@article {RN2529,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, and preservation at the Cathedral Hill deep sea hydrothermal vent, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its implications regarding the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {163},
	year = {2022},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	author = {Bentley, J. N. and Ventura, G. T. and Dalzell, C. J. and Walters, C. C. and Peters, C. A. and Mennito, A. S. and Nelson, R. K. and Reddy, C. M. and Seewald, J. S. and Sievert, S. M.}
}
@article {RN2497,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, preservation at Cathedral Hill, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its link to the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {104302},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140741982},
	author = {Bentley, Jeremy N. and Ventura, G. Todd and Dalzell, Connor J. and Walters, Clifford C. and Peters, Carl A. and Mennito, Anthony S. and Nelson, Robert K. and Reddy, Christopher M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Sievert, Stefan M.}
}
@article {RN2468,
	title = {Chalcopyrite-dissolved Cu isotope exchange at hydrothermal conditions: Experimental constraints at 350 degrees C and 50 MPa},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {298},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {191-206},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2021.02.005},
	author = {Syverson, D. D. and Borrok, D. M. and Niebuhr, S. and Seyfried, W. E.}
}
@article {RN2453,
	title = {Chalcopyrite-dissolved Cu isotope exchange at hydrothermal conditions: Experimental constraints at 350{\textdegree}C and 50 MPa},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2021.02.005},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135286149},
	author = {Syverson, Drew D. and Borrok, David M. and Niebuhr, Spencer and Seyfried, William E.}
}
@article {RN2526,
	title = {Geodetic Monitoring at Axial Seamount Since its 2015 Eruption Reveals a Waning Magma Supply and Tightly Linked Rates of Deformation and Seismicity},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021gc010153},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144167182},
	author = {Chadwick, William W. and Wilcock, William S. D. and Nooner, Scott L. and Beeson, Jeff W. and Sawyer, Audra M. and Lau, T. -K}
}
@article {RN2460,
	title = {Hydrocarbon transformations in sediments from the Cathedral Hill hydrothermal vent complex at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California-A chemometric study of shallow seep architecture},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {152},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104173},
	author = {Dalzell, C. J. and Ventura, G. T. and Walters, C. C. and Nelson, R. K. and Reddy, C. M. and Seewald, J. S. and Sievert, S. M.}
}
@article {RN2528,
	title = {Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-11},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-021-00537-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144475498},
	author = {Bledsoe-Becerra, Yessenia M. and Whittaker, Iesha S. and Horowitz, Jeremy and Naranjo, Katherine Medina and Johnson-Rosemond, Jicayla and Mullins, Kristen H. and Cunningham, Karena M. and Shetty, Suchir and Messinides, Samuel N. and Behney, Melinda S. and Fehsal, Jessica A. and Watson, Ashley N. and McKnight, Kaitlyn E. and Nasiadka, Teresa W. and Popa, Horia and Pettay, D. Tye and Appiah-Madson, Hannah J. and Distel, Daniel L. and Brugler, Mercer R.}
}
@article {RN2509,
	title = {Role of Deep-Sea Equipment in Promoting the Forefront of Studies on Life in extreme environments},
	journal = {iScience},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {103299},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2021.103299},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141939143},
	author = {Liang, Jianzhen and Feng, Jing-Chun and Zhang, Si and Cai, Yanpeng and Yang, Zhifeng and Ni, Tian and Yang, Hua-Yong}
}
@article {RN2425,
	title = {Hydrocarbon migration pathway and methane budget for a Gulf of Mexico natural seep site: Green Canyon 600},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {545},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {116411},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116411},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128798049},
	author = {Johansen, C. and Macelloni, L. and Natter, M. and Silva, M. and Woosley, M. and Woolsey, A. and Diercks, A. R. and Hill, J. and Viso, R. and Marty, E. and Lobodin, V. V. and Shedd, W. and Joye, S. B. and MacDonald, I. R.}
}
@article {RN2417,
	title = {Microbial succession during the transition from active to inactive stages of deep-sea hydrothermal vent sulfide chimneys},
	journal = {Research Square},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-16462/v2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1127583313 https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-16462/v2.pdf},
	author = {Hou, Jialin and Sievert, Stefan M. and Wang, Yinzhao and Seewald, Jeff S. and Natarajan, Vengadesh Perumal and Wang, Fengping and Xiao, Xiang}
}
@article {RN2413,
	title = {Revised Magmatic Source Models for the 2015 Eruption at Axial Seamount Including Estimates of Fault-Induced Deformation},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth},
	volume = {125},
	number = {4},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2020JB019356},
	author = {Hefner, W. L. and Nooner, S. L. and Chadwick, W. W. and Bohnenstiehl, D. R.}
}
@article {RN2389,
	title = {Characteristics and Evolution of sill-driven off-axis hydrothermalism in Guaymas Basin - the Ringvent site},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {9},
	number = {ARTN 13847},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50200-5},
	author = {Teske, A. and McKay, L. J. and Ravelo, A. C. and Aiello, I. and Mortera, C. and Nunez-Useche, F. and Canet, C. and Chanton, J. P. and Brunner, B. and Hensen, C. and Ramirez, G. A. and Sibert, R. J. and Turner, T. and White, D. and Chambers, C. R. and Buckley, A. and Joye, S. B. and Soule, S. A. and Lizarralde, D.}
}
@article {RN2376,
	title = {Diverse anaerobic methane- and multi-carbon alkane-metabolizing archaea coexist and show activity in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {4},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1344-1355},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14568},
	author = {Wang, Y. Z. and Feng, X. Y. and Natarajan, V. P. and Xiao, X. and Wang, F. P.}
}
@article {RN2364,
	title = {Geology and Fluid Discharge at Dorado Outcrop, a Low Temperature Ridge-Flank Hydrothermal System},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {487-504},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007933},
	author = {Wheat, C. G. and Hartwell, A. M. and McManus, J. and Fisher, A. T. and Orcutt, B. N. and Schlicht, L. E. M. and Niedenzu, S. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2370,
	title = {Ocean Dumping of Containerized DDT Waste Was a Sloppy Process},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {53},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2971-2980},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.8b05859},
	author = {Kivenson, V. and Lemkau, K. L. and Pizarro, O. and Yoerger, D. R. and Kaiser, C. and Nelson, R. K. and Carmichael, C. and Paul, B. G. and Reddy, C. M. and Valentine, D. L.}
}
@article {RN2406,
	title = {On the systematics and ecology of two new species of Provanna (Gastropoda: Provannidae) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Caribbean Sea and Southern Ocean},
	journal = {Journal of Molluscan Studies},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {425-438},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0260-1230},
	doi = {10.1093/mollus/eyz024},
	author = {Linse, K. and Nye, V. and Copley, J. T. and Chen, C.}
}
@article {2487,
	title = {First HOV Alvin study of the pelagic environment at Hydrographer Canyon (NW Atlantic)},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {30 - 40},
	abstract = {Continental slope canyons off the United States Atlantic coast remain poorly studied, and in particular, the distributions of pelagic organisms in waters overlying these unique environments are not well documented. During the Early Career Scientist Deep Submergence Training cruise, AT36-EAGER, the distribution of organisms in the water column overlying Hydrographer Canyon, which cuts through the northwestern Atlantic continental margin, was investigated through daytime midwater observations using HOV Alvin (AD4831) at three depths. Mixed swarms of krill and Themisto sp. amphipods were observed at all depths surveyed. Observations centered at 250 m were also dominated by chaetognaths, copepods, and Phronima sp. amphipods, while at 500 and 750 m, the assemblages were dominated by the fishes in the families Paralepididae, Nemichthyidae, and Mytophidae. Additionally, measurements of methane, nitrous oxide, optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence), dissolved organic carbon, and base-extracted particulate organic carbon were made to better characterize the hydrography and biogeochemistry over Hydrographer Canyon. This study was aided by the use of telepresence to communicate between ship and shore-based researchers, and the expedition marks the first use of SMS messaging to communicate between the submersible and the ship. This study demonstrates the capabilities and utility of using Alvin for conducting water column science.},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.001},
	author = {Netburn, Amanda N. and Kinsey, Joanna D. and Bush, Stephanie L. and Djurhuus, Anni and Fernandez, Julianne and Hoffman, Colleen L. and McVeigh, Doreen M. and Twing, Katrina I. and Bagge, Laura}
}
@article {RN2346,
	title = {Subgroup Characteristics of Marine Methane-Oxidizing ANME-2 Archaea and Their Syntrophic Partners as Revealed by Integrated Multimodal Analytical Microscopy},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {84},
	number = {11},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e00399-18},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00399-18},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/84/11/e00399-18.abstract},
	author = {McGlynn, Shawn E. and Chadwick, Grayson L. and Neill, Ariel and Mackey, Mason and Thor, Andrea and Deerinck, Thomas J. and Ellisman, Mark H. and Orphan, Victoria J.}
}
@article {Neira2016,
	title = {{Cross-hole tracer experiment reveals rapid fluid flow and low effective porosity in the upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {450},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {355{\textendash}365},
	abstract = {Numerous field, laboratory, and modeling studies have explored the flows of fluid, heat, and solutes during seafloor hydrothermal circulation, but it has been challenging to determine transport rates and flow directions within natural systems. Here we present results from the first cross-hole tracer experiment in the upper oceanic crust, using four subseafloor borehole observatories equipped with autonomous samplers to track the transport of a dissolved tracer (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) injected into a ridge-flank hydrothermal system. During the first three years after tracer injection, SF6 was transported both north and south through the basaltic aquifer. The observed tracer transport rate of \~{}2{\textendash}3 m/day is orders of magnitude greater than bulk rates of flow inferred from thermal and chemical observations and calculated with coupled fluid-heat flow simulations. Taken together, these results suggest that the effective porosity of the upper volcanic crust through which much tracer was transported is {\textless}1{\%}, with fluid flowing rapidly along a few well-connected channels. This is consistent with the heterogeneous (layered, faulted, and/or fractured) nature of the volcanic upper oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.048},
	author = {Neira, N M and Clark, J F and Fisher, A T and Wheat, C G and Haymon, R M and Becker, K}
}
@article {Beaudoin2016,
	title = {{Impact of protists on a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial community from deep-sea Gulf of Mexico sediments: A microcosm study}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {350{\textendash}359},
	abstract = {In spite of significant advancements towards understanding the dynamics of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading microbial consortia, the impacts (direct or indirect via grazing activities) of bacterivorous protists remain largely unknown. Microcosm experiments were used to examine whether protistan grazing affects the petroleum hydrocarbon degradation capacity of a deep-sea sediment microbial community from an active Gulf of Mexico cold seep. Differences in n-alkane content between native sediment microcosms and those treated with inhibitors of eukaryotes were assessed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography following 30{\textendash}90 day incubations and analysis of shifts in microbial community composition using small subunit ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries. More biodegradation was observed in microcosms supplemented with eukaryotic inhibitors. SSU rRNA gene clone libraries from oil-amended treatments revealed an increase in the number of proteobacterial clones (particularly $\gamma$-proteobacteria) after spiking sediments with diesel oil. Bacterial community composition shifted, and degradation rates increased, in treatments where protists were inhibited, suggesting protists affect the hydrocarbon degrading capacity of microbial communities in sediments collected at this Gulf of Mexico site.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.01.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064514000216},
	author = {Beaudoin, D J and Carmichael, C A and Nelson, R K and Reddy, C M and Teske, A P and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {ISI:000390261300037,
	title = {{Inflation-predictable behavior and co-eruption deformation at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {SCIENCE},
	volume = {354},
	number = {6318},
	year = {2016},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1399{\textendash}1403},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deformation of the ground surface at active volcanoes provides information about magma movements at depth. Improved seafloor deformation measurements between 2011 and 2015 documented a fourfold increase in magma supply and confirmed that Axial Seamount{\textquoteright}s eruptive behavior is inflation-predictable, probably triggered by a critical level of magmatic pressure. A 2015 eruption was successfully forecast on the basis of this deformation pattern and marked the first time that deflation and tilt were captured in real time by a new seafloor cabled observatory, revealing the timing, location, and volume of eruption-related magma movements. Improved modeling of the deformation suggests a steeply dipping prolate-spheroid pressure source beneath the eastern caldera that is consistent with the location of the zone of highest melt within the subcaldera magma reservoir determined from multichannel seismic results.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aah4666},
	author = {Nooner, Scott L and Chadwick Jr., William W}
}
@article {ISI:000373321200001,
	title = {{Nanocalorimetric Characterization of Microbial Activity in Deep Subsurface Oceanic Crustal Fluids}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {apr},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Although fluids within the upper oceanic basaltic crust harbor a substantial fraction of the total prokaryotic cells on Earth, the energy needs of this microbial population are unknown. In this study, a nanocalorimeter (sensitivity down to 1.2 nW ml(-1)) was used to measure the enthalpy of microbially catalyzed reactions as a function of temperature in samples from two distinct crustal fluid aquifers. Microorganisms in unamended, warm (63 degrees C) and geochemically altered anoxic fluids taken from 292 meters sub-basement (msb) near the Juan de Fuca Ridge produced 267.3 mJ of heat over the course of 97 h during a step-wise isothermal scan from 35.5 to 85.0 degrees C. Most of this heat signal likely stems from the germination of thermophilic endospores (6.66 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) FLUID) and their subsequent metabolic activity at temperatures greater than 50 degrees C. The average cellular energy consumption (5.68 pW cell(-1)) reveals the high metabolic potential of a dormant community transported by fluids circulating through the ocean crust. By contrast, samples taken from 293 msb from cooler (3.8 degrees C), relatively unaltered oxic fluids, produced 12.8 mJ of heat over the course of 14 h as temperature ramped from 34.8 to 43.0 degrees C. Corresponding cell-specific energy turnover rates (0.18 pW cell(-1)) were converted to oxygen uptake rates of 24.5 nmol O-2 ml(-1) FLUID d(-1), validating previous model predictions of microbial activity in this environment. Given that the investigated fluids are characteristic of expansive areas of the upper oceanic crust, the measured metabolic heat rates can be used to constrain boundaries of habitability and microbial activity in the oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00454},
	author = {Robador, Alberto and LaRowe, Douglas E and Jungbluth, Sean P and Lin, Huei-Ting and Rappe, Michael S and Nealson, Kenneth H and Amend, Jan P}
}
@article {Chadwick2016,
	title = {{Voluminous eruption from a zoned magma body after an increase in supply rate at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {12,063{\textendash}12,070},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is the best monitored submarine volcano in the world, providing an exceptional window into the dynamic interactions between magma storage, transport, and eruption processes in a mid-ocean ridge setting. An eruption in April 2015 produced the largest volume of erupted lava since monitoring and mapping began in the mid-1980s after the shortest repose time, due to a recent increase in magma supply. The higher rate of magma replenishment since 2011 resulted in the eruption of the most mafic lava in the last 500{\textendash}600 years. Eruptive fissures at the volcano summit produced pyroclastic ash that was deposited over an area of at least 8 km2. A systematic spatial distribution of compositions is consistent with a single dike tapping different parts of a thermally and chemically zoned magma reservoir that can be directly related to previous multichannel seismic-imaging results.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL071327},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Paduan, J B and Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Merle, S G and Bobbitt, A M and Caress, D W and Philip, B T and Kelley, D S and Nooner, S L}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300015,
	title = {{Bathymodiolus growth dynamics in relation to environmental fluctuations in vent habitats}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {183{\textendash}193},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep-sea mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus is a dominant species in the East Pacific Rise (EPR) hydrothermal vent fields. On the EPR volcanically unstable area, this late colonizer reaches high biomass within 4-5 years on new habitats created. by lava flows. The environmental conditions and growth rates characterizing the reestablishment of B. thermophilus populations are however largely unknown, leaving unconstrained the role of this foundation species in the ecosystem dynamics. A typical example from the vent field at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N that was affected by the last massive eruption was the Bio-9 hydrothermal vent site. Here, six years later, a large mussel population had reestablished. The von Bertalanffy growth model estimates the oldest B. thermophilus specimens to be 1.3 year-old in March 2012, consistent with the observation of scarce juveniles among tubeworms in 2010. Younger cohorts were also observed in 2012 but the low number of individuals, relatively to older cohorts, suggests limited survival or growth of new recruits at this site, that could reflect unsuitable habitat conditions. To further explore this asumption, we investigated the relationships between mussel growth dynamics and habitat properties. The approach combined sclerochronology analyses of daily shell growth with continuous habitat monitoring for two mussel assemblages; one from the Bio-9 new settlement and a second from the V-vent site unreached by the lava flow. At both vent sites, semi-diurnal fluctuations of abiotic conditions were recorded using sensors deployed in the mussel bed over 5 to 10 days. These data depict steep transitions from well oxygenated to oxygen-depleted conditions and from alkaline to acidic pH, combined with intermittent sulfide exposure. These semi-diurnal fluctuations exhibited marked changes in amplitude over time, exposing mussels to distinct regimes of abiotic constraints. The V-vent samples allowed growth patterns to be examined at the scale of individual life and compared to long-term records of habitat temperature and oceanographic mooring data in the years following the eruption. Both shell growth and habitat temperature at V-vent varied over the spring-neap tidal cycle and over longer periods of c.a. 60 days. The correlation of growth rate with temperature and, for some individuals, with current velocities supports the idea that tidal forcing impacts growth. Its influence on habitat conditions includes the spring-neap cycle, which is not reflected in current velocities but influences the venting rate. Additionally, it is expected that mesoscale eddies periodically passing across the ridge imprint shell growth through the influence of bottom current on the decimeter-thick mixing interface where mussels thrive. We conclude that diurnal-semidiurnal tidal fluctuations exert major abiotic constraints on B. thermophilus mussels and that low-frequency fluctuations act as significant determinants on growth. Finally, we postulate that the modulation of tidal fluctuations by large-scale hydrodynamic forcing ultimately constrains the capacity of this mussel species to form high biomass aggregations. This study indeed shows that the absence of these strong hydrodynamic drivers would limit the alternance of oxic and sulfidic conditions and significantly affect the growth rate of this species over time. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.003},
	author = {Nedoncelle, K and Lartaud, F and Pereira, L Contreira and Yuecel, M and Thurnherr, A M and Mullineaux, L and Le Bris, N}
}
@article {ISI:000361984700015,
	title = {{Comparison of Archaeal and Bacterial Diversity in Methane Seep Carbonate Nodules and Host Sediments, Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge, USA}},
	journal = {MICROBIAL ECOLOGY},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {766{\textendash}784},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) impacts carbon cycling by acting as a methane sink and by sequestering inorganic carbon via AOM-induced carbonate precipitation. These precipitates commonly take the form of carbonate nodules that form within methane seep sediments. The timing and sequence of nodule formation within methane seep sediments are not well understood. Further, the microbial diversity associated with sediment-hosted nodules has not been well characterized and the degree to which nodules reflect the microbial assemblage in surrounding sediments is unknown. Here, we conducted a comparative study of microbial assemblages in methane-derived authigenic carbonate nodules and their host sediments using molecular, mineralogical, and geochemical methods. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity from paired carbonate nodules and sediments revealed that both sample types contained methanotrophic archaea (ANME-1 and ANME-2) and syntrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfobacteraceae and Desulfobulbaceae), as well as other microbial community members. The combination of geochemical and molecular data from Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge suggested that some nodules formed in situ and captured the local sediment-hosted microbial community, while other nodules may have been translocated or may represent a record of conditions prior to the contemporary environment. Taken together, this comparative analysis offers clues to the formation regimes and mechanisms of sediment-hosted carbonate nodules.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0095-3628},
	doi = {10.1007/s00248-015-0615-6},
	author = {Mason, Olivia U and Case, David H and Naehr, Thomas H and Lee, Raymond W and Thomas, Randal B and Bailey, Jake V and Orphan, Victoria J}
}
@article {Larson2015,
	title = {{Stealth export of hydrogen and methane from a low temperature serpentinization system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {233{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Chemical input to the deep sea from hydrothermal systems is a globally distributed phenomenon. Hydrothermal discharge is one of the primary mechanisms by which the Earth{\textquoteright}s interior processes manifest themselves at the Earth{\textquoteright}s surface, and it provides a source of energy for autotrophic processes by microbes that are too deep to capitalize on sunlight. Much is known about the water-column signature of this discharge from high-temperature mid-ocean Ridge (MOR) environments and their neighboring low-temperature counterparts. Hydrothermal discharge farther away from the ridge, however, has garnered less attention, owing in part to the difficulty in finding this style of venting, which eludes methods of detection that work well for high-temperature {\textquoteleft}black smoker{\textquoteright}-type venting. Here we present a case study of the plume from one such {\textquoteleft}invisible{\textquoteright} off-axis environment, The Lost City, with an emphasis on the dissolved volatile content of the hydrothermal plume. Serpentinization and abiotic organic synthesis generate significant concentrations of H2 and CH4 in vent fluid, but these species are unevenly transported to the overlying plume, which itself appears to be a composite of two different sources. A concentrated vent cluster on the talus slope channels fluid through at least eight chimneys, producing a water-column plume with the highest observed concentrations of CH4 in the field. In contrast, a saddle in the topography leading up to a carbonate cap hosts broadly distributed, nearly invisible venting apparent only in its water-column signals of redox potential and dissolved gas content, including the highest observed plume H2. After normalizing H2 and CH4 to the 3He background-corrected anomaly (3He$Δ$) to account for mixing and relative amount of mantle input, it appears that, while a minimum of 60{\%} of CH4 is transported out of the system, greater than 90{\%} of the H2 is consumed in the subsurface prior to venting. The exception to this pattern occurs in the plume originating from the area dubbed Chaff Beach, in which somewhat more than 10{\%} of the original H2 remains, indicating that this otherwise unremarkable plume, and others like it, may represent a significant source of H2 to the deep sea.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.007},
	author = {Larson, B I and Lang, S Q and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J and Lupton, J E and Nakamura, K and Buck, N J}
}
@article {ISI:000345702700014,
	title = {{Intracellular Oceanospirillales inhabit the gills of the hydrothermal vent snail Alviniconcha with chemosynthetic, gamma-Proteobacterial symbionts}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {656{\textendash}664},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Associations between bacteria from the -Proteobacterial order Oceanospirillales and marine invertebrates are quite common. Members of the Oceanospirillales exhibit a diversity of interactions with their various hosts, ranging from the catabolism of complex compounds that benefit host growth to attacking and bursting host nuclei. Here, we describe the association between a novel Oceanospirillales phylotype and the hydrothermal vent snail Alviniconcha. Alviniconcha typically harbour chemoautotrophic - or epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts inside their gill cells. Via fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy, we observed an Oceanospirillales phylotype (named AOP for AlviniconchaOceanospirillales phylotype{\textquoteright}) in membrane-bound vacuoles that were separate from the known - or epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we surveyed 181 Alviniconcha hosting -Proteobacterial symbionts and 102 hosting epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts, and found that the population size of AOP was always minor relative to the canonical symbionts (median 0.53{\%} of the total quantified 16S rRNA genes). Additionally, we detected AOP more frequently in Alviniconcha hosting -Proteobacterial symbionts than in those hosting epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts (96{\%} and 5{\%} of individuals respectively). The high incidence of AOP in -Proteobacteria hosting Alviniconcha implies that it could play a significant ecological role either as a host parasite or as an additional symbiont with unknown physiological capacities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12183},
	author = {Beinart, R A and Nyholm, S V and Dubilier, N and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Nooner2014,
	title = {{Post Eruption inflation of the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {2676{\textendash}2688},
	abstract = {In June 2008, we installed a geodetic network at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N on the East Pacific Rise to track the long-term movement of magma following the 2005/6 eruption. This network consists of 10 concrete benchmarks stretching from the ridge to 9 km off-axis. During three campaign-style surveys, measurements of vertical seafloor motions were made at each of these benchmarks by precisely recording ambient seawater pressure as a proxy for seafloor depth with a mobile pressure recorder (MPR). The MPR was deployed using the manned submersible Alvin in 2008 and 2009 and the remotely operated vehicle Jason in 2011. The MPR observations are supplemented with data from a multiyear deployment of continuously recording bottom pressure recorders (BPRs) extending along this segment of the ridge that can record rapid changes in seafloor depth from seafloor eruptions and/or dike intrusions. These measurements show no diking events and up to 12 cm of volcanic inflation that occurred from December 2009 to October 2011 in the area of the 2005/6 eruption. These observations are fit with an inflating point source at a depth of 2.7 km and volume change of 2.3 x 10(6) m(3)/yr located on the ridge axis at approximately 9 degrees 51.166{\textquoteright} N, 407 m from our northernmost benchmark, suggesting that the magma chamber underlying this segment of the ridge is being recharged from a deeper source at a rate that is about half the long-term inflation rate observed at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. These data represent the second location that active volcanic uplift has been measured on a mid-ocean ridge segment, and the first on a nonhotspot influenced segment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005389},
	author = {Nooner, S L and Webb, S C and Buck, W R and Cormier, M H}
}
@article {ISI:000321109400006,
	title = {{Archaeal and bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids in chimneys of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {45{\textendash}53},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We detected archaeal and bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids in carbonate chimneys of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, an alkaline system near the mid-Atlantic Ridge. Isoprenoidal, archaeal tetraethers from this site include {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}H-shaped{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} GDGTs, crenarchaeol and GDGTs with 0-3 cyclopentane moieties (here referred to as GDGTs 0-3). Concentrations of GDGT-3 do not track those of GDGTs 0-2 across the sample set, suggesting that its biosynthesis may be subject to different controls. Two branched, bacterial GDGTs (brGDGTs) common in terrigenous environments were also detected. Consulting previously published surveys of microbial diversity at Lost City and literature on known precursor-product relationships, we investigated the provenance of these GDGTs. The principal source of GDGTs 0-3 is likely ANME-1 archaea, abundant at Lost City. H-shaped GDGTs are likely derived from thermophilic Methanobacteria and Thermoprotei. Marine Group I Thaumarchaea detected in Lost City chimneys are a potential source of crenarchaeol, but it is unclear whether they are autotrophic nitrifiers or representatives of a hydrothermal ecotype with different physiology. The detection of branched GDGTs, possibly synthesized by Acidobacteria at Lost City, adds to a growing body of evidence that the capacity for their biosynthesis is not restricted to acidophilic soil bacteria and that they cannot strictly be considered indicators of terrigenous contributions to marine sediments. Input of hydrothermally derived lipids has the potential to complicate paleoproxy applications based on GDGTs. We propose that H-GDGTs be viewed as indicators of hydrothermal input and that their detection in sediments warrants caution in proxy application when a hydrothermal origin for co-occurring isoprenoidal and brGDGTs cannot be excluded. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.04.010},
	author = {Lincoln, Sara A and Bradley, Alexander S and Newman, Sharon A and Summons, Roger E}
}
@article {Nye2013,
	title = {{A new species of Lebbeus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Hippolytidae) from the Von Damm Vent Field, Caribbean Sea}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {93},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {may},
	pages = {741{\textendash}751},
	abstract = {A new species of the hippolytid shrimp genus Lebbeus White, 1847 is described from the Von Damm Vent Field (VDVF) on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre, Caribbean Sea, at 2294 m water depth. Lebbeus virentova sp. nov. is defined and illustrated from seven specimens, with brief notes on its distribution and habitat. Molecular phylogenetic data from the COI mDNA region are used to analyse the species{\textquoteright} phylogenetic position, and its morphology is compared with previously described species. This new species represents the second family of caridean shrimp to be reported from the VDVF. Lebbeus virentova sp. nov. is the eighth member of the genus to be described from hydrothermal vents and appears to be the first hippolytid shrimp at a vent field known from outside the Pacific Ocean.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315412000884},
	author = {Nye, Verity and Copley, J and Plouviez, S and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Luther2012,
	title = {{Chemistry, Temperature, and Faunal Distributions at Diffuse-Flow Hydrothermal Vents Comparison of Two Geologically Distinct Ridge Systems}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {234{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Diffuse-flow, low-temperature areas near hydrothermal vents support life via chemosynthesis: hydrogen sulfide (and other reduced chemical compounds) emanating from the subsurface is oxidized with bottom-water oxygen through bacterial mediation to fix carbon dioxide and produce biomass. This article reviews the in~situ diffuse-flow chemistry (mainly H2S and O2) and temperature data collected in 2006 and 2009 along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC), and from 2004 to 2008 at 9{\textdegree}N along the East Pacific Rise (9 N EPR), predominantly around macrofauna that contain endosymbionts at these two hydrothermal vent regions. More than 48,000 and 20,000 distinct chemical and temperature data points were collected with a multi-analyte electrochemical analyzer in the diffuse-flow waters at 9 N EPR and the ELSC, respectively. Despite their different geological settings and different macrofauna (two different species of snails and mussels at the ELSC versus two different species of tubeworms and mussels at 9 N EPR), there are similarities in the temperature and chemistry data, as well as in the distributions of organisms. The pattern of water chemistry preferred by the provannid snails (Alviniconcha~spp., Ifremeria nautilei) and Bathymodiolus brevior at the ELSC is similar to the water chemistry pattern found for the siboglinid tubeworms (Tevnia jerichonana, Riftia pachyptila) and the Bathymodiolus thermophilus mussels at 9 N EPR. The eruptions at 9 N EPR in 2005 and 2006 resulted in increased H2S concentrations, increased H2S/T ratios, and an initial change in the dominant tubeworm species from Riftia pachyptila to Tevnia jerichonana after the eruption created new vent habitats. In 2005, two sites at 9 N EPR showed major increases in the H2S/T ratio from 2004, which suggested a probable eruption in this basalt-dominated system. At the ELSC, there was a decrease in the H2S/T ratio from northern to southern sites, which reflects the change in geological setting from basalt to andesite and the shallower water depths at the southern sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.22},
	author = {Luther, G W and Gartman, A and Yuecel, M and Madison, A S and Moore, T S and Nees, H A and Nuzzio, D B and Sen, A and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Soule2012,
	title = {{CO2 variability in mid-ocean ridge basalts from syn-emplacement degassing: Constraints on eruption dynamics}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {327{\textendash}328},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {39{\textendash}49},
	abstract = {Basaltic glasses produced during mid-ocean ridge (MOR) eruptions display a wide range of dissolved CO2 concentrations with respect to equilibrium saturation at their eruption depth. This variability is thought to reflect the dynamics of magma ascent and emplacement, with rapid ascent and depressurization leading to supersaturated conditions and slower ascent resulting in equilibrium saturation. In this study we examine a suite of samples from the 2005{\textendash}06 eruption of the East Pacific Rise (EPR), collected at {\~{}}~200~m intervals along two well-defined flow pathways within a single seafloor eruption to examine syn-emplacement degassing, using measurements of vesicularity, crystallinity, volatile contents, and helium. This new data set is unique because flow pathways of individual MOR lava flows have rarely been mapped and have never been systematically sampled. Here we show that a large range in dissolved CO2 concentrations exists within this single eruption that nearly spans that observed in tens of flows measured along this portion of the EPR crest. This lava flow experienced equilibrium degassing of dissolved CO2 from supersaturated conditions at the vent (and persisting over the first 750~m of flow) toward equilibrium with seafloor pressures along a {\~{}}~2.5~km-long flow path. This was accompanied by an increase in vesicularity and characteristic bubble radius along the flow, indicating the importance of bubble growth by diffusion for degassing. Nearly constant total helium concentrations (melt~+~vesicles) indicate that no bubbles were lost during emplacement. With a model of diffusion-controlled bubble growth constrained by observations from the samples along the largest flow lobe of the eruption, we calculate minimum ascent rates of 0.15~m/s, and {\textendash} for this portion of the eruption {\textendash} an eruption duration of {\~{}}~30~h and flow rates from 0.02 to 0.12~m/s. This study represents the first quantitative assessment of eruption dynamics using volatiles in a mid-ocean ridge lava flow.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	author = {Soule, S A and Nakata, D S and Fornari, D J and Fundis, A T and Perfit, M R and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {Ventura2012,
	title = {{The composition, origin and fate of complex mixtures in the maltene fractions of hydrothermal petroleum assessed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {48{\textendash}65},
	abstract = {Sedimentary organic matter in hydrothermal systems can be altered by high temperature fluids to generate petroleum. The saturated and aromatic fractions of these hydrothermal oils are compositionally similar to conventional oil with the exception that they often contain higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as well as substantial mixtures of coeluting organic compounds that produce dramatically rising signal on the baseline of gas chromatograms termed unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs). Little is known about the compounds that compose UCMs and why or how they form. This is in part due to an inability to discriminate between in situ and migrated components that characterize the petroleum generated in hydrothermal systems. However, UCMs are also a product of the limitations imbedded in analytical separation techniques. With the advent of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC~{\texttimes}~GC), a revision of what should constitute molecular complexity needs to be considered. We address these problems by comparing the molecular compositions of the maltene fractions of three previously published hydrothermal petroleum samples using time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}ToF-MS) and 12 hydrothermal petroleum samples in cores from three locales using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}FID). The sediment cores were collected from Middle Valley, located off the axis of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and the Escanaba Trough, along the Gorda Ridge, both in the NE Pacific Ocean, as well as from the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California. We define a UCM in GC~{\texttimes}~GC data to be a condition in which ⩾25{\%} of the detected peaks within a chromatographic area coelute in either the first or second dimension. In turn, complex (CM) and simple mixtures (SM) are defined as having 5{\textendash}24{\%} and and migrated components that characterize the petroleum generated in hydrothermal systems. However, UCMs are also a product of the limitations imbedded in analytical separation techniques. With the advent of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC~{\texttimes}~GC), a revision of what should constitute molecular complexity needs to be considered. We address these problems by comparing the molecular compositions of the maltene fractions of three previously published hydrothermal petroleum samples using time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}ToF-MS) and 12 hydrothermal petroleum samples in cores from three locales using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}FID). The sediment cores were collected from Middle Valley, located off the axis of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and the Escanaba Trough, along the Gorda Ridge, both in the NE Pacific Ocean, as well as from the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California. We define a UCM in GC~{\texttimes}~GC data to be a condition in which ⩾25{\%} of the detected peaks within a chromatographic area coelute in either the first or second dimension. In turn, complex (CM) and simple mixtures (SM) are defined as having 5{\textendash}24{\%} and},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.01.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.01.002},
	author = {Ventura, G T and Simoneit, B R T and Nelson, R K and Reddy, C M}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600378,
	title = {{Denitrification and environmental factors influencing nitrate removal in Guaymas Basin hydrothermally altered sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We measured potential nitrate removal and denitrification rates in hydrothermally altered sediments inhabited by Beggiatoa mats and adjacent brown oil stained sediments from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Sediments with Beggiatoa maintained slightly higher rates of potential denitrification than did brown sediments at 31.2 +/- 12.1 versus 21.9 +/- 1.4 mu M N day-1, respectively. In contrast, the nitrate removal rates in brown sediments were higher than those observed in mat-hosting sediments at 418 +/- 145 versus 174 +/- 74 mu M N day-1, respectively. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the responses of denitrifying communities to environmental factors {\{}[{\}}i.e., nitrate, sulfide, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration)]. The denitrifying community had a high affinity for nitrate (Km = 137 +/- 91 mu M N day-1), in comparison to other environmental communities of denitrifiers, and was capable of high maximum rates of denitrification (Vmax = 1164 +/- 153 mu M N day-1). The presence of sulfide resulted in significantly lower denitrification rates. Microorganisms with the potential to perform denitrification were assessed in these sediments using the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) functional gene libraries. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library was dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (38{\%}), some of which (e.g., Sulfurimonas sp.) have a potential for sulfide-dependent denitrification. The nosZ clone library did not contain clones similar to pure culture denitrifiers; these clones were most closely associated with environmental clones.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00377},
	author = {Bowles, Marshall W and Nigro, Lisa M and Teske, Andreas P and Joye, Samantha B}
}
@article {Colman2012,
	title = {{Effects of variable magma supply on mid-ocean ridge eruptions: Constraints from mapped lava flow fields along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {Q08014},
	abstract = {Mapping and sampling of 18 eruptive units in two study areas along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center (GSC) provide insight into how magma supply affects mid-ocean ridge (MOR) volcanic eruptions. The two study areas have similar spreading rates (53 versus 55~mm/yr), but differ by 30{\%} in the time-averaged rate of magma supply (0.3~{\texttimes}~106 versus 0.4~{\texttimes}~106~m3/yr/km). Detailed geologic maps of each study area incorporate observations of flow contacts and sediment thickness, in addition to sample petrology, geomagnetic paleointensity, and inferences from high-resolution bathymetry data. At the lower-magma-supply study area, eruptions typically produce irregularly shaped clusters of pillow mounds with total eruptive volumes ranging from 0.09 to 1.3~km3. At the higher-magma-supply study area, lava morphologies characteristic of higher effusion rates are more common, eruptions typically occur along elongated fissures, and eruptive volumes are an order of magnitude smaller (0.002{\textendash}0.13~km3). At this site, glass MgO contents (2.7{\textendash}8.4 wt. {\%}) and corresponding liquidus temperatures are lower on average, and more variable, than those at the lower-magma-supply study area (6.2{\textendash}9.1 wt. {\%} MgO). The differences in eruptive volume, lava temperature, morphology, and inferred eruption rates observed between the two areas along the GSC are similar to those that have previously been related to variable spreading rates on the global MOR system. Importantly, the documentation of multiple sequences of eruptions at each study area, representing hundreds to thousands of years, provides constraints on the variability in eruptive style at a given magma supply and spreading rate.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004163},
	author = {Colman, A and Sinton, J M and White, S M and McClinton, J T and Bowles, J A and Rubin, K H and Behn, M D and Cushman, B and Eason, D E and Gregg, T K P and Gr{\"o}nvold, Karl and Hidalgo, S and Howell, J and Neill, O and Russo, Chris}
}
@article {Connelly2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world{\textquoteright}s deepest seafloor spreading centre}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {620},
	abstract = {The Mid-Cayman spreading centre is an ultraslow-spreading ridge in the Caribbean Sea. Its extreme depth and geographic isolation from other mid-ocean ridges offer insights into the effects of pressure on hydrothermal venting, and the biogeography of vent fauna. Here we report the discovery of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre. The Von Damm Vent Field is located on the upper slopes of an oceanic core complex at a depth of 2,300 m. High-temperature venting in this off-axis setting suggests that the global incidence of vent fields may be underestimated. At a depth of 4,960 m on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre axis, the Beebe Vent Field emits copper-enriched fluids and a buoyant plume that rises 1,100 m, consistent with {\textgreater}400 degrees C venting from the world{\textquoteright}s deepest known hydrothermal system. At both sites, a new morphospecies of alvinocaridid shrimp dominates faunal assemblages, which exhibit similarities to those of Mid-Atlantic vents.},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms1636},
	author = {Connelly, D P and Copley, J T and Murton, B J and Stansfield, K and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Van Dover, C L and Amon, D and Furlong, M and Grindlay, N and Hayman, N and Huehnerbach, V and Judge, M and Le Bas, Tim and McPhail, S and Meier, A and Nakamura, K I and Nye, Verity and Pebody, M and Pedersen, R B and Plouviez, S and Sands, Carla and Searle, R C and Stevenson, P and Taws, Sarah and Wilcox, S}
}
@article {White2012,
	title = {{Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {50},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {20303{\textendash}20308},
	abstract = {To assess the potential impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on offshore ecosystems, 11 sites hosting deep-water coral communities were examined 3 to 4 mo after the well was capped. Healthy coral communities were observed at all sites {\textgreater}20 km from the Macondo well, including seven sites previously visited in September 2009, where the corals and communities appeared unchanged. However, at one site 11 km southwest of the Macondo well, coral colonies presented widespread signs of stress, including varying degrees of tissue loss, sclerite enlargement, excess mucous production, bleached commensal ophiuroids, and covering by brown flocculent material (floc). On the basis of these criteria the level of impact to individual colonies was ranked from 0 (least impact) to 4 (greatest impact). Of the 43 corals imaged at that site, 46{\%} exhibited evidence of impact on more than half of the colony, whereas nearly a quarter of all of the corals showed impact to {\textgreater}90{\%} of the colony. Additionally, 53{\%} of these corals{\textquoteright} ophiuroid associates displayed abnormal color and/or attachment posture. Analysis of hopanoid petroleum biomarkers isolated from the floc provides strong evidence that this material contained oil from the Macondo well. The presence of recently damaged and deceased corals beneath the path of a previously documented plume emanating from the Macondo well provides compelling evidence that the oil impacted deep-water ecosystems. Our findings underscore the unprecedented nature of the spill in terms of its magnitude, release at depth, and impact to deep-water ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118029109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600280,
	title = {{Microbial communities at the borehole observatory on the Costa Rica Rift flank (Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A)}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The microbiology of subsurface, hydrothermally influenced basaltic crust flanking midocean ridges has remained understudied, due to the difficulty in accessing the subsurface environment. The instrumented boreholes resulting from scientific ocean drilling offer access to samples of the formation fluids circulating through oceanic crust. We analyzed the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities of fluid and microbial mat samples collected in situ from the observatory at Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A, drilled into similar to 6.5 million-year-old basaltic crust on the flank of the Costa Rica Rift in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences recovered from borehole fluid and from a microbial mat coating the outer surface of the fluid port revealed both unique and shared phylotypes. The dominant bacterial clones from both samples were related to the autotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing genus Thiomicrospira. Both samples yielded diverse gamma- and alphaproteobacterial phylotypes, as well as members of the Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia. Analysis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) genes (cbbL and cbbM) from the sampling port mat and from the borehole fluid demonstrated autotrophic carbon assimilation potential for in situ microbial communities; most cbbL genes were related to those of the sulfur-oxidizing genera Thioalkalivibrio and Thiomicrospira, and cbbM genes were affiliated with uncultured phylotypes from hydrothermal vent plumes and marine sediments. Several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes from the 896A observatory grouped with phylotypes recovered from seawater-exposed basalts and sulfide deposits at inactive hydrothermal vents, but there is little overlap with hydrothermally influenced basaltic boreholes 1026B and U1301A on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank, suggesting that site-specific characteristics of Hole 896A (i.e., seawater mixing into borehole fluids) affect the microbial community composition.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00232},
	author = {Nigro, Lisa M and Harris, Kate and Orcutt, Beth N and Hyde, Andrew and Clayton-Luce, Samuel and Becker, Keir and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {White2012a,
	title = {{Reply to Boehm and Carragher: Multiple lines of evidence link deep-water coral damage to Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {40},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {E2648{\textendash}E2648},
	abstract = {Our original study (1) used visual inspection as well as biological and geochemical analyses of corals and the surrounding sediment to provide complementary and compelling evidence linking the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill to the presence of damaged deep-water corals and brittle stars 11 km from the site of the leaking oil.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1210413109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Chadwick2012,
	title = {{Seafloor deformation and forecasts of the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {474{\textendash}477},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is an active submarine volcano located at the intersection between the Cobb hotspot and the Juan de Fuca spreading centre in the northeast Pacific Ocean1, 2. The volcano has been closely monitored since it erupted in 1998 (refs~3, 4). Since then, Axial Seamount seemed to exhibit a similar inflation{\textendash}deflation cycle to basaltic volcanoes on land and, on that basis, was expected to erupt again sometime before 2014 or 2020 (refs~5, 6). In April 2011 Axial Seamount erupted. Here we report continuous measurements of ocean bottom pressure that document the deflation{\textendash}inflation cycle of Axial Seamount between 1998 and 2011. We find that the volcano inflation rate, caused by the intrusion of magma, gradually increased in the months leading up to the 2011 eruption. Sudden uplift occurred 40{\textendash}55 min before the eruption onset, which we interpret as a precursor event. Based on our measurements of ground deformation through the entire eruption cycle at Axial Seamount, we suggest that another eruption could occur as early as 2018. We propose that the long-term eruptive cycle of Axial Seamount could be more predictable compared with its subaerial counterparts because the volcano receives a relatively steady supply of magma through the Cobb hotspot and because it is located on thin oceanic crust at a spreading plate boundary.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1464},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Butterfield, D A and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Dziak2012,
	title = {{Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {478{\textendash}482},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Volcanoes at spreading centres on land often exhibit seismicity and ground inflation months to years before an eruption, caused by a gradual influx of magma to the source reservoir1, 2, 3, 4. Deflation and seismicity can occur on time scales of hours to days, and result from the injection of magma into adjacent rift zones5, 6, 7, 8. Volcanoes at submarine rift zones, such as Axial Seamount in the northeast Pacific Ocean, have exhibited similar behaviour9, 10, 11, 12, but a direct link between seismicity, seafloor deformation and magma intrusion has never been demonstrated. Here we present recordings from ocean-bottom hydrophones and an established array of bottom-pressure recorders that reveal patterns of both microearthquakes and seafloor deformation at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, before it erupted in April 2011. Our observations show that the rate of seismicity increased steadily during a period of several years, leading up to an intrusion and eruption of magma that began on 6 April 2011. We also detected a sudden increase in seismo-acoustic energy about 2.6 h before the eruption began. Our data indicate that access to real-time seismic data, projected to be available in the near future, might facilitate short-term forecasting and provide sufficient lead-time to prepare in situ instrumentation before future intrusion and eruption events.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1490},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Fowler, M J and Matsumoto, H and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {Smith2011,
	title = {{In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {Q06007},
	abstract = {The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge was used in the first long-term deployment of microbial enrichment flow cells using osmotically driven pumps in a subseafloor borehole. Three novel osmotically driven colonization systems with unidirectional flow were deployed in the borehole and incubated for 4 years to determine the microbial colonization preferences for 12 minerals and glasses present in igneous rocks. Following recovery of the colonization systems, we measured cell density on the minerals and glasses by fluorescent staining and direct counting and found some significant differences between mineral samples. We also determined the abundance of mesophilic and thermophilic culturable organotrophs grown on marine R2A medium and identified isolates by partial 16S or 18S rDNA sequencing. We found that nine distinct phylotypes of culturable mesophilic oligotrophs were present on the minerals and glasses and that eight of the nine can reduce nitrate and oxidize iron. Fe(II)-rich olivine minerals had the highest density of total countable cells and culturable organotrophic mesophiles, as well as the only culturable organotrophic thermophiles. These results suggest that olivine (a common igneous mineral) in seawater-recharged ocean crust is capable of supporting microbial communities, that iron oxidation and nitrate reduction may be important physiological characteristics of ocean crust microbes, and that heterogeneously distributed minerals in marine igneous rocks likely influence the distribution of microbial communities in the ocean crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003424},
	author = {Smith, A and Popa, R and Fisk, M and Nielsen, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Fisher, A T and Becker, K and Sievert, S M and Flores, G}
}
@article {Bennett2011a,
	title = {{Tracing iron-fueled microbial carbon production within the hydrothermal plume at the Loihi Seamount}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {19},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {5526{\textendash}5539},
	abstract = {The Loihi hydrothermal plume provides an opportunity to investigate iron (Fe) oxidation and microbial processes in a system that is truly Fe dominated and distinct from mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. The lack of hydrogen sulfide within the Loihi hydrothermal fluids and the presence of an oxygen minimum zone at this submarine volcano{\textquoteright}s summit, results in a prolonged presence of reduced Fe within the dispersing non-buoyant plume. In this study, we have investigated the potential for microbial carbon fixation within the Loihi plume. We sampled for both particulate and dissolved organic carbon in hydrothermal fluids, microbial mats growing around vents, and the dispersing plume, and carried out stable carbon isotope analysis on the particulate fraction. The $δ$13C values of the microbial mats ranged from -23{\textperthousand} to -28{\textperthousand}, and are distinct from those of deep-ocean particulate organic carbon (POC). The mats and hydrothermal fluids were also elevated in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compared to background seawater. Within the hydrothermal plume, DOC and POC concentrations were elevated and the isotopic composition of POC within the plume suggests mixing between background seawater POC and a 13C-depleted hydrothermal component. The combination of both DOC and POC increasing in the dispersing plume that cannot solely be the result of entrainment and DOC adsorption, provides strong evidence for in-situ microbial productivity by chemolithoautotrophs, including a likelihood for iron-oxidizing microorganisms.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2011.06.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.06.039},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Hansman, R L and Sessions, A L and Nakamura, K and Edwards, K J}
}
@article {Nevala2010a,
	title = {{Alvin gets an interior re-design: sub{\textquoteright}s new sphere will provide a little more room and comfort}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {48},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {16{\textendash}17},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Nevala, A E}
}
@article {Valentine2010,
	title = {{Asphalt volcanoes as a potential source of methane to late Pleistocene coastal waters}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {3},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {345{\textendash}348},
	abstract = {Every year, natural petroleum seepage emits 0.2{\textendash}2 Tg of oil to the ocean1. Significant oil seepage can build large underwater mounds, consisting of tar deposits with morphologies similar to volcanic lava flows, known as asphalt volcanoes2, 3. Such events are typically accompanied by large fluxes of the greenhouse gas methane4, 5. Marine sediments from the Santa Barbara basin, California, contain a record of elevated methane concentrations6, anoxia and tar deposition7 during the Pleistocene epoch that had been attributed to dissolution of methane hydrates. However, the region is known to have exhibited oil seepage in the past7. Here, we document the discovery of seven extinct asphalt volcanoes off the coast of southern California. The morphology of the deposits and geochemistry of samples taken from the two largest structures supports their classification as asphalt volcanoes, derived from a common source. We estimate that the two structures resulted from seepage of 0.07{\textendash}0.4 Tg of oil, accompanied by the emission of 0.35{\textendash}1.8 Tg of methane. Radiocarbon dating of carbonate deposits entrained with the asphalt indicates formation of the volcanoes between 44 and 31 kyr ago. The timing and volume of erupted hydrocarbons from the asphalt structures can explain some or all of the documented methane release and tar accumulation in the Santa Barbara basin during the Pleistocene.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo848},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo848},
	author = {Valentine, D L and Reddy, C M and Farwell, C and Hill, T M and Pizarro, O and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and Nelson, R K and Peacock, E E and Bagby, S C and Clarke, B A and Roman, C N and Soloway, M}
}
@article {Chadwick2010a,
	title = {{Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {38{\textendash}39},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is a hotspot volcano superimposed on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Due to its robust magma supply, it rises {\~{}} 800 m above the rest of JdFR and has a large elongate summit caldera with two rift zones that parallel and overlap with adjacent segments of the spreading center (Figure 1). Submersible dives at Axial in 1983{\textendash}1984 discovered the first active black smoker vents in the Northeast Pacific (Chase et al., 1985). The New Millennium Observatory (NeMO; http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/nemo) was established at Axial in 1996 to study volcanic events and the perturbations they cause to hydrothermal and biological systems. As if on cue, Axial erupted in January 1998 and was the first seafloor eruption detected remotely and monitored by in situ instruments (Embley et al., 1999). In fact, one instrument caught in a 1998 lava flow was later recovered with data intact, providing new insight into the emplacement of submarine lavas (Chadwick, 2003). Initially, research focused on mapping, sampling, and documenting the impact of the eruption on the hydrothermal vents and biological communities (Figure 2). The emphasis has gradually shifted to long-term geophysical, geochemical, and biological monitoring of the volcano in anticipation of its next eruption.},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2010.73},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Butterfield, D A and Embley, R W and Tunnicliffe, V and Huber, J A and Nooner, S L and Clague, D A}
}
@article {Joye2010,
	title = {{Biogeochemical signatures and microbial activity of different cold-seep habitats along the Gulf of Mexico deep slope}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1990{\textendash}2001},
	abstract = {Microorganisms and the processes they mediate serve as the metabolic foundation of cold seeps. We characterized a suite of biogeochemical constituents and quantified rates of two key microbial processes, Sulfate Reduction (SR) and Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM), to assess variability between habitats at water depths exceeding 1000 m in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Rates of SR were highest in sediments beneath microbial mats, lower in brine-influenced and oil-influenced sediments, and lowest in animal habitats. Sediments collected near tubeworms had the highest SR rates for animal habitats. Rates of AOM generally were low, but higher rates were associated with brine-influenced, oil-influenced, tubeworm- and urchin-inhabited sediments. Rates of both SR and AOM were orders of magnitude lower at deep-slope sites compared to upper-slope sites examined previously. As observed at upper-slope sites, SR and AOM rates were often loosely coupled. At one site, AOM rates exceeded SR rates, suggesting that an alternate electron acceptor for AOM is possible. Extremely depleted $δ$13C values in methane illustrated the broad significance of biogenic methane production at deep-slope sites. Brine-influenced habitats were characterized by extremely high concentrations of ammonium and dissolved organic carbon, serving as important focused sources of these chemicals to adjacent environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.06.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.06.001},
	author = {Joye, S B and Bowles, M W and Samarkin, V A and Hunter, K S and Niemann, H}
}
@article {Nevala2010,
	title = {{Building the next-generation Alvin: plan offers a roadmap to extend sub{\textquoteright}s diving capacity to 6,500 meters}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {48},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {12{\textendash}15},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Nevala, A E}
}
@article {German2010,
	title = {{Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {14020{\textendash}14025},
	abstract = {Thirty years after the first discovery of high-temperature submarine venting, the vast majority of the global mid-ocean ridge remains unexplored for hydrothermal activity. Of particular interest are the world{\textquoteright}s ultraslow spreading ridges that were the last to be demonstrated to host high-temperature venting but may host systems particularly relevant to prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life. Here we report evidence for previously unknown, diverse, and very deep hydrothermal vents along the similar to 110 km long, ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise (MCR). Our data indicate that the MCR hosts at least three discrete hydrothermal sites, each representing a different type of water-rock interaction, including both mafic and ultramafic systems and, at similar to 5,000 m, the deepest known hydrothermal vent. Although submarine hydrothermal circulation, in which seawater percolates through and reacts with host lithologies, occurs on all mid-ocean ridges, the diversity of vent types identified here and their relative geographic isolation make the MCR unique in the oceans. These new sites offer prospects for an expanded range of vent-fluid compositions, varieties of abiotic organic chemical synthesis and extremophile microorganisms, and unparalleled faunal biodiversity-all in close proximity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1009205107},
	author = {German, C R and Bowen, A and Coleman, M L and Honig, D L and Huber, J A and Jakuba, M V and Kinsey, J C and Kurz, M D and Leroy, S and McDermott, J M and de Lepinay, B M and Nakamura, K and Seewald, J S and Smith, J L and Sylva, S P and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@mastersthesis {Nakata2010,
	title = {{Syn-eruptive degassing of a single submarine lava flow : constraints on MORB CO2 variability, vesiculation, and eruption dynamics}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {63},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) exhibit a wide range of CO2 concentrations, reflecting saturation to supersaturation (and rarely undersaturation) relative to their emplacement depths. In this study, we explore the mechanisms of CO2 degassing and the implications this has for estimating the advance rates and durations of seafloor eruptions. We present dissolved volatile concentrations (mainly of CO2 and H2O) and vesicle size distributions (VSDs) for a unique suite of MORB glasses collected at the East Pacific Rise, {\~{}}9{\textdegree} 50' N. These MORB glasses were collected at {\~{}}200 m intervals along an across-axis track over a single flow pathway within the recently emplaced 2005-06 eruption boundaries; systematic sample collection provides one of the first opportunities to characterize intra-flow geochemical and physical evolution during a single eruption at a fast-spreading ridge. Compared to measurements of MORB volatiles globally, dissolved H2O concentrations are relatively uniform (0.10 - 0.16 weight percent), whereas dissolved CO2 contents exhibit a range of concentrations (154 - 278 ppm) and decrease with distance from the EPR axis (i.e., eruptive vent). Ion microprobe analyses of dissolved volatiles within the MORB glasses suggest that the magma erupted supersaturated (pressure equilibrium with 920 - 1224 mbsf) and in near-equilibrium with the melt lens of the axial magma chamber ({\~{}}1250 - 1500 mbsf), and degassed to near equilibrium (299 - 447 mbsf) with seafloor depths over the length of the flow. The decrease in CO2 concentrations spans nearly the full range of dissolved CO2 contents observed at the EPR and shows that the varying degrees of volatile saturation that have been observed in other MORB sample suites may be explained by degassing during emplacement. Vesicularity (0.1 - 1.2{\%}) increases with decreasing dissolved CO2 concentrations. We use vesicle size distributions (VSDs){\textemdash}vesicle sizes and number densities{\textemdash}to quantify the physical evolution of the CO2 degassing process. VSDs suggest that diffusion of CO2 into preexisting vesicles, and not nucleation of new vesicles, is the dominant mechanism of increasing CO2 in the vapor phase. We also use VSDs, along with estimates of vesicle growth rates, to constrain emplacement time of the 2005-06 eruption to {\textless}{\~{}}24 hours and to resolve variations in advance rate with downflow distance.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3933},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3933},
	author = {Nakata, D S}
}
@article {Thresher2010,
	title = {{Temperature effects on the calcite skeletal composition of deep-water gorgonians (isididae)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {16},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {4655{\textendash}4670},
	abstract = {We test for and calibrate a proxy for ocean temperature based on the skeletal composition of the widely distributed, deep-sea gorgonians in the family Isididae (bamboo corals), through use of three complementary methods: a short-term comparison of element/Ca ratios to a four-year temperature record, a long-term comparison with oceanographic records spanning forty years, and a geographic comparison of Isidids collected at sites ranging from the tropics to Antarctica. The assays consistently support a temperature-dependency for Mg/Ca ratios and suggest S/Ca is indirectly affected by temperature, but indicate little or no effect of temperature on P/Ca and Sr/Ca. The consensus relationship between Mg/Ca and temperature for Isidid calcite from the comparisons with the temperature time-series is T = -0.505 + 0.048 Mg/Ca, where T is in {\textdegree}C, Mg/Ca is in mmol/mol, and the applicable range is 3{\textendash}6 {\textdegree}C. The results of the geographic assay, though imprecise, suggest the applicable range extends to temperatures below freezing. The scatter of data points around the regression of temperature and Mg/Ca is wide in all assays. This could reflect the effect of factors other than temperature on Mg/Ca ratios, but is also likely to reflect limitations of the field data, the effects of assumed constant growth rates in the corals and instrumental analytical error. The combined effects of micro-scale variability in growth rates and wide confidence intervals for each data point suggests that environmental reconstruction from Isidid internode calcite from sparse data or at time scales less than decades be done with caution. Comparisons within and among colonies do not indicate strong vital effects on ontogenetic variability in the corals, other than possibly close to the central pore of the coral. However, similar Mg/Ca ratios for Isidids from Antarctic and more temperate regions suggest adaptation to local conditions and hence a role for physiology at higher taxonomic levels, at least. Taxonomically higher level vital effects are also suggested by large differences between gorgonian families in their regressions between Mg/Ca and temperature, by Mg/Ca ratios that overlap over a wide temperature and habitat range, and for a non-linear relationship between temperature and the slope of the Mg/Ca-temperature relationship across the order.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.024},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.024},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Wilson, N C and MacRae, C M and Neil, H}
}
@article {ISI:000275658000010,
	title = {{Vacuolate-attached filaments: highly productive Ridgeia piscesae epibionts at the Juan de Fuca hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {157},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {791{\textendash}800},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Vacuolate sulfur bacteria with high morphological similarity to vacuolate-attached filaments previously described from shallow hydrothermal vents (White Point, CA) were found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. These filamentous bacteria grow in dense mats that cover surfaces and potentially provide a significant source of organic carbon where they occur. Vacuolate-attached filaments were collected near vents at the Clam Bed site of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and from the sediment surface at Escanaba Trough on the Gorda Ridge. A phylogenetic analysis comparing their 16S rRNA gene sequences to those collected from the shallow White Point site showed that all vacuolate-attached filament sequences form a monophyletic group within the vacuolate sulfur-oxidizing bacteria clade in the gamma proteobacteria. Abundance of the attached filaments was quantified over the length of the exterior surface of the tubes of Ridgeia piscesae worms collected from the Clam Bed site at Juan de Fuca yielding a per worm average of 0.070 +/- A 0.018 cm(3) (n = 4). In agreement with previous results for White Point filaments, anion measurements by ion chromatography showed no detectable internal nitrate concentrations above ambient seawater (n = 9). For one R. piscesae tube worm {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}bush{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} at the Easter Island vent site, potential gross epibiont productivity is estimated to be 15 to 45x the net productivity of the worms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-009-1362-3},
	author = {Kalanetra, Karen M and Nelson, Douglas C}
}
@article {Rathburn2009,
	title = {{Geological and biological heterogeneity of the Aleutian Margin (1965{\textendash}4822 m)}},
	journal = {Progress In Oceanography},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {22{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	author = {Rathburn, A E and Levin, L A and Tryon, M D and Gieskes, J M and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Fodrie, F J and Neira, C and Fryer, G L and Mendoza, G F and McMillan, P A and Kluesner, J and Adamic, J and Ziebis, W}
}
@article {Nevala2009,
	title = {{Jason encounters the carnivorous sea squirt}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {47},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {7},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=56367{\&}sectionid=1021},
	author = {Nevala, A E and Lippsett, L}
}
@article {Sherman2009,
	title = {{Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {279},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {86{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032},
	author = {Sherman, L S and Blum, J D and Nordstrom, D K and McCleskey, R B and Barkay, T and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Nevala2009a,
	title = {{A new deep-sea robot call Sentry complete first mission}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {47},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {10},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=55446{\&}sectionid=1021},
	author = {Nevala, A E and Lippsett, L}
}
@article {Nees2009,
	title = {{Pre- and post-eruption diffuse flow variability among tubeworm habitats at 9 degrees 50' north on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1607{\textendash}1615},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.007},
	author = {Nees, H A and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Ondreas2009,
	title = {{Recent volcanic events and the distribution of hydrothermal venting at the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {Q02006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002171},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002171},
	author = {Ondreas, H and Cannat, M and Fouquet, Y and Normand, A and Sarradin, P -M and Sarrazin, J}
}
@article {Moore2009,
	title = {{Time-series chemical and temperature habitat characterization of diffuse flow hydrothermal sites at 9 degrees 50'N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1616{\textendash}1621},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.008},
	author = {Moore, T S and Shank, T M and Nuzzio, D B and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Nooner2009,
	title = {{Volcanic inflation measured in the caldera of Axial Seamount: Implications for magma supply and future eruptions}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {Q02002},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002315},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002315},
	author = {Nooner, S L and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Melchert2008,
	title = {{First evidence for high-temperature off-axis venting of deep crustal/mantle heat: The Nibelungen hydrothermal field, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {61{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	author = {Melchert, B and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Seifert, R and Walter, M and Mertens, C and Yoerger, D R and Baker, E T and Paulick, H and Nakamura, K}
}
@article {German2008,
	title = {{Hydrothermal exploration with the Autonomous Benthic Explorer}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {203{\textendash}219},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.004},
	author = {German, C R and Yoerger, D R and Jakuba, M V and Shank, T M and Langmuir, C H and Nakamura, K I}
}
@article {Nees2008,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent mussel habitat chemistry, pre- and post-eruption at 9 degrees 50'North on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {169{\textendash}175},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[169:HVMHCP]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[169:HVMHCP]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Nees, H A and Moore, T S and Mullaugh, K M and Holyoke, R R and Janzen, C P and Ma, S and Metzger, E and Waite, T J and Yucel, M and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Vetriani, C and Nuzzio, D B and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Lutz2008,
	title = {{Interrelationships between vent fluid chemistry, temperature, seismic activity, and biological community structure at a mussel-dominated, deep-sea hydrothermal vent along the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {177{\textendash}190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Luther, G W and Vetriani, C and Tolstoy, M and Nuzzio, D B and Moore, T S and Waldhauser, F and Crespo-Medina, M and Chatziefthimiou, A D and Annis, E R and Reed, A J}
}
@article {Drazen2008,
	title = {{Lipid, sterols and fatty acid composition of abyssal holothurians and ophiuroids from the North-East Pacific Ocean: Food web implications}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.013},
	author = {Drazen, J C and Phleger, C F and Guest, M A and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Luther2008,
	title = {{Use of voltammetric solid-state (micro)electrodes for studying biogeochemical processes: Laboratory measurements to real time measurements with an in situ electrochemical analyzer (ISEA)}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {221{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B T and Ma, S and Trouwborst, R E and Moore, T S and Metzger, E and Kraiya, C and Waite, T J and Druschel, G and Sundby, B and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Shank, T M and Lewis, B L and Brendel, P J}
}
@article {Waite2008,
	title = {{Variation in sulfur speciation with shellfish presence at a Lau Basin diffuse flow vent site}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {163{\textendash}168},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Waite, T J and Moore, T S and Childress, J J and Hsu-Kim, H and Mullaugh, K M and Nuzzio, D B and Paschal, A N and Tsang, J and Fisher, C R and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Garcia2008,
	title = {{Widespread secondary volcanism near northern Hawaiian Islands}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {89},
	number = {52},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {542{\textendash}543},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/2008EO520002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008EO520002},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Ito, G and Weis, D and Geist, D J and Swinnard, L and Bianco, T and Flinders, A and Taylor, B and Appelgate, B and Blay, C and Hanano, D and Silva, I N and Naumann, T and Maerschalk, C and Harpp, K S and Christensen, B and Sciaroni, L and Tagami, T and Yamasaki, S}
}
@article {Roberts2007a,
	title = {{Alvin explores the deep northern Gulf of Mexico Slope}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {88},
	number = {35},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {341{\textendash}342},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/2007EO350001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007EO350001},
	author = {Roberts, H and Carney, R and Kupchik, M and Fisher, C R and Nelson, Kim and Becker, E and Goehring, E and Lessard-Pilon, S and Telesnicki, G and Bernard, B and Brooks, J and Bright, M and Cordes, E and Hourdez, S and Hunt, J and Shedd, W and Boland, G and Joye, S and Samarkin, V and Bernier, M and Bowles, M and MacDonald, I and Niemann, H and Petersen, C and Morrison, C and Potter, J}
}
@article {Embley2007,
	title = {{Exploring the submarine ring of fire: Mariana Arc-Western Pacific}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.07},
	author = {Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Chadwick, W W and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and de Ronde, C E J and Nakamura, K I and Tunnicliffe, V and Dower, J F and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Nishi2007,
	title = {{A new species of Phyllochaetopterus (Chaetopteridae : Annelida) from near hydrothermal vents in the Lau Basin, western Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	number = {1621},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {55{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/z01621p064f.pdf},
	author = {Nishi, E and Rouse, G W}
}
@article {Nevala2007a,
	title = {{Phone call links inner and outer space}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {38},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=32251{\&}archives=true},
	author = {Nevala, A E}
}
@article {Gollner2007,
	title = {{Tubeworm-associated permanent meiobenthic communities from two chemically different hydrothermal vent sites on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {337},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {39{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps337039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps337039},
	author = {Gollner, S and Zekeley, J and Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Nemeschkal, H L and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Nevala2007,
	title = {{Undersea eruption traps devices on the bottom of the Pacific}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {6},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=27286{\&}archives=true},
	author = {Nevala, A E}
}
@article {Gollner2006,
	title = {{Benthic copepod communities associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {397{\textendash}402},
	abstract = {Variability in the structure of the meiobenthic copepod communities was studied among three vent sites on the East Pacific Rise. One of the sites was dominated by the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus, and the other two of the sites were dominated by the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. In addition to the differences in the dominant megafauna, the maximum temperatures were much lower at the mussel-dominated sites, and the temperature to sulfide ratio was different between the tubeworm-dominated sites. A total of 22 vent endemic siphonostomatoid copepod species and 5 harpacticoid copepod species were identified among the three sites. Copepod abundance was low at all sites (},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Gollner, S and Zekely, Julia and Van Dover, C L and Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Nemeschkal, H L and Bright, M}
}
@article {Ludwig2006,
	title = {{Formation and evolution of carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {70},
	number = {14},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3625{\textendash}3645},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016},
	author = {Ludwig, K A and Kelley, D S and Butterfield, D A and Nelson, B K and Fruh-Green, G L}
}
@article {Nussbaumer2006,
	title = {{Horizontal endosymbiont transmission in hydrothermal vent tubeworms}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {441},
	number = {7091},
	year = {2006},
	month = {may},
	pages = {345{\textendash}348},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature04793},
	author = {Nussbaumer, A D and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Zekely2006,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent meiobenthos associated with mytilid mussel aggregations from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {53},
	number = {8},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1363{\textendash}1378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2006.05.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2006.05.010},
	author = {Zekely, J and Van Dover, C L and Nemeschkal, H L and Bright, M}
}
@article {Nevala2006,
	title = {{Jason versus the volcano}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {45},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {4{\textendash}5},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=14507{\&}archives=true},
	author = {Nevala, A E}
}
@article {Wanless2006,
	title = {{Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai{\textquoteright}i}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q05001},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001086},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001086},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Garcia, M O and Trusdell, F A and Rhodes, J M and Norman, M D and Weis, D and Fornari, D J and Kurz, M D and Guillou, H}
}
@article {Nevala2006a,
	title = {{What{\textquoteright}s white, long-armed, shaggy-but not abominable?}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {45},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {11},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=12327{\&}archives=true},
	author = {Nevala, A E}
}
@article {Nevala2005,
	title = {{Alvin{\textquoteright}s pilots a tight-knit group with the {\textquoteright}right stuff{\textquoteright} to guide a submersible on the seafloor}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {44},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {26{\textendash}31},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Nevala, A E and Lippsett, L}
}
@article {Lanoil2005,
	title = {{Archaeal diversity in ODP legacy borehole 892b and associated seawater and sediments of the Cascadia Margin}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {167{\textendash}177},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.015},
	author = {Lanoil, B D and La Duc, M T and Wright, M and Kastner, M and Nealson, K H and Bartlett, D H}
}
@article {Phleger2005a,
	title = {{Lipid biomarkers of deep-sea hydrothermal vent polychaetes - Alvinella pompejana, A-caudata, Paralvinella grasslei and Hesiolyra bergii}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {12},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2333{\textendash}2352},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2005.08.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.08.001},
	author = {Phleger, C F and Nelson, M M and Groce, A K and Cary, S C and Coyne, K J and Gibson, J A E and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Phleger2005,
	title = {{Lipid composition of deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia packyptila, crabs Munidopsis subsquatnosa and Bythograea thermydron, mussels Bathymodiolus sp and limpets Lepetodrilus spp}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	volume = {141},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {196{\textendash}210},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.03.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.03.001},
	author = {Phleger, C F and Nelson, M M and Groce, A K and Cary, S C and Coyne, K J and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Karson2005,
	title = {{Nested-scale investigation of tectonic windows into super-fast spread crust exposed at the Pito Deep Rift}},
	journal = {InterRidge Newsletter},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {5{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.interridge.org/files/interridge/IR{\_}news{\_}14.pdf},
	author = {Karson, J A and Francheteau, J and Gee, J S and Gillis, K M and Hayman, N W and Hekinian, R and Hey, R N and Hurst, S D and Klein, E M and Naar, D P and Varga, R J and Party, Pito Deep 2005 Scientific}
}
@article {Nooner2003,
	title = {{Structure of oceanic core complexes: Constraints from seafloor gravity measurements made at the Atlantis Massif}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {30},
	number = {8},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1446},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GL017126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017126},
	author = {Nooner, S L and Sasagawa, G S and Blackman, D K and Zumberge, M A}
}
@article {Blackman2002,
	title = {{Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {443{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S and Cann, J R and Fruh-Green, G L and Gee, J S and Hurst, S D and John, B E and Morgan, J and Nooner, S L and Ross, D K and Schroeder, T J and Williams, E A}
}
@inbook {Nuzzio2002,
	title = {{In situ voltammetry at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Environmental electrochemistry: Analyses of trace element biogeochemistry},
	series = {American Chemical Society Symposium Series},
	number = {811},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {40{\textendash}51},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	organization = {American Chemical Society},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0841237743},
	url = {http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/delu/delur02003.pdf},
	author = {Nuzzio, D B and Taillefert, M and Cary, S C and Reysenbach, A -L and Luther, G W}
}
@article {McManus2002,
	title = {{Oceanic molybdenum isotope fractionation: Diagenesis and hydrothermal ridge-flank alteration}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 1078},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000356},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000356},
	author = {McManus, J and N{\"a}gler, T F and Siebert, C and Wheat, C G and Hammond, D}
}
@article {Luther2001,
	title = {{Chemical speciation drives hydrothermal vent ecology}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {410},
	number = {6830},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {813{\textendash}816},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35071069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35071069},
	author = {Luther, G W and Rozan, T F and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Di Meo, C A and Shank, T M and Lutz, R A and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Butterfield2001,
	title = {{Evidence for basaltic Sr in midocean ridge-flank hydrothermal systems and implications for the global oceanic Sr isotope balance}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	number = {22},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4141{\textendash}4153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Nelson, B K and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Roe, K K}
}
@article {Luther2001a,
	title = {{Sulfur speciation monitored in situ with solid state gold amalgam voltammetric microelectrodes: Polysulfides as a special case in sediments, microbial mats and hydrothermal vent waters}},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {61{\textendash}66},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1464-0325},
	doi = {10.1039/b006499h},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b006499h},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B Y and Hohmann, L and Popp, J I and Taillefert, M and Rozan, T F and Brendel, P J and Theberge, S M and Nuzzio, D B}
}
@article {Nelson2000,
	title = {{Absence of cospeciation in deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworms and their bacterial symbionts}},
	journal = {Symbiosis},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1{\textendash}15},
	author = {Nelson, K and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Taillefert2000,
	title = {{The application of electrochemical tools for in situ measurements in aquatic systems}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {12},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {401{\textendash}412},
	issn = {1521-4109},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(20000401)12:6<401::AID-ELAN401>3.3.CO;2-L},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(20000401)12:6{\%}3C401::AID-ELAN401{\%}3E3.3.CO 2-L},
	author = {Taillefert, M and Luther, G W and Nuzzio, D B}
}
@inbook {Williams2000,
	title = {{Autonomous underwater simultaneous localisation and map building}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings: 2000 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation April 24-28, 2000, San Francisco Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, California},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1793{\textendash}1798},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-5886-4},
	doi = {10.1109/ROBOT.2000.844855},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2000.844855},
	author = {Williams, S and Newman, B and Dissanayake, P and Gamini, D W}
}
@article {Kolber2000,
	title = {{Bacterial photosynthesis in the surface waters of the open ocean}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {407},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {177{\textendash}179},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35025044},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025044},
	author = {Kolber, Z S and Van Dover, C L and Niederman, R A and Falkowski, P G}
}
@article {Kobayashi2000,
	title = {{The bacterium isolated from Hirondellea gigas (Shinkaioosokoebi)}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {19{\textendash}22},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}03.pdf},
	author = {Kobayashi, H and Nagahama, T}
}
@inbook {Coleman2000,
	title = {{Design and implementation of advanced underwater imaging systems for deep sea marine archaeological surveys}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {661{\textendash}665},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881329},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881329},
	author = {Coleman, D F and Newman, J B and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Johnson2000,
	title = {{Earthquake-induced changes in a hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {407},
	number = {6801},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {174{\textendash}177},
	publisher = {Macmillian Magazines Ltd},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35025040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025040},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Hutnak, M and Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Urcuyo, I and Cowen, J P and Nabelek, J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Auzende2000,
	title = {{The eastern and western tips of Manus Basin (Papua, New Guinea) explored by submersible: MANAUTE cruise}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciences. S{\'e}rie II, M{\'e}canique, physique, chimie, sciences de l{\textquoteright}univers, sciences de la terre},
	volume = {331},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {119{\textendash}126},
	issn = {0764-4450},
	doi = {10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ishibashi, J and Beaudoin, Y and Charlou, J L and Delteil, J and Donval, J P and Fouquet, Y and Gouillou, J P and Ildefonse, B and Kimura, H and Nishio, Y and Radford-Knoery, J and Ruellan, E}
}
@article {Lipman2000,
	title = {{In search of ancestral Kilauea Volcano}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {12},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1079{\textendash}1082},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<1079:ISOAKV>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28{\%}3C1079:ISOAKV{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Lipman, P W and Sisson, T W and Ui, T and Naka, J}
}
@article {Takeuchi2000,
	title = {{Large earthquakes and bottom disturbances in the Okushiri Ridge along the eastern margin of Japan Sea}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {29{\textendash}46},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}02{\_}04.pdf},
	author = {Takeuchi, A and Okamura, Y and Kato, Y and Ikehara, K and Zhang, J and Satake, K and Nagao, T and Hirano, M and Watanabe, M}
}
@article {Paull2000,
	title = {{Lithoherms on the Florida-Hatteras Slope}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {166},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {83{\textendash}101},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00003-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00003-7},
	author = {Paull, C K and Neumann, A C and am Ende, B A and Ussler, W and Rodriguez, N M}
}
@article {Galgani2000,
	title = {{Litter on the sea floor along European coasts}},
	journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	volume = {40},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {516{\textendash}527},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9},
	author = {Galgani, F and Leaute, J P and Moguedet, P and Souplet, A and Verin, Y and Carpentier, A and Goraguer, H and Latrouite, D and Andral, B and Cadiou, Y and Mahe, J C and Poulard, J C and Nerisson, P}
}
@article {Driscoll2000a,
	title = {{The motion of a deep-sea remotely operated vehicle system: part 1: motion observations}},
	journal = {Ocean Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {29{\textendash}56},
	issn = {0029-8018},
	doi = {10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00076-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00076-6},
	author = {Driscoll, F R and Lueck, R G and Nahon, M}
}
@article {Driscoll2000,
	title = {{The motion of a deep-sea remotely operated vehicle system: part 2: analytical model}},
	journal = {Ocean Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {57{\textendash}76},
	issn = {0029-8018},
	doi = {10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00077-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00077-8},
	author = {Driscoll, F R and Lueck, R G and Nahon, M}
}
@article {Negahdaripour2000,
	title = {{Motion-based compression of underwater video imagery for the operations of unmanned submersible vehicles}},
	journal = {Computer Vision and Image Understanding},
	volume = {79},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {162{\textendash}183},
	issn = {1077-3142},
	doi = {10.1006/cviu.2000.0845},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cviu.2000.0845},
	author = {Negahdaripour, S and Khamene, A}
}
@article {Newman2000,
	title = {{A new genus and species of barnacle (Cirripedia, Verrucomorpha) associated with vents of the Lau Back-Arc Basin: its gross morphology, inferred first juvenile stage and affinities}},
	journal = {Zoosystema},
	volume = {22},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {71{\textendash}84},
	issn = {1280-9551},
	url = {http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/zoosyst/z00n1a4.pdf},
	author = {Newman, W A and Tavares, M}
}
@article {Tsuchida2000,
	title = {{Preliminary report of a biological, geological, and geochemical survey on hydrothermalism at the Hotoma and Minna Knolls SF sub(6) tracer experiment to observe the behavior of hydrothermal plume at South East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {35{\textendash}42},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}06.pdf},
	author = {Tsuchida, S and Watanabe, K and Ishibashi, J and Miyake, H and Watabe, H and Yamaguchi, T and Kitajima, T and Nakano, A and Matsumura, M and Watanabe, H and Tsumune, D and Shitashima, K and Okamura, K and Urabe, T and Nakamura, K and Fujimoto, H and Mitsuzawa, K}
}
@article {Naka2000,
	title = {{Preliminary results of the Deep Sea Research Cruises around Hawaiian Islands using ROV KAIKO and R/V KAIREI in 1998 and DSRV SHINKAI 6500 and R/V YOKOSUKA in 1999}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1{\textendash}12},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}01.pdf},
	author = {Naka, J}
}
@article {Dziak2000,
	title = {{Recent tectonics of the Blanco Ridge, eastern blanco transform fault zone}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {423{\textendash}450},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Embley, R W and Nabelek, J L and Braunmiller, J and Koski, R A}
}
@inbook {Xu1999,
	title = {{Automatic optical station keeping and navigation of an ROV; sea trial experiments}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}99 MTS/IEEE: Riding the crest into the 21st century},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {71{\textendash}76},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-5629-2},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1999.799709},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1999.799709},
	author = {Xu, X and Negahdaripour, S}
}
@article {Yanagibayashi1999,
	title = {{Changes in bacterial community in Japan Trench sediment during cultivation without decompression}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {553{\textendash}560},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}47.pdf},
	author = {Yanagibayashi, M and Kato, C and Li, L and Nogi, Y and Inada, T and Taira, K and Kikuma, T and Suzuki, K and Horikoshi, K}
}
@article {Matsumoto1999,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic communities and surface ruptures discovered on the Kuroshima Knoll south of Yaeyama Islands (NT97-14 Cruise)}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {477{\textendash}491},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}39.pdf},
	author = {Matsumoto, T and Kimura, M and Nishida, S and Nakamura, T and Ono, T}
}
@article {Ishibashi1999,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of hydrothermal activities along the S-EPR by Shinkai 6500}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {53{\textendash}59},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}05.pdf},
	author = {Ishibashi, J and Okamura, K and Tsumune, D and Nakamura, K and Urabe, T and Shitashima, K and Roe, K and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {Hashimoto1999,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent communities in the PACMANUS site, Manus Basin. Results of the BIOACCESS Cruise {\textquoteright}96 in the Manus Basin}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {91{\textendash}102},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}09.pdf},
	author = {Hashimoto, J and Ota, S and Auzende, J M and Fiala-Medioni, A and Miura, T and Nishimura, K and Malagun, S and Kikuchi, T and Ishibashi, J}
}
@article {Normark1999,
	title = {{Late Pleistocene channel-levee development on Monterey submarine fan, central California}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {179{\textendash}188},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s003670050066},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003670050066},
	author = {Normark, W R}
}
@article {Mochizuki1999,
	title = {{Long-term ocean bottom earthquake observation in the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {43{\textendash}51},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}04.pdf},
	author = {Mochizuki, M and Kanazawa, T and Nishizawa, A and Kishimoto, K and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Slowey1999,
	title = {{Submarine outcrop and acoustic expression of lithified sediment layers in northwest Providence Channel, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {18},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {292{\textendash}296},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s003670050082},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003670050082},
	author = {Slowey, N C and Neumann, A C and Burns, S J}
}
@article {Mitsuzawa1999,
	title = {{Ten-days observation period on a low-temperature hydrothermal field at the Southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {79{\textendash}90},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}08.pdf},
	author = {Mitsuzawa, K and Sugawara, T and Nakamura, K and Urabe, T and Fujioka, K}
}
@article {Matsubayashi1998,
	title = {{Array observation of seabottom temperature at a diffusive hydrothermal area within DESMOS Caldera in Manus Basin}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {117{\textendash}126},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}11.pdf},
	author = {Matsubayashi, O and Nishimura, K and Kinoshita, M and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Toyokawa1998,
	title = {{Cnidarians and ctenophores observed from the manned submersible Shinkai 2000 in the midwater of Sagami Bay, Pacific coast of Japan}},
	journal = {Plankton Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {61{\textendash}74},
	issn = {1343-0874},
	url = {http://www.plankton.jp/PBE/issue/vol45{\_}1/vol45{\_}1{\_}061.html},
	author = {Toyokawa, M and Toda, T and Kikuchi, T and Nishida, S}
}
@article {Nasdala1998,
	title = {{Gordaite [Zn4Na(OH)6(SO4)Cl{\textperiodcentered}6H2O]: Second occurrence in the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and new data}},
	journal = {American Mineralogist},
	volume = {83},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1111{\textendash}1116},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-004X},
	url = {http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/TOC/Articles{\_}Free/1998/Nasdala{\_}p1111-1116{\_}98.pdf},
	author = {Nasdala, L}
}
@inbook {Kleinrock1996,
	title = {{Detailed structure and morphology of the TAG active hydrothermal mound and its geotectonic environment}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Humphris, S E and Shaw, P and Bowen, A and Crook, T and Davis, C S and Elder, R and Gleason, D E and Goff, J and Goldstein, L and Handley, W and Howland, J and Hussenoeder, S and Koga, K and Lerner, S and Nakamura, K and Rashid, M and Reiser Wetzel, L and Sellers, W and Sulanowska, M and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@article {Rona1996,
	title = {{Heat flow and mineralogy of TAG relict high-temperature hydrothermal zones: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26 degrees N, 45 degrees W}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3507{\textendash}3510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL03257},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL03257},
	author = {Rona, P A and Petersen, S and Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P and Hannington, M D and Herzig, P M and Naka, J and Lalou, C and Thompson, G}
}
@article {McHatton1996,
	title = {{High nitrate concentrations in vacuolate, autotrophic marine Beggiatoa spp.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {62},
	number = {3},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {954{\textendash}958},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/62/3/954},
	author = {McHatton, S C and Barry, J P and Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C}
}
@article {Batiza1996,
	title = {{New evidence from Alvin for the origin of deep-sea eruptive hyaloclastite on Seamount 6; Cocos Plate, 12 degrees 43{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {77},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {319},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Batiza, R and Becker, N and Bercovici, D and Coleman, T and Gorman, T and Head, J W and Holloway, L and Karsten, J and Kelly, A and Keszthelyi, L P and Maicher, D and Mueller, W and Muller, J and Norby, L and Paduan, J and Parker, G and Prockter, L and Stakes, D and White, J}
}
@inbook {Nelson1995a,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbiotic bacteria at deep-sea vents and seeps}},
	booktitle = {Microbiology of Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {125{\textendash}167},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	address = {Boca Raton, Fla.},
	isbn = {0-8493-8860-0},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Karl, D M}
}
@article {Nelson1995,
	title = {{The gill symbiont of a hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, is a psychrophilic, chemoautotrophic sulfur bacterium}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {121},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {487{\textendash}495},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00349457},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349457},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Hagen, K D and Edwards, D B}
}
@article {Nelson1995b,
	title = {{Physiology and biochemistry of symbiotic and free-living chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria}},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	volume = {35},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {91{\textendash}101},
	issn = {0003-1569},
	doi = {10.1093/icb/35.2.91},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/35.2.91},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Hagen, K D}
}
@article {Laue1994,
	title = {{Characterization of the gene encoding the autotrophic ATP sulfurylase from the bacterial endosymbiont of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {176},
	number = {12},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {3723{\textendash}3729},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	url = {http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/176/12/3723},
	author = {Laue, B E and Nelson, D C}
}
@article {Scott1994,
	title = {{Effects of inorganic carbon concentrations, pH, and temperature on autotrophic carbon fixation by the chemoautotrophic symbionts of Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {67},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {617{\textendash}638},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Scott, K M and Fisher, C R and Vodenichar, J S and Nix, E and Minnich, E}
}
@article {Hey1992,
	title = {{Alvin investigation of an active propagating rift system, Galapagos 95.5 degrees west}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {207{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01270630},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01270630},
	author = {Hey, R N and Sinton, J M and Kleinrock, M C and Yonover, R N and Macdonald, K C and Miller, S P and Searle, R C and Christie, D M and Atwater, T M and Sleep, N H and Johnson, H P and Neal, C A}
}
@article {Lutz1992,
	title = {{Biological and geological baseline along the BIOTRANSECT - East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 49.61{\textquoteright} - 50.35{\textquoteright}N: Short-term temporal variations after the 1991 eruption}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Black, M B and Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Nelson, D and Perfit, M R and Shanks, W C and Lilley, M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Haymon1992,
	title = {{Dramatic short-term changes observed during March {\textquoteright}92 to April {\textquoteright}91 eruption site on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 45-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Lutz, R and Perfit, M and Macdonald, K and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Shanks, W C and Nelson, D and Edwards, M and Kappus, M and Colodner, D and Wright, D and Scherier, D and Black, M and Edmonds, H and Olson, E and Geiselman, T}
}
@inbook {Nelson1992,
	title = {{The genus Beggiatoa}},
	booktitle = {Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications},
	volume = {2nd},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3171{\textendash}3180},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-387-97258-7},
	author = {Nelson, D C},
	editor = {Balows, A}
}
@inbook {Wirsen1992,
	title = {{Physiological studies on a hyperthermophilic archea from a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent}},
	booktitle = {Short Communications of the 1991 International Marine Biotechnology Conference, IMBC {\textquoteright}91},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {36{\textendash}38},
	publisher = {W. C. Brown},
	organization = {W. C. Brown},
	address = {Dubuque, Iowa},
	isbn = {0-697-20639-4},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Hoaki, T and Maruyama, T and Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Nash, C C}
}
@article {Renosto1991,
	title = {{ATP sulfurylase from trophosome tissue of Riftia pachyptila (hydrothermal vent tube worm)}},
	journal = {Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics},
	volume = {290},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {66{\textendash}78},
	issn = {0003-9361},
	doi = {10.1016/0003-9861(91)90592-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(91)90592-7},
	author = {Renosto, F and Martin, R L and Borrell, J L and Nelson, D C and Segel, I H}
}
@article {Edwards1991,
	title = {{DNA-DNA solution hybridization studies of the bacterial symbionts of hydrothermal vent tube worms (Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana)}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {57},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1082{\textendash}1088},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/4/1082},
	author = {Edwards, D B and Nelson, D C}
}
@article {Mamaloukas-Frangoulis1991,
	title = {{In-situ study of eastern ridge-transform intersection of the Vema Fracture Zone}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {55{\textendash}71},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90354-U},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90354-U},
	author = {Mamaloukas-Frangoulis, V and Auzende, J M and Bideau, D and Bonatti, E and Cannat, M and Honnorez, J and Lagabrielle, Y and Malavielle, J and M{\'e}vel, C and Needham, H D}
}
@article {Taylor1990,
	title = {{Alvin-Seabeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {127{\textendash}147},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	author = {Taylor, B and Brown, G and Fryer, P and Gill, J B and Hochstaedter, A G and Hotta, H and Langmuir, C H and Leinen, M and Nishimura, A and Urabe, T}
}
@inbook {Morton1990,
	title = {{Distribution and composition of massive sulfide deposits at Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Gorda Ridge: A seafloor spreading center in the United States{\textquoteright} Exclusive Economic Zone: Proceedings of the Gorda Ridge symposium, May 11-13, 1987, Portland, Oregon},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {77{\textendash}92},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0387970347},
	author = {Morton, J L and Koski, R A and Normark, W R and Ross, S L},
	editor = {McMurray, G R}
}
@inbook {Stein1990a,
	title = {{Diversity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase genes in sulfur oxidizing symbiosis}},
	booktitle = {Endocytobiology IV: 4th International Colloquium on Endocytobiology and Symbiosis},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {343{\textendash}348},
	publisher = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	organization = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	address = {Paris},
	isbn = {2-7380-0241-2},
	author = {Stein, J L and Haygood, M and Felbeck, H},
	editor = {Nardon, P}
}
@article {Newman1990a,
	title = {{Fiber-optic data network for the Argo/Jason vehicle systems}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {15},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {66{\textendash}71},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.50691},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.50691},
	author = {Newman, J B}
}
@article {Embley1990,
	title = {{Geological setting of chemosynthetic communities in the Monterey Fan Valley system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {11},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1651{\textendash}1667},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	author = {Embley, R W and Eittreim, S L and McHugh, C H and Normark, W R and Rau, G H and Hecker, B and DeBevoise, A E and Greene, H G and Ryan, W B F and Harrold, C and Baxter, C}
}
@article {Paull1990,
	title = {{Geology of the strata exposed on the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {177{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	author = {Paull, C K and Freeman-Lynde, R and Bralower, T J and Garsemal, J M and Neumann, A C and D{\textquoteright}Argenio, B and Marsella, E}
}
@book {Newman1990,
	title = {{Jason computers, sensors and software}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	volume = {1-90},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {28},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Newman, J B}
}
@inbook {Fiala-Medioni1990,
	title = {{Lysosomic resorption of bacterial symbionts in deep-sea bivalves}},
	booktitle = {Endocytobiology IV: 4th International Colloquium on Endocytobiology and Symbiosis},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {3335{\textendash}3338},
	publisher = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	organization = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	address = {Paris},
	isbn = {2-7380-0241-2},
	author = {Fiala-Medioni, A and Felbeck, H and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Vetter, R D},
	editor = {Nardon, P}
}
@article {Sanford1990,
	title = {{Modern sedimentary processes in the Wilmington Canyon area, U.S. east coast}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {92},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {205{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90004-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90004-4},
	author = {Sanford, M W and Kuehl, S A and Nittrouer, C A}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1990,
	title = {{Symbiosis of bacteria with invertebrates in the deep sea}},
	booktitle = {Endocytobiology IV: 4th International Colloquium on Endocytobiology and Symbiosis},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {327{\textendash}334},
	publisher = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	organization = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	address = {Paris},
	isbn = {2-73800-241-2},
	author = {Felbeck, H},
	editor = {Nardon, P}
}
@article {Neuner1990,
	title = {{Thermococcus litoralis sp. nov.: a novel species of extremely thermophilic marine archaebacteria}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {153},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {205{\textendash}207},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00247822},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247822},
	author = {Neuner, A and Jannasch, H W and Belkin, S and Stetter, K O}
}
@article {Hochstaedter1990a,
	title = {{Volcanism in the Sumisu Rift I: Major element, volatile and stable isotope geochemistry}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {179{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	author = {Hochstaedter, A G and Gill, J B and Kusakabe, M and Newman, S and Pringle, M and Taylor, B and Fryer, P}
}
@article {Nelson1989,
	title = {{Characterization of large, autotrophic Beggiatoa spp. abundant at hydrothermal vents of the Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {11},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {2909{\textendash}2917},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=203190{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1989,
	title = {{Control of remotely operated vehicles for precise survey}},
	booktitle = {Intervention {\textquoteright}89 conference and exposition},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {123{\textendash}127},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Newman, J B}
}
@article {Batiza1989,
	title = {{Geological and petrologic evolution of seamounts near the EPR based on submersible and camera study}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {169{\textendash}236},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00340203},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340203},
	author = {Batiza, R and Smith, T L and Niu, Y}
}
@article {Noble1989,
	title = {{Internal tidal currents over the summit of Cross Seamount}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {36},
	number = {12},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1791{\textendash}1802},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(89)90112-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90112-X},
	author = {Noble, M and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Jannasch1989a,
	title = {{Massive natural occurrence of unusually large bacteria (Beggiatoa sp.) at a hydrothermal deep-sea vent site}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {342},
	number = {6251},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {834{\textendash}836},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/342834a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/342834a0},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C and Wirsen, C O}
}
@book {Eittreim1989,
	title = {{Observations in Monterey Canyon and fan valley using the submersible Alvin and a photographic sled}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {28},
	publisher = {United States Geological Survey},
	organization = {United States Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr89291},
	author = {Eittreim, S L and Embley, R W and Normark, W R and Greene, H G and McHugh, C M and Ryan, W B F}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1988,
	title = {{Design and control of Jason}},
	booktitle = {Intervention {\textquoteright}88, April 17-20: Underwater Technology Conference, 1988},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {541{\textendash}553},
	publisher = {Det norske Veritas},
	organization = {Det norske Veritas},
	address = {Bergen, Norway},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {8299113423},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and von Alt, C and Newman, J B and Bowen, A and Hersey, W J},
	editor = {Atteraas, L}
}
@article {Karl1988,
	title = {{A microbiological study of Guaymas Basin high temperature hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {777{\textendash}791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	author = {Karl, D M and Taylor, G T and Novitsky, J A and Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Pace, N R and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Fisher1988a,
	title = {{Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at Rose Garden}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1769{\textendash}1791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Felbeck, H and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Culver1988,
	title = {{Observations of a fast burst of the deep western boundary undercurrent and sediment transport in South Wilmington Canyon from DSRVAlvin}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {159{\textendash}165},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02326092},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02326092},
	author = {Culver, S J and Brunner, C A and Nittrouer, C A}
}
@article {Fisher1988b,
	title = {{Physiology, morphology, and biochemical composition of Riftia pachyptila at Rose Garden in 1985}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1745{\textendash}1758},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D and Favuzzi, J A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Williams1988,
	title = {{Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase of the procaryotic symbiont of a hydrothermal tube worm: kinetics, activity and gene hybridization}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {107{\textendash}112},
	issn = {0378-1097},
	doi = {10.1016/0378-1097(88)90254-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1097(88)90254-6},
	author = {Williams, C A and Nelson, D C and Farah, B A and Jannasch, H W and Shively, J M}
}
@article {Fisher1988,
	title = {{Variation in the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica, at Rose Garden vent on the Galapagos Spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1811{\textendash}1832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Dugan, J A and Felbeck, H and Fritz, L W and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Lutz, R A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@inbook {Newman1987,
	title = {{Jason Junior{\textquoteright}s control system}},
	booktitle = {Intervention {\textquoteright}87 Conference and Exposition},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {194{\textendash}199},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Newman, J B}
}
@article {Normark1987,
	title = {{Submersible observations along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: 1984 Alvin Program}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,211{\textendash}283,290},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11283},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11283},
	author = {Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Ross, S L}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1986,
	title = {{Design of underwater vehicles for high performance control}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}86 Conference Record},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1431{\textendash}1437},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160335},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160335},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and von Alt, C J and Bowen, A D and Newman, J B}
}
@article {Group1986,
	title = {{Submarine fissure eruptions and hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge; preliminary observations from the submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {823{\textendash}827},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<823:SFEAHV>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C823:SFEAHV{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Group, U S Geological Survey Juan de Fuca Study and Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Bischoff, J L and Brett, R and Holcomb, R T and Kappel, E S and Koski, R A and Ross, S L and Shanks, W C and Slack, J F and Von Damm, K L and Zierenberg, R A}
}
@article {Yoerger1986a,
	title = {{Supervisory control system for the Jason ROV}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {392{\textendash}400},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/JOE.1986.1145191},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.1986.1145191},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Newman, J B and Slotine, J E}
}
@article {Belkin1986,
	title = {{Symbiotic assimilation of CO2 in two hydrothermal vent animals, the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus and the tube worm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {170},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {110{\textendash}121},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/1/110},
	author = {Belkin, S and Nelson, D C and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1985,
	title = {{Demonstration of closed-loop trajectory control of an underwater vehicle}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}85 Conference Record : Ocean Engineering and the Environment},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {1028{\textendash}1033},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160174},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160174},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Newman, J B}
}
@article {Fox1985,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The transform domain}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {329{\textendash}358},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316773},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316773},
	author = {Fox, P J and Moody, R H and Karson, J A and Bonatti, E and Kidd, W S F and Crane, K and Gallo, D G and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Jannasch1985,
	title = {{Thiomicrospira crunogena sp. nov., a colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {422{\textendash}424},
	issn = {0020-7713},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Nelson, D C and Robertson, L A}
}
@article {Nelson1984,
	title = {{DNA base composition and genome size of the prokaryotic symbiont in Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora)}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {267{\textendash}271},
	issn = {0378-1097},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01317.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01317.x},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Waterbury, J B and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Team1984,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The ridge-transform intersection}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {109{\textendash}141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285956},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285956},
	author = {Team, OTTER - Oceanographer Tectonic Research and Karson, J A and Fox, P J and Sloan, H and Crane, K T and Kidd, W S F and Bonatti, E and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Gallo, D G and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@inbook {Auzende1984,
	title = {{Intraoceanic tectonism in the Gorringe Bank: observations by submersible}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere},
	series = {Geological Society Special Publications},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {113{\textendash}120},
	publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	organization = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	address = {Boston, Mass.},
	isbn = {0632012196},
	doi = {10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ceuleneer, G and Cornen, G and Juteau, T and Lagabrielle, Y and Lensch, G and M{\'e}vel, C and Nicolas, A and Prichard, H and Ribeiro, A and Ruellan, E and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Gass, I G}
}
@inbook {Normark1984,
	title = {{The Juan de Fuca Ridge metallogenesis program}},
	booktitle = {Highlights in Marine Research: U.S. Geological Survey},
	series = {USGS Circular},
	volume = {938},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {49{\textendash}56},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/cir/cir938},
	author = {Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Koski, R A},
	editor = {Clarke, S H}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1984a,
	title = {{Recent progress in the microbiology of hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, 7-12 August 1983},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {170{\textendash}176},
	publisher = {American Society for Microbiology},
	organization = {American Society for Microbiology},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0914826603},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C},
	editor = {Klug, M J}
}
@article {Participants1984,
	title = {{The seeps find at the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {32{\textendash}33},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Participants, Florida Escarpment Cruise and Paull, C K and Hecker, B and Neumann, A C and Sikes, E L and Hook, J and Corso, W and Freeman-Lynde, R and Commeau, R and Golubic, S and Curray, J}
}
@inbook {Colombo1983,
	title = {{Analysis and evaluation of a radioactive waste package retrieved from the Atlantic Ocean}},
	booktitle = {Radioactive Wastes and the Ocean},
	series = {Wastes in the Ocean},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {237{\textendash}268},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471097705},
	author = {Colombo, P and Neilson, R H and Kendig, M W},
	editor = {Park, P K}
}
@inbook {Schell1983,
	title = {{Radionuclides at the Hudson Canyon disposal site}},
	booktitle = {Radioactive Wastes and the Ocean},
	series = {Wastes in the Ocean},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {183{\textendash}214},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471097705},
	author = {Schell, W R and Nevissi, A E},
	editor = {Park, P K}
}
@inbook {Wimbush1982,
	title = {{Current-induced sediment movement in the deep Florida Straits Observations}},
	booktitle = {Dynamic environment of the ocean floor},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {77{\textendash}94},
	publisher = {Lexington Books},
	organization = {Lexington Books},
	address = {Lexington, Mass.},
	isbn = {0669028096},
	author = {Wimbush, M and Nemeth, L and Birdsall, B},
	editor = {Fanning, K A}
}
@inbook {Nesteroff1982,
	title = {{Subsidence et sedimentation actuelles dans la fosse de Porto-Rico}},
	booktitle = {Processus geodynamiques observes en submersible: Geodynamic processes observed from a submersible: Seminaire du 2 avril 1982},
	series = {Oceanis},
	number = {8, fasc.8},
	year = {1982},
	publisher = {Institut Oceanographique},
	organization = {Institut Oceanographique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	author = {Nesteroff, W D},
	editor = {Vanney, J R}
}
@article {Ballard1981,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: The volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes of the central axis}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J and Juteau, T and Rangan, C and Normark, W}
}
@article {Team1981,
	title = {{First manned submersible dives on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N (project RITA): general results}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {4},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {345{\textendash}379},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00286034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286034},
	author = {Team, CYAMEX Scientific and Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W R and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Hine1981,
	title = {{Offbank transport of carbonate sands along open, leeward bank margins: Northern Bahamas.}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {327{\textendash}348},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90169-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90169-9},
	author = {Hine, A C and Wilber, R J and Bane, J M and Neumann, A C and Lorenson, K R}
}
@article {Neumann1981,
	title = {{Waulsortian mounds and lithoherms compared}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {65},
	number = {5},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {965},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Killingley1980,
	title = {{18O/16O variations in deep-sea carbonate shells from the Rise hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {287},
	number = {5779},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {218{\textendash}221},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/287218a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/287218a0},
	author = {Killingley, J S and Berger, W H and Macdonald, K C and Newman, W A}
}
@article {Mullins1980,
	title = {{Carbonate sediment drifts in northern Straits of Florida}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {64},
	number = {10},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1701{\textendash}1717},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C and Wilber, R J and Hine, A C and Chinburg, S J}
}
@article {Spiess1980,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4438},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1421{\textendash}1433},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	author = {Spiess, F N and Macdonald, K C and Atwater, T and Ballard, R D and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Cox, C and Diaz Garcia, V M and Francheteau, J and Guerrero, J and Hawkins, J and Haymon, R and Hessler, R and Juteau, T and Kastner, M and Larson, R and Luyendyk, B and Macdougall, J D and Miller, S and Normark, W and Orcutt, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Lupton1980,
	title = {{Helium-3 and manganese at the 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal site}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {115{\textendash}127},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(80)90123-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90123-5},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Klinkhammer, G P and Normark, W R and Haymon, R and Macdonald, K C and Weiss, R F and Craig, H}
}
@article {Juteau1980,
	title = {{Homogeneous basalts from the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: steady state magma reservoirs at moderately fast spreading centers}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {3},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {487{\textendash}503},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Juteau, T and Eissen, J P and Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Rangin, C and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W R and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J}
}
@article {Mullins1980a,
	title = {{Nodular carbonate sediment on Bahamian slopes: Possible precursors to nodular limestones}},
	journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Petrology},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {117{\textendash}131},
	issn = {0022-4472},
	url = {http://jsedres.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/1/117},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C and Weller, R J and Boardman, M R}
}
@inbook {Neiheisel1980,
	title = {{Sediment characteristics of the 2800 and 3800 meter Atlantic nuclear waste sites applicable to isolation of radioactive waste}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on the Use of Argillaceous Materials for the Isolation of Radioactive Waste, Paris, 10th-12th, September, 1979},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {203{\textendash}220},
	publisher = {Nuclear Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development},
	organization = {Nuclear Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development},
	address = {Paris, France},
	isbn = {9264020500},
	author = {Neiheisel, J}
}
@inbook {Mullins1979b,
	title = {{Deep carbonate bank margin structure and sedimentation in the northern Bahamas}},
	booktitle = {Geology of Continental Slopes},
	series = {Special publication - Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	number = {27},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {165{\textendash}192},
	publisher = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	organization = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C},
	editor = {Doyle, L J}
}
@article {Mullins1979,
	title = {{Echo character of off-platform carbonates}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {251{\textendash}268},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90067-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90067-7},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Boardman, M R and Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Mullins1979a,
	title = {{Geology of the Miami Terrace and its paleo-oceanographic implications}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {205{\textendash}232.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90016-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90016-1},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Turekian1979,
	title = {{Growth rate of a clam from the Galapagos Rise hot spring field using natural radionuclide ratios}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {280},
	number = {5721},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {385{\textendash}387},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/280385a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/280385a0},
	author = {Turekian, K K and Cochran, J K and Nozaki, Y}
}
@article {Francheteau1979,
	title = {{Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {277},
	number = {5697},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {523{\textendash}528},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/277523a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/277523a0},
	author = {Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C and Bougault, H and Cambon, P and Hekinian, R}
}
@inbook {Rowe1979,
	title = {{Monitoring with deep submersibles}},
	booktitle = {Monitoring the Marine Environment: Proceedings of an Institute of Biology Symposium Held at the Royal Geographical Society, London, on 28 and 29 September 1979},
	series = {Symposia of the Institute of Biology},
	number = {24},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {75{\textendash}85},
	publisher = {Institute of Biology},
	organization = {Institute of Biology},
	address = {London},
	isbn = {0900490128},
	author = {Rowe, G T},
	editor = {Nichols, D}
}
@article {Mullins1979c,
	title = {{Seismic facies and depositional processes of modern off-platform carbonate rocks in northern Bahamas}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {63},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {500},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	doi = {10.1306/2F917DAC-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/2F917DAC-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Ryan1978,
	title = {{Bedrock geology in New England submarine canyons}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {233{\textendash}254},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Ryan, W B F and Cita, M B and Miller, E L and Hanselman, D and Nesteroff, W D and Hacker, B and Nibbelink, M}
}
@article {Mullins1978,
	title = {{Characteristics of deep Bahama channels in relation to hydrocarbon potential}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {62},
	number = {4},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {693{\textendash}704},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	doi = {10.1306/C1EA4E37-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/C1EA4E37-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Lynts, G W and Neumann, A C and Ball, M M}
}
@inbook {Ryan1978a,
	title = {{Geologic history of Georges Bank as determined by submersible exploration of submarine canyons}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings - Offshore Technology Conference},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {1859{\textendash}1868},
	publisher = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	organization = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	address = {Dallas, TX},
	author = {Ryan, W B F and Miller, E and Cita, M B and Hanselman, D and Nesteroff, W D and Nibbelink, M}
}
@article {Neumann1978,
	title = {{Lithotherms in the Straits of Florida: Comment and reply}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {7{\textendash}8},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1978)6<7:LITSOF>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1978)6{\%}3C7:LITSOF{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Neumann1977,
	title = {{Lithotherms in the Straits of Florida}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {4{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<4:LITSOF>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5{\%}3C4:LITSOF{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Neumann, A C and Kofoed, J W and Keller, G H}
}
@article {Nozaki1977,
	title = {{Radiocarbon and 210Pb distribution in submersible-taken deep-sea cores from Project FAMOUS}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {167{\textendash}173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(77)90001-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90001-2},
	author = {Nozaki, Y and Cochran, J K and Turekian, K K and Keller, G}
}
@article {Bellaiche1974,
	title = {{Inner floor of the Rift Valley: First submersible study}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {250},
	number = {5467},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {558{\textendash}560},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/250558a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/250558a0},
	author = {Bellaiche, G and Cheminee, J L and Francheteau, J and Hekinian, R and Le Pichon, X and Needham, H D and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Niblock1970,
	title = {{Expertise, equipment ready for bolder ocean programs}},
	journal = {Undersea Technology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {53{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-6533},
	author = {Niblock, R W}
}
