@article {Waters2013,
	title = {{Sill to surface: Linking young off-axis volcanism with subsurface melt at the overlapping spreading center at 9{\textdegree}03'N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {369{\textendash}370},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {59{\textendash}70},
	abstract = {No young, off-axis, mid-ocean ridge lavas have yet been directly linked to underlying off-axis melt bodies. In this study, we present new measurements of 238U{\textendash}230Th{\textendash}226Ra{\textendash}210Pb isotope compositions for a suite of lavas from the overlapping spreading center (OSC) at 9{\textdegree}03'N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR). These lavas span a large range of compositions, from basalt to dacite, and include both axial and off-axis samples recovered from a prominent, axis-parallel pillow ridge and a flat-topped seamount that overlie the westernmost extent of a 4-km-wide melt lens (Kent et al., 2000). We report 210Pb excesses in axial basalts and basaltic andesites, which we suggest results from gas-magma fractionation of 222Rn from 226Ra beneath dacite magmas. In addition, our U-series ages agree with visual observations, indicating that while most recent volcanic activity occurs at the spreading axis, active volcanism also occurs away from the axis. Specifically, the off-axis pillow ridge and seamount samples overlying the off-axis subsurface melt body have eruption ages of less than 8~ka, and likely as young as 1~ka, despite being located on crust that has a spreading age of {\~{}}75~ka. The young ages of these lavas, combined with existing geological, geochemical and geophysical constraints, provide evidence for a genetic link between the pillow ridge and seamount lavas and the seismically imaged, underlying off-axis melt lens. This link demonstrates that off-axis volcanism does not necessarily come from a sub-axial magma body and can be sourced directly from off-axis magma bodies.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.03.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13001209},
	author = {Waters, C L and Sims, K W W and Klein, E M and White, S M and Reagan, M K and Girard, G}
}
@article {Wanless2011,
	title = {{Volatile abundances and oxygen isotopes in basaltic to dacitic lavas on mid-ocean ridges: The role of assimilation at spreading centers}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {287},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {54{\textendash}65},
	abstract = {Most geochemical variability in MOR basalts is consistent with low- to moderate-pressure fractional crystallization of various mantle-derived parental melts. However, our geochemical data from MOR high-silica glasses, including new volatile and oxygen isotope data, suggest that assimilation of altered crustal material plays a significant role in the petrogenesis of dacites and may be important in the formation of basaltic lavas at MOR in general. MOR high-silica andesites and dacites from diverse areas show remarkably similar major element trends, incompatible trace element enrichments, and isotopic signatures suggesting similar processes control their chemistry. In particular, very high Cl and elevated H2O concentrations and relatively light oxygen isotope ratios ({\~{}}~5.8{\textperthousand} vs. expected values of {\~{}}~6.8{\textperthousand}) in fresh dacite glasses can be explained by contamination of magmas from a component of ocean crust altered by hydrothermal fluids. Crystallization of silicate phases and Fe-oxides causes an increase in $δ$18O in residual magma, but assimilation of material initially altered at high temperatures results in lower $δ$18O values. The observed geochemical signatures can be explained by extreme fractional crystallization of a MOR basalt parent combined with partial melting and assimilation (AFC) of amphibole-bearing altered oceanic crust. The MOR dacitic lavas do not appear to be simply the extrusive equivalent of oceanic plagiogranites. The combination of partial melting and assimilation produces a distinct geochemical signature that includes higher incompatible trace element abundances and distinct trace element ratios relative to those observed in plagiogranites.},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Wallace, P J and Grimes, C B and Klein, E M}
}
@article {White2009a,
	title = {{Significance of widespread low effusion rate eruptions over the past two million years for delivery of magma to the overlapping spreading centers at 9 degrees N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {280},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {175{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	author = {White, S M and Mason, J L and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R and Wanless, V D and Klein, E M}
}
@article {Perk2007,
	title = {{Petrology and geochemistry of primitive lower oceanic crust from Pito Deep: Implications for the accretion of the lower crust at the Southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {154},
	number = {5},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {575{\textendash}590},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-007-0210-z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-007-0210-z},
	author = {Perk, N W and Coogan, L A and Karson, J A and Klein, E M and Hanna, H D}
}
@article {Stewart2005,
	title = {{Four-dimensional upper crustal construction at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges: A perspective from an upper crustal cross-section at the Hess Deep Rift}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {144},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {287{\textendash}309},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.026},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.026},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Karson, J A and Klein, E M}
}
@article {Karson2005,
	title = {{Nested-scale investigation of tectonic windows into super-fast spread crust exposed at the Pito Deep Rift}},
	journal = {InterRidge Newsletter},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {5{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.interridge.org/files/interridge/IR{\_}news{\_}14.pdf},
	author = {Karson, J A and Francheteau, J and Gee, J S and Gillis, K M and Hayman, N W and Hekinian, R and Hey, R N and Hurst, S D and Klein, E M and Naar, D P and Varga, R J and Party, Pito Deep 2005 Scientific}
}
@article {Pollock2005,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variability in the composition of lavas exposed along the Western Blanco Transform Fault}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {Q11009},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001026},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001026},
	author = {Pollock, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Stewart2003,
	title = {{Geochemical relationships between dikes and lavas at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for magma eruptibility}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Art. no. 2184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB001622},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001622},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Brophy, J G}
}
@article {Stewart2002,
	title = {{Geochemistry of dikes and lavas from the north wall of the Hess Deep Rift: Insights into the four-dimensional character of crustal construction at fast spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Art. no. 2238},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000545},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000545},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Karson2002,
	title = {{Structure of uppermost fast-spread oceanic crust exposed at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for subaxial processes at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1002},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GC000155},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000155},
	author = {Karson, J A and Klein, E M and Hurst, S D and Lee, C E and Rivizzigno, P A}
}
@article {Meurer2001,
	title = {{Basalt compositions from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at the SMARK area (22 degrees 30{\textquoteright}N to 22 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N) - implications for parental liquid variability at isotopically homogeneous spreading centers}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {186},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {451{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00260-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00260-6},
	author = {Meurer, W P and Sturm, M E and Klein, E M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Sturm2000,
	title = {{Uranium-series age constraints on lavas from the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, MARK area}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {181},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {61{\textendash}70},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1},
	author = {Sturm, M E and Goldstein, S J and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Murrell, M T}
}
@article {Karson1999a,
	title = {{Large-scale Argo II digital images of upper crustal structures at Hess Deep}},
	journal = {RIDGE Events},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {29{\textendash}32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0699.pdf},
	author = {Karson, J A and Hurst, S D and Klein, E M and Party, Hess Deep {\textquoteright}99 Scientific}
}
