@article {RN2529,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, and preservation at the Cathedral Hill deep sea hydrothermal vent, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its implications regarding the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {163},
	year = {2022},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	author = {Bentley, J. N. and Ventura, G. T. and Dalzell, C. J. and Walters, C. C. and Peters, C. A. and Mennito, A. S. and Nelson, R. K. and Reddy, C. M. and Seewald, J. S. and Sievert, S. M.}
}
@article {RN2487,
	title = {Abyssal deposit feeders are secondary consumers of detritus and rely on nutrition derived from microbial communities in their guts},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-91927-4},
	author = {Romero-Romero, S. and Miller, E. C. and Black, J. A. and Popp, B. N. and Drazen, J. C.}
}
@article {RN2520,
	title = {Activities of 223Ra and 226Ra in fluids from the Lost City Hydrothermal Field require short fluid residence times},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021jc017886},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142711737},
	author = {Moore, W. S. and Frankle, J. D. and Benitez-Nelson, C. R. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L. and Lang, S. Q.}
}
@article {RN2527,
	title = {Activities of Ra-223 and Ra-226 in Fluids From the Lost City Hydrothermal Field Require Short Fluid Residence Times},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans},
	volume = {126},
	number = {12},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2021JC017886},
	author = {Moore, W. S. and Frankle, J. D. and Benitez-Nelson, C. R. and Frueh-Green, G. L. and Lang, S. Q.}
}
@article {RN2497,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, preservation at Cathedral Hill, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its link to the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {104302},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140741982},
	author = {Bentley, Jeremy N. and Ventura, G. Todd and Dalzell, Connor J. and Walters, Clifford C. and Peters, Carl A. and Mennito, Anthony S. and Nelson, Robert K. and Reddy, Christopher M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Sievert, Stefan M.}
}
@article {RN2446,
	title = {Bacterial symbiont subpopulations have different roles in a deep-sea symbiosis},
	journal = {eLife},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e58371},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.7554/elife.58371},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1134365242 https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.58371},
	author = {Hinzke, Tjorven and Kleiner, Manuel and Meister, Mareike and Schl{\"u}ter, Rabea and Hentschker, Christian and Pan{\'e}-Farr{\'e}, Jan and Hildebrandt, Petra and Felbeck, Horst and Sievert, Stefan M. and Bonn, Florian and V{\"o}lker, Uwe and Becher, D{\"o}rte and Schweder, Thomas and Markert, Stephanie}
}
@article {RN2486,
	title = {Carbonate-hosted microbial communities are prolific and pervasive methane oxidizers at geologically diverse marine methane seep sites},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {25},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2006857118},
	author = {Marlow, J. J. and Hoer, D. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Reynard, L. M. and Gartman, A. and Chavez, M. S. and El-Naggar, M. Y. and Tuross, N. and Orphan, V. J. and Girguis, P. R.}
}
@article {RN2466,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone{\textemdash}{\textquotedblleft}chemotone{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136778362},
	author = {Ashford, Oliver S. and Guan, Shuzhe and Capone, Dante and Rigney, Katherine and Rowley, Katelynn and Orphan, Victoria and Mullin, Sean W. and Dawson, Kat S. and Cortes, Jorge and Rouse, Greg W. and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2477,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone-"chemotone"-in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	author = {Ashford, O. S. and Guan, S. Z. and Capone, D. and Rigney, K. and Rowley, K. and Orphan, V. and Mullin, S. W. and Dawson, K. S. and Cortes, J. and Rouse, G. W. and Mendoza, G. F. and Lee, R. W. and Cordes, E. E. and Levin, L. A.}
}
@article {RN2470,
	title = {Coherent pathways for subduction from the surface mixed layer at ocean fronts},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2020jc017042},
	author = {Freilich, M. and Mahadevan, A.}
}
@article {RN2513,
	title = {Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson, 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a world- wide distribution},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {5051},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {443-486},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18},
	author = {Mathiske, A. and Thistle, D. and Gheerardyn, H. and Veit-Kohler, G.}
}
@article {RN2523,
	title = {Differential patterns of connectivity in Western Pacific hydrothermal vent metapopulations: A comparison of biophysical and genetic models},
	journal = {Evolutionary Applications},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1111/eva.13326},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143048765 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.13326},
	author = {Breusing, Corinna and Johnson, Shannon B. and Mitarai, Satoshi and Beinart, Roxanne A. and Tunnicliffe, Verena}
}
@article {RN2463,
	title = {Distribution of Methane Plumes on Cascadia Margin and Implications for the Landward Limit of Methane Hydrate Stability},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {531714},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2021.531714},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136622263 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.531714/pdf},
	author = {Merle, Susan G. and Embley, Robert W. and Johnson, H. Paul and Lau, T. K. and Phrampus, Benjamin J. and Raineault, Nicole A. and Gee, Lindsay J.}
}
@article {RN2505,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141690217 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, Ol{\'\i}via S. and Gonzalez, Jennifer and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Le, Jennifer and Coscino, Connor L. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cortes, Jorge and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2507,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141690217 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, Ol{\'\i}via S. and Gonzalez, Jennifer and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Le, Jennifer and Coscino, Connor L. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cortes, Jorge and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2517,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-8925},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, O. S. and Gonzalez, J. and Mendoza, G. F. and Le, J. and Coscino, C. L. and Lee, R. W. and Cortes, J. and Cordes, E. E. and Levin, L. A.}
}
@article {RN2500,
	title = {Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0256321},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256321},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140963870 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0256321\&type=printable},
	author = {Ram{\'\i}rez, Gustavo A. and Mara, Paraskevi and Sehein, Taylor and Wegener, Gunter and Chambers, Christopher R. and Joye, Samantha B. and Peterson, Richard N. and Philippe, Aur{\'e}lie and Burgaud, Ga{\"e}tan and Edgcomb, Virginia P. and Teske, Andreas P.}
}
@article {RN2488,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, S. Q. and Lilley, M. D. and Baumberger, T. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L. and Walker, S. L. and Brazelton, W. J. and Kelley, D. S. and Elend, M. and Butterfield, D. A. and Mau, A. J.}
}
@article {RN2489,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, Susan Q. and Lilley, Marvin D. and Baumberger, Tamara and Frueh-Green, Gretchen L. and Walker, Sharon L. and Brazelton, William J. and Kelley, Deborah S. and Elend, Mitchell and Butterfield, David A. and Mau, Aaron J.}
}
@article {RN2483,
	title = {Functional traits provide new insight into recovery and succession at deep-sea hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Ecology},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e03418},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ecy.3418},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138424678},
	author = {Dykman, Lauren N. and Beaulieu, Stace E. and Mills, Susan W. and Solow, Andrew R. and Mullineaux, Lauren S.}
}
@article {RN2485,
	title = {Functional traits provide new insight into recovery and succession at deep-sea hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Ecology},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	doi = {10.1002/ecy.3418},
	author = {Dykman, Lauren N. and Beaulieu, Stace E. and Mills, Susan W. and Solow, Andrew R. and Mullineaux, Lauren S.}
}
@article {RN2498,
	title = {Genomic Variation Influences Methanothermococcus Fitness in Marine Hydrothermal Systems},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {714920},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.714920},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140546480 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.714920/pdf},
	author = {Hoffert, Michael and Anderson, Rika E. and Reveillaud, Julie and Murphy, Leslie G. and Stepanauskas, Ramunas and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {RN2496,
	title = {Interactions between temperature and energy supply drive microbial communities in hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Communications Biology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1006},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s42003-021-02507-1},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140634439 https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02507-1.pdf},
	author = {Lagostina, Lorenzo and Frandsen, S{\o}s and MacGregor, Barbara J. and Glombitza, Clemens and Deng, Longhui and Fiskal, Annika and Li, Jiaqi and Doll, Mechthild and Geilert, Sonja and Schmidt, Mark and Scholz, Florian and Bernasconi, Stefano Michele and J{\o}rgensen, Bo Barker and Hensen, Christian and Teske, Andreas and Lever, Mark Alexander}
}
@article {RN2451,
	title = {Microbial Communities Under Distinct Thermal and Geochemical Regimes in Axial and Off-Axis Sediments of Guaymas Basin},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {633649},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.633649},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135332514 https://fjfsdata01prod.blob.core.windows.net/articles/files/633649/pubmed-zip/.versions/1/.package-entries/fmicb-12-633649/fmicb-12-633649.pdf?sv=2018-03-28\&sr=b\&sig=WKLBqhvZrkcj2oO6X4DtspOriwBM},
	author = {Teske, Andreas and Wegener, Gunter and Chanton, Jeffrey P. and White, Dylan and MacGregor, Barbara and Hoer, Daniel and de Beer, Dirk and Zhuang, Guangchao and Saxton, Matthew A. and Joye, Samantha B. and Lizarralde, Daniel and Soule, S. Adam and Ruff, S. Emil}
}
@article {RN2528,
	title = {Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-11},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-021-00537-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144475498},
	author = {Bledsoe-Becerra, Yessenia M. and Whittaker, Iesha S. and Horowitz, Jeremy and Naranjo, Katherine Medina and Johnson-Rosemond, Jicayla and Mullins, Kristen H. and Cunningham, Karena M. and Shetty, Suchir and Messinides, Samuel N. and Behney, Melinda S. and Fehsal, Jessica A. and Watson, Ashley N. and McKnight, Kaitlyn E. and Nasiadka, Teresa W. and Popa, Horia and Pettay, D. Tye and Appiah-Madson, Hannah J. and Distel, Daniel L. and Brugler, Mercer R.}
}
@article {RN2491,
	title = {Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning proxies strengthen when approaching chemosynthetic deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
	volume = {288},
	number = {1957},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {20210950},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2021.0950},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140465965},
	author = {Ashford, Oliver S. and Guan, Shuzhe and Capone, Dante and Rigney, Katherine and Rowley, Katelynn and Cordes, Erik E. and Cortes, Jorge and Rouse, Greg W. and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Sweetman, Andrew K. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2493,
	title = {Rhyolitic and basaltic reference materials for TC/EA analysis: Investigation of water extraction and D/H ratios},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {583},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {120486},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120486},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140446859},
	author = {Bindeman, I. N. and Hudak, M. R. and Palandri, J. P. and Qi, H. and Milovsky, R. and Hervig, R. L. and Perfit, M. R.}
}
@article {RN2452,
	title = {The role of habitat heterogeneity and canyon processes in structuring sediment macrofaunal communities associated with hard substrate habitats in Norfolk Canyon, USA},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {103495},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103495},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135331344},
	author = {Bourque, Jill R. and Demopoulos, Amanda W. J. and Robertson, Craig M. and Mienis, Furu}
}
@article {RN2514,
	title = {Sink or float: microtextural controls on the fate of pumice deposition during the 2012 submarine Havre eruption},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {11},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {80},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s00445-021-01497-6},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142277800},
	author = {Mitchell, Samuel J. and Fauria, Kristen E. and Houghton, Bruce F. and Carey, Rebecca J.}
}
@article {RN2501,
	title = {Three-dimensional magnetic stripes require slow cooling in fast-spread lower ocean crust},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {597},
	number = {7877},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {511-515},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03831-6},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141298634},
	author = {Maher, Sarah M. and Gee, Jeffrey S. and Cheadle, Michael J. and John, Barbara E.}
}
@article {RN2502,
	title = {Variability of Natural Methane Bubble Release at Southern Hydrate Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021gc009894},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141266962},
	author = {Marcon, Yann and Kelley, Deborah and Thornton, Blair and Manalang, Dana and Bohrmann, Gerhard}
}
@article {RN2435,
	title = {Abiotic redox reactions in hydrothermal mixing zones: Decreased energy availability for the subsurface biosphere},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {202003108},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2003108117},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130064349},
	author = {McDermott, Jill M. and Sylva, Sean P. and Ono, Shuhei and German, Christopher R. and Seewald, Jeffrey S.}
}
@article {RN2441,
	title = {Aerobic and anaerobic iron oxidizers together drive denitrification and carbon cycling at marine iron-rich hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00849-y},
	author = {McAllister, S. M. and Vandzura, R. and Keffer, J. L. and Polson, S. W. and Chan, C. R. S.}
}
@article {RN2403,
	title = {Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {649-656},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6},
	author = {Ponnudurai, R. and Heiden, S. E. and Sayavedra, L. and Hinzke, T. and Kleiner, M. and Hentschker, C. and Felbeck, H. and Sievert, S. M. and Schluter, R. and Becher, D. and Schweder, T. and Markert, S.}
}
@article {RN2445,
	title = {Complex subsurface hydrothermal fluid mixing at a submarine arc volcano supports distinct and highly diverse microbial communities},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {117},
	number = {51},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {32627-32638},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2019021117},
	author = {Reysenbach, A. L. and St John, E. and Meneghin, J. and Flores, G. E. and Podar, M. and Dombrowski, N. and Spang, A. and L{\textquoteright}Haridon, S. and Humphris, S. E. and de Ronde, C. E. J. and Tontini, F. C. and Tivey, M. and Stucker, V. K. and Stewart, L. C. and Diehl, A. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2440,
	title = {Experimentally-validated correlation analysis reveals new anaerobic methane oxidation partnerships with consortium-level heterogeneity in diazotrophy},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00757-1},
	author = {Metcalfe, K. S. and Murali, R. and Mullin, S. W. and Connon, S. A. and Orphan, V. J.}
}
@article {RN2425,
	title = {Hydrocarbon migration pathway and methane budget for a Gulf of Mexico natural seep site: Green Canyon 600},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {545},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {116411},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116411},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128798049},
	author = {Johansen, C. and Macelloni, L. and Natter, M. and Silva, M. and Woosley, M. and Woolsey, A. and Diercks, A. R. and Hill, J. and Viso, R. and Marty, E. and Lobodin, V. V. and Shedd, W. and Joye, S. B. and MacDonald, I. R.}
}
@article {RN2421,
	title = {Magnetic Structure of Fast-Spread Oceanic Crust at Pito Deep},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {21},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GC008671},
	author = {Maher, S. M. and Gee, J. S. and Doran, A. K. and Cheadle, M. J. and John, B. E.}
}
@article {RN2432,
	title = {A Scientific Basis for Designation of the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {566},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.00566},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129133486 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00566/pdf},
	author = {Auster, Peter J. and Hodge, Brooke C. and McKee, Michael P. and Kraus, Scott D.}
}
@article {RN2418,
	title = {Selection Is a Significant Driver of Gene Gain and Loss in the Pangenome of the Bacterial Genus Sulfurovum in Geographically Distinct Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents},
	journal = {Msystems},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2379-5077},
	doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00673-19},
	author = {Moulana, A. and Anderson, R. E. and Fortunato, C. S. and Huber, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2431,
	title = {Spanning the depths or depth-restricted: Three new species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) and a new record for the hydrothermal vent Bathymodiolus thermophilus at methane seeps along the Costa Rica margin},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {103322},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103322},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129382612},
	author = {McCowin, Marina F. and Feehery, Caitlin and Rouse, Greg W.}
}
@article {RN2402,
	title = {Trace element proxies of seafloor hydrothermal fluids based on secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of black smoker chimney linings},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {269},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {346-375},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2019.09.038},
	author = {Evans, G. N. and Tivey, M. K. and Monteleone, B. and Shimizu, N. and Seewald, J. S. and Rouxel, O. J.}
}
@article {RN2427,
	title = {Volcaniclastic Dispersal During Submarine Lava Effusion: The 2012 Eruption of Havre Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {237},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2020.00237},
	author = {Murch, Arran P. and White, James D. L. and Barreyre, Thibaut and Carey, Rebecca J. and Mundana, Rhiannon and Ikegami, Fumihiko}
}
@article {RN2386,
	title = {Carbon cycling in low temperature hydrothermal systems: The Dorado Outcrop},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {264},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1-12},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2019.08.010},
	author = {McManus, J. and Wheat, C. G. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2381,
	title = {Carbon fixation and energy metabolisms of a subseafloor olivine biofilm},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1737-1749},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0385-0},
	author = {Smith, A. R. and Kieft, B. and Mueller, R. and Fisk, M. R. and Mason, O. U. and Popa, R. and Colwell, F. S.}
}
@article {RN2389,
	title = {Characteristics and Evolution of sill-driven off-axis hydrothermalism in Guaymas Basin - the Ringvent site},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {9},
	number = {ARTN 13847},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50200-5},
	author = {Teske, A. and McKay, L. J. and Ravelo, A. C. and Aiello, I. and Mortera, C. and Nunez-Useche, F. and Canet, C. and Chanton, J. P. and Brunner, B. and Hensen, C. and Ramirez, G. A. and Sibert, R. J. and Turner, T. and White, D. and Chambers, C. R. and Buckley, A. and Joye, S. B. and Soule, S. A. and Lizarralde, D.}
}
@article {RN2369,
	title = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent metagenome-assembled genomes provide insight into the phylum Nanoarchaeota},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {262-270},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12740},
	author = {St John, E. and Flores, G. E. and Meneghin, J. and Reysenbach, A. L.}
}
@article {RN2384,
	title = {Evidence for Low-Temperature Diffuse Venting at North Pond, Western Flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2572-2584},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC008113},
	author = {Villinger, H. W. and Muller, P. and Bach, W. and Becker, K. and Orcutt, B. N. and Kaul, N. and Wheat, C. G.}
}
@article {RN2395,
	title = {Fine Scale Assemblage Structure of Benthic Invertebrate Megafauna on the North Pacific Seamount Mokumanamana},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00715},
	author = {Morgan, N. B. and Goode, S. and Roark, E. B. and Baco, A. R.}
}
@article {RN2363,
	title = {First records of Geodia demosponges from the New England seamounts, an opportunity to test the use of DNA mini-barcodes on museum specimens},
	journal = {Marine Biodiversity},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {163-174},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1867-1616},
	doi = {10.1007/s12526-017-0775-3},
	author = {Cardenas, P. and Moore, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2371,
	title = {Generation and Utilization of Volatile Fatty Acids and Alcohols in Hydrothermally Altered Sediments in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {46},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2637-2646},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL081284},
	author = {Zhuang, G. C. and Montgomery, A. and Samarkin, V. A. and Song, M. and Liu, J. R. and Schubotz, F. and Teske, A. and Hinrichs, K. U. and Joye, S. B.}
}
@article {RN2364,
	title = {Geology and Fluid Discharge at Dorado Outcrop, a Low Temperature Ridge-Flank Hydrothermal System},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {487-504},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007933},
	author = {Wheat, C. G. and Hartwell, A. M. and McManus, J. and Fisher, A. T. and Orcutt, B. N. and Schlicht, L. E. M. and Niedenzu, S. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2405,
	title = {Host-Microbe Interactions in the Chemosynthetic Riftia pachyptila Symbiosis},
	journal = {Mbio},
	volume = {10},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.02243-19},
	author = {Hinzke, T. and Kleiner, M. and Breusing, C. and Felbeck, H. and Hasler, R. and Sievert, S. M. and Schluter, R. and Rosenstiel, P. and Reusch, T. B. H. and Schweder, T. and Markert, S.}
}
@article {RN2400,
	title = {Illuminating microbial species-specific effects on organic matter remineralization in marine sediments},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14871},
	author = {Mahmoudi, N. and Enke, T. N. and Beaupre, S. R. and Teske, A. P. and Cordero, O. X. and Pearson, A.}
}
@article {RN2359,
	title = {In situ development of a methanotrophic microbiome in deep-sea sediments},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {197-213},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/541396-018-0263-1},
	author = {Ruff, S. E. and Felden, J. and Gruber-Vodicka, H. R. and Marcon, Y. and Knittel, K. and Ramette, A. and Boetius, A.}
}
@article {RN2365,
	title = {New constraints on mantle carbon from Mid-Atlantic Ridge popping rocks},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {511},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {67-75},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.019},
	author = {Jones, M. R. and Wanless, V. D. and Soule, S. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Fornari, D. J. and Curtice, J. and Klein, F. and Le Roux, V. and Brodsky, H. and Peron, S. and Schwartz, D. M.}
}
@article {RN2382,
	title = {Noble gas systematics in new popping rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (14 degrees N): Evidence for small-scale upper mantle heterogeneities},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {519},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {70-82},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.037},
	author = {Peron, S. and Moreira, M. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Curtice, J. and Blusztajn, J. S. and Putlitz, B. and Wanless, V. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Mittelstaedt, E.}
}
@article {RN2387,
	title = {Observation of a high abundance aggregation of the deep-sea urchin Chaetodiadema pallidum A. Agassiz and HL Clark, 1907 on the Northwestern Hawaiian Island Mokumanamana},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2019.06.013},
	author = {Morgan, N. B. and Baco, A. R.}
}
@article {RN2385,
	title = {Recent Eruptions Between 2012 and 2018 Discovered at West Mata Submarine Volcano (NE Lau Basin, SW Pacific) and Characterized by New Ship, AUV, and ROV Data},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00495},
	author = {Chadwick, W. W. and Rubin, K. H. and Merle, S. G. and Bobbitt, A. M. and Kwasnitschka, T. and Embley, R. W.}
}
@article {RN2377,
	title = {Structure of Lo{\textquoteright}ihi Seamount, Hawai{\textquoteright}i and Lava Flow Morphology From High-Resolution Mapping},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2296-6463},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2019.00058},
	author = {Clague, D. A. and Paduan, J. B. and Caress, D. W. and Moyer, C. L. and Glazer, B. T. and Yoerger, D. R.}
}
@article {RN2383,
	title = {Submarine giant pumice: a window into the shallow conduit dynamics of a recent silicic eruption},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {81},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/s00445-019-1298-5},
	author = {Mitchell, S. J. and Houghton, B. F. and Carey, R. J. and Manga, M. and Fauria, K. E. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Conway, C. E. and Wei, Z. H. and Giachetti, T.}
}
@article {RN2394,
	title = {Variation in the structure of the deep-sea fish assemblages on Necker Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {152},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2019.103086},
	author = {Mejia-Mercado, B. E. and Mundy, B. and Baco, A. R.}
}
@article {2494,
	title = {Biodiversity and trophic ecology of hydrothermal vent fauna associated with tubeworm assemblages on the Juan de Fuca Ridge},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {2629 - 2647},
	issn = {1726-4170},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-15-2629-2018},
	author = {Lelievre, Yann and Sarrazin, Jozee and Marticorena, Julien and Schaal, Gauthier and Day, Thomas and Legendre, Pierre and Hourdez, Stephane and Matabos, Marjolaine}
}
@article {2493,
	title = {Characterization of benthic biogeochemistry and ecology at three methane seep sites on the Northern US Atlantic margin},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {41 - 56},
	isbn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.03.001},
	author = {McVeigh, D. and Skarke, A. and Dekas, A. E. and Borrelli, C. and Hong, W. -L and Marlow, J. J. and Pasulka, A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Barco, R. A. and Djurhuus, A.}
}
@article {2492,
	title = {Clumped isotopologue constraints on the origin of methane at seafloor hot springs},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {223},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {141 - 158},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2017.11.030},
	author = {Wang, David T. and Reeves, Eoghan P. and McDermott, Jill M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Ono, Shuhei}
}
@article {2491,
	title = {Comparison of microbiomes of cold-water corals Primnoa pacifica and Primnoa resedaeformis, with possible link between microbiome composition and host genotype},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {12383 - 12383},
	abstract = {Cold-water corals provide critical habitats for a multitude of marine species, but are understudied relative to tropical corals. Primnoa pacifica is a cold-water coral prevalent throughout Alaskan waters, while another species in the genus, Primnoa resedaeformis, is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. This study examined the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene after amplifying and pyrosequencing bacterial DNA from samples of these species. Key differences between the two species{\textquoteright} microbiomes included a robust presence of bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiales order in most of the P. pacifica samples, whereas no more than 2\% of any microbial community from P. resedaeformis comprised these bacteria. Microbiomes of P. resedaeformis exhibited higher diversity than those of P. pacifica, and the two species largely clustered separately in a principal coordinate analysis. Comparison of P. resedaeformis microbiomes from samples collected in two submarine canyons revealed a significant difference between locations. This finding mirrored significant genetic differences among the P. resedaeformis from the two canyons based upon population genetic analysis of microsatellite loci. This study presents the first report of microbiomes associated with these two coral species.},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-30901-z},
	author = {Goldsmith, Dawn B. and Kellogg, Christina A. and Morrison, Cheryl L. and Gray, Michael A. and Stone, Robert P. and Waller, Rhian G. and Brooke, Sandra D. and Ross, Steve W.}
}
@article {RN2353,
	title = {Cool, alkaline serpentinite formation fluid regime with scarce microbial habitability and possible abiotic synthesis beneath the South Chamorro Seamount},
	journal = {Progress in Earth and Planetary Science},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {74},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2197-4284},
	doi = {10.1186/s40645-018-0232-3},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-018-0232-3},
	author = {Kawagucci, Shinsuke and Miyazaki, Junichi and Morono, Yuki and Seewald, Jeff S. and Wheat, C. Geoff and Takai, Ken}
}
@article {RN2354,
	title = {Deeply-sourced formate fuels sulfate reducers but not methanogens at Lost City hydrothermal field},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {755},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-19002-5},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-19002-5},
	author = {Lang, Susan Q. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, Gretchen L. and Bernasconi, Stefano M. and Brazelton, William J. and Schrenk, Matthew O. and McGonigle, Julia M.}
}
@article {RN2368,
	title = {Dimensions of Radiocarbon Variability within Sedimentary Organic Matter},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {60},
	number = {3},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {775-790},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2018.22},
	author = {Bao, R. and McNichol, A. P. and McIntyre, C. P. and Xu, L. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@article {RN2360,
	title = {Dispersal of Hydrothermal Vent Larvae at East Pacific Rise 9-10 degrees N Segment},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans},
	volume = {123},
	number = {11},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {7877-7895},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2018JC014290},
	author = {Xu, G. Y. and McGillicuddy, D. J. and Mills, S. W. and Mullineaux, L. S.}
}
@article {2489,
	title = {Dynamics of a powerful deep submarine eruption recorded in H2O contents and speciation in rhyolitic glass: The 2012 Havre eruption},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {494},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {135 - 147},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.053},
	author = {Mitchell, Samuel J. and McIntosh, Iona M. and Houghton, Bruce F. and Carey, Rebecca J. and Shea, Thomas}
}
@article {RN2356,
	title = {The Eruption of Submarine Rhyolite Lavas and Domes in the Deep Ocean {\textendash} Havre 2012, Kermadec Arc},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {147},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2296-6463},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2018.00147},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2018.00147},
	author = {Ikegami, Fumihiko and McPhie, Jocelyn and Carey, Rebecca and Mundana, Rhiannan and Soule, Adam and Jutzeler, Martin}
}
@article {RN2355,
	title = {Filamentous Giant Beggiatoaceae from the Guaymas Basin Are Capable of both Denitrification and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {84},
	number = {15},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e02860-17},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.02860-17},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/84/15/e02860-17.abstract},
	author = {Schutte, Charles A. and Teske, Andreas and MacGregor, Barbara J. and Salman-Carvalho, Verena and Lavik, Gaute and Hach, Philipp and de Beer, Dirk}
}
@article {RN2338,
	title = {The Final Stages of Slip and Volcanism on an Oceanic Detachment Fault at 13 degrees 48 {\textquoteright} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {3115-3127},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007536},
	author = {Parnell-Turner, R. E. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Kurz, M. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Klein, F. and Wanless, V. D. and Fornari, D. J.}
}
@article {2487,
	title = {First HOV Alvin study of the pelagic environment at Hydrographer Canyon (NW Atlantic)},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {30 - 40},
	abstract = {Continental slope canyons off the United States Atlantic coast remain poorly studied, and in particular, the distributions of pelagic organisms in waters overlying these unique environments are not well documented. During the Early Career Scientist Deep Submergence Training cruise, AT36-EAGER, the distribution of organisms in the water column overlying Hydrographer Canyon, which cuts through the northwestern Atlantic continental margin, was investigated through daytime midwater observations using HOV Alvin (AD4831) at three depths. Mixed swarms of krill and Themisto sp. amphipods were observed at all depths surveyed. Observations centered at 250 m were also dominated by chaetognaths, copepods, and Phronima sp. amphipods, while at 500 and 750 m, the assemblages were dominated by the fishes in the families Paralepididae, Nemichthyidae, and Mytophidae. Additionally, measurements of methane, nitrous oxide, optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence), dissolved organic carbon, and base-extracted particulate organic carbon were made to better characterize the hydrography and biogeochemistry over Hydrographer Canyon. This study was aided by the use of telepresence to communicate between ship and shore-based researchers, and the expedition marks the first use of SMS messaging to communicate between the submersible and the ship. This study demonstrates the capabilities and utility of using Alvin for conducting water column science.},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.001},
	author = {Netburn, Amanda N. and Kinsey, Joanna D. and Bush, Stephanie L. and Djurhuus, Anni and Fernandez, Julianne and Hoffman, Colleen L. and McVeigh, Doreen M. and Twing, Katrina I. and Bagge, Laura}
}
@article {2486,
	title = {Geochemistry of fluids from Earth{\textquoteright}s deepest ridge-crest hot-springs: Piccard hydrothermal field, Mid-Cayman Rise},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {228},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {95 - 118},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.021},
	author = {McDermott, Jill M. and Sylva, Sean P. and Ono, Shuhei and German, Christopher R. and Seewald, Jeffrey S.}
}
@article {RN2350,
	title = {Improved detection and mapping of deepwater hydrocarbon seeps: optimizing multibeam echosounder seafloor backscatter acquisition and processing techniques},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Research},
	volume = {39},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {323-347},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1573-0581},
	doi = {10.1007/s11001-018-9345-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-018-9345-8},
	author = {Mitchell, Garrett A. and Orange, Daniel L. and Gharib, Jamshid J. and Kennedy, Paul}
}
@article {2475,
	title = {The influence of magmatic fluids and phase separation on B systematics in submarine hydrothermal vent fluids from back-arc basins},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {232},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {140 - 162},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2018.04.023},
	author = {Wilckens, Frederike K. and Reeves, Eoghan P. and Bach, Wolfgang and Meixner, Anette and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Koschinsky, Andrea and Kasemann, Simone A.}
}
@article {2484,
	title = {Influences of thermal and fluid characteristics of methane and hydrothermal seeps on the stable oxygen isotopes of living benthic foraminifera},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {344 - 355},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.02.037},
	author = {Burkett, Ashley M. and Rathburn, Anthony E. and Perez, M. Elena and Martin, Jonathan B.}
}
@article {RN2339,
	title = {An investigation of mid-ocean ridge degassing using He, CO2, and delta C-13 variations during the 2005-06 eruption at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N on the East Pacific Rise},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {504},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {84-93},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2018.09.040},
	author = {Graham, D. W. and Michael, P. J. and Rubin, K. H.}
}
@article {RN2340,
	title = {A Lack of Dynamic Triggering of Slow Slip and Tremor Indicates That the Shallow Cascadia Megathrust Offshore Vancouver Island Is Likely Locked},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {45},
	number = {20},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {11095-11103},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL079519},
	author = {McGuire, J. J. and Collins, J. A. and Davis, E. and Becker, K. and Heesemann, M.}
}
@article {RN2348,
	title = {The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e1701121},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701121},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/e1701121.abstract},
	author = {Carey, Rebecca and Soule, S. Adam and Manga, Michael and White, James D. L. and McPhie, Jocelyn and Wysoczanski, Richard and Jutzeler, Martin and Tani, Kenichiro and Yoerger, Dana and Fornari, Daniel and Caratori-Tontini, Fabio and Houghton, Bruce and Mitchell, Samuel and Ikegami, Fumihiko and Conway, Chris and Murch, Arran and Fauria, Kristen and Jones, Meghan and Cahalan, Ryan and McKenzie, Warren}
}
@article {2480,
	title = {Metals in bivalve mollusks from the Jaco Scar seep, Pacific, Costa Rica},
	journal = {Revista de biologia tropical},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {S269 - S279},
	author = {Vargas, Jose A. and Hilton, David R. and Ramirez, Carlos and Molina, Johan}
}
@article {RN2335,
	title = {A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {4504},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1-22},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.1},
	author = {McCowin, M. F. and Rouse, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2334,
	title = {A new species of Alvinocaris (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Alvinocarididae) from Costa Rican methane seeps},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {4504},
	number = {3},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {418-430},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4504.3.7},
	author = {Martin, J. W. and Wall, A. R. and Shank, T. and Cha, H. and Seid, C. A. and Rouse, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2341,
	title = {Phylogeny of hydrothermal vent Iphionidae, with the description of a new species (Aphroditiformia, Annelida)},
	journal = {Zookeys},
	number = {779},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {89-107},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1313-2989},
	doi = {10.3897/zookeys.779.24781},
	author = {McCowin, M. F. and Rouse, G. W.}
}
@article {2478,
	title = {Primary productivity below the seafloor at deep-sea hot springs},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {6756 - 6761},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1804351115},
	author = {McNichol, Jesse and Stryhanyuk, Hryhoriy and Sylva, Sean P. and Thomas, Francois and Musat, Niculina and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Sievert, Stefan M.}
}
@article {2477,
	title = {Radium isotopes as tracers of hydrothermal inputs and neutrally buoyant plume dynamics in the deep ocean},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {201},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {51 - 65},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2017.06.011},
	author = {Kipp, Lauren E. and Sanial, Virginie and Henderson, Paul B. and van Beek, Pieter and Reyss, Jean-Louis and Hammond, Douglas E. and Moore, Willard S. and Charette, Matthew A.}
}
@article {RN2351,
	title = {Sediment Microbial Communities Influenced by Cool Hydrothermal Fluid Migration},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1249},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.01249},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01249},
	author = {Zinke, Laura A. and Reese, Brandi Kiel and McManus, James and Wheat, Charles G. and Orcutt, Beth N. and Amend, Jan P.}
}
@article {RN2346,
	title = {Subgroup Characteristics of Marine Methane-Oxidizing ANME-2 Archaea and Their Syntrophic Partners as Revealed by Integrated Multimodal Analytical Microscopy},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {84},
	number = {11},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e00399-18},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00399-18},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/84/11/e00399-18.abstract},
	author = {McGlynn, Shawn E. and Chadwick, Grayson L. and Neill, Ariel and Mackey, Mason and Thor, Andrea and Deerinck, Thomas J. and Ellisman, Mark H. and Orphan, Victoria J.}
}
@article {ISI:000399660300001,
	title = {{A decade of volcanic construction and destruction at the summit of NW Rota-1 seamount: 2004-2014}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH},
	volume = {122},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1558{\textendash}1584},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Arc volcanoes are important to our understanding of submarine volcanism because at some sites frequent eruptions cause them to grow and collapse on human timescales. This makes it possible to document volcanic processes. Active submarine eruptions have been observed at the summit of NW Rota-1 in the Mariana Arc. We use remotely operated vehicle videography and repeat high-resolution bathymetric surveys to construct geologic maps of the summit of NW Rota-1 in 2009 and 2010 and relate them to the geologic evolution of the summit area over a 10year period (2004-2014). We find that 2009 and 2010 were characterized by different eruptive styles, which affected the type and distribution of eruptive deposits at the summit. Year 2009 was characterized by ultraslow extrusion and autobrecciation of lava at a single eruptive vent, producing a large cone of blocky lava debris. In 2010, higher-energy explosive eruptions occurred at multiple closely spaced vents, producing a thin blanket of pebble-sized tephra overlying lava flow outcrops. A landslide that occurred between 2009 and 2010 had a major effect on lithofacies distribution by removing the debris cone and other unconsolidated deposits, revealing steep massive flow cliffs. This relatively rapid alternation between construction and destruction forms one end of a seamount growth and mass wasting spectrum. Intraplate seamounts, which tend to grow larger than arc volcanoes, experience collapse events that are orders of magnitude larger and much less frequent than those occurring at subduction zone settings. Our results highlight the interrelated cyclicity of eruptive activity and mass wasting at submarine arc volcanoes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JB013742},
	author = {Schnur, Susan R and Chadwick Jr., William W and Embley, Robert W and Ferrini, Vicki L and de Ronde, Cornel E J and Cashman, Katharine V and Deardorff, Nicholas D and Merle, Susan G and Dziak, Robert P and Haxel, Joe H and Matsumoto, Haru}
}
@article {Brooke2017,
	title = {{Distributions and habitat associations of deep-water corals in Norfolk and Baltimore Canyons, Mid-Atlantic Bight, USA}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {131{\textendash}147},
	abstract = {A multi-disciplinary study of two major submarine canyons, Baltimore Canyon and Norfolk Canyon, off the US mid-Atlantic coast focused on the ecology and biology of canyon habitats, particularly those supporting deep-sea corals. Historical data on deep-sea corals from these canyons were sparse with less than 750 records for the mid-Atlantic region, with most being soft sediment species. This study substantially increased the number of deep-sea coral records for the target canyons and the region. Large gorgonians were the dominant structure-forming coral taxa on exposed hard substrates, but several species of scleractinians were also documented, including first observations of Lophelia pertusa in the mid-Atlantic Bight region. Coral distribution varied within and between the two canyons, with greater abundance of the octocoral Paragorgia arborea in Baltimore Canyon, and higher occurrence of stony corals in Norfolk Canyon; these observations reflect the differences in environmental conditions, particularly turbidity, between the canyons. Some species have a wide distribution (e.g., P. arborea, Primnoa resedaeformis, Anthothela grandiflora), while others are limited to certain habitat types and/or depth zones (e.g., Paramuricea placomus, L. pertusa, Solenosmilia variabilis). The distribution of a species is driven by a combination of factors, which include availability of appropriate physical structure and environmental conditions. Although the diversity of the structure-forming corals (gorgonians, branching scleractinians and large anemones) was low, many areas of both canyons supported high coral abundance and a diverse coral-associated community. The canyons provide suitable habitat for the development of deep-sea coral communities that is not readily available elsewhere on the sedimented shelf and slope of the Mid-Atlantic Bight.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.008},
	author = {Brooke, S D and Watts, M W and Heil, A D and Rhode, M and Mienis, F and Duineveld, G C A and Davies, A J and Ross, S W}
}
@article {Sylvan2017,
	title = {{Evidence for microbial mediation of subseafloor nitrogen redox processes at Loihi Seamount, Hawaii}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {198},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {131{\textendash}150},
	abstract = {The role of nitrogen cycling in submarine hydrothermal systems is far less studied than that of other biologically reactive elements such as sulfur and iron. In order to address this knowledge gap, we investigated nitrogen redox processes at Loihi Seamount, Hawaii, using a combination of biogeochemical and isotopic measurements, bioenergetic calculations and analysis of the prokaryotic community composition in venting fluids sampled during four cruises in 2006, 2008, 2009 and 2013. Concentrations of NH4+ were positively correlated to dissolved Si and negatively correlated to NO3- + NO2-, while NO2- was not correlated to NO3- + NO2-, dissolved Si or NH4+. This is indicative of hydrothermal input of NH4+ and biological mediation influencing NO2- concentrations. The stable isotope ratios of NO3- ($δ$15N and $δ$18O) was elevated with respect to background seawater, with $δ$18O values exhibiting larger changes than corresponding $δ$15N values, reflecting the occurrence of both production and reduction of NO3- by an active microbial community. $δ$15N-NH4+ values ranged from 0{\textperthousand} to +16.7{\textperthousand}, suggesting fractionation during consumption and potentially N-fixation as well. Bioenergetic calculations reveal that several catabolic strategies involving the reduction of NO3- and NO2- coupled to sulfide and iron oxidation could provide energy to microbes in Loihi fluids, while 16S rRNA gene sequencing of Archaea and Bacteria in the fluids reveals groups known to participate in denitrification and N-fixation. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that microbes are mediating N-based redox processes in venting hydrothermal fluids at Loihi Seamount.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.029},
	author = {Sylvan, Jason B. and Wankel, Scott D. and LaRowe, Douglas E. and Charoenpong, Chawalit N. and Huber, Julie A. and Moyer, Craig L. and Edwards, Katrina J.}
}
@article {Levin2017,
	title = {{Methane seepage effects on biodiversity and biological traits of macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {26{\textendash}41},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate rocks at methane seeps are recognized as hosting diverse and abundant invertebrate assemblages, with potential forcing from fluid seepage and hydrography. Mensurative studies of carbonate macrofauna ({\textgreater}0.3 mm) at Hydrate Ridge, OR revealed little effect of water depth and overlying oxygenation (at 600 m and 800 m) but a large influence of seepage activity on density, taxonomic composition, diversity, and biological traits (feeding, lifestyle, motility, size and calcification). Rocks exposed to active seepage had 3{\textendash}4{\texttimes} higher total macrofaunal densities than under inactive conditions. Assemblages exhibited higher species richness and reduced evenness (greater dominance) under active seepage than inactive conditions, but no difference in H' or rarefaction diversity. Actively seeping sites were characterized by errant (motile), bacterial grazing, small- and medium-sized, heavily calcified species, whereas inactive sites exhibited a greater diversity of feeding modes and more burrowers, sessile, large and lightly calcified species. Active rocks supported more exogonid (Syllidae), ampharetid, and cirratulid polychaetes, provannid snails, pyropeltid limpets, nemerteans, and sponges; whereas inactive rocks supported higher densities of ophiuroids, isopods, gammarid amphipods, hydroids, Typosyllis (Syllidae) and tanaids. Transplant experiments, in which rocks were transferred between active and inactive sites at Hydrate Ridge North (600 m), revealed that assemblages respond within 13 months to increase or cessation of seepage, taking on the feeding, size and calcification characteristics of the background fauna at the new site. Lifestyles and motility patterns shifted more slowly as the sessile, attached species did not track seepage as quickly. Provannid snails and pyropeltid limpets rapidly colonized rocks transplanted to active sites and disappeared when transplanted to inactive sites. Given the known variability of fluid fluxes and rapid community response, a mosaic of communities changing in space and time is hypothesized to generate the relatively high species diversity at methane seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.021},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Grupe, B M}
}
@article {ISI:000400818400021,
	title = {{Telepresence is a potentially transformative tool for field science}},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
	volume = {114},
	number = {19},
	year = {2017},
	month = {may},
	pages = {4841{\textendash}4844},
	publisher = {NATL ACAD SCIENCES},
	address = {2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1703514114},
	author = {Marlow, Jeffrey and Borrelli, Chiara and Jungbluth, Sean P and Hoffman, Colleen and Marlow, Jennifer and Girguis, Peter R and Team, AT-36}
}
@article {Johansen2017,
	title = {{Time series video analysis of bubble release processes at natural hydrocarbon seeps in the Northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {21{\textendash}34},
	abstract = {This research quantifies the rate and volume of oil and gas released from two natural seep sites in the Gulf of Mexico: lease blocks GC600 (1200 m depth) and MC118 (850 m depth). Our objectives were to determine variability in release rates and bubble size at five individual vents and to investigate the effects of tidal fluctuations on bubble release. Observations with autonomous video cameras captured the formation of individual bubbles as they were released through partially exposed deposits of gas hydrate. Image processing techniques determined bubble type (oily, gaseous, and mixed: oily and gaseous), size distribution, release rate, and temporal variations (observation intervals ranged from 3 h to 26 d). A semi-automatic bubble counting algorithm was developed to analyze bubble count and release rates from video data. This method is suitable for discrete vents with small bubble streams commonly seen at seeps and is adaptable to multiple in situ set-ups. Two vents at GC600 (Birthday Candles 1 and Birthday Candles 2) were analyzed. They released oily bubbles with an average diameter of 5.0 mm at a rate of 4.7 bubbles s-1, and 1.3 bubbles s-1, respectively. Approximately 1 km away, within the GC600 seep site, two more vents (Mega Plume 1 and Mega Plume 2) were analyzed. These vents released a mixture of oily and gaseous bubbles with an average diameter of 3.9 mm at a rate of 49 bubbles s-1, and 81 bubbles s-1, respectively. The fifth vent at MC118 (Rudyville) released gaseous bubbles with an average diameter of 3.0 mm at a rate of 127 bubbles s-1. Pressure records at Mega Plume and Rudyville showed a diurnal tidal cycle (24.5 h). Rudyville was the only vent that demonstrated any positive correlation ($\rho$ = 0.60) to the 24.5 h diurnal tidal cycle. However, these observations were not conclusive regarding tidal effects on bubble release.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.01.014},
	author = {Johansen, C and Todd, A C and MacDonald, I R}
}
@article {Maher2016,
	title = {{Arsenic concentrations and species in three hydrothermal vent worms, Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulficola and Paralvinella palmiformis}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {41{\textendash}48},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents are surficial expressions of subsurface geological and hydrological processes. Fluids emitting from active vents are chemically distinct from bottom seawater, and are enriched in dissolved metals and metalloids, including arsenic. Vent organisms accumulate arsenic but the arsenic speciation in these non-photosynthetic organisms is largely unknown. Here, arsenic concentrations and chemical species were measured in three deep sea hydrothermal vent worms (Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulfincola and Paralvinella palmiformis ) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Northwest pacific. R. piscesae has similar arsenic concentrations (3.8{\textendash}35 {\textmu}g g-1) to shallow water polychaetes while P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis have significantly higher arsenic concentrations (420{\textendash}1417 and 125{\textendash}321 {\textmu}g g-1 respectively). R. piscesae contains appreciable quantities of inorganic arsenic (36{\textpm}14{\%}), monomethyl arsenic (2{\textpm}2{\%}), dimethyl arsenic (34{\textpm}21{\%}), an unknown methyl arsenical (7{\textpm}16{\%}), OSO3-arsenosugar (5{\textpm}9{\%}), TETRA (4{\textpm}5{\%}), ThioPO4/ThioDMAE (1{\textpm}2{\%}) and an unknown thio-arsenical (12{\textpm}14{\%}). These results suggests that host and symbionts are either involved in the methylation of arsenic, or are bathed in fluids enriched in methylated arsenic as a result of free-living microbial activity. The host carrying out methylation, however, cannot be ruled out. In contrast, 96{\textendash}97{\%} of the arsenic in P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis is inorganic arsenic, likely the result of arsenic precipitation within and upon the mucus they ingest while feeding. While all worms have oxo- and thio arsenosugars (2{\textendash}30{\%}), Paralvinella also have small amounts of arsenobetaine ({\textless}0.001{\textendash}0.21{\%}). The presence of arsenosugars, arsenobetaine and other minor arsenic species in the absence of photosynthesising algae/bacteria indicates that they may be formed by vent animals in the absence of sunlight, but at this time their formation cannot be explained.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.07.009},
	author = {Maher, W A and Duncan, E and Dilly, G and Foster, S and Krikowa, F and Lombi, E and Scheckel, K and Girguis, P}
}
@article {McNichol2016a,
	title = {{Assessing microbial processes in deep-sea hydrothermal systems by incubation at in situ temperature and pressure}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {221{\textendash}232},
	abstract = {At deep-sea hydrothermal vents, a large source of potential chemical energy is created when reducing vent fluid and oxidizing seawater mix. In this environment, chemolithoautotrophic microbes catalyze exergonic redox reactions which in turn provide the energy needed to fuel their growth and the fixation of CO2 into biomass. In addition to producing new organic matter, this process also consumes compounds contained both in vent fluid and entrained seawater (e.g. H2, NO3-). Despite their biogeochemical importance, such reactions have remained difficult to quantify due to methodological limitations. To address this knowledge gap, this study reports a novel application of isobaric gas-tight fluid samplers for conducting incubations of hydrothermal vent fluids at in situ temperature and pressure. Eighteen {\~{}}24 h incubations were carried out, representing seven distinct conditions that examine amendments consisting of different electron donors and acceptors. Microbial activity was observed in all treatments, and time series chemical measurements showed that activity was limited by electron acceptor supply, confirming predictions based on geochemical data. Also consistent with these predictions, the presence of nitrate increased rates of hydrogen consumption and yielded ammonium as a product of nitrate respiration. The stoichiometry of predicted redox reactions was also determined, revealing that the sulfur and nitrogen cycles are incompletely understood at deep-sea vents, and likely involve unknown intermediate redox species. Finally, the measured rates of redox processes were either equal to or far greater than what has been reported in previous studies where in situ conditions were not maintained. In addition to providing insights into deep-sea hydrothermal vent biogeochemistry, the methods described herein also offer a practical approach for the incubation of any deep-sea pelagic sample under in situ conditions.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.06.011},
	author = {McNichol, J and Sylva, S P and Thomas, F and Taylor, C D and Sievert, S M and Seewald, J S}
}
@article {Burkett2016,
	title = {{Colonization of over a thousand Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (foraminifera: Schwager, 1866) on artificial substrates in seep and adjacent off-seep locations in dysoxic, deep-sea environments}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {39{\textendash}50},
	abstract = {After {\~{}}1 yr on the seafloor at water depths of {\~{}}700 m on Hydrate Ridge in the Pacific, eight colonization experiments composed primarily of a plastic mesh cube (from here on refered to as SEA3, for Seafloor Epibenthic Attachment Cubes) were colonized by 1076 Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi on {\~{}}1841 cm2 of experimental substrate. This species is typically considered an indicator of well-oxygenated conditions, and recruitment of such large numbers in bottom waters with low dissolved oxygen availability (0.24{\textendash}0.37 mL/L) indicate that this taxon may not be as limited by oxygen as previously thought. Clues about substrate preferences were evident from the distribution, or lack thereof, of individuals among plastic mesh, coated steel frame, wooden dowels and reflective tape. Abundance, individual size distributions within cage populations and isotopic biogeochemistry of living foraminifera colonizing experimental substrates were compared between active seep and adjacent off-seep experiment locations, revealing potential differences between these environments. Few studies have examined foraminiferal colonization of hard substrates in the deep-sea and to our knowledge no previous study has compared foraminiferal colonization of active seep and off-seep substrates from the same region. This study provides initial results of recruitment, colonization, geochemical and morphological aspects of the paleoceanographically significant species, C. wuellerstorfi, from dynamic deep-sea environments. Further experimental deployments of SEA3s will provide a means to assess relatively unknown ecologic dynamics of important foraminiferal deep-sea species.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.08.011},
	author = {Burkett, A M and Rathburn, A E and Perez, Elena M and Levin, L A and Martin, J B}
}
@article {Tontini2016,
	title = {{Crustal magnetization and the subseafloor structure of the ASHES vent field, Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for the investigation of hydrothermal sites}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {6205{\textendash}6211},
	abstract = {High-resolution geophysical data have been collected using the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Sentry over the ASHES (Axial Seamount Hydrothermal Emission Study) high-temperature ({\~{}}348{\textdegree}C) vent field at Axial Seamount, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Multiple surveys were performed on a 3-D grid at different altitudes above the seafloor, providing an unprecedented view of magnetic data resolution as a function of altitude above the seafloor. Magnetic data derived near the seafloor show that the ASHES field is characterized by a zone of low magnetization, which can be explained by hydrothermal alteration of the host volcanic rocks. Surface manifestations of hydrothermal activity at the ASHES vent field are likely controlled by a combination of local faults and fractures and different lava morphologies near the seafloor. Three-dimensional inversion of the magnetic data provides evidence of a vertical, pipe-like upflow zone of the hydrothermal fluids with a vertical extent of {\~{}}100 m.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL069430},
	author = {Tontini, F C and Crone, T J and de Ronde, C E J and Fornari, D J and Kinsey, J C and Mittelstaedt, E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Martin2016,
	title = {{Deep-sea coral $δ$13C: A tool to reconstruct the difference between seawater pH and $δ$11B-derived calcifying fluid pH}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {299{\textendash}308},
	abstract = {{The boron isotopic composition ($δ$11B) of coral skeleton is a proxy for seawater pH. However, $δ$11B-based pH estimates must account for the pH difference between seawater and the coral calcifying fluid, $Δ$pH. We report that skeletal $δ$11B and $Δ$pH are related to the skeletal carbon isotopic composition ($δ$13C) in four genera of deep-sea corals collected across a natural pH range of 7.89{\textendash}8.09, with $Δ$pH related to $δ$13C by $Δ$pH = 0.029 {\texttimes} $δ$13C + 0.929},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GL066494},
	author = {Martin, P and Goodkin, N F and Stewart, J A and Foster, G L and Sikes, E L and White, H K and Hennige, S and Roberts, J M}
}
@article {Mittelstaedt2016,
	title = {{Diffuse venting at the ASHES hydrothermal field: Heat flux and tidally modulated flow variability derived from in situ time-series measurements}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1435{\textendash}1453},
	abstract = {Time-series measurements of diffuse exit-fluid temperature and velocity collected with a new, deep-sea camera, and temperature measurement system, the Diffuse Effluent Measurement System (DEMS), were examined from a fracture network within the ASHES hydrothermal field located in the caldera of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. The DEMS was installed using the HOV Alvin above a fracture near the Phoenix vent. The system collected 20 s of 20 Hz video imagery and 24 s of 1 Hz temperature measurements each hour between 22 July and 2 August 2014. Fluid velocities were calculated using the Diffuse Fluid Velocimetry (DFV) technique. Over the similar to 12 day deployment, median upwelling rates and mean fluid temperature anomalies ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm/s and 0 degrees C to similar to 6.5 degrees C above ambient, yielding a heat flux of 0.29 +/- 0.22 MW M-2 and heat output of 3.1 +/- 2.5 kW. Using a photo mosaic to measure fracture dimensions, the total diffuse heat output from cracks across ASHES field is estimated to be 2.05 +/- 1.95 MW. Variability in temperatures and velocities are strongest at semidiurnal periods and show significant coherence with tidal height variations. These data indicate that periodic variability near Phoenix vent is modulated both by tidally controlled bottom currents and seafloor pressure, with seafloor pressures being the dominant influence. These results emphasize the importance of local permeability on diffuse hydrothermal venting at mid-ocean ridges and the need to better quantify heat flux associated with young oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GC006144},
	author = {Mittelstaedt, E and Fornari, D J and Crone, T J and Kinsey, J C and Kelley, D S and Elend, M J}
}
@article {ISI:000371206300001,
	title = {{A distinct and active bacterial community in cold oxygenated fluids circulating beneath the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic ridge}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The rock-hosted, oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth, yet little is known about its indigenous microorganisms. Here we provide the first phylogenetic and functional description of an active microbial community residing in the cold oxic crustal aquifer. Using subseafloor observatories, we recovered crustal fluids and found that the geochemical composition is similar to bottom seawater, as are cell abundances. However, based on relative abundances and functional potential of key bacterial groups, the crustal fluid microbial community is heterogeneous and markedly distinct from seawater. Potential rates of autotrophy and heterotrophy in the crust exceeded those of seawater, especially at elevated temperatures (25 degrees C) and deeper in the crust. Together, these results reveal an active, distinct, and diverse bacterial community engaged in both heterotrophy and autotrophy in the oxygenated crustal aquifer, providing key insight into the role of microbial communities in the ubiquitous cold dark subseafloor biosphere.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep22541},
	author = {Meyer, Julie L and Jaekel, Ulrike and Tully, Benjamin J and Glazer, Brian T and Wheat, C Geoffrey and Lin, Huei-Ting and Hsieh, Chih-Chiang and Cowen, James P and Hulme, Samuel M and Girguis, Peter R and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {Mevenkamp2016,
	title = {{Experimental evidence for selective settlement of meiofauna from two distinct environments after sediment suspension}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {474},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {195{\textendash}203},
	abstract = {The cosmopolitan distribution of many meiofaunal organisms raises questions about their dispersal. The small size and the lack of a planktonic life stage of most meiofauna taxa including free-living nematodes suggest that passive dispersal is a main factor determining their distribution. This study investigates the settling behaviour of meiofauna in a water column under no-flow conditions. Two ex situ settling experiments were conducted with (1) macrophyte associated meiofauna from an intertidal salt marsh and (2) meiofauna of sulphidic sediments associated with bacterial mats from the deep-sea H{\aa}kon Mosby mud volcano. Cilyndrical containers filled with sieved seawater were used as settling chambers and five different substrates, placed on the bottom of the containers, were offered to the descending meiofaunal assemblage. The substrates used in experiment 1 were agar with bacteria, agar with Fucus spiralis, sulphidic agar medium, bare agar and an empty Petri dish. For experiment 2 azoic sediment with algae, azoic sediment with bacteria, a sulphidic medium, bare azoic sediment and an empty Petri dish were used. The intertidal experiment revealed that nematodes and nauplius larvae showed four- to tenfold higher densities in the Fucus treatment compared with the controls whereas deep-sea nematode and harpacticoid copepod densities in the sulphide treatment were more than three times higher compared with all other treatments. In both experiments nematode composition did not differ from the reference samples whereas proportions of harpacticoid copepods were increased in the treatments of the deep-sea experiment compared with the reference sample suggesting a better ability to select settlement sites than nematodes. In both experiments meiofauna abundance was highest in substrates with similar characteristics as their original habitat. These findings indicate that some meiofaunal organisms can selectively settle once they are suspended in the water column in the absence of water flow and therefore actively contribute to their dispersal at small spatial scales.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2015.10.005},
	author = {Mevenkamp, L and Van Campenhout, J and Vanreusel, A}
}
@article {Edgcomb2016,
	title = {{Gene expression profiling of microbial activities and interactions in sediments under haloclines of E. Mediterranean deep hypersaline anoxic basins}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {2643{\textendash}2657},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are considered some of the most polyextreme habitats on Earth. In comparison to microbial activities occurring within the haloclines and brines of these unusual water column habitats near the Mediterranean seafloor, relatively little is known about microbial metabolic activities in the underlying sediments. In addition, it is not known whether activities are shaped by the unique chemistries of the different DHAB brines and whether evidence exists for active microbial eukaryotes in those sediments. Metatranscriptome analysis was applied to sediment samples collected using ROV Jason from underneath the haloclines of Urania, Discovery and L{\textquoteright}Atalante DHABs and a control site. We report on expression of genes associated with sulfur and nitrogen cycling, putative osmolyte biosynthetic pathways and ion transporters, trace metal detoxification, selected eukaryotic activities (particularly of fungi), microbemicrobe interactions, and motility in sediments underlying the haloclines of three DHABs. Relative to our control sediment sample collected outside of Urania Basin, microbial communities (including eukaryotes) in the Urania and Discovery DHAB sediments showed upregulation of expressed genes associated with nitrogen transformations, osmolyte biosynthesis, heavy metals resistance and metabolism, eukaryotic organelle functions, and cell-cell interactions. Sediments underlying DHAB haloclines that have cumulative physico-chemical stressors within the limits of tolerance for microoorganisms can therefore be hotspots of activity in the deep Mediterranean Sea.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2016.58},
	author = {Edgcomb, V P and Pachiadaki, M and Mara, P and Kormas, K and Leadbetter, E R and Bernhard, J M}
}
@article {Rouxel2016,
	title = {{Geochemistry and iron isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume fall-out at East Pacific Rise 9{\textdegree}50'N}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {441},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {212{\textendash}234},
	abstract = {While gross hydrothermal fluxes entering the ocean are known to be significant, much remains unknown about the fate of this material as it disperses through the oceans, and its impact upon ocean biogeochemistry. Mineral precipitation within hydrothermal plumes removes hydrothermally-sourced metals from solution and also acts to scavenge trace elements from the surrounding water column. Here, we investigate the fate of particulate Fe released from high-temperature hydrothermal venting at EPR 9{\textdegree}50'N and its potential impact on local deep-ocean Fe-isotopic and geochemical budgets. We measured the geochemical composition, mineralogy and Fe isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume products in order to determine whether mineral precipitation imposes characteristic Fe-isotope {\textquotedblleft}fingerprints{\textquotedblright} for hydrothermally sourced Fe in the deep ocean. Our sampling includes sediment trap deployments after the eruptive event of Jan. 2006, allowing the examination of temporal changes of hydrothermal fluxes over a 160 day period. Results show that Fe isotope composition in the high-temperature vent fluids is rather constant over the sampling period 2004{\textendash}2008, and that secular variations of $δ$56Fe values of plume particles from - 0.03 to - 0.91{\textperthousand} (relative to IRMM-14 standard) could be explained by local processes leading to variable mixing extents of hydrothermal, biogenic and lithogenic particles. Through geochemical modeling, we have calculated the relative abundances of hydrothermal plume components such as sulfides, Fe oxyhydroxides, organic matter, biogenic and lithogenic phases. We demonstrate that Fe isotope fractionation in the hydrothermal plume occurs during the formation and rapid settling of Fe-sulfides that are characterized by $δ$56Fe values ranging from - 0.73 {\textpm} 0.13{\textperthousand} to - 0.86 {\textpm} 0.13{\textperthousand}, which is systematically lower than the end-member hydrothermal fluids ($δ$56Fe = - 0.4{\textperthousand}). This study suggests that both the initial Fe isotope composition of the high-temperature vent fluids and its initial Fe/H2S ratio (i.e. Fe-sulfide precipitation versus Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation) should impose characteristic Fe isotope {\textquotedblleft}fingerprints{\textquotedblright} for hydrothermally derived Fe in the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.08.027},
	author = {Rouxel, O J and Toner, B M and Manganini, S J and German, C R}
}
@article {Teske2016,
	title = {{The Guaymas Basin Hiking Guide to Hydrothermal Mounds, Chimneys, and Microbial Mats: Complex Seafloor Expressions of Subsurface Hydrothermal Circulation}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {75},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal mats, mounds, and chimneys of the southern Guaymas Basin are the surface expression of complex subsurface hydrothermal circulation patterns. In this overview, we document the most frequently visited features of this hydrothermal area with photographs, temperature measurements, and selected geochemical data; many of these distinct habitats await characterization of their microbial communities and activities. Microprofiler deployments on microbial mats and hydrothermal sediments show their steep geochemical and thermal gradients at millimeter-scale vertical resolution. Mapping these hydrothermal features and sampling locations within the southern Guaymas Basin suggest linkages to underlying shallow sills and heat flow gradients. Recognizing the inherent spatial limitations of much current Guaymas Basin sampling calls for comprehensive surveys of the wider spreading region.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00075},
	author = {Teske, A P and de Beer, D and McKay, L J and Tivey, M K and Biddle, J F and Hoer, D R and Lloyd, K G and Lever, M A and Roy, H and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and MacGregor, B J}
}
@article {Macelloni2016,
	title = {{Mesoscale biogeophysical characterization of Woolsey Mound (northern Gulf of Mexico), a new attribute of natural marine hydrocarbon seeps architecture}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {380},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {330{\textendash}344},
	abstract = {Located on the continental slope in 900 m of water, Woolsey Mound dominates seafloor morphology at Mississippi Canyon 118. The carbonate-hydrate mound is the site of the Gulf of Mexico Hydrates Research Consortium{\textquoteright}s seafloor observatory to investigate and monitor hydrographic, geophysical, geological, geochemical and biological processes of the hydrocarbon system, northern Gulf of Mexico. Innovative survey and monitoring systems, sensors, and tools have been developed to extract samples and data to unravel the history, character and composition of the site. Many hours of visual data have been collected to investigate benthic communities thriving at the cold seep site associated with the mound. These communities{\textquoteright} habitats are described here, for the first time, in terms of faunal assemblage, substrate nature, and presence/absence of chemosynthetic species. Based on these factors, we grouped them into four benthic meso-habitats. We speculate that the spatial distribution of these meso-habitats is large enough to make this characteristic comparable to the geophysical response of the seismo-acoustic systems. We have tested this hypothesis carefully analyzing the relationship between benthic habitats zonation and the geophysical response of Side Scan Sonar, Chirp Subbottom, Surface Source Deep Receiver (SSDR) vertical incidence profiler and 3-D oil industry multichannel data. We observe that the geophysical response is not unique, a single habitat may correlate with many geophysical attributes, or a single geophysical attribute may span many habitats. However, we find that geophysical data can predict seep locations. They can also convey some information concerning community composition and complexity that function as proxies for seep duration/age while specific community components are believed to reflect composition of seep fluids. Although preliminary, this approach represents a novel classification/characterization for seafloor hydrocarbon seeps, one that reflects a historical component.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2016.03.016},
	author = {Macelloni, L and Lutken, C B and Ingrassia, M and D{\textquoteright} Emidio, M and Pizzi, M}
}
@article {ISI:000368893500001,
	title = {{Microbial Communities in Methane- and Short Chain Alkane-Rich Hydrothermal Sediments of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, an active spreading center in the Gulf of California (Mexico), are rich in porewater methane, short-chain alkanes, sulfate and sulfide, and provide a model system to explore habitat preferences of microorganisms, including sulfate-dependent, methane- and short chain alkane-oxidizing microbial communities. In this study, hot sediments (above 60 degrees C) covered with sulfur-oxidizing microbial mats surrounding a hydrothermal mound (termed {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Mat Mound{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) were characterized by porewater geochemistry of methane, C-2-C-6 short-chain alkanes, sulfate, sulfide, sulfate reduction rate measurements, in situ temperature gradients, bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and V6 tag pyrosequencing. The most abundantly detected groups in the Mat mound sediments include anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea of the ANME-1 lineage and its sister Glade ANME-1Guaymas, the uncultured bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 within the Deltaproteobacteria and the separately branching HotSeep-1 Group; these uncultured bacteria are candidates for sulfate-reducing alkane oxidation and for sulfate-reducing syntrophy with ANME archaea. The archaeal dataset indicates distinct habitat preferences for ANME-1, ANME-1-Guaymas, and ANME-2 archaea in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. The bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 and HotSeep-1 co-occur with ANME-1 and ANME-1Guaymas in hydrothermally active sediments underneath microbial mats in Guaymas Basin. We propose the working hypothesis that this mixed bacterial and archaeal community catalyzes the oxidation of both methane and short-chain alkanes, and constitutes a microbial community signature that is characteristic for hydrothermal and/or cold seep sediments containing both substrates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00017},
	author = {Dowell, Frederick and Cardman, Zena and Dasarathy, Srishti and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Lipp, Julius S and Ruff, S Emil and Biddle, Jennifer F and McKay, Luke J and MacGregor, Barbara J and Lloyd, Karen G and Albert, Daniel B and Mendlovitz, Howard and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Medagoda2016,
	title = {{Mid-water current aided localization for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Autonomous Robots},
	volume = {40},
	number = {7, SI},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1207{\textendash}1227},
	abstract = {Survey-class autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) typically rely on Doppler Velocity Logs (DVL) for precision localization near the seafloor. In cases where the seafloor depth is greater than the DVL bottom-lock range, localizing between the surface and the seafloor presents a localization problem since both GPS and DVL observations are unavailable in the mid-water column. This work proposes a solution to this problem that exploits the fact that current profile layers of the water column are near constant over short time scales (in the scale of minutes). Using observations of these currents obtained with the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler mode of the DVL during descent, along with data from other sensors, the method discussed herein constrains position error. The method is validated using field data from the Sirius AUV coupled with view-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and on descents up to 3km deep with the Sentry AUV.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1007/s10514-016-9547-3},
	author = {Medagoda, L and Williams, S B and Pizarro, O and Kinsey, J C and Jakuba, M V}
}
@mastersthesis {McNichol2016,
	title = {{Productivity, metabolism and physiology of free-living chemoautotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria}},
	year = {2016},
	type = {phd},
	abstract = {Chemoautotrophic ecosystems at deep-sea hydrothermal vents were discovered in 1977, but not until 1995 were free-living autotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria identified as important microbial community members. Because the deep-sea is food-starved, the autotrophic metabolism of hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria may be very important for deep-sea consumers. However, quantifying their metabolic activities in situ has remained difficult, and biochemical mechanisms underlying their autotrophic physiology are poorly described. To gain insight into environmental processes, an approach was developed for incubations of microbes at in situ pressure and temperature (25 MPa, 24{\textdegree}C) with various combinations of electron donors/acceptors (H2, O2 and NO3 and 13HCO3) as a tracer to track carbon fixation. During short (18-24 h) incubations of low-temperature vent fluids from Crab Spa (9{\textdegree}N East Pacific Rise), the concentration of electron donors/acceptors and cell numbers were monitored to quantify microbial processes. Measured rates were generally higher than previous studies, and the stoichiometry of microbially-catalyzed redox reactions revealed new insights into sulfur and nitrogen cycling. Single-cell, taxonomically-resolved tracer incorporation showed Epsilonproteobacteria dominated carbon fixation, and their growth efficiency was calculated based on electron acceptor consumption. Using these data, in situ primary productivity, microbial standing stock, and average biomass residence time of the deep-sea vent subseafloor biosphere were estimated. Finally, the population structures of the most abundant genera Sulfurimonas and Thioreductor were shown to be strongly influenced by pO2 and temperature respectively, providing a mechanism for niche differentiation in situ. To gain insights into the core biochemical reactions underlying autotrophy in Epsilonprotebacteria, a theoretical metabolic model of Sulfurimonas denitrificans was developed. Validated iteratively by comparing in silico yields with data from chemostat experiments, the model generated hypotheses explaining critical, yet so far unresolved reactions supporting chemoautotrophy in Epsilonproteobacteria. For example, it provides insight into how energy is conserved during sulfur oxidation coupled to denitrification, how reverse electron transport produces ferredoxin for carbon fixation, and why aerobic growth yields are only slightly higher compared to denitrification. As a whole, this thesis provides important contributions towards understanding core mechanisms of chemoautrophy, as well as the in situ productivity, physiology and ecology of autotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/8450},
	author = {McNichol, J}
}
@article {ISI:000380376700024,
	title = {{Subseafloor microbial communities in hydrogen-rich vent fluids from hydrothermal systems along the Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {18},
	number = {6, SI},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1970{\textendash}1987},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Warm fluids emanating from hydrothermal vents can be used as windows into the rocky subseafloor habitat and its resident microbial community. Two new vent systems on the Mid-Cayman Rise each exhibits novel geologic settings and distinctively hydrogen-rich vent fluid compositions. We have determined and compared the chemistry, potential energy yielding reactions, abundance, community composition, diversity, and function of microbes in venting fluids from both sites: Piccard, the world{\textquoteright}s deepest vent site, hosted in mafic rocks; and Von Damm, an adjacent, ultramafic-influenced system. Von Damm hosted a wider diversity of lineages and metabolisms in comparison to Piccard, consistent with thermodynamic models that predict more numerous energy sources at ultramafic systems. There was little overlap in the phylotypes found at each site, although similar and dominant hydrogen-utilizing genera were present at both. Despite the differences in community structure, depth, geology, and fluid chemistry, energetic modelling and metagenomic analysis indicate near functional equivalence between Von Damm and Piccard, likely driven by the high hydrogen concentrations and elevated temperatures at both sites. Results are compared with hydrothermal sites worldwide to provide a global perspective on the distinctiveness of these newly discovered sites and the interplay among rocks, fluid composition and life in the subseafloor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13173},
	author = {Reveillaud, Julie and Reddington, Emily and McDermott, Jill and Algar, Christopher and Meyer, Julie L and Sylva, Sean and Seewald, Jeffrey and German, Christopher R and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {ISI:000378670800006,
	title = {{Sustained in situ measurements of dissolved oxygen, methane and water transport processes in the benthic boundary layer at MC118, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {41{\textendash}52},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Within months of the BP Macondo Wellhead blowout, elevated methane concentrations within the water column revealed a significant retention of light hydrocarbons in deep waters plus corresponding dissolved oxygen (DO) deficits. However, chemical plume tracking efforts were hindered by a lack of in situ monitoring capabilities. Here, we describe results from in situ time-series, lander-based investigations of physical and biogeochemical processes controlling dissolved oxygen, and methane at Mississippi Canyon lease block 118 (similar to 18 km from the oil spill) conducted shortly after the blowout through April 2012. Multiple sensor arrays plus open-cylinder flux chambers ({\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}chimneys{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) deployed from a benthic lander collected oxygen, methane, pressure, and current speed and direction data within one meter of the seafloor. The ROVARD lander system was deployed for an initial 21-day test experiment (9/13/2010-10/04/2010) at 882 m depth before a longer 160-day deployment (10/24/2011-4/01/2012) at 884 m depth. Temporal variability in current directions and velocities and water temperatures revealed strong influences of bathymetrically steered currents and overlying along-shelf flows on local and regional water transport processes. DO concentrations and temperature were inversely correlated as a result of water mass mixing processes. Flux chamber measurements during the 160-day deployment revealed total oxygen utilization (TOU) averaging 11.6 mmol/m(2) day. Chimney DO concentrations measured during the 21-day deployment exhibited quasi-daily variations apparently resulting from an interaction between near inertial waves and the steep topography of an elevated scarp immediately adjacent to the 21-day deployment site that modulated currents at the top of the chimney. Variability in dissolved methane concentrations suggested significant temporal variability in gas release from nearby hydrocarbon seeps and/or delivery by local water transport processes. Free-vehicle (lander) monitoring over time scales of months to years utilizing in situ sensors can provide an understanding of processes controlling water transport, respiration and the fate and impacts of accidental and natural gas and oil releases. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.11.012},
	author = {Martens, Christopher S and Mendlovitz, Howard P and Seim, Harvey and Lapham, Laura and D{\textquoteright}Emidio, Marco}
}
@article {ISI:000371481100019,
	title = {{Thermal and geochemical influences on microbial biogeography in the hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {150{\textendash}161},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Extreme thermal gradients and compressed metabolic zones limit the depth range of microbial colonization in hydrothermally active sediments at Guaymas Basin. We investigated the physicochemical characteristics of this ecosystem and their influence on microbial community structure. Temperature-related trends of C-13 values of methane and dissolved inorganic carbon from 36 sediment cores suggest in situ thermal limits for microbial anaerobic methane oxidation and organic carbon re-mineralization near 80 degrees C and 100 degrees C respectively. Temperature logging probes deposited in hydrothermal sediments for 8 days demonstrate substantial thermal fluctuations of up to 25 degrees C. Putative anaerobic methanotroph (ANME) populations dominate the archaeal community, transitioning from ANME-1 archaea in warm surficial sediments towards ANME-1 Guaymas archaea as temperatures increase downcore. Since ANME archaea performing anaerobic oxidation of methane double on longer time scales (months) compared with relatively rapid in situ temperature fluctuations (hours to days), we conclude that ANME archaea possess a high tolerance for short-term shifts in the thermal regime.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12365},
	author = {McKay, Luke and Klokman, Vincent W and Mendlovitz, Howard P and LaRowe, Douglas E and Hoer, Daniel R and Albert, Daniel and Amend, Jan P and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Garcia-Pineda2016,
	title = {{Transience and persistence of natural hydrocarbon seepage in Mississippi Canyon, Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {119{\textendash}129},
	abstract = {Analysis of the magnitude of oil discharged from natural hydrocarbon seeps can improve understanding of the carbon cycle and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) ecosystem. With use of a large archive of remote sensing data, in combination with geophysical and multibeam data, we identified, mapped, and characterized natural hydrocarbon seeps in the Macondo prospect region near the wreck site of the drill-rig Deepwater Horizon (DWH). Satellite image processing and the cluster analysis revealed locations of previously undetected seep zones. Including duplicate detections, a total of 562 individual gas plumes were also observed in multibeam surveys. In total, SAR imagery confirmed 52 oil-producing seep zones in the study area. In almost all cases gas plumes were associated with oil-producing seep zones. The cluster of seeps in the vicinity of lease block MC302 appeared to host the most persistent and prolific oil vents. Oil slicks and gas plumes observed over the DWH site were consistent with discharges of residual oil from the wreckage. In contrast with highly persistent oil seeps observed in the Green Canyon and Garden Banks lease areas, the seeps in the vicinity of Macondo Prospect were intermittent. The difference in the number of seeps and the quantity of surface oil detected in Green Canyon was almost two orders of magnitude greater than in Mississippi Canyon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.011},
	author = {Garcia-Pineda, O and MacDonald, I and Silva, M and Shedd, W and Daneshgar Asl, S and Schumaker, B}
}
@article {Chadwick2016,
	title = {{Voluminous eruption from a zoned magma body after an increase in supply rate at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {12,063{\textendash}12,070},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is the best monitored submarine volcano in the world, providing an exceptional window into the dynamic interactions between magma storage, transport, and eruption processes in a mid-ocean ridge setting. An eruption in April 2015 produced the largest volume of erupted lava since monitoring and mapping began in the mid-1980s after the shortest repose time, due to a recent increase in magma supply. The higher rate of magma replenishment since 2011 resulted in the eruption of the most mafic lava in the last 500{\textendash}600 years. Eruptive fissures at the volcano summit produced pyroclastic ash that was deposited over an area of at least 8 km2. A systematic spatial distribution of compositions is consistent with a single dike tapping different parts of a thermally and chemically zoned magma reservoir that can be directly related to previous multichannel seismic-imaging results.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL071327},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Paduan, J B and Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Merle, S G and Bobbitt, A M and Caress, D W and Philip, B T and Kelley, D S and Nooner, S L}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300015,
	title = {{Bathymodiolus growth dynamics in relation to environmental fluctuations in vent habitats}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {183{\textendash}193},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep-sea mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus is a dominant species in the East Pacific Rise (EPR) hydrothermal vent fields. On the EPR volcanically unstable area, this late colonizer reaches high biomass within 4-5 years on new habitats created. by lava flows. The environmental conditions and growth rates characterizing the reestablishment of B. thermophilus populations are however largely unknown, leaving unconstrained the role of this foundation species in the ecosystem dynamics. A typical example from the vent field at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N that was affected by the last massive eruption was the Bio-9 hydrothermal vent site. Here, six years later, a large mussel population had reestablished. The von Bertalanffy growth model estimates the oldest B. thermophilus specimens to be 1.3 year-old in March 2012, consistent with the observation of scarce juveniles among tubeworms in 2010. Younger cohorts were also observed in 2012 but the low number of individuals, relatively to older cohorts, suggests limited survival or growth of new recruits at this site, that could reflect unsuitable habitat conditions. To further explore this asumption, we investigated the relationships between mussel growth dynamics and habitat properties. The approach combined sclerochronology analyses of daily shell growth with continuous habitat monitoring for two mussel assemblages; one from the Bio-9 new settlement and a second from the V-vent site unreached by the lava flow. At both vent sites, semi-diurnal fluctuations of abiotic conditions were recorded using sensors deployed in the mussel bed over 5 to 10 days. These data depict steep transitions from well oxygenated to oxygen-depleted conditions and from alkaline to acidic pH, combined with intermittent sulfide exposure. These semi-diurnal fluctuations exhibited marked changes in amplitude over time, exposing mussels to distinct regimes of abiotic constraints. The V-vent samples allowed growth patterns to be examined at the scale of individual life and compared to long-term records of habitat temperature and oceanographic mooring data in the years following the eruption. Both shell growth and habitat temperature at V-vent varied over the spring-neap tidal cycle and over longer periods of c.a. 60 days. The correlation of growth rate with temperature and, for some individuals, with current velocities supports the idea that tidal forcing impacts growth. Its influence on habitat conditions includes the spring-neap cycle, which is not reflected in current velocities but influences the venting rate. Additionally, it is expected that mesoscale eddies periodically passing across the ridge imprint shell growth through the influence of bottom current on the decimeter-thick mixing interface where mussels thrive. We conclude that diurnal-semidiurnal tidal fluctuations exert major abiotic constraints on B. thermophilus mussels and that low-frequency fluctuations act as significant determinants on growth. Finally, we postulate that the modulation of tidal fluctuations by large-scale hydrodynamic forcing ultimately constrains the capacity of this mussel species to form high biomass aggregations. This study indeed shows that the absence of these strong hydrodynamic drivers would limit the alternance of oxic and sulfidic conditions and significantly affect the growth rate of this species over time. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.003},
	author = {Nedoncelle, K and Lartaud, F and Pereira, L Contreira and Yuecel, M and Thurnherr, A M and Mullineaux, L and Le Bris, N}
}
@article {ISI:000358290000012,
	title = {{Characterization of a novel thermostable patatin-like protein from a Guaymas basin metagenomic library}},
	journal = {EXTREMOPHILES},
	volume = {19},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {829{\textendash}840},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are a natural habitat for thermophiles, in which contain plenty of enzymes that can function at high temperatures. In this work, we constructed a fosmid library in Escherichia coli using metagenomic DNA isolated from a chimney sample collected in the hydrothermal vents in Guaymas Basin. The library was screened for lipolytic activity and positive clones were subjected to subcloning. A novel patatin-like protein (PLP) that exhibited less than 45 {\%} identity in amino acid sequence to known enzymes was obtained. Common features of the patatin-like proteins, such as four conserved blocks, were detected. Interestingly, there was an Ala at site 42 in PLP instead of the first Gly-residue in the consensus sequence Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly found in other PLP homologs. The active sites of PLP were Ser44 and Asp160. Spectrophotometric assays with different p-nitrophenyl esters demonstrated a preference for p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C4) and p-nitrophenyl decanoate (C10). Moreover, PLP demonstrated optimal activity at 70 A degrees C and at pH 9.0 (Tris-HCl). The activation energy from the linear Arrhenius plot was found to be 38.3 +/- A 0.9 kJ/mol. The K (m) and V (max) of PLP for C4 were 304 +/- A 38 mu M and 14 +/- A 0.38 mu mol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. Gene-mining of the metagenome dataset that was generated by pyrosequencing the same chimney sample resulted in identification of 20 PLP homolog gene fragments, which could represent promising examples of this category of thermostable proteins.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-015-0758-x},
	author = {Fu, Ling and He, Ying and Xu, Fangdi and Ma, Qun and Wang, Fengping and Xu, Jun}
}
@article {ISI:000361984700015,
	title = {{Comparison of Archaeal and Bacterial Diversity in Methane Seep Carbonate Nodules and Host Sediments, Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge, USA}},
	journal = {MICROBIAL ECOLOGY},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {766{\textendash}784},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) impacts carbon cycling by acting as a methane sink and by sequestering inorganic carbon via AOM-induced carbonate precipitation. These precipitates commonly take the form of carbonate nodules that form within methane seep sediments. The timing and sequence of nodule formation within methane seep sediments are not well understood. Further, the microbial diversity associated with sediment-hosted nodules has not been well characterized and the degree to which nodules reflect the microbial assemblage in surrounding sediments is unknown. Here, we conducted a comparative study of microbial assemblages in methane-derived authigenic carbonate nodules and their host sediments using molecular, mineralogical, and geochemical methods. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity from paired carbonate nodules and sediments revealed that both sample types contained methanotrophic archaea (ANME-1 and ANME-2) and syntrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfobacteraceae and Desulfobulbaceae), as well as other microbial community members. The combination of geochemical and molecular data from Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge suggested that some nodules formed in situ and captured the local sediment-hosted microbial community, while other nodules may have been translocated or may represent a record of conditions prior to the contemporary environment. Taken together, this comparative analysis offers clues to the formation regimes and mechanisms of sediment-hosted carbonate nodules.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0095-3628},
	doi = {10.1007/s00248-015-0615-6},
	author = {Mason, Olivia U and Case, David H and Naehr, Thomas H and Lee, Raymond W and Thomas, Randal B and Bailey, Jake V and Orphan, Victoria J}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300014,
	title = {{Differences in recovery between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and vent-proximate communities after a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {167{\textendash}182},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and the surrounding basalt seafloor are subject to major natural disturbance events such as volcanic eruptions. In the near future, anthropogenic disturbance in the form of deep-sea mining could also significantly affect the faunal communities of hydrothermal vents. In this study, we monitor and compare the recovery of insular, highly productive vent communities and vent-proximate basalt communities following a volcanic eruption that destroyed almost all existing communities at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N in 2006. To study the recovery patterns of the benthic communities, we placed settlement substrates at vent sites and their proximate basalt areas and measured the prokaryotic abundance and compared the meio- and macrofaunal species richness and composition at one, two and four years after the eruption. In addition, we collected samples from the overlying water column with a pelagic pump, at one and two years after the volcanic eruption, to determine the abundance of potential meiofauna colonisers. One year after eruption, mean meio- and macrofaunal abundances were not significantly different from pre-eruption values in vent habitats (meio: 8-1838 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 3-6246 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02; macro: 95-1600 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 205-4577 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02) and on non-vent basalt habitats (meio: 10-1922 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 8328 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04; macro: 14-3351 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 2-63 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04), but species recovery patterns differed between the two habitat types. In the vent habitat, the initial community recovery was relatively quick but incomplete four years after eruption, which may be due to the good dispersal capabilities of vent endemic macrofauna and vent endemic dirivultid copepods. At vents, 42{\%} of the pre-eruption meio- and 39{\%} of macrofaunal species had returned. In addition, some new species not evident prior to the eruption were found. At the tubeworm site Tica, a total of 26 meio- and 19 macrofaunal species were found in 2009, which contrasts with the 24 meio- and 29 macrofauna species detected at the site in 2001/01 In the basalt habitat, community recovery of meiofauna was slower with only 28{\%} of the original 64 species present four years after eruption. The more limited dispersal capabilities of meiofauna basalt specialists such as nematodes or harpacticoid copepods probably caused this pattern. In contrast, 67{\%} of the original 27 macrofaunal species had recolonized the basalt by 2009. Our results suggest that not only vent communities, but also species-rich communities of vent-proximate habitats require attention in conservation efforts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.008},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Arbizu, Pedro Martinez and Mills, Susan and Le Bris, Nadine and Weinbauer, Markus and Shank, Timothy M and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000361755600008,
	title = {{Diversity and composition of the copepod communities associated with megafauna around a cold seep in the Gulf of Mexico with remarks on species biogeography}},
	journal = {MARINE BIODIVERSITY},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {419{\textendash}432},
	type = {Article; Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {In order to characterize the copepod communities associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations around a hydrocarbon seep in the Green Canyon of the Gulf of Mexico, diversity, abundance, and community composition were analyzed. Also analyzed were species biogeography and the potential connectivity to other chemosynthesis-based habitats. Copepod abundance and biomass were very low among tubeworms and mussels, with 0.22 to 6.08 individuals per 10 cm(2) sampled area and 9.02 to 42.43 mu g wet weight 10 cm(2) sampled area, respectively; but, abundance was significantly higher among the mussels. Fifty-five copepod species were identified, of which most were newly discovered and primarily belonging to the Harpacticoida order. Four copepod species were previously recorded from other food-rich and hard-substrata environments, such as hydrothermal vents or wood falls. Another four species showed close morphological proximity to species described from cold seeps, hydrothermal vents, and wood falls. Copepod diversity and community composition showed no significant differences between the foundation species. However, differences in the relative abundance and dominance of single species indicate a rather homogeneous community in mussel beds and a more heterogeneous community among tubeworms, indicating that foundation species may shape the abundance and community composition of associated copepods at cold seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1867-1616},
	doi = {10.1007/s12526-014-0310-8},
	author = {Plum, Christoph and Gollner, Sabine and Martinez-Arbizu, Pedro and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000365379500011,
	title = {{Estimations of heat transfer from Grotto{\textquoteright}s North Tower: A NEPTUNE Observatory case study}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {121},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {95{\textendash}111},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The overall heat transfer through an active hydrothermal sulfide edifice, in particular the North Tower of Grotto, has been estimated at 80 MW or greater based on the following in situ measurements and assumptions: (1) The heat transfer by diffuse flow is estimated at 33-380 MW based on extrapolating the acoustically mapped area to all sides of the North Tower ({\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}visible{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} area=30 m(2); extrapolated area= 100 m(2)) and using the range of available spot measurements of temperature (6-23 degrees C) and vertical velocity (0.07-0.28 m/s). The lower number (33 MW) is more likely, but there is insufficient knowledge of the temporal and spatial variability of diffuse flow to be certain. (2) The heat transfer by focused flow is estimated at 30-70 MW based on summing the estimated individual rates of heat transfer for 4 out of 7 documented black smokers and flanges. (3) Conductive heat transfer out of the mound is unknown, but is likely to be much less than the advective heat transfer. Additionally, the plume transport of heat is estimated at 20-40 MW based on the direct measurement of temperature within the plume (at 5-25 m above the top of the edifice). Despite uncertainties, the lower estimate of plume versus smoker heat transfer suggests that heat transfer is dominantly by diffuse flow. Furthermore, not all plumes from individual smokers may merge even for so small an area as the North Tower of Grotto. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.010},
	author = {Rona, Peter A and Bemis, Karen G and Xu, Guangyu and Mitsuzawa, Kyohiko}
}
@article {McDermott2015,
	title = {{Identification of sulfur sources and isotopic equilibria in submarine hot-springs using multiple sulfur isotopes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {160},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {169{\textendash}187},
	abstract = {Multiple sulfur isotopes were measured in metal sulfide deposits, elemental sulfur, and aqueous hydrogen sulfide to constrain sulfur sources and the isotopic systematics of precipitation in seafloor hydrothermal vents. Areas studied include the Eastern Manus Basin and Lau Basin back-arc spreading centers and the unsedimented basalt-hosted Southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR) and sediment-hosted Guaymas Basin mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Chalcopyrite and dissolved hydrogen sulfide (H2S) $δ$34S values range from -5.5{\textperthousand} to +5.6{\textperthousand} in Manus Basin samples, +2.4{\textperthousand} to +6.1{\textperthousand} in Lau Basin samples, and +3.7{\textperthousand} to +5.7{\textperthousand} in SEPR samples. Values of $δ$34S for cubic cubanite and H2S range from -1.4{\textperthousand} to +4.7{\textperthousand} in Guaymas Basin samples. Multiple sulfur isotope systematics in fluid-mineral pairs from the SEPR and Lau Basin show that crustal host rock and thermochemical reduction of seawater-derived dissolved sulfate (SO4) are the primary sources of sulfur in mid-ocean ridge and some back-arc systems. At PACMANUS and SuSu Knolls hydrothermal systems in the Eastern Manus Basin, a significant contribution of sulfur is derived from disproportionation of magmatic sulfur dioxide (SO2), while the remaining sulfur is derived from crustal host rocks and SO4 reduction. At the sedimented Guaymas Basin hydrothermal system, sulfur sources include crustal host rock, reduced seawater SO4, and biogenic sulfide. Vent fluid flow through fresher, less-mature sediment supplies an increased quantity of reactant organic compounds that may reduce 34S-enriched SO4, while fluid interaction with more highly-altered sediments results in H2S characterized by a small, but isotopically-significant input of 34S-depleted biogenic sulfides. Near-zero $Δ$33S values in all samples implicate the abiotic processes of SO4 reduction and leaching of host rock as the major contributors to sulfur content at a high temperature unsedimented mid-ocean ridge and at a back-arc system. $Δ$33S values indicate that SO2 disproportionation is an additional process that contributes sulfur to a different back-arc system and to acid spring-type hydrothermal fluid circulation. At the sedimented Guaymus Basin, near-zero $Δ$33S values are also observed, despite negative $δ$34S values that indicate inputs of biogenic pyrite for some samples. In contrast with previous studies reporting isotope disequilibrium between H2S and chalcopyrite, the $δ$34S values of chalcopyrite sampled from the inner 1{\textendash}2 mm of a chimney wall are within {\textpm}1{\textperthousand} of $δ$34S values for H2S in the paired vent fluid, suggesting equilibrium fluid-mineral sulfur isotope exchange at 300{\textendash}400 {\textdegree}C. Isotopic equilibrium between hydrothermal fluid H2S and precipitating chalcopyrite implies that sulfur isotopes in the chalcopyrite lining across a chimney wall may accurately record past hydrothermal activity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.016},
	author = {McDermott, J M and Ono, S and Tivey, M K and Seewald, J S and Shanks, W C}
}
@article {ISI:000352192100007,
	title = {{Investigation of extractable organic compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA},
	volume = {156},
	year = {2015},
	month = {may},
	pages = {122{\textendash}144},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The possibility that deep-sea hydrothermal vents may contain organic compounds produced by abiotic synthesis or by microbial communities living deep beneath the surface has led to numerous studies of the organic composition of vent fluids. Most of these studies have focused on methane and other light hydrocarbons, while the possible occurrence of more complex organic compounds in the fluids has remained largely unstudied. To address this issue, the presence of higher molecular weight organic compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal fluids was assessed at three sites along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that span a range of temperatures (51 to {\textgreater}360 degrees C), fluid compositions, and host-rock lithologies (mafic to ultramafic). Samples were obtained at several sites within the Lucky Strike, Rainbow, and Lost City hydrothermal fields. Three methods were employed to extract organic compounds for analysis, including liquid: liquid extraction, cold trapping on the walls of a coil of titanium tubing, and pumping fluids through cartridges filled with solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents. The only samples to consistently yield high amounts of extractable organic compounds were the warm (51-91 degrees C), highly alkaline fluids from Lost City, which contained elevated concentrations of C-8, C-10, and C-12 n-alkanoic acids and, in some cases, trithiolane, hexadecanol, squalene, and cholesterol. Collectively, the C-8-C-12 acids can account for about 15{\%} of the total dissolved organic carbon in the Lost City fluids. The even-carbon-number predominance of the alkanoic acids indicates a biological origin, but it is unclear whether these compounds are derived from microbial activity occurring within the hydrothermal chimney proximal to the site of fluid discharge or are transported from deeper within the system. Hydrothermal fluids from the Lucky Strike and Rainbow fields were characterized by an overall scarcity of extractable dissolved organic compounds. Trace amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons including phenanthrenes and benzothiophene were the only compounds that could be identified as indigenous components of these fluids. Although hydrocarbons and fatty acids were observed in some samples, those compounds were likely derived from particulate matter or biomass entrained during fluid collection. In addition, extracts of some fluid samples from the Rainbow field were found to contain an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of organic compounds. This UCM shared some characteristics with organic matter extracted from bottom seawater, suggesting that the organic matter observed in these samples might represent seawater-derived compounds that had persisted, albeit with partial alteration, during circulation through the hydrothermal system. While there is considerable evidence that Rainbow and Lost City vent fluids contain methane and other light hydrocarbons produced through abiotic reduction of inorganic carbon, we found no evidence for more complex organic compounds with an abiotic origin in the same fluids. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.022},
	author = {McCollom, Thomas M and Seewald, Jeffrey S and German, Christopher R}
}
@article {ISI:000351847600028,
	title = {{Long-term explosive degassing and debris flow activity at West Mata submarine volcano}},
	journal = {GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
	volume = {42},
	number = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1480{\textendash}1487},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {West Mata is a 1200m deep submarine volcano where explosive boninite eruptions were observed in 2009. The acoustic signatures from the volcano{\textquoteright}s summit eruptive vents Hades and Prometheus were recorded with an in situ (similar to 25m range) hydrophone during ROV dives in May 2009 and with local (similar to 5km range) moored hydrophones between December 2009 and August 2011. The sensors recorded low frequency (1-40Hz), short duration explosions consistent with magma bubble bursts from Hades, and broadband, 1-5min duration signals associated with episodes of fragmentation degassing from Prometheus. Long-term eruptive degassing signals, recorded through May 2010, preceded a several month period of declining activity. Degassing episodes were not recorded acoustically after early 2011, although quieter effusive eruption activity may have continued. Synchronous optical measurements of turbidity made between December 2009 and April 2010 indicate that turbidity maxima resulted from occasional south flank slope failures triggered by the collapse of accumulated debris during eruption intervals.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL062603},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Baker, E T and Matsumoto, H and Caplan-Auerbach, J and Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Walker, S L and Lau, T-K. and Chadwick Jr., W W}
}
@article {ISI:000366346800001,
	title = {{Metazoans of redoxcline sediments in Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins}},
	journal = {BMC BIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Background: The deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) of the Mediterranean (water depth similar to 3500 m) are some of the most extreme oceanic habitats known. Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB haloclines and brines, loriciferans are the only metazoan reported to inhabit the anoxic DHAB brines. Our goal was to further investigate metazoan communities in DHAB haloclines and brines. Results: We report observations from sediments of three DHAB (Urania, Discovery, L{\textquoteright}Atalante) haloclines, comparing these to observations from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Due to technical difficulties, sampling of the brines was not possible. Morphotype analysis indicates nematodes are the most abundant taxon; crustaceans, loriciferans and bryozoans were also noted. Among nematodes, Daptonema was the most abundant genus; three morphotypes were noted with a degree of endemicity. The majority of rRNA sequences were from planktonic taxa, suggesting that at least some individual metazoans were preserved and inactive. Nematode abundance data, in some cases determined from direct counts of sediments incubated in situ with CellTracker (TM) Green, was patchy but generally indicates the highest abundances in either normoxic control samples or in upper halocline samples; nematodes were absent or very rare in lower halocline samples. Ultrastructural analysis indicates the nematodes in L{\textquoteright}Atalante normoxic control sediments were fit, while specimens from L{\textquoteright}Atalante upper halocline were healthy or had only recently died and those from the lower halocline had no identifiable organelles. Loriciferans, which were only rarely encountered, were found in both normoxic control samples as well as in Discovery and L{\textquoteright}Atalante haloclines. It is not clear how a metazoan taxon could remain viable under this wide range of conditions. Conclusions: We document a community of living nematodes in normoxic, normal saline deep-sea Mediterranean sediments and in the upper halocline portions of the DHABs. Occurrences of nematodes in mid-halocline and lower halocline samples did not provide compelling evidence of a living community in those zones. The possibility of a viable metazoan community in brines of DHABs is not supported by our data at this time.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1741-7007},
	doi = {10.1186/s12915-015-0213-6},
	author = {Bernhard, Joan M and Morrison, Colin R and Pape, Ellen and Beaudoin, David J and Todaro, M Antonio and Pachiadaki, Maria G and Kormas, Konstantinos Ar and Edgcomb, Virginia P}
}
@inbook {DeRonde2015,
	title = {{Molten sulfur lakes of intraoceanic arc volcanoes}},
	booktitle = {Volcanic Lakes},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-36832-5},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Chadwick, W W and Ditchburn, R G and Embley, R W and Tunnicliffe, V and Baker, E T and Walker, S L and Ferrini, V L and Merle, S M},
	editor = {Rouwet, D}
}
@article {Mavor2015,
	title = {{Observation windows of the deep submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {49},
	number = {6},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {17{\textendash}31},
	abstract = {The basis of the design of ALVIN plexiglas windows is presented. Results of several tests of plexiglas windows are presented and discussed. It is concluded that the lapping of windows into their seats is unnecessary and that a close fit is not required. ALVIN windows are conservative in design for the operating depth of 6000 feet. The use of a test window seat which does not simulate the hull strains is satisfactory for window test. It is recommended that the conical window seat be extended inward beyond the window to allow for normal elastic extrusion. Plexiglas windows are susceptible to collision damage due to brittleness and low strength of the material. An external rubber gasket is required to prevent low pressure leakage.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@article {ISI:000356731300054,
	title = {{Pathways for abiotic organic synthesis at submarine hydrothermal fields}},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
	volume = {112},
	number = {25},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {7668{\textendash}7672},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Arguments for an abiotic origin of low-molecular weight organic compounds in deep-sea hot springs are compelling owing to implications for the sustenance of deep biosphere microbial communities and their potential role in the origin of life. Theory predicts that warm H-2-rich fluids, like those emanating from serpentinizing hydrothermal systems, create a favorable thermodynamic drive for the abiotic generation of organic compounds from inorganic precursors. Here, we constrain two distinct reaction pathways for abiotic organic synthesis in the natural environment at the Von Damm hydrothermal field and delineate spatially where inorganic carbon is converted into bioavailable reduced carbon. We reveal that carbon transformation reactions in a single system can progress over hours, days, and up to thousands of years. Previous studies have suggested that CH4 and higher hydrocarbons in ultramafic hydrothermal systems were dependent on H-2 generation during active serpentinization. Rather, our results indicate that CH4 found in vent fluids is formed in H-2-rich fluid inclusions, and higher n-alkanes may likely be derived from the same source. This finding implies that, in contrast with current paradigms, these compounds may form independently of actively circulating serpentinizing fluids in ultramafic-influenced systems. Conversely, widespread production of formate by SCO2 reduction at Von Damm occurs rapidly during shallow subsurface mixing of the same fluids, which may support anaerobic methanogenesis. Our finding of abiogenic formate in deep-sea hot springs has significant implications for microbial life strategies in the present- day deep biosphere as well as early life on Earth and beyond.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1506295112},
	author = {McDermott, Jill M and Seewald, Jeffrey S and German, Christopher R and Sylva, Sean P}
}
@article {Lee2015,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variation in temperature experienced by macrofauna at Main Endeavour hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {154{\textendash}166},
	abstract = {A significant focus of hydrothermal vent ecological studies has been to understand how species cope with various stressors through physiological tolerance and biochemical resistance. Yet, the environmental conditions experienced by vent species have not been well characterized. This objective requires continuous observations over time intervals that can capture environmental variability at scales that are relevant to animals. We used autonomous temperature logger arrays (four roughly parallel linear arrays of 12 loggers spaced every 10{\textendash}12 cm) to study spatial and temporal variations in the thermal regime experienced by hydrothermal vent macrofauna at a diffuse flow vent. Hourly temperatures were recorded over eight months from 2010 to 2011 at Grotto vent in the Main Endeavour vent field on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, a focus area of the Ocean Networks Canada cabled observatory. The conspicuous animal assemblages in video footage contained Ridgeia piscesae tubeworms, gastropods (primarily Lepetodrilus fucensis), and polychaetes (polynoid scaleworms and the palm worm Paralvinella palmiformis). Two dimensional spatial gradients in temperature were generally stable over the deployment period. The average temperature recorded by all arrays, and in some individual loggers, revealed distinctive fluctuations in temperature that often corresponded with the tidal cycle. We postulate that this may be related to changes in bottom currents or fluctuations in vent discharge. A marked transient temperature increase lasting over a period of days was observed in April 2011. While the distributions and behavior of Juan de Fuca Ridge vent invertebrates may be partially constrained by environmental temperature and temperature tolerance, except for the one transient high-temperature event, observed fluid temperatures were generally similar to the thermal preferences for some species, and typically well below lethal temperatures for all species. Average temperatures of the four arrays ranged from 4.1 to 11.0 {\textdegree}C during the deployment, indicating that on an hourly timescale the temperature conditions in this tubeworm community were fairly moderate and stable. The generality of these findings and behavioral responses of vent organisms to predictable},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.004},
	author = {Lee, R W and Robert, K and Matabos, M and Bates, A E and Juniper, S K}
}
@article {Quattrini2015,
	title = {{Testing the depth-differentiation hypothesis in a deepwater octocoral}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {282},
	number = {1807},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {20150008},
	abstract = {The depth-differentiation hypothesis proposes that the bathyal region is a source of genetic diversity and an area where there is a high rate of species formation. Genetic differentiation should thus occur over relatively small vertical distances, particularly along the upper continental slope (200-1000 m) where oceanography varies greatly over small differences in depth. To test whether genetic differentiation within deepwater octocorals is greater over vertical rather than geographical distances, Callogorgia delta was targeted. This species commonly occurs throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico at depths ranging from 400 to 900 m. We found significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.042) across seven sites spanning 400 km of distance and 400 m of depth. A pattern of isolation by depth emerged, but geographical distance between sites may further limit gene flow. Water mass boundaries may serve to isolate populations across depth; however, adaptive divergence with depth is also a possible scenario. Microsatellite markers also revealed significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.434) between C. delta and a closely related species, Callogorgia americana, demonstrating the utility of microsatellites in species delimitation of octocorals. Results provided support for the depth-differentiation hypothesis, strengthening the notion that factors covarying with depth serve as isolation mechanisms in deep-sea populations.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2015.0008},
	author = {Quattrini, A M and Baums, I B and Shank, T M and Morrison, C and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {Madin2014,
	title = {{Alvin{\textquoteright}s animals: scientists in the sub have discovered hundreds of previously unknown species}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {51},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Madin, K}
}
@article {ISI:000345545100011,
	title = {{The Anatomy of a Buried Submarine Hydrothermal System, Clark Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand}},
	journal = {ECONOMIC GEOLOGY},
	volume = {109},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {2261{\textendash}2292},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Clark volcano of the Kermadec arc, northeast of New Zealand, is a large stratovolcano comprised of two coalescing volcanic cones; an apparently younger, more coherent, twin-peaked edifice to the northwest and a relatively older, more degraded and tectonized cone to the southeast. High-resolution water column surveys show an active hydrothermal system at the summit of the NW cone largely along a ridge spur connecting the two peaks, with activity also noted at the head of scarps related to sector collapse. Clark is the only known cone volcano along the Kermadec arc to host sulfide mineralization. Volcano-scale gravity and magnetic surveys over Clark show that it is highly magnetized, and that a strong gravity gradient exists between the two edifices. Modeling suggests that a crustal-scale fault lies between these two edifices, with thinner crust beneath the NW cone. Locations of regional earthquake epicenters show a southwest-northeast trend bisecting the two Clark cones, striking northeastward into Tangaroa volcano. Detailed mapping of magnetics above the NW cone summit shows a highly magnetized ring structure 350 m below the summit that is not apparent in the bathymetry; we believe this structure represents the top of a caldera. Oblate zones of low (weak) magnetization caused by hydrothermal fluid upflow, here termed burn holes, form a pattern in the regional magnetization resembling Swiss cheese. Presumably older burn holes occupy the inner margin of the ring structure and show no signs of hydrothermal activity, while younger burn holes are coincident with active venting on the summit. A combination of mineralogy, geochemistry, and seafloor mapping of the NW cone shows that hydrothermal activity today is largely manifest by widespread diffuse venting, with temperatures ranging between 56 degrees and 106 degrees C. Numerous, small ({\textless}= 30 cm high) chimneys populate the summit area, with one site host to the similar to 7-m-tall {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Twin Towers{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} chimneys with maximum vent fluid temperatures of 221 degrees C (pH 4.9), consistent with delta S-34(anhydrite-pyrite) values indicating formation temperatures of similar to 228 degrees to 249 degrees C. Mineralization is dominated by pyrite-marcasite-barite-anhydrite. Radiometric dating using the Ra-228/Ra-226 and Ra-226/Ba methods shows active chimneys to be {\textless}20 with most {\textless}2 years old. However, the chimneys at Clark show evidence for mixing with, and remobilizing of, barite as old as 19,000 years. This is consistent with Nd and Sr isotope compositions of Clark chimney and sulfate crust samples that indicate mixing of similar to 40{\%} seawater with a vent fluid derived from low K lavas. Similarly, REE data show the hydrothermal fluids have interacted with a plagioclase-rich source rock. A holistic approach to the study of the Clark hydrothermal system has revealed a two-stage process whereby a caldera-forming volcanic event preceded a later cone-building event. This ensured a protracted (at least 20 ka yrs) history of hydrothermal activity and associated mineral deposition. If we assume at least 200-m-high walls for the postulated (buried) caldera, then hydrothermal fluids would have exited the seafloor 20 ka years ago at least 550 m deeper than they do today, with fluid discharge temperatures potentially much hotter (similar to 350 degrees C). Subsequent to caldera infilling, relatively porous volcaniclastic and other units making up the cone acted as largescale filters, enabling ascending hydrothermal fluids to boil and mix with seawater subseafloor, effectively removing the metals (including remobilized Cu) in solution before they reached the seafloor. This has implications for estimates for the metal inventory of seafloor hydrothermal systems pertaining to arc hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Walker, S L and Ditchburn, R G and Tontini, F Caratori and Hannington, M D and Merle, S G and Timm, C and Handler, M R and Wysoczanski, R J and Dekov, V M and Kamenov, G D and Baker, E T and Embley, R W and Lupton, J E and Stoffers, P}
}
@article {Bernhard2014,
	title = {{Benthic protists and fungi of Mediterranean deep hypsersaline anoxic basin redoxcline sediments}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {605},
	abstract = {Some of the most extreme marine habitats known are the Mediterranean deep hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs; water depth \~{}3500 m). Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB water-column haloclines and brines, the existence and activity of benthic DHAB protists have rarely been explored. Here, we report findings regarding protists and fungi recovered from sediments of three DHAB (Discovery, Urania, L{\textquoteright} Atalante) haloclines, and compare these to communities from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Halocline sediments, where the redoxcline impinges the seafloor, were studied from all three DHABs. Microscopic cell counts suggested that halocline sediments supported denser protist populations than those in adjacent control sediments. Pyrosequencing analysis based on ribosomal RNA detected eukaryotic ribotypes in the halocline sediments from each of the three DHABs, most of which were fungi. Sequences affiliated with Ustilaginomycotina Basidiomycota were the most abundant eukaryotic signatures detected. Benthic communities in these DHABs appeared to differ, as expected, due to differing brine chemistries. Microscopy indicated that only a low proportion of protists appeared to bear associated putative symbionts. In a considerable number of cases, when prokaryotes were associated with a protist, DAPI staining did not reveal presence of any nuclei, suggesting that at least some protists were carcasses inhabited by prokaryotic scavengers.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00605},
	author = {Bernhard, J M and Kormas, K and Pachiadaki, M and Rocke, E and Beaudoin, D J and Morrison, C and Visscher, P T and Cobban, A and Starczak, V R and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {ISI:000338758400018,
	title = {{THE CASCADIA INITIATIVE A Sea Change In Seismological Studies of Subduction Zones}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {138{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Increasing public awareness that the Cascadia subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest is capable of great earthquakes (magnitude 9 and greater) motivates the Cascadia Initiative, an ambitious onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an amphibious array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes, to volcanic arc structure, to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda Plates. Here, we provide an overview of the Cascadia Initiative, including its primary science objectives, its experimental design and implementation, and a preview of how the resulting data are being used by a diverse and growing scientific community. The Cascadia Initiative also exemplifies how new technology and community-based experiments are opening up frontiers for marine science. The new technology shielded ocean bottom seismometers is allowing more routine investigation of the source zone of megathrust earthquakes, which almost exclusively lies offshore and in shallow water. The Cascadia Initiative offers opportunities and accompanying challenges to a rapidly expanding community of those who use ocean bottom seismic data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Toomey, Douglas R and Allen, Richard M and Barclay, Andrew H and Bell, Samuel W and Bromirski, Peter D and Carlson, Richard L and Chen, Xiaowei and Collins, John A and Dziak, Robert P and Evers, Brent and Forsyth, Donald W and Gerstoft, Peter and Hooft, Emilie E E and Livelybrooks, Dean and Lodewyk, Jessica A and Luther, Douglas S and McGuire, Jeffrey J and Schwartz, Susan Y and Tolstoy, Maya and Trehu, Anne M and Weirathmueller, Michelle and Wilcock, William S D}
}
@article {ISI:000337512000014,
	title = {{Close association of active nitrifiers with Beggiatoa mats covering deep-sea hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {6, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1612{\textendash}1626},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal sediments in the Guaymas Basin are covered by microbial mats that are dominated by nitrate-respiring and sulphide-oxidizing Beggiatoa. The presence of these mats strongly correlates with sulphide- and ammonium-rich fluids venting from the subsurface. Because ammonium and oxygen form opposed gradients at the sediment surface, we hypothesized that nitrification is an active process in these Beggiatoa mats. Using biogeochemical and molecular methods, we measured nitrification and determined the diversity and abundance of nitrifiers. Nitrification rates ranged from 74 to 605molNl-1matday-1, which exceeded those previously measured in hydrothermal plumes and other deep-sea habitats. Diversity and abundance analyses of archaeal and bacterial ammonia monooxygenase subunit A genes, archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA pyrotags and fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were associated with Beggiatoa mats. Intriguingly, we observed cells of bacterial and potential thaumarchaeotal ammonia oxidizers attached to narrow, Beggiatoa-like filaments. Such a close spatial coupling of nitrification and nitrate respiration in mats of large sulphur bacteria is novel and may facilitate mat-internal cycling of nitrogen, thereby reducing loss of bioavailable nitrogen in deep-sea sediments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12316},
	author = {Winkel, Matthias and de Beer, Dirk and Lavik, Gaute and Peplies, Joerg and Mussmann, Marc I}
}
@article {Smith2014,
	title = {{Development and evolution of detachment faulting along 50 km of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 16.5{\textdegree}N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4692{\textendash}4711},
	abstract = {A multifaceted study of the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at 16.5{\textdegree}N provides new insights into detachment faulting and its evolution through time. The survey included regional multibeam bathymetry mapping, high-resolution mapping using AUV Sentry, seafloor imaging using the TowCam system, and an extensive rock-dredging program. At different times, detachment faulting was active along \~{}50 km of the western flank of the study area, and may have dominated spreading on that flank for the last 5 Ma. Detachment morphologies vary and include a classic corrugated massif, noncorrugated massifs, and back-tilted ridges marking detachment breakaways. High-resolution Sentry data reveal a new detachment morphology; a low-angle, irregular surface in the regional bathymetry is shown to be a finely corrugated detachment surface (corrugation wavelength of only tens of meters and relief of just a few meters). Multiscale corrugations are observed 2{\textendash}3 km from the detachment breakaway suggesting that they formed in the brittle layer, perhaps by anastomosing faults. The thin wedge of hanging wall lavas that covers a low-angle (6{\textdegree}) detachment footwall near its termination are intensely faulted and fissured; this deformation may be enhanced by the low angle of the emerging footwall. Active detachment faulting currently is limited to the western side of the rift valley. Nonetheless, detachment fault morphologies also are present over a large portion of the eastern flank on crust {\textgreater}2 Ma, indicating that within the last 5 Ma parts of the ridge axis have experienced periods of two-sided detachment faulting.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005563},
	author = {Smith, D K and Schouten, H and Dick, H J B and Cann, J R and Salters, V and Marschall, H R and Ji, F and Yoerger, D R and Sanfilippo, A and Parnell-Turner, R and Palmiotto, C and Zheleznov, A and Bai, H and Junkin, W and Urann, B and Dick, S and Sulanowska, M and Lemmond, P and Curry, S}
}
@article {ISI:000342622400022,
	title = {{Distribution and size fractionation of elemental sulfur in aqueous environments: The Chesapeake Bay and Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA},
	volume = {142},
	year = {2014},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {334{\textendash}348},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Elemental sulfur is an important intermediate of sulfide oxidation and may be produced via abiotic and biotic pathways. In this study the concentration and size fractionation of elemental sulfur were measured in two different sulfidic marine environments: the Chesapeake Bay and buoyant hydrothermal vent plumes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nanoparticulate sulfur ({\textless}0.2 mu m) was found to comprise up to 90{\%} of the total elemental sulfur in anoxic deep waters of the Chesapeake Bay. These data were compared with previous studies of elemental sulfur, and represent one of the few reports of nanoparticulate elemental sulfur in the environment. Additionally, a strain of phototrophic sulfide oxidizing bacteria isolated from the Chesapeake Bay was shown to produce elemental sulfur as a product of sulfide oxidation. Elemental sulfur concentrations are also presented from buoyant hydrothermal vent plumes located along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plume, S-0 concentrations up to 33 mu M were measured in the first meter of rising plumes at three different vent sites, and nanoparticulate S-0 was up to 44{\%} of total elemental sulfur present. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2014.07.032},
	author = {Findlay, Alyssa J and Gartman, Amy and MacDonald, Daniel J and Hanson, Thomas E and Shaw, Timothy J and Luther III, George W}
}
@article {Clague2014,
	title = {{Eruptive and tectonic history of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, based on AUV mapping data and lava flow ages}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3364{\textendash}3391},
	abstract = {High-resolution bathymetric surveys from autonomous underwater vehicles ABE and D. Allan B. were merged to create a coregistered map of 71.7 km(2) of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Radiocarbon dating of foraminifera in cores from three dives of remotely operated vehicle Doc Ricketts provide minimum eruption ages for 40 lava flows that are combined with the bathymetric data to outline the eruptive and tectonic history. The ages range from Modern to 10,700 marine-calibrated years before present (yr BP). During a robust magmatic phase from {\textgreater}10,700 yr BP to approximate to 4300 yr BP, flows erupted from an axial high and many flowed {\textgreater}5 km down the flanks; some partly buried adjacent valleys. Axial magma chambers (AMCs) may have been wider than today to supply dike intrusions over a 2 km wide axial zone. Summit Seamount formed by approximate to 4770 yr BP and was subsequently dismembered during a period of extension with little volcanism starting approximate to 4300 yr BP. This tectonic phase with only rare volcanic eruptions lasted until approximate to 2300 yr BP and may have resulted in near-solidification of the AMCs. The axial graben formed by crustal extension during this period of low magmatic activity. Infrequent eruptions occurred on the flanks between 2620-1760 yr BP and within the axial graben since approximate to 1750 yr BP. This most recent phase of limited volcanic and intense hydrothermal activity that began approximate to 2300 yr BP defines a hydrothermal phase of ridge development that coincides with the present-day 1 km wide AMCs and overlying hydrothermal vent fields.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005415},
	author = {Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Caress, D W and Gill, J B and Kelley, D S and Thomas, H and Portner, R A and Delaney, J R and Guilderson, T P and McGann, M L}
}
@article {Embley2014,
	title = {{Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996{\textendash}2012}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {10},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4093{\textendash}4115},
	abstract = {We present multiple lines of evidence for years to decade-long changes in the location and character of volcanic activity at West Mata seamount in the NE Lau basin over a 16 year period, and a hiatus in summit eruptions from early 2011 to at least September 2012. Boninite lava and pyroclasts were observed erupting from its summit in 2009, and hydroacoustic data from a succession of hydrophones moored nearby show near-continuous eruptive activity from January 2009 to early 2011. Successive differencing of seven multibeam bathymetric surveys of the volcano made in the 1996{\textendash}2012 period reveals a pattern of extended constructional volcanism on the summit and northwest flank punctuated by eruptions along the volcano{\textquoteright}s WSW rift zone (WSWRZ). Away from the summit, the volumetrically largest eruption during the observational period occurred between May 2010 and November 2011 at \~{}2920 m depth near the base of the WSWRZ. The (nearly) equally long ENE rift zone did not experience any volcanic activity during the 1996{\textendash}2012 period. The cessation of summit volcanism recorded on the moored hydrophone was accompanied or followed by the formation of a small summit crater and a landslide on the eastern flank. Water column sensors, analysis of gas samples in the overlying hydrothermal plume and dives with a remotely operated vehicle in September 2012 confirmed that the summit eruption had ceased. Based on the historical eruption rates calculated using the bathymetric differencing technique, the volcano could be as young as several thousand years.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005387},
	author = {Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Baker, E T and Rubin, K H and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and Dziak, R P and Lilley, M D and Chadwick, W W and Shank, T M and Greene, R and Walker, S L and Haxel, J H and Olson, E J and Baumberger, T}
}
@article {ISI:000340362500008,
	title = {{Eruptive timing and 200 year episodicity at 92 degrees W on the hot spot-influenced Galapagos Spreading Center derived from geomagnetic paleointensity}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {2211{\textendash}2224},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Eruptive timing in mid-ocean ridge systems is relatively poorly constrained, despite being an important variable in our understanding of many mid-ocean ridge processes, including volcanic construction; magma recharge, flux, and storage; and the stability of hydrothermal systems and biological communities. Only a handful of absolute eruption chronologies exist, yet they are essential in understanding how eruptive timing varies with important controlling variables. To construct an eruptive history at one location on the Galapagos Spreading Center, we present age determinations derived from geomagnetic paleointensity. To aid interpretation of the paleointensity data, we also present results from on-bottom magnetic anomaly measurements and forward modeling of topographic-induced magnetic anomalies. Anomalies may lead to a 1-2 mu T bias in flow-mean paleointensities, which does not significantly affect the overall interpretation. Paleointensity results for the three youngest sampled units are indistinguishable, consistent with the flows being emplaced in relatively rapid succession. Comparisons with models of geomagnetic field behavior suggest these flows were erupted sometime in the past 100-200 years. The fourth sampled unit has a significantly higher paleointensity, consistent with an age of roughly 400 years. The possible bias in paleointensity data allows for ages as young as similar to 50 years for the youngest three flows and 200-400 years for the oldest flow. This age distribution demonstrates an episodicity in the emplacement of the largest flows at this location, with a 200-300 year period of relative quiescence between emplacement of the oldest unit and the three youngest units.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005315},
	author = {Bowles, Julie A and Colman, Alice and McClinton, J Timothy and Sinton, John M and White, Scott M and Rubin, Kenneth H}
}
@article {ISI:000348060800012,
	title = {{Imaging of CO2 bubble plumes above an erupting submarine volcano, NW Rota-1, Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {11},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {4325{\textendash}4342},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {NW Rota-1 is a submarine volcano in the Mariana volcanic arc located similar to 100 km north of Guam. Underwater explosive eruptions driven by magmatic gases were first witnessed there in 2004 and continued until at least 2010. During a March 2010 expedition, visual observations documented continuous but variable eruptive activity at multiple vents at similar to 560 m depth. Some vents released CO2 bubbles passively and continuously, while others released CO2 during stronger but intermittent explosive bursts. Plumes of CO2 bubbles in the water column over the volcano were imaged by an EM122 (12 kHz) multibeam sonar system. Throughout the 2010 expedition numerous passes were made over the eruptive vents with the ship to document the temporal variability of the bubble plumes and relate them to the eruptive activity on the seafloor, as recorded by an in situ hydrophone and visual observations. Analysis of the EM122 midwater data set shows: (1) bubble plumes were present on every pass over the summit and they rose 200-400 m above the vents but dissolved before they reached the ocean surface, (2) bubble plume deflection direction and distance correlate well with ocean current direction and velocity determined from the ship{\textquoteright}s acoustic doppler current profiler, (3) bubble plume heights and volumes were variable over time and correlate with eruptive intensity as measured by the in situ hydrophone. This study shows that midwater multibeam sonar data can be used to characterize the level of eruptive activity and its temporal variability at a shallow submarine volcano with robust CO2 output.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005543},
	author = {Chadwick Jr., William W and Merle, Susan G and Buck, Nathaniel J and Lavelle, J William and Resing, Joseph A and Ferrini, Vicki}
}
@article {ISI:000345631900005,
	title = {{Microbial consumption of zero-valence sulfur in marine benthic habitats}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {11, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {3416{\textendash}3430},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Zero-valence sulfur (S-0) is a central intermediate in the marine sulfur cycle and forms conspicuous accumulations at sediment surfaces, hydrothermal vents and in oxygen minimum zones. Diverse microorganisms can utilize S-0, but those consuming S-0 in the environment are largely unknown. We identified possible key players in S-0 turnover on native or introduced S-0 in benthic coastal and deep-sea habitats using the 16S ribosomal RNA approach, (in situ) growth experiments and activity measurements. In all habitats, the epsilonproteobacterial Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group accounted for a substantial fraction of the microbial community. Deltaproteobacterial Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfuromonadales were also frequently detected, indicating S-0 disproportionation and S-0 respiration under anoxic conditions. Sulfate production from S-0 particles colonized in situ with Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum suggested that this group oxidized S-0. We also show that the type strain Sulfurimonas denitrificans is able to access cyclooctasulfur (S-8), a metabolic feature not yet demonstrated for sulfur oxidizers. The ability to oxidize S-0, in particular S-8, likely facilitates niche partitioning among sulfur oxidizers in habitats with intense microbial sulfur cycling such as sulfidic sediment surfaces. Our results underscore the previously overlooked but central role of Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group for conversion of free S-0 at the seafloor surface.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12410},
	author = {Pjevac, Petra and Kamyshny Jr., Alexey and Dyksma, Stefan and Mussmann, Marc}
}
@article {ISI:000331788900001,
	title = {{Microsporidia-nematode associations in methane seeps reveal basal fungal parasitism in the deep sea}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	month = {feb},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep sea is Earth{\textquoteright}s largest habitat but little is known about the nature of deep-sea parasitism. In contrast to a few characterized cases of bacterial and protistan parasites, the existence and biological significance of deep-sea parasitic fungi is yet to be understood. Here we report the discovery of a fungus-related parasitic microsporidium, Nematocenator marisprofundi n. gen. n. sp. that infects benthic nematodes at methane seeps on the Pacific Ocean floor. This infection is species-specific and has been temporally and spatially stable over 2 years of sampling, indicating an ecologically consistent host-parasite interaction. A high distribution of spores in the reproductive tracts of infected males and females and their absence from host nematodes{\textquoteright} intestines suggests a sexual transmission strategy in contrast to the fecal-oral transmission of most microsporidia. N. mansprofundi targets the host{\textquoteright}s body wall muscles causing cell lysis, and in severe infection even muscle filament degradation. Phylogenetic analyses placed N. marisprofundi in a novel and basal clade not closely related to any described microsporidia clade, suggesting either that microsporidia-nematode parasitism occurred early in microsporidia evolution or that host specialization occurred late in an ancient deep-sea microsporidian lineage. Our findings reveal that methane seeps support complex ecosystems involving interkingdom interactions between bacteria, nematodes, and parasitic fungi and that microsporidia parasitism exists also in the deep-sea biosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00043},
	author = {Sapir, Amir and Dillman, Adler R and Connon, Stephanie A and Grupe, Benjamin M and Ingels, Jeroen and Mundo-Ocampo, Manuel and Levin, Lisa A and Baldwin, James G and Orphan, Victoria J and Sternberg, Paul W}
}
@article {ISI:000334288600024,
	title = {{The origin of methanethiol in midocean ridge hydrothermal fluids}},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
	volume = {111},
	number = {15},
	year = {2014},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {5474{\textendash}5479},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Simple alkyl thiols such as methanethiol (CH3SH) are widely speculated to form in seafloor hot spring fluids. Putative CH3SH synthesis by abiotic (nonbiological) reduction of inorganic carbon (CO2 or CO) has been invoked as an initiation reaction for the emergence of protometabolism and microbial life in primordial hydrothermal settings. Thiols are also presumptive ligands for hydrothermal trace metals and potential fuels for associated microbial communities. In an effort to constrain sources and sinks of CH3SH in seafloor hydrothermal systems, we determined for the first time its abundance in diverse hydrothermal fluids emanating from ultramafic, mafic, and sediment-covered midocean ridge settings. Our data demonstrate that the distribution of CH3SH is inconsistent with meta-stable equilibrium with inorganic carbon, indicating that production by abiotic carbon reduction is more limited than previously proposed. CH3SH concentrations are uniformly low (similar to 10(-8) M) in high-temperature fluids ({\textgreater}200 degrees C) from all unsedimented systems and, in many cases, suggestive of meta-stable equilibrium with CH4 instead. Associated low-temperature fluids ({\textless}200 degrees C) formed by admixing of seawater, however, are invariably enriched in CH3SH (up to similar to 10-6 M) along with NH4+ and low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons relative to high-temperature source fluids, resembling our observations from a sediment-hosted system. This strongly implicates thermogenic interactions between upwelling fluids and microbial biomass or associated dissolved organic matter during subsurface mixing in crustal aquifers. Widespread thermal degradation of subsurface organic matter may be an important source of organic production in unsedimented hydrothermal systems and may influence microbial metabolic strategies in cooler near-sea-floor and plume habitats.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1400643111},
	author = {Reeves, Eoghan P and McDermott, Jill M and Seewald, Jeffrey S}
}
@article {Moore2014,
	title = {{Primitive melt replenishment and crystal-mush disaggregation in the weeks preceding the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption 9{\textdegree}50'N9{\textdegree}50'N, EPR}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {403},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {15{\textendash}26},
	abstract = {The 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption at \~{}9{\textdegree}50'N, East Pacific Rise provides an exceptional opportunity to investigate the magma plumbing system beneath a well-studied ridge system. The eruption was preceded by two years of increasingly intense seismicity and occurred from the same location as a previous and well-characterized eruption in 1991{\textendash}1992. Here we use the crystal cargo of samples from this eruption to investigate magma reservoir processes in the lead-up to the eruption, as well as their temporal relationship to the seismicity that preceded it. Compositional zoning in some plagioclase crystals indicates primitive melt replenishment occurred roughly six weeks or less before the eruption. This replenishing event is seen only in the crystals from the central region of the eruption (9{\textdegree}50'{\textendash}9{\textdegree}52'N). This is also the area where the most primitive lava compositions are observed and together these observations support models of replenishment being spatially focused. The short time between the input of a more primitive melt and eruption onto the seafloor suggests replenishment likely contributed to triggering the eruption. Rare resorbed plagioclase crystals, and glomerocrysts of plagioclase and olivine, some of which have rims far from equilibrium with their host melt, suggest that disaggregation of a crystal mush occurred within a few days prior to eruption. Interstitial melt from within this mush zone must have been mixed back into the erupted lava{\textemdash}a form of in situ crystallization. Thus, the erupted magmas evolved in a replenished-tapped magma reservoir in which at least a part of the crystallization occurred in situ.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.015},
	author = {Moore, A and Coogan, L A and Costa, F and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {ISI:000332225300011,
	title = {{Spatial patterns of tissue stable isotope contents give insight into the nutritional sources for seep communities on the Gulf of Mexico lower slope}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {498},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133{\textendash}U481},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In this study, we present the first thorough trophic characterization of cold seep macrofaunal communities on the Gulf of Mexico lower continental slope ({\textgreater} 1000 m depth). We analyzed tissue delta C-13, delta N-15, and delta S-34 of vestimentiferan tubeworms, bathymodiolin mussels, vesicomyid clams, and their associated macrofaunal communities from discrete collections made across the entire lower slope. Over half of macrofauna associated with mussels and about half associated with vestimentiferans had delta C-13 values below -45{\%}. We also observed high spatial variability in the delta C-13 values of entire local communities, and the delta C-13 of associated fauna were significantly correlated with the delta C-13 compositions of the symbiotic species from the same location. These data indicate widespread incorporation of methane-derived carbon in mussel and vestimentiferan communities. This finding was particularly surprising in communities associated with older vestimentiferans, given the low rates of seepage observed in similar communities on the upper slope. On average, delta N-13 values in mussels and their associates were significantly more depleted and more variable than vestimentiferans, clams, and their associates, and there was a significant linear relationship between tissue delta N-15 values of mussels and their associated communities. The tissue delta S-34 values in macrofauna associated with vestimentiferans were more variable and significantly more depleted than mussel associates (delta S-34 = -16.8 to + 19.1{\%} for vestimentiferan associates and delta S-34 = -3.1 to + 20.8{\%} for mussel associates), consistent with higher isotopic fractionation during sulfate reduction in vestimentiferan habitats and a potentially higher nutritional contribution of sulfide-derived organic sulfur in vestimentiferan communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10598},
	author = {Becker, Erin L and Cordes, Erik E and Macko, Stephen A and Lee, Raymond W and Fisher, Charles R}
}
@article {ISI:000333189700012,
	title = {{Strain-level genomic variation in natural populations of Lebetimonas from an erupting deep-sea volcano}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {867{\textendash}880},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Chemolithoautotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria are ubiquitous in sulfidic, oxygen-poor habitats, including hydrothermal vents, marine oxygen minimum zones, marine sediments and sulfidic caves and have a significant role in cycling carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur in these environments. The isolation of diverse strains of Epsilonproteobacteria and the sequencing of their genomes have revealed that this group has the metabolic potential to occupy a wide range of niches, particularly at dynamic deep-sea hydrothermal vents. We expand on this body of work by examining the population genomics of six strains of Lebetimonas, a vent-endemic, thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing Epsilonproteobacterium, from a single seamount in the Mariana Arc. Using Lebetimonas as a model for anaerobic, moderately thermophilic organisms in the warm, anoxic subseafloor environment, we show that genomic content is highly conserved and that recombination is limited between closely related strains. The Lebetimonas genomes are shaped by mobile genetic elements and gene loss as well as the acquisition of novel functional genes by horizontal gene transfer, which provide the potential for adaptation and microbial speciation in the deep sea. In addition, these Lebetimonas genomes contain two operons of nitrogenase genes with different evolutionary origins. Lebetimonas expressed nifH during growth with nitrogen gas as the sole nitrogen source, thus providing the first evidence of nitrogen fixation in any Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. In this study, we provide a comparative overview of the genomic potential within the Nautiliaceae as well as among more distantly related hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria to broaden our understanding of microbial adaptation and diversity in the deep sea.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.206},
	author = {Meyer, Julie L and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {Thresher2014,
	title = {{Strong Depth-Related Zonation of Megabenthos on a Rocky Continental Margin ( similar to 700-4000 m) off Southern Tasmania, Australia: e85872}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.},
	address = {United Kingdom},
	abstract = {Assemblages of megabenthos are structured in seven depth-related zones between {\~{}}700 and 4000 m on the rocky and topographically complex continental margin south of Tasmania, southeastern Australia. These patterns emerge from analysis of imagery and specimen collections taken from a suite of surveys using photographic and in situ sampling by epibenthic sleds, towed video cameras, an autonomous underwater vehicle and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Seamount peaks in shallow zones had relatively low biomass and low diversity assemblages, which may be in part natural and in part due to effects of bottom trawl fishing. Species richness was highest at intermediate depths (1000-1300 m) as a result of an extensive coral reef community based on the bioherm-forming scleractinian Solenosmilia variabilis. However, megabenthos abundance peaked in a deeper, low diversity assemblage at 2000-2500 m. The S. variabilis reef and the deep biomass zone were separated by an extensive dead, sub-fossil S. variabilis reef and a relatively low biomass stratum on volcanic rock roughly coincident with the oxygen minimum layer. Below 2400 m, megabenthos was increasingly sparse, though punctuated by occasional small pockets of relatively high diversity and biomass. Nonetheless, megabenthic organisms were observed in the vast majority of photographs on all seabed habitats and to the maximum depths observed - a sandy plain below 3950 m. Taxonomic studies in progress suggest that the observed depth zonation is based in part on changing species mixes with depth, but also an underlying commonality to much of the seamount and rocky substrate biota across all depths. Although the mechanisms supporting the extraordinarily high biomass in 2000-2500 m depths remains obscure, plausible explanations include equatorwards lateral transport of polar production and/or a response to depth-stratified oxygen availability.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0085872},
	url = {http://norton.whoi.edu/sfx{\_}local?url{\_}ver=Z39.88-2004{\&}rft{\_}val{\_}fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal{\&}genre=article{\&}sid=ProQ:ProQ{\%}253Apqdibs{\&}atitle=Strong+Depth-Related+Zonation+of+Megabenthos+on+a+Rocky+Continental+Margin+{\%}2528+similar+to},
	author = {Thresher, R and Althaus, F and Adkins, J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Alderslade, Phil and Dowdney, Jo and Cho, W and Gagnon, A and Staples, D and McEnnulty, F}
}
@article {ISI:000321177000006,
	title = {{Active positioning of vent larvae at a mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {92},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {46{\textendash}57},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The vertical position of larvae of vent species above a mid-ocean ridge potentially has a strong effect on their dispersal. Larvae may be advected upward in the buoyant vent plume, or move as a consequence of their buoyancy or by active swimming. Alternatively, they may be retained near the bottom by the topography of the axial trough, or by downward swimming. At vents near 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N on the axis of the East Pacific Rise, evidence for active larval positioning was detected in a comparison between field observations of larvae in the plankton in 2006 and 2007 and distributions of non-swimming larvae in a two-dimensional bio-physical model. In the field, few vent larvae were collected at the level of the neutrally buoyant plume (similar to 75 m above the bottom); their relative abundances at that height were much lower than those of simulated larvae from a near-bottom release in the model. This discrepancy was observed for many vent species, particularly gastropods, suggesting that they may actively remain near the bottom by sinking or swimming downward. Near the seafloor, larval abundance decreased from the ridge axis to 1000 m off axis much more strongly in the observations than in the simulations, again pointing to behavior as a potential regulator of larval transport. We suspect that transport off axis was reduced by downward-moving behavior, which positioned larvae into locations where they were isolated from cross-ridge currents by seafloor topography, such as the walls of the axial valley which are not resolved in the model. Cross-ridge gradients in larval abundance varied between gastropods and polychaetes, indicating that behavior may vary between taxonomic groups, and possibly between species. These results suggest that behaviorally mediated retention of vent larvae may be common, even for species that have a long planktonic larval duration and are capable of long-distance dispersal. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.032},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and McGillicuddy Jr., D J and Mills, S W and Kosnyrev, V K and Thurnherr, A M and Ledwell, J R and Lavelle, J W}
}
@article {Wagner2013,
	title = {{Cold-seep habitat mapping: High-resolution spatial characterization of the Blake Ridge Diapir seep field}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {183{\textendash}188},
	abstract = {Relationships among seep community biomass, diversity, and physiographic controls such as underlying geology are not well understood. Previous efforts to constrain these relationships at the Blake Ridge Diapir were limited to observations from piloted deep-submergence vehicles. In August 2012, the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Sentry collected geophysical and photographic data over a 0.131~km2 area at the Blake Ridge Diapir seeps. A nested survey approach was used that began with a regional or reconnaissance-style survey using sub-bottom mapping systems to locate and identify seeps and underlying conduits. This survey was followed by AUV-mounted sidescan sonar and multibeam echosounder systems mapping on a mesoscale to characterize the seabed physiography. At the most detailed survey level, digital photographic imaging was used to resolve sub-meter characteristics of the biology. Four pockmarks (25{\textendash}70~m diameter) were documented, each supporting chemosynthetic communities. Concentric zonation of mussels and clams suggests the influence of chemical gradients on megafaunal distribution. Data collection and analytical techniques used here yield high-resolution habitat maps that can serve as baselines to constrain temporal evolution of seafloor seeps, and to inform ecological niche modeling and resource management.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.008},
	author = {Wagner, J K S and McEntee, M H and Brothers, L L and German, C R and Kaiser, C L and Yoerger, D R and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Sen2013,
	title = {{Distribution of mega fauna on sulfide edifices on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center and Valu Fa Ridge}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {48{\textendash}60},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent sulfide edifices contain some of the most extreme thermal and chemical conditions in which animals are able to live. As a result, sulfide edifices in the East Pacific Rise, Juan de Fuca Ridge, and Mid Atlantic Ridge vent systems often contain distinct faunal assemblages. In this study, we used high-resolution imagery and in-situ physico-chemical measurements within the context of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to examine community structure and niche differentiation of dominant fauna on sulfide edifices in the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) in the Western Pacific Ocean. Our results show that ELSC and VFR sulfide edifices host two distinct types of communities. One type, that covers the majority of sulfide edifice faces, is overall very similar to nearby lava communities and biomass is dominated by the same chemoautotrophic symbiont-containing molluscs that dominate lava communities, namely the provannid gastropods Alviniconcha spp. and Ifremeria nautilei and the mytilid bivalve Bathymodiolus brevior. The spatial distribution of the dominant molluscs is often a variation of the pattern of concentric rings observed on lavas, with Alviniconcha spp. at the tops of edifices where exposure to vent flow is the highest, and I. nautilei and B. brevior below. Our physico-chemical measurements indicate that because of rapid dispersion of vent fluid, habitable area for symbiont-containing fauna is quite limited on sulfide edifices, and the realized niches of the mollusc groups are narrower on sulfide edifices than on lavas. We suggest that competition plays an important role in determining the realized distributions of the mollusc groups on edifices. The other habitat, present in small patches of presumably hot, new anhydrite, is avoided by the dominant symbiont-containing molluscs and inhabited by crabs, shrimp and polynoids that are likely more heat tolerant. The ratio of sulfide concentration to temperature anomaly of vent fluids was significantly different between sulfide edifice sites and lava sites in the southern vent fields but not in the northern vent fields. We suggest that this is due to increased sulfide consumption by a large microbial consortium associated with the more friable andesitic lava substrates in the south.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.11.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063712002233},
	author = {Sen, A and Becker, E L and Podowski, E L and Wickes, L N and Ma, S and Mullaugh, K M and Hourdez, S and Luther, G W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Levin2013,
	title = {{Ecological release and niche partitioning under stress:lessons from dorvilleid polychaetes in sulfidic sediments at methane seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {214{\textendash}233},
	abstract = {Organisms inhabiting methane seep sediments are exposed to stress in the form of high levels of hydrogen sulfide, which result mainly from sulfate reduction coupled to anaerobic methane oxidation. Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta) have successfully invaded this ecosystem, and multiple species in divergent genetic clades co-occur at high densities. At methane seeps in the NE Pacific off California and Oregon, the genera Ophryotrocha, Parougia and Exallopus are especially well represented. To test the hypothesis that dorvilleid coexistence is facilitated by niche partitioning through sulfide tolerance and trophic patterns, we examined dorvilleid species-specific patterns of occurrence and nutrition at methane seeps off Eel R. [ER] on the Californian continental slope and at Hydrate Ridge [HR] on the Oregon continental slope, and in two habitats (clam bed and microbial mat) characterized by lower and higher hydrogen sulfide levels, respectively. Microelectrode measurements of hydrogen sulfide enabled characterization of environmental sulfide levels for species sampled in background sediment cores and in colonization trays. Dorvilleids tolerated H2S levels from 10~$μ$M to over 2.6~mM, with the majority of species inhabiting sediments with similar environmental H2S concentrations (median 85{\textendash}100~$μ$M). Dorvilleid species richness was greater at HR than ER, but did not differ between clam bed and microbial mat habitats. Species distribution patterns reflected preferences for ER clam bed (lower sulfide levels), ER mat and HR clam bed (moderate sulfide levels), or HR mat (very high sulfide levels). Nutritional patterns, including trophic diversity and functional similarity, were examined using community stable isotope metrics based on $δ$15N and $δ$13C. Within each region, dorvilleid species exhibited multiple trophic strategies. Co-existing congeners typically exhibited distinct isotope signatures, suggesting trophic partitioning. Trophic diversity and $δ$15N range for whole assemblages (measured by Total Hull Area and Standard Elliptical Area using species averages) and functional redundancy or species packing (measured as distance to nearest neighbor) among species and individuals were generally higher at ER, where sulfide levels were lower than at HR. In contrast, average trophic diversity among individuals within a species was greater at HR than ER. In colonization experiments involving agar-based manipulations of sulfide in tray sediments that mimicked clam bed and mat conditions, dorvilleids comprised 68{\%} and 48{\%} of colonists at ER and HR, respectively. Dorvilleid species richness was higher in trays that were initially more sulfidic. However, habitat exerted stronger influence on the composition of colonizing dorvilleids than did sulfide additions. In the NE Pacific, regional, habitat and vertical (down-core) variation in hydrogen sulfide creates complex environmental heterogeneity at methane seeps, promoting high diversity of stress-tolerant taxa such as dorvilleid polychaetes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000635},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G and Bertics, V J and Washington, T and Gonzalez, J and Thurber, A R and Ebbe, B and Lee, R W}
}
@article {Joseph2013,
	title = {{Methane-derived authigenic carbonates from modern and paleoseeps on the Cascadia margin: Mechanisms of formation and diagenetic signals}},
	journal = {Tracing Phanerozoic hydrocarbon seepage from local basins to the global Earth system},
	volume = {390},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {52{\textendash}67},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate precipitation occurs within marine sediments where sulfate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation occurs. Geochemical and isotopic analyses of authigenic carbonates are commonly used as indicators of carbon sources and environmental conditions present during carbonate formation, but burial diagenesis and recrystallization can overprint these signals. Plane polarized light (PPL) and cathodoluminescent (CL) petrography allows for detailed characterization of carbonate phases and their subsequent alteration. Petrographic, isotopic, and geochemical characteristics of modern offshore authigenic carbonates from central and northern Cascadia are compared with Oligocene{\textendash}Pliocene fossil seep carbonates uplifted on the Olympic Peninsula. Coupled analyses show the value and complexity of separating primary vs. secondary signals with relevance to understanding fluid-burial history in methane seep provinces on tectonically active convergent margins. The modern, offshore, near-seafloor diagenetic environment (S. Hydrate Ridge and Barkley Canyon) is dominated by acicular and microcrystalline aragonite and high-Mg calcite (HMC, {\textgreater}~12~mol {\%} Mg). PPL and CL data illustrate that aragonite and HMC phases recrystallize to intermediate-Mg calcite (IMC, 5{\textendash}12~mol{\%} Mg) during burial and diagenesis and eventually to low-Mg calcite (LMC, 18O attributable to elevated fluid temperatures during recrystallization.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.01.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018213000333},
	author = {Joseph, C and Campbell, K A and Torres, M E and Martin, R A and Pohlman, J W and Riedel, M and Rose, K}
}
@article {ISI:000331366700001,
	title = {{Microbial habitat connec ivity across spatial scales and hydrothermal temperature gradients at Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) hydrothermal vent area is known as a dynamic and hydrothermally vented sedimentary system, where the advection and production of a variety of different metabolic substrates support a high microbial diversity and activity in the seafloor. The main objective of our study was to explore the role of temperature and other environmental factors on community diversity, such as the presence of microbial mats and seafloor bathymetry within one hydrothermally vented field of 200 x 250 m dimension. In this field, temperature increased strongly with sediment depth reaching the known limit of life within a few decimeters. Potential sulfate reduction rate as a key community activity parameter was strongly affected by in situ temperature and sediment depth, declining from high rates of 1-5 jimol m1-1 d-1 at the surface to the detection limit below 5 cm sediment depth, despite the presence of sulfate and hydrocarbons. Automated Ribosomal lntergenic Spacer Analysis yielded a high-resolution fingerprint of the dominant members of the bacterial community. Our analyses showed strong temperature and sediment depth effects on bacterial cell abundance and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) number, both declining by more than one order of magnitude below the top 5 cm of the sediment surface. Another fraction of the variation in diversity and community structure was explained by differences in the local bathymetry and spatial position within the vent field. Nevertheless, more than 80{\%} of all detected OTUs were shared among the different temperature realms and sediment depths, after being classified as cold (T {\textless} 10 C), medium (10 C {\textless} T {\textless} 40 C) or hot (T {\textgreater} 40 C) temperature conditions, with significant OTU overlap with the richer surface communities. Overall, this indicates a high connectivity of benthic bacterial habitats in this dynamic and heterogeneous marine ecosystem influenced by strong hydrothermalism.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00207},
	author = {Meyer, Stefanie and Wegener, Gunter and Lloyd, Karen G and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Ramette, Alban}
}
@article {Meyer2013,
	title = {{Microbiological characterization of post-eruption {\textquotedblleft}snowblower{\textquotedblright} vents at Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {153},
	abstract = {Microbial processes within the subseafloor can be examined during the ephemeral and uncommonly observed phenomena known as snowblower venting. Snowblowers are characterized by the large quantity of white floc that is expelled from the seafloor following mid-ocean ridge eruptions. During these eruptions, rapidly cooling lava entrains seawater and hydrothermal fluids enriched in geochemical reactants, creating a natural bioreactor that supports a subseafloor microbial {\textquotedblleft}bloom.{\textquotedblright} Previous studies hypothesized that the eruption-associated floc was made by sulfide-oxidizing bacteria; however, the microbes involved were never identified. Here we present the first molecular analysis combined with microscopy of microbial communities in snowblower vents from samples collected shortly after the 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount, an active volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. We obtained fluid samples and white flocculent material from active snowblower vents as well as orange flocculent material found on top of newly formed lava flows. Both flocculent types revealed diverse cell types and particulates when examined by phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Distinct archaeal and bacterial communities were detected in each sample type through Illumina tag sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and through sequencing of the sulfide oxidation gene, soxB. In fluids and white floc, the dominant bacteria were sulfur-oxidizing Epsilonproteobacteria and the dominant archaea were thermophilic Methanococcales. In contrast, the dominant organisms in the orange floc were Gammaproteobacteria and Thaumarchaeota Marine Group I. In all samples, bacteria greatly outnumbered archaea. The presence of anaerobic methanogens and microaerobic Epsilonproteobacteria in snowblower communities provides evidence that these blooms are seeded by subseafloor microbes, rather than from microbes in bottom seawater. These eruptive events thus provide a unique opportunity to observe subseafloor microbial communities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00153},
	author = {Meyer, J L and Akerman, N H and Proskurowski, G and Huber, J A}
}
@article {Mills2013,
	title = {{Persistent effects of disturbance on larval patterns in the plankton after an eruption on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {491},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {67{\textendash}76},
	abstract = {To predict how benthic communities will respond to disturbance, it is necessary to understand how disturbance affects the planktonic larval supply available to recolonize the area. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) experience frequent local extinctions due to tectonic and magmatic events, but the effects on regional larval abundance and diversity are unknown. We had been monitoring larvae at 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N on the EPR prior to the 2006 eruption and were able to resume collections shortly afterward. We found that many species that were common before the eruption became significantly less so afterward, whereas a few other species experienced a transient spike in abundance. Surprisingly, overall species richness in the plankton was high 9 mo after the eruption, but then decreased sharply after 1~yr and had not returned to pre-eruption levels after 2 yr. These results suggest that recovery from disturbance may continue to be affected by limited larval supply even several years after a disturbance event. This delay in recovery means that larvae of pioneer species may dominate potential colonists, even after benthic habitats have transitioned to conditions that favor later-successional species. Moreover, the combined effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. mining) would be likely to cause more profound and long-lasting changes than either event alone. Our results indicate that we do not have sufficient data to predict the timing of recovery after disturbance in the deep sea, even in a well-studied vent system.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10463},
	author = {Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Beaulieu, S E and Adams, D K}
}
@article {ISI:000326242700011,
	title = {{Reconstructing lava flow emplacement processes at the hot spot-affected Galapagos Spreading Center, 95 degrees W and 92 degrees W}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {2731{\textendash}2756},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions at mid-ocean ridges (MORs) control the permeability, internal structure, and architecture of oceanic crust, thus establishing the foundation for the evolution of the ocean basins. To better understand the emplacement of submarine lava flows at MORs, we have integrated submersible-based geologic mapping with remote sensing techniques to characterize the lava flow morphology within previously mapped lava flow fields produced during single eruptive episodes at the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC). Detailed attributes describing the surface geometry and texture of the lava flows have been extracted from high-resolution sonar data and combined with georeferenced visual observations from submersible dives and camera tows; based on signatures contained in these data, a fuzzy logic-based classification algorithm categorized lava flow morphology as pillows, lobates, or sheets. The resulting digital thematic maps offer an unprecedented view of GSC lava morphology, collectively covering 77 km(2) of ridge axis terrain at a resolution of 2 m x 2 m. Error assessments with independent visual reference data indicate approximately 90{\%} agreement, comparable to subaerial classification studies. The digital lava morphology maps enable quantitative, spatially comprehensive measurements of the abundance and distribution of lava morphologies over large areas of seafloor and within individual eruptive units. A comparison of lava flow fields mapped at lower- and higher-magma-supply settings (95 degrees and 92 degrees W, respectively) indicates that effusion rates increase along with magma supply and independent of spreading rate at the GSC, although a complete range of eruptive behavior exists at each setting.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20157},
	author = {McClinton, Tim and White, Scott M and Colman, Alice and Sinton, John M}
}
@article {ISI:000326614000008,
	title = {{Sulfide oxidation, nitrate respiration, carbon acquisition, and electron transport pathways suggested by the draft genome of a single orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa (Cand. Maribeggiatoa) sp filament}},
	journal = {MARINE GENOMICS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {53{\textendash}65},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A near-complete draft genome has been obtained for a single vacuolated orange Beggiatoa (Cand. Maribeggiatoa) filament from a Guaymas Basin seafloor microbial mat, the third relatively complete sequence for the Beggiatoaceae. Possible pathways for sulfide oxidation; nitrate respiration; inorganic carbon fixation by both Type II RuBisCO and the reductive tricarboxylic add cycle; acetate and possibly formate uptake; and energy-generating electron transport via both oxidative phosphorylation and the Rnf complex are discussed here. A role in nitrite reduction is suggested for an abundant orange cytochrome produced by the Guaymas strain; this has a possible homolog in Beggiatoa (Cand. Isobeggiatoa) sp. PS, isolated from marine harbor sediment, but not Beggiatoa alba B18LD, isolated from a freshwater rice field ditch. Inferred phylogenies for the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and the reductive (rTCA) and oxidative (TCA) tricarboxylic acid cycles suggest that genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase and enzymes for carboxylation and/or decarboxylation steps (including RuBisCO) may have been introduced to (or exported from) one or more of the three genomes by horizontal transfer, sometimes by different routes. Sequences from the two marine strains are generally more similar to each other than to sequences from the freshwater strain, except in the case of RuBisCO: only the Guaymas strain encodes a Type H enzyme, which (where studied) discriminates less against oxygen than do Type I RuBisCOs. Genes subject to horizontal transfer may represent key steps for adaptation to factors such as oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration, organic carbon availability, and environmental variability. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1874-7787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margen2013.08.001},
	author = {MacGregor, Barbara J and Biddle, Jennifer F and Harbort, Christopher and Matthysse, Ann G and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Bennett2013,
	title = {{Trophic regions of a hydrothermal plume dispersing away from an ultramafic-hosted vent-system: Von Damm vent-site, Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {317{\textendash}327},
	abstract = {Deep-sea ultramafic-hosted vent systems have the potential to provide large amounts of metabolic energy to both autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms in their dispersing hydrothermal plumes. Such vent-systems release large quantities of hydrogen and methane to the water column, both of which can be exploited by autotrophic microorganisms. Carbon cycling in these hydrothermal plumes may, therefore, have an important influence on open-ocean biogeochemistry. In this study, we investigated an ultramafic-hosted system on the Mid-Cayman Rise, emitting metal-poor and hydrogen sulfide-, methane-, and hydrogen-rich hydrothermal fluids. Total organic carbon concentrations in the plume ranged between 42.1 and 51.1 $μ$M (background = 43.2 {\textpm} 0.7 $μ$M (n = 5)) and near-field plume samples with elevated methane concentrations imply the presence of chemoautotrophic primary production and in particular methanotrophy. In parts of the plume characterized by persistent potential temperature anomalies but lacking elevated methane concentrations, we found elevated organic carbon concentrations of up to 51.1 $μ$M, most likely resulting from the presence of heterotrophic communities, their extracellular products and vent larvae. Elevated carbon concentrations up to 47.4 $μ$M were detected even in far-field plume samples. Within the Von Damm hydrothermal plume, we have used our data to hypothesize a microbial food web in which chemoautotrophy supports a heterotrophic community of microorganisms. Such an active microbial food web would provide a source of labile organic carbon to the deep ocean that should be considered in any future studies evaluating sources and sinks of carbon from hydrothermal venting to the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20063},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20063},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Coleman, Max and Huber, J A and Reddington, E and Kinsey, J C and McIntyre, C and Seewald, J S and German, C R}
}
@article {Peterson2013,
	title = {{On the utility of radium isotopes as tracers of hydrocarbon discharge}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {156},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {98{\textendash}107},
	abstract = {Natural seepage of hydrocarbons commonly occurs in the Gulf of Mexico and numerous other locations around the world{\textquoteright}s oceans. In-situ quantification of discharge and transport of these hydrocarbons through the water column is somewhat limited by a lack of available tracers. Here, we consider the utility of using radium isotopes, which are commonly enriched in formation fluids contained within hydrocarbon reservoirs, as tracers of hydrocarbons discharged into the deep ocean. During a cruise in November/December 2010 through the Gulf of Mexico, radium isotopes (224Ra and 226Ra) revealed anomalous concentrations in near-bottom samples associated with the presence of hydrocarbons at several sites where hydrocarbon seepage was known to occur and observed real-time via the human-occupied vehicle Alvin. These tracers also indicated the presence of near-bottom hydrocarbons in the vicinity of the Macondo wellhead where the Deepwater Horizon blowout occurred months earlier. These hydrocarbons are presumed to originate from nearby gas seeps later identified by water column sonar returns. The short half-life of 224Ra (3.66~days) suggests that anomalously high unsupported activities of this isotope must be derived from recent (days to weeks) discharge. Sampling at the sediment{\textendash}water interface confirmed that the source of the water column radium isotope anomalies is likely benthic sources. These results suggest that radium isotopes may serve as useful tracers of hydrocarbons in such an environment, and we outline steps required to quantify discharge rates and transport time scales with these tracers.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2013.02.008},
	author = {Peterson, R N and Viso, R F and MacDonald, I R and Joye, S B}
}
@article {ISI:000314891500014,
	title = {{Why Orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa spp. Are Orange: Single-Filament-Genome-Enabled Identification of an Abundant Octaheme Cytochrome with Hydroxylamine Oxidase, Hydrazine Oxidase, and Nitrite Reductase Activities}},
	journal = {APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {79},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {1183{\textendash}1190},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Orange, white, and yellow vacuolated Beggiatoaceae filaments are visually dominant members of microbial mats found near sea floor hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, with orange filaments typically concentrated toward the mat centers. No marine vacuolate Beggiatoaceae are yet in pure culture, but evidence to date suggests they are nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. The nearly complete genome sequence of a single orange Beggiatoa ({\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}Candidatus Maribeggiatoa{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) filament from a microbial mat sample collected in 2008 at a hydrothermal site in Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California, Mexico) was recently obtained. From this sequence, the gene encoding an abundant soluble orange-pigmented protein in Guaymas Basin mat samples (collected in 2009) was identified by microcapillary reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) nano-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (mu LC-MS-MS) of a pigmented band excised from a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The predicted protein sequence is related to a large group of octaheme cytochromes whose few characterized representatives are hydroxylamine or hydrazine oxidases. The protein was partially purified and shown by in vitro assays to have hydroxylamine oxidase, hydrazine oxidase, and nitrite reductase activities. From what is known of Beggiatoaceae physiology, nitrite reduction is the most likely in vivo role of the octaheme protein, but future experiments are required to confirm this tentative conclusion. Thus, while present-day genomic and proteomic techniques have allowed precise identification of an abundant mat protein, and its potential activities could be assayed, proof of its physiological role remains elusive in the absence of a pure culture that can be genetically manipulated.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.02538-12},
	author = {MacGregor, Barbara J and Biddle, Jennifer F and Siebert, Jason R and Staunton, Eric and Hegg, Eric L and Matthysse, Ann G and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Thornhill2012,
	title = {{Adaptive radiation in extremophilic Dorvilleidae (Annelida): diversification of a single colonizer or multiple independent lineages?}},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	volume = {2},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1958{\textendash}1970},
	abstract = {Metazoan inhabitants of extreme environments typically evolved from forms found in less extreme habitats. Understanding the prevalence with which animals move into and ultimately thrive in extreme environments is critical to elucidating how complex life adapts to extreme conditions. Methane seep sediments along the Oregon and California margins have low oxygen and very high hydrogen sulfide levels, rendering them inhospitable to many life forms. Nonetheless, several closely related lineages of dorvilleid annelids, including members of Ophryotrocha, Parougia, and Exallopus, thrive at these sites in association with bacterial mats and vesicomyid clam beds. These organisms are ideal for examining adaptive radiations in extreme environments. Did dorvilleid annelids invade these extreme environments once and then diversify? Alternatively, did multiple independent lineages adapt to seep conditions? To address these questions, we examined the evolutionary history of methane-seep dorvilleids using 16S and Cyt b genes in an ecological context. Our results indicate that dorvilleids invaded these extreme habitats at least four times, implying preadaptation to life at seeps. Additionally, we recovered considerably more dorvilleid diversity than is currently recognized. A total of 3 major clades (designated {\textquotedblleft} Ophryotrocha,{\textquotedblright} {\textquotedblleft}Mixed Genera{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft} Parougia{\textquotedblright}) and 12 terminal lineages or species were encountered. Two of these lineages represented a known species, Parougia oregonensis, whereas the remaining 10 lineages were newly discovered species. Certain lineages exhibited affinity to geography, habitat, sediment depth, and/or diet, suggesting that dorvilleids at methane seeps radiated via specialization and resource partitioning.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.314},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.314},
	author = {Thornhill, D J and Struck, T H and Ebbe, B and Lee, R W and Mendoza, G F and Levin, L A and Halanych, K M}
}
@article {ISI:000302950700011,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of methane at different temperature regimes in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1018{\textendash}1031},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) was investigated in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin based on delta C-13 signatures of CH4, dissolved inorganic carbon and porewater concentration profiles of CH4 and sulfate. Cool, warm and hot in-situ temperature regimes (15-20 degrees C, 30-35 degrees C and 70-95 degrees C) were selected from hydrothermal locations in Guaymas Basin to compare AOM geochemistry and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), mcrA and dsrAB genes of the microbial communities. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the cool and hot AOM cores yielded similar archaeal types such as Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group, Thermoproteales and anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME)-1; some of the ANME-1 archaea formed a separate 16S rRNA lineage that at present seems to be limited to Guaymas Basin. Congruent results were obtained by mcrA gene analysis. The warm AOM core, chemically distinct by lower porewater sulfide concentrations, hosted a different archaeal community dominated by the two deep subsurface archaeal lineages Marine Benthic Group D and Marine Benthic Group B, and by members of the Methanosarcinales including ANME-2 archaea. This distinct composition of the methane-cycling archaeal community in the warm AOM core was confirmed by mcrA gene analysis. Functional genes of sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea, dsrAB, showed more overlap between all cores, regardless of the core temperature. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries with Euryarchaeota-specific primers detected members of the Archaeoglobus clade in the cool and hot cores. A V6-tag high-throughput sequencing survey generally supported the clone library results while providing high-resolution detail on archaeal and bacterial community structure. These results indicate that AOM and the responsible archaeal communities persist over a wide temperature range. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 1018-1031; doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.164; published online 17 November 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.164},
	author = {Biddle, Jennifer F and Cardman, Zena and Mendlovitz, Howard and Albert, Daniel B and Lloyd, Karen G and Boetius, Antje and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Thurber2012,
	title = {{Archaea in metazoan diets: implications for food webs and biogeochemical cycling}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {6},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1602{\textendash}1612},
	publisher = {International Society for Microbial Ecology},
	abstract = {Although the importance of trophic linkages, including {\textquoteleft}top-down forcing{\textquoteright}, on energy flow and ecosystem productivity is recognized, the influence of metazoan grazing on Archaea and the biogeochemical processes that they mediate is unknown. Here, we test if: (1) Archaea provide a food source sufficient to allow metazoan fauna to complete their life cycle; (2) neutral lipid biomarkers (including crocetane) can be used to identify Archaea consumers; and (3) archaeal aggregates are a dietary source for methane seep metazoans. In the laboratory, we demonstrated that a dorvilleid polychaete, Ophryotrocha labronica, can complete its life cycle on two strains of Euryarchaeota with the same growth rate as when fed bacterial and eukaryotic food. Archaea were therefore confirmed as a digestible and nutritious food source sufficient to sustain metazoan populations. Both strains of Euryarchaeota used as food sources had unique lipids that were not incorporated into O. labronica tissues. At methane seeps, sulfate-reducing bacteria that form aggregations and live syntrophically with anaerobic-methane oxidizing Archaea contain isotopically and structurally unique fatty acids (FAs). These biomarkers were incorporated into tissues of an endolithofaunal dorvilleid polychaete species from Costa Rica (mean bulk $δ$13C=-92{\textpm}4{\textperthousand}; polar lipids -116{\textperthousand}) documenting consumption of archaeal-bacterial aggregates. FA composition of additional soft-sediment methane seep species from Oregon and California provided evidence that consumption of archaeal-bacterial aggregates is widespread at methane seeps. This work is the first to show that Archaea are consumed by heterotrophic metazoans, a trophic process we coin as {\textquoteleft}archivory{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2012.16},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v6/n8/suppinfo/ismej201216s1.html},
	author = {Thurber, A R and Levin, L A and Orphan, V J and Marlow, J J}
}
@article {Luther2012,
	title = {{Chemistry, Temperature, and Faunal Distributions at Diffuse-Flow Hydrothermal Vents Comparison of Two Geologically Distinct Ridge Systems}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {234{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Diffuse-flow, low-temperature areas near hydrothermal vents support life via chemosynthesis: hydrogen sulfide (and other reduced chemical compounds) emanating from the subsurface is oxidized with bottom-water oxygen through bacterial mediation to fix carbon dioxide and produce biomass. This article reviews the in~situ diffuse-flow chemistry (mainly H2S and O2) and temperature data collected in 2006 and 2009 along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC), and from 2004 to 2008 at 9{\textdegree}N along the East Pacific Rise (9 N EPR), predominantly around macrofauna that contain endosymbionts at these two hydrothermal vent regions. More than 48,000 and 20,000 distinct chemical and temperature data points were collected with a multi-analyte electrochemical analyzer in the diffuse-flow waters at 9 N EPR and the ELSC, respectively. Despite their different geological settings and different macrofauna (two different species of snails and mussels at the ELSC versus two different species of tubeworms and mussels at 9 N EPR), there are similarities in the temperature and chemistry data, as well as in the distributions of organisms. The pattern of water chemistry preferred by the provannid snails (Alviniconcha~spp., Ifremeria nautilei) and Bathymodiolus brevior at the ELSC is similar to the water chemistry pattern found for the siboglinid tubeworms (Tevnia jerichonana, Riftia pachyptila) and the Bathymodiolus thermophilus mussels at 9 N EPR. The eruptions at 9 N EPR in 2005 and 2006 resulted in increased H2S concentrations, increased H2S/T ratios, and an initial change in the dominant tubeworm species from Riftia pachyptila to Tevnia jerichonana after the eruption created new vent habitats. In 2005, two sites at 9 N EPR showed major increases in the H2S/T ratio from 2004, which suggested a probable eruption in this basalt-dominated system. At the ELSC, there was a decrease in the H2S/T ratio from northern to southern sites, which reflects the change in geological setting from basalt to andesite and the shallower water depths at the southern sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.22},
	author = {Luther, G W and Gartman, A and Yuecel, M and Madison, A S and Moore, T S and Nees, H A and Nuzzio, D B and Sen, A and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Fornari2012,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise Between 9 degrees N and 10 degrees N: Twenty-Five Years of Integrated, Multidisciplinary Oceanic Spreading Center Studies}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {18{\textendash}43},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {The East Pacific Rise from {\~{}}~9{\textendash}10{\textdegree}N is an archetype for a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. In particular, the segment near 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N has been the focus of multidisciplinary research for over two decades, making it one of the best-studied areas of the global ridge system. It is also one of only two sites along the global ridge where two historical volcanic eruptions have been observed. This volcanically active segment has thus offered unparalleled opportunities to investigate a range of complex interactions among magmatic, volcanic, hydrothermal, and biological processes associated with crustal accretion over a full magmatic cycle. At this 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N site, comprehensive physical oceanographic measurements and modeling have also shed light on linkages between hydrodynamic transport of larvae and other materials and biological dynamics influenced by magmatic processes. Integrated results of high-resolution mapping, and both in~situ and laboratory-based geophysical, oceanographic, geochemical, and biological observations and sampling, reveal how magmatic events perturb the hydrothermal system and the biological communities it hosts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.02},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Bryce, Julia G and Cowen, J P and Ferrini, Vicki and Fundis, A and Lilley, M D and Luther, G W and Mullineaux, L S and Perfit, M R and Meana-Prado, M F and Rubin, K H and Seyfried, W E and Shank, T M and Soule, S A and Tolstoy, M and White, S M}
}
@article {Colman2012,
	title = {{Effects of variable magma supply on mid-ocean ridge eruptions: Constraints from mapped lava flow fields along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {Q08014},
	abstract = {Mapping and sampling of 18 eruptive units in two study areas along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center (GSC) provide insight into how magma supply affects mid-ocean ridge (MOR) volcanic eruptions. The two study areas have similar spreading rates (53 versus 55~mm/yr), but differ by 30{\%} in the time-averaged rate of magma supply (0.3~{\texttimes}~106 versus 0.4~{\texttimes}~106~m3/yr/km). Detailed geologic maps of each study area incorporate observations of flow contacts and sediment thickness, in addition to sample petrology, geomagnetic paleointensity, and inferences from high-resolution bathymetry data. At the lower-magma-supply study area, eruptions typically produce irregularly shaped clusters of pillow mounds with total eruptive volumes ranging from 0.09 to 1.3~km3. At the higher-magma-supply study area, lava morphologies characteristic of higher effusion rates are more common, eruptions typically occur along elongated fissures, and eruptive volumes are an order of magnitude smaller (0.002{\textendash}0.13~km3). At this site, glass MgO contents (2.7{\textendash}8.4 wt. {\%}) and corresponding liquidus temperatures are lower on average, and more variable, than those at the lower-magma-supply study area (6.2{\textendash}9.1 wt. {\%} MgO). The differences in eruptive volume, lava temperature, morphology, and inferred eruption rates observed between the two areas along the GSC are similar to those that have previously been related to variable spreading rates on the global MOR system. Importantly, the documentation of multiple sequences of eruptions at each study area, representing hundreds to thousands of years, provides constraints on the variability in eruptive style at a given magma supply and spreading rate.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004163},
	author = {Colman, A and Sinton, J M and White, S M and McClinton, J T and Bowles, J A and Rubin, K H and Behn, M D and Cushman, B and Eason, D E and Gregg, T K P and Gr{\"o}nvold, Karl and Hidalgo, S and Howell, J and Neill, O and Russo, Chris}
}
@article {Dziak2012a,
	title = {{Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {11},
	year = {2012},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {Q0AF07},
	abstract = {The output of gas and tephra from volcanoes is an inherently disorganized process that makes reliable flux estimates challenging to obtain. Continuous monitoring of gas flux has been achieved in only a few instances at subaerial volcanoes, but never for submarine volcanoes. Here we use the first sustained (yearlong) hydroacoustic monitoring of an erupting submarine volcano (NW Rota-1, Mariana arc) to make calculations of explosive gas flux from a volcano into the ocean. Bursts of Strombolian explosive degassing at the volcano summit (520 m deep) occurred at 1{\textendash}2 min intervals during the entire 12-month hydrophone record and commonly exhibited cyclic step-function changes between high and low intensity. Total gas flux calculated from the hydroacoustic record is 5.4 {\textpm} 0.6 Tg a-1, where the magmatic gases driving eruptions at NW Rota-1 are primarily H2O, SO2, and CO2. Instantaneous fluxes varied by a factor of \~{}100 over the deployment. Using melt inclusion information to estimate the concentration of CO2 in the explosive gases as 6.9 {\textpm} 0.7 wt {\%}, we calculate an annual CO2 eruption flux of 0.4 {\textpm} 0.1 Tg a-1. This result is within the range of measured CO2 fluxes at continuously erupting subaerial volcanoes, and represents \~{}0.2{\textendash}0.6{\%} of the annual estimated output of CO2from all subaerial arc volcanoes, and \~{}0.4{\textendash}0.6{\%} of the mid-ocean ridge flux. The multiyear eruptive history of NW Rota-1 demonstrates that submarine volcanoes can be significant and sustained sources of CO2 to the shallow ocean.},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004211},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Baker, E T and Shaw, A M and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Haxel, J H and Matsumoto, H and Walker, S L}
}
@article {ISI:000306502100006,
	title = {{Hippea jasoniae sp nov and Hippea alviniae sp nov., thermoacidophilic members of the class Deltaproteobacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent deposits}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {6},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1252{\textendash}1258},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Thirteen novel, obligately anaerobic, thermoacidophilic bacteria were isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites. Four of the strains, designated EP5-r(T), KM1, Mar08-272r(T) and Mar08-368r, were selected for metabolic and physiological characterization. With the exception of strain EP5-r(T), all strains were short rods that grew between 40 and 72 degrees C, with optimal growth at 60-65 degrees C. Strain EP5-r(T) was more ovoid in shape and grew between 45 and 75 degrees C, with optimum growth at 60 degrees C. The pH range for growth of all the isolates was between pH 3.5 and 5.5 (optimum pH 4.5 to 5.0). Strain Mar08-272r(T) could only grow up to pH 5.0. Elemental sulfur was required for heterotrophic growth on acetate, succinate, Casamino acids and yeast extract. Strains EP5-r(T), Mar08-272r(T) and Mar08-368r could also use fumarate, while strains EP5-r(T), KM1 and Mar08-272r(T) could also use propionate. All isolates were able to grow chemolithotrophically on H-2, CO2, sulfur and vitamins. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed all isolates within the family Desulfurellaceae of the class Deltaproteobacteria, with the closest cultured relative being Hippea maritima MH2T (similar to 95-98{\%} gene sequence similarity). Phylogenetic analysis also identified several isolates with at least one intervening sequence within the 16S rRNA gene. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains EP5-r(T), KM1, Mar08-272r(T) and Mar08-368r were 37.1, 42.0, 35.6 and 37.9 mol{\%}, respectively. The new isolates differed most significantly from H. maritima MH2T in their phylogenetic placement and in that they were obligate thermoacidophiles. Based on these phylogenetic and phenotypic properties, the following two novel species are proposed: Hippea jasoniae sp. nov. (type strain Mar08-272r(T)=DSM 24585(T)=OCM 985(T)) and Hippea alviniae sp. nov. (type strain EP5-r(T)=DSM 24586(T)=OCM 986(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.033001-0},
	author = {Flores, Gilberto E and Hunter, Ryan C and Liu, Yitai and Mets, Anchelique and Schouten, Stefan and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {Connelly2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world{\textquoteright}s deepest seafloor spreading centre}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {620},
	abstract = {The Mid-Cayman spreading centre is an ultraslow-spreading ridge in the Caribbean Sea. Its extreme depth and geographic isolation from other mid-ocean ridges offer insights into the effects of pressure on hydrothermal venting, and the biogeography of vent fauna. Here we report the discovery of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre. The Von Damm Vent Field is located on the upper slopes of an oceanic core complex at a depth of 2,300 m. High-temperature venting in this off-axis setting suggests that the global incidence of vent fields may be underestimated. At a depth of 4,960 m on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre axis, the Beebe Vent Field emits copper-enriched fluids and a buoyant plume that rises 1,100 m, consistent with {\textgreater}400 degrees C venting from the world{\textquoteright}s deepest known hydrothermal system. At both sites, a new morphospecies of alvinocaridid shrimp dominates faunal assemblages, which exhibit similarities to those of Mid-Atlantic vents.},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms1636},
	author = {Connelly, D P and Copley, J T and Murton, B J and Stansfield, K and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Van Dover, C L and Amon, D and Furlong, M and Grindlay, N and Hayman, N and Huehnerbach, V and Judge, M and Le Bas, Tim and McPhail, S and Meier, A and Nakamura, K I and Nye, Verity and Pebody, M and Pedersen, R B and Plouviez, S and Sands, Carla and Searle, R C and Stevenson, P and Taws, Sarah and Wilcox, S}
}
@article {Tivey2012,
	title = {{Links from Mantle to Microbe at the Lau Integrated Study Site:Insights from a Back-Arc Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {62{\textendash}77},
	abstract = {The Lau Integrated Study Site (ISS) has provided unique opportunities for study of ridge processes because of its back-arc setting in the southwestern Pacific. Its location allows study of a biogeographical province distinct from those of eastern Pacific and mid-Atlantic ridges, and crustal compositions along the ridge lie outside the range of mid-ocean ridge crustal compositions. The Lau ISS is located above a subduction zone, at an oblique angle. The underlying mantle receives water and other elements derived from the downgoing lithospheric slab, with an increase in slab influence from north to south. Water lowers the mantle melting temperature and leads to greater melt production where the water flux is greater, and to distinctive regional-scale gradients along the ridge. There are deeper faulted axial valleys with basaltic volcanism in the north and inflated axial highs with andesites in the south. Differences in igneous rock composition and release of magmatic volatiles affect compositions of vent fluids and deposits. Differences in vent fluid compositions and small-scale diffuse-flow regimes correlate with regional-scale patterns in microbial and megafaunal distributions. The interdisciplinary research effort at the Lau ISS has successfully identified linkages between subsurface processes and deep-sea biological communities, from mantle to microbe to megafauna.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.04},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Becker, E and Beinart, R and Fisher, C R and Girguis, P R and Langmuir, C H and Michael, P J and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@article {Lang2012,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of abiogenic carbon and hydrogen in a serpentinite-hosted system}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {82{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {Mantle rocks exposed on the seafloor constitute a highly reactive chemical and thermal system, in which interaction with seawater to produce serpentinite has major consequences for lithospheric cooling, global geochemical cycles, and microbial activity. Serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal activity is exemplified by the Lost City Hydrothermal Field (30{\textdegree}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) where fluid{\textendash}rock reactions in the underlying ultramafic rocks result in high concentrations of abiotic hydrogen, methane, C2+ alkanes, and formate. Such systems have been proposed as possible analogs to the Early Earth environments that gave rise to the first biochemical pathways. Thus, characterizing the local microbial communities and their potential link with abiogenic compounds is of particular significance. Here we demonstrate that in active carbonate chimneys where microbial sulfate reduction is important, up to 50{\%} of the microbial biomass is synthesized from mantle carbon. Conversely, mantle carbon contributes only \~{}10{\%} of the biomass in areas with minimal sulfate reduction. We attribute this difference to greater incorporation of formate or methane by the dominant microbial species, the Lost City Methanosarcinales, in locations where sulfate reducers are able to facilitate this assimilation. The ability of autotrophic communities at Lost City to capitalize on the steady stream of chemical products resulting from serpentinization reactions and to utilize abiogenic mantle carbon lend credence to the hypothesis that early biosynthetic pathways could have developed in similar environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Proskurowski, G and Mehay, S and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {ISI:000311587800012,
	title = {{Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila gen. nov., sp nov., a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {10},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2388{\textendash}2394},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A novel hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, designated strain HB-8(T), was isolated from the tube of Alvinella pompejana tubeworms collected from the wall of an actively venting sulfide structure on the East Pacific Rise at 13 degrees N. The cells were Gram-negative rods, approximately 1.0-1.5 mu m long and 0.5 mu m wide. Strain HB-8(T) grew between 65 and 80 degrees C (optimum 75 degrees C), 15 and 35 g NaCl l(-1) (optimum 30 gl(-1)) and pH 4.5 and 8.5 (optimum pH 6.0). Generation time under optimal conditions was 26 min. Growth occurred under chemolithoautotrophic conditions with H-2 as the energy source and CO2 as the carbon source. Nitrate and sulfur were used as electron acceptors, with concomitant formation of ammonium or hydrogen sulfide, respectively. The presence of lactate, formate, acetate or tryptone in the culture medium inhibited growth. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 47.8 mol{\%}. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and of the alpha subunit of the ATP citrate lyase of strain HB-8(T) indicated that this organism formed a novel lineage within the class Aquificae, equally distant from the type strains of the type species of the three genera that represent the family Desulfurobacteriaceae: Thermovibrio ruber ED11/3LLK8(T), Balnearium lithotrophicum 17S(T) and Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum BSA(T). The polar lipids of strain HB-8(T) differed substantially from those of other members of the Desulfurobacteriaceae, and this bacterium produced novel quinones. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel genus and species within the family Desulfurobacteriaceae, Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila is HB-8(T) (=DSM 24425(T) =JCM 17384(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.035642-0},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Grosche, Ashley and Massenburg, Lynnicia and Starovoytov, Valentin and Lutz, Richard A and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000301945500007,
	title = {{Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {766{\textendash}776},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of the endosymbionts coupled with an in situ characterization of the geochemical environment was performed to investigate their roles and expression profiles in the two respective hosts. The metagenomes indicated that the endosymbionts are genotypically highly homogeneous. Gene sequences coding for enzymes of selected key metabolic functions were found to be 99.9{\%} identical. On the proteomic level, the symbionts showed very consistent metabolic profiles, despite distinctly different geochemical conditions at the plume level of the respective hosts. Only a few minor variations were observed in the expression of symbiont enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, carbon fixation and in the response to oxidative stress. Although these changes correspond to the prevailing environmental situation experienced by each host, our data strongly suggest that the two tubeworm species are able to effectively attenuate differences in habitat conditions, and thus to provide their symbionts with similar micro-environments. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 766-776; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.137; published online 20 October 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.137},
	author = {Gardebrecht, Antje and Markert, Stephanie and Sievert, Stefan M and Felbeck, Horst and Thuermer, Andrea and Albrecht, Dirk and Wollherr, Antje and Kabisch, Johannes and Le Bris, Nadine and Lehmann, Ruediger and Daniel, Rolf and Liesegang, Heiko and Hecker, Michael and Schweder, Thomas}
}
@article {ISI:000307173100024,
	title = {{{\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} krylovata, a new species of vesicomyid clam from cold seeps along the Costa Rica Margin}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM},
	volume = {92},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1127{\textendash}1137},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} krylovata, sp. nov. (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae: Pliocardiinae) is described from cold seeps off the coast of the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica (700-1000 m depth). The phylogenetic position of {\textquoteleft}P.{\textquoteright} krylovata was assessed by both morphological comparisons as well as nucleotide data from the cytochrome c oxidase I gene. Within the vesicomyids, {\textquoteleft}P.{\textquoteright} krylovata belongs to the Pliocardiinae and its closest relative is {\textquoteleft}Calyptogena{\textquoteright} ponderosa, which also bears some morphological resemblance to the genus Pliocardia, perhaps suggesting a need for reanalysis of not only its generic designation, but also the entire Pliocardiinae subfamily. {\textquoteleft}P.{\textquoteright} krylovata has morphological similarities to {\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} bowdeniana and {\textquoteleft}Vesicomya{\textquoteright} crenulomarginata, recently reassigned to the genus Pliocardia, including a thick shell, obvious rostrum, pointed posterior end, and a sculptured shell with concentric ribs on the outer surface, to name a few. It is morphologically distinguished, however, by having a complex pallial sinus and remarkably deep escutcheon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315411000713},
	author = {Martin, Alanna M and Goffredi, Shana K}
}
@article {Caress2012,
	title = {{Repeat bathymetric surveys at 1-metre resolution of lava flows erupted at Axial Seamount in April 2011}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {483{\textendash}488},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {At sites with frequent submarine volcanic activity, it is difficult to discern between new and pre-existing lava flows. In particular, the distribution of the fissures from which lava erupts, the routes taken by lava flows and the relationship between the new flows and the pre-existing seafloor bathymetry are often unclear. The volcanic and hydrothermal systems of Axial Seamount submarine volcano in the Pacific Ocean have been studied intensively since eruptions were detected in 1998 (refs~1, 2) and 2011 (ref.~3). Here we combine pre- and post-eruption bathymetric surveys3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, with 1-m lateral resolution and 0.2-m vertical precision, to precisely map the extent and thickness of the lava flows, calculate the volume of lava and unambiguously identify eruptive fissures from the April 2011 eruption. Where the new lava flows extend beyond the boundaries of the repeated surveys, we use shipboard multibeam surveys to map the flows with lower resolution. We show that the eruption produced both sheet and lobate flows associated with high eruption rates and low-eruption-rate pillow mounds. We find that lava flows erupted from new as well as existing fissures and tended to reoccupy existing flow channels. This reoccupation makes it difficult to map submarine flows produced during one eruption without before-and-after bathymetric surveys.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1496},
	author = {Caress, D W and Clague, D A and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Dreyer, B M and Chadwick, W W and Denny, Alden and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {McCulloch2012,
	title = {{Resilience of Cold-Water Scleractinian Corals to Ocean Acidification: Boron Isotopic Systematics of pH and Saturation State Up-Regulation}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21{\textendash}34},
	abstract = {The boron isotope systematics has been determined for azooxanthellate scleractinian corals from a wide range of both deep-sea and shallow-water environments. The aragonitic coral species, Caryophyllia smithii, Desmophyllum dianthus, Enallopsammia rostrata, Lophelia pertusa, and Madrepora oculata, are all found to have relatively high $δ$11B compositions ranging from 23.2{\textperthousand} to 28.7{\textperthousand}. These values lie substantially above the pH-dependent inorganic seawater borate equilibrium curve, indicative of strong up-regulation of pH of the internal calcifying fluid (pHcf), being elevated by \~{}0.6{\textendash}0.8~units ($Δ$pH) relative to ambient seawater. In contrast, the deep-sea calcitic coral Corallium sp. has a significantly lower $δ$11B composition of 15.5{\textperthousand}, with a corresponding lower $Δ$pH value of \~{}0.3~units, reflecting the importance of mineralogical control on biological pH up-regulation. The solitary coral D. dianthus was sampled over a wide range of seawater pHT and shows an approximate linear correlation with $Δ$pHDesmo~=~6.43~-~0.71pHT (r2~=~0.79). An improved correlation is however found with the closely related parameter of seawater aragonite saturation state, where $Δ$pHDesmo~=~1.09~-~0.14${\O}mega$arag (r2~=~0.95), indicating the important control that carbonate saturation state has on calcification. The ability to up-regulate internal pHcf, and consequently ${\O}mega$cf, of the calcifying fluid is therefore a process present in both azooxanthellate and zooxanthellate aragonitic corals, and is attributed to the action of Ca2+-ATPase in modulating the proton gradient between seawater and the site of calcification. These findings also show that the boron isotopic compositions ($δ$11Bcarb) of aragonitic corals are highly systematic and consistent with direct uptake of the borate species within the biologically controlled extracellular calcifying medium. We also show that the relatively strong up-regulation of pH and consequent elevation of the internal carbonate saturation state (${\O}mega$cf \~{}8.5 to \~{}13) at the site of calcification by cold-water corals, facilitates calcification at or in some cases below the aragonite saturation horizon, providing a greater ability to adapt to the already low and now decreasing carbonate ion concentrations. Although providing greater resilience to the effects of ocean acidification and enhancing rates of calcification with increasing temperature, the process of internal pHcf up-regulation has an associated energetic cost, and therefore growth-rate cost, of \~{}10{\%} per 0.1 pH unit decrease in seawater pHT. Furthermore, as the aragonite saturation horizon shoals with rapidly increasing pCO2 and ${\O}mega$arag~~},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.027},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.027},
	author = {McCulloch, M and Trotter, J and Montagna, P and Falter, J and Dunbar, R and Freiwald, A and F{\"o}rsterra, G and Correa, M L and Maier, C and R{\"u}ggeberg, A and Taviani, M}
}
@article {Dziak2012,
	title = {{Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {478{\textendash}482},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Volcanoes at spreading centres on land often exhibit seismicity and ground inflation months to years before an eruption, caused by a gradual influx of magma to the source reservoir1, 2, 3, 4. Deflation and seismicity can occur on time scales of hours to days, and result from the injection of magma into adjacent rift zones5, 6, 7, 8. Volcanoes at submarine rift zones, such as Axial Seamount in the northeast Pacific Ocean, have exhibited similar behaviour9, 10, 11, 12, but a direct link between seismicity, seafloor deformation and magma intrusion has never been demonstrated. Here we present recordings from ocean-bottom hydrophones and an established array of bottom-pressure recorders that reveal patterns of both microearthquakes and seafloor deformation at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, before it erupted in April 2011. Our observations show that the rate of seismicity increased steadily during a period of several years, leading up to an intrusion and eruption of magma that began on 6 April 2011. We also detected a sudden increase in seismo-acoustic energy about 2.6 h before the eruption began. Our data indicate that access to real-time seismic data, projected to be available in the near future, might facilitate short-term forecasting and provide sufficient lead-time to prepare in situ instrumentation before future intrusion and eruption events.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1490},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Fowler, M J and Matsumoto, H and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {McKay2012,
	title = {{Spatial heterogeneity and underlying geochemistry of phylogenetically diverse orange and white Beggiatoa mats in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21{\textendash}31},
	abstract = {Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Beggiatoa are found in conspicuous, colorful mats on the seafloor above active hydrothermal seeps at Guaymas Basin. Guaymas Beggiatoa filaments fall into discrete size classes representing at least five separate 16S rRNA phylotypes, and appear either white, yellow, or orange. During two R/V Atlantis cruises to Guaymas Basin, 78 temperature profiles were taken near and within 15 different orange and white Beggiatoa mats by the Alvin submersible to investigate spatial relationships between mat color and hydrothermal fluid seeps, as indicated by elevated temperatures. The surface temperatures from 78 profiles are similar to each other (on average 8{\textendash}12~{\textdegree}C, warmer than bare sediments at 3{\textendash}4~{\textdegree}C), indicating that Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa spp., although relying on the hydrothermal system for energy and carbon sources, live within a relatively cool temperature range. Temperatures from 40~cm below orange Beggiatoa versus white Beggiatoa are the same, at 84~{\textdegree}C averaged across all mat systems. However, within a single mat system, temperatures are higher beneath the predominantly orange center of the mat than beneath the white mat periphery. Push core transects across the orange-to-white color change of three Beggiatoa mats showed stronger upward compression of isotherms and metabolic zones beneath the orange mat center than beneath white mat periphery. Hydrothermal temperature gradients push the microbial processes generating carbon and energy sources for Beggiatoa mats towards the sediment surface. The resulting steep gradients of hydrothermal electron donors and carbon sources to the sediment surface, rather than the in situ temperature by itself, control the relative positioning of orange and white filaments within a Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa mat. Given the wide spectrum of temperature and hydrothermal flux regimes between different mats, the orange/white pattern represents a relative preference or even a competitive balance among different Beggiatoa types that establishes itself within each hydrothermal hot spot.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	author = {McKay, L J and MacGregor, B J and Biddle, J F and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and Hoer, D R and Lipp, J S and Lloyd, K G and Teske, A P}
}
@article {Chadwick2012a,
	title = {{Submarine landslide triggered by volcanic eruption recorded by in situ hydrophone}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	publisher = {GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC},
	address = {BOULDER; PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA},
	abstract = {NW Rota-1 is a submarine volcano in the Mariana volcanic arc that is notable as the site where underwater explosive eruptions were first witnessed in A.D. 2004. After years of continuous low-level eruptive activity, a major landslide occurred at NW Rota-1 in August 2009, triggered by an unusually large eruption that produced 10 times the acoustic energy of the background level of activity. An anomalous earthquake swarm preceded the eruption, suggesting that the sequence started with a magmatic intrusion and associated faulting beneath the volcano. We quantify the size and extent of the landslide using bathymetric resurveys and interpret the timing of events using data from an in situ hydrophone. This is the first instrumental documentation of an earthquake-eruption-landslide sequence at a submarine volcano, and illustrates the close interaction between magmatic activity and mass wasting events in the growth of undersea arc volcanoes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G32495.1},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Embley, R W and Matsumoto, H}
}
@article {ISI:000295971300003,
	title = {{Bacterial sulfur cycling shapes microbial communities in surface sediments of an ultramafic hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2633{\textendash}2648},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (LHF) is characterized by vent fluids, which are enriched in dissolved hydrogen and methane compared with fluids from basalt-hosted systems. Thick sediment layers in LHF are partly covered by characteristic white mats. In this study, these sediments were investigated in order to determine biogeochemical processes and key organisms relevant for primary production. Temperature profiling at two mat-covered sites showed a conductive heating of the sediments. Elemental sulfur was detected in the overlying mat and metal-sulfides in the upper sediment layer. Micro-profiles revealed an intensive hydrogen sulfide flux from deeper sediment layers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that filamentous and vibrioid, Arcobacter-related Epsilonproteobacteria dominated the overlying mats. This is in contrast to sulfidic sediments in basalt-hosted fields where mats of similar appearance are composed of large sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria. Epsilonproteobacteria (7-21{\%}) and Deltaproteobacteria (20-21{\%}) were highly abundant in the surface sediment layer. The physiology of the closest cultivated relatives, revealed by comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, was characterized by the capability to metabolize sulfur components. High sulfate reduction rates as well as sulfide depleted in (34)S further confirmed the importance of the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. In contrast, methane was found to be of minor relevance for microbial life in mat-covered surface sediments. Our data indicate that in conductively heated surface sediments microbial sulfur cycling is the driving force for bacterial biomass production although ultramafichosted systems are characterized by fluids with high levels of dissolved methane and hydrogen.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02530.x},
	author = {Schauer, Regina and Roy, Hans and Augustin, Nico and Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Peters, Marc and Wenzhoefer, Frank and Amann, Rudolf and Meyerdierks, Anke}
}
@article {Mottl2011,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1013{\textendash}1038},
	abstract = {The Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) is the southernmost part of the back-arc spreading axis in the Lau Basin, west of the Tonga trench and the active Tofua volcanic arc. Over its 397-km length it exhibits large and systematic changes in spreading rate, magmatic/tectonic processes, and proximity to the volcanic arc. In 2005, we collected 81 samples of vent water from six hydrothermal fields along the ELSC. The chemistry of these waters varies both within and between vent fields, in response to changes in substrate composition, temperature and pressure, pH, water/rock ratio, and input from magmatic gases and subducted sediment. Hot-spring temperatures range from 229{\textdegree} to 363~{\textdegree}C at the five northernmost fields, with a general decrease to the south that is reversed at the Mariner field. The southernmost field, Vai Lili, emitted water at up to 334~{\textdegree}C in 1989 but had a maximum venting temperature of only 121~{\textdegree}C in 2005, due to waning activity and admixture of bottom seawater into the subseafloor plumbing system. Chloride varies both within fields and from one field to another, from a low of 528~mmol/kg to a high of 656~mmol/kg, and may be enriched by phase separation and/or leaching of Cl from the rock. Concentrations of the soluble elements K, Rb, Cs, and B likewise increase southward as the volcanic substrate becomes more silica-rich, especially on the Valu Fa Ridge. Iodine and $δ$7Li increase southward, and $δ$11B decreases as B increases, apparently in response to increased input from subducted sediment as the arc is approached. Species that decrease southward as temperature falls are Si, H2S, Li, Na/Cl, Fe, Mn, and 87Sr/86Sr, whereas pH, alkalinity, Ca, and Sr increase. Oxygen isotopes indicate a higher water/rock ratio in the three systems on Valu Fa Ridge, consistent with higher porosity in more felsic volcanic rocks. Vent waters at the Mariner vent field on the Valu Fa Ridge are significantly hotter, more acid and metal-rich, less saline, and richer in dissolved gases and other volatiles, including H2S, CO2, and F, than the other vent fields, consistent with input of magmatic gases. The large variations in geologic and geophysical parameters produced by back-arc spreading along the ELSC, which exceed those along mid-ocean ridge spreading axes, produce similar large variations in the composition of vent waters, and thus provide new insights into the processes that control the chemistry of submarine hot springs.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Seewald, J S and Wheat, C G and Tivey, M K and Michael, P J and Proskurowski, G and McCollom, T M and Reeves, E and Sharkey, J and You, C F and Chan, L H and Pichler, T}
}
@article {Gieskes2011,
	title = {{Cold seeps in Monterey Bay, California: Geochemistry of pore waters and relationship to benthic foraminiferal calcite}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {738{\textendash}746},
	abstract = {An extensive geochemical and biogeochemical examination of CH4 seeps in the Clam Flats area of Monterey Bay provides insight into the character of relationships between seep geochemistry and benthic foraminiferal geochemistry. The area is characterized by sulfide-rich fluids. Sulfide increases are associated with large increases in alkalinity, as well as small decreases in dissolved Ca and Mg. In addition, only small increases in NH4 are observed, but values of $δ$13C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (4, which is transported upward by slow seepage of pore fluids. The geochemistry of the pore fluids should be relevant to the geochemistry of the carbonate tests of living and dead foraminifera. However, a profound disequilibrium of approximately an order of magnitude occurs between the $δ$13C values of stained (cytoplasm-containing) foraminiferal carbonate and the C isotope values of ambient pore water dissolved inorganic C. Reasons are unclear for this isotopic disequilibrium, but have important implications for interpretations of foraminiferal carbonate as a paleoenvironmental proxy. Much fine scale work is needed to fully understand the relationships between the biogeochemistry of benthic foraminifera and the geochemistry of the pore waters where they live.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	author = {Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Mahn, C and Bernhard, J M and Day, S}
}
@article {ISI:000290021000005,
	title = {{Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys with contrasting chemistries}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {414{\textendash}426},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys harbor a high diversity of largely unknown microorganisms. Although the phylogenetic diversity of these microorganisms has been described previously, the adaptation and metabolic potential of the microbial communities is only beginning to be revealed. A pyrosequencing approach was used to directly obtain sequences from a fosmid library constructed from a black smoker chimney 4143-1 in the Mothra hydrothermal vent field at the Juan de Fuca Ridge. A total of 308 034 reads with an average sequence length of 227 bp were generated. Comparative genomic analyses of metagenomes from a variety of environments by two-way clustering of samples and functional gene categories demonstrated that the 4143-1 metagenome clustered most closely with that from a carbonate chimney from Lost City. Both are highly enriched in genes for mismatch repair and homologous recombination, suggesting that the microbial communities have evolved extensive DNA repair systems to cope with the extreme conditions that have potential deleterious effects on the genomes. As previously reported for the Lost City microbiome, the metagenome of chimney 4143-1 exhibited a high proportion of transposases, implying that horizontal gene transfer may be a common occurrence in the deep-sea vent chimney biosphere. In addition, genes for chemotaxis and flagellar assembly were highly enriched in the chimney metagenomes, reflecting the adaptation of the organisms to the highly dynamic conditions present within the chimney walls. Reconstruction of the metabolic pathways revealed that the microbial community in the wall of chimney 4143-1 was mainly fueled by sulfur oxidation, putatively coupled to nitrate reduction to perform inorganic carbon fixation through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. On the basis of the genomic organization of the key genes of the carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation pathways contained in the large genomic fragments, both obligate and facultative autotrophs appear to be present and contribute to biomass production. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 414-426; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.144; published online 7 October 2010},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2010.144},
	author = {Xie, Wei and Wang, Fengping and Guo, Lei and Chen, Zeling and Sievert, Stefan M and Meng, Jun and Huang, Guangrui and Li, Yuxin and Yan, Qingyu and Wu, Shan and Wang, Xin and Chen, Shangwu and He, Guangyuan and Xiao, Xiang and Xu, Anlong}
}
@article {Bennett2011,
	title = {{Dissolved and particulate organic carbon in hydrothermal plumes from the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50'N}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {58},
	number = {9},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {922{\textendash}931},
	abstract = {Chemoautotrophic production in seafloor hydrothermal systems has the potential to provide an important source of organic carbon that is exported to the surrounding deep-ocean. While hydrothermal plumes may export carbon, entrained from chimney walls and biologically rich diffuse flow areas, away from sites of venting they also have the potential to provide an environment for in-situ carbon fixation. In this study, we have followed the fate of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) as it is dispersed through and settles beneath a hydrothermal plume system at 9{\textdegree}50'N on the East Pacific Rise. Concentrations of both DOC and POC are elevated in buoyant plume samples that were collected directly above sites of active venting using both DSV Alvin and a CTD-rosette. Similar levels of POC enrichment are also observed in the dispersing non-buoyant plume, \~{}500~m downstream from the vent-site. Further, sediment-trap samples collected beneath the same dispersing plume system, show evidence for a close coupling between organic carbon and Fe oxyhydroxide fluxes. We propose, therefore, a process that concentrates POC into hydrothermal plumes as they disperse through the deep-ocean. This is most probably the result of some combination of preferential adsorption of organic carbon onto Fe-oxyhydroxides and/or microbial activity that preferentially concentrates organic carbon in association with Fe-oxyhydroxides (e.g. through the microbial oxidation of Fe(II) and Fe sulfides). This potential for biological production and consumption within hydrothermal plumes highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the role of the carbon cycle in deep-sea hydrothermal systems as well as the role that hydrothermal systems may play in regulating global deep-ocean carbon budgets.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Statham, P J and Green, D R H and Le Bris, N and McDermott, J M and Prado, F and Rouxel, O J and Von Damm, K L and German, C R}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {Barr2011,
	title = {{Early to Middle Devonian granitic and volcanic rocks from the central Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {126},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {455{\textendash}465},
	abstract = {Cashes Ledge igneous suite in the central Gulf of Maine is represented by 10 granitic and two felsic tuff samples collected from bedrock outcrops using the submersible Alvin in 1971{\textendash}1972 and archived at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of zircon grains yielded crystallization ages of 414.9~{\textpm}~1.1~Ma and 399.7~{\textpm}~1.5~Ma for two alkali feldspar granite samples, 407.0~{\textpm}~1.9~Ma for a syenogranite sample, and 384.4~{\textpm}~2.3~Ma and 383.9~{\textpm}~1.6~Ma for two felsic tuff samples. The samples contain iron-rich mafic minerals, including aegirine-augite, grunerite/ferroedenite, and annite. Most of the samples are alkaline to slightly peralkaline, with high concentrations of SiO2, Y, Zr, Nb, and REE, strong negative Eu anomalies, and positive epsilon Nd values (1.8 to 3.7). The suite resembles part of a belt of similar Silurian{\textendash}Devonian rocks with ages between 426 and 370~Ma now recognized in the central part of Avalonia in southeastern New England. They formed in a long-lived, likely extensional regime linked to subduction and subsequent complex transcurrent motions among Ganderia, Avalonia, and Meguma, culminating in the closure of the Rheic Ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	author = {Barr, S M and Mortensen, J K and Thompson, M D and Hermes, O D and White, C E}
}
@article {Mansour2011,
	title = {{Mineralogical and stable isotopic characterization of authigenic carbonate from a hydrocarbon seep site, Gulf of Mexico slope: Possible relation to crude oil degradation}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {281},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {59{\textendash}69},
	abstract = {One of the characteristic features on the cold deep seafloor on Atwater Valley (AT) Block 425 (1930~m water depth) in the Gulf of Mexico is the occurrence of seepage of crude oil and hydrocarbon gases associated with thermogenic gas hydrate and authigenic carbonate deposits. Mineralogical, petrographic and isotopic analyses revealed that the precipitation of these carbonates was related to the microbial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Carbonate deposits are composed of heavily oil-stained, small nodules to large cobbles of dense limestones of fine-grained textures. Other carbonate fragments are composed of small intraclasts, pellets and some bivalve shell fragments cemented together by aragonite cement. XRD analysis and petrographic investigations revealed that the authigenic carbonate is predominantly composed of aragonite that occurs as microcrystalline matrix and cement. Microcrystalline, sparitic and botryoidal acicular aragonite crystals are observed as void-filling cement. The $δ$18O values of the authigenic carbonate (3.80 to 4.16{\textperthousand} V-PDB) suggest that the precipitating fluid has equilibrated with the cold bottom seawater. The calculated $δ$18O values (0.18 to 0.54{\textperthousand} SMOW) of the precipitating fluid show subtle deviation from the values reported for the present bottom seawater. This is attributed possibly to the precipitation from pore water with temperature ranged from 3.3 to 1.7~{\textdegree}C, which is less than the measured bottom seawater (4~{\textdegree}C). However, the mixing of the marine pore water with some deep hydrocarbon-rich brines or hydrate-water would provide a source of 18O-enrichment fluid for the precipitation of the authigenic carbonates. Based on the predominance of aragonite with botryoidal and clotted fabric, the occurrence of pyrite and from the oxygen isotopic data, it is plausible that the authigenic carbonates may have formed near the sediment/water interface in an oxygen-depleted environment with low temperature. The narrow range of the $δ$13C values of the authigenic carbonate (-~23.88 to -~28.62{\textperthousand} V-PDB) suggests that a single source of carbon is predominant. Based on the moderately low $δ$13C values and the occurrence of spots of crude oil coatings of the carbonate samples, in addition to the application of a carbon isotope mass balance model, the carbon involving in the formation of the carbonates of the AT 425 seep site could be mainly derived from microbial degradation of crude oil. Microbial oxidation of non-methane thermogenic hydrocarbon gases such as ethane, propane and isobutane would play some role as a source of carbonate-carbon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2011.02.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.02.004},
	author = {Mansour, A S and Sassen, R}
}
@article {Becker2011,
	title = {{Stable isotopes provide new insights into vestimentiferan physiological ecology at Gulf of Mexico cold seeps}},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {98},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {169{\textendash}174},
	abstract = {On the otherwise low-biomass seafloor of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) continental slope, natural oil and gas seeps are oases of local primary production that support lush animal communities. Hundreds of seep communities have been documented on the continental slope, and nutrition derived from seeps could be an important link in the overall GoM food web. Here, we present a uniquely large and cohesive data set of $δ$13C, $δ$15N, and $δ$34S compositions of the vestimentiferan tubeworms Escarpia laminata and Lamellibrachia sp. 1, which dominate biomass at GoM seeps and provide habitat for hundreds of other species. Our sampling design encompassed an entire region of the GoM lower slope, allowing us for the first time to assess spatial variability in isotope compositions and to robustly address long-standing hypotheses about how vestimentiferans acquire and cycle nutrients over their long lifespan (200+~years). Tissue $δ$13C values provided strong evidence that larger adult vestimentiferans use their buried roots to take up dissolved inorganic carbon from sediment pore water, while very small individuals use their plume to take up carbon dioxide from the seawater. $δ$34S values were extremely variable among individuals of the same species within one location (S values were extremely variable among individuals of the same species within one location (2 area), indicating high variability in the inorganic sulfur pools on a very small spatial scale. This finding supports the hypothesis that vestimentiferans use their roots to cycle sulfate and sulfide between their symbionts and free-living consortia of sulfate-reducing archaea in the sediment. Finally, consistent differences in $δ$15N between two cooccurring vestimentiferan species provided the first strong evidence for partitioning of inorganic resources, which has significant implications for the ecology and evolution of this taxonomic group.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1042},
	doi = {10.1007/s00114-010-0754-z},
	author = {Becker, E L and Macko, S A and Lee, R W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Gartman2011,
	title = {{Sulfide Oxidation across Diffuse Flow Zones of Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Aquatic Geochemistry},
	volume = {17},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {2011},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {583{\textendash}601},
	publisher = {SPRINGER},
	address = {NEW YORK; 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA},
	abstract = {The sulfide (H(2)S/HS(-)) that is emitted from hydrothermal vents begins to oxidize abiotically with oxygen upon contact with ambient bottom water, but the reaction kinetics are slow. Here, using in situ voltammetry, we report detection of the intermediate sulfur oxidation products polysulfides [S(x)(2-)] and thiosulfate [S(2)O(3)(2-)], along with contextual data on sulfide, oxygen, and temperature. At Lau Basin in 2006, thiosulfate was identified in less than one percent of approximately 10,500 scans and no polysulfides were detected. Only five percent of 11,000 voltammetric scans taken at four vent sites at Lau Basin in May 2009 show either thiosulfate or polysulfides. These in situ data indicate that abiotic sulfide oxidation does not readily occur as H(2)S contacts oxic bottom waters. Calculated abiotic potential sulfide oxidation rates are},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1380-6165},
	doi = {10.1007/s10498-011-9136-1},
	author = {Gartman, A and Yucel, M and Madison, A S and Chu, D W and Ma, S and Janzen, C P and Becker, E L and Beinart, R A and Girguis, P R and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Adams2011,
	title = {{Surface-generated mesoscale eddies transport deep-sea products from hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {332},
	number = {6029},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {580{\textendash}583},
	abstract = {Atmospheric forcing, which is known to have a strong influence on surface ocean dynamics and production, is typically not considered in studies of the deep sea. Our observations and models demonstrate an unexpected influence of surface-generated mesoscale eddies in the transport of hydrothermal vent efflux and of vent larvae away from the northern East Pacific Rise. Transport by these deep-reaching eddies provides a mechanism for spreading the hydrothermal chemical and heat flux into the deep-ocean interior and for dispersing propagules hundreds of kilometers between isolated and ephemeral communities. Because the eddies interacting with the East Pacific Rise are formed seasonally and are sensitive to phenomena such as El Ni{\~n}o, they have the potential to introduce seasonal to interannual atmospheric variations into the deep sea.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1201066},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1201066},
	author = {Adams, D K and McGillicuddy, D J and Zamudio, L and Thurnherr, A M and Liang, X and Rouxel, O J and German, C R and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {ISI:000208863500072,
	title = {{Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: a look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen indicates that the reaction is unfavorable as unstable superoxide and bisulfide radical ions would need to be produced. However, a two-electron transfer is favorable as stable S(0) and peroxide would be formed, but the partially filled orbitals in oxygen that accept electrons prevent rapid kinetics. Abiotic sulfide oxidation kinetics improve when reduced iron and/or manganese are oxidized by oxygen to form oxidized metals which in turn oxidize sulfide. Biological sulfur oxidation relies on enzymes that have evolved to overcome these kinetic constraints to affect rapid sulfide oxidation. Here we review the available thermodynamic and kinetic data for H2S and HS center dot as well as O-2, reactive oxygen species, nitrate, nitrite, and NOx species. We also present new kinetic data for abiotic sulfide oxidation with oxygen in trace metal clean solutions that constrain abiotic rates of sulfide oxidation in metal free solution and agree with the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, we present experimental data that give insight on rates of chemolithotrophic and photolithotrophic sulfide oxidation in the environment. We demonstrate that both anaerobic photolithotrophic and aerobic chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation rates are three or more orders of magnitude higher than abiotic rates suggesting that in most environments biotic sulfide oxidation rates will far exceed abiotic rates due to the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints discussed in the first section of the paper. Such data reshape our thinking about the biotic and abiotic contributions to sulfide oxidation in the environment.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00062},
	author = {Luther III, George W and Findlay, Alyssa J and MacDonald, Daniel J and Owings, Shannon M and Hanson, Thomas E and Beinart, Roxanne A and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Luther2011,
	title = {{Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: a look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {62},
	publisher = {FRONTIERS RESEARCH FOUNDATION},
	address = {LAUSANNE; PO BOX 110, LAUSANNE, 1015, SWITZERLAND},
	abstract = {The thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen indicates that the reaction is unfavorable as unstable superoxide and bisulfide radical ions would need to be produced. However, a two-electron transfer is favorable as stable S(0) and peroxide would be formed, but the partially filled orbitals in oxygen that accept electrons prevent rapid kinetics. Abiotic sulfide oxidation kinetics improve when reduced iron and/or manganese are oxidized by oxygen to form oxidized metals which in turn oxidize sulfide. Biological sulfur oxidation relies on enzymes that have evolved to overcome these kinetic constraints to affect rapid sulfide oxidation. Here we review the available thermodynamic and kinetic data for H2S and HS center dot as well as O-2, reactive oxygen species, nitrate, nitrite, and NOx species. We also present new kinetic data for abiotic sulfide oxidation with oxygen in trace metal clean solutions that constrain abiotic rates of sulfide oxidation in metal free solution and agree with the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, we present experimental data that give insight on rates of chemolithotrophic and photolithotrophic sulfide oxidation in the environment. We demonstrate that both anaerobic photolithotrophic and aerobic chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation rates are three or more orders of magnitude higher than abiotic rates suggesting that in most environments biotic sulfide oxidation rates will far exceed abiotic rates due to the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints discussed in the first section of the paper. Such data reshape our thinking about the biotic and abiotic contributions to sulfide oxidation in the environment.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00062},
	author = {Luther, G W and Findlay, A J and MacDonald, D J and Owings, S M and Hanson, T E and Beinart, R A and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Clague2011,
	title = {{Volcanic morphology of West Mata Volcano, NE Lau Basin, based on high-resolution bathymetry and depth changes}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {QOAF03{\textendash}QOAF03},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {High-resolution (1.5 m) mapping from the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) D. Allan B. of West Mata Volcano in the northern Lau Basin is used to identify the processes that construct and modify the volcano. The surface consists largely of volcaniclastic debris that forms smooth slopes to the NW and SE, with smaller lava flows forming gently sloping plateaus concentrated along the ENE and WSW rift zones, and more elongate flows radiating from the summit. Two active volcanic vents, Prometheus and Hades, are located \~{}50 and \~{}150 m WSW of the 1159 m summit, respectively, and are slightly NW of the ridgeline so the most abundant clastic deposits are emplaced on the NW flank. This eruptive activity and the location of vents appears to have been persistent for more than a decade, based on comparison of ship-based bathymetric surveys in 1996 and 2008{\textendash}2010, which show positive depth changes up to 96 m on the summit and north flank of the volcano. The widespread distribution of clastic deposits downslope from the rift zones, as well as from the current vents, suggests that pyroclastic activity occurs at least as deep as 2200 m. The similar morphology of additional nearby volcanoes suggests that they too have abundant pyroclastic deposits.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003791},
	author = {Clague, D A and Paduan, J B and Caress, D W and Thomas, Hans and Chadwick, W W and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Roman2010,
	title = {{Autonomous underwater vehicles as tools for deep-submergence archaeology}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment},
	volume = {224},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {327{\textendash}340},
	abstract = {Marine archaeology beyond the capabilities of scuba divers is a technologically enabled field. The tool suite includes ship-based systems such as towed side-scan sonars and remotely operated vehicles, and more recently free-swimming autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Each of these platforms has various imaging and mapping capabilities appropriate for specific scales and tasks. Broadly speaking, AUVs are becoming effective tools for locating, identifying, and surveying archaeological sites. This paper discusses the role of AUVs in this suite of tools, outlines some specific design criteria necessary to maximize their utility in the field, and presents directions for future developments. Results are presented for a recent joint AUV{\textemdash}towed system survey and a demonstration of current mine-hunting technologies applied to archaeology.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1475-0902},
	url = {http://pim.sagepub.com/content/224/4/327.abstract},
	author = {Roman, C and Mather, R}
}
@inbook {Baker2010,
	title = {{Biogeography, Ecology and Vulnerability of Chemosynthetic Ecosystems in the Deep Sea}},
	booktitle = {Life in the World{\textquoteright}s Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {161{\textendash}182},
	publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	organization = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	author = {Baker, M C and Ramirez-Llodra, E and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Boetius, A and Cordes, E E and Dubilier, N and Fisher, C R and Levin, L A and Metaxas, A and Rowden, R and Santos, R S and Shank, R and Van Dover, C L and Young, C and Waren, A}
}
@article {Podowski2010,
	title = {{Biotic and abiotic factors affecting distributions of megafauna in diffuse flow on andesite and basalt along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Tonga}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {418},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {25{\textendash}45},
	abstract = {Imagery and environmental data from 7 diffuse flow hydrothermal vent sites along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) are used to constrain the effects of lava type, temperature, chemistry, and biological interactions on faunal distributions. Of the species with chemoautotrophic endosymbionts, the snail Alviniconcha spp. occupies habitats with the greatest exposure to vent fluids. Temperatures exceeding 45{\textdegree}C define its upper limit of exposure to vent flow, and minimum sulfide requirements constrain its lower limits. The mussel Bathymodiolus brevior experiences the least exposure to vent flow; temperatures of about 20{\textdegree}C determine its upper limit, while its lower limit is defined by its minimum sulfide requirements. The snail Ifremeria nautilei inhabits areas with intermediate exposure to vent fluids and biological interactions are likely the most important factor shaping this snail{\textquoteright}s realized niche. Microhabitats of non-symbiont-containing fauna were defined in terms of symbiont-containing faunal distributions. The crab Austinograea spp. occupies areas with the greatest exposure to vent flow; shrimp, the snail Eosipho desbruyeresi, and anemones inhabit intermediate zones of vent flow; and the squat lobster Munidopsis lauensis dominates the periphery of diffuse flow areas, with little exposure to vent fluids. The physical structure of different lava types along the ELSC differentially affects the diffusion of vent fluids, which has a variety of implications for fauna, particularly distributions of zoanthids, anemones, and mixed communities of I. nautilei and B. brevior.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps08797},
	author = {Podowski, E L and Ma, S and Luther, G W and Wardrop, D and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Fueri2010,
	title = {{Carbon release from submarine seeps at the Costa Rica fore arc: Implications for the volatile cycle at the Central America convergent margin}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q04S21},
	abstract = {We report total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) abundances and isotope ratios, as well as helium isotope ratios (3He/4He), of cold seep fluids sampled at the Costa Rica fore arc in order to evaluate the extent of carbon loss from the submarine segment of the Central America convergent margin. Seep fluids were collected over a 12 month period at Mound 11, Mound 12, and Jaco Scar using copper tubing attached to submarine flux meters operating in continuous pumping mode. The fluids show minimum 3He/4He ratios of 1.3 RA (where RA is air 3He/4He), consistent with a small but discernable contribution of mantle-derived helium. At Mound 11, $δ$13C∑CO2 values between -23.9{\textperthousand} and -11.6{\textperthousand} indicate that DIC is predominantly derived from deep methanogenesis and is carried to the surface by fluids derived from sediments of the subducting slab. In contrast, at Mound 12, most of the ascending dissolved methane is oxidized due to lower flow rates, giving extremely low $δ$13C∑CO2 values ranging from -68.2{\textperthousand} to -60.3{\textperthousand}. We estimate that the carbon flux (CO2 plus methane) through submarine fluid venting at the outer fore arc is 8.0 {\texttimes} 105 g C km-1 yr-1, which is virtually negligible compared to the total sedimentary carbon input to the margin and the output at the volcanic front. Unless there is a significant but hitherto unidentified carbon flux at the inner fore arc, the implication is that most of the carbon being subducted in Costa Rica must be transferred to the (deeper) mantle, i.e., beyond the depth of arc magma generation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002810},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002810},
	author = {Fueri, E and Hilton, D R and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and McMurtry, G M and Brueckmann, W and Wheat, C G}
}
@article {Bernhard2010,
	title = {{Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera : 2. Toward an understanding of apparent disequilibrium in hydrocarbon seeps}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {PA4206},
	abstract = {Numerous previous studies show disequilibrium between stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal calcite and pore water dissolved inorganic carbon in hydrocarbon seeps, calling into question the utility of this widely used paleoceanographic tracer as a proxy. We use a recently developed method to compare stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal carbonate with cell ultrastructural observations from individual benthic foraminifera from seep (under chemosynthetic bivalves) and nonseep habitats in Monterey Bay, California, to better understand control(s) of benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope ratios. Two attributes previously proposed to cause the isotopic offsets are diet and symbionts. Ultrastructural analysis shows that positive staining with Rose Bengal indicates presence of foraminiferal cytoplasm, bacterial biomass, or a combination of both and, thus, is not an unequivocal indicator of viability. We also show for the first time that some living seep foraminifera have endobionts. Results from our unique, yet limited, data set are consistent with suggestions that, in our sites, several foraminiferal species collected from seep clam beds may not survive there, diet and symbiont presence do not appear to be major contributors to disequilibrium, little calcification of seep-tolerant foraminiferal species occurs while seep conditions prevail, and microscale variability in habitats could influence $δ$13C of benthic foraminiferal carbonate. Results further suggest that our knowledge of benthic foraminiferal ecology and biomineralization, especially in extreme habitats such as seeps, must be bolstered before we fully understand the fidelity of paleoenvironmental records derived from benthic foraminiferal test $δ$13C data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2010PA001930},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001930},
	author = {Bernhard, J M and Martin, J B and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Martin2010,
	title = {{Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera: Method description}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {PA2211},
	abstract = {Carbon isotopes of foraminiferal tests provide a widely used proxy for past oceanographic environmental conditions. This proxy can be calibrated using live specimens, which are reliably identified with observations of cell ultrastructure. Observations of ultrastructures can also be used for studies of biological characteristics such as diet and presence of symbionts. Combining biological and isotopic studies on individual foraminifera could provide novel information, but standard isotopic methods destroy ultrastructures by desiccating specimens and observations of ultrastructure require removal of carbonate tests, preventing isotope measurements. The approach described here preserves cellular ultrastructure during isotopic analyses by keeping the foraminifera in an aqueous buffer (Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)). The technique was developed and standardized with 36 aliquots of NBS-19 standard of similar weight to foraminiferal tests (5 to 123 $μ$g). Standard errors ranged from {\textpm} 0.06 to {\textpm} 0.85{\textperthousand} and were caused by CO2 contaminants dissolved in the PBS. The technique was used to measure $δ$13C values of 96 foraminifera, 10 of which do not precipitate carbonate tests. Calcareous foraminiferal tests had corrected carbon isotope ratios of -8.5 to +3.2{\textperthousand}. This new technique allows comparisons of isotopic compositions of tests made by foraminifera known to be alive at the time of collection with their biological characteristics such as prey composition and presence or absence of putative symbionts. The approach may be applied to additional biomineralizing organisms such as planktonic foraminifera, pteropods, corals, and coccolithophores to elucidate certain biological controls on their paleoceanographic proxy signatures.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2009PA001846},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001846},
	author = {Martin, J B and Bernhard, J M and Curtis, J and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Lessard-Pilon2010,
	title = {{Community composition and temporal change at deep Gulf of Mexico cold seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1891{\textendash}1903},
	abstract = {Specialized cold-seep communities have been known to exist in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) since the mid-1980s, but only recently has extensive research been carried out on sites at depths {\textgreater}1000 m. This study uses a combination of imagery and analyses within a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) framework to examine the composition of mussel and tubeworm communities at depths between 2200 and 2800 m in the Gulf of Mexico, spatial relations among the fauna, and changes in these communities over time. Photomosaics at three discrete seep communities were obtained in 2006 and a video mosaic of another community was obtained in 1992. Each of these communities was re-imaged in 2007. In addition, quantitative physical collections were made within two of the photomosaic sites and used to confirm the identification of megafauna, quantify the occurrence of smaller and cryptic macrofauna, and allow first-order calculations of biomass within the sites. Substrate type had a significant effect on community composition. Significant associations were identified between live mussels with anemones, shrimp, and sea cucumbers, and between tubeworm aggregations and Munidopsis sp. crabs and encrusting fauna, indicating differences in the composition of megafauna associated with adjacent mussel and tubeworm aggregations. Little change was seen in the total area colonized by foundation fauna (tubeworms and mussels) between years at any site. However, significant changes occurred in the positions of mussels, even over periods of a single year, at all sites, and evidence for the establishment of new tubeworm aggregations between 1992 and 2007 was noted at one site. These photomosaics provide data suggesting that environmental conditions can change over small spatial and temporal scales and mussels move in response to these changes. The successional trends are examined and compared to the patterns that have been documented in shallow ({\textless}1000-m depth) Gulf of Mexico seep communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.012},
	author = {Lessard-Pilon, S and Porter, M D and Cordes, E E and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {MacDonald2010,
	title = {{Community structure comparisons of lower slope hydrocarbon seeps, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1904{\textendash}1915},
	abstract = {Photographic sampling collected from ROV JASON III on randomized transects (generally 10 per site) was used to compare seven suspected hydrocarbon seeps on the lower continental slope at depths of 956 to 2330 m. The study design focused on areas containing high-amplitude reflectance patterns in seismic returns from the bottom. Animal samples nested in these areas and high-resolution photographic mosaics permitted fine-scale description of the community components and their associations with each other. The transect results showed three types of chemosynthetic community: carbonate prone, brine pool prone, and low-density. These communities are characterized by, respectively, abundant carbonate rubble and tubeworm clusters, bacterial mats and brine pools, and relatively sparse chemosynthetic fauna that tended to be overlooked by the photographic survey plan. These differences were not clearly related to depth or longitude because the sites are at the opposite eastern and western extents of the project region. Photographic survey is a statistically reliable method for detecting the carbonate rubble and bacterial mat types of community, but may be unreliable for sparse or clustered fauna such as seep mussels. Photographic survey results provided relatively low taxonomic resolution, but were sufficient to distinguish statistical differences in the abundance of characteristic faunal groups, such as the Echinoidea and Gorgonacea, associated with hydrocarbon seeps. Initial studies of statistical power indicate that future photographic surveys of suspected seep communities, if conducted with an equivalent level of effort, might detect the presence of more abundant habitat, including carbonate rubble, bacterial mats, and tubeworms, but could miss less abundant indicators.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.002},
	author = {MacDonald, I R and Smith, M and Huffer, F W}
}
@article {German2010,
	title = {{Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {14020{\textendash}14025},
	abstract = {Thirty years after the first discovery of high-temperature submarine venting, the vast majority of the global mid-ocean ridge remains unexplored for hydrothermal activity. Of particular interest are the world{\textquoteright}s ultraslow spreading ridges that were the last to be demonstrated to host high-temperature venting but may host systems particularly relevant to prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life. Here we report evidence for previously unknown, diverse, and very deep hydrothermal vents along the similar to 110 km long, ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise (MCR). Our data indicate that the MCR hosts at least three discrete hydrothermal sites, each representing a different type of water-rock interaction, including both mafic and ultramafic systems and, at similar to 5,000 m, the deepest known hydrothermal vent. Although submarine hydrothermal circulation, in which seawater percolates through and reacts with host lithologies, occurs on all mid-ocean ridges, the diversity of vent types identified here and their relative geographic isolation make the MCR unique in the oceans. These new sites offer prospects for an expanded range of vent-fluid compositions, varieties of abiotic organic chemical synthesis and extremophile microorganisms, and unparalleled faunal biodiversity-all in close proximity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1009205107},
	author = {German, C R and Bowen, A and Coleman, M L and Honig, D L and Huber, J A and Jakuba, M V and Kinsey, J C and Kurz, M D and Leroy, S and McDermott, J M and de Lepinay, B M and Nakamura, K and Seewald, J S and Smith, J L and Sylva, S P and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Levin2010,
	title = {{Diversity of bathyal macrofauna on the northeastern Pacific margin: the influence of methane seeps and oxygen minimum zones}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {94{\textendash}110},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {The upper continental slope in the northeastern Pacific Ocean is intercepted by a deep oxygen minimum zone (OMZ; 650{\textendash}1100 m) and punctuated by conduits of methane seepage. We examined the effects of these two dominant sources of heterogeneity on the density, composition and diversity of heterotrophic macrofauna off Hydrate Ridge, Oregon (OR; 800 m water depth), where the seeps co-occur within an OMZ, and off the Eel River, Northern California (CA; 500 m), where seeps are overlain by better oxygenated waters. We hypothesized that seeps (containing clam beds and microbial mats) should contribute a suite of distinct species to the regional margin species pool but that OMZ-associated hypoxia would dampen seep-related heterogeneity. Macrofaunal densities were highest (23,000{\textendash}33,510 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2) in the CA seep sediments and in the OR near-seep samples, intermediate in the OR seep, CA near seep and CA and OR 500-m margin sediments (10,054{\textendash}19,777 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2), and lowest in the CA and OR OMZ habitats at 800 m (4269{\textendash}7847 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2). Annelids constituted over 50{\%} of the taxa in all but the CA clam bed and OR microbial mat sediments, where mollusks were abundant. Approximately 50{\%} of seep species appeared to be habitat endemic; species present in microbial mats largely formed a subset of those present in the clam beds. Dorvilleid and ampharetid polychaetes were dominant in the seep sediments; non-seep margin sediments at 500 and 800 m were populated heavily by branchiate polychaetes including cossurids and paraonids. Alpha diversity (Es[20] calculated per core) was lowest and rank 1 dominance was highest in the CA and OR microbial mat habitats. Pooled analyses of Es[100] revealed highest species richness in the CA clam bed and near-seep habitats (30.3 and 29.6, respectively), and lowest species richness in the OR microbial mat and near-seep habitats (16.5 and 17.9, respectively). Non-seep sediments (500 and 800 m) off both CA and OR were more homogeneous (55{\textendash}57{\%} within-habitat similarity) than clam bed and microbial mat sediments (only 32{\textendash}37{\%} within-habitat similarity). CA sediment macrofauna generally exhibit higher alpha diversity, and as habitats are combined, a higher rate of increase in the slope of the species accumulation curves than do OR margin macrofauna. Methane seeps in the NE Pacific introduce significant heterogeneity that increases margin biodiversity at multiple spatial scales. However, our hypothesis that the OMZ would lessen the seep contributions to diversity was not supported. The better oxygenated CA seeps at 500 m shared more of the background margin fauna (at 500 m) than did the OR seeps at 800 m (with OMZ fauna at 800 m). Geographical differences in the fluxes of methane-rich fluids and the increased reliance on chemosynthetic food sources with increased depth could explain these results.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1439-0485},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00335.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00335.x},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Gonzalez, J P and Thurber, A R and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {ISI:000276610000012,
	title = {{Expanding dispersal studies at hydrothermal vents through species identification of cryptic larval forms}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {157},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1049{\textendash}1062},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The rapid identification of hydrothermal vent-endemic larvae to the species level is a key limitation to understanding the dynamic processes that control the abundance and distribution of fauna in such a patchy and ephemeral environment. Many larval forms collected near vents, even those in groups such as gastropods that often form a morphologically distinct larval shell, have not been identified to species. We present a staged approach that combines morphological and molecular identification to optimize the capability, efficiency, and economy of identifying vent gastropod larvae from the northern East Pacific Rise (NEPR). With this approach, 15 new larval forms can be identified to species. A total of 33 of the 41 gastropod species inhabiting the NEPR, and 26 of the 27 gastropod species known to occur specifically in the 9A degrees 50{\textquoteright} N region, can be identified to species. Morphological identification efforts are improved by new protoconch descriptions for Gorgoleptis spiralis, Lepetodrilus pustulosus, Nodopelta subnoda, and Echinopelta fistulosa. Even with these new morphological descriptions, the majority of lepetodrilids and peltospirids require molecular identification. Restriction fragment length polymorphism digests are presented as an economical method for identification of five species of Lepetodrilus and six species of peltospirids. The remaining unidentifiable specimens can be assigned to species by comparison to an expanded database of 18S ribosomal DNA. The broad utility of the staged approach was exemplified by the revelation of species-level variation in daily planktonic samples and the identification and characterization of egg capsules belonging to a conid gastropod Gymnobela sp. A. The improved molecular and morphological capabilities nearly double the number of species amenable to field studies of dispersal and population connectivity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-009-1386-8},
	author = {Adams, D K and Mills, S W and Shank, T M and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {ISI:000276024300001,
	title = {{Flow rate perturbations in a black smoker hydrothermal vent in response to a mid-ocean ridge earthquake swarm}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Although there is indirect evidence for strong connections between tectonic processes and mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal flow, there are no direct observations of these links, primarily because measuring flow in these systems is difficult. Here we use an optical analysis technique to obtain a 44 day record of flow rate changes in a black smoker vent in the Main Endeavour field of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. We show that variations in the flow rate coincide with an earthquake swarm observed using an ocean bottom seismometer array. These observations indicate that connections between tectonics and flow are indeed strong, that hydraulic connections within this hydrothermal system are long ranging, and that enhanced tidal pumping of fluids may be initiated by earthquake activity. Because the effects of the swarm cross over an intervening vent field, we infer that the upflow zones feeding this field are narrow. Using the time lag between the swarm onset and the flow rate changes we estimate that the bulk permeability of the crust on the Endeavour segment ranges from 3.0 x 10(-13) m(2) to 6.0 x 10(-12) m(2).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002926},
	author = {Crone, Timothy J and Wilcock, William S D and McDuff, Russell E}
}
@article {ISI:000277252000001,
	title = {{Malaguana-Gadao Ridge: Identification and implications of a magma chamber reflector in the southern Mariana Trough}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Six-channel seismic reflection data reveal a magma chamber reflector beneath the Malaguana-Gadao Ridge, the southernmost segment of the spreading center in the Mariana Trough. For most of its length the spreading center in this active back-arc basin is morphologically similar to slow spreading mid-ocean ridges, having a deep central graben flanked by a zone of abyssal hill fabric. This southernmost segment, however, has a broad, smooth cross section, lacks a deep central graben, and is thus similar in morphology to fast spreading ridges (e.g., the East Pacific Rise). We identify a magma chamber at 1.5 s two-way travel time below the crest of the ridge. Observations from remotely operated vehicles along the ridge reveal not only fresh pillows, lobate, and sheet lava flows but also an abundance of volcaniclastic debris and intense hydrothermal activity. These observations, together with the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}fast spreading{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} morphology of the ridge, suggest that this segment has a considerably higher magma supply than is typical in the Mariana Trough. We suggest that the volcanic arc or enhanced melting of a hydrated mantle is supplying volatile-rich magma as evidenced by a highly negative coefficient of reflection, -0.42, for this MCR and the presence of evolved, highly vesicular lava and volcaniclastic materials. The southeastern Mariana back-arc basin spreading ridge does not compare readily with mechanical models for global mid-ocean ridge data sets because of marked asymmetry in both volcanism and deformation that may be the consequence of slab-related geometry in this part of the convergent margin system.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002719},
	author = {Becker, Nathan C and Fryer, Patricia and Moore, Gregory F}
}
@article {Wankel2010,
	title = {{New constraints on methane fluxes and rates of anaerobic methane oxidation in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool via in situ mass spectrometry}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2022{\textendash}2029},
	abstract = {Deep-sea biogeochemical cycles are, in general, poorly understood owing to the difficulties of making measurements in situ, recovering samples with minimal perturbation, and, in many cases, coping with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In particular, biogeochemical fluxes of volatiles such as methane remain largely unconstrained because of the difficulties with accurate quantification in situ and the patchiness of point sources such as seeps and brine pools. To better constrain biogeochemical fluxes and cycling, we have developed a deep-sea in situ mass spectrometer (ISMS) to enable high-resolution quantification of volatiles in situ. Here we report direct measurements of methane concentrations made in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool located at a depth of over 2300 m. Concentrations of up to 33 mM methane were observed within the brine pool, whereas concentrations in the water directly above were three orders of magnitude lower. These direct measurements enabled us to make the first accurate estimates of the diffusive flux from a brine pool, calculated to be 1.1{\textpm}0.2 mol m-2 yr-1. Integrated rate measurements of aerobic methane oxidation in the water column overlying the brine pool were \~{}320 $μ$mol m-2 yr-1, accounting at most for just 0.03{\%} of the diffusive methane flux from the brine pool. Calculated rates of anaerobic methane oxidation were 600{\textendash}1200 $μ$M yr-1, one to two orders of magnitude higher than previously published values of AOM in anoxic fluids. These findings suggest that brine pools are enormous point sources of methane in the deep sea, and may, in aggregate, have a pronounced impact on the global marine methane cycle.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	author = {Wankel, S D and Joye, S B and Samarkin, V A and Shah, S R and Friederich, G and Melas-Kyriazi, J and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {ISI:000283642100005,
	title = {{Phylogenetic diversity of sediment bacteria from the deep Northeastern Pacific Ocean: a comparison with the deep Eastern Mediterranean Sea}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {143{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The variability of bacterial community composition and diversity was studied by comparative analysis of five 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from deep-sea sediments (water column depth: 4000 m) of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Eastern Mediterranean Sea. This is the first comparison of the bacterial communities living in these deep-sea ecosystems. The estimated chlorophyll a, organic carbon, and C/N ratio provided evidence of significant differences in the trophic state of the sediments between the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and the much warmer Eastern Mediterranean Sea. A diverse range of 16S rRNA gene phylotypes was found in the sediments of both regions. These were represented by 11 different taxonomic groups, with Gammaproteobacteria predominating in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean sediments and Acidobacteria in the Eastern Mediterranean microbial community. In addition, several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes only distantly related to any of the previously identified sequences (non-affiliated rRNA genes) represented a significant fraction of the total sequences. The potential diversity at the two sites differs but remains largely unexplored and remains of continuing scientific interest. {\{}[{\}}Int Microbiol 2010; 13(3):143-150]},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1139-6709},
	doi = {10.2436/20.1501.01.119},
	author = {Kouridaki, Ioanna and Polymenakou, Paraskevi N and Tselepides, Anastasios and Mandalakis, Manolis and Smith Jr., Kenneth L}
}
@article {Hulme2010,
	title = {{Pore water chemistry of the Mariana serpentinite mud volcanoes: A window to the seismogenic zone}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q01X09},
	abstract = {In 2003, we conducted a survey of 11 serpentinite mud volcanoes in the Mariana fore arc. Here we report sediment pore water data from navigated gravity and piston cores and from push cores collected by the ROV system Jason2-Medea. Systematic variations in profiles of pore water chemical compositions from these mud volcanoes are consistent with models that include active upflow of pore water relative to the surrounding serpentinite matrix. The speed of upwelling, based on fits of an advection-diffusion model to observed data (K, Na, Rb, and Cs), reaches a maximum of 36 cm/yr at Big Blue Seamount. Results from these simulations constrain the pore water composition at depth and the degree of additional alteration as the pore water ascends through the sampled section. For example, the transition metals (e.g., Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Mo) are mobilized under conditions of low upwelling speeds and microbial activity. Similarly, the rare earth elements (REE) show evidence of near-surface alteration. In addition to these surficial reactions, distinctive pore water compositional patterns exist as a function of the distance from the trench axis, which is a proxy for the depths of water generation from the downgoing plate below each seamount. Systematic trends in the chemical composition of these slab-sourced fluids are consistent with increasing temperature and pressure at depth west of the trench. These trends include an increase in K, sulfate, carbonate alkalinity, Na/Cl, B, Mn, Fe, Co, Rb, Cs, Gd/Tb, Eu, and light REE (LREE) and a decrease in Ca, Sr, and Y with increasing distance from the trench. Mg and U are universally depleted in the upwelling water. We constrain the thermal conditions along the d{\'e}collement using concentrations of fluid mobile elements (K, B, Cs, and Rb) and the mobilization of LREE relative to heavy REE (HREE). The 80{\textdegree}C isotherm is estimated at a depth of 15 km between Blue Moon Seamount and Cerulean Springs. At slab depths of 17 to 24 km, pore waters lack significant Rb and K enrichments relative to seawater, suggesting an upper bound near 150{\textdegree}C. There is an observed enrichment in LREE relative to HREE at Big Blue Seamount (slab depth 25 km) indicating that the d{\'e}collement at this site is \~{}200{\textdegree}C. The relative mobilization of Cs outpaced that of Rb at all seamounts sampled in this survey. On the basis of laboratory experiments, this observation sets an upper limit of \~{}350{\textdegree}C at a depth of 30 km below the seafloor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002674},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002674},
	author = {Hulme, S M and Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Bailey2010,
	title = {{Pseudofossils in relict methane seep carbonates resemble endemic microbial consortia}},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {285},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {131{\textendash}142},
	abstract = {Pleistocene-age methane seep carbonates from the Eel River Basin, California contain aggregate-like structures composed of tightly-packed hollow spheres that morphologically resemble syntrophic archaeal{\textendash}bacterial consortia known to catalyze the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Tetragonal microstructures also present in the carbonates resemble seep-endemic Methanosarcinales cell clusters. Despite morphological similarities to the seep-endemic microbes that likely mediated the authigenesis of Eel River Basin carbonates and sulfides, detailed petrographic, SEM, and magnetic microscopic imaging, remanence rock magnetism, laser Raman, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, suggest that these microstructures are not microfossils, but rather mineral structures that result from the diagenetic alteration of euhedral Fe-sulfide framboids. Electron microscopy shows that during diagenesis, reaction rims composed of Fe oxide form around framboid microcrystalites. Subsequent dissolution of greigite or pyrite crystals leaves behind hollow cell-like casings (external molds) {\textemdash} a transformation that occurs on timescales of \~{}100 kyr or less. Despite their superficial resemblance to morphologically-distinctive extant microbes in local sediments, the presence of acellular precursor grains, as well as of partially-altered transitional forms, complicate the interpretation of these and other framboidal microstructures that have been reported from the rock record.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.002},
	author = {Bailey, J V and Raub, T D and Meckler, A N and Harrison, B K and Raub, T M D and Green, A M and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Walter2010,
	title = {{Rapid dispersal of a hydrothermal plume by turbulent mixing}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {57},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {931{\textendash}945},
	abstract = {The water column imprint of the hydrothermal plume observed at the Nibelungen field (8{\textdegree}18'S 13{\textdegree}30'W) is highly variable in space and time. The off-axis location of the site, along the southern boundary of a non-transform ridge offset at the joint between two segments of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is characterized by complex, rugged topography, and thus favorable for the generation of internal tides, subsequent internal wave breaking, and associated vertical mixing in the water column. We have used towed transects and vertical profiles of stratification, turbidity, and direct current measurements to investigate the strength of turbulent mixing in the vicinity of the vent site and the adjacent rift valley, and its temporal and spatial variability in relation to the plume dispersal. Turbulent diffusivities K$\rho$K$\rho$ were calculated from temperature inversions via Thorpe scales. Heightened mixing (compared to open ocean values) was observed in the whole rift valley within an order of K$\rho$K$\rho$ around 10-3 m2 s-1. The mixing close to the vent site was even more elevated, with an average of View the MathML sourceK$\rho$=4{\texttimes}10-2m2s-1. The mixing, as well as the flow field, exhibited a strong tidal cycle, with strong currents and mixing at the non-buoyant plume level during ebb flow. Periods of strong mixing were associated with increased internal wave activity and frequent occurrence of turbulent overturns. Additional effects of mixing on plume dispersal include bifurcation of the particle plume, likely as a result of the interplay between the modulated mixing strength and current speed, as well as high frequency internal waves in the effluent plume layer, possibly triggered by the buoyant plume via nonlinear interaction with the elevated background turbulence or penetrative convection.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	author = {Walter, M and Mertens, C and Stober, U and German, C R and Yoerger, D R and Sultemfub, J and Rhein, M and Melchert, B and Baker, E T}
}
@article {Garcia-Pineda2010,
	title = {{Remote-sensing evaluation of geophysical anomaly sites in the outer continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1859{\textendash}1869},
	abstract = {Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images obtained from satellites are a reliable tool for localizing natural hydrocarbon seeps. For this study, we used the Texture Classifier Neural Network Algorithm (TCNNA) to interpret SAR data from the RADARSAT satellite and a geostatistical clustering analysis to compare seeps detected in 579 SAR images covering the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Geostatistical analysis results indicate that, in a typical active seep formation, oil vents would be found within a seep formation \~{}2.5 km in diameter. Repeated observations of slicks at a given seep formation indicate that advection of rising oil in the water column causes an offset from the vent depending on water depth. At 500 m, the radial offset is up to 1400 m; at 2000 m, it is up to 3270 m. Observations with submersibles showed that, in 100{\%} of the cases, the calculated seep formations that are matched with active oil seeps correspond to anomalies interpreted from surface amplitude maps and migration pathways in the seismic data. However, episodically, larger releases from persistent seeps occurred, and also some other seep formations showed intermittent releases. Our analysis indicates that active oil seeps detected with SAR represent a subset of the total array of geophysical features generated by hydrocarbon migration on the northern continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.005},
	author = {Garcia-Pineda, O and MacDonald, I R and Zimmer, B and Shedd, B and Roberts, H}
}
@article {Miglietta2010,
	title = {{Species boundaries of Gulf of Mexico vestimentiferans (Polychaeta, Siboglinidae) inferred from mitochondrial genes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1916{\textendash}1925},
	abstract = {At least six morphospecies of vestimentiferan tubeworms are associated with cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The physiology and ecology of the two best-studied species from depths above 1000 m in the upper Louisiana slope (Lamellibrachia luymesi and Seepiophila jonesi) are relatively well understood. The biology of one rare species from the upper slope (escarpiid sp. nov.) and three morphospecies found at greater depths in the GOM (Lamellibrachia sp. 1, L. sp. 2, and Escarpia laminata) are not as well understood. Here we address species distributions and boundaries of cold-seep tubeworms using phylogenetic hypotheses based on two mitochondrial genes. Fragments of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit rDNA (16S) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were sequenced for 167 vestimentiferans collected from the GOM and analyzed in the context of other seep vestimentiferans for which sequence data were available. The analysis supported five monophyletic clades of vestimentiferans in the GOM. Intra-clade variation in both genes was very low, and there was no apparent correlation between the within-clade diversity and collection depth or location. Two of the morphospecies of Lamellibrachia from different depths in the GOM could not be distinguished by either mitochondrial gene. Similarly, E. laminata could not be distinguished from other described species of Escarpia from either the west coast of Africa or the eastern Pacific using COI. We suggest that the mitochondrial COI and 16S genes have little utility as barcoding markers for seep vestimentiferan tubeworms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.007},
	author = {Miglietta, M P and Hourdez, S and Cowart, D A and Schaeffer, S W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Becker2010,
	title = {{Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of hydrocarbon-seep bivalves on the Gulf of Mexico lower continental slope}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1957{\textendash}1964},
	abstract = {Stable isotope compositions of cold-seep bivalves can illuminate processes that affect the chemical and isotopic compositions of seeping fluids along the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico as well as provide insight into the physiological ecology of these species. Carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions were analyzed in mussels and clams from 14 seep sites spanning a depth range of 1000 to 2800 m along the lower Louisiana slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Mussels of three species found on the lower slope, Bathymodiolus childressi, B. brooksi, and B. heckerae, showed site-specific differences in tissue $δ$13C, reflecting differences in the local methane pool. Mussels from sites on the lower slope sitting atop the contiguous salt sheet generally had tissue $δ$13C values that reflected a stronger biogenic methane signal (-70.8 to -58.8{\textperthousand}) than mussels on the upper slope or seaward of the Sigsbee Escarpment (-67.3 to -40.4{\textperthousand}). Clams (Calyptogena ponderosa and Calyptogena sp. nov.) had a narrow range of $δ$13C values between -37.0 and -34.4{\textperthousand}, indicating that their thiotrophic symbionts are fixing primarily seawater-dissolved organic carbon. The most depleted tissue $δ$15N values yet published for both mussels and clams are reported in this study at -23.7 and -9.2{\textperthousand}, respectively. These depleted values have implications for the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen by these symbioses and the concentrations of particular inorganic nitrogen sources in the local environment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.002},
	author = {Becker, E L and Lee, R W and Macko, S A and Faure, B M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Thresher2010,
	title = {{Temperature effects on the calcite skeletal composition of deep-water gorgonians (isididae)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {16},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {4655{\textendash}4670},
	abstract = {We test for and calibrate a proxy for ocean temperature based on the skeletal composition of the widely distributed, deep-sea gorgonians in the family Isididae (bamboo corals), through use of three complementary methods: a short-term comparison of element/Ca ratios to a four-year temperature record, a long-term comparison with oceanographic records spanning forty years, and a geographic comparison of Isidids collected at sites ranging from the tropics to Antarctica. The assays consistently support a temperature-dependency for Mg/Ca ratios and suggest S/Ca is indirectly affected by temperature, but indicate little or no effect of temperature on P/Ca and Sr/Ca. The consensus relationship between Mg/Ca and temperature for Isidid calcite from the comparisons with the temperature time-series is T = -0.505 + 0.048 Mg/Ca, where T is in {\textdegree}C, Mg/Ca is in mmol/mol, and the applicable range is 3{\textendash}6 {\textdegree}C. The results of the geographic assay, though imprecise, suggest the applicable range extends to temperatures below freezing. The scatter of data points around the regression of temperature and Mg/Ca is wide in all assays. This could reflect the effect of factors other than temperature on Mg/Ca ratios, but is also likely to reflect limitations of the field data, the effects of assumed constant growth rates in the corals and instrumental analytical error. The combined effects of micro-scale variability in growth rates and wide confidence intervals for each data point suggests that environmental reconstruction from Isidid internode calcite from sparse data or at time scales less than decades be done with caution. Comparisons within and among colonies do not indicate strong vital effects on ontogenetic variability in the corals, other than possibly close to the central pore of the coral. However, similar Mg/Ca ratios for Isidids from Antarctic and more temperate regions suggest adaptation to local conditions and hence a role for physiology at higher taxonomic levels, at least. Taxonomically higher level vital effects are also suggested by large differences between gorgonian families in their regressions between Mg/Ca and temperature, by Mg/Ca ratios that overlap over a wide temperature and habitat range, and for a non-linear relationship between temperature and the slope of the Mg/Ca-temperature relationship across the order.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.024},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.024},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Wilson, N C and MacRae, C M and Neil, H}
}
@article {Toner2009,
	title = {{Biogenic iron oxyhydroxide formation at mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents: Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {73},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {388{\textendash}403},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.035},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.035},
	author = {Toner, B M and Santelli, C M and Marcus, M A and Wirth, R and Chan, C S and McCollom, T and Bach, W and Edwards, K J}
}
@article {Basak2009,
	title = {{Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of live (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Aleutian Margin and the Southern Australian Margin}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {89{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	author = {Basak, C and Rathburn, A E and Perez, M E and Martin, J B and Kluesner, J W and Levin, L A and De Deckker, P and Gieskes, J M and Abriani, M}
}
@article {Beaulieu2009,
	title = {{Comparison of a sediment trap and plankton pump for time-series sampling of larvae near deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography: Methods},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {235{\textendash}248},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1541-5856},
	doi = {10.4319/lom.2009.7.235},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lomethods/free/2009/0235.pdf},
	author = {Beaulieu, S E and Mullineaux, L S and Adams, D K and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Haase2009,
	title = {{Diking, young volcanism and diffuse hydrothermal activity on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Lilliput field at 9 degrees 33'S}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {266},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {52{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	author = {Haase, K M and Koschinsky, A and Petersen, S and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Melchert, B and Seifert, R and Borowski, C and Giere, O and Paulick, H}
}
@article {Podowski2009,
	title = {{Distribution of diffuse flow megafauna in two sites on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Tonga}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {56},
	number = {11},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2041{\textendash}2056},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.07.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.07.002},
	author = {Podowski, E L and Moore, T S and Zelnio, K A and Luther, G W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Rathburn2009,
	title = {{Geological and biological heterogeneity of the Aleutian Margin (1965{\textendash}4822 m)}},
	journal = {Progress In Oceanography},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {22{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	author = {Rathburn, A E and Levin, L A and Tryon, M D and Gieskes, J M and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Fodrie, F J and Neira, C and Fryer, G L and Mendoza, G F and McMillan, P A and Kluesner, J and Adamic, J and Ziebis, W}
}
@article {Becker2009,
	title = {{Importance of seep primary production to Lophelia pertusa and associated fauna in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {56},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {786{\textendash}800},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.006},
	author = {Becker, E L and Cordes, E E and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Mullineaux2009,
	title = {{Imprint of past environmental regimes on structure and succession of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent community}},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {161},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {387{\textendash}400},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	doi = {10.1007/s00442-009-1390-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1390-1},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Micheli, F and Peterson, C H and Lenihan, H S and Markus, N}
}
@article {Solomon2009,
	title = {{Long-term hydrogeochemical records in the oceanic basement and forearc prism at the Costa Rica subduction zone}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {282},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {240{\textendash}251},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	author = {Solomon, E A and Kastner, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Robertson, G and Davis, E E and Morris, J D}
}
@article {Leary2009,
	title = {{Marine genetic resources:A review of scientific and commercial interest}},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	volume = {33},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {183{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0308-597X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2008.05.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.05.010},
	author = {Leary, D and Vierros, M and Hamon, G and Arico, S and Monagle, C}
}
@article {Sherman2009,
	title = {{Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {279},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {86{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032},
	author = {Sherman, L S and Blum, J D and Nordstrom, D K and McCleskey, R B and Barkay, T and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Killeen2009,
	title = {{NSF looks ahead with basic ocean research}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {27{\textendash}28},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Killeen, T and Morris, J D}
}
@article {Boswell2009,
	title = {{Occurrence of gas hydrate in Oligocene Frio sand: Alaminos Canyon Block 818: northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1499{\textendash}1512},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.005},
	author = {Boswell, R and Shelander, D and Lee, M and Latham, T and Collett, T and Geurin, G and Moridis, G and Reagan, M and Goldberg, D}
}
@article {Tremblay2009,
	title = {{Oceanic core complexes and ancient oceanic lithosphere: Insights from Iapetan and Tethyan ophiolites (Canada and Albania)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {473},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {36{\textendash}52},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.003},
	author = {Tremblay, A and Meshi, A and B{\'e}dard, J H}
}
@article {Rona2009,
	title = {{Paleodictyon nodosum: a living fossil on the deep sea floor}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1700{\textendash}1712},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	author = {Rona, P A and Seilacher, A and de Vargas, C and Gooday, A J and Bernhard, J M and Bowser, S and Vetriani, C and Wirsen, C O and Mullineaux, L and Sherrell, R and Grassle, J F and Low, S and Lutz, R A}
}
@book {Mills2009,
	title = {{Photographic identification guide to larvae at hydrothermal vents}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {2009-05},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {104},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2996},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2996},
	author = {Mills, S W and Beaulieu, S E and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Tyler2009,
	title = {{Protandric hermaphroditism in the whale-fall bivalve mollusc Idas washingtonia}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1689{\textendash}1699},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.014},
	author = {Tyler, P A and Marsh, L and Baco-Taylor, A and Smith, C R}
}
@article {White2009a,
	title = {{Significance of widespread low effusion rate eruptions over the past two million years for delivery of magma to the overlapping spreading centers at 9 degrees N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {280},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {175{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	author = {White, S M and Mason, J L and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R and Wanless, V D and Klein, E M}
}
@article {Breier2009,
	title = {{A suspended-particle rosette multi-sampler for discrete biogeochemical sampling in low-particle-density waters}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1579{\textendash}1589},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	author = {Breier, J A and Rauch, C G and McCartney, K and Toner, B M and Fakra, S C and White, S N and German, C R}
}
@article {Moore2009,
	title = {{Time-series chemical and temperature habitat characterization of diffuse flow hydrothermal sites at 9 degrees 50'N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1616{\textendash}1621},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.008},
	author = {Moore, T S and Shank, T M and Nuzzio, D B and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Lenihan2008,
	title = {{Biotic interactions at hydrothermal vents: Recruitment inhibition by the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {12},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1707{\textendash}1717},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.007},
	author = {Lenihan, H S and Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Fisher, C R and Micheli, F}
}
@article {Wheat2008,
	title = {{Borehole observations of fluid flow from South Chamorro Seamount, an active serpentinite mud volcano in the Mariana forearc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {267},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {401{\textendash}409},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.057},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.057},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Fisher, A T and Hulme, S and Jannasch, H W and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Cordes2008,
	title = {{Coral communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {777{\textendash}787},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.005},
	author = {Cordes, E E and McGinley, M P and Podowski, E L and Becker, E L and Lessard-Pilon, S and Viada, S T and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Chadwick2008,
	title = {{Direct video and hydrophone observations of submarine explosive eruptions at NW Rota-1 volcano, Mariana arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {B08S10},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JB005215},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005215},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Cashman, K V and Embley, R W and Matsumoto, H and Dziak, R P and de Ronde, C E J and Lau, T K and Deardorff, N D and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Walker2008,
	title = {{Dissolved inorganic carbon isotopic composition of low-temperature axial and ridge-flank hydrothermal fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {123{\textendash}136},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.002},
	author = {Walker, B D and McCarthy, M D and Fisher, A T and Guilderson, T P}
}
@article {Walker2008a,
	title = {{Eruption-fed particle plumes and volcaniclastic deposits at a submarine volcano: NW Rota-1, Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {B08S11},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JB005441},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005441},
	author = {Walker, S L and Baker, E T and Resing, J A and Chadwick, W W and Lebon, G T and Lupton, J E and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Moore2008,
	title = {{False boarfish Neocyttus helgae in the Western North Atlantic}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {31{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-032X},
	doi = {10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[31:FBNHIT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[31:FBNHIT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Moore, J A and Auster, P J and Calini, D and Heinonen, K and Barber, K and Hecker, B}
}
@article {Melchert2008,
	title = {{First evidence for high-temperature off-axis venting of deep crustal/mantle heat: The Nibelungen hydrothermal field, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {61{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	author = {Melchert, B and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Seifert, R and Walter, M and Mertens, C and Yoerger, D R and Baker, E T and Paulick, H and Nakamura, K}
}
@article {Hsu-Kim2008,
	title = {{Formation of Zn- and Fe-sulfides near hydrothermal vents at the Eastern Lau Spreading Center: implications for sulfide bioavailability to chemoautotrophs}},
	journal = {Geochemical Transactions},
	volume = {9},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {6},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1467-4866},
	doi = {10.1186/1467-4866-9-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1467-4866-9-6},
	author = {Hsu-Kim, H and Mullaugh, K M and Tsang, J J and Yucel, M and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Nees2008,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent mussel habitat chemistry, pre- and post-eruption at 9 degrees 50'North on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {169{\textendash}175},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[169:HVMHCP]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[169:HVMHCP]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Nees, H A and Moore, T S and Mullaugh, K M and Holyoke, R R and Janzen, C P and Ma, S and Metzger, E and Waite, T J and Yucel, M and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Vetriani, C and Nuzzio, D B and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Lutz2008,
	title = {{Interrelationships between vent fluid chemistry, temperature, seismic activity, and biological community structure at a mussel-dominated, deep-sea hydrothermal vent along the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {177{\textendash}190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Luther, G W and Vetriani, C and Tolstoy, M and Nuzzio, D B and Moore, T S and Waldhauser, F and Crespo-Medina, M and Chatziefthimiou, A D and Annis, E R and Reed, A J}
}
@book {Brooks2008,
	title = {{Investigations of chemosynthetic communities on the lower continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico: Interim Report 1}},
	series = {OCS Reports},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {332},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	organization = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/ESPIS/4/4320.pdf},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Fisher, C R and Roberts, H and Bernard, B and MacDonald, I R and Carney, R and Jove, S and Cordes, E E and Wolff, G A and Goehring, E}
}
@article {Tyler2008,
	title = {{Reproduction of gastropods from vents on the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {107{\textendash}118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Tyler, P A and Pendlebury, S and Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Eckelbarger, K J and Baker, M and Young, C M}
}
@article {Adams2008,
	title = {{Supply of gastropod larvae to hydrothermal vents reflects transport from local larval sources}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {53},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1945{\textendash}1955},
	abstract = {Variation in larval supply to disjunct marine populations can provide insight into larval transport and delivery mechanisms, especially when compared with observations of physical transport. Daily variability in larval supply at two mussel-dominated hydrothermal vents, East Wall and Choo Choo, near 9{\textordmasculine}50{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise, was quantified concurrently with hydrodynamic observations to investigate local dispersal processes. The magnitude and temporal variation in supply differed between the two vent sites despite their close proximity, 1.6 km. Larval supply was relatively high and uninterrupted at East Wall compared to low and episodic at Choo Choo. Observed variation in larval supply was compared to predictions based on advective transport from larval sources at neighboring vents. Variation in larval supply at Choo Choo correlated with along-axis southward currents, consistent with larval transport from a northern larval source. Larval supply to East Wall appeared to be independent of current velocities, suggesting that larvae came from multiple sources north of and south of and possibly including East Wall. Transport of larvae from discrete local sources can explain differences in larval supply to vent communities, even on spatial scales of kilometers.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2008.53.5.1945},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}53/issue{\_}5/1945.pdf},
	author = {Adams, D K and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {McLean2008,
	title = {{Three new species of the family Neolepetopsidae (Patellogastropoda) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the Northeastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {15{\textendash}20},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[15:TNSOTF]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[15:TNSOTF]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {McLean, J H}
}
@article {Luther2008,
	title = {{Use of voltammetric solid-state (micro)electrodes for studying biogeochemical processes: Laboratory measurements to real time measurements with an in situ electrochemical analyzer (ISEA)}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {221{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B T and Ma, S and Trouwborst, R E and Moore, T S and Metzger, E and Kraiya, C and Waite, T J and Druschel, G and Sundby, B and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Shank, T M and Lewis, B L and Brendel, P J}
}
@article {Ferrini2008,
	title = {{Variable morphologic expression of volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes at six hydrothermal vent fields in the Lau back-arc basin}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {Q07022},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002047},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002047},
	author = {Ferrini, V L and Tivey, M K and Carbotte, S M and Martinez, F and Roman, C}
}
@article {Waite2008,
	title = {{Variation in sulfur speciation with shellfish presence at a Lau Basin diffuse flow vent site}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {163{\textendash}168},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Waite, T J and Moore, T S and Childress, J J and Hsu-Kim, H and Mullaugh, K M and Nuzzio, D B and Paschal, A N and Tsang, J and Fisher, C R and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Mullaugh2008,
	title = {{Voltammetric (micro)electrodes for the in situ study of Fe2+ oxidation kinetics in hot springs and S2O3-2- production at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {280{\textendash}290},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1040-0397},
	doi = {10.1002/elan.200704056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200704056},
	author = {Mullaugh, K M and Luther, G W and Ma, S and Moore, T S and Yucel, M and Becker, E L and Podowski, E L and Fisher, C R and Trouwborst, R E and Pierson, B K}
}
@article {Garcia2008,
	title = {{Widespread secondary volcanism near northern Hawaiian Islands}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {89},
	number = {52},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {542{\textendash}543},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/2008EO520002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008EO520002},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Ito, G and Weis, D and Geist, D J and Swinnard, L and Bianco, T and Flinders, A and Taylor, B and Appelgate, B and Blay, C and Hanano, D and Silva, I N and Naumann, T and Maerschalk, C and Harpp, K S and Christensen, B and Sciaroni, L and Tagami, T and Yamasaki, S}
}
@article {Roberts2007a,
	title = {{Alvin explores the deep northern Gulf of Mexico Slope}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {88},
	number = {35},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {341{\textendash}342},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/2007EO350001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007EO350001},
	author = {Roberts, H and Carney, R and Kupchik, M and Fisher, C R and Nelson, Kim and Becker, E and Goehring, E and Lessard-Pilon, S and Telesnicki, G and Bernard, B and Brooks, J and Bright, M and Cordes, E and Hourdez, S and Hunt, J and Shedd, W and Boland, G and Joye, S and Samarkin, V and Bernier, M and Bowles, M and MacDonald, I and Niemann, H and Petersen, C and Morrison, C and Potter, J}
}
@article {Heyl2007,
	title = {{Characteristics of vesicomyid clams and their environment at the Blake Ridge cold seep, South Carolina, USA}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {339},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {169{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps339169},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps339169},
	author = {Heyl, T P and Gilhooly, W P and Chambers, R M and Gilchrist, G W and Macko, S A and Ruppel, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Levin2007,
	title = {{Community structure and nutrition of deep methane-seep macrobenthos from the North Pacific (Aleutian) Margin and the Gulf of Mexico (Florida Escarpment)}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {131{\textendash}151},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00131.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00131.x},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F}
}
@article {Duperron2007,
	title = {{Diversity, relative abundance and metabolic potential of bacterial endosymbionts in three Bathymodiolus mussel species from cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Environmental microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1423{\textendash}1438},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01259.x},
	author = {Duperron, S and Sibuet, M and MacGregor, B J and Kuypers, M M M and Fisher, C R and Dubilier, N}
}
@article {Embley2007,
	title = {{Exploring the submarine ring of fire: Mariana Arc-Western Pacific}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.07},
	author = {Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Chadwick, W W and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and de Ronde, C E J and Nakamura, K I and Tunnicliffe, V and Dower, J F and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Urcuyo2007,
	title = {{Growth and longevity of the tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae in the variable diffuse flow habitats of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {344},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {143{\textendash}157},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps06710},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps06710},
	author = {Urcuyo, I A and Bergquist, D C and MacDonald, I R and VanHorn, M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Mills2007,
	title = {{Habitat associations in gastropod species at east Pacific rise hydrothermal vents (9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N)}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {212},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {185{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/212/3/185},
	author = {Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Tyler, P A}
}
@article {Christeson2007,
	title = {{Inconsistent correlation of seismic layer 2a and lava layer thickness in oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {445},
	number = {7126},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {418{\textendash}421},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature05517},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05517},
	author = {Christeson, G L and McIntosh, K D and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Jones2007,
	title = {{Molecular phylogeny of the East Pacific squat lobsters of the genus Munidopsis (decapoda: galatheidae) with the descriptions of seven new species}},
	journal = {Journal of Crustacean Biology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {477{\textendash}501},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0278-0372},
	doi = {10.1651/S-2791.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1651/S-2791.1},
	author = {Jones, W J and Macpherson, E}
}
@article {Gilbert2007,
	title = {{Porosity of the upper edifice of Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {49{\textendash}52},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G22892A.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G22892A.1},
	author = {Gilbert, L A and McDuff, R E and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Bergquist2007,
	title = {{Using stable isotopes and quantitative community characteristics to determine a local hydrothermal vent food web}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {330},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {49{\textendash}65},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps330049},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps330049},
	author = {Bergquist, D C and Eckner, J T and Urcuyo, I A and Cordes, E E and Hourdez, S and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {McCliment2006,
	title = {{Colonization of nascent, deep-sea hydrothermal vents by a novel Archaeal and Nanoarchaeal assemblage}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {114{\textendash}125},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00874.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00874.x},
	author = {McCliment, E A and Voglesonger, K M and O{\textquoteright}Day, P A and Dunn, E E and Holloway, J R and Cary, S C}
}
@inbook {Heesemann2006,
	title = {{Data report: Long-term temperature measurements in holes 1253A and 1255A off Costa Rica, ODP Leg 205}},
	booktitle = {Fluid Flow and Subduction Fluxes across the Costa Rica Convergent Margin: Implications for the Seismogenic Zone and Subduction Factory},
	series = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {205},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1{\textendash}20},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1096-7451},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.205.209.2006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.205.209.2006},
	author = {Heesemann, M and Villinger, H and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M},
	editor = {Morris, J D}
}
@article {Rona2006,
	title = {{Entrainment and bending in a major hydrothermal plume, Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {33},
	number = {19},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {L19313},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gl027211},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027211},
	author = {Rona, P A and Bemis, K G and Jones, C D and Jackson, D R and Mitsuzawa, K and Silver, D}
}
@article {Hey2006,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent geology and biology at earth{\textquoteright}s fastest spreading rates}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {137{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/s11001-005-1887-x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11001-005-1887-x},
	author = {Hey, R N and Massoth, G J and Vrijenhoek, R C and Rona, P A and Lupton, J and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Bingham2006a,
	title = {{Integrating precision relative positioning into Jason/Medea ROV operations}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {40},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {87{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	doi = {10.4031/002533206787353664},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533206787353664},
	author = {Bingham, B and Mindell, D and Wilcox, T and Bowen, A}
}
@article {Waite2006,
	title = {{An investigation into the suitability of bismuth as an alternative to gold-amalgam as a working electrode for the in situ determination of chemical redox species in the natural environment}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {12},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1167{\textendash}1172},
	issn = {1040-0397},
	doi = {10.1002/elan.200603519},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200603519},
	author = {Waite, T J and Kraiya, C and Trouwborst, R E and Ma, S and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Mah2006,
	title = {{A new species of Xyloplax (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Concentricycloidea) from the Northeast Pacific: Comparative morphology and a reassessment of phylogeny}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {136{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2006.00048.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2006.00048.x},
	author = {Mah, C L}
}
@article {Martinez2006,
	title = {{Opposing trends in crustal thickness and spreading rate along the back-arc Eastern Lau Spreading Center: Implications for controls on ridge morphology, faulting, and hydrothermal activity}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {245},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {655{\textendash}672},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.049},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.049},
	author = {Martinez, F and Taylor, B and Baker, E T and Resing, J A and Walker, S L}
}
@article {Levin2006,
	title = {{Recruitment response of methane-seep macrofauna to sulfide-rich sediments: An in situ experiment}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {330},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {132{\textendash}150},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.022},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.022},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G F and Growney-Cannon, V and Walther, S}
}
@article {Fryer2006,
	title = {{Variability in serpentinite mudflow mechanisms and sources: ODP drilling results on Mariana forearc seamounts}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q08014},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001201},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001201},
	author = {Fryer, P and Gharib, J and Ross, K and Savov, I and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Casanova2005,
	title = {{Calispadella alata n. gen., n. sp., the first chaetognath recorded from a hydrothermal vent site (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)}},
	journal = {Journal of Plankton Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {221{\textendash}225},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0142-7873},
	doi = {10.1093/plankt/fbh163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbh163},
	author = {Casanova, J P and Moreau, X}
}
@article {Salerno2005,
	title = {{Characterization of symbiont populations in life-history stages of mussels from chemosynthetic environments}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {208},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {145{\textendash}155},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/208/2/145},
	author = {Salerno, J L and Macko, S A and Hallam, S J and Bright, M and Won, Y -J and McKiness, Z and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Pradillon2005,
	title = {{Colonisation of newly-opened habitat by a pioneer species, Alvinella pompejana (Polychaeta : Alvinellidae), at East Pacific Rise vent sites}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {147{\textendash}157},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps302147},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps302147},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Zbinden, M and Mullineaux, L S and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Kurz2005,
	title = {{Correlated helium, neon, and melt production on the super-fast spreading East Pacific Rise near 17 degrees S}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {232},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {125{\textendash}142},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.005},
	author = {Kurz, M D and Moreira, M and Curtice, J and Lott, D E and Mahoney, J J and Sinton, J M}
}
@article {Marris2005,
	title = {{Deep-sea biology: The life aquatic}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {436},
	number = {7053},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {908{\textendash}909},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/436908a},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/436908a},
	author = {Marris, E}
}
@inbook {Auster2005,
	title = {{A habitat classification scheme for seamount landscapes: assessing the functional role of deepwater corals as fish habitat}},
	booktitle = {Cold-water corals and ecosystems},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {761{\textendash}769},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {3-540-24136-1},
	author = {Auster, P J and Moore, J and Heinonen, K and Watling, L},
	editor = {Freiwald, A}
}
@article {Vetriani2005,
	title = {{Mercury adaptation among bacteria from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {71},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {220{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.1.220-226.2005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.1.220-226.2005},
	author = {Vetriani, C and Chew, Y S and Miller, S M and Yagi, J and Coombs, J and Lutz, T A and Barkay, T}
}
@article {McKiness2005,
	title = {{A new bathymodioline mussel symbiosis at the Juan de Fuca hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {109{\textendash}116},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-005-0065-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0065-7},
	author = {McKiness, Z P and McMullin, E R and Fisher, C R and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {Martin2005,
	title = {{A new species of the shrimp genus Chorocaris (Decapoda : Caridea : Alvinocarididae) from hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {183{\textendash}198},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-324X},
	doi = {10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[183:ANSOTS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[183:ANSOTS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Martin, J W and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Beatty2005,
	title = {{An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {102},
	number = {26},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {9306{\textendash}9310},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0503674102},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503674102},
	author = {Beatty, J T and Overmann, J and Lince, M T and Manske, A K and Lang, A S and Blankenship, R E and Van Dover, C L and Martinson, T A and Plumley, G F}
}
@article {Mills2005,
	title = {{Parasitism as a potential contributor to massive clam mortality at the Blake Ridge Diapir methane-hydrate seep}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {85},
	number = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1489{\textendash}1497},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0125-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315405012683},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315405012683},
	author = {Mills, A M and Ward, M E and Heyl, T P and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Wheat2005,
	title = {{The potential role of ridge-flank hydrothermal systems on oceanic germanium and silicon balances}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {69},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2021{\textendash}2029},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.046},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.046},
	author = {Wheat, C G and McManus, J}
}
@article {Sancho2005,
	title = {{Selective predation by the zoarcid fish Thermarces cerberus at hydrothermal vents.}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {837{\textendash}844},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	author = {Sancho, G and Fisher, C R and Mills, S W and Micheli, F and Johnson, G A and Lenihan, H S and Peterson, C H and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {McKiness2005a,
	title = {{The ubiquitous mussel: Bathymodiolus aff. brevior symbiosis at the Central Indian Ridge hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {295},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {183{\textendash}190},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps295183},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps295183},
	author = {McKiness, Z P and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {Mullineaux2005,
	title = {{Vertical, lateral and temporal structure in larval abundance at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {293},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps293001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps293001},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Mills, S W and Sweetman, A K and Beaudreau, A H and Metaxas, A and Hunt, H L}
}
@article {Mottl2004,
	title = {{Chemistry of springs across the Mariana forearc shows progressive devolatilization of the subducting plate}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {68},
	number = {23},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {4915{\textendash}4933},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.037},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.037},
	author = {Mottl, M A and Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Gharib, J and Martin, J B}
}
@book {Mathez2004,
	title = {{The earth machine: The science of a dynamic planet}},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {378},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {023112578X},
	author = {Mathez, E A and Webster, J D}
}
@article {Smith2004,
	title = {{Genetic heterogeneity among New Zealand species of hydrothermal vent mussels (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {144},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {537{\textendash}545},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-003-1207-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1207-4},
	author = {Smith, P J and McVeagh, S M and Won, Y -J and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Wheat2004a,
	title = {{Heat flow through a basaltic outcrop on a sedimented young ridge flank}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q12006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000700},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Fisher, A T and Kadko, D and Davis, E E and Baker, E T and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Malakoff2004,
	title = {{NSF takes the plung on a bigger, faster research sub}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {305},
	number = {5686},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {926{\textendash}927},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.305.5686.926a},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5686.926a},
	author = {Malakoff, D}
}
@article {Robinson2004,
	title = {{Surficial hydrocarbon seep infauna from the Blake Ridge (Atlantic Ocean, 2150 m) and the Gulf of Mexico (690{\textendash}2240 m)}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {313{\textendash}336},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2004.00034.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2004.00034.x},
	author = {Robinson, C A and Bernhard, J M and Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Blanks, J K}
}
@article {Hunt2004,
	title = {{Testing biological control of colonization by vestimentiferan tubeworms at deep-sea hydrothermal vents (East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {225{\textendash}234},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2003.10.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2003.10.008},
	author = {Hunt, H L and Metaxas, A and Jennings, R L and Halanych, K M and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Raulfs2004,
	title = {{Tissue and symbiont condition of mussels (Bathymodiolus thermophilus) exposed to varying levels of hydrothermal activity}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {84},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {229{\textendash}234},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315404009087h},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315404009087h},
	author = {Raulfs, E C and Macko, S A and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Dreyer2004,
	title = {{Vesicomyicola trifurcata, a new genus and species of commensal polychaete (Annelida:Polychaeta:Nautiliniellidae) found in deep-sea clams from the Blake Ridge cold seep}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {117},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {106{\textendash}113},
	issn = {0006-324X},
	author = {Dreyer, J and Miura, T and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Sims2003,
	title = {{Aberrant youth: Chemical and isotopic constraints on the young off-axis lavas of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {10},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8621},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000443},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000443},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Blichert-Toft, J and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Goldstein, S J and Johnson, P and DePaolo, D J and Hart, S R and Murrell, M T and Michael, P J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A}
}
@article {VanDover2003a,
	title = {{Blake Ridge methane seeps: Characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {281{\textendash}300},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Aharon, P and Bernhard, J M and Caylor, E and Doerries, M B and Flickinger, W and Gilhooly, W and Goffredi, S K and Knick, K E and Macko, S A and Rapoport, S and Raulfs, E C and Ruppel, C and Salerno, J L and Seitz, R D and Sen Gupta, B K and Shank, T M and Turnipseed, M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Hurtado2003,
	title = {{Coupling of bacterial endosymbiont and host mitochondrial genomes in the hydrothermal vent clam Calyptogena magnifica}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {2058{\textendash}2064},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.4.2058-2064.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.4.2058-2064.2003},
	author = {Hurtado, L A and Mateos, M and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@book {Matsen2003,
	title = {{The incredible submersible Alvin discovers a strange deep-sea world}},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Enslow Publishers},
	organization = {Enslow Publishers},
	address = {Berkeley Heights, N.J.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0766021890},
	author = {Matsen, B}
}
@book {Martinez2003,
	title = {{Mountains in the Sea 2003, July 11- July 19, 2003}},
	volume = {2007},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/},
	author = {Martinez, C and Watling, L E}
}
@article {McMullin2003,
	title = {{Phylogeny and biogeography of deep sea vestimentiferan tubeworms and their bacterial symbionts}},
	journal = {Symbiosis},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1{\textendash}41},
	issn = {0334-5114},
	author = {McMullin, E R and Hourdez, S and Schaeffer, S W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Levin2003,
	title = {{Spatial heterogeneity of macrofauna at northern California methane seeps: Influence of sulfide concentration and fluid flow}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {265},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {123{\textendash}139},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps265123},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps265123},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G F and Growney, V A and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Mahn, C and Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Mullineaux2003,
	title = {{Successional mechanism varies along a gradient in hydrothermal fluid flux at deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {73},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {523{\textendash}542},
	publisher = {Ecological Society of America},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-9615},
	doi = {10.1890/02-0674},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/02-0674},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Podar2002,
	title = {{Bacterial group II introns in a deep sea hydrothermal vent environment.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {68},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {6392{\textendash}6398},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.12.6392-6398.2002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.12.6392-6398.2002},
	author = {Podar, M and Mullineaux, L S and Huang, H -R and Perlman, P S and Sogin, M L}
}
@article {Sims2002,
	title = {{Chemical and isotopic constraints on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {19},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3481{\textendash}3504},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Goldstein, S J and Blichert-Toft, J and Perfit, M R and Kelemen, P and Fornari, D J and Michael, P J and Murrell, M T and Hart, S R and DePaolo, D J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A and Jull, M and Bender, J}
}
@article {White2002,
	title = {{Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: Evidence from volcanic structures and lava flow morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000571},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000571},
	author = {White, S M and Haymon, R M and Fornari, D J and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Torres2002,
	title = {{Fluid and chemical flux in and out of sediments hosting methane hydrate deposits on Hydrate Ridge, OR, II: Hydrological processes}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {201},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {525{\textendash}540},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00733-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00732-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00733-1},
	author = {Torres, M E and McManus, J and Hammond, D E and De Angelis, M A and Heeschen, K U and Colbert, S L and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Suess, E and Torres, M E}
}
@article {Blackman2002,
	title = {{Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {443{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S and Cann, J R and Fruh-Green, G L and Gee, J S and Hurst, S D and John, B E and Morgan, J and Nooner, S L and Ross, D K and Schroeder, T J and Williams, E A}
}
@mastersthesis {Mares2002,
	title = {{ICP-MS and statistical analysis of major and trace element signatures within the carbonate fraction of marine sediments, Cascadia Subduction Zone, Central Oregon}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {430},
	school = {California State University, Long Beach},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Long Beach, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mares, A E}
}
@article {Mullineaux2002,
	title = {{Implications of cross-axis flow for larval dispersal along mid-ocean ridges.}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {281{\textendash}284},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-281-284.pdf},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Speer, K G and Thurnherr, A M and Maltrud, M E and Vangriesheim, A}
}
@article {Levin2002,
	title = {{Isotopic evidence for chemosynthesis-based nutrition of macrobenthos: The lightness of being at Pacific methane seeps}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {47},
	number = {5},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1336{\textendash}1345},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1336},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}47/issue{\_}5/1336.pdf},
	author = {Levin, L A and Michener, R H}
}
@book {Lerner2002,
	title = {{The Jason II virtual control van system, data acquisition system, web-based event logger, and SeaNet}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {2002-12},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {17},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/27},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/27},
	author = {Lerner, S and Maffei, A}
}
@article {Hurtado2002,
	title = {{Molecular evidence for multiple species of Oasisia (Annelida: Siboglinidae) at eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {377{\textendash}380},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-377-380.pdf},
	author = {Hurtado, L A and Mateos, M and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {McManus2002,
	title = {{Oceanic molybdenum isotope fractionation: Diagenesis and hydrothermal ridge-flank alteration}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 1078},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000356},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000356},
	author = {McManus, J and N{\"a}gler, T F and Siebert, C and Wheat, C G and Hammond, D}
}
@article {Micheli2002,
	title = {{Predation structures communities at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {72},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {365{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-9615},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0365:PSCADS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0365:PSCADS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Micheli, F and Peterson, C H and Mullineaux, L S and Fisher, C R and Mills, S W and Sancho, G and Johnson, G A and Lenihan, H S}
}
@article {Malakoff2002,
	title = {{Researchers plunge into debate over new sub}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {297},
	number = {5580},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {326{\textendash}327},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.297.5580.326},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.297.5580.326},
	author = {Malakoff, D}
}
@book {Mayers2002,
	title = {{Structural analysis of Alvin variable ballast piping}},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {57},
	publisher = {Anteon Corporation, Machinery Systems Group},
	organization = {Anteon Corporation, Machinery Systems Group},
	address = {Annapolis, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA403034},
	author = {Mayers, G D and Brown, R S}
}
@article {Wheat2002,
	title = {{Trace element and REE composition of a low-temperature ridge flank hydrothermal spring}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {21},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3693{\textendash}3705},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00894-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00894-3},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Rudniki, M}
}
@article {Moore2002,
	title = {{Upside-down swimming behavior in a whipnose anglerfish (Teleostei: Ceratioidei: Gigantactinidae)}},
	journal = {Copeia},
	volume = {2002},
	number = {4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1144{\textendash}1146},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0045-8511},
	doi = {10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[1144:UDSBIA]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[1144:UDSBIA]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Moore, J A}
}
@article {Sinton2002,
	title = {{Volcanic eruptions on mid-ocean ridges: New evidence from the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 17 degrees-19 degrees S}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000090},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000090},
	author = {Sinton, J and Bergmanis, E and Rubin, K H and Batiza, R and Gregg, T K P and Gronvold, K and Macdonald, K C and White, S M}
}
@article {White2002b,
	title = {{Volcanic mound fields on the East Pacific Rise, 16 degrees -19 degrees S: Low effusion rate eruptions at overlapping spreading centers for the last 1 Myr}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2240},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000483},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000483},
	author = {White, S M and Macdonald, K C and Sinton, J M}
}
@article {Meurer2001,
	title = {{Basalt compositions from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at the SMARK area (22 degrees 30{\textquoteright}N to 22 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N) - implications for parental liquid variability at isotopically homogeneous spreading centers}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {186},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {451{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00260-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00260-6},
	author = {Meurer, W P and Sturm, M E and Klein, E M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {VanDover2001,
	title = {{Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {294},
	number = {5543},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {818{\textendash}823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1064574},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1064574},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Cavanaugh, C M and Collier, R and Goffredi, S K and Hashimoto, J and Lilley, M D and Reysenbach, A -L and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Banta, A and Gallant, R M and Gotz, D and Green, D and Hall, J and Harmer, T L and Hurtado, L A and Johnson, P and McKiness, Z P and Meredith, C and Olson, E J and Pan, I L and Turnipseed, M and Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@inbook {Etter2001,
	title = {{Deep-Sea Communities}},
	booktitle = {Marine Community Ecology},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {367{\textendash}394},
	publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
	organization = {Sinauer Associates},
	address = {Sunderland, Mass.},
	isbn = {0878930574},
	author = {Etter, R J and Mullineaux, L S},
	editor = {Bertness, M D}
}
@article {Butterfield2001,
	title = {{Evidence for basaltic Sr in midocean ridge-flank hydrothermal systems and implications for the global oceanic Sr isotope balance}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	number = {22},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4141{\textendash}4153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Nelson, B K and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Roe, K K}
}
@article {Gillis2001,
	title = {{Fluid flow patterns in fast spreading East Pacific Rise crust exposed at Hess Deep}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B11},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {26,311{\textendash}326,329},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000038},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000038},
	author = {Gillis, K M and Muehlenbachs, K and Stewart, M and Gleeson, T and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Marsh2001,
	title = {{Larval dispersal potential of the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {411},
	number = {6833},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {77{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35075063},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35075063},
	author = {Marsh, A G and Mullineaux, L S and Young, C M and Manahan, D T}
}
@article {Tappin2001,
	title = {{The Sissano, Papua New Guinea tsunami of July 1998 {\textendash} offshore evidence on the source mechanism}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {175},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1{\textendash}23},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00131-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00131-1},
	author = {Tappin, D R and Watts, P and McMurtry, G M and Lafoy, Y and Matsumoto, T}
}
@article {Martel2001,
	title = {{Species and epilimnion/hypolimnion-related differences in size at larval settlement and metamorphosis in Dreissena (Bivalvia)}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {46},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {707{\textendash}713},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2001.46.3.0707},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}46/issue{\_}3/0707.pdf},
	author = {Martel, A L and Baldwin, B S and Dermott, R M and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Wheat2000,
	title = {{Composition of pore and spring waters from Baby Bare: Global implications of geochemical fluxes from a ridge flank hydrothermal system}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {629{\textendash}642},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00347-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00347-6},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Ballard2000a,
	title = {{The discovery of ancient history in the deep sea using advanced deep submergence technology}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1591{\textendash}1620},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	author = {Ballard, R D and McCann, A M and Yoerger, D R and Whitcomb, L and Mindell, D and Oleson, J and Singh, H and Foley, B and Adams, J and Piechota, D and Giangrande, C}
}
@article {Distel2000,
	title = {{Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents?}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {403},
	number = {6771},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {725{\textendash}726},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35001667},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001667},
	author = {Distel, D L and Baco, A R and Chuang, E and Morrill, W and Cavanaugh, C and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Miller2000,
	title = {{Feeding selectivity and rapid particle processing by deep-sea megafaunal deposit feeders: A super(234)Th tracer approach}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {58},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {653{\textendash}673},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224000321511061},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224000321511061},
	author = {Miller, R J and Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L}
}
@article {Becker2000a,
	title = {{A geological and geophysical investigation of Baby Bare, locus of a ridge-flank hydrothermal system in the Cascadia Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23,523{\textendash}557,568},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900204},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900204},
	author = {Becker, N C and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Karsten, J L and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Matsumoto2000,
	title = {{Gravity measurement by use of deep sea submersibles}},
	journal = {Journal of the Geodetic Society of Japan},
	volume = {46},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {89{\textendash}108},
	issn = {0038-0830},
	author = {Matsumoto, T}
}
@article {Galgani2000,
	title = {{Litter on the sea floor along European coasts}},
	journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	volume = {40},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {516{\textendash}527},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9},
	author = {Galgani, F and Leaute, J P and Moguedet, P and Souplet, A and Verin, Y and Carpentier, A and Goraguer, H and Latrouite, D and Andral, B and Cadiou, Y and Mahe, J C and Poulard, J C and Nerisson, P}
}
@article {McMullin2000,
	title = {{Metazoans in Extreme Environments: Adaptations of Hydrothermal Vent and Hydrocarbon Seep Fauna}},
	journal = {Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin},
	volume = {13},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13{\textendash}23},
	author = {McMullin, E R and Bergquist, D C and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Hunt2000,
	title = {{Observations of the pelagic fauna over the Pac Manus site, in the Manus Basin, Papau New Guinea: preliminary results}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {15{\textendash}21},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}01{\_}03.pdf},
	author = {Hunt, J C and Lindsay, D J and Hashimoto, J and Fujikura, K and Fujiwara, Y and Miyake, H and Tsuchida, S}
}
@article {Tsuchida2000,
	title = {{Preliminary report of a biological, geological, and geochemical survey on hydrothermalism at the Hotoma and Minna Knolls SF sub(6) tracer experiment to observe the behavior of hydrothermal plume at South East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {35{\textendash}42},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}06.pdf},
	author = {Tsuchida, S and Watanabe, K and Ishibashi, J and Miyake, H and Watabe, H and Yamaguchi, T and Kitajima, T and Nakano, A and Matsumura, M and Watanabe, H and Tsumune, D and Shitashima, K and Okamura, K and Urabe, T and Nakamura, K and Fujimoto, H and Mitsuzawa, K}
}
@article {Mitsuzawa2000,
	title = {{Preliminary report of Deep-Tow/Yokosuka Cruise at hydrothermal areas in the Mid and Southern Mariana}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {73{\textendash}87},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}10.pdf},
	author = {Mitsuzawa, K and Masuda, H and Seama, N and Hasegawa, Y and Miyamoto, M and Togashi, N and So, A and Yamanobe, H}
}
@article {Muench2000,
	title = {{Sea-floor hydrothermal mineralization from the Mt. Jourdanne, Southwest Indian Ridge}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {125{\textendash}132},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}02{\_}12.pdf},
	author = {Muench, U and Halbach, P and Fujimoto, H}
}
@article {Wu2000,
	title = {{Seafloor sedimentary processes on the western slope of Sagami Bay, Central Japan: Deep tow observations}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {43{\textendash}52},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}07.pdf},
	author = {Wu, S and Sakamoto, I and Iwase, R and Kawaguchi, K and Misawa, Y and Wong, H K}
}
@article {Mitchell2000,
	title = {{Seafloor slopes at mid-ocean ridges from submersible observations and implications for interpreting geology from seafloor topography}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {183},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {543{\textendash}555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00270-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00270-3},
	author = {Mitchell, N C and Tivey, M A and Gente, P}
}
@article {Wu2000a,
	title = {{Sedimentation processes and deformation at south flank of Zenisu Ridge, Philippine Sea revealed by {\textquoteright}Shinkai 6500{\textquoteright} Dive 523 and seismic data}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {53{\textendash}64},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}08.pdf},
	author = {Wu, S and Sakamoto, I and Horiuchi, S and Misawa, Y and Ohta, S}
}
@article {Maicher2000,
	title = {{Sheet hyaloclastite; density-current deposits of quench and bubble-burst fragments from thin, glassy sheet lava flows, Seamount Six, eastern Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {171},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {75{\textendash}94},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00109-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00109-2},
	author = {Maicher, D and White, J D L and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Lindsay2000,
	title = {{Submersible observations on the deep-sea fauna of the south-west Indian Ocean: preliminary results for the mesopelagic and near-bottom communities}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23{\textendash}33},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}01{\_}04.pdf},
	author = {Lindsay, D J and Hunt, J C and Hashimoto, J and Fujiwara, Y and Fujikura, K and Miyake, H and Tsuchida, S}
}
@article {Mullineaux2000,
	title = {{Tubeworm succession at hydrothermal vents: Use of biogenic cues to reduce habitat selection error?}},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {123},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {275{\textendash}284},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	doi = {10.1007/s004420051014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420051014},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Fisher, C R and Peterson, C H and Schaeffer, S W}
}
@article {Sturm2000,
	title = {{Uranium-series age constraints on lavas from the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, MARK area}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {181},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {61{\textendash}70},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1},
	author = {Sturm, M E and Goldstein, S J and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Murrell, M T}
}
@inbook {Matthias2000,
	title = {{Use of automated seabed photomosaicing in forensic analysis of the RMS TITANIC disaster}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {667{\textendash}671},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881330},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881330},
	author = {Matthias, P K and Silloway, R F}
}
@article {Vinogradov2000a,
	title = {{Vertical distribution of zooplankton at the periphery of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Biological Series},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {496{\textendash}510},
	issn = {0002-3329},
	author = {Vinogradov, M E and Vereshchaka, A L and Vinigradov, G M and Musaeva, E I}
}
@article {Scott1999,
	title = {{Carbon dioxide use by chemoautotrophic endosymbionts of hydrothermal vent vestimentiferans: affinities for carbon dioxide, absence of carboxysomes, and delta C-13 values}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {135},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {25{\textendash}34},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270050597},
	author = {Scott, K M and Bright, M and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Matsumoto1999,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic communities and surface ruptures discovered on the Kuroshima Knoll south of Yaeyama Islands (NT97-14 Cruise)}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {477{\textendash}491},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}39.pdf},
	author = {Matsumoto, T and Kimura, M and Nishida, S and Nakamura, T and Ono, T}
}
@article {Howland1999,
	title = {{Digital mosaicking of underwater imagery}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {6},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {65{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Howland, J C and Singh, H and Marra, M and Potter, D}
}
@article {Cailliet1999,
	title = {{Fish faunal and habitat analyses using trawls, camera sleds and submersibles in benthic deep-sea habitats off central California}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {22},
	number = {6},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {579{\textendash}592},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	doi = {10.1016/S0399-1784(00)88949-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(00)88949-5},
	author = {Cailliet, G M and Andrews, A H and Wakefield, W W and Moreno, G and Rhodes, K L}
}
@article {Fujioka1999a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal activity and long-term monitoring at Southern East Pacific Rise - Preliminary results of the Ridge Flux SEPR{\textquoteright}97 Leg 2 cruise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {21{\textendash}33},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}02.pdf},
	author = {Fujioka, K and Mitsuzawa, K and Kinoshita, M and Ishibashi, J and Joshima, M and Shitashima, K and Maruyama, A and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {Hashimoto1999,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent communities in the PACMANUS site, Manus Basin. Results of the BIOACCESS Cruise {\textquoteright}96 in the Manus Basin}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {91{\textendash}102},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}09.pdf},
	author = {Hashimoto, J and Ota, S and Auzende, J M and Fiala-Medioni, A and Miura, T and Nishimura, K and Malagun, S and Kikuchi, T and Ishibashi, J}
}
@article {Mochizuki1999,
	title = {{Long-term ocean bottom earthquake observation in the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {43{\textendash}51},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}04.pdf},
	author = {Mochizuki, M and Kanazawa, T and Nishizawa, A and Kishimoto, K and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Vetriani1999,
	title = {{Population structure and phylogenetic characterization of marine benthic Archaea in deep-sea sediments}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {65},
	number = {10},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {4375{\textendash}4384},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=91581},
	author = {Vetriani, C and Jannasch, H W and MacGregor, B J and Stahl, D A and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@mastersthesis {McAdoo1999,
	title = {{Submarine geomorphology of the Cascadia accretionary prism}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {152},
	school = {University of California, Santa Cruz},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Santa Cruz, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {McAdoo, B G}
}
@article {Mitsuzawa1999,
	title = {{Ten-days observation period on a low-temperature hydrothermal field at the Southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {79{\textendash}90},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}08.pdf},
	author = {Mitsuzawa, K and Sugawara, T and Nakamura, K and Urabe, T and Fujioka, K}
}
@article {Matsubayashi1998,
	title = {{Array observation of seabottom temperature at a diffusive hydrothermal area within DESMOS Caldera in Manus Basin}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {117{\textendash}126},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}11.pdf},
	author = {Matsubayashi, O and Nishimura, K and Kinoshita, M and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Kim1998,
	title = {{Distribution and near-bottom transport of larvae and other plankton at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {423{\textendash}440},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00042-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00042-8},
	author = {Kim, S L and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Maruyama1998,
	title = {{Global hydrothermal primary production rate estimated from the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {39},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {249{\textendash}252},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb39-3-249-252.pdf},
	author = {Maruyama, A and Urabe, T and Ishibashi, J and Feely, R and Baker, E T}
}
@article {Wheat1998,
	title = {{Hydrothermal fluid circulation through the sediment of Crater Lake, Oregon: pore water and heat flow constraints}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9931{\textendash}9944},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB03391},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB03391},
	author = {Wheat, C G and McManus, J and Dymond, J and Collier, R and Whiticar, M}
}
@inbook {Vetriani1998,
	title = {{Improving enzyme thermostability: The Thermococcus litoralis glutamate dehydrogenase model}},
	booktitle = {New developments in marine biotechnology},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {221{\textendash}225},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0306459078},
	author = {Vetriani, C and Maeder, D L and Tolliday, N and Klump, H H and Yip, K S P and Rice, D W and Robb, F T},
	editor = {Le Gal, Y}
}
@article {Urcuyo1998,
	title = {{In situ growth of the vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae living in highly diffuse flow environments in the main Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {267{\textendash}270},
	author = {Urcuyo, I A and Massoth, G J and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Mullineaux1998,
	title = {{Recruitment variation during a pilot colonization study of hydrothermal vents (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {441{\textendash}464},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00045-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00045-3},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Mills, S W and Goldman, E}
}
@article {Smith1998a,
	title = {{Sediment community structure around a whale skeleton in the deep Northeast Pacific: Macrofaunal, microbial and bioturbation effects}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {335{\textendash}364},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Maybaum, H L and Baco, A R and Pope, R H and Carpenter, S D and Yager, P L and Macko, S A and Deming, J W}
}
@inbook {Kawaguchi1998,
	title = {{Submarine cable handling system for deep underwater vehicles}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}98: conference proceedings : 28 September-1 October, 1998, Nice, France, Acropoils Convention Center},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1233{\textendash}1237},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0780350464},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1998.726265},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1998.726265},
	author = {Kawaguchi, K and Momma, H and Iwase, R}
}
@article {Mottl1998,
	title = {{Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0051:WSDOMO>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026{\%}3C0051:WSDOMO{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Wheat, G and Baker, E and Davis, E and Feely, R and Grehan, A and Kadko, D and Lilley, M and Massoth, G and Moyer, C and Sansone, F}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe1997,
	title = {{Biological colonization of new hydrothermal vents following an eruption on Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {44},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1627{\textendash}1644},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00041-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00041-1},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Embley, R W and Holden, J F and Butterfield, D A and Massoth, G J and Juniper, S K}
}
@article {Karson1997c,
	title = {{Critical boundaries in earth{\textquoteright}s history - and the K-T boundary}},
	journal = {JOIDES Journal},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1{\textendash}3,10},
	issn = {0734-5615},
	url = {http://odp.pangaea.de/publications/citations/joides{\_}j/joides{\_}j{\_}23{\_}1.pdf{\#}page=14},
	author = {Karson, J A and Cannat, M and Miller, J and Party, O D P Leg 153 Shipboard Scientific}
}
@article {Orange1997,
	title = {{Headless submarine canyons and fluid flow on the toe of the Cascadia accretionary complex}},
	journal = {Basin Research},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {303{\textendash}312},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0950-091X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00045.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00045.x},
	author = {Orange, D L and Screaton, E J and Chezar, H and Lee, H and Reid, M and Vail, R and McAdoo, B G and Casey Moore, J and Tobin, H}
}
@article {Butterfield1997,
	title = {{Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry}},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {355},
	number = {1723},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {369{\textendash}386},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1364-503X},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Jonasson, I R and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Roe, K K and Embley, R E and Holden, J F and McDuff, R E and Lilley, M D and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {McAdoo1997,
	title = {{Slope basins, headless canyons, and submarine palaeoseismology of the Cascadia accretionary complex}},
	journal = {Basin Research},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {313{\textendash}324},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0950-091X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00049.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00049.x},
	author = {McAdoo, B G and Kayen, R and Orange, D L and Screaton, E J and Lee, H}
}
@article {Martineu1997,
	title = {{Sulfide binding in the body fluids of hydrothermal vent alvinellid polychaetes}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {578{\textendash}588},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	doi = {10.1086/515864},
	author = {Martineu, P and Juniper, S K and Fisher, C R and Massoth, G J}
}
@article {Becker1996a,
	title = {{Conductive heat flow at the TAG active hydrothermal mound: results from the 1993-1995 submersible surveys}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3463{\textendash}3466},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00969},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00969},
	author = {Becker, K and Von Herzen, R and Kirklin, J and Evans, R and Kadko, D and Kinoshita, M and Matsubayashi, O and Mills, R and Schultz, A and Rona, P}
}
@inbook {Kleinrock1996,
	title = {{Detailed structure and morphology of the TAG active hydrothermal mound and its geotectonic environment}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Humphris, S E and Shaw, P and Bowen, A and Crook, T and Davis, C S and Elder, R and Gleason, D E and Goff, J and Goldstein, L and Handley, W and Howland, J and Hussenoeder, S and Koga, K and Lerner, S and Nakamura, K and Rashid, M and Reiser Wetzel, L and Sellers, W and Sulanowska, M and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@article {McHatton1996,
	title = {{High nitrate concentrations in vacuolate, autotrophic marine Beggiatoa spp.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {62},
	number = {3},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {954{\textendash}958},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/62/3/954},
	author = {McHatton, S C and Barry, J P and Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C}
}
@article {Charlou1996a,
	title = {{Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge; East Pacific Rise, 17 degrees to 19 degrees S (Naudur cruise, 1993) phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {B7},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15,815{\textendash}899,919},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/96JB00880},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JB00880},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Fouquet, Y and Donval, J P and Auzende, J M and Jean-Baptiste, P and Stievenard, M and Michel, S}
}
@article {Batiza1996,
	title = {{New evidence from Alvin for the origin of deep-sea eruptive hyaloclastite on Seamount 6; Cocos Plate, 12 degrees 43{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {77},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {319},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Batiza, R and Becker, N and Bercovici, D and Coleman, T and Gorman, T and Head, J W and Holloway, L and Karsten, J and Kelly, A and Keszthelyi, L P and Maicher, D and Mueller, W and Muller, J and Norby, L and Paduan, J and Parker, G and Prockter, L and Stakes, D and White, J}
}
@inbook {Becker1996,
	title = {{Pre-drilling observations of conductive heat flow at the TAG active mound using Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {23{\textendash}29},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.103.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.103.1996},
	author = {Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@article {Alexander1996,
	title = {{Sea Beam, SeaMARC II and Alvin-based studies of faulting on the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 20{\textquoteright} N-9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {18},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {557{\textendash}587},
	abstract = {A study of Sea Beam bathymetry and SeaMARC II side-scan sonar allows us to make quantitative measures of the contribution of faulting to the creation of abyssal hill topography on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9{\textdegree}15' N{\textendash}9{\textdegree}50' N. We conclude that fault locations and throws can be confidently determined with just Sea Beam and SeaMARC II based on a number of in situ observations made from the ALVIN submersible. A compilation of 1026 fault scarp locations and scarp height measurements shows systematic variations both parallel and perpendicular to the ridge axis. Outward-facing fault scarps (facing away from the ridge axis), begin to develop within \~{}2 km of the ridge and reach their final average height of \~{}60 m at 5{\textendash}7 km. Beyond these distances, outward-dipping faults appear to be locked, although there is some indication of continued lengthening of outward-facing fault scarps out to the edge of the survey area. Inward-facing fault scarps (facing toward the ridge axis), initiate \~{}2 km off axis and increase in height and length out to the edge of our data at 30 km, where the average height of inward fault scarps is 60{\textendash}70 m and the length is \~{}30 km. Continued slip on inward faults at a greater distance off axis is probable, but based on fault lengths, \~{}80{\%} of the lengthening of inward fault scarps occurs within 30 km of the axis ({\textgreater}95{\%} for outward faults). Along-strike propagation and linkage of these faults are common. Outward-dipping faults accommodate more apparent horizontal strain than inward ones within 10 km of the ridge. The net horizontal extension due to faulting at greater distances is estimated as 4.2{\textendash}4.3{\%}, and inward and outward faults contribute comparably. Both inward- and outward-facing fault scarps increase in height from north to south in our study area in the direction of decreasing inferred magma supply. Average fault spacing is \~{}2 km for both inward-dipping and outward-dipping faults. The azimuths of fault scarps document the direction of ridge spreading, but they are sensitive to local changes in least compressive stress direction near discontinuities. Both the ridge trend and fault scarp azimuths show a clockwise change in trend of \~{}3{\textendash}5{\textdegree} from 9{\textdegree}50' N to 9{\textdegree}15' N approaching the 9{\textdegree} N overlapping spreading center.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00310069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310069},
	author = {Alexander, R T and Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {McAdoo1996,
	title = {{Seafloor structural observations, Costa Rica accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {883{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00731},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00731},
	author = {McAdoo, B G and Orange, D L and Silver, E A and McIntosh, K and Abbott, L and Galewsky, J and Kahn, L and Protti, M}
}
@article {Kahn1996,
	title = {{Surficial evidence of fluid expulsion from the Costa Rica accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {887{\textendash}890},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00732},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00732},
	author = {Kahn, L M and Silver, E A and Orange, D and Kochevar, R and McAdoo, B}
}
@article {Macdonald1996,
	title = {{Volcanic growth faults and the origin of Pacific abyssal hills}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {380},
	number = {6570},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {125{\textendash}129},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/380125a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/380125a0},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Fox, P J and Alexander, R T and Pockalny, R and Gente, P}
}
@article {Hussain1995,
	title = {{210-Po and 210-Pb disequilibrium in the hydrothermal vent fluids and chimney deposits from Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {23},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {3175{\textendash}3178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/95GL03269},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95GL03269},
	author = {Hussain, N and Church, T M and Luther, G W and Moore, W S}
}
@inbook {Mullineaux1995a,
	title = {{Dispersal mechanisms of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {408{\textendash}424},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and France, S C},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@book {Ballard1995,
	title = {{Explorations: my quest for adventure and discovery under the sea}},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {407},
	publisher = {Hyperion},
	organization = {Hyperion},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-78686-042-1},
	author = {Ballard, R D and McConnell, M}
}
@article {Mullineaux1995,
	title = {{Identification of Archaeogastropod larvae from a hydrothermal vent community}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {124},
	number = {4},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {551{\textendash}560},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00351036},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351036},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Kim, S and Pooley, A and Lutz, R}
}
@article {Kinoshita1995,
	title = {{Long-term heat flow measurement on the TAG hydrothermal mound in Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {11},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {137{\textendash}147},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/11{\_}13.pdf},
	author = {Kinoshita, M and Matsubayashi, O and Fujioka, K}
}
@article {Wheat1995,
	title = {{Mapping the fluid flow of the Mariana Mounds ridge flank hydrothermal system: pore water chemical tracers}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {8115{\textendash}8131},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/95JB00047},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB00047},
	author = {Wheat, C G and McDuff, R E}
}
@article {Massoth1995,
	title = {{Observations of manganese and iron at the CoAxial seafloor eruption site, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {151{\textendash}154},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02662},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02662},
	author = {Massoth, G J and Baker, E T and Feely, R A and Butterfield, D A and Embley, R W and Lupton, J E and Thomson, R E and Cannon, G A}
}
@article {Auster1995,
	title = {{Patterns of microhabitat utilization by mobile megafauna on the southern New England (USA) continental shelf and slope}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {127},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {77{\textendash}85},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps127077},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps127077},
	author = {Auster, P J and Malatesta, R J and LaRosa, S C}
}
@article {Wishner1995,
	title = {{Pelagic and benthic ecology of the lower interface of the Eastern Tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {93{\textendash}115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	author = {Wishner, K F and Ashjian, C J and Gelfman, C and Gowing, M M and Kann, L and Levin, L A and Mullineaux, L S and Saltzman, J}
}
@article {Muyzer1995,
	title = {{Phylogenetic relationships of Thiomicrospira species and their identification in deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {164},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {165{\textendash}172},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/s002030050250},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050250},
	author = {Muyzer, G and Teske, A and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Haney1995,
	title = {{Seabird aggregation at a deep North Pacific seamount}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {123},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {1{\textendash}9},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00350317},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350317},
	author = {Haney, J C and Haury, L R and Mullineaux, L S and Fey, C L}
}
@book {Humphris1995,
	title = {{Seafloor hydrothermal systems: Physical, chemical, biological and geological interactions}},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {xiii, 466},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Humphris, S E and Zierenberg, R and Mullineaux, L and Thomson, R}
}
@article {Kaartvedt1994,
	title = {{Amphipods on a deep-sea hydrothermal treadmill}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {179{\textendash}195},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90032-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90032-9},
	author = {Kaartvedt, S and Van Dover, C L and Mullineaux, L S and Wiebe, P H and Bollens, S}
}
@inbook {Campbell1994,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {201{\textendash}221},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Campbell, A C and German, C R and Palmer, M R and Gamo, T and Edmond, J M},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@inbook {Koski1994,
	title = {{Composition and growth history of hydrothermal deposits in Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {293{\textendash}324.},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Koski, R A and Benninger, L M and Zierenberg, R A and Jonasson, I R},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@book {McCann1994,
	title = {{Deep water archaeology: a late Roman ship sailing from Carthage and a trade route northeast of Skerki Bank}},
	series = {Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplements},
	number = {13},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {162},
	publisher = {Journal of Roman Archaeology},
	organization = {Journal of Roman Archaeology},
	address = {Ann Arbor, Mich.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1-887829-13-X},
	author = {McCann, A M and Freed, J}
}
@article {Scott1994,
	title = {{Effects of inorganic carbon concentrations, pH, and temperature on autotrophic carbon fixation by the chemoautotrophic symbionts of Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {67},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {617{\textendash}638},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Scott, K M and Fisher, C R and Vodenichar, J S and Nix, E and Minnich, E}
}
@inbook {Magenheim1994,
	title = {{Evidence for hydrothermal flow through surficial sediments, Escanaba Trough}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {241{\textendash}255},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Magenheim, A J and Gieskes, J M},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Bennett1994,
	title = {{Faunal community structure of a chemoautotrophic assemblage on whale bones in the deep Northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {205{\textendash}223},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps108205},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps108205},
	author = {Bennett, B A and Smith, C R and Glaser, B and Maybaum, H L}
}
@inbook {Butterfield1994,
	title = {{Geochemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {139},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {395{\textendash}410},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and McDuff, R E and Franklin, J and Wheat, C G},
	editor = {McQuistion, M K}
}
@inbook {Morton1994,
	title = {{Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough: An introduction}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Morton, J L and Zierenberg, R A and Reiss, C A},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@inbook {Zierenberg1994,
	title = {{Geologic setting of massive sulfide mineralization in the Escanaba Trough}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {171{\textendash}197},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Zierenberg, R A and Morton, J L and Koski, R A and Ross, S L and Holmes, M L},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Ginster1994,
	title = {{Heat flux from black smokers on the Endeavour and Cleft segments, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4937{\textendash}4950},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02800},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02800},
	author = {Ginster, U and Mottl, M J and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@inbook {Tivey1994,
	title = {{High-resolution magnetic surveys over the Middle Valley mounds, Northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {139},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {29{\textendash}35},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.205.1994},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.205.1994},
	author = {Tivey, M A},
	editor = {McQuistion, M K}
}
@inbook {Mullineaux1994,
	title = {{Implications of mesoscale flows for dispersal and retention of larvae in deep-sea habitats}},
	booktitle = {Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {201{\textendash}222},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0-23-108004-2},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S},
	editor = {Young, C M}
}
@article {Linke1994,
	title = {{In situ measurement of fluid flow from cold seeps at active continental margins}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {721{\textendash}739},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90051-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90051-5},
	author = {Linke, P and Suess, E and Torres, M and Martens, V and Rugh, W D and Ziebis, W and Kulm, L D}
}
@article {Stewart1994a,
	title = {{A neural network approach to classification of sidescan sonar imagery from a Midocean Ridge area}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {19},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {214{\textendash}224},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.286644},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.286644},
	author = {Stewart, W K and Jiang, M and Marra, M}
}
@article {Fisher1994,
	title = {{Nutritional interactions at Galapagos hydrothermal vents: Inferences from stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {103},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {45{\textendash}55},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps103045},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps103045},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Macko, A and Brooks, J M}
}
@article {Auzende1994,
	title = {{Observation of sections of oceanic crust and mantle cropping out on the southern wall of the Kane FZ (N. Atlantic)}},
	journal = {Terra Nova},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {143{\textendash}148},
	issn = {0954-4879},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Henriet, J P and Juteau, T and Karson, J A and Lagabrielle, Y and M{\'e}vel, C and Tivey, M}
}
@article {Stewart1994,
	title = {{Quantitative seafloor characterization using a bathymetric sidescan sonar}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {19},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {599{\textendash}610},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.338396},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.338396},
	author = {Stewart, K S and Chu, D and Malik, S and Lerner, S and Singh, H}
}
@inbook {Quinterno1994,
	title = {{Quaternary foraminifers from Escanaba Trough, northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {337{\textendash}359},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Quinterno, P J},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@inbook {Michel1994,
	title = {{The RMS Titanic 1985 discovery expedition}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}94: Oceans Engineering for Today{\textquoteright}s Technology and Tomorrow{\textquoteright}s Preservation : Proceedings},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {132{\textendash}136},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-2057-3},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364185},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364185},
	author = {Michel, J L and Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Grassle1994,
	title = {{Soft-Sediment hydrothermal vent communities of Escanaba Trough}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {327{\textendash}335},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Petrecca, R F},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@inbook {Bohlke1994,
	title = {{Stable isotope study of hydrothermal vents at Escanaba Trough: Observed and calculated effects of sediment-seawater interaction}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {223{\textendash}239},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {B{\"o}hlke, J K and Shanks, W C},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Massoth1994,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variability of hydrothermal manganese and iron at Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4905{\textendash}4923},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02799},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02799},
	author = {Massoth, G J and Baker, E T and Lupton, J E and Feely, R A and Butterfield, D A and Von Damm, K L and Roe, K K and Lebon, G T}
}
@inbook {Ross1994,
	title = {{Volcanic geomorphology of the SESCA and NESCA sites, Escanaba Trough}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {143{\textendash}151},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Ross, S L and Zierenberg, R A},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Hoaki1993,
	title = {{Amino acid requirements of two hyperthermophilic Archaeal isolates from deep sea vents: Desulfurococcus strain SY and Pyrococcus strain GB-D}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {59},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {610{\textendash}613},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=202153{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Hoaki, T and Wirsen, C O and Hanzawa, S and Maruyama, T and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Sample1993,
	title = {{Carbonate cements indicate channeled fluid flow along a zone of vertical faults at the deformation front of the Cascadia accretionary wedge (Northwest U.S. coast)}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {507{\textendash}510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0507:CCICFF>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021{\%}3C0507:CCICFF{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Sample, J C and Reid, M R and Tobin, H J and Moore, J C}
}
@article {Lupton1993,
	title = {{Chemical and physical diversity of hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8 degrees 45{\textquoteright} N to 11 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {24},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2913{\textendash}2916},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00906},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00906},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Baker, E T and Mottl, M J and Sansone, F J and Wheat, C G and Resing, J A and Massoth, G J and Measures, C I and Feely, R A}
}
@article {Wirsen1993,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic microbial activity at Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9693{\textendash}9703},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01556},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W and Molyneaux, S J}
}
@inbook {Morrison1993,
	title = {{Determination of the hydrodynamic parameters of an underwater vehicle during small scale nonuniform, 1-dimensional translation}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}93: Engineering in harmony with the ocean: Proceedings},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {II277{\textendash}II282},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0-7803-1385-2},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326105},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326105},
	author = {Morrison, A T and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Garcia1993,
	title = {{An evaluation of temporal geochemical evolution of Loihi summit lavas: results from Alvin submersible dives}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {537{\textendash}550},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01707},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01707},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Jorgenson, B A and Mahoney, J J and Ito, E and Irving, A J}
}
@article {Zierenberg1993,
	title = {{Genesis of massive sulfide deposits on a sediment-covered spreading center, Escanaba Trough 41N, Gorda Ridge}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2069{\textendash}2098},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2069},
	author = {Zierenberg, R A and Koski, R A and Morton, J L and Bouse, R M and Shanks, W C}
}
@article {German1993,
	title = {{A geochemical study of metalliferous sediment from the TAG bydrothermal mound, 26 degrees 09{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9683{\textendash}9692},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01705},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01705},
	author = {German, C R and Higgs, N C and Thomson, J and Mills, R and Elderfield, H and Blusztajn, J and Fleer, A P and Bacon, M P}
}
@article {Bemis1993,
	title = {{Geothermal heat flux from hydrothermal plumes on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {6351{\textendash}6365},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB02273},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB02273},
	author = {Bemis, K G and Von Herzen, R P and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Martin1993,
	title = {{Halice hesmonectes, a new species of pardaliscid amphipod (Crustacea, Peracarida) from hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {71},
	number = {9},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1724{\textendash}1732},
	issn = {0008-4301},
	doi = {10.1139/z93-244},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-244},
	author = {Martin, J W and France, S C and Van Dover, C L}
}
@inbook {Illman1993,
	title = {{An integrated system for navigation and positioning of an ROV for scientific exploration}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}93: Engineering in harmony with the ocean: Proceedings},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {II499{\textendash}II503},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0-7803-1385-2},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326147},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326147},
	author = {Illman, J and Milburn, H and Macdonald, R}
}
@inbook {Mindell1993,
	title = {{Jason talk: a standard ROV vehicle control system}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}93: Engineering in harmony with the ocean: Proceedings},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {III253{\textendash}III258},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-1385-2},
	author = {Mindell, D A and Yoerger, D R and Freitag, L E and Whitcomb, L L and Eastwood, R L}
}
@article {Baker1993,
	title = {{A method for quantitatively estimating diffuse and discrete hydrothermal discharge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {235{\textendash}249},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90170-E},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90170-E},
	author = {Baker, E T and Massoth, G J and Walker, S L and Embley, R W}
}
@book {Howland1993,
	title = {{Near real-time GIS in deep-ocean exploration}},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA262073},
	author = {Howland, J C and Marra, M and Potter, D F and Stewart, W K}
}
@article {McDuff1993,
	title = {{Observations of entrainment into a rising hydrothermal plume with the remotely operated vehicle Jason}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {573},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {McDuff, R E}
}
@article {Grosenbaugh1993,
	title = {{Simulating the dynamics of underwater vehicles with low-tension tethers}},
	journal = {International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {213{\textendash}218},
	issn = {1053-5381},
	author = {Grosenbaugh, M A and Howell, C T and Moxnes, S}
}
@article {McMurty1993,
	title = {{Unusual geochemistry of hydrothermal vents on submarine arc volcanoes: Kasuga Seamounts, Northern Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {114},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {517{\textendash}528},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90080-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90080-S},
	author = {McMurty, G M and Sedwick, P N and Fryer, P and VonderHaar, D L and Yeh, H W}
}
@article {Haymon1993,
	title = {{Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 45-52{\textquoteright}N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April 1991}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {119},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {85{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Edmond, J and Shanks, W and Lutz, R and Grebmeier, J M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and McLaughlin, E and Smith, M and Beedle, N and Olson, E}
}
@article {Hey1992,
	title = {{Alvin investigation of an active propagating rift system, Galapagos 95.5 degrees west}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {207{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01270630},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01270630},
	author = {Hey, R N and Sinton, J M and Kleinrock, M C and Yonover, R N and Macdonald, K C and Miller, S P and Searle, R C and Christie, D M and Atwater, T M and Sleep, N H and Johnson, H P and Neal, C A}
}
@article {Jannasch1992a,
	title = {{Comparative physiological studies on hyperthermophilic Archaea isolated from deep sea hot vents with emphasis on Pyrococcus Strain GB-D}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {11},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3472{\textendash}3481},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=183131{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Molyneaux, S J and Langworthy, T A}
}
@article {McHugh1992,
	title = {{Contemporary sedimentary processes in the Monterey Canyon-fan system}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {107},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {35{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(92)90067-R},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(92)90067-R},
	author = {McHugh, C M and Ryan, W B F and Hecker, B}
}
@article {VanDover1992,
	title = {{Deep-sea amphipod swarms}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {358},
	number = {6381},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {25{\textendash}26},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/358025a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358025a0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Kaartvedt, S and Bollens, S M and Wiebe, P H and Martin, J W and France, S C}
}
@article {Haymon1992,
	title = {{Dramatic short-term changes observed during March {\textquoteright}92 to April {\textquoteright}91 eruption site on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 45-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Lutz, R and Perfit, M and Macdonald, K and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Shanks, W C and Nelson, D and Edwards, M and Kappus, M and Colodner, D and Wright, D and Scherier, D and Black, M and Edmonds, H and Olson, E and Geiselman, T}
}
@article {Delaney1992,
	title = {{Geology of a vigorous hydrothermal system on the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {19,619{\textendash}663,682},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB00174},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB00174},
	author = {Delaney, J R and Robigou, V and McDuff, R E and Tivey, M K}
}
@inbook {Howell1992,
	title = {{Maneuvering underwater vehicles employing low-tension tethers}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second (1992) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {321{\textendash}326},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineer (ISOPE)},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineer (ISOPE)},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	isbn = {1-880653-00-1},
	author = {Howell, C T and Grosenbaugh, M A and Moxnes, S and Anderson, J and Triantafyllou, M S}
}
@article {Mutter1992,
	title = {{Mechanical extension of oceanic lithosphere at slow-spreading ridges: Primary influence on morphology and segmentation}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {14 (Spring Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {286},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Mutter, J C and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Kochevar1992,
	title = {{The methane mussel: roles of symbiont and host in the metabolic utilization of methane}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {112},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {389{\textendash}401},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00356284},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00356284},
	author = {Kochevar, R and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Minnich, E}
}
@mastersthesis {Malmquist1992,
	title = {{Modeling a 300 kHz bathymetric sonar system}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {124},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA257378},
	author = {Malmquist, K A}
}
@inbook {Howland1992,
	title = {{Near real-time GIS in deep-ocean exploration}},
	booktitle = {ASPRS/ACSM/RT 92 technical papers},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {428{\textendash}435},
	publisher = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; American Congress on Surveying and Mapping},
	organization = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; American Congress on Surveying and Mapping},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-9444268-3-2},
	author = {Howland, J C and Marra, M and Potter, D F and Stewart, W K}
}
@inbook {Wirsen1992,
	title = {{Physiological studies on a hyperthermophilic archea from a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent}},
	booktitle = {Short Communications of the 1991 International Marine Biotechnology Conference, IMBC {\textquoteright}91},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {36{\textendash}38},
	publisher = {W. C. Brown},
	organization = {W. C. Brown},
	address = {Dubuque, Iowa},
	isbn = {0-697-20639-4},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Hoaki, T and Maruyama, T and Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Nash, C C}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1992a,
	title = {{Precise navigation and control of an ROV at 2200 meters depth}},
	booktitle = {Intervention/ROV {\textquoteright}92 conference {\&} exposition},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {277{\textendash}281},
	publisher = {Intervention/ROV 92 Committee of the Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Intervention/ROV 92 Committee of the Marine Technology Society},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Mindell, D A}
}
@article {Mutter1992a,
	title = {{Structural processes at slow-spreading ridges}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {257},
	number = {5070},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {627{\textendash}634},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.257.5070.627},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5070.627},
	author = {Mutter, J C and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Lagabrielle1992,
	title = {{Vema fracture zone (central Atlantic); tectonic and magmatic evolution of the median ridge and the eastern ridge-transform intersection domain}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {17,317{\textendash}331,351},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01086},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01086},
	author = {Lagabrielle, Y and Mamaloukas-Frangoulis, V and Cannat, M and Auzende, J M and Honnorez, J and M{\'e}vel, C and Bonatti, E}
}
@article {Haymon1991,
	title = {{Active eruption seen on East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {72},
	number = {46},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {505,507},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/90EO00362},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90EO00362},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Beedle, N and Johnson, F and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Grebmeier, J and Lilley, M and McLaughlin, E and Olson, E and Edmond, J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Shanks, W C and Lutz, R and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D}
}
@article {Renosto1991,
	title = {{ATP sulfurylase from trophosome tissue of Riftia pachyptila (hydrothermal vent tube worm)}},
	journal = {Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics},
	volume = {290},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {66{\textendash}78},
	issn = {0003-9361},
	doi = {10.1016/0003-9861(91)90592-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(91)90592-7},
	author = {Renosto, F and Martin, R L and Borrell, J L and Nelson, D C and Segel, I H}
}
@article {Mevel1991,
	title = {{Emplacement of deep crustal and mantle rocks on the west median valley wall of the MARK area (MAR, 23 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {31{\textendash}53},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	author = {M{\'e}vel, C and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Marion, E and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Stakes1991,
	title = {{Evolution of hydrothermal activity on the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Observations, mineral ages and Ra isotope ratios}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {96},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {21,721{\textendash}739,752},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/91JB02038},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91JB02038},
	author = {Stakes, D and Moore, W S}
}
@article {Gente1991,
	title = {{An example of a recent accretion on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Snake Pit neovolcanic ridge (MARK Area, 23 degrees 22{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1{\textendash}29},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	author = {Gente, P and M{\'e}vel, C and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {McLean1991,
	title = {{Four new pseudococculinid limpets collected by the deep-submersible Alvin in the eastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Veliger},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {38{\textendash}47},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0042-3211},
	author = {McLean, J H}
}
@article {Haymon1991a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise Crest (9 degrees 09{\textquoteright}-54{\textquoteright}N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast-spreading Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {513{\textendash}534},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(91)90226-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90226-8},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Fornari, D J and Edwards, M H and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {Mamaloukas-Frangoulis1991,
	title = {{In-situ study of eastern ridge-transform intersection of the Vema Fracture Zone}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {55{\textendash}71},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90354-U},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90354-U},
	author = {Mamaloukas-Frangoulis, V and Auzende, J M and Bideau, D and Bonatti, E and Cannat, M and Honnorez, J and Lagabrielle, Y and Malavielle, J and M{\'e}vel, C and Needham, H D}
}
@article {Kim1991,
	title = {{Radial growth rates and 210-Pb ages of hydrothermal massive sulfides from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {299{\textendash}314},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(91)90211-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90211-Y},
	author = {Kim, H K and McMurty, G M}
}
@inbook {McCann1991,
	title = {{ROVs for archaeology: The Jason Project 1989}},
	booktitle = {Intervention/ROV {\textquoteright}91 Conference {\&} Exposition: May 21-23, 1991, Diplomat Resort and Convention Center, Hollywood, Florida},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {13},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society ROV Committee},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society ROV Committee},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {McCann, A M}
}
@inbook {Mottl1991,
	title = {{Sampling and analysis of particles from buoyant hydrothermal plumes}},
	booktitle = {Marine Particles: Analysis and Characterization},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {63},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {281{\textendash}283},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-028-3},
	author = {Mottl, M J},
	editor = {Hurd, D C}
}
@article {Taylor1991,
	title = {{Structural development of Sumisu Rift, Izu Bonin Arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {96},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {16,113{\textendash}116,129},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/91JB01900},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91JB01900},
	author = {Taylor, B and Klaus, A and Brown, G R and Moore, G F and Okamura, Y and Murakami, F}
}
@inbook {Mindell1991,
	title = {{Transputer-based distributed processing for underwater robotic vehicle control}},
	booktitle = {1991 American Control Conference Proceedings. Boston, June 26-28, 1991},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {389{\textendash}397},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-8794-2565-2},
	author = {Mindell, D A and Yoerger, D R}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1990b,
	title = {{The application of supervisory control to underwater telerobots}},
	booktitle = {Robotics, Control, and Society: Essays in Honor of Thomas B. Sheridan},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {48{\textendash}59},
	publisher = {Taylor and Francis},
	organization = {Taylor and Francis},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-8506-6850-6},
	author = {Yoerger, D R},
	editor = {Moray, N}
}
@inbook {Fiala-Medioni1990a,
	title = {{Autotrophic processes in invertebrate nutrition: Bacterial symbiosis in bivalve molluscs}},
	booktitle = {Animal Nutrition and Transport Processes: V.1, Nutrition in Wild and Domestic Animals},
	series = {Comparative Physiology},
	number = {5},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {49{\textendash}69},
	publisher = {Karger},
	organization = {Karger},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {3-80555-157-6},
	author = {Fiala-Medioni, A and Felbeck, H},
	editor = {Mellinger, J}
}
@article {Mottl1990,
	title = {{Chemical processes in buoyant hydrothermal plumes of the East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {54},
	number = {7},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1911{\textendash}1927},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(90)90261-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90261-I},
	author = {Mottl, M J and McConachy, T F}
}
@inbook {Fryer1990,
	title = {{Conical seamount: SeaMARC II, Alvin submersible, and seismic-reflection studies}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Part A. Initial Report},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.125.104.1990},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.125.104.1990},
	author = {Fryer, P and Saboda, K L and Johnson, L E and Mackay, M E and Moore, G F and Stoffers, P},
	editor = {Stewart, S K}
}
@article {Rau1990,
	title = {{[delta]13C, [delta]15N and [delta]18O of Calyptogena phaseoliformis (bivalve mollusc) from the Ascension Fan-Valley near Monterey, California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1669{\textendash}1676},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90070-C},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90070-C},
	author = {Rau, G H and McHugh, C M and Harrold, C and Baxter, C and Hecker, B and Embley, R W}
}
@book {Mills1990,
	title = {{Descriptions of W.H.O.I. Rock Dredge Samples, Volume IV}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {90-41},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {163},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1025},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1025},
	author = {Mills, P B and Andrew, P J}
}
@inbook {Morton1990,
	title = {{Distribution and composition of massive sulfide deposits at Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Gorda Ridge: A seafloor spreading center in the United States{\textquoteright} Exclusive Economic Zone: Proceedings of the Gorda Ridge symposium, May 11-13, 1987, Portland, Oregon},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {77{\textendash}92},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0387970347},
	author = {Morton, J L and Koski, R A and Normark, W R and Ross, S L},
	editor = {McMurray, G R}
}
@article {Martens1990,
	title = {{Generation of short chain acid anions in hydrothermally altered sediments of the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {71{\textendash}76},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90037-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90037-6},
	author = {Martens, C S}
}
@article {Embley1990,
	title = {{Geological setting of chemosynthetic communities in the Monterey Fan Valley system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {11},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1651{\textendash}1667},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	author = {Embley, R W and Eittreim, S L and McHugh, C H and Normark, W R and Rau, G H and Hecker, B and DeBevoise, A E and Greene, H G and Ryan, W B F and Harrold, C and Baxter, C}
}
@article {Paull1990,
	title = {{Geology of the strata exposed on the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {177{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	author = {Paull, C K and Freeman-Lynde, R and Bralower, T J and Garsemal, J M and Neumann, A C and D{\textquoteright}Argenio, B and Marsella, E}
}
@article {Shor1990,
	title = {{Giant flute-like scour and other erosional features formed by the 1929 Grand Banks turbidity current}},
	journal = {Sedimentology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {631{\textendash}645},
	issn = {0037-0746},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3091.1990.tb00626.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1990.tb00626.x},
	author = {Shor, A N and Piper, D and Hughes, J and Clarke, J E and Mayer, L A}
}
@book {McMurray1990,
	title = {{Gorda Ridge: A seafloor spreading center in the United States{\textquoteright} Exclusive Economic Zone: Proceedings of the Gorda Ridge symposium, May 11-13, 1987, Portland, Oregon}},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {311},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0387970347},
	author = {McMurray, G R}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1990,
	title = {{Grasping with mechanical intelligence}},
	booktitle = {RoManSy 8: Proceedings of the Eight[h] CISM-IFToMM Symposium on Theory and Practice of Robots and Manipulators},
	year = {1990},
	publisher = {Warsaw University of Technology Pubs.},
	organization = {Warsaw University of Technology Pubs.},
	address = {Warsaw, Poland},
	author = {Ulrich, N T and Kumar, V and Paul, R and Bajcsy, R},
	editor = {Morecki, A}
}
@article {Embley1990a,
	title = {{High resolution studies of the summit of Axial Volcano}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {12,712{\textendash}785,812},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB08p12785},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB08p12785},
	author = {Embley, R W and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G}
}
@article {Mindell1990,
	title = {{Images from the deep: Using a fiber-optic network and oceanographic vehicles, Woods Hole scientists are probing the wonders of the ocean.}},
	journal = {Byte Magazine},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {256{\textendash}260},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0360-5280},
	author = {Mindell, D A}
}
@article {Moore1990,
	title = {{Interrelationship of fluid venting and structural evolution. Alvin observations from the frontal accretionary prism, Oregon}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {8795{\textendash}8808},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/89JB02837},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/89JB02837},
	author = {Moore, J C and Orange, D and Kulm, L V D}
}
@article {Wishner1990,
	title = {{Involvement of the oxygen minimum in benthic zonation of a deep seamount}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {346},
	number = {6279},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {57{\textendash}59},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/346057a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346057a0},
	author = {Wishner, K and Levin, L A and Gowing, M and Mullineaux, L}
}
@article {Childress1990,
	title = {{The metabolic rates of deep-sea benthic decapod crustaceans decline with increasing depth primarily due to the decline in temperature}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {929{\textendash}949},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90104-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90104-4},
	author = {Childress, J J and Cowles, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Mickel, T J}
}
@article {Macdonald1990,
	title = {{The mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {262},
	number = {6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {72{\textendash}79},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Fox, P J}
}
@inbook {Hurst1990,
	title = {{Nodal basins at slow spreading ridge-transform intersections: A comparison to the central portion of the Troodos ophiolite}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites: Oceanic Crustal Analogues: Proceedings of the Symposium "Troodos 87"},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {125{\textendash}130},
	publisher = {Geological Survey Dept., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources},
	organization = {Geological Survey Dept., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources},
	address = {Nicosia, Cyprus},
	isbn = {9-9631750-0-7},
	author = {Hurst, S D and Karson, J A and Moores, E M},
	editor = {Malpas, J}
}
@article {Madin1990,
	title = {{Overview: Being there {\textendash} the role of in situ science in oceanography}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {19{\textendash}21},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Madin, L P}
}
@article {Mullineaux1990,
	title = {{Recruitment of benthic invertebrates in boundary-layer flows: a deep water experiment on Cross Seamount}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {35},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {409{\textendash}423},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}35/issue{\_}2/0409.pdf},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Butman, C A}
}
@article {Gieskes1990,
	title = {{Retrograde oxidation of hydrothermal precipitates and petroleum in Escanaba Trough sediments}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {93{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90040-C},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90040-C},
	author = {Gieskes, J M and Simoneit, B R T and Magenheim, A J and Leif, R N}
}
@article {Brooks1990,
	title = {{Salt, seeps and symbiosis in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {71},
	number = {45},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1772{\textendash}1773},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Wiesenburg, D A and Roberts, H and Carney, R S and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R and Guinasso, N L and Sager, W W and McDonald, S J and Burke, R A and Aharon, P and Bright, T J}
}
@inbook {Karson1990,
	title = {{Seafloor spreading on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Implications for the structure of ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere produced in slow-spreading environment}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites: Oceanic Crustal Analogues: Proceedings of the Symposium "Troodos 87"},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {547{\textendash}555},
	publisher = {Geological Survey Dept., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources},
	organization = {Geological Survey Dept., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources},
	address = {Nicosia, Cyprus},
	isbn = {9-9631750-0-7},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Malpas, J}
}
@article {Smith1990,
	title = {{Submarine volcanism in the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin arc submersible and deep-tow camera results}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {148{\textendash}160.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90182-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90182-W},
	author = {Smith, J R and Taylor, B and Malahoff, A and Petersen, L}
}
@inbook {Holmes1990,
	title = {{Submersible observations in Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Gorda Ridge: A seafloor spreading center in the United States{\textquoteright} Exclusive Economic Zone: Proceedings of the Gorda Ridge symposium, May 11-13, 1987, Portland, Oregon},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {93{\textendash}116},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-387-97034-7},
	author = {Holmes, M L and Zierenberg, R A},
	editor = {McMurray, G R}
}
@article {Hochstaedter1990,
	title = {{Volcanism in the Sumisu Rift II: Subduction and non-subduction related components}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {195{\textendash}209},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90185-Z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90185-Z},
	author = {Hochstaedter, A G and Gill, J B and Morris, J D}
}
@article {Fisher1989,
	title = {{Autotrophic carbon assimilation by the chemoautotrophic symbionts of Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {177},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {372{\textendash}385},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/177/3/372},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Minnich, E}
}
@article {Noble1989,
	title = {{Internal tidal currents over the summit of Cross Seamount}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {36},
	number = {12},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1791{\textendash}1802},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(89)90112-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90112-X},
	author = {Noble, M and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@book {Eittreim1989,
	title = {{Observations in Monterey Canyon and fan valley using the submersible Alvin and a photographic sled}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {28},
	publisher = {United States Geological Survey},
	organization = {United States Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr89291},
	author = {Eittreim, S L and Embley, R W and Normark, W R and Greene, H G and McHugh, C M and Ryan, W B F}
}
@article {Fox1988,
	title = {{Automated display and statistical analysis of interpreted deep-sea bottom photographs}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {78},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {199{\textendash}216},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(88)90109-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90109-0},
	author = {Fox, C G and Murphy, K M and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Mayer1988,
	title = {{Dense biological communities at 3850 m on the Laurentian Fan and their relationship to the deposits of the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1235{\textendash}1246},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90079-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90079-9},
	author = {Mayer, L A and Shor, A N and Clarke, J H and Piper, D J W}
}
@inbook {Mullineaux1988a,
	title = {{Effects of boundary-layer flow on the settlement of organisms onto flatplates: preliminary results from Cross Seamount}},
	booktitle = {Global venting, midwater, and benthic ecological processes},
	series = {National Undersea Research Program research report},
	number = {88-4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {251{\textendash}264},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research},
	address = {Rockville, Md.},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Butman, C A and Fuller, C F},
	editor = {De Luca, M P}
}
@article {Jannasch1988,
	title = {{Extremely thermophilic fermentative archaebacteria of the genus Desulfurococcus from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1203{\textendash}1209},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/5/1203},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Molyneaux, S J and Langworthy, T A}
}
@inbook {Triantafyllou1988,
	title = {{A full-scale experiment and theoretical study of the dynamics of underwater vehicles employing very long tethers}},
	booktitle = {BOSS {\textquoteright}88 : proceedings of the International Conference on Behavior of Offshore Structures, Trondheim, Norway, June 1988},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {549{\textendash}563},
	publisher = {Tapir Publishers},
	organization = {Tapir Publishers},
	address = {Trondheim, Norway},
	isbn = {8251908558},
	author = {Triantafyllou, M S and Engebretsen, K and Burgess, J J and Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A},
	editor = {Moan, T}
}
@article {Uchupi1988a,
	title = {{Geology of the Titanic site and vicinity}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {7},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1093{\textendash}1110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90002-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90002-7},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Muck, M T and Ballard, R D}
}
@mastersthesis {McConachy1988,
	title = {{Hydrothermal plumes over spreading ridges and related deposits in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: the East Pacific Rise near 11 degrees N and 21 degrees N, Explorer Ridge and J. Tuzo Wilson seamounts}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {403},
	school = {University of Toronto},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Toronoto, Ont., Canada},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {McConachy, T F}
}
@article {Roonwal1988,
	title = {{Hydrothermal sulphide mineralization on seafloor spreading centres}},
	journal = {Indian Journal of Marine Science},
	volume = {17},
	number = {4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {249{\textendash}257},
	issn = {0379-5136},
	author = {Roonwal, G S and Mitra, A}
}
@article {Fisher1988a,
	title = {{Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at Rose Garden}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1769{\textendash}1791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Felbeck, H and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Hessler1988,
	title = {{Patterns on the ocean floor}},
	journal = {New Scientist},
	volume = {117},
	number = {1605},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {47{\textendash}51},
	issn = {0262-4079},
	author = {Hessler, R and Lonsdale, P and Hawkins, J and MacQuitty, M}
}
@article {Fisher1988b,
	title = {{Physiology, morphology, and biochemical composition of Riftia pachyptila at Rose Garden in 1985}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1745{\textendash}1758},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D and Favuzzi, J A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Kadko1988,
	title = {{Radiochemical constraints on the crustal residence time of submarine hydrothermal fluids: Endeavour Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {659{\textendash}668},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90328-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90328-6},
	author = {Kadko, D and Moore, W}
}
@article {Mullineaux1988,
	title = {{The role of settlement in structuring a hard-substratum community in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {120},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {247{\textendash}261},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/0022-0981(88)90005-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(88)90005-6},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Embley1988a,
	title = {{Submersible investigation of an extinct hydrothermal system on the Galapagos Ridge: Sulfide mounds, stockwork zone and differentiated lavas}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {26},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {517{\textendash}539},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Embley, R W and Jonasson, I R and Pefit, M R and Franklin, J M and Tivey, M A and Malahoff, A and Smith, M F and Francis, T J G}
}
@article {Embley1988,
	title = {{Submersible observation of the {\textquoteright}megaplume{\textquoteright} areas: Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1483},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Embley, R W and Hammond, S and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G and Appelgate, B and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Baker, E T and Gendron, J and Lebon, G and Butterfield, D A and Coughlin, B and Lupton, J E and Jonnason, I and Perfit, M R and Cowen, J P and Tunnicliffe, V and Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Fisher1988,
	title = {{Variation in the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica, at Rose Garden vent on the Galapagos Spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1811{\textendash}1832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Dugan, J A and Felbeck, H and Fritz, L W and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Lutz, R A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Aggrey1988,
	title = {{Volatile abundances in basaltic glasses from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N and 12 -14 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2115{\textendash}2119},
	abstract = {Volatiles in glasses from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise (EPR) in the vicinity of 21{\textdegree}N and 12{\textendash}14{\textdegree}N were analyzed by high-temperature mass spectrometry. Compared to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) magmas erupted at the spreading axis of the EPR at 21{\textdegree}N, the seamount magmas are commonly enriched in H2O, Cl, F and S (at the same Mg{\#}). Water and Cl abundances range from 0.111 to 1.021 wt.{\%} and 0.003 to 0.226 wt.{\%}, respectively. The wide range in abundances is consistent with the diversity of magmas erupted by these seamounts as indicated previously from major and rare-earth element data. H2O shows a strong linear positive correlation with K2O content [H2O = 0.45 ({\textpm}0.04) K2O + 0.22 ({\textpm}0.03) with RMS error of 0.09]. Based on -ratios and K2O abundances the glasses separate into three distinct groups: highly volatile-enriched alkalic/transitional, enriched tholeiitic, and depleted tholeiitic. Ratio-ratio plots of incompatible elements ( vs. ) indicate that these seamount magmas can all be related by the mixing of enriched and depleted source materials.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90191-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90191-3},
	author = {Aggrey, K E and Muenow, D W and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Feely1987,
	title = {{Composition and dissolution of black smoker particulates from active vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11347{\textendash}11363},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11347},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11347},
	author = {Feely, R A and Lewison, M and Massoth, G J and Robert-Baldo, G and Lavelle, J W and Byrne, R H and Von Damm, K L and Curl, H C}
}
@article {Brooks1987,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrocarbon seep communities: Evidence for energy and nutritional carbon sources}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {238},
	number = {4830},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1138{\textendash}1142.},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.238.4830.1138},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4830.1138},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Kennicutt, M C and Fisher, C R and Macko, S A and Cole, K and Childress, J J and Bidigare, R R and Vetter, R D}
}
@mastersthesis {Mullineaux1987,
	title = {{The epifaunal communities of manganese nodules}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {218},
	school = {University of California, San Diego},
	type = {phd},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Delaney1987,
	title = {{Quartz-cemented breccias from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Samples of a high-salinity hydrothermal upflow zone}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {9175{\textendash}9192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB09p09175},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB09p09175},
	author = {Delaney, J R and Mogk, D W and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Normark1987,
	title = {{Submersible observations along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: 1984 Alvin Program}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,211{\textendash}283,290},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11283},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11283},
	author = {Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Ross, S L}
}
@article {Morton1987,
	title = {{Volcanism and massive sulfide formation at a sedimented spreading center, Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {769{\textendash}772},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/GL014i007p00769},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL014i007p00769},
	author = {Morton, J L and Holmes, M L and Koski, R A}
}
@article {Palmer1986,
	title = {{Acoustic imaging of high-temperature hydrothermal plumes at seafloor spreading centers}},
	journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
	volume = {80},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {888{\textendash}898},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	doi = {10.1121/1.393912},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393912},
	author = {Palmer, D R and Rona, P A and Mottl, M J}
}
@inbook {Tyce1986,
	title = {{Deep-ocean pathfinding {\textendash} high resolution mapping and navigation}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}86},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {163{\textendash}168},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160553},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160553},
	author = {Tyce, R and Miller, J and Edwards, R and Silver, A}
}
@book {Holcomb1986,
	title = {{Dive Report, Alvin Dive {\#} 1456 : Sept. 17, 1984 (JD 261), Vent 3 Area, Southern Juan de Fuca Rift}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	volume = {86-0560-C},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {65},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr86560C},
	author = {Holcomb, R T and Morton, J L}
}
@article {Morton1986,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at lat 19 degrees S: evidence for a recent ridge jump}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {111{\textendash}114},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<111:EPRALS>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C111:EPRALS{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Morton, J L and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {McConachy1986,
	title = {{Geologic form and setting of a hydrothermal vent field at lat 10 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise; a detailed study using Angus and Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {295{\textendash}298},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<295:GFASOA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C295:GFASOA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {McConachy, T F and Ballard, R D and Mottl, M J and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {McNutt1986,
	title = {{Nonuniform magnetization of seamounts: A least squares approach}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {91},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {3686{\textendash}3700},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB091iB03p03686},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB03p03686},
	author = {McNutt, M}
}
@article {Kulm1986,
	title = {{Oregon subduction zone: venting, fauna, and carbonates}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {231},
	number = {4738},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {561{\textendash}566},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.231.4738.561},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4738.561},
	author = {Kulm, L D and Suess, E and Moore, J C and Carson, B and Lewis, B T and Ritger, S D and Kadko, D C and Thornburg, T M and Embley, R W and Rugh, W D and Massoth, G J and Langseth, M G and Cochrane, G R and Scamman, R L}
}
@article {Hey1986,
	title = {{Sea Beam/deep-tow investigation of an active oceanic propagating rift system, Galapagos 95.5 degrees W}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {91},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {3369{\textendash}3393},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB091iB03p03369},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB03p03369},
	author = {Hey, R N and Kleinrock, M C and Miller, S P and Atwater, T M and Searle, R C}
}
@article {Fiala1986,
	title = {{Staphylothermus marinus sp. nov. represents a novel genus of extremely thermophilic submarine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing up to 98C}},
	journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {106{\textendash}113},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	author = {Fiala, G and Stetter, K O and Jannasch, H W and Langworthy, T A and Madon, J}
}
@article {Group1986,
	title = {{Submarine fissure eruptions and hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge; preliminary observations from the submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {823{\textendash}827},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<823:SFEAHV>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C823:SFEAHV{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Group, U S Geological Survey Juan de Fuca Study and Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Bischoff, J L and Brett, R and Holcomb, R T and Kappel, E S and Koski, R A and Ross, S L and Shanks, W C and Slack, J F and Von Damm, K L and Zierenberg, R A}
}
@inbook {Suess1985,
	title = {{Biological communities at vent sites along the subduction zone off Oregon}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1985},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Suess, E and Carson, B and Ritger, S D and Moore, J C and Jones, M L and Kulm, L D and Cochrane, G R},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {VonDamm1985a,
	title = {{Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21 degrees N, East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {2197{\textendash}2220},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90222-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90222-4},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M and Grant, B and Measures, C I and Walden, B and Weiss, R F}
}
@article {VonDamm1985,
	title = {{Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {2221{\textendash}2237},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90223-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90223-6},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M and Measures, C I and Grant, B}
}
@article {Luyendyk1985,
	title = {{A geological transect across the crest of the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N latitude made from the deep submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {467{\textendash}488},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368951},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368951},
	author = {Luyendyk, B P and Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {Fox1985,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The transform domain}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {329{\textendash}358},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316773},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316773},
	author = {Fox, P J and Moody, R H and Karson, J A and Bonatti, E and Kidd, W S F and Crane, K and Gallo, D G and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Jannasch1985d,
	title = {{Geomicrobiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {229},
	number = {4715},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {717{\textendash}725},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.229.4715.717},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.229.4715.717},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Macdonald1985,
	title = {{Investigation of faulting and abyssal hill formation on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise (21 degrees N) using Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {515{\textendash}535},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368953},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368953},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Luyendyk, B P}
}
@inbook {Childress1985,
	title = {{Metabolic rates of animals from the hydrothermal vents and other deep-sea habitats.}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {249{\textendash}260},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Childress, J J and Mickel, T J},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Thompson1985,
	title = {{Morphology, mineralogy and chemistry of hydrothermal deposits from the TAG area, 26 degrees N Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {243{\textendash}257},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/0009-2541(85)90159-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(85)90159-7},
	author = {Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Rona, P A}
}
@article {Messing1984,
	title = {{Brooding and paedomorphosis in the deep-water feather star Comatilia iridometriformis (Echinodermata: Crinoidae)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {83{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00393131},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393131},
	author = {Messing, C G}
}
@inbook {Harris1984,
	title = {{Development status: Argo deep ocean instrument platform}},
	booktitle = {Remotely Operated Vehicles: ROV {\textquoteright}84 Technology Update, an International Perspective : May 14-18, 1984, Town and Country Hotel, San Diego, California},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {224{\textendash}227},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Harris, S E and Marquet, W M and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Dymond1984,
	title = {{Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R; control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {48},
	number = {5},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {931{\textendash}949},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8},
	author = {Dymond, J and Lyle, M and Finney, B and Piper, D Z and Murphy, K and Conard, R and Pisias, N}
}
@article {Rona1984,
	title = {{Hydrothermal activity at the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest at 26 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {89},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}365,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	author = {Rona, P A and Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Karson, J A and Jenkins, W J and Graham, D and Mallette, M and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M}
}
@inbook {Auzende1984,
	title = {{Intraoceanic tectonism in the Gorringe Bank: observations by submersible}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere},
	series = {Geological Society Special Publications},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {113{\textendash}120},
	publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	organization = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	address = {Boston, Mass.},
	isbn = {0632012196},
	doi = {10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ceuleneer, G and Cornen, G and Juteau, T and Lagabrielle, Y and Lensch, G and M{\'e}vel, C and Nicolas, A and Prichard, H and Ribeiro, A and Ruellan, E and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Gass, I G}
}
@inbook {Normark1984,
	title = {{The Juan de Fuca Ridge metallogenesis program}},
	booktitle = {Highlights in Marine Research: U.S. Geological Survey},
	series = {USGS Circular},
	volume = {938},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {49{\textendash}56},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/cir/cir938},
	author = {Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Koski, R A},
	editor = {Clarke, S H}
}
@article {Team1984a,
	title = {{Tectonics at the intersection of the East Pacific Rise with Tamayo Transform fault}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {159{\textendash}185},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285958},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285958},
	author = {Team, Tamayo Tectonic and Gallo, D G and Kidd, W S F and Fox, P J and Karson, J A and Macdonald, K and Crane, K T and Choukroune, P and Seguret, M and Moody, R and Kastens, K}
}
@article {Dymond1983,
	title = {{226Ra and 222Rn contents of Galapagos Rift hydrothermal waters: The importance of low-temperature interactions with crustal rocks}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {64},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {417{\textendash}429},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90102-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90102-4},
	author = {Dymond, J and Cobler, K and Gordon, L and Biscayne, P E and Mathieu, G}
}
@article {Fornari1983,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos Rift, Inca Transform, and Ecuador Rift: 1, Major element variations in natural glasses and spacial distribution of lavas}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {10,510{\textendash}519,529},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB12p10519},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB12p10519},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Malahoff, A and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Perfit1983,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos Rift, Inca Transform, and Ecuador Rift: 3, Trace element abundances and petrogenesis}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {10,510{\textendash}551,572},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB12p10551},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB12p10551},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Malahoff, A and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Malahoff1983,
	title = {{The geological setting and chemistry of hydrothermal sulfides and associated deposits from the Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W}},
	journal = {Marine Mining},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {123{\textendash}137},
	issn = {0149-0397},
	author = {Malahoff, A and Embley, R W and Cronan, D S and Skirrow, R}
}
@inbook {Macdonald1983a,
	title = {{A geophysical comparison between fast and slow spreading centers: Constraints on magma chamber formation and hydrothermal activity}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {27{\textendash}51},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Macdonald, K C},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Hekinian1983,
	title = {{Intense hydrothermal activity at the axis of the East Pacific Pise near 13 degrees N: Submersible witnesses the growth of sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1{\textendash}14},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00300395},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300395},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J and Renard, V and Ballard, R D and Choukroune, P and Cheminee, J L and Albarede, F and Minster, J F and Charlou, J L and Man{\textquoteright}y, J C and Boulegue, J}
}
@article {Macdonald1983,
	title = {{Investigation of a Vine-Matthews magnetic lineation from a submersible: The source and character of marine magnetic anomalies}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {3403{\textendash}3418},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB04p03403},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB04p03403},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Miller, S P and Luyendyk, B P and Atwater, T M and Shure, L}
}
@article {Jones1983,
	title = {{Methanococcus jannaschii sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {136},
	number = {4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {254{\textendash}261},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00425213},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425213},
	author = {Jones, W J and Leigh, J A and Mayer, F and Woese, C R and Wolfe, R S}
}
@inbook {Stubblefield1983,
	title = {{Reconnaissance in DSRV Alvin of a fluvial-like meander system in Wilmington Canyon and slump features in South Wilmington Canyon}},
	booktitle = {Environmental Geologic Studies on the United States Mid- and North Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Area 1980-1982: Volume I, Executive Summary},
	series = {USGS Open-File Report},
	number = {83-824},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {16{\textendash}19},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr83824},
	author = {Stubblefield, W L and McGregor, B A and Forde, E B and Lambert, D N and Merrill, G F},
	editor = {McGregor, B A}
}
@article {Byers1983,
	title = {{Volatiles in basalts and andesites from the Galapagos Spreading Center, 85 degrees to 86 degrees W}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1551{\textendash}1558},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(83)90181-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90181-3},
	author = {Byers, C D and Muenow, D W and Garcia, M O}
}
@article {Edmond1982,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs on the East Pacific Rise and their effluent dispersal}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {297},
	number = {5863},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {187{\textendash}191},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/297187a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/297187a0},
	author = {Edmond, J M and Von Damm, K L and McDuff, R E and Measures, C I}
}
@article {Mickel1982,
	title = {{Effects of pressure and temperature on the EKG and heart rate of the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron (Brachyura).}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {162},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {70{\textendash}82},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/162/1/70},
	author = {Mickel, T J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Mickel1982a,
	title = {{Effects of temperature, pressure and oxygen concentration on the oxygen consumption rate of the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron (Brachyura)}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {199{\textendash}207},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Mickel, T J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Machado1982,
	title = {{Fine-scale isotopic heterogeneity in the sub-Atlantic mantle}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {295},
	number = {5846},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {226{\textendash}228},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/295226a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/295226a0},
	author = {Machado, N and Ludden, J N and Brooks, C and Thompson, G}
}
@article {Mullins1982,
	title = {{Geology of Great Abaco submarine canyon (Blake Plateau): observations from the research submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {239{\textendash}257},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(82)90099-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(82)90099-8},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Keller, G H and Kofoed, J W and Lambert, D N and Stubblefield, W L and Warme, J E}
}
@inbook {Malahoff1982,
	title = {{Geomorphology of Norfolk and Washington canyons and the surrounding continental slope and upper rise as observed from DSRV Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Ocean Floor: Bruce Heezen Commemorative Volume},
	volume = {1 (text)},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {97{\textendash}111},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0471100919},
	author = {Malahoff, A and Embley, R W and Fornari, D J},
	editor = {Scrutton, R A}
}
@article {Macdonald1982a,
	title = {{Geophysical setting for hydrothermal vents and mineral deposits on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {26{\textendash}32},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {Macdonald1982b,
	title = {{Mid-ocean ridges: Fine scale tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal processes within the plate boundary zone}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {155{\textendash}190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0084-6597},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001103},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001103},
	author = {Macdonald, K C}
}
@inbook {Macdonald1982,
	title = {{Oceanic hot springs}},
	booktitle = {McGraw-Hill yearbook of science and technology 1982-1983: Comprehensive coverage of recent events and research},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {57{\textendash}67},
	publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
	organization = {McGraw-Hill},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0070454892},
	author = {Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {Childress1982,
	title = {{Oxygen and sulfide consumption rates of the vent clam Calyptogena pacifica}},
	journal = {Marine Biology Letters},
	volume = {3},
	number = {2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {73{\textendash}79},
	issn = {0165-859X},
	author = {Childress, J J and Mickel, T J}
}
@inbook {Auffret1982,
	title = {{Recent mass wasting processes on the Provencal margin (western Mediterranean)}},
	booktitle = {Marine slides and other mass movements},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {8},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {53{\textendash}58},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306408880},
	author = {Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Gennesseaux, M and Monti, S and Pastouret, L and Pautot, G and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Saxov, S E}
}
@article {Stubblefield1982,
	title = {{Reconnaissance in DSRV Alvin of a fluvial-like meander system in Wilmington Canyon and slump features in south Wilmington Canyon}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {31{\textendash}36},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<31:RIDAOA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10{\%}3C31:RIDAOA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Stubblefield, W L and McGregor, B A and Forde, E B and Lambert, D N and Merrill, G F}
}
@inbook {Malahoff1981,
	title = {{Comparison between Galapagos and Gorda spreading centers}},
	booktitle = {Thirteenth Annual Offshore Technology Conference, 1981, Houston, Texas: Proceedings},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {115{\textendash}121},
	publisher = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	organization = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	address = {Dallas, Tex.},
	author = {Malahoff, A}
}
@article {Macdonald1981,
	title = {{The crest of the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {244},
	number = {5},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {100{\textendash}108,110,112{\textendash}114,116},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Luyendyk, B P}
}
@article {Group1981,
	title = {{Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4503},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {31{\textendash}40},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4503.31},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.31},
	author = {Group, East Pacific Rise Study and Ballard, R D and Craig, H and Edmond, J and Einaudi, M and Holcomb, R and Holland, H D and Hopson, C and Luyendyk, B P and Macdonald, K and Morton, J and Orcutt, J and Sleep, N}
}
@article {Stanley1981,
	title = {{Current-influenced depositional provinces, continental margin off Cape Hatteras, identified by petrologic method}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {215{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90141-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90141-9},
	author = {Stanley, D J and Sheng, H and Lambert, D N and Rona, P A and McGrail, D W and Jenkyns, J S}
}
@article {Ryan1981,
	title = {{Evidence of a carbonate platform beneath Georges Bank}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {213{\textendash}228},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90119-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90119-5},
	author = {Ryan, W B F and Miller, E L}
}
@article {Freeman-Lynde1981a,
	title = {{Marine geology of the Bahama Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {119{\textendash}156},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90115-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90115-8},
	author = {Freeman-Lynde, R P and Cita, M B and Jadoul, F and Miller, E L and Ryan, W B F}
}
@article {Killingley1980,
	title = {{18O/16O variations in deep-sea carbonate shells from the Rise hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {287},
	number = {5779},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {218{\textendash}221},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/287218a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/287218a0},
	author = {Killingley, J S and Berger, W H and Macdonald, K C and Newman, W A}
}
@article {Mullins1980,
	title = {{Carbonate sediment drifts in northern Straits of Florida}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {64},
	number = {10},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1701{\textendash}1717},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C and Wilber, R J and Hine, A C and Chinburg, S J}
}
@article {Spiess1980,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4438},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1421{\textendash}1433},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	author = {Spiess, F N and Macdonald, K C and Atwater, T and Ballard, R D and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Cox, C and Diaz Garcia, V M and Francheteau, J and Guerrero, J and Hawkins, J and Haymon, R and Hessler, R and Juteau, T and Kastner, M and Larson, R and Luyendyk, B and Macdougall, J D and Miller, S and Normark, W and Orcutt, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Thompson1980,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Mid-Cayman Rise spreading center: Geochemical variation and petrogenesis of basalt glasses}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {41{\textendash}55},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	author = {Thompson, G and Bryan, W B and Melson, W G}
}
@article {Lupton1980,
	title = {{Helium-3 and manganese at the 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal site}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {115{\textendash}127},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(80)90123-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90123-5},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Klinkhammer, G P and Normark, W R and Haymon, R and Macdonald, K C and Weiss, R F and Craig, H}
}
@article {Macdonald1980,
	title = {{Hydrothermal heat flux of the "black smoker" vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {48},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1{\textendash}7},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(80)90163-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90163-6},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Becker, K and Spiess, F N and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Mullins1980a,
	title = {{Nodular carbonate sediment on Bahamian slopes: Possible precursors to nodular limestones}},
	journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Petrology},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {117{\textendash}131},
	issn = {0022-4472},
	url = {http://jsedres.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/1/117},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C and Weller, R J and Boardman, M R}
}
@article {Mottl1980,
	title = {{Submarine hydrothermal ore deposits}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {18{\textendash}27},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Finkel1980,
	title = {{Sulfide precipitates at 21 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise: 226Ra, 210Pb and 210Po}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {7},
	number = {9},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {685{\textendash}688},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/GL007i009p00685},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL007i009p00685},
	author = {Finkel, R C and Macdougall, J D and Chung, Y C}
}
@article {Bryan1979,
	title = {{Compositional variation in a steady-state zoned magma chamber: Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {63{\textendash}85},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(79)90335-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90335-4},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G and Michael, P J}
}
@inbook {Mullins1979b,
	title = {{Deep carbonate bank margin structure and sedimentation in the northern Bahamas}},
	booktitle = {Geology of Continental Slopes},
	series = {Special publication - Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	number = {27},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {165{\textendash}192},
	publisher = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	organization = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C},
	editor = {Doyle, L J}
}
@article {Wiebe1979,
	title = {{Diel vertical migration by Salpa aspera and its potential for large-scale particulate organic matter transport to the deep-sea}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {53},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {249{\textendash}255},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00952433},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00952433},
	author = {Wiebe, P H and Madin, L P and Haury, L R and Harbison, G R and Philbin, L M}
}
@article {Mullins1979,
	title = {{Echo character of off-platform carbonates}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {251{\textendash}268},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90067-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90067-7},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Boardman, M R and Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Edmond1979,
	title = {{On the formation of metal-rich deposits at ridge crests}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {46},
	number = {1},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {19{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(79)90062-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(79)90062-1},
	author = {Edmond, J M and Measures, C and Mangum, B and Grant, B and Sclater, F R and Collier, R and Hudson, A and Gordon, L I and Corliss, J B}
}
@article {Grassle1979,
	title = {{Galapagos {\textquoteright}79: Initial findings of a deep-sea biological quest}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Berg, C J and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Jannasch, H W and Karl, D M and Lutz, R A and Mickel, T J and Rhoads, D C and Sanders, H L and Smith, K L and Somero, G N and Turner, R D and Tuttle, J H and Walsh, P J and Williams, A J}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979f,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Midcayman Rise spreading center: Initial results and observations}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {66{\textendash}93},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Bryan, W B and Davis, K and de Boer, J and DeLong, S and Dick, H and Emery, K O and Fox, P J and Hempton, M and Malcolm, F and Melson, W G and Spydell, K and Stroup, I and Thompson, G and Wright, R and Uchupi, E},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@article {Mart1979,
	title = {{Geological observations from a submersible on the western continental slope of the Armorican Massif}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {M61{\textendash}M68},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90033-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90033-1},
	author = {Mart, Y and Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Pastouret, L}
}
@article {Mullins1979a,
	title = {{Geology of the Miami Terrace and its paleo-oceanographic implications}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {205{\textendash}232.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90016-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90016-1},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Phillips1979,
	title = {{A new undersea geological survey tool: Angus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {211{\textendash}225},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(79)90077-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(79)90077-3},
	author = {Phillips, J D and Driscoll, A H and Peal, K R and Marquet, W M and Owen, D M}
}
@article {Edmond1979b,
	title = {{Ridge crest hydrothermal activity and the balances of the major and minor elements in the ocean: The Galapagos data}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {46},
	number = {1},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(79)90061-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(79)90061-X},
	author = {Edmond, J M and Measures, C and McDuff, R E and Chan, L H and Collier, R and Grant, B and Gordon, L I and Corless, J B}
}
@article {MacIlvaine1979,
	title = {{Sedimentary processes on the continental slope of New England}},
	journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Petrology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {563{\textendash}574},
	issn = {0022-4472},
	url = {http://jsedres.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/49/2/563},
	author = {MacIlvaine, J C and Ross, D A}
}
@mastersthesis {Marks1979,
	title = {{Sedimentation of new ocean crust: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37 degrees N}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {71},
	school = {Stanford University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Stanford, Calif.},
	author = {Marks, N S}
}
@article {Mullins1979c,
	title = {{Seismic facies and depositional processes of modern off-platform carbonate rocks in northern Bahamas}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {63},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {500},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	doi = {10.1306/2F917DAC-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/2F917DAC-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Madin1978,
	title = {{Bathocyroe fosteri gen. nov., sp. nov.: A mesopelagic ctenophore observed and collected from a submersible}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {58},
	number = {3},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {559{\textendash}564},
	issn = {0125-3154},
	author = {Madin, L P and Harbison, G R}
}
@article {Ryan1978,
	title = {{Bedrock geology in New England submarine canyons}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {233{\textendash}254},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Ryan, W B F and Cita, M B and Miller, E L and Hanselman, D and Nesteroff, W D and Hacker, B and Nibbelink, M}
}
@article {Mullins1978,
	title = {{Characteristics of deep Bahama channels in relation to hydrocarbon potential}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {62},
	number = {4},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {693{\textendash}704},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	doi = {10.1306/C1EA4E37-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/C1EA4E37-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Lynts, G W and Neumann, A C and Ball, M M}
}
@mastersthesis {Mullins1978a,
	title = {{Deep carbonate bank margin structure and sedimentation in the northern Bahamas}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {175},
	school = {University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Chapel Hill, N. Car.},
	author = {Mullins, H T}
}
@inbook {Ryan1978a,
	title = {{Geologic history of Georges Bank as determined by submersible exploration of submarine canyons}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings - Offshore Technology Conference},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {1859{\textendash}1868},
	publisher = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	organization = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	address = {Dallas, TX},
	author = {Ryan, W B F and Miller, E and Cita, M B and Hanselman, D and Nesteroff, W D and Nibbelink, M}
}
@article {Marx1978,
	title = {{An illustrated history of submersibles}},
	journal = {Oceans},
	volume = {11},
	number = {6},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {22{\textendash}29},
	issn = {0029-8174},
	author = {Marx, R F}
}
@inbook {Beaumariage1978,
	title = {{NOAA{\textquoteright}s manned undersea science and technology program and diving operations}},
	booktitle = {Working Diver 1978: Symposium Proceedings, March 7-8, 1978, Columbus, Ohio},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {55{\textendash}66},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Beaumariage, D C and Miller, J W}
}
@inbook {Malahoff1978,
	title = {{Submarine landslides - East Coast continental slope and upper rise}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}78: "The Ocean Challenge": Fourth Annual Combined Conference, September 6-8, 1978, Sheration-Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {503{\textendash}509},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151087},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151087},
	author = {Malahoff, A and Embley, R W and Perry, R B}
}
@inbook {Cacchione1978,
	title = {{Submersible investigation of outer Hudson Submarine Canyon}},
	booktitle = {Sedimentation in Submarine Canyons, Fans, and Trenches},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {42{\textendash}50},
	publisher = {Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross},
	organization = {Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross},
	address = {Stroudsburg, Penn.},
	isbn = {0879333138},
	author = {Cacchione, D A and Rowe, G T and Malahoff, A},
	editor = {Stanley, D J}
}
@inbook {Hayward1978,
	title = {{A systems approach to underwater camera data correlation and interpretation}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}78: "The Ocean Challenge": Fourth Annual Combined Conference, September 6-8, 1978, Sheration-Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {678{\textendash}681},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151067},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151067},
	author = {Hayward, G G and McElroy, W D and Hosom, D S and Marquet, W M}
}
@article {Bryan1977,
	title = {{Compositional variations of young basalts in the Mid-Atlantic ridge rift near lat 36 degrees 49{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {556{\textendash}570},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<556:CVOYBI>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C556:CVOYBI{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Moore, J G}
}
@book {Ballard1977c,
	title = {{Photographic atlas of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Rift Valley}},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {125},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0387902473},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Moore, J G}
}
@article {Marshall1976,
	title = {{Alvin noses nuclear garbage from ocean depths}},
	journal = {Nuclear Engineering International},
	volume = {21},
	number = {248},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {31{\textendash}32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-5507},
	author = {Marshall, P}
}
@inbook {Phillips1976,
	title = {{An integrated approach to seafloor geologic mapping on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge - Angus, Alvin and Sonarray}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}76: Second Annual Combined Conference, September 13-15, 1976, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {8C1{\textendash}8C8},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154207},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154207},
	author = {Phillips, J D and Pearl, K R and Marquet, W M}
}
@article {Hekinian1976,
	title = {{Volcanic rocks and processes of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near 36 degrees 49{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {1},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {83{\textendash}110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00384746},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384746},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Moore, J G and Bryan, W B}
}
@book {McElroy1975a,
	title = {{Design features of the submersible modular acoustic system}},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {36},
	publisher = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	organization = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {McElroy, P T}
}
@mastersthesis {Macdonald1975,
	title = {{Detailed studies of the structure, tectonics, near bottom magnetic anomalies and microearthquake seismicity of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 37 degrees N}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {248},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1270},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1270},
	author = {Macdonald, K C}
}
@book {McElroy1975,
	title = {{Experimental applications of the modular acoustic system for the submersible Alvin}},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {108},
	publisher = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	organization = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA016612{\&}Location=U2{\&}doc=GetTRDoc.pdf},
	author = {McElroy, P T}
}
@inbook {Smith1975,
	title = {{Navigation transponder survey: Design and analysis}},
	booktitle = {Ocean 75: Record},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {563{\textendash}567},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Smith, W K and Marquet, W M and Hunt, M M}
}
@article {Grassle1975,
	title = {{Pattern and zonation: a study of the bathyal megafauna using the research submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	volume = {22},
	number = {7},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {457{\textendash}482},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0011-7471},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(75)90020-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(75)90020-0},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Sanders, H L and Hessler, R R and Rowe, G T and McLellan, T}
}
@book {Ballard1974a,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1973 - 31 January 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-27},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {44},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Hays, E E and Hess, F R and Marquet, W M and McCamis, M J and McElroy, P T and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Hosom1974,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1974 - 31 July 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-100},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Hays, E E and Hess, F R and McElroy, P T and Marquet, W M and Porter, R P and Spindel, R C and Winget, C L and Striffler, F L}
}
@book {Rowe1974,
	title = {{Time-lapse photography of the biological reworking of sediments in Hudson Submarine Canyon}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-79},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {552},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Keller, G and Edgerton, H E and Staresinic, N and MacIlvaine, J C}
}
@inbook {Barber1973,
	title = {{The oceans as ultimate sinks for wastewaters and wastewater residuals}},
	booktitle = {Ultimate Disposal of Wastewaters and Their Residuals: Proceedings of a National Symposium, April 26 and 27, 1973},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {199{\textendash}213},
	publisher = {Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina},
	organization = {Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina},
	address = {Raleigh, N.C.},
	author = {Barber, R T and Kirby-Smith, W},
	editor = {McJunkin, F E}
}
@mastersthesis {MacIlvaine1973,
	title = {{Sedimentary processes on the continental slope off New England}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {211},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1227},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1227},
	author = {MacIlvaine, J C}
}
@book {Aldrich1973a,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1972 - 31 January 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-37},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {51},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Ballard, R D and Marquet, W M and Porter, D and McCamis, M J and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Aldrich1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1972 - 31 July 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-20},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Ballard, R D and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and McCamis, M J and Phillips, J D and Porter, D and Vine, A C and Teal, J M and Marquet, W M and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Ballard1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1973 - 31 July 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-92},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {82},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Maxwell, A E and Davis, R E and Eliason, A H and Hess, F R and McCamis, M J and McElroy, P T and Marquet, W M and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Schneider1972,
	title = {{Alvin sea-water variable ballast system operation and maintenance manual}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1972},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Schneider, W E and Lebowitz, R K and Sasse, J A and McPherson, S E}
}
@book {Schneider1972a,
	title = {{Evaluation of DSV Alvin 12,000-foot sea-water variable-ballast system}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1972},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Schneider, W E and Lebowitz, R K and Sasse, J A and McPherson, S E}
}
@book {Aldrich1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1971 - 31 January 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-90},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {66},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Bryan1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1971 - 31 July 1971}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-33},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Ballard, R D and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Zafiriou, O C and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@book {Berteaux1970,
	title = {{Experimental analysis of the failed wire ropes of the submersible Alvin hoist system}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {37},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Berteaux, H O and Morey, R L}
}
@book {Merrifield1970,
	title = {{Results with a deep research vehicle transponder navigation system at the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office}},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Merrifield, R and Delort, R R}
}
@book {Marquet1969,
	title = {{A recoverable deep ocean navigation beacon}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-61},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Marquet, W M and Webb, D C and Fairhurst, K D}
}
@article {Milwee1969,
	title = {{Recovery of Alvin - a practical ocean engineering operation}},
	journal = {Naval Engineers Journal},
	volume = {81},
	number = {6},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {13{\textendash}15,18{\textendash}22},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1425},
	author = {Milwee, W I}
}
@book {Ellinthorpe1969,
	title = {{A visual ocean bottom survey off the island of Santa Maria, Azores}},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {15},
	publisher = {U.S. Navy Underwater Sound Lab},
	organization = {U.S. Navy Underwater Sound Lab},
	address = {New London, Conn.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ellinthorpe, A W and Malone, R G}
}
@book {Marquet1968,
	title = {{Alvin instruments}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {68-10},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {4},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Marquet, W M}
}
@article {Backus1968a,
	title = {{Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Peculiar sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3831},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {991{\textendash}993},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	author = {Backus, R H and Craddock, J E and Haedrich, R L and Shores, D L and Teal, J M and Wing, A S and Mead, G W and Clarke, W D}
}
@book {Milliman1967,
	title = {{Alvin dives on the continental margin off the southeastern United States, July 2-13 1967}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-80},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {64},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1521},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1521},
	author = {Milliman, J D and Manheim, F T and Pratt, R M and Zarudski, E F K}
}
@inbook {Marquet1967,
	title = {{Alvin instrumentation}},
	booktitle = {1967 NEREM Record},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {196{\textendash}197},
	publisher = {Boston Section of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers},
	organization = {Boston Section of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers},
	address = {Boston, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Marquet, W M}
}
@book {Morgan1967,
	title = {{Determination of hull efficiency parameters for a deep submergence hull form}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {142},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Morgan, H A and Szczypinski, W S}
}
@article {Trumbull1967,
	title = {{Geological exploration in an east coast submarine canyon from a research submersible}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {158},
	number = {3799},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {370{\textendash}372},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.158.3799.370},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3799.370},
	author = {Trumbull, J V A and McCamis, M J}
}
@book {Vine1967,
	title = {{Some underwater observations}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-82},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Vine, A C and Hays, E E and McCamis, J J and Rainnie, W O}
}
@book {Winget1967,
	title = {{A technical guide to the deep submergence research vehicle (DSRV) Alvin for use in planning scientific missions}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-67},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Winget, C L and McCamis, M J}
}
@book {Busby1967,
	title = {{Undersea studies with the DSRV Alvin, Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, September 1966}},
	series = {Informal Report},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {62},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Busby, R F and Merrifield, R}
}
@book {Mavor1966a,
	title = {{Alvin, 6000-ft. submergence research vehicle}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-42},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {32},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W and Froehlich, H E and Marquet, W M and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Mavor1966b,
	title = {{Observation windows of the deep submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Journal of Ocean Technology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {2{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-4529},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Walsh1966,
	title = {{Strength of the Alvin hulls}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {66-16},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {34},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walsh, J B and Mavor, J W}
}
@article {Mavor1966,
	title = {{Ten months with Alvin}},
	journal = {Geomarine Technology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {2},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {8{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0435-4265},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Mavor1965d,
	title = {{Design and manufacture of new emergency hull release for Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W and Sharp, A G}
}
@book {McCamis1965,
	title = {{Fuse testing in oil for Alvin batteries}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {9},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {McCamis, M J and Marquet, W M and Broderson, G and Mason, D}
}
@book {Mavor1965c,
	title = {{The mechanical and chemical properties of the HY 100 pressure hulls of the submarine, Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {65-1},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {55},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Mavor1965a,
	title = {{Observation windows of the deep submersible, Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {65-62},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Mavor1965b,
	title = {{Summary report on fabrication, inspection and test of Alvin fixed and variable buoyancy spheres}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Mavor1965,
	title = {{Weight, buoyancy and stability of the research submarine Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {45},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Learnard1964a,
	title = {{Electrical and pressure tests of Alvin{\textquoteright}s electric through hull penetrators}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {3},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Learnard, H H and McCamis, M J and Swinhart, O L}
}
@article {Pritzlaff1964,
	title = {{Manned submersibles of the world}},
	journal = {Undersea Technology},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {20{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-6533},
	author = {Pritzlaff, J A and Munske, R E}
}
@book {Mavor1964,
	title = {{Preliminary memorandum on the weight, buoyancy and stability, speed, power, drag and thrust of the research submarine Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {32},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Learnard1964,
	title = {{Twenty-four (24) man-hour test of Alvin{\textquoteright}s environmental system}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {9},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Learnard, H H and Marquet, W M and McCamis, M J}
}
@inbook {Mavor1963,
	title = {{Structural design of a 6000 foot submergence manned oceanographic research vehicle}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of David Taylor Model Basin Deep Submergence Structures Workshop, 3-5 December 1962},
	volume = {Vol. 1},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {Report C{\textendash}1327},
	publisher = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	organization = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
