428.pdf},
	author = {Reysenbach, A -L and Gotz, D and Banta, A and Jeanthon, C and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Blackman2002,
	title = {{Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {443{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S and Cann, J R and Fruh-Green, G L and Gee, J S and Hurst, S D and John, B E and Morgan, J and Nooner, S L and Ross, D K and Schroeder, T J and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Petitt2002,
	title = {{The Hawaii-2 Observatory}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {245{\textendash}253},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/JOE.2002.1002479},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2002.1002479},
	author = {Petitt, R A and Harris, D W and Wooding, B and Bailey, J and Jolly, J and Hobart, E and Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Butler, R and Bowen, A and Yoerger, D R}
}
@booklet {Beard2002,
	title = {{Iron isotope constraints on Fe cycling and mass balance in the oxygenated Earth}},
	howpublished = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {Supplement 1},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {A58},
	isbn = {0016-7037},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00167037},
	author = {Beard, B L and Johnson, C M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Sarrazin2002,
	title = {{Mosaic community dynamics on Juan de Fuca Ridge sulphide edifices: Substratum, temperature and implications for trophic structure}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {275{\textendash}279},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-275-279.pdf},
	author = {Sarrazin, J and Levesque, C and Juniper, S K and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Micheli2002,
	title = {{Predation structures communities at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {72},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {365{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-9615},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0365:PSCADS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0365:PSCADS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Micheli, F and Peterson, C H and Mullineaux, L S and Fisher, C R and Mills, S W and Sancho, G and Johnson, G A and Lenihan, H S}
}
@article {Chevaldonne2002,
	title = {{Sister species of eastern Pacific hydrothermal vent worms (Ampharetidae, Alvinellidae, Vestimentifera) provide new mitochondrial COI clock calibration}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {367{\textendash}370},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-367-370.pdf},
	author = {Chevaldonne, P and Jollivet, D and Desbruyeres, D and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@book {Fornari2001,
	title = {{AHA-NEMO2: Shipboard data web site compiled during R/V Melville NEMO Expedition, Leg 2, May, 2000}},
	volume = {2005},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://science.whoi.edu/ahanemo2},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tolstoy, M and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Johnson, P and Kurras, G and White, S and Getsiv, J and Party, Shipboard Scientific and Technical}
}
@article {VanDover2001,
	title = {{Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {294},
	number = {5543},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {818{\textendash}823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1064574},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1064574},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Cavanaugh, C M and Collier, R and Goffredi, S K and Hashimoto, J and Lilley, M D and Reysenbach, A -L and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Banta, A and Gallant, R M and Gotz, D and Green, D and Hall, J and Harmer, T L and Hurtado, L A and Johnson, P and McKiness, Z P and Meredith, C and Olson, E J and Pan, I L and Turnipseed, M and Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {VanDover2001a,
	title = {{Corralling of larvae in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {81},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {823{\textendash}826},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0125-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315401004659},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401004659},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Jenkins, C D and Turnipseed, M}
}
@article {Levin2001,
	title = {{Dressing up for the deep: agglutinated protists adorn an irregular urchin}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {81},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {881{\textendash}882},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315401004738},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401004738},
	author = {Levin, L A and Gooday, A J and James, D W}
}
@article {Johnson2001,
	title = {{Earthquakes{\textquoteright} impact on hydrothermal systems may be far-reaching}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {82},
	number = {21},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {233{\textendash}236},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/01EO00127},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/01EO00127},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Dziak, R P and Fisher, C R and Fox, C G and Pruis, M J}
}
@article {Campbell2001,
	title = {{Growth and phylogenetic properties of novel bacteria belonging to the epsilon subdivision of the proteobacteria enriched from Alvinella pompejana and deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {67},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4566{\textendash}4572},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.10.4566-4572.2001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.10.4566-4572.2001},
	author = {Campbell, B J and Jeanthon, C and Kotska, J E and Luther, G W and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Chadwick2001,
	title = {{High-resolution bathymetric surveys using scanning sonars: Lava flow morphology, hydrothermal vent and geologic structure at recent eruption sites on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {16,16{\textendash}75,100},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000297},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000297},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Schreirer, D S and Embley, R W and Johnson, H P}
}
@inbook {Stevens2001,
	title = {{A mountain in the sea: exploration of a Gulf of Alaska Seamount with the submersible Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Cold water diving for science : American Academy of Underwater Sciences: proceedings of the 21st Annual Scientific Diving Symposium, September 19-23, 2001, Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, Alaska},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {79{\textendash}83},
	publisher = {University of Alaska Sea Grant},
	organization = {University of Alaska Sea Grant},
	address = {Fairbanks, Alaska},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1-56612-069-1},
	author = {Stevens, B},
	editor = {Jewett, S C}
}
@article {Jungclaus2001,
	title = {{A web-based distributive aimulator for the Alvin deep submersible vehicle}},
	journal = {Computer Graphics Topics},
	volume = {13},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {21{\textendash}22},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.inigraphics.net/press/topics/2001/issue4/4{\_}01a08.pdf},
	author = {Jungclaus, J and Barton, R J and Encarnacao, L M}
}
@inbook {Freitag2000,
	title = {{Acoustic communication in very shallow water: results from the1999 AUV Fest}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {2155{\textendash}2160},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882253},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882253},
	author = {Freitag, L and Grund, M and Singh, S and Johnson, M}
}
@article {Charlou2000,
	title = {{Compared geochemical signatures and the evolution of Menez Gwen (37 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N) and Lucky Strike (37 degrees17{\textquoteright}N) hydrothermal fluids, south of the Azores triple junction on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {171},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00244-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00244-8},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Douville, E and Jean-Baptiste, P and Radford-Knoery, J and Fouquet, Y and Dapoigny, A and Stievenard, M}
}
@article {Hekinian2000,
	title = {{Deep sea explosive activity on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 34 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N; magma composition, vesicularity and volatile content}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}77},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00190-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00190-0},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Pineau, F and Shilobreeva, S and Bideau, D and Gracia, E and Javoy, M}
}
@article {Johnson2000a,
	title = {{Density and porosity of upper oceanic crust from seafloor gravity measurements}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {27},
	number = {7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1053{\textendash}1056},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL011130},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011130},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Pruis, M J and Van Patten, D and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Johnson2000,
	title = {{Earthquake-induced changes in a hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {407},
	number = {6801},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {174{\textendash}177},
	publisher = {Macmillian Magazines Ltd},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35025040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025040},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Hutnak, M and Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Urcuyo, I and Cowen, J P and Nabelek, J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Butler2000,
	title = {{Hawaii-2 Observatory pioneers opportunities for remote instrumentation in ocean studies}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {81},
	number = {15},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {157,162{\textendash}163},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/00EO00105},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/00EO00105},
	author = {Butler, R and Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Yoerger, D R and Petitt, R and Harris, D and Wooding, F B and Bowen, A D and Bailey, J and Jolly, J and Hobart, E and Hildebrand, J A and Dodeman, A H}
}
@inbook {Juniper2000,
	title = {{IRL: an interactive real-time logging system for ROVs}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {465{\textendash}473},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881301},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881301},
	author = {Juniper, S and Garrett, K and Shepherd, J F and Tamburri, K and Wallace, K}
}
@article {Hekinian2000a,
	title = {{Submersible observations of equatorial atlantic mantle: The St. Paul Fracture Zone region}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {529{\textendash}560},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1004819701870},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004819701870},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Juteau, T and Gracia, E and Sichler, B and Sichel, S and Udintsev, G and Apprioual, R and Ligi, M}
}
@article {Chevaldonne2000,
	title = {{Thermotolerance and the {\textquoteleft}Pompeii worms{\textquoteright}}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {208},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {293{\textendash}295},
	author = {Chevaldonne, P and Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Desbruyeres, D and Jollivet, D and Zal, F and Toulmond, A}
}
@article {Gilbert1999,
	title = {{Direct measurements of oceanic crustal density at the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {26},
	number = {24},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {3633{\textendash}3636},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL008391},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008391},
	author = {Gilbert, L A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Fujioka1999a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal activity and long-term monitoring at Southern East Pacific Rise - Preliminary results of the Ridge Flux SEPR{\textquoteright}97 Leg 2 cruise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {21{\textendash}33},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}02.pdf},
	author = {Fujioka, K and Mitsuzawa, K and Kinoshita, M and Ishibashi, J and Joshima, M and Shitashima, K and Maruyama, A and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {Vetriani1999,
	title = {{Population structure and phylogenetic characterization of marine benthic Archaea in deep-sea sediments}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {65},
	number = {10},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {4375{\textendash}4384},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=91581},
	author = {Vetriani, C and Jannasch, H W and MacGregor, B J and Stahl, D A and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@article {Kuramoto1999,
	title = {{Precise gravity measurements for gas hydrate layer}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {371{\textendash}379},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}30.pdf},
	author = {Kuramoto, S and Joshima, M}
}
@article {Pruis1998,
	title = {{Porosity of very young oceanic crust from sea floor gravity}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {25},
	number = {11},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1959{\textendash}1962},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/98GL01412},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL01412},
	author = {Pruis, M J and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Tivey1998a,
	title = {{Thickness of a submarine lava flow determined from near-bottom magnetic field mapping by autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {25},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {805{\textendash}808},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/98GL00442},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL00442},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, P H and Bradley, A and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe1997,
	title = {{Biological colonization of new hydrothermal vents following an eruption on Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {44},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1627{\textendash}1644},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00041-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00041-1},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Embley, R W and Holden, J F and Butterfield, D A and Massoth, G J and Juniper, S K}
}
@article {Wharton1997,
	title = {{Morphology of the eye of the hydrothermal vent shrimp, Alvinocaris markensis}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {77},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1097{\textendash}1108},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315400038650},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400038650},
	author = {Wharton, D N and Jinks, R N and Herzog, E D and Battelle, B A and Kass, L and Renninger, G H and Chamberlain, S C}
}
@article {Kuenzler1997,
	title = {{Retinal anatomy of new breslid shrimp from the Lucky Strike and Broken Spur hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {77},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {707{\textendash}725},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	author = {Kuenzler, R O and Kwasniewski, J T and Jinks, R N and Lakin, R C and Battelle, B A and Herzog, E D and Kass, L and Renninger, G H and Chamberlain, S C}
}
@article {Butterfield1997,
	title = {{Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry}},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {355},
	number = {1723},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {369{\textendash}386},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1364-503X},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Jonasson, I R and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Roe, K K and Embley, R E and Holden, J F and McDuff, R E and Lilley, M D and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Martineu1997,
	title = {{Sulfide binding in the body fluids of hydrothermal vent alvinellid polychaetes}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {578{\textendash}588},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	doi = {10.1086/515864},
	author = {Martineu, P and Juniper, S K and Fisher, C R and Massoth, G J}
}
@article {Fryer1997,
	title = {{Volcanologic and tectonic evolution of the Kasuga seamounts, northern Mariana Trough: Alvin submersible investigations}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {79},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {277{\textendash}311},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00013-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00013-9},
	author = {Fryer, P and Gill, G B and Jackson, M C}
}
@article {Charlou1996,
	title = {{Gases and helium isotopes in high temperature solutions sampled before and after ODP Leg 158 drilling at TAG hydrothermal field (26 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3491{\textendash}3494},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL02141},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL02141},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Jean-Baptiste, P and Dapoigny, A and Rona, P A}
}
@article {McHatton1996,
	title = {{High nitrate concentrations in vacuolate, autotrophic marine Beggiatoa spp.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {62},
	number = {3},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {954{\textendash}958},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/62/3/954},
	author = {McHatton, S C and Barry, J P and Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C}
}
@article {Charlou1996a,
	title = {{Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge; East Pacific Rise, 17 degrees to 19 degrees S (Naudur cruise, 1993) phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {B7},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15,815{\textendash}899,919},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/96JB00880},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JB00880},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Fouquet, Y and Donval, J P and Auzende, J M and Jean-Baptiste, P and Stievenard, M and Michel, S}
}
@article {Tivey1995b,
	title = {{Alvin magnetic survey of zero-age crust: CoAxial segment eruption, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {171{\textendash}174},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02081},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02081},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Embley1995,
	title = {{Initial results of the rapid response to the 1993 CoAxial event: Relationships between hydrothermal and volcanic processes}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {143{\textendash}146},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02281},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02281},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Jonasson, I R and Butterfield, D A and Baker, E T}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1995,
	title = {{Isolation and cultivation of heterotrophic hyperthermophiles from deepsea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Archaea: a laboratory manual},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {9{\textendash}13},
	publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},
	organization = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},
	address = {Plainview, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0-87969-397-5},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Hoaki, T},
	editor = {Robb, F T}
}
@article {Johnson1995,
	title = {{Magnetic properties of zero-age oceanic crust; a new submarine lava flow on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {175{\textendash}178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02053},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02053},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Eberhard1995,
	title = {{Oxidation of polymetal sulfides by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Geomicrobiology Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {145{\textendash}164},
	issn = {0149-0451},
	author = {Eberhard, C and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Muyzer1995,
	title = {{Phylogenetic relationships of Thiomicrospira species and their identification in deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {164},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {165{\textendash}172},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/s002030050250},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050250},
	author = {Muyzer, G and Teske, A and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Rueter1994,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons from crude oil by new types of sulfate-reducing bacteria}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {372},
	number = {6505},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {455{\textendash}459},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/372455a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/372455a0},
	author = {Rueter, P and Rabus, R and Wilkes, H and Aekersberg, F and Rainey, F and Jannasch, H W and Widdel, F}
}
@article {Johnson1994,
	title = {{Biogeochemistry of hydrothermal vent mussel communities: the deep-sea analogue to the intertidal zone}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {993{\textendash}1011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90015-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90015-9},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Childress, J J and Beehler, C L and Sakamoto, C M}
}
@inbook {Koski1994,
	title = {{Composition and growth history of hydrothermal deposits in Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {293{\textendash}324.},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Koski, R A and Benninger, L M and Zierenberg, R A and Jonasson, I R},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Ridley1994,
	title = {{Hydrothermal alteration in oceanic ridge volcanics: A detailed study at the Galapagos fossil hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {58},
	number = {11},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {2477{\textendash}2494},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(94)90025-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90025-6},
	author = {Ridley, W I and Perfit, M R and Jonasson, I R and Smith, M F}
}
@article {Koski1994a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate-silica deposits at the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Compositions, growth mechanisms, and implications for fluid flow}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4813{\textendash}4832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02871},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02871},
	author = {Koski, R A and Jonasson, I R and Wong, F L and Smith, V K and Kadko, D C}
}
@article {Elsgaard1994,
	title = {{Microbial sulfate reduction in deep-sea sediments at the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal area: Influence of temperature and pressure}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {58},
	number = {16},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {3335{\textendash}3343},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(94)90089-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90089-2},
	author = {Elsgaard, L and Isaksen, M F and Jorgensen, B B and Alayse, A M and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Stewart1994a,
	title = {{A neural network approach to classification of sidescan sonar imagery from a Midocean Ridge area}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {19},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {214{\textendash}224},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.286644},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.286644},
	author = {Stewart, W K and Jiang, M and Marra, M}
}
@article {Auzende1994,
	title = {{Observation of sections of oceanic crust and mantle cropping out on the southern wall of the Kane FZ (N. Atlantic)}},
	journal = {Terra Nova},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {143{\textendash}148},
	issn = {0954-4879},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Henriet, J P and Juteau, T and Karson, J A and Lagabrielle, Y and M{\'e}vel, C and Tivey, M}
}
@article {Smith1994a,
	title = {{Petrology and geochemistry of basalts from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Contols on the spatial and temporal evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4787{\textendash}4812},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02158},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02158},
	author = {Smith, M C and Perfit, M R and Jonasson, I R}
}
@article {Hoaki1993,
	title = {{Amino acid requirements of two hyperthermophilic Archaeal isolates from deep sea vents: Desulfurococcus strain SY and Pyrococcus strain GB-D}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {59},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {610{\textendash}613},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=202153{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Hoaki, T and Wirsen, C O and Hanzawa, S and Maruyama, T and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Goetz1993,
	title = {{Aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in the petroleum-rich sediments of the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site: Preference for aromatic hydroxylic acids}},
	journal = {Geomicrobiology Journal},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	issn = {0149-0451},
	author = {Goetz, F E and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Wirsen1993,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic microbial activity at Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9693{\textendash}9703},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01556},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W and Molyneaux, S J}
}
@article {Garcia1993,
	title = {{An evaluation of temporal geochemical evolution of Loihi summit lavas: results from Alvin submersible dives}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {537{\textendash}550},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01707},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01707},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Jorgenson, B A and Mahoney, J J and Ito, E and Irving, A J}
}
@article {Johnson1993,
	title = {{A geophysical study of a new eruption on the axial seamount segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {620},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A and Holmes, M L}
}
@inbook {Wirsen1993a,
	title = {{Microbial degradation of a starch-based biopolymer in the marine environment}},
	booktitle = {Fundamentals of Biodegradable Materials and Packaging},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {297{\textendash}310},
	publisher = {Technomic Publishing},
	organization = {Technomic Publishing},
	address = {Lancaster, Penn.},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Kaplan, D}
}
@article {Johnson1993a,
	title = {{Near-axis heat flow measurements on the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: implications for fluid circulation in oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {17},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1875{\textendash}1878},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00734},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00734},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Holmes1993,
	title = {{Upper crustal densities derived from sea floor gravity measurements: Northern Juan De Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {17},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1871{\textendash}1874},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00909},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00909},
	author = {Holmes, M L and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Tivey1993,
	title = {{Variations in oceanic crustal structure and the implications for the fine-scale magnetic anomaly signal}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {17},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1879{\textendash}1882},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL01485},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL01485},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Hey1992,
	title = {{Alvin investigation of an active propagating rift system, Galapagos 95.5 degrees west}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {207{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01270630},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01270630},
	author = {Hey, R N and Sinton, J M and Kleinrock, M C and Yonover, R N and Macdonald, K C and Miller, S P and Searle, R C and Christie, D M and Atwater, T M and Sleep, N H and Johnson, H P and Neal, C A}
}
@article {Jorgensen1992,
	title = {{Bacterial sulfate reduction above 100C in deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {258},
	number = {5089},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1756{\textendash}1757},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.258.5089.1756},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5089.1756},
	author = {Jorgensen, B B and Isaksen, M F and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Jannasch1992a,
	title = {{Comparative physiological studies on hyperthermophilic Archaea isolated from deep sea hot vents with emphasis on Pyrococcus Strain GB-D}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {11},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3472{\textendash}3481},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=183131{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Molyneaux, S J and Langworthy, T A}
}
@article {Cavanaugh1992,
	title = {{Evidence for methylotrophic symbionts in a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bivalvia Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {12},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3799{\textendash}3803},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=183184{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Cavanaugh, C M and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Juniper1992,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents in turbidite sediments on a Northeast Pacific spreading centre: Organisms and substratum at an ocean drilling site}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {9},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1792{\textendash}1809},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4301},
	doi = {10.1139/z92-247},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-247},
	author = {Juniper, S K and Tunnicliffe, V and Southward, E C}
}
@article {Gunderson1992,
	title = {{Mats of giant sulfur bacteria in deep-sea sediments due to fluctuating hydrothermal flow}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {360},
	number = {6403},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {454{\textendash}456},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/360454a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360454a0},
	author = {Gunderson, J and Jorgensen, B B and Larsen, E and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Wirsen1992,
	title = {{Physiological studies on a hyperthermophilic archea from a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent}},
	booktitle = {Short Communications of the 1991 International Marine Biotechnology Conference, IMBC {\textquoteright}91},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {36{\textendash}38},
	publisher = {W. C. Brown},
	organization = {W. C. Brown},
	address = {Dubuque, Iowa},
	isbn = {0-697-20639-4},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Hoaki, T and Maruyama, T and Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Nash, C C}
}
@book {Jannasch1992,
	title = {{R/V Atlantis II (voyage 125, legs 22 and 23) and DSR/S Alvin (dive series 2337 to 2349): To conduct microbiological research at the Guaymas Basin and the 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent sites during 6 -24 March 1991}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Haymon1991,
	title = {{Active eruption seen on East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {72},
	number = {46},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {505,507},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/90EO00362},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90EO00362},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Beedle, N and Johnson, F and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Grebmeier, J and Lilley, M and McLaughlin, E and Olson, E and Edmond, J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Shanks, W C and Lutz, R and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D}
}
@article {Haymon1991b,
	title = {{EPR crest erupts north of Leg 142 drillsite}},
	journal = {JOI/USSAC Newsletter},
	volume = {4},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {4{\textendash}5},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Shanks, W C and Grebmeier, J and Lutz, R and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Smith, M and Laughlin, E and Beedle, N and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D and Olson, E and Johnson, F}
}
@article {Kurr1991,
	title = {{Methanopyrus kandleri, gen. and sp. nov. represents a novel group of hyperthermophilic methanogens growing at 110C}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {156},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {239{\textendash}247},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00262992},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262992},
	author = {Kurr, M and Huber, R and Konig, H and Jannasch, H W and Fricke, H and Trincone, A and Kristiansson, J K and Stetter, K O}
}
@article {Pley1991,
	title = {{Pyrodictium abyssi sp. nov. represents a novel heterotrophic marine archaeal hyperthermophile growing at 110 degrees C.}},
	journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {245{\textendash}253},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	author = {Pley, Y and Schipka, J and Gambacorta, A and Jannasch, H W and Fricke, H R and Stetter, K O}
}
@article {Johnson1990,
	title = {{Axial Seamount - An active ridge-axis volcano on the central Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {12,612{\textendash}689,696},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB08p12689},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB08p12689},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Embley, R W}
}
@inbook {Fryer1990,
	title = {{Conical seamount: SeaMARC II, Alvin submersible, and seismic-reflection studies}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Part A. Initial Report},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.125.104.1990},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.125.104.1990},
	author = {Fryer, P and Saboda, K L and Johnson, L E and Mackay, M E and Moore, G F and Stoffers, P},
	editor = {Stewart, S K}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1990a,
	title = {{Isolation of extremely thermophilic, fermentative archaebacteria from deep-sea geothermal sediments}},
	booktitle = {Bioprocessing and Biotreatment of Coal},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {417{\textendash}428},
	publisher = {Marcel Dekker},
	organization = {Marcel Dekker},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-82478-305-0},
	url = {http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary{\&}v=1{\&}bookid=46243},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Wise, D L}
}
@article {Jannasch1990b,
	title = {{Marine microbiology: A need for deep-sea diving?}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {38{\textendash}41},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Jannasch1990,
	title = {{Microbiology of deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Australian Microbiologist},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {370{\textendash}372},
	issn = {0158-619X},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Neuner1990,
	title = {{Thermococcus litoralis sp. nov.: a novel species of extremely thermophilic marine archaebacteria}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {153},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {205{\textendash}207},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00247822},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247822},
	author = {Neuner, A and Jannasch, H W and Belkin, S and Stetter, K O}
}
@article {Jorgensen1990,
	title = {{Thermophilic bacterial sulfate reduction in deep-sea sediments at the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site (Gulf of California)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {695{\textendash}710},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90099-H},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90099-H},
	author = {Jorgensen, B B and Zawacki, L X and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Nelson1989,
	title = {{Characterization of large, autotrophic Beggiatoa spp. abundant at hydrothermal vents of the Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {11},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {2909{\textendash}2917},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=203190{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1989,
	title = {{Chemolithotrophic productivity at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Recent advances in microbial ecology: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Microbiology and Ecology},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {23{\textendash}27},
	publisher = {Japan Scientific Societies Press},
	organization = {Japan Scientific Societies Press},
	address = {Tokyo},
	isbn = {4-76223-612-8},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Hattori, T}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1989b,
	title = {{Chemosynthetically sustained ecosystems in the deep sea}},
	booktitle = {Autotrophic Bacteria},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {147{\textendash}166.},
	publisher = {Science Tech Publ. and Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Science Tech Publ. and Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Madison, Wis., and Berlin},
	isbn = {0-910239-22-3},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Schlegel, H G}
}
@article {Jones1989,
	title = {{Comparison of thermophilic methanogens from submarine hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {151},
	number = {4},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {314{\textendash}318.},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00406557},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406557},
	author = {Jones, W J and Stugard, C E and Jannasch, H W}
}
@book {Jannasch1989c,
	title = {{Final Report on R/V Atlantis II (voyage No. 118-28) and DSRV Alvin (dive series 3-88) to conduct microbiological research at the Guayman Basin hydrothermal vents During 31 January - 9 February 1988}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Tivey1989,
	title = {{High resolution geophysical studies of oceanic hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Reviews in Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {1},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {473{\textendash}496},
	issn = {0891-4117},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P}
}
@inbook {Olafsson1989,
	title = {{Initial observations, bathymetry and photography of a geothermal site on the Kolbeinsey Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography 1988 : JOA Mexico 88},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {121{\textendash}127},
	publisher = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	organization = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	address = {Mexico City},
	isbn = {9683611664},
	author = {Olafsson, J and Honjo, S and Thors, K and Stefansson, U and Jones, R R and Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Ayala-Casta{\~n}area, A}
}
@article {Jannasch1989a,
	title = {{Massive natural occurrence of unusually large bacteria (Beggiatoa sp.) at a hydrothermal deep-sea vent site}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {342},
	number = {6251},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {834{\textendash}836},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/342834a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/342834a0},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C and Wirsen, C O}
}
@inbook {Belkin1989,
	title = {{Microbial mats at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: New observations}},
	booktitle = {Microbial Mats: Physiological Ecology of Benthic Microbial Communities},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {16{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {American Society for Microbiology},
	organization = {American Society for Microbiology},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {1-55581-002-0},
	author = {Belkin, S and Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Cohen, Y}
}
@article {Bazylinski1989,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of naturally-occurring hydrocarbons at the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {11},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {2832{\textendash}2836},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/55/11/2832},
	author = {Bazylinski, D A and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Huber1989,
	title = {{A novel group of abyssal methanogenic archaebacteria (Methanopyrus) growing at 110 degrees C}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {342},
	number = {6251},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {833{\textendash}834},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/342833a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/342833a0},
	author = {Huber, R and Kurr, M and Jannasch, H W and Stetter, K O}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1989d,
	title = {{Sulphur emissions and transformations at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Evolution of the Global Biogeochemical Sulphur Cycle},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {181{\textendash}189},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {Chichester, Eng., and New York},
	isbn = {0-471-92251-X},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Brimblecombe, P}
}
@article {Johnson1988a,
	title = {{Chemical and biological interactions in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field, Galapagos spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1723{\textendash}1744.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90046-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90046-5},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Beehler, C L}
}
@article {Prince1988,
	title = {{The cytochromes of a marine Beggiatoa}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {150},
	number = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {193{\textendash}196},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00425161},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425161},
	author = {Prince, R C and Stokley, K E and Haith, C E and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Jannasch1988,
	title = {{Extremely thermophilic fermentative archaebacteria of the genus Desulfurococcus from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1203{\textendash}1209},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/5/1203},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Molyneaux, S J and Langworthy, T A}
}
@article {Graham1988,
	title = {{He, Pb, Sr and Nd isotope constraints on magma genesis and mantle heterogeneity beneath young Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {99},
	number = {4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {446{\textendash}463},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00371936},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371936},
	author = {Graham, D W and Zindler, A and Kurz, M D and Jenkins, W J and Batiza, R and Staudigel, H}
}
@article {Bazylinski1988,
	title = {{Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {12},
	number = {6},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {547{\textendash}558},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/0146-6380(88)90146-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(88)90146-5},
	author = {Bazylinski, D A and Farrington, J W and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Jannasch1988a,
	title = {{Life at deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Forhandlingen Kgl. Norske Videnskabers Selskabs},
	volume = {1988},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {75{\textendash}93},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Karl1988,
	title = {{A microbiological study of Guaymas Basin high temperature hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {777{\textendash}791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	author = {Karl, D M and Taylor, G T and Novitsky, J A and Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Pace, N R and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Fisher1988a,
	title = {{Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at Rose Garden}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1769{\textendash}1791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Felbeck, H and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Williams1988,
	title = {{Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase of the procaryotic symbiont of a hydrothermal tube worm: kinetics, activity and gene hybridization}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {107{\textendash}112},
	issn = {0378-1097},
	doi = {10.1016/0378-1097(88)90254-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1097(88)90254-6},
	author = {Williams, C A and Nelson, D C and Farah, B A and Jannasch, H W and Shively, J M}
}
@article {Johnson1988,
	title = {{Short term temperature variability in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field: an unstable deep-sea environment}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1711{\textendash}1722},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90045-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90045-3},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Childress, J J and Beehler, C L}
}
@article {Embley1988a,
	title = {{Submersible investigation of an extinct hydrothermal system on the Galapagos Ridge: Sulfide mounds, stockwork zone and differentiated lavas}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {26},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {517{\textendash}539},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Embley, R W and Jonasson, I R and Pefit, M R and Franklin, J M and Tivey, M A and Malahoff, A and Smith, M F and Francis, T J G}
}
@article {Embley1988,
	title = {{Submersible observation of the {\textquoteright}megaplume{\textquoteright} areas: Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1483},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Embley, R W and Hammond, S and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G and Appelgate, B and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Baker, E T and Gendron, J and Lebon, G and Butterfield, D A and Coughlin, B and Lupton, J E and Jonnason, I and Perfit, M R and Cowen, J P and Tunnicliffe, V and Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Fisher1988,
	title = {{Variation in the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica, at Rose Garden vent on the Galapagos Spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1811{\textendash}1832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Dugan, J A and Felbeck, H and Fritz, L W and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Lutz, R A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1987,
	title = {{Biology of geothermal environments}},
	booktitle = {Current Perspectives in Environmental Biogeochemistry},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {597{\textendash}601},
	publisher = {CNR-IPRA},
	organization = {CNR-IPRA},
	address = {Rome},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Caldwell, D E and Buonocore, V},
	editor = {Giovannozzi-Sermanni, G}
}
@article {Graham1987,
	title = {{Helium isotopic disequilibrium geochronlogy of glassy submarine basalts}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {326},
	number = {6103},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {384{\textendash}386},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/326384a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326384a0},
	author = {Graham, D W and Jenkins, W J and Kurz, M D and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Smith1987a,
	title = {{Organic carbon mineralization in the Santa Catalina Basin: benthic boundary layer metabolism}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {185{\textendash}211},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(87)90081-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90081-1},
	author = {Smith, K L and Carlucci, A F and Jahnke, R A and Craven, D B}
}
@article {Wirsen1986,
	title = {{Activities of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria at the 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise vent site}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {92},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {449{\textendash}456},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00392504},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392504},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Tuttle, J H and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Sakamoto-Arnold1986,
	title = {{Determination of hydrogen sulfide in seawater using flow injection analysis and flow analysis}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {894{\textendash}900},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}31/issue{\_}4/0894.pdf},
	author = {Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Johnson, K S and Beehler, C L}
}
@article {Johnson1986,
	title = {{In situ measurements of chemical distributions in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {231},
	number = {4742},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1139{\textendash}1141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.231.4742.1139},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4742.1139},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Beehler, C L and Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Fiala1986,
	title = {{Staphylothermus marinus sp. nov. represents a novel genus of extremely thermophilic submarine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing up to 98C}},
	journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {106{\textendash}113},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	author = {Fiala, G and Stetter, K O and Jannasch, H W and Langworthy, T A and Madon, J}
}
@article {Johnson1986a,
	title = {{A submersible flow analysis system}},
	journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	volume = {179},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {245{\textendash}257},
	issn = {0003-2670},
	doi = {10.1016/S0003-2670(00)84469-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)84469-4},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Beehler, C L and Sakamoto-Arnold, C M}
}
@article {Belkin1986,
	title = {{Symbiotic assimilation of CO2 in two hydrothermal vent animals, the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus and the tube worm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {170},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {110{\textendash}121},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/1/110},
	author = {Belkin, S and Nelson, D C and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1985a,
	title = {{The biochemical versatility of chemosynthetic bacteria at deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {325{\textendash}334},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@inbook {Suess1985,
	title = {{Biological communities at vent sites along the subduction zone off Oregon}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1985},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Suess, E and Carson, B and Ritger, S D and Moore, J C and Jones, M L and Kulm, L D and Cochrane, G R},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@inbook {Arp1985,
	title = {{Blood gas transport in Riftia pachyptila}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {289{\textendash}300},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@inbook {Edmond1985,
	title = {{Chemistry of ridge crest hot springs}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {43{\textendash}47},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Edmond, J M and Von Damm, K L},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Jannasch1985c,
	title = {{The chemosynthetic support of life and the microbial diversity at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Proceedings Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences},
	volume = {225},
	number = {1240},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {277{\textendash}297},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0080-4649},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Jones1985a,
	title = {{Dive data of certain submersibles at hydrothermal and other sites}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {539{\textendash}545},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Jones, M L and Bright, C F},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Jannasch1985d,
	title = {{Geomicrobiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {229},
	number = {4715},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {717{\textendash}725},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.229.4715.717},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.229.4715.717},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Mottl, M J}
}
@book {Jones1985,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents of the eastern Pacific: An overview}},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {554},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Jannasch1985b,
	title = {{Leben in der Tiefsee auf chemosynthetischer Basis}},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {72},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {285{\textendash}290},
	issn = {0028-1042},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00454769},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454769},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1985a,
	title = {{Metabolic adaptations of hydrothermal vent animals}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {261{\textendash}272},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Powell, M A and Hand, S A and Somero, G N},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@inbook {Childress1985,
	title = {{Metabolic rates of animals from the hydrothermal vents and other deep-sea habitats.}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {249{\textendash}260},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Childress, J J and Mickel, T J},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@inbook {Pettibone1985,
	title = {{New genera and species of deep-sea Macellicephalinae and Harmothoinae (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the hydrothermal rift areas off the Galapagos and western Mexico at 21 degrees N and from the Santa Catalina Channel}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {740{\textendash}757},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Pettibone, M H},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Paull1985,
	title = {{Stable isotope evidence for chemosynthesis in an abyssal seep community}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {317},
	number = {6039},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {709{\textendash}711},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/317709a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317709a0},
	author = {Paull, C K and Jull, A J T and Toolin, L J and Linick, T}
}
@article {Jannasch1985,
	title = {{Thiomicrospira crunogena sp. nov., a colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {422{\textendash}424},
	issn = {0020-7713},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Nelson, D C and Robertson, L A}
}
@article {Johnson1985,
	title = {{Time-series measurements of hydrothermal activity on northern Juan De Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {685{\textendash}688},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/GL012i010p00685},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL012i010p00685},
	author = {Johnson, H and Tunnicliffe, V}
}
@article {Jannasch1984,
	title = {{Chemosynthesis: The nutritional basis for life at deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {73{\textendash}78},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1984c,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic microbial mats of deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Microbial Mats, Stromatolites: Based on the Proceedings of the Integrated Approach to the Study of Microbial Mats, July 26-31, 1982, Sponsored by Microbial Ecology and Marine Ecology Courses, and the Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods},
	series = {MBL Lectures in Biology},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {121{\textendash}131},
	publisher = {A.R. Liss},
	organization = {A.R. Liss},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0845122029},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Cohen, Y}
}
@article {Jannasch1984b,
	title = {{Deep sea microbiology}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Microbiology},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {487{\textendash}514},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0066-4227},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.mi.38.100184.002415},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.38.100184.002415},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Taylor, C D}
}
@article {Nelson1984,
	title = {{DNA base composition and genome size of the prokaryotic symbiont in Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora)}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {267{\textendash}271},
	issn = {0378-1097},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01317.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01317.x},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Waterbury, J B and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Jones1984,
	title = {{The giant tube worms}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {47{\textendash}52},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Rona1984,
	title = {{Hydrothermal activity at the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest at 26 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {89},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}365,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	author = {Rona, P A and Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Karson, J A and Jenkins, W J and Graham, D and Mallette, M and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M}
}
@inbook {Auzende1984,
	title = {{Intraoceanic tectonism in the Gorringe Bank: observations by submersible}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere},
	series = {Geological Society Special Publications},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {113{\textendash}120},
	publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	organization = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	address = {Boston, Mass.},
	isbn = {0632012196},
	doi = {10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ceuleneer, G and Cornen, G and Juteau, T and Lagabrielle, Y and Lensch, G and M{\'e}vel, C and Nicolas, A and Prichard, H and Ribeiro, A and Ruellan, E and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Gass, I G}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1984a,
	title = {{Recent progress in the microbiology of hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, 7-12 August 1983},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {170{\textendash}176},
	publisher = {American Society for Microbiology},
	organization = {American Society for Microbiology},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0914826603},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C},
	editor = {Klug, M J}
}
@article {Karl1984,
	title = {{Themophilic microbial activity in samples from deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Biology Letters},
	volume = {5},
	number = {4},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {227{\textendash}231},
	issn = {0165-859X},
	author = {Karl, D M and Burns, D and Orrett, K and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Lalou1983,
	title = {{Hydrothermal manganese oxide deposits from Galapagos mounds, DSDP Leg 70, Hole 509B and Alvin dives 729 and 721}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {63},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {63{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90022-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90022-5},
	author = {Lalou, C and Brichet, E and Jehanno, C and Perez-Leclaire, H}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1983,
	title = {{Interactions between the carbon and sulfur cycles in the marine environment}},
	booktitle = {Major biogeochemical cycles and their interactions},
	series = {SCOPE Report},
	number = {21},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {517{\textendash}525},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471105228},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Bolin, B}
}
@article {VanWagoner1983,
	title = {{Magnetic properties of three segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37 degrees N: FAMOUS, Narrowgate, and AMAR; AMAR 2}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {5065{\textendash}5082},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB06p05065},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB06p05065},
	author = {Van Wagoner, N A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Jones1983,
	title = {{Methanococcus jannaschii sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {136},
	number = {4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {254{\textendash}261},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00425213},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425213},
	author = {Jones, W J and Leigh, J A and Mayer, F and Woese, C R and Wolfe, R S}
}
@article {Tuttle1983,
	title = {{Microbial activities in the emitted hydrothermal waters of the Galapagos Rift vents}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {73},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {293{\textendash}299},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00392255},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392255},
	author = {Tuttle, J H and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1983b,
	title = {{Microbial processes at deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {677{\textendash}709.},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1983a,
	title = {{Microbiology of the deep sea}},
	booktitle = {Deep-Sea Biology},
	series = {Sea: Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas},
	number = {8},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {231{\textendash}259},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471044024},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O},
	editor = {Rowe, G T}
}
@article {Canale-Parola1982,
	title = {{An anaerobic spirochaete from deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {234{\textendash}237},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/44/1/234},
	author = {Canale-Parola, E and Harwood, C S and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Ruby1982,
	title = {{Physiological characteristics of Thiomicrospira sp. strain L-12 isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {149},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {161{\textendash}165},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	url = {http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/149/1/161},
	author = {Ruby, E G and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Stanley1981,
	title = {{Current-influenced depositional provinces, continental margin off Cape Hatteras, identified by petrologic method}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {215{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90141-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90141-9},
	author = {Stanley, D J and Sheng, H and Lambert, D N and Rona, P A and McGrail, D W and Jenkyns, J S}
}
@article {Ballard1981,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: The volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes of the central axis}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J and Juteau, T and Rangan, C and Normark, W}
}
@article {Team1981,
	title = {{First manned submersible dives on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N (project RITA): general results}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {4},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {345{\textendash}379},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00286034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286034},
	author = {Team, CYAMEX Scientific and Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W R and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Freeman-Lynde1981a,
	title = {{Marine geology of the Bahama Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {119{\textendash}156},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90115-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90115-8},
	author = {Freeman-Lynde, R P and Cita, M B and Jadoul, F and Miller, E L and Ryan, W B F}
}
@article {Jannasch1981,
	title = {{Morphological survey of microbial mats near deep-sea thermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {528{\textendash}538},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=243726},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Cavanaugh1981,
	title = {{Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: possible chemoautotrophic symbionts}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4505},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {340{\textendash}341},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4505.340},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4505.340},
	author = {Cavanaugh, C M and Gardiner, S L and Jones, M L and Jannasch, H W and Waterbury, J B}
}
@article {Jannasch1980,
	title = {{An approach for in situ studies of deep-sea amphipods and their microbial gut flora}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {27},
	number = {10},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {867{\textendash}872},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(80)90050-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(80)90050-3},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Cuhel, R L and Wirsen, C O and Taylor, C D}
}
@article {Karl1980,
	title = {{Deep-sea primary production at the Galapagos hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4437},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1345{\textendash}1347},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	author = {Karl, D M and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Spiess1980,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4438},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1421{\textendash}1433},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	author = {Spiess, F N and Macdonald, K C and Atwater, T and Ballard, R D and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Cox, C and Diaz Garcia, V M and Francheteau, J and Guerrero, J and Hawkins, J and Haymon, R and Hessler, R and Juteau, T and Kastner, M and Larson, R and Luyendyk, B and Macdougall, J D and Miller, S and Normark, W and Orcutt, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Juteau1980,
	title = {{Homogeneous basalts from the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: steady state magma reservoirs at moderately fast spreading centers}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {3},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {487{\textendash}503},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Juteau, T and Eissen, J P and Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Rangin, C and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W R and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1980a,
	title = {{Studies on the microbial turnover of organic substances in deep sea sediments}},
	booktitle = {Biogeochimie de la Matiere Organique a l{\textquoteright}Interface Eau-Sediment Marin: Marseille 25-27 Avril 1979},
	series = {Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	volume = {293},
	number = {293},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {289{\textendash}290},
	publisher = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	organization = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	isbn = {2222026385},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O},
	editor = {Daumas, R}
}
@article {Jannasch1979b,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic primary production at East Pacific sea floor spreading centers}},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {592{\textendash}598},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3568},
	doi = {10.2307/1307765},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1307765},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Jannasch1979c,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic production of biomass: An idea from a recent oceanographic discovery}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {22},
	number = {4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {59{\textendash}63},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Grassle1979,
	title = {{Galapagos {\textquoteright}79: Initial findings of a deep-sea biological quest}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Berg, C J and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Jannasch, H W and Karl, D M and Lutz, R A and Mickel, T J and Rhoads, D C and Sanders, H L and Smith, K L and Somero, G N and Turner, R D and Tuttle, J H and Walsh, P J and Williams, A J}
}
@article {Francheteau1979,
	title = {{Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {277},
	number = {5697},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {523{\textendash}528},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/277523a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/277523a0},
	author = {Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C and Bougault, H and Cambon, P and Hekinian, R}
}
@article {Jannasch1979,
	title = {{Microbial turnover of organic matter in the deep sea}},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {29},
	number = {4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {228{\textendash}232},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3568},
	doi = {10.2307/1307627},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1307627},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1979a,
	title = {{The ultimate sink}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop: Microbial Degradation of Pollutants in Marine Environments, Pensacola Beach, Florida, 9-14 April 1978},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {3{\textendash}9},
	publisher = {Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency},
	organization = {Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency},
	address = {Gulf Breeze, Fla.},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Bourquin, A W}
}
@article {Jenkins1978,
	title = {{Excess 3He and 4He in Galapagos submarine hydrothermal waters}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {272},
	number = {5649},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {156{\textendash}158},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/272156a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/272156a0},
	author = {Jenkins, W J and Edmond, J M and Corliss, J B}
}
@article {Jannasch1978,
	title = {{Experiments in deep-sea microbiology}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {50{\textendash}57},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Schlager1978,
	title = {{Low-magnesian calcite limestones forming at the deep-sea floor, Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Sedimentology},
	volume = {25},
	number = {5},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {675{\textendash}699},
	issn = {0037-0746},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3091.1978.tb00325.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1978.tb00325.x},
	author = {Schlager, W and James, N P}
}
@article {Jannasch1977,
	title = {{Microbial life in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {236},
	number = {6},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {42{\textendash}52},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Wirsen1976,
	title = {{Decomposition of solid organic materials in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {9},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {880{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es60120a002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60120a002},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Schlager1976,
	title = {{Episodic erosion and deposition in the Tongue of the Ocean (Bahamas)}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {87},
	number = {8},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {1115{\textendash}1118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1115:EEADIT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87{\%}3C1115:EEADIT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Schlager, W and Hooke, R L and James, N P}
}
@article {Tuttle1976,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of thiosulfate in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {21},
	number = {5},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {697{\textendash}701},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}21/issue{\_}5/0697.pdf},
	author = {Tuttle, J H and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Jannasch1973,
	title = {{A bacteriological pressure-retaining deep-sea sampler and culture vessel}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	volume = {20},
	number = {7},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {661{\textendash}664},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0011-7471},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(73)90033-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(73)90033-8},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Jannasch1973a,
	title = {{Deep-sea microorganisms: In situ response to nutrient enrichment}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {180},
	number = {4086},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {641{\textendash}643},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.180.4086.641},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4086.641},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Jannasch1972,
	title = {{Alvin and the sandwich}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {20{\textendash}22},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Jannasch1971,
	title = {{Microbial degradation of organic matter in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {171},
	number = {3972},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {672{\textendash}675},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.171.3972.672},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3972.672},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Eimhjellen, K and Wirsen, C O and Farmanfarmaian, A}
}
