@article {RN2446,
	title = {Bacterial symbiont subpopulations have different roles in a deep-sea symbiosis},
	journal = {eLife},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e58371},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.7554/elife.58371},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1134365242 https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.58371},
	author = {Hinzke, Tjorven and Kleiner, Manuel and Meister, Mareike and Schl{\"u}ter, Rabea and Hentschker, Christian and Pan{\'e}-Farr{\'e}, Jan and Hildebrandt, Petra and Felbeck, Horst and Sievert, Stefan M. and Bonn, Florian and V{\"o}lker, Uwe and Becher, D{\"o}rte and Schweder, Thomas and Markert, Stephanie}
}
@article {RN2492,
	title = {Distribution of Megabenthic Communities Under Contrasting Settings in Deep-Sea Cold Seeps Near Northwest Atlantic Canyons},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {692851},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.692851},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140520394 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.692851},
	author = {Cleland, Jason and Kazanidis, Georgios and Roberts, J. Murray and Ross, Steve W.}
}
@article {RN2444,
	title = {Experimental partitioning of osmium between pyrite and fluid: Constraints on the mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal flux of osmium to seawater},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {293},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {240-255},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2020.10.029},
	author = {Syverson, D. D. and Katchinoff, J. A. R. and Yohe, L. R. and Tutolo, B. M. and Seyfried, W. E. and Rooney, A. D.}
}
@article {RN2488,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, S. Q. and Lilley, M. D. and Baumberger, T. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L. and Walker, S. L. and Brazelton, W. J. and Kelley, D. S. and Elend, M. and Butterfield, D. A. and Mau, A. J.}
}
@article {RN2489,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, Susan Q. and Lilley, Marvin D. and Baumberger, Tamara and Frueh-Green, Gretchen L. and Walker, Sharon L. and Brazelton, William J. and Kelley, Deborah S. and Elend, Mitchell and Butterfield, David A. and Mau, Aaron J.}
}
@article {RN2518,
	title = {Formation of ethane and propane via abiotic reductive conversion of acetic acid in hydrothermal sediments},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {47},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e2005219118},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2005219118},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142594823},
	author = {Song, Min and Schubotz, Florence and Kellermann, Matthias Y. and Hansen, Christian T. and Bach, Wolfgang and Teske, Andreas P. and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe}
}
@article {RN2522,
	title = {Formation of ethane and propane via abiotic reductive conversion of acetic acid in hydrothermal sediments},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {118},
	number = {47},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e2005219118},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2005219118},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/118/47/e2005219118.abstract},
	author = {Song, Min and Schubotz, Florence and Kellermann, Matthias Y. and Hansen, Christian T. and Bach, Wolfgang and Teske, Andreas P. and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe}
}
@article {RN2447,
	title = {Laminatubus (Serpulidae, Annelida) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents and methane seeps, with description of two new species},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {4915},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-27},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4915.1.1},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1134705261},
	author = {Rouse, Greg W. and Kupriyanova, Elena K.}
}
@article {RN2524,
	title = {Microbial Community Response to Polysaccharide Amendment in Anoxic Hydrothermal Sediments of the Guaymas Basin},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {763971},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.763971},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143782684 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.763971},
	author = {Krukenberg, Viola and Reichart, Nicholas J. and Spietz, Rachel L. and Hatzenpichler, Roland}
}
@article {RN2510,
	title = {Origin and significance of two pairs of head tentacles in the radiation of euthyneuran sea slugs and land snails},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {21016},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-99172-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142134942 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99172-5.pdf},
	author = {Brenzinger, Bastian and Schr{\"o}dl, Michael and Kano, Yasunori}
}
@article {RN2499,
	title = {Unexpected diversity of Endozoicomonas in deep-sea corals},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {673},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-15},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps13844},
	author = {Kellogg, C. A. and Pratte, Z. A.}
}
@article {RN2502,
	title = {Variability of Natural Methane Bubble Release at Southern Hydrate Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021gc009894},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141266962},
	author = {Marcon, Yann and Kelley, Deborah and Thornton, Blair and Manalang, Dana and Bohrmann, Gerhard}
}
@article {RN2441,
	title = {Aerobic and anaerobic iron oxidizers together drive denitrification and carbon cycling at marine iron-rich hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00849-y},
	author = {McAllister, S. M. and Vandzura, R. and Keffer, J. L. and Polson, S. W. and Chan, C. R. S.}
}
@article {RN2414,
	title = {"Candidatus Ethanoperedens," a Thermophilic Genus of Archaea Mediating the Anaerobic Oxidation of Ethane},
	journal = {Mbio},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.00600-20},
	author = {Hahn, C. J. and Laso-Perez, R. and Vulcano, F. and Vaziourakis, K. M. and Stokke, R. and Steen, I. H. and Teske, A. and Boetius, A. and Liebeke, M. and Amann, R. and Knittel, K. and Wegener, G.}
}
@article {RN2403,
	title = {Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {649-656},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6},
	author = {Ponnudurai, R. and Heiden, S. E. and Sayavedra, L. and Hinzke, T. and Kleiner, M. and Hentschker, C. and Felbeck, H. and Sievert, S. M. and Schluter, R. and Becher, D. and Schweder, T. and Markert, S.}
}
@article {RN2412,
	title = {A depth cline in deep-sea octopods (Cephalopoda: Graneledone) in the northeast Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {96},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {323-339},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	doi = {10.5343/bms.2019.0039},
	author = {Voight, J. R. and Kurth, J. A. and Strauss, R. E. and Strugnell, J. M. and Allcock, A. L.}
}
@article {RN2430,
	title = {Ecophysiology and ecological limits of symbiotrophic vesicomyid bivalves (Pliocardiinae) in the Southern Ocean},
	journal = {Polar Biology},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-15},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s00300-020-02717-z},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129639986},
	author = {Linse, Katrin and Sigwart, Julia D. and Chen, Chong and Krylova, Elena M.}
}
@article {RN2437,
	title = {Methane thermometry in deep-sea hydrothermal systems: evidence for re-ordering of doubly-substituted isotopologues during fluid cooling},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2020.08.013},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130209500},
	author = {Labidi, J. and Young, E. D. and Giunta, T. and Kohl, I. E. and Seewald, J. and Tang, H. and Lilley, M. D. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L.}
}
@article {RN2432,
	title = {A Scientific Basis for Designation of the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {566},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.00566},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129133486 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00566/pdf},
	author = {Auster, Peter J. and Hodge, Brooke C. and McKee, Michael P. and Kraus, Scott D.}
}
@article {RN2396,
	title = {Application of B, Mg, Li, and Sr Isotopes in Acid-Sulfate Vent Fluids and Volcanic Rocks as Tracers for Fluid-Rock Interaction in Back-Arc Hydrothermal Systems},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GC008694},
	author = {Wilckens, F. K. and Reeves, E. P. and Bach, W. and Seewald, J. S. and Kasemann, S. A.}
}
@article {RN2381,
	title = {Carbon fixation and energy metabolisms of a subseafloor olivine biofilm},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1737-1749},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0385-0},
	author = {Smith, A. R. and Kieft, B. and Mueller, R. and Fisk, M. R. and Mason, O. U. and Popa, R. and Colwell, F. S.}
}
@article {RN2384,
	title = {Evidence for Low-Temperature Diffuse Venting at North Pond, Western Flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2572-2584},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC008113},
	author = {Villinger, H. W. and Muller, P. and Bach, W. and Becker, K. and Orcutt, B. N. and Kaul, N. and Wheat, C. G.}
}
@article {RN2405,
	title = {Host-Microbe Interactions in the Chemosynthetic Riftia pachyptila Symbiosis},
	journal = {Mbio},
	volume = {10},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.02243-19},
	author = {Hinzke, T. and Kleiner, M. and Breusing, C. and Felbeck, H. and Hasler, R. and Sievert, S. M. and Schluter, R. and Rosenstiel, P. and Reusch, T. B. H. and Schweder, T. and Markert, S.}
}
@article {RN2359,
	title = {In situ development of a methanotrophic microbiome in deep-sea sediments},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {197-213},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/541396-018-0263-1},
	author = {Ruff, S. E. and Felden, J. and Gruber-Vodicka, H. R. and Marcon, Y. and Knittel, K. and Ramette, A. and Boetius, A.}
}
@article {RN2374,
	title = {Iron and sulfide nanoparticle formation and transport in nascent hydrothermal vent plumes},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-09580-5},
	author = {Findlay, A. J. and Estes, E. R. and Gartman, A. and Yucel, M. and Kamyshny, A. and Luther, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2365,
	title = {New constraints on mantle carbon from Mid-Atlantic Ridge popping rocks},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {511},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {67-75},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.019},
	author = {Jones, M. R. and Wanless, V. D. and Soule, S. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Fornari, D. J. and Curtice, J. and Klein, F. and Le Roux, V. and Brodsky, H. and Peron, S. and Schwartz, D. M.}
}
@article {RN2382,
	title = {Noble gas systematics in new popping rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (14 degrees N): Evidence for small-scale upper mantle heterogeneities},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {519},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {70-82},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.037},
	author = {Peron, S. and Moreira, M. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Curtice, J. and Blusztajn, J. S. and Putlitz, B. and Wanless, V. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Mittelstaedt, E.}
}
@article {RN2370,
	title = {Ocean Dumping of Containerized DDT Waste Was a Sloppy Process},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {53},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2971-2980},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.8b05859},
	author = {Kivenson, V. and Lemkau, K. L. and Pizarro, O. and Yoerger, D. R. and Kaiser, C. and Nelson, R. K. and Carmichael, C. and Paul, B. G. and Reddy, C. M. and Valentine, D. L.}
}
@article {RN2385,
	title = {Recent Eruptions Between 2012 and 2018 Discovered at West Mata Submarine Volcano (NE Lau Basin, SW Pacific) and Characterized by New Ship, AUV, and ROV Data},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00495},
	author = {Chadwick, W. W. and Rubin, K. H. and Merle, S. G. and Bobbitt, A. M. and Kwasnitschka, T. and Embley, R. W.}
}
@article {2491,
	title = {Comparison of microbiomes of cold-water corals Primnoa pacifica and Primnoa resedaeformis, with possible link between microbiome composition and host genotype},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {12383 - 12383},
	abstract = {Cold-water corals provide critical habitats for a multitude of marine species, but are understudied relative to tropical corals. Primnoa pacifica is a cold-water coral prevalent throughout Alaskan waters, while another species in the genus, Primnoa resedaeformis, is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. This study examined the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene after amplifying and pyrosequencing bacterial DNA from samples of these species. Key differences between the two species{\textquoteright} microbiomes included a robust presence of bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiales order in most of the P. pacifica samples, whereas no more than 2\% of any microbial community from P. resedaeformis comprised these bacteria. Microbiomes of P. resedaeformis exhibited higher diversity than those of P. pacifica, and the two species largely clustered separately in a principal coordinate analysis. Comparison of P. resedaeformis microbiomes from samples collected in two submarine canyons revealed a significant difference between locations. This finding mirrored significant genetic differences among the P. resedaeformis from the two canyons based upon population genetic analysis of microsatellite loci. This study presents the first report of microbiomes associated with these two coral species.},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-30901-z},
	author = {Goldsmith, Dawn B. and Kellogg, Christina A. and Morrison, Cheryl L. and Gray, Michael A. and Stone, Robert P. and Waller, Rhian G. and Brooke, Sandra D. and Ross, Steve W.}
}
@article {RN2353,
	title = {Cool, alkaline serpentinite formation fluid regime with scarce microbial habitability and possible abiotic synthesis beneath the South Chamorro Seamount},
	journal = {Progress in Earth and Planetary Science},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {74},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2197-4284},
	doi = {10.1186/s40645-018-0232-3},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-018-0232-3},
	author = {Kawagucci, Shinsuke and Miyazaki, Junichi and Morono, Yuki and Seewald, Jeff S. and Wheat, C. Geoff and Takai, Ken}
}
@article {RN2333,
	title = {Dissolved organic carbon compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids from the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {41-49},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.08.004},
	author = {Longnecker, K. and Siever, S. M. and Sylva, S. P. and Seewald, J. S. and Kujawinski, E. B.}
}
@article {RN2338,
	title = {The Final Stages of Slip and Volcanism on an Oceanic Detachment Fault at 13 degrees 48 {\textquoteright} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {3115-3127},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007536},
	author = {Parnell-Turner, R. E. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Kurz, M. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Klein, F. and Wanless, V. D. and Fornari, D. J.}
}
@article {2487,
	title = {First HOV Alvin study of the pelagic environment at Hydrographer Canyon (NW Atlantic)},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {30 - 40},
	abstract = {Continental slope canyons off the United States Atlantic coast remain poorly studied, and in particular, the distributions of pelagic organisms in waters overlying these unique environments are not well documented. During the Early Career Scientist Deep Submergence Training cruise, AT36-EAGER, the distribution of organisms in the water column overlying Hydrographer Canyon, which cuts through the northwestern Atlantic continental margin, was investigated through daytime midwater observations using HOV Alvin (AD4831) at three depths. Mixed swarms of krill and Themisto sp. amphipods were observed at all depths surveyed. Observations centered at 250 m were also dominated by chaetognaths, copepods, and Phronima sp. amphipods, while at 500 and 750 m, the assemblages were dominated by the fishes in the families Paralepididae, Nemichthyidae, and Mytophidae. Additionally, measurements of methane, nitrous oxide, optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence), dissolved organic carbon, and base-extracted particulate organic carbon were made to better characterize the hydrography and biogeochemistry over Hydrographer Canyon. This study was aided by the use of telepresence to communicate between ship and shore-based researchers, and the expedition marks the first use of SMS messaging to communicate between the submersible and the ship. This study demonstrates the capabilities and utility of using Alvin for conducting water column science.},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.001},
	author = {Netburn, Amanda N. and Kinsey, Joanna D. and Bush, Stephanie L. and Djurhuus, Anni and Fernandez, Julianne and Hoffman, Colleen L. and McVeigh, Doreen M. and Twing, Katrina I. and Bagge, Laura}
}
@article {RN2345,
	title = {Gene expression profiling reveals deep-sea coral response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {20},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {4066-4077},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/mec.14847},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14847},
	author = {DeLeo, Danielle M. and Herrera, Santiago and Lengyel, Stephen D. and Quattrini, Andrea~M and Kulathinal, Rob J. and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {RN2350,
	title = {Improved detection and mapping of deepwater hydrocarbon seeps: optimizing multibeam echosounder seafloor backscatter acquisition and processing techniques},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Research},
	volume = {39},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {323-347},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1573-0581},
	doi = {10.1007/s11001-018-9345-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-018-9345-8},
	author = {Mitchell, Garrett A. and Orange, Daniel L. and Gharib, Jamshid J. and Kennedy, Paul}
}
@article {2475,
	title = {The influence of magmatic fluids and phase separation on B systematics in submarine hydrothermal vent fluids from back-arc basins},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {232},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {140 - 162},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2018.04.023},
	author = {Wilckens, Frederike K. and Reeves, Eoghan P. and Bach, Wolfgang and Meixner, Anette and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Koschinsky, Andrea and Kasemann, Simone A.}
}
@article {RN2349,
	title = {Models of habitat suitability, size, and age-class structure for the deep-sea black coral Leiopathes glaberrima in the Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {218-228},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064517301820},
	author = {Etnoyer, Peter J. and Wagner, Daniel and Fowle, Holly A. and Poti, Matthew and Kinlan, Brian and Georgian, Samuel E. and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {2477,
	title = {Radium isotopes as tracers of hydrothermal inputs and neutrally buoyant plume dynamics in the deep ocean},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {201},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {51 - 65},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2017.06.011},
	author = {Kipp, Lauren E. and Sanial, Virginie and Henderson, Paul B. and van Beek, Pieter and Reyss, Jean-Louis and Hammond, Douglas E. and Moore, Willard S. and Charette, Matthew A.}
}
@article {RN2336,
	title = {Temperature control of cold-water coral (Lophelia) mound growth by climate-cycle forcing, Northeast Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {140},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {142-158},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2018.08.002},
	author = {Roberts, H. H. and Kohl, B.}
}
@article {ISI:000394193000005,
	title = {{Magnetic exploration of a low-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal site (Lost City, 30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {461},
	year = {2017},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {40{\textendash}45},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A 2003 high-resolution magnetic survey conducted by the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ABE over the low-temperature, ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal field Lost City reveals a weak positive magnetic anomaly. This observation is in direct contrast to recent observations of strong positive magnetic anomalies documented over the high-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vents fields Rainbow and Ashadze, which indicates that temperature may control the production of magnetization at these sites. The Lost City survey provides a unique opportunity to study a field that is, to date, one of a kind, and is an end member of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems. Our results highlight the key contribution of temperature on magnetite production resulting from serpentinization reactions. Whereas high temperature promotes significant production and partitioning of iron into magnetite, low temperature favors iron partitioning into various alteration phases, resulting in a magnetite-poor rock. Moreover, the distribution of magnetic anomalies confirms results of a previous geological survey indicating the progressive migration of hydrothermal activity upslope. These discoveries contribute to the results of 25 yrs of magnetic exploration of a wide range of hydrothermal sites, from low- to high temperature and from basalt- to ultramafic-hosted, and thereby validate using high-resolution magnetics as a crucial parameter for locating and characterizing hydrothermal sites hosting unique chemosynthetic-based ecosystems and potentially mineral-rich deposits. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.033},
	author = {Szitkar, Florent and Tivey, Maurice A and Kelley, Deborah S and Karson, Jeffrey A and Fruh-Green, Gretchen L and Denny, Alden R}
}
@article {Billings2017,
	title = {{SyPRID sampler: A large-volume, high-resolution, autonomous, deep-ocean precision plankton sampling system}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {297{\textendash}306},
	abstract = {The current standard for large-volume (thousands of cubic meters) zooplankton sampling in the deep sea is the MOCNESS, a system of multiple opening{\textendash}closing nets, typically lowered to within 50 m of the seabed and towed obliquely to the surface to obtain low-spatial-resolution samples that integrate across 10 s of meters of water depth. The SyPRID (Sentry Precision Robotic Impeller Driven) sampler is an innovative, deep-rated (6000 m) plankton sampler that partners with the Sentry Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) to obtain paired, large-volume plankton samples at specified depths and survey lines to within 1.5 m of the seabed and with simultaneous collection of sensor data. SyPRID uses a perforated Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight (UHMW) plastic tube to support a fine mesh net within an outer carbon composite tube (tube-within-a-tube design), with an axial flow pump located aft of the capture filter. The pump facilitates flow through the system and reduces or possibly eliminates the bow wave at the mouth opening. The cod end, a hollow truncated cone, is also made of UHMW plastic and includes a collection volume designed to provide an area where zooplankton can collect, out of the high flow region. SyPRID attaches as a saddle-pack to the Sentry vehicle. Sentry itself is configured with a flight control system that enables autonomous survey paths to low altitudes. In its verification deployment at the Blake Ridge Seep (2160 m) on the US Atlantic Margin, SyPRID was operated for 6 h at an altitude of 5 m. It recovered plankton samples, including delicate living larvae, from the near-bottom stratum that is seldom sampled by a typical MOCNESS tow. The prototype SyPRID and its next generations will enable studies of plankton or other particulate distributions associated with localized physico-chemical strata in the water column or above patchy habitats on the seafloor.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.007},
	author = {Billings, A and Kaiser, C and Young, C M and Hiebert, L S and Cole, E and Wagner, J K S and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Maher2016,
	title = {{Arsenic concentrations and species in three hydrothermal vent worms, Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulficola and Paralvinella palmiformis}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {41{\textendash}48},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents are surficial expressions of subsurface geological and hydrological processes. Fluids emitting from active vents are chemically distinct from bottom seawater, and are enriched in dissolved metals and metalloids, including arsenic. Vent organisms accumulate arsenic but the arsenic speciation in these non-photosynthetic organisms is largely unknown. Here, arsenic concentrations and chemical species were measured in three deep sea hydrothermal vent worms (Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulfincola and Paralvinella palmiformis ) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Northwest pacific. R. piscesae has similar arsenic concentrations (3.8{\textendash}35 {\textmu}g g-1) to shallow water polychaetes while P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis have significantly higher arsenic concentrations (420{\textendash}1417 and 125{\textendash}321 {\textmu}g g-1 respectively). R. piscesae contains appreciable quantities of inorganic arsenic (36{\textpm}14{\%}), monomethyl arsenic (2{\textpm}2{\%}), dimethyl arsenic (34{\textpm}21{\%}), an unknown methyl arsenical (7{\textpm}16{\%}), OSO3-arsenosugar (5{\textpm}9{\%}), TETRA (4{\textpm}5{\%}), ThioPO4/ThioDMAE (1{\textpm}2{\%}) and an unknown thio-arsenical (12{\textpm}14{\%}). These results suggests that host and symbionts are either involved in the methylation of arsenic, or are bathed in fluids enriched in methylated arsenic as a result of free-living microbial activity. The host carrying out methylation, however, cannot be ruled out. In contrast, 96{\textendash}97{\%} of the arsenic in P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis is inorganic arsenic, likely the result of arsenic precipitation within and upon the mucus they ingest while feeding. While all worms have oxo- and thio arsenosugars (2{\textendash}30{\%}), Paralvinella also have small amounts of arsenobetaine ({\textless}0.001{\textendash}0.21{\%}). The presence of arsenosugars, arsenobetaine and other minor arsenic species in the absence of photosynthesising algae/bacteria indicates that they may be formed by vent animals in the absence of sunlight, but at this time their formation cannot be explained.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.07.009},
	author = {Maher, W A and Duncan, E and Dilly, G and Foster, S and Krikowa, F and Lombi, E and Scheckel, K and Girguis, P}
}
@article {Krukenberg2016,
	title = {{Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {9},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3073{\textendash}3091},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation ofmethane (AOM) ismediated by consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and their specific partner bacteria. In thermophilic AOM consortia enriched from Guaymas Basin, members of the ANME-1 clade are associated with bacteria of the HotSeep-1 cluster, which likely perform direct electron exchange via nanowires. The partner bacterium was enriched with hydrogen as sole electron donor and sulfate as electron acceptor. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic characteristics we propose to name this chemolithoautotrophic sulfate reducer Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii. Ca.D. auxilii grows on hydrogen at temperatures between 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C with an activity optimum at 60 degrees C and doubling time of 4-6 days. Its genome draft encodes for canonical sulfate reduction, periplasmic and soluble hydrogenases and autotrophic carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. The presence of genes for pili formation and cytochromes, and their similarity to genes of Geobacter spp., indicate a potential for syntrophic growth via direct interspecies electron transfer when the organism grows in consortia with ANME. This first ANME-free enrichment of an AOM partner bacterium and its characterization opens the perspective for a deeper understanding of syntrophy in anaerobic methane oxidation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13283},
	author = {Krukenberg, V and Harding, K and Richter, M and Gloeckner, F O and Gruber-Vodicka, H R and Adam, B and Berg, J S and Knittel, K and Tegetmeyer, H E and Boetius, A and Wegener, G}
}
@article {Tontini2016,
	title = {{Crustal magnetization and the subseafloor structure of the ASHES vent field, Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for the investigation of hydrothermal sites}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {6205{\textendash}6211},
	abstract = {High-resolution geophysical data have been collected using the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Sentry over the ASHES (Axial Seamount Hydrothermal Emission Study) high-temperature ({\~{}}348{\textdegree}C) vent field at Axial Seamount, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Multiple surveys were performed on a 3-D grid at different altitudes above the seafloor, providing an unprecedented view of magnetic data resolution as a function of altitude above the seafloor. Magnetic data derived near the seafloor show that the ASHES field is characterized by a zone of low magnetization, which can be explained by hydrothermal alteration of the host volcanic rocks. Surface manifestations of hydrothermal activity at the ASHES vent field are likely controlled by a combination of local faults and fractures and different lava morphologies near the seafloor. Three-dimensional inversion of the magnetic data provides evidence of a vertical, pipe-like upflow zone of the hydrothermal fluids with a vertical extent of {\~{}}100 m.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL069430},
	author = {Tontini, F C and Crone, T J and de Ronde, C E J and Fornari, D J and Kinsey, J C and Mittelstaedt, E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Mittelstaedt2016,
	title = {{Diffuse venting at the ASHES hydrothermal field: Heat flux and tidally modulated flow variability derived from in situ time-series measurements}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1435{\textendash}1453},
	abstract = {Time-series measurements of diffuse exit-fluid temperature and velocity collected with a new, deep-sea camera, and temperature measurement system, the Diffuse Effluent Measurement System (DEMS), were examined from a fracture network within the ASHES hydrothermal field located in the caldera of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. The DEMS was installed using the HOV Alvin above a fracture near the Phoenix vent. The system collected 20 s of 20 Hz video imagery and 24 s of 1 Hz temperature measurements each hour between 22 July and 2 August 2014. Fluid velocities were calculated using the Diffuse Fluid Velocimetry (DFV) technique. Over the similar to 12 day deployment, median upwelling rates and mean fluid temperature anomalies ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm/s and 0 degrees C to similar to 6.5 degrees C above ambient, yielding a heat flux of 0.29 +/- 0.22 MW M-2 and heat output of 3.1 +/- 2.5 kW. Using a photo mosaic to measure fracture dimensions, the total diffuse heat output from cracks across ASHES field is estimated to be 2.05 +/- 1.95 MW. Variability in temperatures and velocities are strongest at semidiurnal periods and show significant coherence with tidal height variations. These data indicate that periodic variability near Phoenix vent is modulated both by tidally controlled bottom currents and seafloor pressure, with seafloor pressures being the dominant influence. These results emphasize the importance of local permeability on diffuse hydrothermal venting at mid-ocean ridges and the need to better quantify heat flux associated with young oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GC006144},
	author = {Mittelstaedt, E and Fornari, D J and Crone, T J and Kinsey, J C and Kelley, D S and Elend, M J}
}
@article {Edgcomb2016,
	title = {{Gene expression profiling of microbial activities and interactions in sediments under haloclines of E. Mediterranean deep hypersaline anoxic basins}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {2643{\textendash}2657},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are considered some of the most polyextreme habitats on Earth. In comparison to microbial activities occurring within the haloclines and brines of these unusual water column habitats near the Mediterranean seafloor, relatively little is known about microbial metabolic activities in the underlying sediments. In addition, it is not known whether activities are shaped by the unique chemistries of the different DHAB brines and whether evidence exists for active microbial eukaryotes in those sediments. Metatranscriptome analysis was applied to sediment samples collected using ROV Jason from underneath the haloclines of Urania, Discovery and L{\textquoteright}Atalante DHABs and a control site. We report on expression of genes associated with sulfur and nitrogen cycling, putative osmolyte biosynthetic pathways and ion transporters, trace metal detoxification, selected eukaryotic activities (particularly of fungi), microbemicrobe interactions, and motility in sediments underlying the haloclines of three DHABs. Relative to our control sediment sample collected outside of Urania Basin, microbial communities (including eukaryotes) in the Urania and Discovery DHAB sediments showed upregulation of expressed genes associated with nitrogen transformations, osmolyte biosynthesis, heavy metals resistance and metabolism, eukaryotic organelle functions, and cell-cell interactions. Sediments underlying DHAB haloclines that have cumulative physico-chemical stressors within the limits of tolerance for microoorganisms can therefore be hotspots of activity in the deep Mediterranean Sea.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2016.58},
	author = {Edgcomb, V P and Pachiadaki, M and Mara, P and Kormas, K and Leadbetter, E R and Bernhard, J M}
}
@article {Lin2016,
	title = {{Linkages between mineralogy, fluid chemistry, and microbial communities within hydrothermal chimneys from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {300{\textendash}323},
	abstract = {Rock and fluid samples were collected from three hydrothermal chimneys at the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge to evaluate linkages among mineralogy, fluid chemistry, and microbial community composition within the chimneys. M{\"o}ssbauer, midinfrared thermal emission, and visible-near infrared spectroscopies were utilized for the first time to characterize vent mineralogy, in addition to thin-section petrography, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analyses. A 282{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Bastille edifice was composed primarily of sulfide minerals such as chalcopyrite, marcasite, and sphalerite. In contrast, samples from a 300{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Dante edifice and a 321{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Hot Harold edifice contained a high abundance of the sulfate mineral anhydrite. Geochemical modeling of mixed vent fluids suggested the oxic-anoxic transition zone was above 100{\textdegree}C at all three vents, and that the thermodynamic energy available for autotrophic microbial redox reactions favored aerobic sulfide and methane oxidation. As predicted, microbes within the Dante and Hot Harold chimneys were most closely related to mesophilic and thermophilic aerobes of the Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria and sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria. However, most of the microbes within the Bastille chimney were most closely related to mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobes of the Deltaproteobacteria, especially sulfate reducers, and anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaea. The predominance of anaerobes in the Bastille chimney indicated that other environmental factors promote anoxic conditions. Possibilities include the maturity or fluid flow characteristics of the chimney, abiotic Fe2+ and S2- oxidation in the vent fluids, or O2 depletion by aerobic respiration on the chimney outer wall.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GC006091},
	author = {Lin, T J and Ver Eecke, H C and Breves, E A and Dyar, M D and Jamieson, J W and Hannington, M D and Dahle, H and Bishop, J L and Lane, M D and Butterfield, D A and Kelley, D S and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Holden, J F}
}
@article {ISI:000368893500001,
	title = {{Microbial Communities in Methane- and Short Chain Alkane-Rich Hydrothermal Sediments of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, an active spreading center in the Gulf of California (Mexico), are rich in porewater methane, short-chain alkanes, sulfate and sulfide, and provide a model system to explore habitat preferences of microorganisms, including sulfate-dependent, methane- and short chain alkane-oxidizing microbial communities. In this study, hot sediments (above 60 degrees C) covered with sulfur-oxidizing microbial mats surrounding a hydrothermal mound (termed {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Mat Mound{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) were characterized by porewater geochemistry of methane, C-2-C-6 short-chain alkanes, sulfate, sulfide, sulfate reduction rate measurements, in situ temperature gradients, bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and V6 tag pyrosequencing. The most abundantly detected groups in the Mat mound sediments include anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea of the ANME-1 lineage and its sister Glade ANME-1Guaymas, the uncultured bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 within the Deltaproteobacteria and the separately branching HotSeep-1 Group; these uncultured bacteria are candidates for sulfate-reducing alkane oxidation and for sulfate-reducing syntrophy with ANME archaea. The archaeal dataset indicates distinct habitat preferences for ANME-1, ANME-1-Guaymas, and ANME-2 archaea in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. The bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 and HotSeep-1 co-occur with ANME-1 and ANME-1Guaymas in hydrothermally active sediments underneath microbial mats in Guaymas Basin. We propose the working hypothesis that this mixed bacterial and archaeal community catalyzes the oxidation of both methane and short-chain alkanes, and constitutes a microbial community signature that is characteristic for hydrothermal and/or cold seep sediments containing both substrates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00017},
	author = {Dowell, Frederick and Cardman, Zena and Dasarathy, Srishti and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Lipp, Julius S and Ruff, S Emil and Biddle, Jennifer F and McKay, Luke J and MacGregor, Barbara J and Lloyd, Karen G and Albert, Daniel B and Mendlovitz, Howard and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Medagoda2016,
	title = {{Mid-water current aided localization for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Autonomous Robots},
	volume = {40},
	number = {7, SI},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1207{\textendash}1227},
	abstract = {Survey-class autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) typically rely on Doppler Velocity Logs (DVL) for precision localization near the seafloor. In cases where the seafloor depth is greater than the DVL bottom-lock range, localizing between the surface and the seafloor presents a localization problem since both GPS and DVL observations are unavailable in the mid-water column. This work proposes a solution to this problem that exploits the fact that current profile layers of the water column are near constant over short time scales (in the scale of minutes). Using observations of these currents obtained with the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler mode of the DVL during descent, along with data from other sensors, the method discussed herein constrains position error. The method is validated using field data from the Sirius AUV coupled with view-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and on descents up to 3km deep with the Sentry AUV.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1007/s10514-016-9547-3},
	author = {Medagoda, L and Williams, S B and Pizarro, O and Kinsey, J C and Jakuba, M V}
}
@article {ISI:000372166500012,
	title = {{Oceanographic patterns and carbonate chemistry in the vicinity of cold-water coral reefs in the Gulf of Mexico: Implications for resilience in a changing ocean}},
	journal = {LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {61},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {648{\textendash}665},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {To accurately assess the threat that global climate change poses to marine systems, a detailed baseline of the current carbonate chemistry and other oceanographic conditions is required. Despite the heightened vulnerability of deep-sea communities to ocean acidification, there have been relatively few studies investigating the carbonate chemistry immediately above cold-water coral reefs. Here, we present data collected during five cruises from 2010 to 2014 in the northern Gulf of Mexico and quantify the carbonate system and other oceanographic parameters in offshore surface-waters, the water column, and at deep benthic sites. Benthic sites containing the scleractinian cold-water coral L. pertusa occurred in waters with a relatively wide temperature range (6.8-13.6 degrees C), low potential density (sigma(theta)=26.9 +/- 0.3 kg m(-3)), low dissolved oxygen concentration (111.3 +/- 2.0 mu mol kg(-1)), low pH(T) (7.87 +/- 0.04), low Omega(ARAG) (1.31 +/- 0.14), and a low availability of carbonate ions (94.4 +/- 9.2 mu mol kg(-1)) compared with L. pertusa habitats in other regions. Based on previous modelling and experimental results, these values place L. pertusa at the edge of its viable niche in the deep Gulf of Mexico. However, significantly elevated total alkalinity (+139-44 mu mol kg(-1)) was detected above large L. pertusa mounds, suggesting that carbonate dissolution within the mounds may be partially ameliorating the direct effects of ocean acidification. Together, these results provide an important baseline for assessing future oceanographic changes in the Gulf of Mexico and for predicting the resilience of cold-water coral reefs to global climate and ocean change.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.10242},
	author = {Georgian, Samuel E and DeLeo, Danielle and Durkin, Alanna and Gomez, Carlos E and Kurman, Melissa and Lunden, Jay J and Cordes, Erik E}
}
@article {ISI:000371481100019,
	title = {{Thermal and geochemical influences on microbial biogeography in the hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {150{\textendash}161},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Extreme thermal gradients and compressed metabolic zones limit the depth range of microbial colonization in hydrothermally active sediments at Guaymas Basin. We investigated the physicochemical characteristics of this ecosystem and their influence on microbial community structure. Temperature-related trends of C-13 values of methane and dissolved inorganic carbon from 36 sediment cores suggest in situ thermal limits for microbial anaerobic methane oxidation and organic carbon re-mineralization near 80 degrees C and 100 degrees C respectively. Temperature logging probes deposited in hydrothermal sediments for 8 days demonstrate substantial thermal fluctuations of up to 25 degrees C. Putative anaerobic methanotroph (ANME) populations dominate the archaeal community, transitioning from ANME-1 archaea in warm surficial sediments towards ANME-1 Guaymas archaea as temperatures increase downcore. Since ANME archaea performing anaerobic oxidation of methane double on longer time scales (months) compared with relatively rapid in situ temperature fluctuations (hours to days), we conclude that ANME archaea possess a high tolerance for short-term shifts in the thermal regime.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12365},
	author = {McKay, Luke and Klokman, Vincent W and Mendlovitz, Howard P and LaRowe, Douglas E and Hoer, Daniel R and Albert, Daniel and Amend, Jan P and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {ISI:000372952900002,
	title = {{Tracing the production and fate of individual archaeal intact polar lipids using stable isotope probing}},
	journal = {ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2016},
	month = {may},
	pages = {13{\textendash}20},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Analysis of cellular membrane lipids has been widely applied to describe the microbial community composition in natural systems. When combined with stable isotope probing (SIP) experiments, deuterium label (D2O) uptake into lipids enables assessment of microbial biomass production. We performed SIP on methane-rich, hydrothermally-heated sediments to examine the de novo production of individual archaeal intact polar lipids (IPLs) by mesophilic anaerobic methane oxidizing group-1 archaea (ANME-1). The greatest extent of label uptake was by phosphatidyl glycerol archaeol (PG-AR), reaching 50{\%} of the medium{\textquoteright}s label concentration in only 10 days. This indicates PG-AR as an important cell membrane lipid during the active growth phase of mesophilic ANME-1. Much less label uptake was into intact polar glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), especially for those bound to diglycosidic head groups. The low production of these GDGTs contrasts with their predominance in ANME-1-dominated natural samples. We attribute the differential label uptake among individual IPLs to the ANME-1 tetraether biosynthetic pathway. This mechanism likely involves head-to-head condensation of two molecules of PG-AR and progressive substitution of PG by glycosidic head groups. The observation that ANME-1 invest in the synthesis of diethers during optimum growth suggests intact ARs and/or phosphate-bearing tetraethers as important biomarkers for actively growing populations in natural environments, while the diglycosidic GDGTs appear to signal stationary ANME-1 communities. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.02.004},
	author = {Kellermann, Matthias Y and Yoshinaga, Marcos Y and Wegener, Gunter and Krukenberg, Viola and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe}
}
@article {ISI:000367801400177,
	title = {{Trophosome of the Deep-Sea Tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Inhibits Bacterial Growth}},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila lives in symbiosis with the chemoautotrophic gamma-proteobacterium Cand. Endoriftia persephone. Symbionts are released back into the environment upon host death in high-pressure experiments, while microbial fouling is not involved in trophosome degradation. Therefore, we examined the antimicrobial effect of the tubeworm{\textquoteright}s trophosome and skin. The growth of all four tested Gram-positive, but only of one of the tested Gram-negative bacterial strains was inhibited by freshly fixed and degrading trophosome (incubated up to ten days at either warm or cold temperature), while no effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed. The skin did not show antimicrobial effects. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the ethanol supernatant of fixed trophosomes lead to the tentative identification of the phospholipids 1-palmitoleyl-2-lyso- phosphatidylethanolamine, 2-palmitoleyl-1-lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine and the free fatty acids palmitoleic, palmitic and oleic acid, which are known to have an antimicrobial effect. As a result of tissue autolysis, the abundance of the free fatty acids increased with longer incubation time of trophosome samples. This correlated with an increasing growth inhibition of Bacillus subtilis and Listeria welshimeri, but not of the other bacterial strains. Therefore, the free fatty acids produced upon host degradation could be the cause of inhibition of at least these two bacterial strains.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0146446},
	author = {Klose, Julia and Aistleitner, Karin and Horn, Matthias and Krenn, Liselotte and Dirsch, Verena and Zehl, Martin and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Chadwick2016,
	title = {{Voluminous eruption from a zoned magma body after an increase in supply rate at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {12,063{\textendash}12,070},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is the best monitored submarine volcano in the world, providing an exceptional window into the dynamic interactions between magma storage, transport, and eruption processes in a mid-ocean ridge setting. An eruption in April 2015 produced the largest volume of erupted lava since monitoring and mapping began in the mid-1980s after the shortest repose time, due to a recent increase in magma supply. The higher rate of magma replenishment since 2011 resulted in the eruption of the most mafic lava in the last 500{\textendash}600 years. Eruptive fissures at the volcano summit produced pyroclastic ash that was deposited over an area of at least 8 km2. A systematic spatial distribution of compositions is consistent with a single dike tapping different parts of a thermally and chemically zoned magma reservoir that can be directly related to previous multichannel seismic-imaging results.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL071327},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Paduan, J B and Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Merle, S G and Bobbitt, A M and Caress, D W and Philip, B T and Kelley, D S and Nooner, S L}
}
@article {Kormas2015,
	title = {{Inter-comparison of the potentially active prokaryotic communities in the halocline sediments of Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline basins}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {949{\textendash}960},
	abstract = {The sediment microbiota of the Mediterranean deep-sea anoxic hypersaline basins (DHABs) are understudied relative to communities in the brines and halocline waters. In this study, the active fraction of the prokaryotic community in the halocline sediments of L{\textquoteright} Atalante, Urania, and Discovery DHABs was investigated based on extracted total RNA and 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial and archaeal communities were different in the sediments underlying the halocline waters of the three habitats, reflecting the unique chemical settings of each basin. The relative abundance of unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was also different between deep-sea control sediments and sediments underlying DHAB haloclines, suggesting adaptation to the steep DHAB chemical gradients. Only a few OTUs were affiliated to known bacterial halophilic and/or anaerobic groups. Many OTUs, including some of the dominant ones, were related to aerobic taxa. Archaea were detected only in few halocline samples, with lower OTU richness relative to Bacteria, and were dominated by taxa associated with methane cycling. This study suggests that, while metabolically active prokaryotic communities appear to be present in sediments underlying the three DHABs investigated, their diversity and activity are likely to be more reduced in sediments underlying the brines.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Kormas, K and Pachiadaki, M and Karayanni, H and Leadbetter, E R and Bernhard, J M and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {ISI:000366346800001,
	title = {{Metazoans of redoxcline sediments in Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins}},
	journal = {BMC BIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Background: The deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) of the Mediterranean (water depth similar to 3500 m) are some of the most extreme oceanic habitats known. Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB haloclines and brines, loriciferans are the only metazoan reported to inhabit the anoxic DHAB brines. Our goal was to further investigate metazoan communities in DHAB haloclines and brines. Results: We report observations from sediments of three DHAB (Urania, Discovery, L{\textquoteright}Atalante) haloclines, comparing these to observations from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Due to technical difficulties, sampling of the brines was not possible. Morphotype analysis indicates nematodes are the most abundant taxon; crustaceans, loriciferans and bryozoans were also noted. Among nematodes, Daptonema was the most abundant genus; three morphotypes were noted with a degree of endemicity. The majority of rRNA sequences were from planktonic taxa, suggesting that at least some individual metazoans were preserved and inactive. Nematode abundance data, in some cases determined from direct counts of sediments incubated in situ with CellTracker (TM) Green, was patchy but generally indicates the highest abundances in either normoxic control samples or in upper halocline samples; nematodes were absent or very rare in lower halocline samples. Ultrastructural analysis indicates the nematodes in L{\textquoteright}Atalante normoxic control sediments were fit, while specimens from L{\textquoteright}Atalante upper halocline were healthy or had only recently died and those from the lower halocline had no identifiable organelles. Loriciferans, which were only rarely encountered, were found in both normoxic control samples as well as in Discovery and L{\textquoteright}Atalante haloclines. It is not clear how a metazoan taxon could remain viable under this wide range of conditions. Conclusions: We document a community of living nematodes in normoxic, normal saline deep-sea Mediterranean sediments and in the upper halocline portions of the DHABs. Occurrences of nematodes in mid-halocline and lower halocline samples did not provide compelling evidence of a living community in those zones. The possibility of a viable metazoan community in brines of DHABs is not supported by our data at this time.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1741-7007},
	doi = {10.1186/s12915-015-0213-6},
	author = {Bernhard, Joan M and Morrison, Colin R and Pape, Ellen and Beaudoin, David J and Todaro, M Antonio and Pachiadaki, Maria G and Kormas, Konstantinos Ar and Edgcomb, Virginia P}
}
@article {ISI:000358260100015,
	title = {{Predicting the response of the deep-ocean microbiome to geochemical perturbations by hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {9},
	number = {8},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1857{\textendash}1869},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Submarine hydrothermal vents perturb the deep-ocean microbiome by injecting reduced chemical species into the water column that act as an energy source for chemosynthetic organisms. These systems thus provide excellent natural laboratories for studying the response of microbial communities to shifts in marine geochemistry. The present study explores the processes that regulate coupled microbial-geochemical dynamics in hydrothermal plumes by means of a novel mathematical model, which combines thermodynamics, growth and reaction kinetics, and transport processes derived from a fluid dynamics model. Simulations of a plume located in the ABE vent field of the Lau basin were able to reproduce metagenomic observations well and demonstrated that the magnitude of primary production and rate of autotrophic growth are largely regulated by the energetics of metabolisms and the availability of electron donors, as opposed to kinetic parameters. Ambient seawater was the dominant source of microbes to the plume and sulphur oxidisers constituted almost 90{\%} of the modelled community in the neutrally-buoyant plume. Data from drifters deployed in the region allowed the different time scales of metabolisms to be cast in a spatial context, which demonstrated spatial succession in the microbial community. While growth was shown to occur over distances of tens of kilometers, microbes persisted over hundreds of kilometers. Given that high-temperature hydrothermal systems are found less than 100 km apart on average, plumes may act as important vectors between different vent fields and other environments that are hospitable to similar organisms, such as oil spills and oxygen minimum zones.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.4},
	author = {Reed, Daniel C and Breier, John A and Jiang, Houshuo and Anantharaman, Karthik and Klausmeier, Christopher A and Toner, Brandy M and Hancock, Cathrine and Speer, Kevin and Thurnherr, Andreas M and Dick, Gregory J}
}
@article {ISI:000345545100011,
	title = {{The Anatomy of a Buried Submarine Hydrothermal System, Clark Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand}},
	journal = {ECONOMIC GEOLOGY},
	volume = {109},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {2261{\textendash}2292},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Clark volcano of the Kermadec arc, northeast of New Zealand, is a large stratovolcano comprised of two coalescing volcanic cones; an apparently younger, more coherent, twin-peaked edifice to the northwest and a relatively older, more degraded and tectonized cone to the southeast. High-resolution water column surveys show an active hydrothermal system at the summit of the NW cone largely along a ridge spur connecting the two peaks, with activity also noted at the head of scarps related to sector collapse. Clark is the only known cone volcano along the Kermadec arc to host sulfide mineralization. Volcano-scale gravity and magnetic surveys over Clark show that it is highly magnetized, and that a strong gravity gradient exists between the two edifices. Modeling suggests that a crustal-scale fault lies between these two edifices, with thinner crust beneath the NW cone. Locations of regional earthquake epicenters show a southwest-northeast trend bisecting the two Clark cones, striking northeastward into Tangaroa volcano. Detailed mapping of magnetics above the NW cone summit shows a highly magnetized ring structure 350 m below the summit that is not apparent in the bathymetry; we believe this structure represents the top of a caldera. Oblate zones of low (weak) magnetization caused by hydrothermal fluid upflow, here termed burn holes, form a pattern in the regional magnetization resembling Swiss cheese. Presumably older burn holes occupy the inner margin of the ring structure and show no signs of hydrothermal activity, while younger burn holes are coincident with active venting on the summit. A combination of mineralogy, geochemistry, and seafloor mapping of the NW cone shows that hydrothermal activity today is largely manifest by widespread diffuse venting, with temperatures ranging between 56 degrees and 106 degrees C. Numerous, small ({\textless}= 30 cm high) chimneys populate the summit area, with one site host to the similar to 7-m-tall {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Twin Towers{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} chimneys with maximum vent fluid temperatures of 221 degrees C (pH 4.9), consistent with delta S-34(anhydrite-pyrite) values indicating formation temperatures of similar to 228 degrees to 249 degrees C. Mineralization is dominated by pyrite-marcasite-barite-anhydrite. Radiometric dating using the Ra-228/Ra-226 and Ra-226/Ba methods shows active chimneys to be {\textless}20 with most {\textless}2 years old. However, the chimneys at Clark show evidence for mixing with, and remobilizing of, barite as old as 19,000 years. This is consistent with Nd and Sr isotope compositions of Clark chimney and sulfate crust samples that indicate mixing of similar to 40{\%} seawater with a vent fluid derived from low K lavas. Similarly, REE data show the hydrothermal fluids have interacted with a plagioclase-rich source rock. A holistic approach to the study of the Clark hydrothermal system has revealed a two-stage process whereby a caldera-forming volcanic event preceded a later cone-building event. This ensured a protracted (at least 20 ka yrs) history of hydrothermal activity and associated mineral deposition. If we assume at least 200-m-high walls for the postulated (buried) caldera, then hydrothermal fluids would have exited the seafloor 20 ka years ago at least 550 m deeper than they do today, with fluid discharge temperatures potentially much hotter (similar to 350 degrees C). Subsequent to caldera infilling, relatively porous volcaniclastic and other units making up the cone acted as largescale filters, enabling ascending hydrothermal fluids to boil and mix with seawater subseafloor, effectively removing the metals (including remobilized Cu) in solution before they reached the seafloor. This has implications for estimates for the metal inventory of seafloor hydrothermal systems pertaining to arc hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Walker, S L and Ditchburn, R G and Tontini, F Caratori and Hannington, M D and Merle, S G and Timm, C and Handler, M R and Wysoczanski, R J and Dekov, V M and Kamenov, G D and Baker, E T and Embley, R W and Lupton, J E and Stoffers, P}
}
@article {Bernhard2014,
	title = {{Benthic protists and fungi of Mediterranean deep hypsersaline anoxic basin redoxcline sediments}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {605},
	abstract = {Some of the most extreme marine habitats known are the Mediterranean deep hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs; water depth \~{}3500 m). Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB water-column haloclines and brines, the existence and activity of benthic DHAB protists have rarely been explored. Here, we report findings regarding protists and fungi recovered from sediments of three DHAB (Discovery, Urania, L{\textquoteright} Atalante) haloclines, and compare these to communities from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Halocline sediments, where the redoxcline impinges the seafloor, were studied from all three DHABs. Microscopic cell counts suggested that halocline sediments supported denser protist populations than those in adjacent control sediments. Pyrosequencing analysis based on ribosomal RNA detected eukaryotic ribotypes in the halocline sediments from each of the three DHABs, most of which were fungi. Sequences affiliated with Ustilaginomycotina Basidiomycota were the most abundant eukaryotic signatures detected. Benthic communities in these DHABs appeared to differ, as expected, due to differing brine chemistries. Microscopy indicated that only a low proportion of protists appeared to bear associated putative symbionts. In a considerable number of cases, when prokaryotes were associated with a protist, DAPI staining did not reveal presence of any nuclei, suggesting that at least some protists were carcasses inhabited by prokaryotic scavengers.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00605},
	author = {Bernhard, J M and Kormas, K and Pachiadaki, M and Rocke, E and Beaudoin, D J and Morrison, C and Visscher, P T and Cobban, A and Starczak, V R and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {ISI:000342693400001,
	title = {{The Cobb hot spot: HIMU-DMM mixing and melting controlled by a progressively thinning lithospheric lid}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {3107{\textendash}3122},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Cobb Seamount Chain in the northeast Pacific basin records the composition of the Cobb hot spot for the past 33 Myr, as the migrating Juan de Fuca Ridge approached and ultimately overran it ca. 0.5 Myr ago. In this first comprehensive geochemical study of the Cobb chain, major and trace element compositions and Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf isotopic ratios were measured for whole-rock samples from throughout the chain, and He isotopes were acquired for olivine phenocrysts from one seamount. Trace element modeling indicates increased melting along the chain over time, with progressively more depleted lavas as the ridge approached the hot spot. The isotopic data reveal the first evidence of the high mu (mu=U-238/Pb-204) (HIMU) mantle component in the north Pacific basin and are consistent with a progressively decreasing mixing proportion of HIMU melts relative to those from depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt mantle (DMM) in the chain over time. Decreasing lithospheric thickness over the Cobb hot spot due to the approach of the migrating Juan de Fuca ridge allowed adiabatic melting to continue to shallower depths, leading to increased melt fractions of the refractory DMM component in the hot spot and more depleted and MORB-like lavas in the younger Cobb seamounts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005334},
	author = {Chadwick, John and Keller, Randall and Kamenov, George and Yogodzinski, Gene and Lupton, John}
}
@article {ISI:000346944000013,
	title = {{Diverse magma flow directions during construction of sheeted dike complexes at fast- to superfast-spreading centers}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {408},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {119{\textendash}131},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Dike intrusion is a fundamental process during upper oceanic crustal accretion at fast- to superfast-spreading ridges. Based on the distribution of magma along fast-spreading centers inferred from marine geophysical data, models predict systematic steep flow at magmatically robust segment centers and shallow magma flow toward distal segment ends. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) fabrics from 48 fully-oriented block samples of dikes from upper oceanic crust exposed at Hess Deep Rift and Pito Deep Rift reveal a wide range of magma flow directions that are not consistent with such simple magma supply models. The AMS is interpreted to arise from distribution anisotropy of titanomagnetite crystals based on weak shape-preferred orientation of opaque oxide and plagioclase crystals generally parallel to AMS maximum eigenvectors. Most dike samples show normal AMS fabrics with maximum eigenvector directions ranging from subvertical to subhorizontal. The distributions of inferred magma flow lineations from maximum eigenvectors show no preferred flow pattern, even after structural correction. We use a Kolmogorov Smirnov test (KS-test) to show that the distribution of bootstrapped flow lineation rakes from Pito Deep are not statistically distinct from Hess Deep, and neither are distinguishable from Oman and Troodos Ophiolite AMS data. Magma flow directions in sheeted dikes from these two seafloor escarpments also do not correlate with available geochemistry in any systematic way as previously predicted. These results indicate distinct compositional sources feed melt that is injected into dikes at fast- to superfast-spreading ridges with no preference for subhorizontal or subvertical magma flow. Collectively, results imply ephemeral melt lenses at different along-axis locations within the continuous axial magma chamber and either direct injection or intermingling of melt from other deeper ridge-centered or off-axis sources. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.022},
	author = {Horst, A J and Varga, R J and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Clague2014,
	title = {{Eruptive and tectonic history of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, based on AUV mapping data and lava flow ages}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3364{\textendash}3391},
	abstract = {High-resolution bathymetric surveys from autonomous underwater vehicles ABE and D. Allan B. were merged to create a coregistered map of 71.7 km(2) of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Radiocarbon dating of foraminifera in cores from three dives of remotely operated vehicle Doc Ricketts provide minimum eruption ages for 40 lava flows that are combined with the bathymetric data to outline the eruptive and tectonic history. The ages range from Modern to 10,700 marine-calibrated years before present (yr BP). During a robust magmatic phase from {\textgreater}10,700 yr BP to approximate to 4300 yr BP, flows erupted from an axial high and many flowed {\textgreater}5 km down the flanks; some partly buried adjacent valleys. Axial magma chambers (AMCs) may have been wider than today to supply dike intrusions over a 2 km wide axial zone. Summit Seamount formed by approximate to 4770 yr BP and was subsequently dismembered during a period of extension with little volcanism starting approximate to 4300 yr BP. This tectonic phase with only rare volcanic eruptions lasted until approximate to 2300 yr BP and may have resulted in near-solidification of the AMCs. The axial graben formed by crustal extension during this period of low magmatic activity. Infrequent eruptions occurred on the flanks between 2620-1760 yr BP and within the axial graben since approximate to 1750 yr BP. This most recent phase of limited volcanic and intense hydrothermal activity that began approximate to 2300 yr BP defines a hydrothermal phase of ridge development that coincides with the present-day 1 km wide AMCs and overlying hydrothermal vent fields.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005415},
	author = {Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Caress, D W and Gill, J B and Kelley, D S and Thomas, H and Portner, R A and Delaney, J R and Guilderson, T P and McGann, M L}
}
@article {Koschinsky2014,
	title = {{Metal concentrations in the tissues of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus: Reflection of different metal sources}},
	journal = {Marine Environmental Research},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {62{\textendash}73},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus are ideally positioned for the use of recording hydrothermal fluxes at the hydrothermal vent sites they inhabit. Barium, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sr, and U concentrations in tissue sections of Bathymodiolus mussels from several hydrothermal fields between 15{\textdegree}N and 9{\textdegree}S at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were determined and compared to the surrounding fluids and solid substrates in the habitats. Elements generally enriched in hydrothermal fluids, such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, were significantly enriched in the gills and digestive glands of the hydrothermal mussels. The rather small variability of Zn (and Mn) and positive correlation with K and earth alkaline metals may indicate a biological regulation of accumulation. Enrichments of Mo and U in many tissue samples indicate that particulate matter such as hydrothermal mineral particles from the plumes can play a more important role as a metal source than dissolved metals. Highest enrichments of Cu in mussels from the Golden Valley site indicate a relation to the >=400 {\textdegree}C hot heavy-metal rich fluids emanating in the vicinity. In contrast, mussels from the low-temperature Lilliput field are affected by the Fe oxyhydroxide sediment of their habitat. In a comparison of two different sites within the Logatchev field metal distributions in the tissues reflected small-scale local variations in the metal content of the fluids and the particulate material.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0141-1136},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.12.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141113613002249},
	author = {Koschinsky, A and Kausch, M and Borowski, C}
}
@article {Kimball2014,
	title = {{Oxygen and carbon isotope fractionation in calcitic deep-sea corals: Implications for paleotemperature reconstruction}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {381},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {223{\textendash}233},
	abstract = {Inhabiting areas of the ocean where paleoenvironmental records are sparse, deep-sea corals represent valuable yet largely untapped Holocene records of intermediate and deep ocean variability. $δ$18O and $δ$13C were analyzed in nine live-collected deep-sea gorgonian corals (Isididae and Coralliidae) in order to further develop the {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} paleotemperature method. Least squares linear regression analysis for full lifespan $δ$18O vs. $δ$13C (corrected for $δ$18Owater and $δ$13CDIC) was utilized to yield equations of the form y = mx + b. $δ$18O and intercept values were found to be a function of temperature, and to approximate calcite $δ$18O equilibrium. The corals in this study extend the previously reported calibration (Hill et al., 2011) over a broader range of temperatures from 5 {\textdegree}C to 11.2 {\textdegree}C. When combined with the data from Hill et al. (2011), a new expression for the relationship between the $δ$18Ointercept value and temperature is proposed: T ({\textdegree}C) = -4.12 {\textpm} 0.38 ($δ$18Ointercept) + 12.32 {\textpm} 0.75(R2 = 0.90, p value {\textless} 0.0001) Error estimates are {\textpm} 0.7 {\textdegree}C for corals living at cold temperatures (2 {\textdegree}C), {\textpm} 1.4 {\textdegree}C in warmer waters (11 {\textdegree}C), and {\textpm} 0.5 {\textdegree}C at the mean water temperature of the data set (4.6 {\textdegree}C). The first multi-specimen verification of the {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} method was performed on three co-located bamboo (Isididae) corals and found to give nearly coincident $δ$18O intercepts. Detailed intraspecimen sampling reveals $δ$18O and $δ$13C isotopic variability within coeval portions of the skeleton. In one specimen, {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} method analysis was utilized on multiple samples taken from the same temporal increment of the skeleton, yielding multiple $δ$18O intercepts. Calculated temperatures using the calibration proposed here describe a temperature range of 7.9 to 10.3 {\textdegree}C, which approaches the temperature range of 11.1 {\textpm} 0.7 {\textdegree}C at the coral collection location.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254114002460},
	author = {Kimball, J B and Dunbar, R B and Guilderson, T P}
}
@article {ISI:000321177000006,
	title = {{Active positioning of vent larvae at a mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {92},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {46{\textendash}57},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The vertical position of larvae of vent species above a mid-ocean ridge potentially has a strong effect on their dispersal. Larvae may be advected upward in the buoyant vent plume, or move as a consequence of their buoyancy or by active swimming. Alternatively, they may be retained near the bottom by the topography of the axial trough, or by downward swimming. At vents near 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N on the axis of the East Pacific Rise, evidence for active larval positioning was detected in a comparison between field observations of larvae in the plankton in 2006 and 2007 and distributions of non-swimming larvae in a two-dimensional bio-physical model. In the field, few vent larvae were collected at the level of the neutrally buoyant plume (similar to 75 m above the bottom); their relative abundances at that height were much lower than those of simulated larvae from a near-bottom release in the model. This discrepancy was observed for many vent species, particularly gastropods, suggesting that they may actively remain near the bottom by sinking or swimming downward. Near the seafloor, larval abundance decreased from the ridge axis to 1000 m off axis much more strongly in the observations than in the simulations, again pointing to behavior as a potential regulator of larval transport. We suspect that transport off axis was reduced by downward-moving behavior, which positioned larvae into locations where they were isolated from cross-ridge currents by seafloor topography, such as the walls of the axial valley which are not resolved in the model. Cross-ridge gradients in larval abundance varied between gastropods and polychaetes, indicating that behavior may vary between taxonomic groups, and possibly between species. These results suggest that behaviorally mediated retention of vent larvae may be common, even for species that have a long planktonic larval duration and are capable of long-distance dispersal. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.032},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and McGillicuddy Jr., D J and Mills, S W and Kosnyrev, V K and Thurnherr, A M and Ledwell, J R and Lavelle, J W}
}
@article {Wagner2013,
	title = {{Cold-seep habitat mapping: High-resolution spatial characterization of the Blake Ridge Diapir seep field}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {183{\textendash}188},
	abstract = {Relationships among seep community biomass, diversity, and physiographic controls such as underlying geology are not well understood. Previous efforts to constrain these relationships at the Blake Ridge Diapir were limited to observations from piloted deep-submergence vehicles. In August 2012, the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Sentry collected geophysical and photographic data over a 0.131~km2 area at the Blake Ridge Diapir seeps. A nested survey approach was used that began with a regional or reconnaissance-style survey using sub-bottom mapping systems to locate and identify seeps and underlying conduits. This survey was followed by AUV-mounted sidescan sonar and multibeam echosounder systems mapping on a mesoscale to characterize the seabed physiography. At the most detailed survey level, digital photographic imaging was used to resolve sub-meter characteristics of the biology. Four pockmarks (25{\textendash}70~m diameter) were documented, each supporting chemosynthetic communities. Concentric zonation of mussels and clams suggests the influence of chemical gradients on megafaunal distribution. Data collection and analytical techniques used here yield high-resolution habitat maps that can serve as baselines to constrain temporal evolution of seafloor seeps, and to inform ecological niche modeling and resource management.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.008},
	author = {Wagner, J K S and McEntee, M H and Brothers, L L and German, C R and Kaiser, C L and Yoerger, D R and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {ISI:000325986500008,
	title = {{Detection and phylogenetic analysis of the membrane-bound nitrate reductase (Nar) in pure cultures and microbial communities from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {86},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {256{\textendash}267},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over the past few years the relevance of nitrate respiration in microorganisms from deep-sea hydrothermal vents has become evident. In this study, we surveyed the membrane-bound nitrate reductase (Nar) encoding gene in three different deep-sea vent microbial communities from the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Additionally, we tested pure cultures of vent strains for their ability to reduce nitrate and for the presence of the NarG-encoding gene in their genomes. By using the narG gene as a diagnostic marker for nitrate-reducing bacteria, we showed that nitrate reductases related to Gammaproteobacteria of the genus Marinobacter were numerically prevalent in the clone libraries derived from a black smoker and a diffuse flow vent. In contrast, NarG sequences retrieved from a community of filamentous bacteria located about 50cm above a diffuse flow vent revealed the presence of a yet to be identified group of enzymes. 16S rRNA gene-inferred community compositions, in accordance with previous studies, showed a shift from Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria to Epsilonproteobacteria as the vent fluids become warmer and more reducing. Based on these findings, we argue that Nar-catalyzed nitrate reduction is likely relevant in temperate and less reducing environments where Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria are more abundant and where nitrate concentrations reflect that of background deep seawater.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/1574-6941.12158},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Bohnert, Kenneth A and Cuebas, Mariola and Keddis, Ramaydalis and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {Brothers2013,
	title = {{Evidence for extensive methane venting on the southeastern U.S. Atlantic margin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {807{\textendash}810},
	abstract = {We present the first evidence for widespread seabed methane venting along the southeastern United States Atlantic margin beyond the well-known Blake Ridge diapir seep. Recent ship- and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)-collected data resolve multiple water-column anomalies ({\textgreater}1000 m height) and extensive new chemosynthetic seep communities at the Blake Ridge and Cape Fear diapirs. These results indicate that multiple, highly localized fluid conduits punctuate the areally extensive Blake Ridge gas hydrate province, and enable the delivery of significant amounts of methane to the water column. Thus, there appears to be an abundance of seabed fluid flux not previously ascribed to the Atlantic margin of the United States.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G34217.1},
	author = {Brothers, L L and Van Dover, C L and German, C R and Kaiser, C L and Yoerger, D R and Ruppel, C D and Lobecker, E and Skarke, A D and Wagner, J K S}
}
@article {Tontini2013,
	title = {{Geophysical modeling of collapse-prone zones at Rumble III seamount, southern Pacific Ocean, New Zealand}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {4667{\textendash}4680},
	abstract = {Catastrophic collapses of submarine volcanoes have the potential to generate major tsunami, threatening many coastal populations. Recognizing the difficulties surrounding anticipations of these events, quantitative assessment of collapse-prone regions based on detailed morphological, geological, and geophysical mapping can still provide important information about the hazards associated with these collapses. Rumble III is one of the shallowest, and largest, submarine volcanoes found along the Kermadec arc, and is both volcanically and hydrothermally active. Previous surveys have delineated major collapse features at Rumble III; based on time-lapse bathymetry, dramatic changes in the volcano morphology have been shown to have occurred over the interval 2007{\textendash}2009. Furthermore, this volcano is located just \~{}300 km from the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Here, we present a geophysical model for Rumble III that provides the locations and sizes of potential weak regions of this volcano. Shipborne and near-seafloor geological and geophysical data collected by the AUV Sentry are used to determine the subsurface distribution of weak and unstable volcanic rocks. The resulting model provides evidence for potentially unstable areas located in the Southeastern flank of this volcano which should be included in future hazard predictions.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20278},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20278},
	author = {Tontini, F C and de Ronde, C E J and Kinsey, J C and Soule, A and Yoerger, D and Cocchi, L}
}
@article {ISI:000324619100004,
	title = {{Rare earth element geochemistry in cold-seep pore waters of Hydrate Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {GEO-MARINE LETTERS},
	volume = {33},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {369{\textendash}379},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), sulphate, hydrogen sulphide, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium and phosphate were measured in shallow ({\textless} 12 cm below seafloor) pore waters from cold-seep sediments on the northern and southern summits of Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon. Downward-decreasing sulphate and coevally increasing sulphide concentrations reveal sulphate reduction as dominant early diagenetic process from similar to 2 cm depth downwards. A strong increase of total dissolved REE (aREE) concentrations is evident immediately below the sediment-water interface, which can be related to early diagenetic release of REEs into pore water resulting from the re-mineralization of particulate organic matter. The highest pore water aREE concentrations were measured close to the sediment-water interface at similar to 2 cm depth. Distinct shale-normalized REE patterns point to particulate organic matter and iron oxides as main REE sources in the upper similar to 2-cm depth interval. In general, the pore waters have shale-normalized patterns reflecting heavy REE (HREE) enrichment, which suggests preferential complexation of HREEs with carbonate ions. Below similar to 2 cm depth, a downward decrease in aREE correlates with a decrease in pore water calcium concentrations. At this depth, the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulphate reduction increases carbonate alkalinity through the production of bicarbonate, which results in the precipitation of carbonate minerals. It seems therefore likely that the REEs and calcium are consumed during vast AOM-induced precipitation of carbonate in shallow Hydrate Ridge sediments. The analysis of pore waters from Hydrate Ridge shed new light on early diagenetic processes at cold seeps, corroborating the great potential of REEs to identify geochemical processes and to constrain environmental conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s00367-013-0334-2},
	author = {Himmler, Tobias and Haley, Brian A and Torres, Marta E and Klinkhammer, Gary P and Bohrmann, Gerhard and Peckmann, Joern}
}
@article {Waters2013,
	title = {{Sill to surface: Linking young off-axis volcanism with subsurface melt at the overlapping spreading center at 9{\textdegree}03'N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {369{\textendash}370},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {59{\textendash}70},
	abstract = {No young, off-axis, mid-ocean ridge lavas have yet been directly linked to underlying off-axis melt bodies. In this study, we present new measurements of 238U{\textendash}230Th{\textendash}226Ra{\textendash}210Pb isotope compositions for a suite of lavas from the overlapping spreading center (OSC) at 9{\textdegree}03'N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR). These lavas span a large range of compositions, from basalt to dacite, and include both axial and off-axis samples recovered from a prominent, axis-parallel pillow ridge and a flat-topped seamount that overlie the westernmost extent of a 4-km-wide melt lens (Kent et al., 2000). We report 210Pb excesses in axial basalts and basaltic andesites, which we suggest results from gas-magma fractionation of 222Rn from 226Ra beneath dacite magmas. In addition, our U-series ages agree with visual observations, indicating that while most recent volcanic activity occurs at the spreading axis, active volcanism also occurs away from the axis. Specifically, the off-axis pillow ridge and seamount samples overlying the off-axis subsurface melt body have eruption ages of less than 8~ka, and likely as young as 1~ka, despite being located on crust that has a spreading age of {\~{}}75~ka. The young ages of these lavas, combined with existing geological, geochemical and geophysical constraints, provide evidence for a genetic link between the pillow ridge and seamount lavas and the seismically imaged, underlying off-axis melt lens. This link demonstrates that off-axis volcanism does not necessarily come from a sub-axial magma body and can be sourced directly from off-axis magma bodies.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.03.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13001209},
	author = {Waters, C L and Sims, K W W and Klein, E M and White, S M and Reagan, M K and Girard, G}
}
@article {Jamieson2013,
	title = {{Sulfide geochronology along the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2084{\textendash}2099},
	abstract = {Forty-nine hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate rock samples from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeastern Pacific Ocean, were dated by measuring the decay of 226Ra (half-life of 1600 years) in hydrothermal barite to provide a history of hydrothermal venting at the site over the past 6000 years. This dating method is effective for samples ranging in age from \~{}200 to 20,000 years old and effectively bridges an age gap between shorter- and longer-lived U-series dating techniques for hydrothermal deposits. Results show that hydrothermal venting at the active High Rise, Sasquatch, and Main Endeavour fields began at least 850, 1450, and 2300 years ago, respectively. Barite ages of other inactive deposits on the axial valley floor are between \~{}1200 and \~{}2200 years old, indicating past widespread hydrothermal venting outside of the currently active vent fields. Samples from the half-graben on the eastern slope of the axial valley range in age from \~{}1700 to \~{}2925 years, and a single sample from outside the axial valley, near the westernmost valley fault scarp is \~{}5850 {\textpm} 205 years old. The spatial relationship between hydrothermal venting and normal faulting suggests a temporal relationship, with progressive younging of sulfide deposits from the edges of the axial valley toward the center of the rift. These relationships are consistent with the inward migration of normal faulting toward the center of the valley over time and a minimum age of onset of hydrothermal activity in this region of 5850 years.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20133},
	author = {Jamieson, J W and Hannington, M D and Clague, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Holden, J F and Tivey, M K and Kimpe, L E}
}
@article {Kinsey2013,
	title = {{Sustained volcanically-hosted venting at ultraslow ridges: Piccard Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {380},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {162{\textendash}168},
	abstract = {At slow spreading mid-ocean ridges sustained submarine venting and the deposition of large seafloor massive sulfide deposits have previously been ascribed to tectonically-controlled hydrothermal circulation unrelated to young volcanic activity. Here, by contrast, we show that the Piccard Hydrothermal Field (PHF), on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise, represents a site of sustained fluid flow and sulfide formation hosted in a neovolcanic setting. The lateral extent and apparent longevity associated with the PHF are comparable to some of the largest tectonically-hosted vent sites known along the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge. If such systems recur along all ultraslow ridges, which comprise \~{}20{\%} of the \~{}55,000 km global ridge crest, potential implications would include (i) a higher probability of locating large, economically valuable, mineral deposits along ultraslow ridges together with (ii) larger fluxes than previously anticipated of chemicals released from high-temperature venting entering the oceans along the Atlantic{\textendash}Indian Ocean sectors of the deep-ocean thermohaline conveyor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13004214},
	author = {Kinsey, J C and German, C R}
}
@article {Bennett2013,
	title = {{Trophic regions of a hydrothermal plume dispersing away from an ultramafic-hosted vent-system: Von Damm vent-site, Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {317{\textendash}327},
	abstract = {Deep-sea ultramafic-hosted vent systems have the potential to provide large amounts of metabolic energy to both autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms in their dispersing hydrothermal plumes. Such vent-systems release large quantities of hydrogen and methane to the water column, both of which can be exploited by autotrophic microorganisms. Carbon cycling in these hydrothermal plumes may, therefore, have an important influence on open-ocean biogeochemistry. In this study, we investigated an ultramafic-hosted system on the Mid-Cayman Rise, emitting metal-poor and hydrogen sulfide-, methane-, and hydrogen-rich hydrothermal fluids. Total organic carbon concentrations in the plume ranged between 42.1 and 51.1 $μ$M (background = 43.2 {\textpm} 0.7 $μ$M (n = 5)) and near-field plume samples with elevated methane concentrations imply the presence of chemoautotrophic primary production and in particular methanotrophy. In parts of the plume characterized by persistent potential temperature anomalies but lacking elevated methane concentrations, we found elevated organic carbon concentrations of up to 51.1 $μ$M, most likely resulting from the presence of heterotrophic communities, their extracellular products and vent larvae. Elevated carbon concentrations up to 47.4 $μ$M were detected even in far-field plume samples. Within the Von Damm hydrothermal plume, we have used our data to hypothesize a microbial food web in which chemoautotrophy supports a heterotrophic community of microorganisms. Such an active microbial food web would provide a source of labile organic carbon to the deep ocean that should be considered in any future studies evaluating sources and sinks of carbon from hydrothermal venting to the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20063},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20063},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Coleman, Max and Huber, J A and Reddington, E and Kinsey, J C and McIntyre, C and Seewald, J S and German, C R}
}
@article {Soule2012,
	title = {{CO2 variability in mid-ocean ridge basalts from syn-emplacement degassing: Constraints on eruption dynamics}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {327{\textendash}328},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {39{\textendash}49},
	abstract = {Basaltic glasses produced during mid-ocean ridge (MOR) eruptions display a wide range of dissolved CO2 concentrations with respect to equilibrium saturation at their eruption depth. This variability is thought to reflect the dynamics of magma ascent and emplacement, with rapid ascent and depressurization leading to supersaturated conditions and slower ascent resulting in equilibrium saturation. In this study we examine a suite of samples from the 2005{\textendash}06 eruption of the East Pacific Rise (EPR), collected at {\~{}}~200~m intervals along two well-defined flow pathways within a single seafloor eruption to examine syn-emplacement degassing, using measurements of vesicularity, crystallinity, volatile contents, and helium. This new data set is unique because flow pathways of individual MOR lava flows have rarely been mapped and have never been systematically sampled. Here we show that a large range in dissolved CO2 concentrations exists within this single eruption that nearly spans that observed in tens of flows measured along this portion of the EPR crest. This lava flow experienced equilibrium degassing of dissolved CO2 from supersaturated conditions at the vent (and persisting over the first 750~m of flow) toward equilibrium with seafloor pressures along a {\~{}}~2.5~km-long flow path. This was accompanied by an increase in vesicularity and characteristic bubble radius along the flow, indicating the importance of bubble growth by diffusion for degassing. Nearly constant total helium concentrations (melt~+~vesicles) indicate that no bubbles were lost during emplacement. With a model of diffusion-controlled bubble growth constrained by observations from the samples along the largest flow lobe of the eruption, we calculate minimum ascent rates of 0.15~m/s, and {\textendash} for this portion of the eruption {\textendash} an eruption duration of {\~{}}~30~h and flow rates from 0.02 to 0.12~m/s. This study represents the first quantitative assessment of eruption dynamics using volatiles in a mid-ocean ridge lava flow.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	author = {Soule, S A and Nakata, D S and Fornari, D J and Fundis, A T and Perfit, M R and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {Kim2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent community zonation along environmental gradients at the Lau back-arc spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {10{\textendash}19},
	abstract = {The Lau back-arc spreading center exhibits gradients in hydrothermal vent habitat characteristics from north to south. Biological zonation within a few meters of vents has been described as temperature driven. We constructed georeferenced photomosaics of the seafloor out to tens of meters beyond vents to describe peripheral zonation and explore correlations between environmental conditions and the biological community. Cluster analysis separated northern sites from southern sites, corresponding to a break in substrate from basalt in the north to andesite in the south. Northern sites were dominated by anemones, and southern by sponges. A previous suggestion that dominants may be dependent on friability of the substrate was not supported; when visually distinguishable, individual species within taxa showed different patterns. Northern sites hosted proportionally more suspension feeding species. Sulfide that can support microbial food sources is at higher concentrations at these sites, though bathymetry that may enhance bottom currents is less rugged. Northern sites had higher diversity that may result from the overall northwards flow, which would generally permit easier dispersal downcurrent, though we observed no difference in dispersal strategies at different sites.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2011.12.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.12.010},
	author = {Kim, S and Hammerstrom, K}
}
@article {ISI:000305233800008,
	title = {{Mineralogical and strontium isotopic record of hydrothermal processes in the lower ocean crust at and near the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY},
	volume = {164},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {123{\textendash}141},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Tectonic exposures of upper plutonics ({\textgreater} 800 m) that are part of a contiguous section of young East Pacific Rise (EPR) crust at the Hess Deep Rift provide the first regional-scale constraints on hydrothermal processes in the upper plutonic crust formed at a fast-spreading ridge. Submersible-collected samples recovered over a 4-km-wide region show that the sheeted dike complex is largely underlain by a 150- to 200-m-thick gabbro unit, followed by a more primitive gabbronorite unit. Gabbroic samples are variably altered by pervasive fluid flow along fracture networks to amphibole-dominated assemblages. The gabbroic rocks are significantly less altered (average 11{\%} hydrous phases) than the overlying sheeted dike complex (average 24{\%}), and the percentage of hydrous alteration diminishes with depth. Incipient, pervasive fluid flow occurred at amphibolite facies conditions (average 720A degrees C), with slightly higher temperatures in the lower 500 m of the section. The extent of subsequent lower-temperature alteration is generally low and regionally variable. The gabbroic samples are slightly elevated in Sr-87/Sr-86 relative to fresh rock values (0.7024) and less enriched than the overlying sheeted dike complex. Sr-87/Sr-86 for the pervasively altered gabbroic samples ranges from 0.70244 to 0.70273 (mean 0.70257), tonalites is 0.7038, and pyroxene hornfels ranges from 0.70259 to 0.70271. Sr-87/Sr-86 does not vary with depth, and there is a strong positive correlation with the percentage of hydrous phases. Strontium contents of igneous and hydrothermal minerals, combined with bulk rock Sr-87/Sr-86, indicate that Sr-isotopic exchange is largely controlled by the uptake of fluid Sr-87/Sr-86 in hydrous minerals and does not require Sr gain or loss. The minimum, time-integrated fluid-rock ratio for the sheeted dike complex and upper plutonics is 0.55-0.66, and the fluid flux calculated by mass balance is similar to 2.1 to 2.5 x 10(6) kg m(-2), 30-60{\%} higher than fluid fluxes calculated in the same manner for sheeted dike complexes on their own at Hess and Pito Deeps, and Ocean Drilling Program Hole 504B. Alteration patterns within the upper plutonics evolved in response to axial magma chamber (AMC) dynamics at the EPR, such that magma replenishment led to assimilation and thermal metamorphism of the country rock, and the position of the hydrothermal root-zone tracked the vertical migration of the AMC. The freshness of the lowermost gabbroic rocks suggests that pervasive fluid flow does not lead to significant fluid and heat fluxes at and near fast-spreading ridges.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-012-0729-5},
	author = {Kirchner, Timo M and Gillis, Kathryn M}
}
@article {ISI:000315070000017,
	title = {{Parvibaculum hydrocarboniclasticum sp. nov., a mesophilic, alkane-oxidizing alphaproteobacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {12},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {2921{\textendash}2926},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An aerobic, alkane-oxidizing bacterium, designated strain EPR92(T), was isolated from hydrothermal fluids that had been collected from a deep-sea vent on the East Pacific Rise (at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N 104 degrees 17{\textquoteright} W). The cells of the novel strain were Gram-staining-negative rods that measured approximately 1.4 mu m in length and 0.4 mu m in width. Strain EPR92T grew at 20-40 degrees C (optimum 35 degrees C), with 1.0-5.0{\%} (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.5{\%}), and at pH 4.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.5). The generation time under optimal conditions was 63 min. Strain EPR92(T) grew aerobically in artificial seawater minimal medium with n-alkanes as sole carbon and energy sources, and also in artificial seawater medium supplemented with peptone and yeast extract. The predominant fatty acids were C-18:1 omega 7c, C-19:0 cyclo omega 8c, 11-methyl C-18:1 omega 7c and a putative C-12:0 aldehyde. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and four unidentified aminolipids. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the genomic DNA G+C content was 60.7 mol{\%}. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain EPR92(T) belongs in the class Alphaproteobacteria and the recognized species that were most closely related to the novel strain were identified as Parvibaculum indicum P-31(T) (98.7{\%} sequence similarity) and Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS-1(T) (95.8{\%}). In DNA-DNA hybridizations, the level of DNA-DNA relatedness observed between strain EPR92(T) and P. indicum P-31(T) was 47.7{\%}, indicating that the two strains do not belong to the same species. Based on the phylogenetic, physiological, chemotaxonomic and genetic evidence, strain EPR92(T) represents a novel species within the genus Parvibaculum, for which the name Parvibaculum hydrocarboniclasticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EPR92(T) (=DSM 23209=JCM 16666(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.039594-0},
	author = {Rosario-Passapera, Richard and Keddis, Ramaydalis and Wong, Ronald and Lutz, Richard A and Staroyoytov, Valentin and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000301945500007,
	title = {{Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {766{\textendash}776},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of the endosymbionts coupled with an in situ characterization of the geochemical environment was performed to investigate their roles and expression profiles in the two respective hosts. The metagenomes indicated that the endosymbionts are genotypically highly homogeneous. Gene sequences coding for enzymes of selected key metabolic functions were found to be 99.9{\%} identical. On the proteomic level, the symbionts showed very consistent metabolic profiles, despite distinctly different geochemical conditions at the plume level of the respective hosts. Only a few minor variations were observed in the expression of symbiont enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, carbon fixation and in the response to oxidative stress. Although these changes correspond to the prevailing environmental situation experienced by each host, our data strongly suggest that the two tubeworm species are able to effectively attenuate differences in habitat conditions, and thus to provide their symbionts with similar micro-environments. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 766-776; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.137; published online 20 October 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.137},
	author = {Gardebrecht, Antje and Markert, Stephanie and Sievert, Stefan M and Felbeck, Horst and Thuermer, Andrea and Albrecht, Dirk and Wollherr, Antje and Kabisch, Johannes and Le Bris, Nadine and Lehmann, Ruediger and Daniel, Rolf and Liesegang, Heiko and Hecker, Michael and Schweder, Thomas}
}
@article {Caress2012,
	title = {{Repeat bathymetric surveys at 1-metre resolution of lava flows erupted at Axial Seamount in April 2011}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {483{\textendash}488},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {At sites with frequent submarine volcanic activity, it is difficult to discern between new and pre-existing lava flows. In particular, the distribution of the fissures from which lava erupts, the routes taken by lava flows and the relationship between the new flows and the pre-existing seafloor bathymetry are often unclear. The volcanic and hydrothermal systems of Axial Seamount submarine volcano in the Pacific Ocean have been studied intensively since eruptions were detected in 1998 (refs~1, 2) and 2011 (ref.~3). Here we combine pre- and post-eruption bathymetric surveys3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, with 1-m lateral resolution and 0.2-m vertical precision, to precisely map the extent and thickness of the lava flows, calculate the volume of lava and unambiguously identify eruptive fissures from the April 2011 eruption. Where the new lava flows extend beyond the boundaries of the repeated surveys, we use shipboard multibeam surveys to map the flows with lower resolution. We show that the eruption produced both sheet and lobate flows associated with high eruption rates and low-eruption-rate pillow mounds. We find that lava flows erupted from new as well as existing fissures and tended to reoccupy existing flow channels. This reoccupation makes it difficult to map submarine flows produced during one eruption without before-and-after bathymetric surveys.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1496},
	author = {Caress, D W and Clague, D A and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Dreyer, B M and Chadwick, W W and Denny, Alden and Kelley, D S}
}
@conference {Kaiser2012,
	title = {{Satellite based remote management and operation of a 6000m AUV}},
	booktitle = {Oceans, 2012},
	volume = {Hampton Ro},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {During a July, 2012 expedition to the Hatteras Transverse Canyon, Blake Ridge, and Cape Fear Diapir, the AUV Sentry, aboard the NOAA Ship Okeanos, conducted experiments into remote operation of an AUV via satellite link. Remote launch, remote engineering, remote data processing and remote watch standing were all explored with varying degrees of success. Remote engineering and troubleshooting was found to be exceptionally promising and worthy of further effort. Remote data processing was a valuable addition for a telepresence enabled cruise where a substantial component of the science team was on shore. Remore watch standing and remote launch were both found to be viable though requiring improvement. Technology infrastructure is discussed along with successes, difficulties, and recommendations for future improvement.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2012.6404900},
	author = {Kaiser, C L and Kinsey, J C and Pinner, W and Yoerger, D R and German, C R and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Kellermann2012,
	title = {{Symbiont{\textendash}host relationships in chemosynthetic mussels: A comprehensive lipid biomarker study}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {112{\textendash}124},
	abstract = {Symbiosis with chemosynthetic microorganisms allows invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, such as mussels, snails and tubeworms, to gain nutrition independently of organic input from photosynthetic communities. Lipid biomarkers and their compound specific stable carbon isotopes ($δ$13C) have greatly aided the elucidation of chemosynthetic symbiosis. Due to recent methodological advances in liquid chromatography it is now possible to obtain a more holistic view of lipid biomarkers, including the analysis of intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs) and bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs). This study provides an extensive examination of polar and apolar lipids in combination with stable carbon isotope analysis of three Bathymodiolus mussels (Bathymodiolus childressi, Bathymodiolus cf. thermophilus, Bathymodiolus brooksi) hosting different types of bacterial symbiont (methane-oxidizing, sulfur-oxidizing and a dual symbiosis with methane- and sulfur-oxidizing symbionts, respectively). We propose that IPLs with C16:1 acyl side chains, and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) head groups, which were only detected in the gill tissue, can be used as symbiont-characteristic biomarkers. These putative symbiont-specific IPLs provide the opportunity to detect and quantify the methanotrophic and thiotrophic symbionts within the gill tissue. Additional characteristic markers for methanotrophic symbionts were found in B. childressi and B. brooksi, including the BHP derivatives aminotriol and aminotetrol, 4-methyl sterols and diagnostic fatty acids (FAs), such as C16:1${\o}mega$9, C16:1${\o}mega$8, and C18:1${\o}mega$8. In general, the $δ$13C values of FAs, alcohols and BHP-derived hopanols were in accordance with carbon assimilation pathways of the respective methanotrophic or thiotrophic symbionts in all three Bathymodiolus mussels. Differences in BHP distribution as well as $δ$13C values in the two mussels hosting a methanotrophic symbiont may indicate the presence of different methanotrophic symbionts and/or changes in the nutritional status. In all three mussel species the $δ$13C values of lipid biomarkers assigned to the symbionts were similar to those of the hosts, indicating the importance of the bacterial symbionts as the main carbon source for the mussel tissue.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	author = {Kellermann, M Y and Schubotz, F and Elvert, M and Lipp, J S and Birgel, D and Prieto-Mollar, X and Dubilier, N and Hinrichs, K -U}
}
@article {ISI:000312516200003,
	title = {{Thermosulfurimonas dismutans gen. nov., sp nov., an extremely thermophilic sulfur-disproportionating bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {11},
	year = {2012},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {2565{\textendash}2571},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium (strain S95(T)) was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney located on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Pacific Ocean, at a depth of 1910 m. Cells of strain S95(T) were oval to short Gram-negative rods, 0.5-0.6 mu m in diameter and 1.0-1.5 mu m in length, growing singly or in pairs. Cells were motile with a single polar flagellum. The temperature range for growth was 50-92 degrees C, with an optimum at 74 degrees C. The pH range for growth was 5.5-8.0, with an optimum at pH 7.0. Growth of strain S95(T) was observed at NaCl concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 3.50/o (w/v). Strain S95(T) grew anaerobically with elemental sulfur as an energy source and bicarbonate/CO2 as a carbon source. Elemental sulfur was disproportionated to sulfide and sulfate. Growth was enhanced in the presence of poorly crystalline iron(III) oxide (ferrihydrite) as a sulfide-scavenging agent. Strain S95(T) was also able to grow by disproportionation of thiosulfate and sulfite. Sulfate was not used as an electron acceptor. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the isolate belongs to the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria. On the basis of its physiological properties and results of phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that the isolate represents the sole species of a new genus, Thermosulfurimonas dismutans gen. nov., sp. nov.; S95(T) (=DSM 24515(T)=VKM B-2683(T)) is the type strain of the type species. This is the first description of a thermophilic microorganism that disproportionates elemental sulfur.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.034397-0},
	author = {Slobodkin, A I and Reysenbach, A -L. and Slobodkina, G B and Baslerov, R V and Kostrikina, N A and Wagner, I D and Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E A}
}
@article {Kinsey2011,
	title = {{Assessing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {261{\textendash}267},
	abstract = {This paper reports the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle and its deployment on two cruises in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The first cruise, in June 2010, coupled Sentry with the TETHYS mass spectrometer to track and localize a subsea hydrocarbon plume at a depth of approximately 1100m going at least 30km from the oil spill site. In December 2010, Sentry mapped and photographed deep-sea biological communities for follow-up observations and sampling with the Alvin manned submersible. These cruises demonstrate how robots and novel sensing technologies contributed to the oil spill assessment and the broader impact of technologies developed for basic research.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/IROS.2011.6095008},
	author = {Kinsey, J C and Yoerger, D R and Jakuba, M V and Camilli, Rich and Fisher, C R and German, C R}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {Pietruszka2011,
	title = {{Excesses of seawater-derived 234U in volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount due to crustal contamination}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {304},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {280{\textendash}289},
	abstract = {The effects of crustal contamination on the chemistry of oceanic basalts are commonly assumed to be negligible due to the compositional similarity between the erupted basalt and the underlying oceanic crust or volcanic edifice. Here we evaluate this assumption with high-precision measurements of the 234U{\textendash}238U and 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria, Cl/K2O ratios, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount, a submarine Hawaiian volcano with an active hydrothermal system. The samples, including one from the volcano{\textquoteright}s 1996 eruption, have small to moderate amounts of excess 234U ({\~{}}~0.2{\textendash}1.0{\%}) and variable, elevated Cl/K2O ratios. These excesses of 234U and enrichments in Cl are thought to result from contamination with seawater-derived U and Cl, but neither of these signatures can be explained by syn- or post-eruptive interaction between lava and seawater. Instead, mantle-derived magmas at Loihi appear to be variably contaminated with two distinct crustal materials: hydrothermal brines (which create enrichments in Cl) and U-enriched hydrothermally altered rocks (which create excesses of 234U). Both of these materials are expected to be found within the volcanic edifice as complementary parts of the volcano{\textquoteright}s hydrothermal system. The Loihi glasses display a wide measured range in the amount of excess 230Th from {\~{}}1 to 7{\%} (due to the addition of seawater-derived U) that overlaps with lavas from Kilauea Volcano ({\~{}}~2{\%} excess 230Th). We correct the 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria of the Loihi glasses back to their original pre-contamination values using their 234U{\textendash}238U disequilibria and a simple mass-balance calculation. This correction suggests that mantle-derived magmas at Loihi have a narrow range of {\~{}}~6{\textendash}9{\%} excess 230Th, which is significantly larger than observed for lavas from the neighboring volcano, Kilauea. This difference is consistent with the idea that Loihi is tapping mantle that is upwelling slowly ({\~{}}~5{\textendash}6~cm/yr) on the margin of the Hawaiian plume.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	author = {Pietruszka, A J and Keyes, M J and Duncan, J A and Hauri, E H and Carlson, R W and Garcia, M O}
}
@article {Schmidt2011,
	title = {{Fluid elemental and stable isotope composition of the Nibelungen hydrothermal field (8 degrees18{\textquoteright}S, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Constraints on fluid-rock interaction in heterogeneous lithosphere}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {280},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	abstract = {Depending on the geological setting, the interaction of submarine hydrothermal fluids with the host rock leads to distinct energy and mass transfers between the lithosphere and the hydrosphere. The Nibelungen hydrothermal field is located at 8{\textdegree}18'S, about 9~km off-axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). At 3000~m water depth, 372~{\textdegree}C hot, acidic fluids emanate directly from the bottom, without visible sulfide chimney formation. Hydrothermal fluids obtained in 2009 are characterized by low H2S concentrations (1.1~mM), a depletion of B (192~$μ$M) relative to seawater, lower Si (13.7~mM) and Li (391~$μ$M) concentrations relative to basaltic-hosted hydrothermal systems and a large positive Eu anomaly, and display a distinct stable isotope signature of hydrogen (∆2HH2O~=~7.6{\textendash}8.7{\textperthousand}) and of oxygen (∆18OH2O~=~2.2{\textendash}2.4{\textperthousand}). The heavy hydrogen isotopic signature of the Nibelungen fluids is a specific feature of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems and is mainly controlled by the formation of OH-bearing alteration minerals like serpentine, brucite, and tremolite during pervasive serpentinization. New isotopic data obtained for the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev I field at 14{\textdegree}45'N, MAR (∆2HH2O~=~3.8{\textendash}4.2{\textperthousand}) display a similar trend, being clearly distinguished from other, mafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at the MAR. The fluid geochemistry at Nibelungen kept stable since the first sampling campaign in 2006 and is evident for a hybrid alteration of mafic and ultramafic rocks in the subseafloor. Whereas the ultramafic-fingerprint parameters Si, Li, B, Eu anomaly and ∆2HH2O distinguish the Nibelungen field from other hydrothermal systems venting in basaltic settings at similar physico-chemical conditions and are related to the interaction with mantle rocks, the relatively high concentrations of trace alkali elements, Pb, and Tl can only be attributed to the alteration of melt-derived gabbroic rocks. The elemental and isotopic composition of the fluid suggest a multi-step alteration sequence: (1) low- to medium-temperature alteration of gabbroic rocks, (2) pervasive serpentinization at moderate to high temperatures, and (3) limited high-temperature interaction with basaltic rocks during final ascent of the fluid. The integrated water/rock ratio for the Nibelungen hydrothermal system is about 0.5. The fluid compositional fingerprint at Nibelungen is similar to the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev I fluids with respect to key parameters. Some compositional differences can be ascribed to different alteration temperatures and other fluid pathways involving a variety of source rocks, higher water/rock ratios, and sulfide precipitation in the sub-seafloor at Logatchev I.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.07.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.07.008},
	author = {Schmidt, K and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Koschinsky, A and Strauss, H and Jost, C L and Klevenz, V and Koniger, P}
}
@article {Orcutt2011,
	title = {{Microbial Ecology of the Dark Ocean above, at, and below the Seafloor }},
	journal = {Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews},
	volume = {75},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {361{\textendash}422},
	abstract = {The majority of life on Earth{\textemdash}notably, microbial life{\textemdash}occurs in places that do not receive sunlight, with the habitats of the oceans being the largest of these reservoirs. Sunlight penetrates only a few tens to hundreds of meters into the ocean, resulting in large-scale microbial ecosystems that function in the dark. Our knowledge of microbial processes in the dark ocean{\textemdash}the aphotic pelagic ocean, sediments, oceanic crust, hydrothermal vents, etc.{\textemdash}has increased substantially in recent decades. Studies that try to decipher the activity of microorganisms in the dark ocean, where we cannot easily observe them, are yielding paradigm-shifting discoveries that are fundamentally changing our understanding of the role of the dark ocean in the global Earth system and its biogeochemical cycles. New generations of researchers and experimental tools have emerged, in the last decade in particular, owing to dedicated research programs to explore the dark ocean biosphere. This review focuses on our current understanding of microbiology in the dark ocean, outlining salient features of various habitats and discussing known and still unexplored types of microbial metabolism and their consequences in global biogeochemical cycling. We also focus on patterns of microbial diversity in the dark ocean and on processes and communities that are characteristic of the different habitats.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1092-2172},
	doi = {10.1128/MMBR.00039-10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/​MMBR.00039-10},
	author = {Orcutt, B N and Sylvan, J B and Knab, N J and Edwards, K J}
}
@article {ISI:000290596200008,
	title = {{Organization and Microanatomy of the Sclerolinum contortum Trophosome (Polychaeta, Siboglinidae)}},
	journal = {BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN},
	volume = {220},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {140{\textendash}153},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The trophosome-an organ especially evolved to accommodate symbiotic bacteria-is a key character of the polychaete family Siboglinidae. Astonishingly, the trophosomes vary in organization and origin between the different siboglinid taxa. The trophosome of the small genus Sclerolinum was nearly unknown until now. Here we investigated the trophosome of S. contortum from the Gulf of Mexico, using light and electron microscopy. We show that this organ derives from the visceral mesoderm and propose that the trophosome of the sister clade Vestimentifera and Sclerolinum is a homologous character. Like that of juvenile vestimentiferans, the trophosome of Sclerolinum trophosome is simply organized. This study reveals that the Sclerolinum trophosome exhibits two regions that differ in the organization of host tissue and the size and shape of the symbionts. We suggest that a specific cell cycle within the symbiont-housing organ is directed along the longitudinal body axis, with a region of proliferation anteriorly and a region of degradation posteriorly. Using Raman microspectroscopy we demonstrate that the endosymbionts of S. contortum from the Gulf of Mexico contain sulfur vesicles, and we argue for a chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing metabolism.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	author = {Eichinger, Irmgard and Klepal, Waltraud and Schmid, Markus and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000299052400011,
	title = {{Thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane by marine microbial consortia}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {5},
	number = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1946{\textendash}1956},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate controls the emission of the greenhouse gas methane from the ocean floor. AOM is performed by microbial consortia of archaea (ANME) associated with partners related to sulfate-reducing bacteria. In vitro enrichments of AOM were so far only successful at temperatures {\textless}= 25 degrees C; however, energy gain for growth by AOM with sulfate is in principle also possible at higher temperatures. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes and core lipids characteristic for ANME as well as hints of in situ AOM activity were indeed reported for geothermally heated marine environments, yet no direct evidence for thermophilic growth of marine ANME consortia was obtained to date. To study possible thermophilic AOM, we investigated hydrothermally influenced sediment from the Guaymas Basin. In vitro incubations showed activity of sulfate-dependent methane oxidation between 5 and 70 degrees C with an apparent optimum between 45 and 60 degrees C. AOM was absent at temperatures {\textgreater}= 75 degrees C. Long-term enrichment of AOM was fastest at 50 degrees C, yielding a 13-fold increase of methane-dependent sulfate reduction within 250 days, equivalent to an apparent doubling time of 68 days. The enrichments were dominated by novel ANME-1 consortia, mostly associated with bacterial partners of the deltaproteobacterial HotSeep-1 cluster, a deeply branching phylogenetic group previously found in a butane-amended 60 degrees C-enrichment culture of Guaymas sediments. The closest relatives (Desulfurella spp.; Hippea maritima) are moderately thermophilic sulfur reducers. Results indicate that AOM and ANME archaea could be of biogeochemical relevance not only in cold to moderate but also in hot marine habitats. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 1946-1956; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.77; published online 23 June 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.77},
	author = {Holler, Thomas and Widdel, Friedrich and Knittel, Katrin and Amann, Rudolf and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Wegener, Gunter}
}
@article {Ludwig2011,
	title = {{U-Th systematics and ages of carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {7},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1869{\textendash}1888},
	abstract = {The Lost City Hydrothermal Field (LCHF) is a serpentinite-hosted vent field located 15~km west of the spreading axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In this study, uranium{\textendash}thorium (U{\textendash}Th) geochronological techniques have been used to examine the U{\textendash}Th systematics of hydrothermal fluids and the 230Th ages of hydrothermally-precipitated carbonate chimneys at the LCHF. Fluid sample analyses indicate that endmember fluids likely contain only 0.0073~ng/g U or less compared to 3.28~{\textpm}~0.03~ng/g of U in ambient seawater. For fluid samples containing only 2{\textendash}21{\%} ambient seawater (1.1{\textendash}11~mmol/kg~Mg), Th concentration is 0.11{\textendash}0.13~pg/g and surrounding seawater concentrations average 0.133~{\textpm}~0.016~pg/g. The 230Th/232Th atomic ratios of the vent fluids range from 1 ({\textpm}10)~{\texttimes}~10-6 to 11 ({\textpm}5)~{\texttimes}~10-6, are less than those of seawater, and indicate that the vent fluids may contribute a minor amount of non-radiogenic 230Th to the LCHF carbonate chimney deposits. Chimney 238U concentrations range from 1 to 10~$μ$g/g and the average chimney corrected initial $δ$234U is 147.2~{\textpm}~0.8, which is not significantly different from the ambient seawater value of 146.5~{\textpm}~0.6. Carbonate 232Th concentrations range broadly from 0.0038~{\textpm}~0.0003 to 125~{\textpm}~16~ng/g and 230Th/232Th atomic ratios vary from near seawater values of 43 ({\textpm}8)~{\texttimes}~10-6 up to 530 ({\textpm}25)~{\texttimes}~10-3. Chimney ages, corrected for initial 230Th, range from 17~{\textpm}~6~yrs to 120~{\textpm}~13~kyrs. The youngest chimneys are at the intersection of two active, steeply-dipping normal faults that cut the Atlantis Massif; the oldest chimneys are located in the southwest portion of the field. Vent deposits on a steep, fault-bounded wall on the east side of the field are all Th, range from 17~{\textpm}~6~yrs to 120~{\textpm}~13~kyrs. The youngest chimneys are at the intersection of two active, steeply-dipping normal faults that cut the Atlantis Massif; the oldest chimneys are located in the southwest portion of the field. Vent deposits on a steep, fault-bounded wall on the east side of the field are all},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2011.01.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.01.008},
	author = {Ludwig, K A and Shen, C C and Kelley, D S and Cheng, H and Edwards, R L}
}
@article {Wanless2011,
	title = {{Volatile abundances and oxygen isotopes in basaltic to dacitic lavas on mid-ocean ridges: The role of assimilation at spreading centers}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {287},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {54{\textendash}65},
	abstract = {Most geochemical variability in MOR basalts is consistent with low- to moderate-pressure fractional crystallization of various mantle-derived parental melts. However, our geochemical data from MOR high-silica glasses, including new volatile and oxygen isotope data, suggest that assimilation of altered crustal material plays a significant role in the petrogenesis of dacites and may be important in the formation of basaltic lavas at MOR in general. MOR high-silica andesites and dacites from diverse areas show remarkably similar major element trends, incompatible trace element enrichments, and isotopic signatures suggesting similar processes control their chemistry. In particular, very high Cl and elevated H2O concentrations and relatively light oxygen isotope ratios ({\~{}}~5.8{\textperthousand} vs. expected values of {\~{}}~6.8{\textperthousand}) in fresh dacite glasses can be explained by contamination of magmas from a component of ocean crust altered by hydrothermal fluids. Crystallization of silicate phases and Fe-oxides causes an increase in $δ$18O in residual magma, but assimilation of material initially altered at high temperatures results in lower $δ$18O values. The observed geochemical signatures can be explained by extreme fractional crystallization of a MOR basalt parent combined with partial melting and assimilation (AFC) of amphibole-bearing altered oceanic crust. The MOR dacitic lavas do not appear to be simply the extrusive equivalent of oceanic plagiogranites. The combination of partial melting and assimilation produces a distinct geochemical signature that includes higher incompatible trace element abundances and distinct trace element ratios relative to those observed in plagiogranites.},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Wallace, P J and Grimes, C B and Klein, E M}
}
@article {ISI:000277238700001,
	title = {{Abyssogena: a new genus of the family Vesicomyidae (Bivalvia) from deep-water vents and seeps}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF MOLLUSCAN STUDIES},
	volume = {76},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {may},
	pages = {107{\textendash}132},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new genus Abyssogena is established for A. phaseoliformis ( Metivier, Okutani {\&} Ohta, 1986) and A. kaikoi ( Okutani {\&} Metivier, 1986), which were previously assigned to the genus Calyptogena Dall, 1891, and also for two new species, A. southwardae and A. novacula. The most characteristic features of Abyssogena are an elongate shell up to about 280 mm in length; a pallial line starting from the ventral margin of the anterior adductor scar; secondary pallial attachment scars developed dorsal to the pallial line; radially arranged hinge teeth with a reduced anterior cardinal tooth in the right valve; and presence of an inner ctenidial demibranch only. Abyssogena occurs in deep water from 2,985 to 6,400 m and is distributed in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans at cold seeps along continental margins and hydrothermal vents at mid-oceanic ridges. Some species have a remarkably wide geographic distribution; A. southwardae is present throughout the Atlantic and A. phaseoliformis is present in Japan, Kuril-Kamchatka, as well as Aleutian Trenches. No fossils of Abyssogena are known.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0260-1230},
	doi = {10.1093/mollus/eyp052},
	author = {Krylova, Elena M and Sahling, Heiko and Janssen, Ronald}
}
@article {Brazelton2010,
	title = {{Archaea and bacteria with surprising microdiversity show shifts in dominance over 1,000-year time scales in hydrothermal chimneys}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1612{\textendash}1617},
	abstract = {The Lost City Hydrothermal Field, an ultramafic-hosted system located 15 km west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has experienced at least 30,000 years of hydrothermal activity. Previous studies have shown that its carbonate chimneys form by mixing of \~{}90 {\textdegree}C, pH 9{\textendash}11 hydrothermal fluids and cold seawater. Flow of methane and hydrogen-rich hydrothermal fluids in the porous interior chimney walls supports archaeal biofilm communities dominated by a single phylotype of Methanosarcinales. In this study, we have extensively sampled the carbonate-hosted archaeal and bacterial communities by obtaining sequences of {\textgreater}200,000 amplicons of the 16S rRNA V6 region and correlated the results with isotopic (230Th) ages of the chimneys over a 1,200-year period. Rare sequences in young chimneys were commonly more abundant in older chimneys, indicating that members of the rare biosphere can become dominant members of the ecosystem when environmental conditions change. These results suggest that a long history of selection over many cycles of chimney growth has resulted in numerous closely related species at Lost City, each of which is preadapted to a particular set of reoccurring environmental conditions. Because of the unique characteristics of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, these data offer an unprecedented opportunity to study the dynamics of a microbial ecosystem{\textquoteright}s rare biosphere over a thousand-year time scale.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0905369107},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905369107},
	author = {Brazelton, W J and Ludwig, K A and Sogin, M L and Andreishcheva, E N and Kelley, D S and Shen, C C and Edwards, R L and Baross, J A}
}
@article {German2010,
	title = {{Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {14020{\textendash}14025},
	abstract = {Thirty years after the first discovery of high-temperature submarine venting, the vast majority of the global mid-ocean ridge remains unexplored for hydrothermal activity. Of particular interest are the world{\textquoteright}s ultraslow spreading ridges that were the last to be demonstrated to host high-temperature venting but may host systems particularly relevant to prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life. Here we report evidence for previously unknown, diverse, and very deep hydrothermal vents along the similar to 110 km long, ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise (MCR). Our data indicate that the MCR hosts at least three discrete hydrothermal sites, each representing a different type of water-rock interaction, including both mafic and ultramafic systems and, at similar to 5,000 m, the deepest known hydrothermal vent. Although submarine hydrothermal circulation, in which seawater percolates through and reacts with host lithologies, occurs on all mid-ocean ridges, the diversity of vent types identified here and their relative geographic isolation make the MCR unique in the oceans. These new sites offer prospects for an expanded range of vent-fluid compositions, varieties of abiotic organic chemical synthesis and extremophile microorganisms, and unparalleled faunal biodiversity-all in close proximity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1009205107},
	author = {German, C R and Bowen, A and Coleman, M L and Honig, D L and Huber, J A and Jakuba, M V and Kinsey, J C and Kurz, M D and Leroy, S and McDermott, J M and de Lepinay, B M and Nakamura, K and Seewald, J S and Smith, J L and Sylva, S P and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Lang2010,
	title = {{Elevated concentrations of formate, acetate and dissolved organic carbon found at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {941{\textendash}942},
	abstract = {Fluids from the ultramafic-hosted Lost City hydrothermal field were analyzed for total dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic acids. Formate (36{\textendash}158 $μ$mol/kg) and acetate (1{\textendash}35 $μ$mol/kg) concentrations are higher than in other fluids from unsedimented hydrothermal vents, and are a higher ratio of the total dissolved organic carbon than has been found in most marine geothermal systems. Isotopic evidence is consistent with an abiotic formation mechanism for formate, perhaps during serpentinization processes in the sub-surface. Further support comes from previous studies where the abiological formation of low molecular weight organic acids has been shown to be thermodynamically favorable during hydrothermal alteration of olivine, and laboratory studies in which the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate has been confirmed. As the second most prevalent carbon species after methane, formate may be an important substrate to microbial communities in an environment where dissolved inorganic carbon is limited. Acetate is found in locations where sulfate reduction is believed to be important and is likely to be a microbial by-product, formed either directly by autotrophic metabolic activity or indirectly during the fermentative degradation of larger organic molecules. Given the common occurrence of exposed ultramafic rocks and active serpentinization within the worlds ocean basins, the abiotic formation of formate may be an important process supporting life in these high pH environments and may have critical implications to understanding the organic precursors from which life evolved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2009.10.045},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.10.045},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Butterfield, D A and Schulte, M and Kelley, D S and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Kellogg2010,
	title = {{Enumeration of viruses and prokaryotes in deep-sea sediments and cold seeps of the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2002{\textendash}2007},
	abstract = {Little is known about the distribution and abundance of viruses in deep-sea cold-seep environments. Like hydrothermal vents, seeps support communities of macrofauna that are sustained by chemosynthetic bacteria. Sediments close to these communities are hypothesized to be more microbiologically active and therefore to host higher numbers of viruses than non-seep areas. Push cores were taken at five types of Gulf of Mexico habitats at water depths below 1000 m using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The habitats included non-seep reference sediment, brine seeps, a microbial mat, an urchin field, and a pogonophoran worm community. Samples were processed immediately for enumeration of viruses and prokaryotes without the addition of a preservative. Prokaryote counts were an order of magnitude lower in sediments directly in contact with macrofauna (urchins, pogonophorans) compared to all other samples (107 vs. 108 cells g-1 dry weight) and were highest in areas of elevated salinity (brine seeps). Viral-Like Particle (VLP) counts were lowest in the reference sediments and pogonophoran cores (108 VLP g-1 dry wt), higher in brine seeps (109 VLP g-1 dry wt), and highest in the microbial mats (1010 VLP g-1 dry wt). Virus-prokaryote ratios (VPR) ranged from {\textless}5 in the reference sediment to {\textgreater}30 in the microbial mats and {\textgreater}60 in the urchin field. VLP counts and VPR were all significantly greater than those reported from sediments in the deep Mediterranean Sea and in most cases were higher than recent data from a cold-seep site near Japan. The high VPR suggest that greater microbial activity in or near cold-seep environments results in greater viral production and therefore higher numbers of viruses.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.006},
	author = {Kellogg, C A}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe2010,
	title = {{Flatfish at seamount hydrothermal vents show strong genetic divergence between volcanic arcs}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {158{\textendash}167},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents near the summits of seamounts in Western Pacific volcanic arcs foster dense populations of flatfishes, a group otherwise unknown at vents. We examined genetic divergence among populations of a symphurine tonguefish described as Symphurus thermophilus Munroe {\&} Hashimoto from sites up to 6000 km apart in the Western Pacific to explore connectivity patterns among seamounts. Average genetic divergence between individuals from the Mariana Arc and the Tonga-Kermadec Arcs was 14.2{\%} (COI) and 9.0{\%} (16S), whereas within-arc divergences were {\textless}0.3{\%}. We found that the Tonga-Kermadec individuals represent a cryptic species, Symphurus sp. A, displaying similar phenotypic features and behaviour to the Mariana Arc S. thermophilus. We also sequenced another distinctive symphurine species; Symphurus sp. B. Collections and image records from three expeditions to the Tonga and Kermadec arcs revealed characteristics of the distribution, dispersion, behaviour and morphology of these flatfish species. These two new Symphurus species inhabit vents where native sulphur occurs in excess and depths are {\textless}600 m. Substratum range of Symphurus sp. A was wide, including mussel beds, rock surfaces and sediments in densities that may exceed 100 m-2. Reproductive females were present. The complex and diverse nature of volcanic settings of hydrothermalism introduces a wide variety of habitat conditions that likely augments diversity of faunas on seamounts in distinct biogeographic provinces.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00370.x},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Koop, B F and Tyler, J and So, Stacy}
}
@article {Goss2010,
	title = {{Geochemistry of lavas from the 2005-2006 eruption at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright}N-9 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N: Implications for ridge crest plumbing and decadal changes in magma chamber compositions}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q05T09},
	abstract = {Detailed mapping, sampling, and geochemical analyses of lava flows erupted from an \~{}18 km long section of the northern East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 9{\textdegree}46'N to 9{\textdegree}56'N during 2005{\textendash}2006 provide unique data pertaining to the short-term thermochemical changes in a mid-ocean ridge magmatic system. The 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas are typical normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt with strongly depleted incompatible trace element patterns with marked negative Sr and Eu/Eu* anomalies and are slightly more evolved than lavas erupted in 1991{\textendash}1992 at the same location on the EPR. Spatial geochemical differences show that lavas from the northern and southern limits of the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are more evolved than those erupted in the central portion of the fissure system. Similar spatial patterns observed in 1991{\textendash}1992 lavas suggest geochemical gradients are preserved over decadal time scales. Products of northern axial and off-axis fissure eruptions are consistent with the eruption of cooler, more fractionated lavas that also record a parental melt component not observed in the main suite of 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas. Radiogenic isotopic ratios for 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas fall within larger isotopic fields defined for young axial lavas from 9{\textdegree}N to 10{\textdegree}N EPR, including those from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption. Geochemical data from the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are consistent with an invariable mantle source over the spatial extent of the eruption and petrogenetic processes (e.g., fractional crystallization and magma mixing) operating within the crystal mush zone and axial magma chamber (AMC) before and during the 13 year repose period. Geochemical modeling suggests that the 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas represent differentiated residual liquids from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption that were modified by melts added from deeper within the crust and that the eruption was not initiated by the injection of hotter, more primitive basalt directly into the AMC. Rather, the eruption was driven by AMC pressurization from persistent or episodic addition of more evolved magma from the crystal mush zone into the overlying subridge AMC during the period between the two eruptions. Heat balance calculations of a hydrothermally cooled AMC support this model and show that continual addition of melt from the mush zone was required to maintain a sizable AMC over this time interval.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002977},
	author = {Goss, A R and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Rubin, K H and Kamenov, G D and Soule, S A and Fundis, A and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {ISI:000283642100005,
	title = {{Phylogenetic diversity of sediment bacteria from the deep Northeastern Pacific Ocean: a comparison with the deep Eastern Mediterranean Sea}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {143{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The variability of bacterial community composition and diversity was studied by comparative analysis of five 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from deep-sea sediments (water column depth: 4000 m) of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Eastern Mediterranean Sea. This is the first comparison of the bacterial communities living in these deep-sea ecosystems. The estimated chlorophyll a, organic carbon, and C/N ratio provided evidence of significant differences in the trophic state of the sediments between the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and the much warmer Eastern Mediterranean Sea. A diverse range of 16S rRNA gene phylotypes was found in the sediments of both regions. These were represented by 11 different taxonomic groups, with Gammaproteobacteria predominating in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean sediments and Acidobacteria in the Eastern Mediterranean microbial community. In addition, several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes only distantly related to any of the previously identified sequences (non-affiliated rRNA genes) represented a significant fraction of the total sequences. The potential diversity at the two sites differs but remains largely unexplored and remains of continuing scientific interest. {\{}[{\}}Int Microbiol 2010; 13(3):143-150]},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1139-6709},
	doi = {10.2436/20.1501.01.119},
	author = {Kouridaki, Ioanna and Polymenakou, Paraskevi N and Tselepides, Anastasios and Mandalakis, Manolis and Smith Jr., Kenneth L}
}
@article {ISI:000275658000010,
	title = {{Vacuolate-attached filaments: highly productive Ridgeia piscesae epibionts at the Juan de Fuca hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {157},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {791{\textendash}800},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Vacuolate sulfur bacteria with high morphological similarity to vacuolate-attached filaments previously described from shallow hydrothermal vents (White Point, CA) were found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. These filamentous bacteria grow in dense mats that cover surfaces and potentially provide a significant source of organic carbon where they occur. Vacuolate-attached filaments were collected near vents at the Clam Bed site of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and from the sediment surface at Escanaba Trough on the Gorda Ridge. A phylogenetic analysis comparing their 16S rRNA gene sequences to those collected from the shallow White Point site showed that all vacuolate-attached filament sequences form a monophyletic group within the vacuolate sulfur-oxidizing bacteria clade in the gamma proteobacteria. Abundance of the attached filaments was quantified over the length of the exterior surface of the tubes of Ridgeia piscesae worms collected from the Clam Bed site at Juan de Fuca yielding a per worm average of 0.070 +/- A 0.018 cm(3) (n = 4). In agreement with previous results for White Point filaments, anion measurements by ion chromatography showed no detectable internal nitrate concentrations above ambient seawater (n = 9). For one R. piscesae tube worm {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}bush{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} at the Easter Island vent site, potential gross epibiont productivity is estimated to be 15 to 45x the net productivity of the worms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-009-1362-3},
	author = {Kalanetra, Karen M and Nelson, Douglas C}
}
@article {VerEecke2009,
	title = {{Abundances of hyperthermophilic autotrophic Fe(III) oxide reducers and heterotrophs in deep-sea hydrothermal sulfide chimneys of the northeastern Pacific Ocean.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {75},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {242{\textendash}245},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.01462-08},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01462-08},
	author = {Ver Eecke, H C and Kelley, D S and Holden, J F}
}
@article {Basak2009,
	title = {{Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of live (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Aleutian Margin and the Southern Australian Margin}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {89{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	author = {Basak, C and Rathburn, A E and Perez, M E and Martin, J B and Kluesner, J W and Levin, L A and De Deckker, P and Gieskes, J M and Abriani, M}
}
@article {Haase2009,
	title = {{Diking, young volcanism and diffuse hydrothermal activity on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Lilliput field at 9 degrees 33'S}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {266},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {52{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	author = {Haase, K M and Koschinsky, A and Petersen, S and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Melchert, B and Seifert, R and Borowski, C and Giere, O and Paulick, H}
}
@article {Katsioloudis2009,
	title = {{Discovery of the depths: the world{\textquoteright}s oceans have been almost impenetrable to human exploration because of obstacles associated with underwater exploration{\textendash}until the very recent development of remote underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Technology Teacher},
	volume = {68},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {12{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0746-3537},
	author = {Katsioloudis, P J}
}
@article {Rathburn2009,
	title = {{Geological and biological heterogeneity of the Aleutian Margin (1965{\textendash}4822 m)}},
	journal = {Progress In Oceanography},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {22{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	author = {Rathburn, A E and Levin, L A and Tryon, M D and Gieskes, J M and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Fodrie, F J and Neira, C and Fryer, G L and Mendoza, G F and McMillan, P A and Kluesner, J and Adamic, J and Ziebis, W}
}
@article {Petersen2009,
	title = {{The geological setting of the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (14 degrees 45'N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and its influence on massive sulfide formation}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {112},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {40{\textendash}56},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	author = {Petersen, S and Kuhn, K and Kuhn, T and Augustin, N and Hekinian, R and Franz, L and Borowski, C}
}
@article {Kohnen2009,
	title = {{Human exploration of the deep seas: fifty years and the inspiration continues}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {43},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {42{\textendash}62},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	doi = {10.4031/MTSJ.43.5.30},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.43.5.30},
	author = {Kohnen, W}
}
@article {Solomon2009,
	title = {{Long-term hydrogeochemical records in the oceanic basement and forearc prism at the Costa Rica subduction zone}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {282},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {240{\textendash}251},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	author = {Solomon, E A and Kastner, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Robertson, G and Davis, E E and Morris, J D}
}
@article {Killeen2009,
	title = {{NSF looks ahead with basic ocean research}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {27{\textendash}28},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Killeen, T and Morris, J D}
}
@article {White2009a,
	title = {{Significance of widespread low effusion rate eruptions over the past two million years for delivery of magma to the overlapping spreading centers at 9 degrees N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {280},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {175{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	author = {White, S M and Mason, J L and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R and Wanless, V D and Klein, E M}
}
@article {Delacour2008b,
	title = {{Carbon geochemistry of serpentinites in the Lost City Hydrothermal System (30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {15},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3681{\textendash}3702},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Schaeffer, P and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Voordeckers2008,
	title = {{Culture dependent and independent analyses of 16S rRNA and ATP citrate lyase genes: a comparison of microbial communities from different black smoker chimneys on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {12},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {627{\textendash}640},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-008-0167-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00792-008-0167-5},
	author = {Voordeckers, J W and Do, M H and Hugler, M and Ko, V and Sievert, S M and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Varga2008,
	title = {{Direct evidence from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility for lateral melt migration at superfast spreading centers}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {Q08008},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002075},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002075},
	author = {Varga, R J and Horst, A J and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Sudarikov2008,
	title = {{Geokhimiya submarinnykh rudoobrazuyushchikh gidroterm severnoy Atlantiki; po dannym distantsionnykh nablyudeniy i oprobovaniya s podvodnykh obitayemykh apparatov.}},
	journal = {Zapiski Gornogo Instituta},
	volume = {176},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0135-3500},
	author = {Sudarikov, S M and Krivitskaya, M V and Kaminskiy, D V}
}
@article {Boschi2008,
	title = {{Isotopic and element exchange during serpentinization and metasomatism at the Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N): Insights from B and Sr isotope data}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {7},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1801{\textendash}1823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	author = {Boschi, C and Dini, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Delacour2008a,
	title = {{Sr- and Nd-isotope geochemistry of the Atlantis Massif (30 degress N, MAR): Implications for fluid fluxes and lithospheric heterogeneity}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Frank, M and Gutjahr, M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Delacour2008,
	title = {{Sulfur in peridotites and gabbros at Lost City (30 degrees N, MAR): Implications for hydrothermal alteration and microbial activity during serpentinization}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {20},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {5090{\textendash}5110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Komai2008,
	title = {{Taxonomic review of the hydrothermal vent shrimp Genera Rimicaris Williams {\&} Rona and Chorocaris Martin {\&} Hessler (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Alvinocarididae)}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {21{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[21:TROTHV]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[21:TROTHV]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Komai, T and Segonzac, M}
}
@article {Luther2008,
	title = {{Use of voltammetric solid-state (micro)electrodes for studying biogeochemical processes: Laboratory measurements to real time measurements with an in situ electrochemical analyzer (ISEA)}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {221{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B T and Ma, S and Trouwborst, R E and Moore, T S and Metzger, E and Kraiya, C and Waite, T J and Druschel, G and Sundby, B and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Shank, T M and Lewis, B L and Brendel, P J}
}
@article {Roberts2007a,
	title = {{Alvin explores the deep northern Gulf of Mexico Slope}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {88},
	number = {35},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {341{\textendash}342},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/2007EO350001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007EO350001},
	author = {Roberts, H and Carney, R and Kupchik, M and Fisher, C R and Nelson, Kim and Becker, E and Goehring, E and Lessard-Pilon, S and Telesnicki, G and Bernard, B and Brooks, J and Bright, M and Cordes, E and Hourdez, S and Hunt, J and Shedd, W and Boland, G and Joye, S and Samarkin, V and Bernier, M and Bowles, M and MacDonald, I and Niemann, H and Petersen, C and Morrison, C and Potter, J}
}
@article {Duperron2007,
	title = {{Diversity, relative abundance and metabolic potential of bacterial endosymbionts in three Bathymodiolus mussel species from cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Environmental microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1423{\textendash}1438},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01259.x},
	author = {Duperron, S and Sibuet, M and MacGregor, B J and Kuypers, M M M and Fisher, C R and Dubilier, N}
}
@article {Hayman2007,
	title = {{Faults and damage zones in fast-spread crust exposed on the north wall of the Hess Deep Rift: Conduits and seals in seafloor hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q10002},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001623},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001623},
	author = {Hayman, N W and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Glickson2007,
	title = {{Geology and hydrothermal evolution of the Mothra Hydrothermal Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06010},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001588},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001588},
	author = {Glickson, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Tanaka2007,
	title = {{High-resolution bathymetry using Alvin scanning sonar at the Southern East Pacific Rise and its implication to the formation of collapsed lava lakes}},
	journal = {Earth Planets and Space},
	volume = {59},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {245{\textendash}249},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1343-8832},
	url = {http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2007/5904/59040245.pdf},
	author = {Tanaka, A and Rosat, S and Kisimoto, K and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Christeson2007,
	title = {{Inconsistent correlation of seismic layer 2a and lava layer thickness in oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {445},
	number = {7126},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {418{\textendash}421},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature05517},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05517},
	author = {Christeson, G L and McIntosh, K D and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Kelley2007,
	title = {{The Lost City Hydrothermal Field revisited}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {90{\textendash}99},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.09},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Fruh-Green, G L and Karson, J A and Ludwig, K A}
}
@article {Perk2007,
	title = {{Petrology and geochemistry of primitive lower oceanic crust from Pito Deep: Implications for the accretion of the lower crust at the Southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {154},
	number = {5},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {575{\textendash}590},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-007-0210-z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-007-0210-z},
	author = {Perk, N W and Coogan, L A and Karson, J A and Klein, E M and Hanna, H D}
}
@book {Koslow2007,
	title = {{The Silent Deep: The discovery, ecology, and conservation of the deep sea}},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {312},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {9780226451251},
	author = {Koslow, T}
}
@article {Ferrini2007,
	title = {{Submeter bathymetric mapping of volcanic and hydrothermal features on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q01006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006GC001333},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001333},
	author = {Ferrini, V L and Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Kinsey, J C and Tivey, M A and Soule, S A and Carbotte, S M and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R and Howland, J}
}
@inbook {Heesemann2006,
	title = {{Data report: Long-term temperature measurements in holes 1253A and 1255A off Costa Rica, ODP Leg 205}},
	booktitle = {Fluid Flow and Subduction Fluxes across the Costa Rica Convergent Margin: Implications for the Seismogenic Zone and Subduction Factory},
	series = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {205},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1{\textendash}20},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1096-7451},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.205.209.2006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.205.209.2006},
	author = {Heesemann, M and Villinger, H and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M},
	editor = {Morris, J D}
}
@article {Eltgroth2006,
	title = {{A deep-sea coral record of North Atlantic radiocarbon through the Younger Dryas: Evidence for Intermediate/Deep Water Reorganization}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {PA4207},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2005PA001192},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001192},
	author = {Eltgroth, S F and Adkins, J F and Robinson, L F and Southon, J and Kashgarian, M}
}
@article {Karson2006,
	title = {{Detachment shear zone of the Atlantis Massif core complex, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q06016},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001109},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001109},
	author = {Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Ludwig2006,
	title = {{Formation and evolution of carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {70},
	number = {14},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3625{\textendash}3645},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016},
	author = {Ludwig, K A and Kelley, D S and Butterfield, D A and Nelson, B K and Fruh-Green, G L}
}
@article {Kristall2006,
	title = {{Growth history of a diffusely venting sulfide structure from the Juan de Fuca Ridge: A petrological and geochemical study}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q07001},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001166},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001166},
	author = {Kristall, B and Kelley, D S and Hannington, M D and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Waite2006,
	title = {{An investigation into the suitability of bismuth as an alternative to gold-amalgam as a working electrode for the in situ determination of chemical redox species in the natural environment}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {12},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1167{\textendash}1172},
	issn = {1040-0397},
	doi = {10.1002/elan.200603519},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200603519},
	author = {Waite, T J and Kraiya, C and Trouwborst, R E and Ma, S and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Proskurowski2006,
	title = {{Low temperature volatile production at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field: evidence from a hydrogen stable isotope geothermometer}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {229},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {331{\textendash}343},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005},
	author = {Proskurowski, G and Lilley, M D and Kelley, D S and Olson, E J}
}
@article {Boschi2006,
	title = {{Mass transfer and fluid flow during detachment faulting and development of an oceanic core complex, Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q01004},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001074},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001074},
	author = {Boschi, C and Fruh-Green, G L and Delacour, A and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Wanless2006,
	title = {{Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai{\textquoteright}i}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q05001},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001086},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001086},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Garcia, M O and Trusdell, F A and Rhodes, J M and Norman, M D and Weis, D and Fornari, D J and Kurz, M D and Guillou, H}
}
@article {Reysenbach2006,
	title = {{A ubiquitous thermoacidophilic archaeon from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {442},
	number = {7101},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {444{\textendash}447},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature04921},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04921},
	author = {Reysenbach, A -L and Liu, Y T and Banta, A B and Beveridge, T J and Kirshtein, J D and Schouten, S and Tivey, M K and Von Damm, K L and Voytek, M A}
}
@article {Lanoil2005,
	title = {{Archaeal diversity in ODP legacy borehole 892b and associated seawater and sediments of the Cascadia Margin}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {167{\textendash}177},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.015},
	author = {Lanoil, B D and La Duc, M T and Wright, M and Kastner, M and Nealson, K H and Bartlett, D H}
}
@article {Valentine2005,
	title = {{Biogeochemical investigations of marine methane seeps, Hydrate Ridge, Oregon}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {110},
	number = {G2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {G02005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2005JG000025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000025},
	author = {Valentine, D L and Kastner, M and Wardlaw, G D and Wang, X C and Purdy, A and Bartlett, D H}
}
@article {Kurz2005,
	title = {{Correlated helium, neon, and melt production on the super-fast spreading East Pacific Rise near 17 degrees S}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {232},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {125{\textendash}142},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.005},
	author = {Kurz, M D and Moreira, M and Curtice, J and Lott, D E and Mahoney, J J and Sinton, J M}
}
@article {Dreyer2005,
	title = {{Development of macrofaunal community structure in mussel beds on the northern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {121{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps302121},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps302121},
	author = {Dreyer, J C and Knick, K E and Flickinger, W B and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Stewart2005,
	title = {{Four-dimensional upper crustal construction at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges: A perspective from an upper crustal cross-section at the Hess Deep Rift}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {144},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {287{\textendash}309},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.026},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.026},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Karson, J A and Klein, E M}
}
@article {Kelley2005,
	title = {{The Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {32{\textendash}45},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2005.23},
	author = {Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Chadwick2005,
	title = {{Magmatic effects of the Cobb hot spot on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {110},
	number = {B3},
	year = {2005},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {B03101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2003JB002767},
	author = {Chadwick, J and Perfit, M and Ridley, I and Kamenov, G and Chadwick, W and Embley, R and le Roux, P and Smith, M}
}
@article {Karson2005,
	title = {{Nested-scale investigation of tectonic windows into super-fast spread crust exposed at the Pito Deep Rift}},
	journal = {InterRidge Newsletter},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {5{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.interridge.org/files/interridge/IR{\_}news{\_}14.pdf},
	author = {Karson, J A and Francheteau, J and Gee, J S and Gillis, K M and Hayman, N W and Hekinian, R and Hey, R N and Hurst, S D and Klein, E M and Naar, D P and Varga, R J and Party, Pito Deep 2005 Scientific}
}
@article {Komai2005,
	title = {{A new species of Alvinocaris (Crustacea : Decapoda : Caridea : Alvinocarididae) and a new record of A. muricola from methane seeps on the Blake Ridge Diapir, Northwestern Atlantic}},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	number = {1019},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {27{\textendash}42},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2005/zt01019p042.pdf},
	author = {Komai, T and Shank, T M and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Kelley2005a,
	title = {{A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: The lost city hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {307},
	number = {5714},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1428{\textendash}1434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102556},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Yoerger, D R and Shank, T M and Butterfield, D A and Hayes, J M and Schrenk, M O and Olson, E J and Proskurowski, G and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Larson, B I and Ludwig, K A and Glickson, D A and Buckman, K and Bradley, A S and Brazelton, W J and Roe, K and Elend, M J and Delacour, A and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Summons, R T and Sylva, S P}
}
@article {Pollock2005,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variability in the composition of lavas exposed along the Western Blanco Transform Fault}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {Q11009},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001026},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001026},
	author = {Pollock, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Kicklighter2004,
	title = {{Chemical defense of hydrothermal vent and hydrocarbon seep organisms: a preliminary assessment using shallow-water consumers}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {275},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {11{\textendash}19},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps275011},
	author = {Kicklighter, C E and Fisher, C R and Hay, M E}
}
@article {Wheat2004a,
	title = {{Heat flow through a basaltic outcrop on a sedimented young ridge flank}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q12006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000700},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Fisher, A T and Kadko, D and Davis, E E and Baker, E T and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Schrenk2004,
	title = {{Low archaeal diversity linked to subseafloor geochemical processes at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {6},
	number = {10},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1086{\textendash}1095},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00650.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00650.x},
	author = {Schrenk, M O and Kelley, D S and Bolton, S A and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Varga2004,
	title = {{Paleomagnetic constraints on deformation models for uppermost oceanic crust exposed at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for axial processes at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {109},
	number = {B2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {B02104},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2003JB002486},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002486},
	author = {Varga, R J and Karson, J A and Gee, J S}
}
@article {Hurst2004,
	title = {{Side-scan sonar along the north wall of the Hess Deep Rift: Processing, texture analysis, and geologic ground truth on an oceanic escarpment}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {109},
	number = {B2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {B02107},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JB002116},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002116},
	author = {Hurst, S D and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Schuller2004,
	title = {{Use of 210Pb/226Ra disequilibria in the dating of deep-sea whale falls}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {218},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {277{\textendash}289},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00690-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00690-3},
	author = {Schuller, D and Kadko, D and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Wheat2004,
	title = {{Venting formation fluids from deep sea boreholes in a ridge flank setting: ODP Sites 1025 and 1026}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q08007},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000710},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000710},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H and Lebon, G}
}
@article {Fruh-Green2003,
	title = {{30,000 years of hydrothermal activity at the Lost City vent field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {301},
	number = {5632},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {495{\textendash}498},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1085582},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1085582},
	author = {Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S and Bernasconi, S M and Karson, J A and Ludwig, K A and Butterfield, D A and Boschi, C and Proskurowski, G}
}
@article {VanDover2003a,
	title = {{Blake Ridge methane seeps: Characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {281{\textendash}300},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Aharon, P and Bernhard, J M and Caylor, E and Doerries, M B and Flickinger, W and Gilhooly, W and Goffredi, S K and Knick, K E and Macko, S A and Rapoport, S and Raulfs, E C and Ruppel, C and Salerno, J L and Seitz, R D and Sen Gupta, B K and Shank, T M and Turnipseed, M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@inbook {Karson2003,
	title = {{Comparison of geologic and seismic structure of uppermost fast-spread oceanic crust: Insights from a crustal cross section at the Hess Deep Rift}},
	booktitle = {Heterogeneity in the Crust and Upper Mantle: Nature, Scaling, and Seismic Properties},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {99{\textendash}129},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic/Plenum},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic/Plenum},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0306474476},
	author = {Karson, J A and Christeson, G L},
	editor = {Goff, J A}
}
@article {Turnipseed2003,
	title = {{Diversity in mussel-beds at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {518{\textendash}523},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00465.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00465.x},
	author = {Turnipseed, M and Knick, K E and Lipcius, R N and Dreyer, J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Goto2003,
	title = {{Estimate of heat flux and its temporal variation at the TAG hydrothermal mound, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26{\textdegree}N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {2434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000703},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000703},
	author = {Goto, S and Kinoshita, M and Schultz, A and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Harpp2003,
	title = {{Genovesa Submarine Ridge: A manifestation of plume-ridge interaction in the northern Gal{\'a}pagos Islands}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8511},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GC000531},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000531},
	author = {Harpp, K S and Fornari, D J and Geist, D J and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {Stewart2003,
	title = {{Geochemical relationships between dikes and lavas at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for magma eruptibility}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Art. no. 2184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB001622},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001622},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Brophy, J G}
}
@article {Schrenk2003,
	title = {{Incidence and diversity of mcroorganisms within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {3580{\textendash}3592},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.6.3580-3592.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.6.3580-3592.2003},
	author = {Schrenk, M O and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Tivey2003,
	title = {{A near-bottom magnetic survey of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at 26 degrees N: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the TAG segment}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B5},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2277},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JB001967},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001967},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Wheat2003,
	title = {{Seawater transport and reaction in upper oceanic basaltic basement: Chemical data from continuous monitoring of sealed boreholes in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {216},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {549{\textendash}564},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H}
}
@article {Sims2002,
	title = {{Chemical and isotopic constraints on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {19},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3481{\textendash}3504},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Goldstein, S J and Blichert-Toft, J and Perfit, M R and Kelemen, P and Fornari, D J and Michael, P J and Murrell, M T and Hart, S R and DePaolo, D J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A and Jull, M and Bender, J}
}
@article {Stewart2002,
	title = {{Geochemistry of dikes and lavas from the north wall of the Hess Deep Rift: Insights into the four-dimensional character of crustal construction at fast spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Art. no. 2238},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000545},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000545},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Karson2002b,
	title = {{Geologic structure of the uppermost oceanic crust created at fast- to intermediate-rate spreading centers}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {347{\textendash}384},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0084-6597},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.earth.30.091201.141132},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.30.091201.141132},
	author = {Karson, J A}
}
@article {Blackman2002,
	title = {{Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {443{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S and Cann, J R and Fruh-Green, G L and Gee, J S and Hurst, S D and John, B E and Morgan, J and Nooner, S L and Ross, D K and Schroeder, T J and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Karson2002a,
	title = {{Internal structure of uppermost oceanic crust along the Western Blanco Transform Scarp: Implications for subaxial accretion and deformation at the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2181},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000051},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000051},
	author = {Karson, J A and Tivey, M A and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Lawrence2002,
	title = {{Magnetic anisotropy of serpentinized peridotites from the MARK area: Implications for the orientation of mesoscopic structures and major fault zones}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {EPM{\textendash}4{\textendash}1 {\textendash} EPM{\textendash}4{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000007},
	author = {Lawrence, R M and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Lutz2002,
	title = {{Recent advances in imaging deep-sea hydrothermal vents (Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Biology)}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {267{\textendash}269},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-267-269.pdf},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Rona, P and Reed, A and Lange, W and Low, S and Kristof, E}
}
@article {Karson2002,
	title = {{Structure of uppermost fast-spread oceanic crust exposed at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for subaxial processes at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1002},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GC000155},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000155},
	author = {Karson, J A and Klein, E M and Hurst, S D and Lee, C E and Rivizzigno, P A}
}
@book {Fornari2001,
	title = {{AHA-NEMO2: Shipboard data web site compiled during R/V Melville NEMO Expedition, Leg 2, May, 2000}},
	volume = {2005},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://science.whoi.edu/ahanemo2},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tolstoy, M and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Johnson, P and Kurras, G and White, S and Getsiv, J and Party, Shipboard Scientific and Technical}
}
@article {Meurer2001,
	title = {{Basalt compositions from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at the SMARK area (22 degrees 30{\textquoteright}N to 22 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N) - implications for parental liquid variability at isotopically homogeneous spreading centers}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {186},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {451{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00260-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00260-6},
	author = {Meurer, W P and Sturm, M E and Klein, E M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Kolber2001,
	title = {{Contribution of aerobic photoheterotrophic bacteria to the carbon cycle in the ocean}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {292},
	number = {5526},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2492{\textendash}2495},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1059707},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1059707},
	author = {Kolber, Z S and Plumley, F G and Lang, A S and Beatty, J T and Blankenship, R E and Van Dover, C L and Vetriani, C and Koblizek, M and Rathgeber, C and Falkowski, P G}
}
@article {Klages2001,
	title = {{Deep-sea food falls: first observation of a natural event in the Arctic Ocean}},
	journal = {Polar Biology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {292{\textendash}295},
	issn = {0722-4060},
	doi = {10.1007/s003000000199},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000000199},
	author = {Klages, M and Vopel, K and Bluhm, H and Brey, T and Soltwedel, T and Arntz, W E}
}
@article {Gillis2001,
	title = {{Fluid flow patterns in fast spreading East Pacific Rise crust exposed at Hess Deep}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B11},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {26,311{\textendash}326,329},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000038},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000038},
	author = {Gillis, K M and Muehlenbachs, K and Stewart, M and Gleeson, T and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Kelley2001,
	title = {{Geology and venting characteristics of the Mothra hydrothermal field, Endeavour segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {959{\textendash}962},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0959:GAVCOT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029{\%}3C0959:GAVCOT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Campbell2001,
	title = {{Growth and phylogenetic properties of novel bacteria belonging to the epsilon subdivision of the proteobacteria enriched from Alvinella pompejana and deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {67},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4566{\textendash}4572},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.10.4566-4572.2001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.10.4566-4572.2001},
	author = {Campbell, B J and Jeanthon, C and Kotska, J E and Luther, G W and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Smith2001b,
	title = {{Magmatic processes and segmentation at a fast spreading mid-ocean ridge: Detailed investigation of an axial discontinuity on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 37{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {2},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2000GC000134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2000GC000134},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GC000134},
	author = {Smith, M C and Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Ridley, W I and Edwards, M H and Kurras, G J and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Smith2001,
	title = {{Magnetic anomalies at the Puna Ridge, a submarine extension of Kilauea Volcano: Implications for lava deposition}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {16,16{\textendash}47,60},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000014},
	author = {Smith, D K and Tivey, M A and Gregg, P and Kong, L}
}
@article {Kelley2001a,
	title = {{An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {412},
	number = {6843},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {145{\textendash}149},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35084000},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35084000},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Blackman, D K and Fruh-Green, G L and Butterfield, D A and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J and Schrenk, M O and Roe, K K and Lebon, G T and Rivizzigno, P}
}
@article {Bright2000,
	title = {{An autoradiographic examination of carbon fixation, transfer and utilization in the Riftia pachyptila symbiosis}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {136},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	month = {may},
	pages = {621{\textendash}632},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270050722},
	author = {Bright, M and Keckeis, H and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Kolber2000,
	title = {{Bacterial photosynthesis in the surface waters of the open ocean}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {407},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {177{\textendash}179},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35025044},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025044},
	author = {Kolber, Z S and Van Dover, C L and Niederman, R A and Falkowski, P G}
}
@article {Kobayashi2000,
	title = {{The bacterium isolated from Hirondellea gigas (Shinkaioosokoebi)}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {19{\textendash}22},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}03.pdf},
	author = {Kobayashi, H and Nagahama, T}
}
@inbook {Galkin2000,
	title = {{Bottom fauna of the Mohns Ridge: submersible investigations}},
	booktitle = {Bentos morei Rossii i Severnoi Atlantiki: sbornik nauchnykh trudov (Benthos of the Russian Sea and the Northern Atlantic)},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {81{\textendash}85},
	publisher = {Nauka},
	organization = {Nauka},
	address = {Moscow, Russia},
	isbn = {5-8538-2193-8},
	author = {Galkin, S V},
	editor = {Kuznetsov, A P}
}
@article {Lutz2000,
	title = {{Deep-sea vents: Science at the extreme}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {198},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {116{\textendash}127},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Kristof, E}
}
@book {Kovacs2000,
	title = {{Dive to the deep ocean: Voyages of exploration and discovery}},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {64},
	publisher = {Raintree Steck-Vaughn},
	organization = {Raintree Steck-Vaughn},
	address = {Austin, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0739812351},
	author = {Kovacs, D}
}
@article {Auzende2000,
	title = {{The eastern and western tips of Manus Basin (Papua, New Guinea) explored by submersible: MANAUTE cruise}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciences. S{\'e}rie II, M{\'e}canique, physique, chimie, sciences de l{\textquoteright}univers, sciences de la terre},
	volume = {331},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {119{\textendash}126},
	issn = {0764-4450},
	doi = {10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ishibashi, J and Beaudoin, Y and Charlou, J L and Delteil, J and Donval, J P and Fouquet, Y and Gouillou, J P and Ildefonse, B and Kimura, H and Nishio, Y and Radford-Knoery, J and Ruellan, E}
}
@article {Gebruk2000a,
	title = {{Food sources, behaviour, and distribution of hydrothermal vent shrimps at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {80},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {485{\textendash}499},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315400002186},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400002186},
	author = {Gebruk, A V and Southward, E C and Kennedy, H and Southward, A J}
}
@article {Becker2000a,
	title = {{A geological and geophysical investigation of Baby Bare, locus of a ridge-flank hydrothermal system in the Cascadia Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23,523{\textendash}557,568},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900204},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900204},
	author = {Becker, N C and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Karsten, J L and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Takeuchi2000,
	title = {{Large earthquakes and bottom disturbances in the Okushiri Ridge along the eastern margin of Japan Sea}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {29{\textendash}46},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}02{\_}04.pdf},
	author = {Takeuchi, A and Okamura, Y and Kato, Y and Ikehara, K and Zhang, J and Satake, K and Nagao, T and Hirano, M and Watanabe, M}
}
@article {Negahdaripour2000,
	title = {{Motion-based compression of underwater video imagery for the operations of unmanned submersible vehicles}},
	journal = {Computer Vision and Image Understanding},
	volume = {79},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {162{\textendash}183},
	issn = {1077-3142},
	doi = {10.1006/cviu.2000.0845},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cviu.2000.0845},
	author = {Negahdaripour, S and Khamene, A}
}
@article {Peek2000,
	title = {{Neutral and nonneutral mitochondrial genetic variation in deep-sea clams from the family Vesicomyidae}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {141{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2844},
	doi = {10.1007/s002399910016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002399910016},
	author = {Peek, A S and Gaut, B S and Feldman, R A and Barry, J P and Kochevar, R E and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Tsuchida2000,
	title = {{Preliminary report of a biological, geological, and geochemical survey on hydrothermalism at the Hotoma and Minna Knolls SF sub(6) tracer experiment to observe the behavior of hydrothermal plume at South East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {35{\textendash}42},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}06.pdf},
	author = {Tsuchida, S and Watanabe, K and Ishibashi, J and Miyake, H and Watabe, H and Yamaguchi, T and Kitajima, T and Nakano, A and Matsumura, M and Watanabe, H and Tsumune, D and Shitashima, K and Okamura, K and Urabe, T and Nakamura, K and Fujimoto, H and Mitsuzawa, K}
}
@article {Dziak2000,
	title = {{Recent tectonics of the Blanco Ridge, eastern blanco transform fault zone}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {423{\textendash}450},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Embley, R W and Nabelek, J L and Braunmiller, J and Koski, R A}
}
@article {Wu2000,
	title = {{Seafloor sedimentary processes on the western slope of Sagami Bay, Central Japan: Deep tow observations}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {43{\textendash}52},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}07.pdf},
	author = {Wu, S and Sakamoto, I and Iwase, R and Kawaguchi, K and Misawa, Y and Wong, H K}
}
@article {Sturm2000,
	title = {{Uranium-series age constraints on lavas from the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, MARK area}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {181},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {61{\textendash}70},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1},
	author = {Sturm, M E and Goldstein, S J and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Murrell, M T}
}
@article {Gregg2000,
	title = {{Using submarine lava pillars to record mid-ocean ridge eruption dynamics}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {178},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {195{\textendash}214},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00085-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00085-6},
	author = {Gregg, T K P and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {Kurras2000,
	title = {{Volcanic morphology of the East Pacific Rise Crest 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-52{\textquoteright}: Implications for volcanic emplacement processes at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {23{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1004792202764},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004792202764},
	author = {Kurras, G J and Fornari, D J and Edwards, M H and Perfit, M R and Smith, M C}
}
@article {Fujiwara1999,
	title = {{Bathymetric and gravity survey of the eastern Nankai Trough}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {357{\textendash}361},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}28.pdf},
	author = {Fujiwara, T and Goto, S and Kobayashi, K}
}
@article {Kennish1999,
	title = {{Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in deep-sea bivalve shells on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: results of an 8- year in-situ experiment}},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {154},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {293{\textendash}299},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00102-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00102-9},
	author = {Kennish, M J and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Yanagibayashi1999,
	title = {{Changes in bacterial community in Japan Trench sediment during cultivation without decompression}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {553{\textendash}560},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}47.pdf},
	author = {Yanagibayashi, M and Kato, C and Li, L and Nogi, Y and Inada, T and Taira, K and Kikuma, T and Suzuki, K and Horikoshi, K}
}
@article {Matsumoto1999,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic communities and surface ruptures discovered on the Kuroshima Knoll south of Yaeyama Islands (NT97-14 Cruise)}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {477{\textendash}491},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}39.pdf},
	author = {Matsumoto, T and Kimura, M and Nishida, S and Nakamura, T and Ono, T}
}
@article {Kinoshita1999,
	title = {{Detailed mapping of a hydrothermal field using navigation and visual data of submersible Shinkai 6500}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {661{\textendash}669},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}57.pdf},
	author = {Kinoshita, M and Ytow, N and Akashi, A and Takekawa, K}
}
@article {Karson1999,
	title = {{Geological investigation of a lineated massif at the Kane Transform Fault: Implications for oceanic core complexes}},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {357},
	number = {1753},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {713{\textendash}740},
	issn = {1364-503X},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.1999.0350},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1999.0350},
	author = {Karson, J A}
}
@article {Fujioka1999a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal activity and long-term monitoring at Southern East Pacific Rise - Preliminary results of the Ridge Flux SEPR{\textquoteright}97 Leg 2 cruise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {21{\textendash}33},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}02.pdf},
	author = {Fujioka, K and Mitsuzawa, K and Kinoshita, M and Ishibashi, J and Joshima, M and Shitashima, K and Maruyama, A and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {Hashimoto1999,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent communities in the PACMANUS site, Manus Basin. Results of the BIOACCESS Cruise {\textquoteright}96 in the Manus Basin}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {91{\textendash}102},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}09.pdf},
	author = {Hashimoto, J and Ota, S and Auzende, J M and Fiala-Medioni, A and Miura, T and Nishimura, K and Malagun, S and Kikuchi, T and Ishibashi, J}
}
@article {Karson1999a,
	title = {{Large-scale Argo II digital images of upper crustal structures at Hess Deep}},
	journal = {RIDGE Events},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {29{\textendash}32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0699.pdf},
	author = {Karson, J A and Hurst, S D and Klein, E M and Party, Hess Deep {\textquoteright}99 Scientific}
}
@article {Mochizuki1999,
	title = {{Long-term ocean bottom earthquake observation in the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {43{\textendash}51},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}04.pdf},
	author = {Mochizuki, M and Kanazawa, T and Nishizawa, A and Kishimoto, K and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Kuramoto1999,
	title = {{Precise gravity measurements for gas hydrate layer}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {371{\textendash}379},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}30.pdf},
	author = {Kuramoto, S and Joshima, M}
}
@article {Hirano1999,
	title = {{Temporal changes of cracks in the oceanward slope of northern Japan Trench off Sanriku: Six-year observation by submersibles}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {445{\textendash}454},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}36.pdf},
	author = {Hirano, S and Ogawa, Y and Yujiro, F and Fujioka, K and Kawamura, K}
}
@article {Matsubayashi1998,
	title = {{Array observation of seabottom temperature at a diffusive hydrothermal area within DESMOS Caldera in Manus Basin}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {117{\textendash}126},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}11.pdf},
	author = {Matsubayashi, O and Nishimura, K and Kinoshita, M and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Toyokawa1998,
	title = {{Cnidarians and ctenophores observed from the manned submersible Shinkai 2000 in the midwater of Sagami Bay, Pacific coast of Japan}},
	journal = {Plankton Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {61{\textendash}74},
	issn = {1343-0874},
	url = {http://www.plankton.jp/PBE/issue/vol45{\_}1/vol45{\_}1{\_}061.html},
	author = {Toyokawa, M and Toda, T and Kikuchi, T and Nishida, S}
}
@article {Gao1998,
	title = {{Computer-aided interpretation of side-looking sonar images from the eastern intersection of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge with the Kane Transform}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B9},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {14,20,921{\textendash}997},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/98JB00165},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JB00165},
	author = {Gao, D and Hurst, S D and Karson, J A and Delaney, J R and Speiss, F N}
}
@article {Lauerman1998,
	title = {{Deep-sea epibenthic echinoderms and a temporally varying food supply: results from a one year time series in the N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {817{\textendash}842},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00004-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00004-6},
	author = {Lauerman, L M L and Kaufmann, R S}
}
@article {Smith1998,
	title = {{Detrital aggregates on the sea floor: chemical composition and aerobic decomposition rates at a time-series station in the abyssal N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {843{\textendash}880},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	author = {Smith, K L and Baldwin, R J and Glatts, R C and Kaufmann, R S and Fisher, E C}
}
@article {Lawrence1998,
	title = {{Dike orientations, fault-block rotations, and the construction of slow spreading oceanic crust at 22 degrees 40{\textquoteright} N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {663{\textendash}676},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB02541},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB02541},
	author = {Lawrence, R M and Karson, J A and Hurst, S D}
}
@article {Kim1998,
	title = {{Distribution and near-bottom transport of larvae and other plankton at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {423{\textendash}440},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00042-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00042-8},
	author = {Kim, S L and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@inbook {Karson1998a,
	title = {{Fault rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 24 degrees N}},
	booktitle = {Fault-Related Rocks: A Photographic Atlas},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {194{\textendash}197},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	organization = {Princeton University Press},
	address = {Princeton, N.J.},
	isbn = {0691012202},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Snoke, A W}
}
@book {Buck1998,
	title = {{Faulting and magmatism at mid-ocean ridges}},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Buck, W R and Delaney, P T and Karson, J A and Lagabrielle, L}
}
@inbook {Curewitz1998,
	title = {{Geological consequences of dike intrusion at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers}},
	booktitle = {Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {106},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {117{\textendash}136},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Curewitz, D and Karson, J A},
	editor = {Buck, W R}
}
@article {Kurras1998,
	title = {{High-resoluion bathymetry of the East Pacific Rise axial summit trough 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-51{\textquoteright}N: a compilation of Alvin scanning sonar and altimetry data from 1991-1995}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {25},
	number = {8},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1209{\textendash}1212},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/98GL00721},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL00721},
	author = {Kurras, G J and Edwards, M H and Fornari, D J}
}
@inbook {Vetriani1998,
	title = {{Improving enzyme thermostability: The Thermococcus litoralis glutamate dehydrogenase model}},
	booktitle = {New developments in marine biotechnology},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {221{\textendash}225},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0306459078},
	author = {Vetriani, C and Maeder, D L and Tolliday, N and Klump, H H and Yip, K S P and Rice, D W and Robb, F T},
	editor = {Le Gal, Y}
}
@inbook {Karson1998,
	title = {{Internal structure of oceanic lithosphere: A perspective from tectonic windows}},
	booktitle = {Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {106},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {177{\textendash}218},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Buck, W R}
}
@article {Fornari1998,
	title = {{Mapping volcanic morphology on the crest of the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-52{\textquoteright}N using the WHOI towed camera system: a versatile new digital camera sled for seafloor mapping}},
	journal = {BRIDGE Newsletter},
	number = {14},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {4{\textendash}12},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Kurras, G and Edwards, M and Spencer, W and Hersey, B}
}
@article {White1998,
	title = {{New observations on the distribution of past and present hydrothermal activity in the TAG area of the mid-Atlantic ridge (26 degrees 08 {\textquoteright} N)}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {41{\textendash}56},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1004376229719},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004376229719},
	author = {White, S N and Humphris, S E and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Ogawa1998,
	title = {{Preservation of biogenic opal-A in earliest Cretaceous radiolarian claystone from the western Pacific}},
	journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Research, Section A: Sedimentary Petrology and Processes},
	volume = {68},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {435{\textendash}439},
	issn = {1073-130X},
	url = {http://jsedres.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/3/435},
	author = {Ogawa, Y and Kawata, T}
}
@inbook {Kawaguchi1998,
	title = {{Submarine cable handling system for deep underwater vehicles}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}98: conference proceedings : 28 September-1 October, 1998, Nice, France, Acropoils Convention Center},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1233{\textendash}1237},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0780350464},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1998.726265},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1998.726265},
	author = {Kawaguchi, K and Momma, H and Iwase, R}
}
@article {Mottl1998,
	title = {{Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0051:WSDOMO>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026{\%}3C0051:WSDOMO{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Wheat, G and Baker, E and Davis, E and Feely, R and Grehan, A and Kadko, D and Lilley, M and Massoth, G and Moyer, C and Sansone, F}
}
@article {Karson1997c,
	title = {{Critical boundaries in earth{\textquoteright}s history - and the K-T boundary}},
	journal = {JOIDES Journal},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1{\textendash}3,10},
	issn = {0734-5615},
	url = {http://odp.pangaea.de/publications/citations/joides{\_}j/joides{\_}j{\_}23{\_}1.pdf{\#}page=14},
	author = {Karson, J A and Cannat, M and Miller, J and Party, O D P Leg 153 Shipboard Scientific}
}
@article {Dril1997,
	title = {{Geochemistry of basalts from the western Woodlark, Lau and Manus basins: implications for their petrogenesis and source rock compositions}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {142},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {57{\textendash}83},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00041-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00041-8},
	author = {Dril, S I and Kuzmin, M I and Tsipukova, S S and Zonenshain, L P}
}
@article {Langmuir1997,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents near a mantle hot spot: The Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {69{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	author = {Langmuir, C and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Van Dover, C L and Von Damm, K L and Tivey, M K and Colodner, D and Charlou, J L and Desonie, D and Wilson, D and Fouquet, Y and Klinkhammer, G and Bougault, H}
}
@article {Wharton1997,
	title = {{Morphology of the eye of the hydrothermal vent shrimp, Alvinocaris markensis}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {77},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1097{\textendash}1108},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315400038650},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400038650},
	author = {Wharton, D N and Jinks, R N and Herzog, E D and Battelle, B A and Kass, L and Renninger, G H and Chamberlain, S C}
}
@article {Kuenzler1997,
	title = {{Retinal anatomy of new breslid shrimp from the Lucky Strike and Broken Spur hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {77},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {707{\textendash}725},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	author = {Kuenzler, R O and Kwasniewski, J T and Jinks, R N and Lakin, R C and Battelle, B A and Herzog, E D and Kass, L and Renninger, G H and Chamberlain, S C}
}
@article {McAdoo1997,
	title = {{Slope basins, headless canyons, and submarine palaeoseismology of the Cascadia accretionary complex}},
	journal = {Basin Research},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {313{\textendash}324},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0950-091X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00049.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00049.x},
	author = {McAdoo, B G and Kayen, R and Orange, D L and Screaton, E J and Lee, H}
}
@article {Curewitz1997,
	title = {{Structural settings of hydrothermal outflow: Fracture permeability maintained by fault propagation and interaction}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {79},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {149{\textendash}168},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00027-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00027-9},
	author = {Curewitz, D and Karson, J A}
}
@inbook {Karson1997a,
	title = {{Tectonic setting of serpentinite exposures on the western median valley wall of the MARK area in the vicinity of Site 920}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {153},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {5{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.001.1997},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.001.1997},
	author = {Karson, J A and Lawrence, R M},
	editor = {Stokking, L}
}
@inbook {Karson1997b,
	title = {{Tectonic synthesis of the MARK Area: Episodic crustal stretching and magmatism on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {153},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {5{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.001.1997},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.001.1997},
	author = {Karson, J A and Cannat, M},
	editor = {Stocking, L}
}
@inbook {Karson1997,
	title = {{Tectonic window into Gabbroic rocks of the middle oceanic crust in the MARK area near sites 921-924}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {153},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {61{\textendash}76},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.005.1997},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.005.1997},
	author = {Karson, J A and Lawrence, R M},
	editor = {Stokking, L}
}
@article {Kobayashi1997,
	title = {{Why is the Palau Trench so deep? Deep-sea trench without plate convergence}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences},
	volume = {73},
	number = {6},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {89{\textendash}94},
	issn = {0386-2208},
	author = {Kobayashi, K and Fujioka, K and Fujiwara, T and Iwabuchi, Y and Kitazato, H}
}
@article {Becker1996a,
	title = {{Conductive heat flow at the TAG active hydrothermal mound: results from the 1993-1995 submersible surveys}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3463{\textendash}3466},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00969},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00969},
	author = {Becker, K and Von Herzen, R and Kirklin, J and Evans, R and Kadko, D and Kinoshita, M and Matsubayashi, O and Mills, R and Schultz, A and Rona, P}
}
@article {Sulanowska1996,
	title = {{Detailed analysis of the surface morphology of the active TAG hydrothermal mound by mosaicking of digital images}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {77},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {768},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Sulanowska, M M and Humphris, S E and Howland, J C and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@inbook {Kleinrock1996,
	title = {{Detailed structure and morphology of the TAG active hydrothermal mound and its geotectonic environment}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Humphris, S E and Shaw, P and Bowen, A and Crook, T and Davis, C S and Elder, R and Gleason, D E and Goff, J and Goldstein, L and Handley, W and Howland, J and Hussenoeder, S and Koga, K and Lerner, S and Nakamura, K and Rashid, M and Reiser Wetzel, L and Sellers, W and Sulanowska, M and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@mastersthesis {Knowles1996,
	title = {{Experiments and numerical simulations of the dynamics of an R.O.V. thruster during maneuvering}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {71},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38180},
	author = {Knowles, J H}
}
@article {VonHerzen1996,
	title = {{Geoelectrical measurements at the TAG hydrothermal mound}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3451{\textendash}3454},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL02077},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL02077},
	author = {Von Herzen, R P and Kirklin, J and Becker, K}
}
@article {Emelyanov1996,
	title = {{Geological bottom structure in the Baltic Shield {\textendash} Baltic syneclise junction area in the northern Baltic Sea}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {36},
	number = {6},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {910{\textendash}918},
	issn = {0030-1574},
	author = {Emel{\textquoteright}yanov, E M and Trimonis, E S and Kharin, G S}
}
@article {Wilson1996,
	title = {{Hydrothermal anomalies in the Lucky Strike segment on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {142},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {467{\textendash}477},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	author = {Wilson, C and Charlou, J L and Ludford, E and Klinkhammer, G and Chin, C and Bougault, H and German, C R and Speer, K and Palmer, M}
}
@article {Batiza1996,
	title = {{New evidence from Alvin for the origin of deep-sea eruptive hyaloclastite on Seamount 6; Cocos Plate, 12 degrees 43{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {77},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {319},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Batiza, R and Becker, N and Bercovici, D and Coleman, T and Gorman, T and Head, J W and Holloway, L and Karsten, J and Kelly, A and Keszthelyi, L P and Maicher, D and Mueller, W and Muller, J and Norby, L and Paduan, J and Parker, G and Prockter, L and Stakes, D and White, J}
}
@article {McAdoo1996,
	title = {{Seafloor structural observations, Costa Rica accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {883{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00731},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00731},
	author = {McAdoo, B G and Orange, D L and Silver, E A and McIntosh, K and Abbott, L and Galewsky, J and Kahn, L and Protti, M}
}
@article {Kahn1996,
	title = {{Surficial evidence of fluid expulsion from the Costa Rica accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {887{\textendash}890},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00732},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00732},
	author = {Kahn, L M and Silver, E A and Orange, D and Kochevar, R and McAdoo, B}
}
@inbook {Nelson1995a,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbiotic bacteria at deep-sea vents and seeps}},
	booktitle = {Microbiology of Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {125{\textendash}167},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	address = {Boca Raton, Fla.},
	isbn = {0-8493-8860-0},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Karl, D M}
}
@inbook {Hessler1995,
	title = {{The Deep-sea hydrothermal vent community: An overview}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {72{\textendash}84},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Hessler, R R and Kaharl, V A},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {VonDamm1995,
	title = {{Evolution of East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent fluids following a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {375},
	number = {6526},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {47{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/375047a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375047a0},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Oosting, S E and Kozlowski, R and Buttermore, L G and Colodner, D C and Edmonds, H N and Edmond, J M and Grebmeier, J M}
}
@article {Mullineaux1995,
	title = {{Identification of Archaeogastropod larvae from a hydrothermal vent community}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {124},
	number = {4},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {551{\textendash}560},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00351036},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351036},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Kim, S and Pooley, A and Lutz, R}
}
@article {Kinoshita1995,
	title = {{Long-term heat flow measurement on the TAG hydrothermal mound in Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {11},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {137{\textendash}147},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/11{\_}13.pdf},
	author = {Kinoshita, M and Matsubayashi, O and Fujioka, K}
}
@inbook {Kadko1995,
	title = {{The Magnitude and global implications of hydrothermal flux}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {446{\textendash}466},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Kadko, D and Baross, J and Alt, J},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Karson1995,
	title = {{Mechanical extension of the median valley floor along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the MARK area}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {76},
	number = {Fall Meeting Supplement},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {582},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Karson, J A}
}
@book {Friesen1995,
	title = {{Mineralogy and chemistry of hydrothermal chimneys from the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {56},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	author = {Friesen, W B and Koski, R A}
}
@article {Wishner1995,
	title = {{Pelagic and benthic ecology of the lower interface of the Eastern Tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {93{\textendash}115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	author = {Wishner, K F and Ashjian, C J and Gelfman, C and Gowing, M M and Kann, L and Levin, L A and Mullineaux, L S and Saltzman, J}
}
@article {Rona1994,
	title = {{Alvin zone of the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26 N, 45 W}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {44 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {706},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Rona, P A and Petersen, S and Hannington, M D and Herzig, P M and Tivey, M A and Kleinrock, M and Humphris, S E and Thompson, G and Lalou, C}
}
@article {Kaartvedt1994,
	title = {{Amphipods on a deep-sea hydrothermal treadmill}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {179{\textendash}195},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90032-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90032-9},
	author = {Kaartvedt, S and Van Dover, C L and Mullineaux, L S and Wiebe, P H and Bollens, S}
}
@article {Lutz1994a,
	title = {{Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in hydrothermal vent fields of the Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {52},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {969{\textendash}982},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/0022240943076894},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/0022240943076894},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Kennish, M J and Pooley, A S and Fritz, L W}
}
@inbook {Koski1994,
	title = {{Composition and growth history of hydrothermal deposits in Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {293{\textendash}324.},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Koski, R A and Benninger, L M and Zierenberg, R A and Jonasson, I R},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@book {Smith1994,
	title = {{Descriptive and chemical data for hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate silica chimneys from the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {21},
	publisher = {US Geological Survey},
	organization = {US Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr9415},
	author = {Smith, V K and Koski, R A}
}
@inbook {Zierenberg1994,
	title = {{Geologic setting of massive sulfide mineralization in the Escanaba Trough}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {171{\textendash}197},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Zierenberg, R A and Morton, J L and Koski, R A and Ross, S L and Holmes, M L},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Koski1994a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate-silica deposits at the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Compositions, growth mechanisms, and implications for fluid flow}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4813{\textendash}4832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02871},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02871},
	author = {Koski, R A and Jonasson, I R and Wong, F L and Smith, V K and Kadko, D C}
}
@article {Linke1994,
	title = {{In situ measurement of fluid flow from cold seeps at active continental margins}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {721{\textendash}739},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90051-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90051-5},
	author = {Linke, P and Suess, E and Torres, M and Martens, V and Rugh, W D and Ziebis, W and Kulm, L D}
}
@article {Auzende1994,
	title = {{Observation of sections of oceanic crust and mantle cropping out on the southern wall of the Kane FZ (N. Atlantic)}},
	journal = {Terra Nova},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {143{\textendash}148},
	issn = {0954-4879},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Henriet, J P and Juteau, T and Karson, J A and Lagabrielle, Y and M{\'e}vel, C and Tivey, M}
}
@article {Hurst1994,
	title = {{Paleomagnetism of tilted dikes in fast spread oceanic crust exposed in the Hess Deep Rift: implications for spreading and rift propagation}},
	journal = {Tectonics},
	volume = {13},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {789{\textendash}802},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0278-7407},
	doi = {10.1029/94TC00845},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94TC00845},
	author = {Hurst, S D and Karson, J A and Verosub, K L}
}
@article {Kunzig1993,
	title = {{Between home and the abyss}},
	journal = {Discover},
	volume = {14},
	number = {12},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {66{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0274-7529},
	url = {http://discovermagazine.com/1993/dec/betweenhomeandth318},
	author = {Kunzig, R}
}
@article {Colodner1993,
	title = {{Chemistry of Lucky Strike fluids: Initial results}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {99},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Colodner, D J and Lin, J and VonDamm, K and Buttermore, L G and Kozlowski, R and Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Wilson, C}
}
@article {Hurst1993,
	title = {{Crack Structure of Seafloor Outcrops Based on Analysis of Digital Images: A New Approach to the Study of the Structure and Acoustic Properties of the Uppermost Oceanic Crust}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {16 (Spring Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {306},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Hurst, S D and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Wetzel1993,
	title = {{Evidence from earthquakes for bookshelf faulting at large non-transform ridge offsets}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {362},
	number = {6416},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {235{\textendash}237},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/362235a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362235a0},
	author = {Wetzel, L R and Wiens, D A and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Zierenberg1993,
	title = {{Genesis of massive sulfide deposits on a sediment-covered spreading center, Escanaba Trough 41N, Gorda Ridge}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2069{\textendash}2098},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2069},
	author = {Zierenberg, R A and Koski, R A and Morton, J L and Bouse, R M and Shanks, W C}
}
@article {Kochevar1993,
	title = {{Identification and characterization of two carbonic anhydrases from the hydrothermal vent tube-worm Riftia pachyptila Jones}},
	journal = {Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {10{\textendash}19},
	issn = {1053-6426},
	author = {Kochevar, R E and Govind, N S and Childress, J J}
}
@inbook {Wirsen1993a,
	title = {{Microbial degradation of a starch-based biopolymer in the marine environment}},
	booktitle = {Fundamentals of Biodegradable Materials and Packaging},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {297{\textendash}310},
	publisher = {Technomic Publishing},
	organization = {Technomic Publishing},
	address = {Lancaster, Penn.},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Kaplan, D}
}
@inbook {Rosenblum1993,
	title = {{Undersea visualization: a tool for scientific and engineering progress}},
	booktitle = {Animation and Scientific Visualization: Tools {\&} Applications},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {205{\textendash}223},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {London},
	isbn = {0-12-227745-7},
	author = {Rosenblum, L J and Stewart, W K and Kamgar-Parsi, B},
	editor = {Earnshaw, R A}
}
@article {Gillis1993,
	title = {{A view of the lower crustal component of hydrothermal systems at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {19,519{\textendash}597,619},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB01717},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB01717},
	author = {Gillis, K M and Thonpson, G and Kelley, D S}
}
@inbook {Karson1992,
	title = {{Along-Axis Variations in Tectonic Extension and Accommodation Zones in the MARK Area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 23N Latitude}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites and Their Modern Oceanic Analogues},
	series = {Special Publication},
	number = {60},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {107{\textendash}116},
	publisher = {Geological Society},
	organization = {Geological Society},
	address = {London},
	isbn = {0-903317-69-9},
	author = {Karson, J A and Winters, A T},
	editor = {Parson, L M}
}
@article {Hey1992,
	title = {{Alvin investigation of an active propagating rift system, Galapagos 95.5 degrees west}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {207{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01270630},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01270630},
	author = {Hey, R N and Sinton, J M and Kleinrock, M C and Yonover, R N and Macdonald, K C and Miller, S P and Searle, R C and Christie, D M and Atwater, T M and Sleep, N H and Johnson, H P and Neal, C A}
}
@article {VanDover1992,
	title = {{Deep-sea amphipod swarms}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {358},
	number = {6381},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {25{\textendash}26},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/358025a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358025a0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Kaartvedt, S and Bollens, S M and Wiebe, P H and Martin, J W and France, S C}
}
@article {Haymon1992,
	title = {{Dramatic short-term changes observed during March {\textquoteright}92 to April {\textquoteright}91 eruption site on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 45-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Lutz, R and Perfit, M and Macdonald, K and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Shanks, W C and Nelson, D and Edwards, M and Kappus, M and Colodner, D and Wright, D and Scherier, D and Black, M and Edmonds, H and Olson, E and Geiselman, T}
}
@article {Mutter1992,
	title = {{Mechanical extension of oceanic lithosphere at slow-spreading ridges: Primary influence on morphology and segmentation}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {14 (Spring Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {286},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Mutter, J C and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Kochevar1992,
	title = {{The methane mussel: roles of symbiont and host in the metabolic utilization of methane}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {112},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {389{\textendash}401},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00356284},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00356284},
	author = {Kochevar, R and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Minnich, E}
}
@article {Kleinrock1992,
	title = {{Practical geological comparison of some seafloor survey instruments}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {19},
	number = {13},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1407{\textendash}1410},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/92GL01390},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92GL01390},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Hey, R N and Theberge, A E}
}
@article {Karson1992b,
	title = {{Segment boundaries in oceanic and contintental rifts: geometry and kinematics of transfer zones}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {14 (Spring Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {286},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Karson, J A}
}
@inbook {VonDamm1992a,
	title = {{Short term variability, phase separation and water-rock reaction in hydrothermal fluids from 9-10N, East Pacific Rise}},
	booktitle = {Water-rock Interaction: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction: WRI-7, Park City, Utah, USA, 13-18 July 1992},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1679{\textendash}1680},
	publisher = {A.A. Balkema},
	organization = {A.A. Balkema},
	address = {Rotterdam; Brookfield, Vt.},
	isbn = {90-54100-75-3},
	author = {Von Damm, K L},
	editor = {Kharaka, Y K}
}
@article {Mutter1992a,
	title = {{Structural processes at slow-spreading ridges}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {257},
	number = {5070},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {627{\textendash}634},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.257.5070.627},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5070.627},
	author = {Mutter, J C and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Karson1992a,
	title = {{Tectonic rotations of dikes in fast-spread oceanic crust exposed near Hess Deep}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {8},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {685{\textendash}688},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0685:TRODIF>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020{\%}3C0685:TRODIF{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Karson, J A and Hurst, S D and Lonsdale, P}
}
@inbook {Karson1991,
	title = {{Accommodation zones and transfer faults: Integral components of Mid-Atlantic Ridge extensional systems}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolite genesis and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere: Proceedings of the Ophiolite Conference: held in Muscat, 7-18 January 1990},
	series = {Petrology and structural geology},
	number = {5},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {21{\textendash}37},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	address = {Boston},
	isbn = {0-7923-1176-0},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Peters, Tj}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1991,
	title = {{Design methods of improving robot manipulator performance}},
	booktitle = {Advances in Design Automation, 1991},
	series = {DE (American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Design Engineering Division)},
	volume = {2},
	number = {32},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {545{\textendash}550},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-79180-748-4},
	author = {Ulrich, N T and Kumar, V},
	editor = {Gabriele, G A}
}
@article {Mevel1991,
	title = {{Emplacement of deep crustal and mantle rocks on the west median valley wall of the MARK area (MAR, 23 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {31{\textendash}53},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	author = {M{\'e}vel, C and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Marion, E and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Gente1991,
	title = {{An example of a recent accretion on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Snake Pit neovolcanic ridge (MARK Area, 23 degrees 22{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1{\textendash}29},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	author = {Gente, P and M{\'e}vel, C and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A and Fouquet, Y}
}
@mastersthesis {Kinzler1991,
	title = {{Experimental constraints on the generation and evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalts}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {258},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kinzler, R J}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1991b,
	title = {{Mechanical design methods of improving manipulator performance}},
	booktitle = {Robots in Unstructured Environments: Fith International Conference on Advanced Robotics: {\textquoteright}91 ICAR, June 19-22, 1991, Pisa, Italy},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {515{\textendash}520},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-7803-0078-5},
	doi = {10.1109/ICAR.1991.240601},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICAR.1991.240601},
	author = {Ulrich, N T and Kumar, V}
}
@article {Kurr1991,
	title = {{Methanopyrus kandleri, gen. and sp. nov. represents a novel group of hyperthermophilic methanogens growing at 110C}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {156},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {239{\textendash}247},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00262992},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262992},
	author = {Kurr, M and Huber, R and Konig, H and Jannasch, H W and Fricke, H and Trincone, A and Kristiansson, J K and Stetter, K O}
}
@book {Kornicker1991,
	title = {{Myodocopid Ostracoda of hydrothermal vents in the Eastern Pacific Ocean}},
	series = {Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology},
	volume = {516},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {48 p.},
	publisher = {Smithsonian Institution Press},
	organization = {Smithsonian Institution Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Kornicker, L S}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1991c,
	title = {{Passive mechanical gravity compensation for robot manipulators}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings: 1991 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, April 9-11, 1991, Sacramento, Calif.},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1536{\textendash}1541},
	publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
	organization = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
	address = {Los Alamitos, Calif.},
	isbn = {0-8186-2163-X},
	doi = {10.1109/ROBOT.1991.131834},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.1991.131834},
	author = {Ulrich, N and Kumar, V}
}
@article {Goff1991,
	title = {{Quantitative comparisons of bathymetric survey systems}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {18},
	number = {7},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1243{\textendash}1256},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/91GL01558},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91GL01558},
	author = {Goff, J A and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Kim1991,
	title = {{Radial growth rates and 210-Pb ages of hydrothermal massive sulfides from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {299{\textendash}314},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(91)90211-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90211-Y},
	author = {Kim, H K and McMurty, G M}
}
@book {Fornari1991,
	title = {{Siqueiros - Alvin Diving Cruise, Atlantis-II 125-25 : May 2 to June 2, 1991, Acapulco, Mexico to San Diego}},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {s.n.},
	organization = {s.n.},
	address = {s.l.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Casey, J and Kastens, K and Edwards, M}
}
@article {Taylor1991,
	title = {{Structural development of Sumisu Rift, Izu Bonin Arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {96},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {16,113{\textendash}116,129},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/91JB01900},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91JB01900},
	author = {Taylor, B and Klaus, A and Brown, G R and Moore, G F and Okamura, Y and Murakami, F}
}
@article {Childress1991,
	title = {{Sulfide-driven autotrophic balance in the bacterial symbiont-containing hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Jones}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {180},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {135{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/180/1/135},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Favuzzi, J A and Kochevar, R and Sanders, N K and Alayse, A M}
}
@article {Karson1991a,
	title = {{Tectonics of slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {34},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {51{\textendash}59},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Karson, J A}
}
@article {Phipps1991,
	title = {{Transform zone migration: implications of bookshelf faulting for oceanic and Icelandic propagating rifts}},
	journal = {Tectonics},
	volume = {10},
	number = {5},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {920{\textendash}935},
	issn = {0278-7407},
	author = {Phipps, M J and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Urabe1990,
	title = {{Barite-silica chimneys from the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin arc: possible analog to hematitic chert associatied with Kuroko depostis}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {283{\textendash}290},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90191-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90191-Y},
	author = {Urabe, T and Kusakabe, M}
}
@article {Karson1990b,
	title = {{Block-tilting, transfer faults, and structural control of magmatic and hydrothermal processes in the TAG area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {102},
	number = {12},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1635{\textendash}1645},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1635:BTTFAS>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102{\%}3C1635:BTTFAS{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Karson, J A and Rona, P A}
}
@inbook {Morton1990,
	title = {{Distribution and composition of massive sulfide deposits at Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Gorda Ridge: A seafloor spreading center in the United States{\textquoteright} Exclusive Economic Zone: Proceedings of the Gorda Ridge symposium, May 11-13, 1987, Portland, Oregon},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {77{\textendash}92},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0387970347},
	author = {Morton, J L and Koski, R A and Normark, W R and Ross, S L},
	editor = {McMurray, G R}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1990,
	title = {{Grasping with mechanical intelligence}},
	booktitle = {RoManSy 8: Proceedings of the Eight[h] CISM-IFToMM Symposium on Theory and Practice of Robots and Manipulators},
	year = {1990},
	publisher = {Warsaw University of Technology Pubs.},
	organization = {Warsaw University of Technology Pubs.},
	address = {Warsaw, Poland},
	author = {Ulrich, N T and Kumar, V and Paul, R and Bajcsy, R},
	editor = {Morecki, A}
}
@article {Kvenvolden1990,
	title = {{Hydrocarbon geochemistry of hydrothermally generated petroleum from Escanaba trough, offshore California U.S.A}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {83{\textendash}91},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90039-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90039-8},
	author = {Kvenvolden, K A and Rapp, J B and Hostettler, F D}
}
@article {Moore1990,
	title = {{Interrelationship of fluid venting and structural evolution. Alvin observations from the frontal accretionary prism, Oregon}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {8795{\textendash}8808},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/89JB02837},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/89JB02837},
	author = {Moore, J C and Orange, D and Kulm, L V D}
}
@article {Peter1990,
	title = {{Liquid hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions in modern hydrothermal chimmeys and mounds from the southern trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {51{\textendash}63},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90035-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90035-4},
	author = {Peter, J M and Simoneit, B R T and Kawka, O E and Scott, S D}
}
@article {Sanford1990,
	title = {{Modern sedimentary processes in the Wilmington Canyon area, U.S. east coast}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {92},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {205{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90004-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90004-4},
	author = {Sanford, M W and Kuehl, S A and Nittrouer, C A}
}
@inbook {Hurst1990,
	title = {{Nodal basins at slow spreading ridge-transform intersections: A comparison to the central portion of the Troodos ophiolite}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites: Oceanic Crustal Analogues: Proceedings of the Symposium "Troodos 87"},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {125{\textendash}130},
	publisher = {Geological Survey Dept., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources},
	organization = {Geological Survey Dept., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources},
	address = {Nicosia, Cyprus},
	isbn = {9-9631750-0-7},
	author = {Hurst, S D and Karson, J A and Moores, E M},
	editor = {Malpas, J}
}
@article {Orem1990,
	title = {{Organic matter in hydrothermal metal ores and hydrothermal fluids}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {125{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90043-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90043-5},
	author = {Orem, W H and Spiker, E C and Kotra, R K}
}
@article {Kawka1990,
	title = {{Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in hydrothermal petroleums from the Guaymas Basin spreading center}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {17{\textendash}27},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90032-Z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90032-Z},
	author = {Kawka, O E and Simoneit, B R T}
}
@article {Kulm1990,
	title = {{Relationship between carbonate deposits and fluid venting: Oregon accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {8899{\textendash}8915},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB06p08899},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB06p08899},
	author = {Kulm, L V D and Suess, E}
}
@inbook {Karson1990,
	title = {{Seafloor spreading on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Implications for the structure of ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere produced in slow-spreading environment}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites: Oceanic Crustal Analogues: Proceedings of the Symposium "Troodos 87"},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {547{\textendash}555},
	publisher = {Geological Survey Dept., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources},
	organization = {Geological Survey Dept., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources},
	address = {Nicosia, Cyprus},
	isbn = {9-9631750-0-7},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Malpas, J}
}
@article {Karsten1990,
	title = {{Spatial and temporal evolution of magmatic systems beneath the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Tectonic and petrologic constraints}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {19,219{\textendash}235,256},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB12p19235},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19235},
	author = {Karsten, J L and Delaney, J R and Rhodes, J M and Liias, R A}
}
@inbook {Karson1990a,
	title = {{Tectonic disruption of volcanic units of the oceanic crust}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of a Workshop on the Physical Properties of Volcanic Seafloor: April 24-26, 1990},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {138{\textendash}142},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Purdy, G M}
}
@article {Hochstaedter1990a,
	title = {{Volcanism in the Sumisu Rift I: Major element, volatile and stable isotope geochemistry}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {179{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	author = {Hochstaedter, A G and Gill, J B and Kusakabe, M and Newman, S and Pringle, M and Taylor, B and Fryer, P}
}
@book {Kaharl1990,
	title = {{Waterbaby: The story of Alvin}},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {400},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York, NY},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-19-506191-8},
	author = {Kaharl, V A}
}
@article {Barany1989,
	title = {{Basaltic breccias of the Clipperton fracture zone (East Pacific): Sedimentation and tectonics in a fast-slipping oceanic transform}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {101},
	number = {2},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {204{\textendash}220},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0204:BBOTCF>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101{\%}3C0204:BBOTCF{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Barany, I and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Segall1989,
	title = {{Clay-size minerals as indicators of modern sedimentary processes in submarine canyons: Application to the Wilmington canyon system}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {90},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {175{\textendash}192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(89)90040-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(89)90040-6},
	author = {Segall, M P and Kuehl, S A and Gipson, M}
}
@article {Kleinrock1989b,
	title = {{Detailed tectonics near the tip of the Galapagos 95.5 degrees W propagator: How the lithosphere tears and a spreading axis develops}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {94},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {13,801{\textendash}813,838},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB094iB10p13801},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB10p13801},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Hey, R N}
}
@article {Kleinrock1989,
	title = {{Migrating transform zone and lithospheric transfer at the Galapagos 95.5 degrees W propagator}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {94},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {13,813{\textendash}859,878},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB094iB10p13859},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB10p13859},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Hey, R N}
}
@article {Huber1989,
	title = {{A novel group of abyssal methanogenic archaebacteria (Methanopyrus) growing at 110 degrees C}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {342},
	number = {6251},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {833{\textendash}834},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/342833a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/342833a0},
	author = {Huber, R and Kurr, M and Jannasch, H W and Stetter, K O}
}
@article {Kleinrock1989a,
	title = {{Tectonics of the failing spreading system associated with the 95.5 degrees W Galapagos propagator}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {94},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {13,813{\textendash}839,857},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB094iB10p13839},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB10p13839},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Searle, R C and Hey, R N}
}
@article {Campbell1988,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {335},
	number = {6190},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {514{\textendash}519},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/335514a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335514a0},
	author = {Campbell, A C and Palmer, M R and Klinkhammer, G P and Bowers, T S and Edmond, J M and Lawrence, J R and Casey, J F and Thompson, G and Humphris, S E and Rona, P A and Karson, J A}
}
@mastersthesis {Kleinrock1988,
	title = {{Detailed structural studies of the propagator system near 95.5 degrees W along the Galapagos spreading axis}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {322},
	school = {University of California, San Diego},
	type = {phd},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Karson1988,
	title = {{Geologic setting of the Snake Pit Hydrothermal Site: An active vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {91{\textendash}107},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02424662},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02424662},
	author = {Karson, J A and Brown, J R}
}
@article {Graham1988,
	title = {{He, Pb, Sr and Nd isotope constraints on magma genesis and mantle heterogeneity beneath young Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {99},
	number = {4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {446{\textendash}463},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00371936},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371936},
	author = {Graham, D W and Zindler, A and Kurz, M D and Jenkins, W J and Batiza, R and Staudigel, H}
}
@article {Karl1988,
	title = {{A microbiological study of Guaymas Basin high temperature hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {777{\textendash}791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	author = {Karl, D M and Taylor, G T and Novitsky, J A and Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Pace, N R and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Fisher1988a,
	title = {{Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at Rose Garden}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1769{\textendash}1791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Felbeck, H and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Kennedy1988,
	title = {{Noble gases in vent water from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {7},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1929{\textendash}1935},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90016-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90016-6},
	author = {Kennedy, B M}
}
@article {LeHuray1988,
	title = {{Pb isotope ratios in sulfides from mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal sites}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {16},
	number = {4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {362{\textendash}365},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0362:PIISFM>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016{\%}3C0362:PIISFM{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {LeHuray, A P and Church, S E and Koski, R A and Bouse, R M}
}
@article {Kadko1988,
	title = {{Radiochemical constraints on the crustal residence time of submarine hydrothermal fluids: Endeavour Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {659{\textendash}668},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90328-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90328-6},
	author = {Kadko, D and Moore, W}
}
@article {Hessler1988a,
	title = {{Temporal change in megafauna at the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent (Galapagos Rift; eastern tropical Pacific)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1681{\textendash}1710},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90044-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90044-1},
	author = {Hessler, R R and Smithey, W M and Boudrias, M A and Keller, C H and Lutz, R A and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Fisher1988,
	title = {{Variation in the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica, at Rose Garden vent on the Galapagos Spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1811{\textendash}1832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Dugan, J A and Felbeck, H and Fritz, L W and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Lutz, R A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Brown1988,
	title = {{Variations in axial processes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: the median valley of the MARK area}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {109{\textendash}138},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02424663},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02424663},
	author = {Brown, J R and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Karson1987,
	title = {{Along-axis variations in seafloor spreading in the MARK area}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {328},
	number = {6132},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {681{\textendash}685},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/328681a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/328681a0},
	author = {Karson, J A and Thompson, G and Humphris, S E and Edmond, J M and Bryan, W B and Brown, J R and Winters, A T and Pockalny, R A and Casey, J F and Campbell, A C and Klinkhammer, G and Palmer, M R and Kinzler, R J and Sulanowska, M M}
}
@book {Kovacs1987,
	title = {{A day underwater}},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {32},
	publisher = {Scholastic},
	organization = {Scholastic},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-590-40746-5},
	author = {Kovacs, D}
}
@article {Brooks1987,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrocarbon seep communities: Evidence for energy and nutritional carbon sources}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {238},
	number = {4830},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1138{\textendash}1142.},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.238.4830.1138},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4830.1138},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Kennicutt, M C and Fisher, C R and Macko, S A and Cole, K and Childress, J J and Bidigare, R R and Vetter, R D}
}
@book {Holcomb1987,
	title = {{Dive report: Alvin dive No. 1461, September 28, 1984 (JD 272) plume site, southern Juan de Fuca Rift}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {101},
	publisher = {U. S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U. S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Holcomb, R T and Kappel, E S and Ross, S L}
}
@article {Karson1987a,
	title = {{Evidence for variations in magma production along spreading centers: a critical appraisal}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {2},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {127{\textendash}131},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<127:EFVIMP>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15{\%}3C127:EFVIMP{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Karson, J A and Elthon, D L}
}
@inbook {Karson1987b,
	title = {{Factors controlling the orientation of dykes in ophiolites and oceanic crust}},
	booktitle = {Mafic dyke swarms: A collection of papers based on the proceedings of an international conference held at Erindale College, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 4 to 7, 1985},
	series = {Geological Association of Canada special paper},
	number = {34},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {229{\textendash}241},
	publisher = {Geological Association of Canada},
	organization = {Geological Association of Canada},
	address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, Nfld., Canada},
	isbn = {0919216331},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Halls, H C}
}
@article {Graham1987,
	title = {{Helium isotopic disequilibrium geochronlogy of glassy submarine basalts}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {326},
	number = {6103},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {384{\textendash}386},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/326384a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326384a0},
	author = {Graham, D W and Jenkins, W J and Kurz, M D and Batiza, R}
}
@inbook {Allan1987,
	title = {{Petrology and chemistry of lavas from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise axis, 21 degrees N: implications concerning the mantle source composition for both seamount and adjacent EPR lavas}},
	booktitle = {Seamounts, islands, and atolls},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {43},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {255{\textendash}282},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-87590-068-2},
	author = {Allan, J F and Batiza, R and Lonsdale, P},
	editor = {Keating, B H}
}
@article {Kawka1987,
	title = {{Survey of hydrothermally-generated petroleums from the Guaymas Basin spreading center}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {311{\textendash}328},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/0146-6380(87)90042-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(87)90042-8},
	author = {Kawka, O E and Simoneit, B R T}
}
@article {Morton1987,
	title = {{Volcanism and massive sulfide formation at a sedimented spreading center, Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {769{\textendash}772},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/GL014i007p00769},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL014i007p00769},
	author = {Morton, J L and Holmes, M L and Koski, R A}
}
@article {Karson1986,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Mid-Cayman spreading centre; seismic velocity measurements and implications for the constitution of layer 3}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {85},
	number = {2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {389{\textendash}411},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04520.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04520.x},
	author = {Karson, J A and Fox, P J}
}
@article {Kulm1986,
	title = {{Oregon subduction zone: venting, fauna, and carbonates}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {231},
	number = {4738},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {561{\textendash}566},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.231.4738.561},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4738.561},
	author = {Kulm, L D and Suess, E and Moore, J C and Carson, B and Lewis, B T and Ritger, S D and Kadko, D C and Thornburg, T M and Embley, R W and Rugh, W D and Massoth, G J and Langseth, M G and Cochrane, G R and Scamman, R L}
}
@article {Hey1986,
	title = {{Sea Beam/deep-tow investigation of an active oceanic propagating rift system, Galapagos 95.5 degrees W}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {91},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {3369{\textendash}3393},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB091iB03p03369},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB03p03369},
	author = {Hey, R N and Kleinrock, M C and Miller, S P and Atwater, T M and Searle, R C}
}
@article {Group1986,
	title = {{Submarine fissure eruptions and hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge; preliminary observations from the submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {823{\textendash}827},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<823:SFEAHV>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C823:SFEAHV{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Group, U S Geological Survey Juan de Fuca Study and Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Bischoff, J L and Brett, R and Holcomb, R T and Kappel, E S and Koski, R A and Ross, S L and Shanks, W C and Slack, J F and Von Damm, K L and Zierenberg, R A}
}
@inbook {Karson1985,
	title = {{8 large-format geological map compilations of near-bottom observations at various points on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Mid-Atlantic Ridge Between 22 [degrees] and 38 [degrees] N},
	series = {Regional atlas series / Ocean Margin Drilling Program},
	number = {Atlas 11},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {27{\textendash}32},
	publisher = {Marine Science International},
	organization = {Marine Science International},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	isbn = {0867202610},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Rabinowitz, P D}
}
@inbook {Suess1985,
	title = {{Biological communities at vent sites along the subduction zone off Oregon}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1985},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Suess, E and Carson, B and Ritger, S D and Moore, J C and Jones, M L and Kulm, L D and Cochrane, G R},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@inbook {Karl1985,
	title = {{Effects of temperature on the growth and viability of hydrothermal vent microbial communities}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {345{\textendash}353},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Karl, D M}
}
@article {Kadko1985,
	title = {{An estimate of hydrothermal fluid residence times and vent chimney growth rates based on 210-Pb/Pb ratios and mineralogic studies of sulfides dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {76},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3},
	author = {Kadko, D and Koski, R A and Tatsumoto, M and Bouse, R M}
}
@article {Fox1985,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The transform domain}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {329{\textendash}358},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316773},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316773},
	author = {Fox, P J and Moody, R H and Karson, J A and Bonatti, E and Kidd, W S F and Crane, K and Gallo, D G and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@book {Kennedy1985,
	title = {{Observations from DSRV Alvin of Quaternary faulting on the southern California continental margin}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr8539},
	author = {Kennedy, M P and Clarke, S H and Greene, H G and Lonsdale, P F}
}
@article {Hekinian1985,
	title = {{Offset spreading centers near 12 degrees 53 N on East Pacific Rise: Submersible observations and composition of the volcanics}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {359{\textendash}377},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316774},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316774},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Auzende, J M and Francheteau, J and Gente, P and Ryan, W B F and Kappel, E S}
}
@inbook {Krafft1985,
	title = {{Preliminary results of an Alvin dive program on active hydrothermal vents at the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge.}},
	booktitle = {USGS Research on Mineral Resources{\textendash}1985: Program and Abstracts: V.E. McKelvey Forum on Mineral and Energy Resources},
	series = {USGS Circular},
	number = {949},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {54{\textendash}55},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/cir/cir949},
	author = {Krafft, K}
}
@article {Goud1985,
	title = {{Tectonics of short-offset, slow-slipping transform zones in the FAMOUS area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {489{\textendash}514},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368952},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368952},
	author = {Goud, M R and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Team1984,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The ridge-transform intersection}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {109{\textendash}141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285956},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285956},
	author = {Team, OTTER - Oceanographer Tectonic Research and Karson, J A and Fox, P J and Sloan, H and Crane, K T and Kidd, W S F and Bonatti, E and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Gallo, D G and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Rona1984,
	title = {{Hydrothermal activity at the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest at 26 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {89},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}365,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	author = {Rona, P A and Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Karson, J A and Jenkins, W J and Graham, D and Mallette, M and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M}
}
@inbook {Normark1984,
	title = {{The Juan de Fuca Ridge metallogenesis program}},
	booktitle = {Highlights in Marine Research: U.S. Geological Survey},
	series = {USGS Circular},
	volume = {938},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {49{\textendash}56},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/cir/cir938},
	author = {Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Koski, R A},
	editor = {Clarke, S H}
}
@article {Koski1984,
	title = {{Mineralogy and chemistry of massive sulfide deposits from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {95},
	number = {8},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {930{\textendash}945},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<930:MACOMS>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95{\%}3C930:MACOMS{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Koski, R A and Clague, D A and Oudin, E}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1984a,
	title = {{Recent progress in the microbiology of hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, 7-12 August 1983},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {170{\textendash}176},
	publisher = {American Society for Microbiology},
	organization = {American Society for Microbiology},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0914826603},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C},
	editor = {Klug, M J}
}
@article {Team1984a,
	title = {{Tectonics at the intersection of the East Pacific Rise with Tamayo Transform fault}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {159{\textendash}185},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285958},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285958},
	author = {Team, Tamayo Tectonic and Gallo, D G and Kidd, W S F and Fox, P J and Karson, J A and Macdonald, K and Crane, K T and Choukroune, P and Seguret, M and Moody, R and Kastens, K}
}
@article {Karl1984,
	title = {{Themophilic microbial activity in samples from deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Biology Letters},
	volume = {5},
	number = {4},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {227{\textendash}231},
	issn = {0165-859X},
	author = {Karl, D M and Burns, D and Orrett, K and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Colombo1983,
	title = {{Analysis and evaluation of a radioactive waste package retrieved from the Atlantic Ocean}},
	booktitle = {Radioactive Wastes and the Ocean},
	series = {Wastes in the Ocean},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {237{\textendash}268},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471097705},
	author = {Colombo, P and Neilson, R H and Kendig, M W},
	editor = {Park, P K}
}
@article {Robb1983,
	title = {{Furrowed outcrops of Eocene chalk on the lower continental slope offshore New Jersey}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {182{\textendash}186},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<182:FOOECO>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11{\%}3C182:FOOECO{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Robb, J M and Kirby, J R and Hampson, J C and Gibson, P R and Hecker, B}
}
@article {Karson1983,
	title = {{Tectonics of ridge-transform intersections at the Kane fracture zone}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {51{\textendash}98},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00300398},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300398},
	author = {Karson, J A and Dick, H J B}
}
@book {Kazerooni1982,
	title = {{Computer simulation and control of underwater vehicles}},
	series = {MITSG},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {150},
	publisher = {Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	organization = {Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	author = {Kazerooni, H and Sheridan, T B}
}
@article {Mullins1982,
	title = {{Geology of Great Abaco submarine canyon (Blake Plateau): observations from the research submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {239{\textendash}257},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(82)90099-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(82)90099-8},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Keller, G H and Kofoed, J W and Lambert, D N and Stubblefield, W L and Warme, J E}
}
@inbook {Uchupi1982,
	title = {{Mesozoic-Cenozoic regressions and the development of margin off northeastern North America}},
	booktitle = {Ocean Floor: Bruce Heezen Commemorative Volume},
	volume = {1 (text)},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {81{\textendash}95},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471100919},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Ellis, J P and Austin, J A and Keller, G H and Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Scrutton, R A}
}
@article {Killingley1980,
	title = {{18O/16O variations in deep-sea carbonate shells from the Rise hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {287},
	number = {5779},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {218{\textendash}221},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/287218a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/287218a0},
	author = {Killingley, J S and Berger, W H and Macdonald, K C and Newman, W A}
}
@article {Karl1980,
	title = {{Deep-sea primary production at the Galapagos hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4437},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1345{\textendash}1347},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	author = {Karl, D M and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Spiess1980,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4438},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1421{\textendash}1433},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	author = {Spiess, F N and Macdonald, K C and Atwater, T and Ballard, R D and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Cox, C and Diaz Garcia, V M and Francheteau, J and Guerrero, J and Hawkins, J and Haymon, R and Hessler, R and Juteau, T and Kastner, M and Larson, R and Luyendyk, B and Macdougall, J D and Miller, S and Normark, W and Orcutt, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Schouten1980,
	title = {{Geometry of transform zones}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {288},
	number = {5790},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {470{\textendash}473},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/288470a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/288470a0},
	author = {Schouten, H and Karson, J A and Dick, H J B}
}
@article {Lupton1980,
	title = {{Helium-3 and manganese at the 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal site}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {115{\textendash}127},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(80)90123-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90123-5},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Klinkhammer, G P and Normark, W R and Haymon, R and Macdonald, K C and Weiss, R F and Craig, H}
}
@inbook {Koons1979,
	title = {{C15+ hydrocarbons in the sediments of the New York Bight}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings: 1979 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 19-22, 1979, Los Angeles, California},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {625{\textendash}628},
	publisher = {American Petroleum Institute},
	organization = {American Petroleum Institute},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Koons, C B and Thomas, J P}
}
@article {Grassle1979,
	title = {{Galapagos {\textquoteright}79: Initial findings of a deep-sea biological quest}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Berg, C J and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Jannasch, H W and Karl, D M and Lutz, R A and Mickel, T J and Rhoads, D C and Sanders, H L and Smith, K L and Somero, G N and Turner, R D and Tuttle, J H and Walsh, P J and Williams, A J}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979e,
	title = {{The Galapagos rift}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia Science Supplement 1979},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {134{\textendash}139},
	publisher = {Grolier, Inc},
	organization = {Grolier, Inc},
	address = {Danbury, Conn.},
	author = {Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Kondo, H}
}
@inbook {Keller1979,
	title = {{Geotechnical properties of continental slope deposits: Cape Hatteras to Hydrographer Canyon}},
	booktitle = {Geology of Continental Slopes},
	series = {Special publication - Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	number = {27},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {131{\textendash}151},
	publisher = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	organization = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	author = {Keller, G H and Lambert, D N and Bennett, R H},
	editor = {Doyle, L J}
}
@inbook {Smith1979,
	title = {{Measures of diversity with unbiased estimates}},
	booktitle = {Ecological Diversity in Theory and Practice},
	series = {Statistical Ecology Series},
	number = {6},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {177{\textendash}191},
	publisher = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
	organization = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
	address = {Fairland, Md.},
	isbn = {0899740030},
	author = {Smith, W and Grassle, J F and Kravitz, D},
	editor = {Grassle, J F}
}
@inbook {Keller1978,
	title = {{Currents and sedimentary processes in submarine canyons off the northeast United States}},
	booktitle = {Sedimentation in Submarine Canyons, Fans, and Trenches},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {15{\textendash}31},
	publisher = {Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross},
	organization = {Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross},
	address = {Stroudsburg, Penn.},
	isbn = {0879333138},
	author = {Keller, G H and Shepard, F P},
	editor = {Stanley, D J}
}
@article {Neumann1977,
	title = {{Lithotherms in the Straits of Florida}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {4{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<4:LITSOF>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5{\%}3C4:LITSOF{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Neumann, A C and Kofoed, J W and Keller, G H}
}
@article {Nozaki1977,
	title = {{Radiocarbon and 210Pb distribution in submersible-taken deep-sea cores from Project FAMOUS}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {167{\textendash}173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(77)90001-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90001-2},
	author = {Nozaki, Y and Cochran, J K and Turekian, K K and Keller, G}
}
@inbook {Keller1977,
	title = {{The submersible- a unique tool for marine geology}},
	booktitle = {Submersibles and Their Use in Oceanography and Ocean Engineering},
	series = {Elsevier Oceanography Series},
	number = {17},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {213{\textendash}234},
	publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0444415459},
	author = {Keller, G H},
	editor = {Geyer, R A}
}
@book {Rowe1974,
	title = {{Time-lapse photography of the biological reworking of sediments in Hudson Submarine Canyon}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-79},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {552},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Keller, G and Edgerton, H E and Staresinic, N and MacIlvaine, J C}
}
@article {Keller1973,
	title = {{Bottom currents in the Hudson Canyon}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {180},
	number = {4082},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {181{\textendash}183},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.180.4082.181},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4082.181},
	author = {Keller, G H and Lambert, D and Rowe, G and Staresinic, N}
}
@inbook {Barber1973,
	title = {{The oceans as ultimate sinks for wastewaters and wastewater residuals}},
	booktitle = {Ultimate Disposal of Wastewaters and Their Residuals: Proceedings of a National Symposium, April 26 and 27, 1973},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {199{\textendash}213},
	publisher = {Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina},
	organization = {Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina},
	address = {Raleigh, N.C.},
	author = {Barber, R T and Kirby-Smith, W},
	editor = {McJunkin, F E}
}
@book {Palermo1973,
	title = {{Titanium sphere for Alvin/Autec pressure design considerations}},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Palermo, P M and Kiernan, T J and Sharp, A G and Ferrara, W}
}
@book {Kiernan1970,
	title = {{Proposed test and evaluation program for Project TITANES}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1970},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC)},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC)},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kiernan, T J}
}
@book {Kenny1969,
	title = {{A modeling system for the dynamics of an underwater launch and recovery of a deep submersible}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {65},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kenny, J N}
}
@book {Kiernan1964,
	title = {{Predictions of the collapse strength of three HY-100 steel spherical hulls fabricated for the oceanographic research vehicle Alvin}},
	series = {DTMB-},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {41},
	publisher = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	organization = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kiernan, T J}
}
