@article {RN2486,
	title = {Carbonate-hosted microbial communities are prolific and pervasive methane oxidizers at geologically diverse marine methane seep sites},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {25},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2006857118},
	author = {Marlow, J. J. and Hoer, D. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Reynard, L. M. and Gartman, A. and Chavez, M. S. and El-Naggar, M. Y. and Tuross, N. and Orphan, V. J. and Girguis, P. R.}
}
@article {RN2466,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone{\textemdash}{\textquotedblleft}chemotone{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136778362},
	author = {Ashford, Oliver S. and Guan, Shuzhe and Capone, Dante and Rigney, Katherine and Rowley, Katelynn and Orphan, Victoria and Mullin, Sean W. and Dawson, Kat S. and Cortes, Jorge and Rouse, Greg W. and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2477,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone-"chemotone"-in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	author = {Ashford, O. S. and Guan, S. Z. and Capone, D. and Rigney, K. and Rowley, K. and Orphan, V. and Mullin, S. W. and Dawson, K. S. and Cortes, J. and Rouse, G. W. and Mendoza, G. F. and Lee, R. W. and Cordes, E. E. and Levin, L. A.}
}
@article {RN2504,
	title = {Fe-catalyzed sulfide oxidation in hydrothermal plumes is a source of reactive oxygen species to the ocean},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {40},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e2026654118},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2026654118},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141521757 https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/118/40/e2026654118.full.pdf},
	author = {Shaw, Timothy J. and Luther, George W. and Rosas, Richard and Oldham, V{\'e}ronique E. and Coffey, Nicole R. and Ferry, John L. and Dias, Dewamunnage M. C. and Y{\"u}cel, Mustafa and de Chanvalon, Aubin Thibault}
}
@article {RN2515,
	title = {Fe-catalyzed sulfide oxidation in hydrothermal plumes is a source of reactive oxygen species to the ocean},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {40},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2026654118|1of7},
	author = {Shaw, T. J. and Luther, G. W. and Rosas, R. and Oldham, V. E. and Coffey, N. R. and Ferry, J. L. and Dias, D. M. C. and Yucel, M. and de Chanvalon, A. T.}
}
@article {RN2480,
	title = {Toward a global calibration for quantifying past oxygenation in oxygen minimum zones using benthic Foraminifera},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {18},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2827-2841},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-18-2827-2021},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1137883445 https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/18/2827/2021/bg-18-2827-2021.pdf},
	author = {Tetard, Martin and Licari, Laetitia and Ovsepyan, Ekaterina and Tachikawa, Kazuyo and Beaufort, Luc}
}
@article {RN2435,
	title = {Abiotic redox reactions in hydrothermal mixing zones: Decreased energy availability for the subsurface biosphere},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {202003108},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2003108117},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130064349},
	author = {McDermott, Jill M. and Sylva, Sean P. and Ono, Shuhei and German, Christopher R. and Seewald, Jeffrey S.}
}
@article {RN2440,
	title = {Experimentally-validated correlation analysis reveals new anaerobic methane oxidation partnerships with consortium-level heterogeneity in diazotrophy},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00757-1},
	author = {Metcalfe, K. S. and Murali, R. and Mullin, S. W. and Connon, S. A. and Orphan, V. J.}
}
@article {RN2449,
	title = {Microbe-mineral biogeography from multi-year incubations in oceanic crust at North Pond, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.15366},
	author = {Orcutt, B. N. and D{\textquoteright}Angelo, T. and Wheat, C. G. and Trembath-Reichert, E.}
}
@article {RN2375,
	title = {Divergent methyl-coenzyme M reductase genes in a deep-subseafloor Archaeoglobi},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1269-1279},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-018-0343-2},
	author = {Boyd, J. A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Leu, A. O. and Evans, P. N. and Woodcroft, B. J. and Chadwick, G. L. and Orphan, V. J. and Amend, J. P. and Rappe, M. S. and Tyson, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2384,
	title = {Evidence for Low-Temperature Diffuse Venting at North Pond, Western Flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2572-2584},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC008113},
	author = {Villinger, H. W. and Muller, P. and Bach, W. and Becker, K. and Orcutt, B. N. and Kaul, N. and Wheat, C. G.}
}
@article {RN2364,
	title = {Geology and Fluid Discharge at Dorado Outcrop, a Low Temperature Ridge-Flank Hydrothermal System},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {487-504},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007933},
	author = {Wheat, C. G. and Hartwell, A. M. and McManus, J. and Fisher, A. T. and Orcutt, B. N. and Schlicht, L. E. M. and Niedenzu, S. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {2492,
	title = {Clumped isotopologue constraints on the origin of methane at seafloor hot springs},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {223},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {141 - 158},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2017.11.030},
	author = {Wang, David T. and Reeves, Eoghan P. and McDermott, Jill M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Ono, Shuhei}
}
@article {2490,
	title = {Diversity patterns and isolation of Planctomycetes associated with metalliferous deposits from hydrothermal vent fields along the Valu Fa Ridge (SW Pacific)},
	journal = {Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {841 - 858},
	issn = {0003-6072},
	doi = {10.1007/s10482-018-1026-8},
	author = {Storesund, Julia Endresen and Lanzen, Anders and Garcia-Moyano, Antonio and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise and Ovreas, Lise}
}
@article {2486,
	title = {Geochemistry of fluids from Earth{\textquoteright}s deepest ridge-crest hot-springs: Piccard hydrothermal field, Mid-Cayman Rise},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {228},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {95 - 118},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.021},
	author = {McDermott, Jill M. and Sylva, Sean P. and Ono, Shuhei and German, Christopher R. and Seewald, Jeffrey S.}
}
@article {RN2350,
	title = {Improved detection and mapping of deepwater hydrocarbon seeps: optimizing multibeam echosounder seafloor backscatter acquisition and processing techniques},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Research},
	volume = {39},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {323-347},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1573-0581},
	doi = {10.1007/s11001-018-9345-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-018-9345-8},
	author = {Mitchell, Garrett A. and Orange, Daniel L. and Gharib, Jamshid J. and Kennedy, Paul}
}
@article {2479,
	title = {Microbial decomposition of marine dissolved organic matter in cool oceanic crust},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {334 - +},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-018-0109-5},
	author = {Walter, Sunita R. Shah and Jaekel, Ulrike and Osterholz, Helena and Fisher, Andrew T. and Huber, Julie A. and Pearson, Ann and Dittmar, Thorsten and Girguis, Peter R.}
}
@article {2496,
	title = {A new species and phylogenetic insights in Hesiospina (Annelida, Hesionidae)},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {4441},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {59 - 75},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4441.1.3},
	author = {Bonifacio, Paulo and Lelievre, Yann and Omnes, Emmanuelle}
}
@article {RN2351,
	title = {Sediment Microbial Communities Influenced by Cool Hydrothermal Fluid Migration},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1249},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.01249},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01249},
	author = {Zinke, Laura A. and Reese, Brandi Kiel and McManus, James and Wheat, Charles G. and Orcutt, Beth N. and Amend, Jan P.}
}
@article {RN2346,
	title = {Subgroup Characteristics of Marine Methane-Oxidizing ANME-2 Archaea and Their Syntrophic Partners as Revealed by Integrated Multimodal Analytical Microscopy},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {84},
	number = {11},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e00399-18},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00399-18},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/84/11/e00399-18.abstract},
	author = {McGlynn, Shawn E. and Chadwick, Grayson L. and Neill, Ariel and Mackey, Mason and Thor, Andrea and Deerinck, Thomas J. and Ellisman, Mark H. and Orphan, Victoria J.}
}
@article {Love2017,
	title = {{Rapid variations in fluid chemistry constrain hydrothermal phase separation at the Main Endeavour Field}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {Previous work at the Main Endeavour Field (MEF) has shown that chloride concentration in high-temperature vent fluids has not exceeded 510 mmol/kg (94{\%} of seawater), which is consistent with brine condensation and loss at depth, followed by upward flow of a vapor phase toward the seafloor. Magmatic and seismic events have been shown to affect fluid temperature and composition and these effects help narrow the possibilities for sub-surface processes. However, chloride-temperature data alone are insufficient to determine details of phase separation in the upflow zone. Here we use variation in chloride and gas content in a set of fluid samples collected over several days from one sulfide chimney structure in the MEF to constrain processes of mixing and phase separation. The combination of gas (primarily magmatic CO2 and seawater-derived Ar) and chloride data, indicate that neither variation in the amount of brine lost, nor mixing of the vapor phase produced at depth with variable quantities of (i) brine or (ii) altered gas rich seawater that has not undergone phase separation, can explain the co-variation of gas and chloride content. The gas-chloride data require additional phase separation of the ascending vapor-like fluid. Mixing and gas partitioning calculations show that near-critical temperature and pressure conditions can produce the fluid compositions observed at Sully vent as a vapor-liquid conjugate pair or as vapor-liquid pair with some remixing, and that the gas partition coefficients implied agree with theoretically predicted values.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GC006550},
	author = {Love, B and Lilley, M and Butterfield, D and Olson, E and Larson, B}
}
@article {ISI:000373276200001,
	title = {{Temperature and Redox Effect on Mineral Colonization in Juan de Fuca Ridge Flank Subsurface Crustal Fluids}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {To examine microbe-mineral interactions in subsurface oceanic crust, we evaluated microbial colonization on crustal minerals that were incubated in borehole fluids for 1 year at the seafloor wellhead of a crustal borehole observatory (IODP Hole U1301A, Juan de Fuca Ridge flank) as compared to an experiment that was not exposed to subsurface crustal fluids (at nearby IODP Hole U1301B). In comparison to previous studies at these same sites, this approach allowed assessment of the effects of temperature, fluid chemistry, and/or mineralogy on colonization patterns of different mineral substrates, and an opportunity to verify the approach of deploying colonization experiments at an observatory wellhead at the seafloor instead of within the borehole. The Hole U1301B deployment did not have biofilm growth, based on microscopy and DNA extraction, thereby confirming the integrity of the colonization design against bottom seawater intrusion. In contrast, the Hole U1301A deployment supported biofilms dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (43.5{\%} of 370 16S rRNA gene clone sequences) and Gammaproteobacteria (29.3{\%}). Sequence analysis revealed overlap in microbial communities between different minerals incubated at the Hole U1301A wellhead, indicating that mineralogy did not separate biofilm structure within the 1-year colonization experiment. Differences in the Hole U1301A wellhead biofilm community composition relative to previous studies from within the borehole using similar mineral substrates suggest that temperature and the diffusion of dissolved oxygen through plastic components influenced the mineral colonization experiments positioned at the wellhead. This highlights the capacity of low abundance crustal fluid taxa to rapidly establish communities on diverse mineral substrates under changing environmental conditions such as from temperature and oxygen.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3339/fmicb.2016.00396},
	author = {Baquiran, Jean-Paul M and Ramirez, Gustavo A and Haddad, Amanda G and Toner, Brandy M and Hulme, Samuel and Wheat, Charles G and Edwards, Katrina J and Orcutt, Beth N}
}
@article {ISI:000360888000001,
	title = {{Carbon fixation by basalt-hosted microbial communities}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Oceanic crust is a massive potential habitat for microbial life on Earth, yet our understanding of this ecosystem is limited due to difficulty in access. In particular, measurements of rates of microbial activity are sparse. We used stable carbon isotope incubations of crustal samples, coupled with functional gene analyses, to examine the potential for carbon fixation on oceanic crust. Both seafloor-exposed and subseafloor basalts were recovered from different mid-ocean ridge and hot spot environments (i.e., the Juan de Fuca Ridge, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Loihi Seamount) and incubated with C-13-labeled bicarbonate. Seafloor-exposed basalts revealed incorporation of C-13-label into organic matter over time, though the degree of incorporation was heterogeneous. The incorporation of C-13 into biomass was inconclusive in subseafloor basalts. Translating these measurements into potential rates of carbon fixation indicated that 0.1-10 nmol C g(-1) rock d(-1) could be fixed by seafloor-exposed rocks. When scaled to the global production of oceanic crust, this suggests carbon fixation rates of 10(9)-10(12) g C year(-1), which matches earlier predictions based on thermodynamic calculations. Functional gene analyses indicate that the Calvin cycle is likely the dominant biochemical mechanism for carbon fixation in basalt-hosted biofilms, although the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway and reverse TCA cycle likely play some role in net carbon fixation. These results provide empirical evidence for autotrophy in oceanic crust, suggesting that basalt-hosted autotrophy could be a significant contributor of organic matter in this remote and vast environment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.90400904},
	author = {Orcutt, Beth N and Sylvan, Jason B and Rogers, Daniel R and Delaney, Jennifer and Lee, Raymond W and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000361984700015,
	title = {{Comparison of Archaeal and Bacterial Diversity in Methane Seep Carbonate Nodules and Host Sediments, Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge, USA}},
	journal = {MICROBIAL ECOLOGY},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {766{\textendash}784},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) impacts carbon cycling by acting as a methane sink and by sequestering inorganic carbon via AOM-induced carbonate precipitation. These precipitates commonly take the form of carbonate nodules that form within methane seep sediments. The timing and sequence of nodule formation within methane seep sediments are not well understood. Further, the microbial diversity associated with sediment-hosted nodules has not been well characterized and the degree to which nodules reflect the microbial assemblage in surrounding sediments is unknown. Here, we conducted a comparative study of microbial assemblages in methane-derived authigenic carbonate nodules and their host sediments using molecular, mineralogical, and geochemical methods. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity from paired carbonate nodules and sediments revealed that both sample types contained methanotrophic archaea (ANME-1 and ANME-2) and syntrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfobacteraceae and Desulfobulbaceae), as well as other microbial community members. The combination of geochemical and molecular data from Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge suggested that some nodules formed in situ and captured the local sediment-hosted microbial community, while other nodules may have been translocated or may represent a record of conditions prior to the contemporary environment. Taken together, this comparative analysis offers clues to the formation regimes and mechanisms of sediment-hosted carbonate nodules.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0095-3628},
	doi = {10.1007/s00248-015-0615-6},
	author = {Mason, Olivia U and Case, David H and Naehr, Thomas H and Lee, Raymond W and Thomas, Randal B and Bailey, Jake V and Orphan, Victoria J}
}
@article {McDermott2015,
	title = {{Identification of sulfur sources and isotopic equilibria in submarine hot-springs using multiple sulfur isotopes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {160},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {169{\textendash}187},
	abstract = {Multiple sulfur isotopes were measured in metal sulfide deposits, elemental sulfur, and aqueous hydrogen sulfide to constrain sulfur sources and the isotopic systematics of precipitation in seafloor hydrothermal vents. Areas studied include the Eastern Manus Basin and Lau Basin back-arc spreading centers and the unsedimented basalt-hosted Southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR) and sediment-hosted Guaymas Basin mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Chalcopyrite and dissolved hydrogen sulfide (H2S) $δ$34S values range from -5.5{\textperthousand} to +5.6{\textperthousand} in Manus Basin samples, +2.4{\textperthousand} to +6.1{\textperthousand} in Lau Basin samples, and +3.7{\textperthousand} to +5.7{\textperthousand} in SEPR samples. Values of $δ$34S for cubic cubanite and H2S range from -1.4{\textperthousand} to +4.7{\textperthousand} in Guaymas Basin samples. Multiple sulfur isotope systematics in fluid-mineral pairs from the SEPR and Lau Basin show that crustal host rock and thermochemical reduction of seawater-derived dissolved sulfate (SO4) are the primary sources of sulfur in mid-ocean ridge and some back-arc systems. At PACMANUS and SuSu Knolls hydrothermal systems in the Eastern Manus Basin, a significant contribution of sulfur is derived from disproportionation of magmatic sulfur dioxide (SO2), while the remaining sulfur is derived from crustal host rocks and SO4 reduction. At the sedimented Guaymas Basin hydrothermal system, sulfur sources include crustal host rock, reduced seawater SO4, and biogenic sulfide. Vent fluid flow through fresher, less-mature sediment supplies an increased quantity of reactant organic compounds that may reduce 34S-enriched SO4, while fluid interaction with more highly-altered sediments results in H2S characterized by a small, but isotopically-significant input of 34S-depleted biogenic sulfides. Near-zero $Δ$33S values in all samples implicate the abiotic processes of SO4 reduction and leaching of host rock as the major contributors to sulfur content at a high temperature unsedimented mid-ocean ridge and at a back-arc system. $Δ$33S values indicate that SO2 disproportionation is an additional process that contributes sulfur to a different back-arc system and to acid spring-type hydrothermal fluid circulation. At the sedimented Guaymus Basin, near-zero $Δ$33S values are also observed, despite negative $δ$34S values that indicate inputs of biogenic pyrite for some samples. In contrast with previous studies reporting isotope disequilibrium between H2S and chalcopyrite, the $δ$34S values of chalcopyrite sampled from the inner 1{\textendash}2 mm of a chimney wall are within {\textpm}1{\textperthousand} of $δ$34S values for H2S in the paired vent fluid, suggesting equilibrium fluid-mineral sulfur isotope exchange at 300{\textendash}400 {\textdegree}C. Isotopic equilibrium between hydrothermal fluid H2S and precipitating chalcopyrite implies that sulfur isotopes in the chalcopyrite lining across a chimney wall may accurately record past hydrothermal activity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.016},
	author = {McDermott, J M and Ono, S and Tivey, M K and Seewald, J S and Shanks, W C}
}
@article {OBrien2015,
	title = {{Microbial biofilms associated with fluid chemistry and megafaunal colonization at post-eruptive deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {31{\textendash}40},
	abstract = {At deep-sea hydrothermal vents, reduced, super-heated hydrothermal fluids mix with cold, oxygenated seawater. This creates temperature and chemical gradients that support chemosynthetic primary production and a biomass-rich community of invertebrates. In late 2005/early 2006 an eruption occurred on the East Pacific Rise at 9{\textdegree}50'N, 104{\textdegree}17'W. Direct observations of the post-eruptive diffuse-flow vents indicated that the earliest colonizers were microbial biofilms. Two cruises in 2006 and 2007 allowed us to monitor and sample the early steps of ecosystem recovery. The main objective of this work was to characterize the composition of microbial biofilms in relation to the temperature and chemistry of the hydrothermal fluids and the observed patterns of megafaunal colonization. The area selected for this study had local seafloor habitats of active diffuse flow (in-flow) interrupted by adjacent habitats with no apparent expulsion of hydrothermal fluids (no-flow). The in-flow habitats were characterized by higher temperatures (1.6{\textendash}25.2 {\textdegree}C) and H2S concentrations (up to 67.3 {\textmu}M) than the no-flow habitats, and the microbial biofilms were dominated by chemosynthetic Epsilonproteobacteria. The no-flow habitats had much lower temperatures (1.2{\textendash}5.2 {\textdegree}C) and H2S concentrations (0.3{\textendash}2.9 {\textmu}M), and Gammaproteobacteria dominated the biofilms. Siboglinid tubeworms colonized only in-flow habitats, while they were absent at the no-flow areas, suggesting a correlation between siboglinid tubeworm colonization, active hydrothermal flow, and the composition of chemosynthetic microbial biofilms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.07.020},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, C E and Giovannelli, D and Govenar, B W and Luther, G W and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {ISI:000367001600001,
	title = {{Microbial Communities on Seafloor Basalts at Dorado Outcrop Reflect Level of Alteration and Highlight Global Lithic Clades}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Areas of exposed basalt along mid-ocean ridges and at seafloor outcrops serve as conduits of fluid flux into and out of a subsurface ocean, and microbe-mineral interactions can influence alteration reactions at the rock-water interface. Located on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise, Dorado Outcrop is a site of low temperature ({\textless} 20 degrees C) hydrothermal venting and represents a new end-member in the current survey of seafloor basalt biomes. Consistent with prior studies, a survey of 16S rRNA gene sequence diversity using universal primers targeting the V4 hypervariable region revealed much greater richness and diversity on the seafloor rocks than in surrounding seawater. Overall, Gamma-, Alpha-, and Deltaproteobacteria, and Thaumarchaeota dominated the sequenced communities, together making up over half of the observed diversity, though bacterial sequences were more abundant than archaeal in all samples. The most abundant bacterial reads were closely related to the obligate chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing Thioprofundum lifl-lotrophicum, suggesting carbon and sulfur cycling as dominant metabolic pathways in this system. Representatives of Thaumarchaeota were detected in relatively high abundance on the basalts in comparison to bottom water, possibly indicating ammonia oxidation. In comparison to other sequence datasets from globally distributed seafloor basalts, this study reveals many overlapping and cosmopolitan phylogenetic groups and also suggests that substrate age correlates with community structure.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.01470},
	author = {Lee, Michael D and Walworth, Nathan G and Sylvan, Jason B and Edwards, Katrina J and Orcutt, Beth N}
}
@article {Bemis2015,
	title = {{The path to COVIS: A review of acoustic imaging of hydrothermal flow regimes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {159{\textendash}176},
	abstract = {Acoustic imaging of hydrothermal flow regimes started with the incidental recognition of a plume on a routine sonar scan for obstacles in the path of the human-occupied submersible ALVIN. Developments in sonar engineering, acoustic data processing and scientific visualization have been combined to develop technology which can effectively capture the behavior of focused and diffuse hydrothermal discharge. This paper traces the development of these acoustic imaging techniques for hydrothermal flow regimes from their conception through to the development of the Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS). COVIS has monitored such flow eight times a day for several years. Successful acoustic techniques for estimating plume entrainment, bending, vertical rise, volume flux, and heat flux are presented as is the state-of-the-art in diffuse flow detection.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.002},
	author = {Bemis, K G and Silver, D and Xu, G and Light, R and Jackson, D R and Jones, C D and Ozer, S and Liu, L}
}
@article {Larson2015,
	title = {{Stealth export of hydrogen and methane from a low temperature serpentinization system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {233{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Chemical input to the deep sea from hydrothermal systems is a globally distributed phenomenon. Hydrothermal discharge is one of the primary mechanisms by which the Earth{\textquoteright}s interior processes manifest themselves at the Earth{\textquoteright}s surface, and it provides a source of energy for autotrophic processes by microbes that are too deep to capitalize on sunlight. Much is known about the water-column signature of this discharge from high-temperature mid-ocean Ridge (MOR) environments and their neighboring low-temperature counterparts. Hydrothermal discharge farther away from the ridge, however, has garnered less attention, owing in part to the difficulty in finding this style of venting, which eludes methods of detection that work well for high-temperature {\textquoteleft}black smoker{\textquoteright}-type venting. Here we present a case study of the plume from one such {\textquoteleft}invisible{\textquoteright} off-axis environment, The Lost City, with an emphasis on the dissolved volatile content of the hydrothermal plume. Serpentinization and abiotic organic synthesis generate significant concentrations of H2 and CH4 in vent fluid, but these species are unevenly transported to the overlying plume, which itself appears to be a composite of two different sources. A concentrated vent cluster on the talus slope channels fluid through at least eight chimneys, producing a water-column plume with the highest observed concentrations of CH4 in the field. In contrast, a saddle in the topography leading up to a carbonate cap hosts broadly distributed, nearly invisible venting apparent only in its water-column signals of redox potential and dissolved gas content, including the highest observed plume H2. After normalizing H2 and CH4 to the 3He background-corrected anomaly (3He$Δ$) to account for mixing and relative amount of mantle input, it appears that, while a minimum of 60{\%} of CH4 is transported out of the system, greater than 90{\%} of the H2 is consumed in the subsurface prior to venting. The exception to this pattern occurs in the plume originating from the area dubbed Chaff Beach, in which somewhat more than 10{\%} of the original H2 remains, indicating that this otherwise unremarkable plume, and others like it, may represent a significant source of H2 to the deep sea.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.007},
	author = {Larson, B I and Lang, S Q and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J and Lupton, J E and Nakamura, K and Buck, N J}
}
@article {ISI:000338213900015,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria encode a conserved and widespread nitrate reduction pathway (Nap)}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {8},
	number = {7},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {1510{\textendash}1521},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite the frequent isolation of nitrate-respiring Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, the genes coding for the nitrate reduction pathway in these organisms have not been investigated in depth. In this study we have shown that the gene cluster coding for the periplasmic nitrate reductase complex (nap) is highly conserved in chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Furthermore, we have shown that the napA gene is expressed in pure cultures of vent Epsilonproteobacteria and it is highly conserved in microbial communities collected from deep-sea vents characterized by different temperature and redox regimes. The diversity of nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria was found to be higher in moderate temperature, diffuse flow vents than in high temperature black smokers or in low temperatures, substrate-associated communities. As NapA has a high affinity for nitrate compared with the membrane-bound enzyme, its occurrence in vent Epsilonproteobacteria may represent an adaptation of these organisms to the low nitrate concentrations typically found in vent fluids. Taken together, our findings indicate that nitrate reduction is widespread in vent Epsilonproteobacteria and provide insight on alternative energy metabolism in vent microorganisms. The occurrence of the nap cluster in vent, commensal and pathogenic Epsilonproteobacteria suggests that the ability of these bacteria to respire nitrate is important in habitats as different as the deep-sea vents and the human body.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.246},
	author = {Vetriani, Costantino and Voordeckers, James W and Crespo-Medina, Melitza and O{\textquoteright}Brien, Charles E and Giovannelli, Donato and Lutz, Richard A}
}
@article {ISI:000343625500006,
	title = {{Dissolved hydrogen and methane in the oceanic basaltic biosphere}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {405},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {62{\textendash}73},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The oceanic basaltic crust is the largest aquifer on Earth and has the potential to harbor substantial subsurface microbial ecosystems, which hitherto remains largely uncharacterized and is analogous to extraterrestrial subsurface habitats. Within the sediment-buried 3.5 Myr old basaltic crust of the eastern Juan de Fuca Ridge flank, the circulating basement fluids have moderate temperature (similar to 65 degrees C) and low to undetectable dissolved oxygen and nitrate concentrations. Sulfate, present in high concentrations, is therefore expected to serve as the major electron acceptor in this subsurface environment. This study focused on the availability and potential sources of two important electron donors, methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H-2), for the subseafloor biosphere. High integrity basement fluids were collected via fluid delivery lines associated with Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kits (CORKs) that extend from basement depths to outlet ports at the seafloor. Two new CORKs installed during IODP 327 in 2010, 1362A and 1362B, were sampled in 2011 and 2013. The two CORKs are superior than earlier style CORKs in that they are equipped with coated casing and polytetrafluoroethylene fluid delivery lines, reducing the interaction between casing materials with the environment. Additional samples were collected from an earlier style CORK at Borehole 1301A. The basement fluids are enriched in H-2 (0.05-1.8 mu mol/kg), suggesting that the ocean basaltic aquifer can support H-2-driven metabolism. The basement fluids also contain significant amount of CH4 (5-32 mu mol/kg), revealing CH4 as an available substrate for subseafloor basaltic habitats. The delta C-13 values of CH4 from the three boreholes ranged from -22.5 to -58 parts per thousand, while the delta H-2 values ranged from 316 to 57 parts per thousand. The isotopic compositions of CH4 and the molecular compositions of hydrocarbons suggest that CH4 in the basement fluids is of both biogenic and abiotic origins, varying among sites and sampling times. The delta H-2 values of CH4 in CORK 1301A fluid samples are much more positive than found in all other marine environments investigated to date and are best explained by the partial microbial oxidation of biogenic CH4. In conclusion, our study shows that CH4 and H-2 are persistently available to fuel the deep biosphere and that CH4 is both produced and potentially consumed by microorganisms in the oceanic basement. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.037},
	author = {Lin, Huei-Ting and Cowen, James P and Olson, Eric J and Lilley, Marvin D and Jungbluth, Sean P and Wilson, Samuel T and Rappe, Michael S}
}
@article {Feseker2014,
	title = {{Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {5385},
	abstract = {Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active H{\aa}kon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4 m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms6385},
	author = {Feseker, T and Boetius, A and Wenzh{\"o}fer, F and Blandin, J and Olu, K and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and German, C R and de Beer, D}
}
@article {Embley2014,
	title = {{Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996{\textendash}2012}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {10},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4093{\textendash}4115},
	abstract = {We present multiple lines of evidence for years to decade-long changes in the location and character of volcanic activity at West Mata seamount in the NE Lau basin over a 16 year period, and a hiatus in summit eruptions from early 2011 to at least September 2012. Boninite lava and pyroclasts were observed erupting from its summit in 2009, and hydroacoustic data from a succession of hydrophones moored nearby show near-continuous eruptive activity from January 2009 to early 2011. Successive differencing of seven multibeam bathymetric surveys of the volcano made in the 1996{\textendash}2012 period reveals a pattern of extended constructional volcanism on the summit and northwest flank punctuated by eruptions along the volcano{\textquoteright}s WSW rift zone (WSWRZ). Away from the summit, the volumetrically largest eruption during the observational period occurred between May 2010 and November 2011 at \~{}2920 m depth near the base of the WSWRZ. The (nearly) equally long ENE rift zone did not experience any volcanic activity during the 1996{\textendash}2012 period. The cessation of summit volcanism recorded on the moored hydrophone was accompanied or followed by the formation of a small summit crater and a landslide on the eastern flank. Water column sensors, analysis of gas samples in the overlying hydrothermal plume and dives with a remotely operated vehicle in September 2012 confirmed that the summit eruption had ceased. Based on the historical eruption rates calculated using the bathymetric differencing technique, the volcano could be as young as several thousand years.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005387},
	author = {Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Baker, E T and Rubin, K H and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and Dziak, R P and Lilley, M D and Chadwick, W W and Shank, T M and Greene, R and Walker, S L and Haxel, J H and Olson, E J and Baumberger, T}
}
@article {ISI:000331788900001,
	title = {{Microsporidia-nematode associations in methane seeps reveal basal fungal parasitism in the deep sea}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	month = {feb},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep sea is Earth{\textquoteright}s largest habitat but little is known about the nature of deep-sea parasitism. In contrast to a few characterized cases of bacterial and protistan parasites, the existence and biological significance of deep-sea parasitic fungi is yet to be understood. Here we report the discovery of a fungus-related parasitic microsporidium, Nematocenator marisprofundi n. gen. n. sp. that infects benthic nematodes at methane seeps on the Pacific Ocean floor. This infection is species-specific and has been temporally and spatially stable over 2 years of sampling, indicating an ecologically consistent host-parasite interaction. A high distribution of spores in the reproductive tracts of infected males and females and their absence from host nematodes{\textquoteright} intestines suggests a sexual transmission strategy in contrast to the fecal-oral transmission of most microsporidia. N. mansprofundi targets the host{\textquoteright}s body wall muscles causing cell lysis, and in severe infection even muscle filament degradation. Phylogenetic analyses placed N. marisprofundi in a novel and basal clade not closely related to any described microsporidia clade, suggesting either that microsporidia-nematode parasitism occurred early in microsporidia evolution or that host specialization occurred late in an ancient deep-sea microsporidian lineage. Our findings reveal that methane seeps support complex ecosystems involving interkingdom interactions between bacteria, nematodes, and parasitic fungi and that microsporidia parasitism exists also in the deep-sea biosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00043},
	author = {Sapir, Amir and Dillman, Adler R and Connon, Stephanie A and Grupe, Benjamin M and Ingels, Jeroen and Mundo-Ocampo, Manuel and Levin, Lisa A and Baldwin, James G and Orphan, Victoria J and Sternberg, Paul W}
}
@article {ISI:000328605200015,
	title = {{Nitrate-based niche differentiation by distinct sulfate-reducing bacteria involved in the anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {150{\textendash}163},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Diverse associations between methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacterial groups (SRB) often co-occur in marine methane seeps; however, the ecophysiology of these different symbiotic associations has not been examined. Here, we applied a combination of molecular, geochemical and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) coupled to nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (FISH-NanoSIMS) analyses of in situ seep sediments and methane-amended sediment incubations from diverse locations (Eel River Basin, Hydrate Ridge and Costa Rican Margin seeps) to investigate the distribution and physiology of a newly identified subgroup of the Desulfobulbaceae (seepDBB) found in consortia with ANME-2c archaea, and compared these with the more commonly observed associations between the same ANME partner and the Desulfobacteraceae (DSS). FISH analyses revealed aggregates of seepDBB cells in association with ANME-2 from both environmental samples and laboratory incubations that are distinct in their structure relative to co-occurring ANME/DSS consortia. ANME/seepDBB aggregates were most abundant in shallow sediment depths below sulfide-oxidizing microbial mats. Depth profiles of ANME/seepDBB aggregate abundance revealed a positive correlation with elevated porewater nitrate relative to ANME/DSS aggregates in all seep sites examined. This relationship with nitrate was supported by sediment microcosm experiments, in which the abundance of ANME/seepDBB was greater in nitrate-amended incubations relative to the unamended control. FISH-NanoSIMS additionally revealed significantly higher N-15-nitrate incorporation levels in individual aggregates of ANME/seepDBB relative to ANME/DSS aggregates from the same incubation. These combined results suggest that nitrate is a geochemical effector of ANME/seepDBB aggregate distribution, and provides a unique niche for these consortia through their utilization of a greater range of nitrogen substrates than the ANME/DSS.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.147},
	author = {Green-Saxena, A and Dekas, A E and Dalleska, N F and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Baumberger2014,
	title = {{Understanding a submarine eruption through time series hydrothermal plume sampling of dissolved and particulate constituents: West Mata, 2008-2012}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4631{\textendash}4650},
	abstract = {Four cruises between 2008 and 2012 monitored the continuing eruption of West Mata volcano in the NE Lau Basin as it produced plumes of chemically altered water above its summit. Although large enrichments in He-3, CO2, Fe, and Mn were observed in the plumes, the most notable enrichment was that of H-2, which reached concentrations as high as 14,843 nM. Strongly enriched H-2 concentrations in the water column result from reactions between seawater or magmatic water and extremely hot rocks. In 2008, the observation of elevated H-2 concentrations in the water column above West Mata pointed to vigorous ongoing eruptions at the volcano{\textquoteright}s summit. The eruption was confirmed by visual observations made by the ROV Jason 2 in 2009 and demonstrated that H-2 measurements are a vital instrument to detect ongoing volcanic eruptions at the seafloor. Elevated H-2 in 2010 showed that the eruption was ongoing, although at a reduced level given a maximum H-2 concentration of 4410 nM. In 2012, H-2 levels in the water column declined significantly, to a maximum of only 7 nM, consistent with visual observations from the Quest-4000 ROV that found no evidence of an ongoing volcanic eruption. Methane behaved independently of other measured gases and its concentrations in the hydrothermal plume were very low. We attribute its minimal enrichments to a mixture of mantle carbon reduced to CH4 and biological CH4 from diffuse flow sites. This study demonstrates that ongoing submarine volcanic eruptions are characterized by high dissolved H-2 concentrations present in the overlying water column.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005460},
	author = {Baumberger, T and Lilley, M D and Resing, J A and Lupton, J E and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Olson, E J and Fruh-Green, G L}
}
@article {ISI:000326430500019,
	title = {{Activity and positioning of eurythermal hydrothermal vent sulphide worms in a variable thermal environment}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY},
	volume = {448},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {149{\textendash}155},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Here we investigate behavioral responses to fine-scale spatial and temporal temperature gradients in a heat tolerant hydrothermal vent worm (Paralvinella sulfincola). While this species has been a model organism for understanding physiological adaptations to extreme environments, lacking are corroborative in situ experiments and characterization of temperature-related behaviors representing the lower thermal tolerance range of this species. To address this knowledge gap, we first quantified the upper thermal limit for this species using a rapid heating protocol executed remotely on the seafloor. Second, we used a combination of in situ observations and shipboard experiments to test for temperature-dependent patterns in activity and behavior. We confirm that P. sulfincola is remarkably eurythermal and demonstrates a thermal niche breadth exceeding 45 degrees C. We further show that the activity and positioning of worms relate to temperatures within its lower preferred range (i.e., between 4 and 20 degrees C). Worms tended to remain closer to their tube openings and held their branchial crown in a consistent location when fluids were relatively warm. By contrast, when fluids were cooler, both the distance worms were observed from their tubes and positioning of their branchial crown were more variable. A Bayesian hidden Markov model classified each worm at each time interval as being in a high or low activity state according to the magnitude of change in their orientation and how far they moved between successive time lapse images. We found that the transition between active and inactive states at any time period is related to fluid temperature. Our observations indicate that the behavior of the worms is temperature-dependent, which may in turn reflect temperature-related variables such as the delivery of food particles, dissolved oxygen concentration, or relative environmental variability. Our findings demonstrate that this species can respond behaviorally to very fine-scale environmental variability in a manner not simply predicted by models of increasing activity with temperature. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2013.06.015},
	author = {Bates, Amanda E and Bird, Tomas J and Robert, Katleen and Onthank, Kirt L and Quinn, Gerry P and Juniper, S Kim and Lee, Raymond W}
}
@article {ISI:000320852100014,
	title = {{Characterizing the distribution and rates of microbial sulfate reduction at Middle Valley hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {1391{\textendash}1401},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Few studies have directly measured sulfate reduction at hydrothermal vents, and relatively little is known about how environmental or ecological factors influence rates of sulfate reduction in vent environments. A better understanding of microbially mediated sulfate reduction in hydrothermal vent ecosystems may be achieved by integrating ecological and geochemical data with metabolic rate measurements. Here we present rates of microbially mediated sulfate reduction from three distinct hydrothermal vents in the Middle Valley vent field along the Juan de Fuca Ridge, as well as assessments of bacterial and archaeal diversity, estimates of total biomass and the abundance of functional genes related to sulfate reduction, and in situ geochemistry. Maximum rates of sulfate reduction occurred at 90 degrees C in all three deposits. Pyrosequencing and functional gene abundance data revealed differences in both biomass and community composition among sites, including differences in the abundance of known sulfate-reducing bacteria. The abundance of sequences for Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms and higher sulfate reduction rates at elevated temperatures suggests that Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms may have a role in sulfate reduction in warmer environments. The rates of sulfate reduction presented here suggest that-within anaerobic niches of hydrothermal deposits-heterotrophic sulfate reduction may be quite common and might contribute substantially to secondary productivity, underscoring the potential role of this process in both sulfur and carbon cycling at vents.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.17},
	author = {Frank, Kiana L and Rogers, Daniel R and Olins, Heather C and Vidoudez, Charles and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Thurber2012,
	title = {{Archaea in metazoan diets: implications for food webs and biogeochemical cycling}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {6},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1602{\textendash}1612},
	publisher = {International Society for Microbial Ecology},
	abstract = {Although the importance of trophic linkages, including {\textquoteleft}top-down forcing{\textquoteright}, on energy flow and ecosystem productivity is recognized, the influence of metazoan grazing on Archaea and the biogeochemical processes that they mediate is unknown. Here, we test if: (1) Archaea provide a food source sufficient to allow metazoan fauna to complete their life cycle; (2) neutral lipid biomarkers (including crocetane) can be used to identify Archaea consumers; and (3) archaeal aggregates are a dietary source for methane seep metazoans. In the laboratory, we demonstrated that a dorvilleid polychaete, Ophryotrocha labronica, can complete its life cycle on two strains of Euryarchaeota with the same growth rate as when fed bacterial and eukaryotic food. Archaea were therefore confirmed as a digestible and nutritious food source sufficient to sustain metazoan populations. Both strains of Euryarchaeota used as food sources had unique lipids that were not incorporated into O. labronica tissues. At methane seeps, sulfate-reducing bacteria that form aggregations and live syntrophically with anaerobic-methane oxidizing Archaea contain isotopically and structurally unique fatty acids (FAs). These biomarkers were incorporated into tissues of an endolithofaunal dorvilleid polychaete species from Costa Rica (mean bulk $δ$13C=-92{\textpm}4{\textperthousand}; polar lipids -116{\textperthousand}) documenting consumption of archaeal-bacterial aggregates. FA composition of additional soft-sediment methane seep species from Oregon and California provided evidence that consumption of archaeal-bacterial aggregates is widespread at methane seeps. This work is the first to show that Archaea are consumed by heterotrophic metazoans, a trophic process we coin as {\textquoteleft}archivory{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2012.16},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v6/n8/suppinfo/ismej201216s1.html},
	author = {Thurber, A R and Levin, L A and Orphan, V J and Marlow, J J}
}
@booklet {Levin2012,
	title = {{A hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margin: middle ground in a continuum of reducing ecosystems}},
	howpublished = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {279},
	number = {1738},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {2580{\textendash}2588},
	abstract = {Upon their initial discovery, hydrothermal vents and methane seeps were considered to be related but distinct ecosystems, with different distributions, geomorphology, temperatures, geochemical properties and mostly different species. However, subsequently discovered vents and seep systems have blurred this distinction. Here, we report on a composite, hydrothermal seep ecosystem at a subducting seamount on the convergent Costa Rica margin that represents an intermediate between vent and seep ecosystems. Diffuse flow of shimmering, warm fluids with high methane concentrations supports a mixture of microbes, animal species, assemblages and trophic pathways with vent and seep affinities. Their coexistence reinforces the continuity of reducing environments and exemplifies a setting conducive to interactive evolution of vent and seep biota.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.0205},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1738/2580.abstract},
	author = {Levin, L A and Orphan, V J and Rouse, G W and Rathburn, A E and Ussler, W and Cook, G S and Goffredi, S K and Perez, Elena M and Waren, A and Grupe, B M and Chadwick, G and Strickrott, B}
}
@article {Lin2012,
	title = {{Inorganic chemistry, gas compositions and dissolved organic carbon in fluids from sedimented young basaltic crust on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flanks}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {213{\textendash}227},
	abstract = {The permeable upper oceanic basement serves as a plausible habitat for a variety of microbial communities. There is growing evidence suggesting a substantial subseafloor biosphere. Here new time series data are presented on key inorganic species, methane, hydrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in ridge flank fluids obtained from subseafloor observatory CORKs (Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kits) at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) boreholes 1301A and 1026B. These data show that the new sampling methods (Cowen et al., 2012) employed at 1301A result in lower contamination than earlier studies. Furthermore, sample collection methods permitted most chemical analyses to be performed from aliquots of single large volume samples, thereby allowing more direct comparison of the data. The low phosphate concentrations (0.06{\textendash}0.2~$μ$M) suggest that relative to carbon and nitrogen, phosphorus could be a limiting nutrient in the basement biosphere. Coexisting sulfate (17{\textendash}18~mM), hydrogen sulfide (\~{}0.1~$μ$M), hydrogen (0.3{\textendash}0.7~$μ$M) and methane (1.5{\textendash}2~$μ$M) indicates that the basement aquifer at 1301A either draws fluids from multiple flow paths with different redox histories or is a complex environment that is not thermodynamically controlled and may allow co-occurring metabolic pathways including sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. The low DOC concentrations (11{\textendash}18~$μ$M) confirm that ridge flank basement is a net DOC sink and ultimately a net carbon sink. Based on the net amounts of DOC, oxygen, nitrate and sulfate removed (\~{}30~$μ$M, \~{}80~$μ$M, \~{}40~$μ$M and \~{}10~mM, respectively) from entrained bottom seawater, organic carbon may be aerobically or anaerobically oxidized in biotic and/or abiotic processes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.017},
	author = {Lin, H -T and Cowen, J P and Olson, E J and Amend, J P and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600280,
	title = {{Microbial communities at the borehole observatory on the Costa Rica Rift flank (Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A)}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The microbiology of subsurface, hydrothermally influenced basaltic crust flanking midocean ridges has remained understudied, due to the difficulty in accessing the subsurface environment. The instrumented boreholes resulting from scientific ocean drilling offer access to samples of the formation fluids circulating through oceanic crust. We analyzed the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities of fluid and microbial mat samples collected in situ from the observatory at Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A, drilled into similar to 6.5 million-year-old basaltic crust on the flank of the Costa Rica Rift in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences recovered from borehole fluid and from a microbial mat coating the outer surface of the fluid port revealed both unique and shared phylotypes. The dominant bacterial clones from both samples were related to the autotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing genus Thiomicrospira. Both samples yielded diverse gamma- and alphaproteobacterial phylotypes, as well as members of the Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia. Analysis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) genes (cbbL and cbbM) from the sampling port mat and from the borehole fluid demonstrated autotrophic carbon assimilation potential for in situ microbial communities; most cbbL genes were related to those of the sulfur-oxidizing genera Thioalkalivibrio and Thiomicrospira, and cbbM genes were affiliated with uncultured phylotypes from hydrothermal vent plumes and marine sediments. Several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes from the 896A observatory grouped with phylotypes recovered from seawater-exposed basalts and sulfide deposits at inactive hydrothermal vents, but there is little overlap with hydrothermally influenced basaltic boreholes 1026B and U1301A on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank, suggesting that site-specific characteristics of Hole 896A (i.e., seawater mixing into borehole fluids) affect the microbial community composition.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00232},
	author = {Nigro, Lisa M and Harris, Kate and Orcutt, Beth N and Hyde, Andrew and Clayton-Luce, Samuel and Becker, Keir and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Robert2012,
	title = {{Small-scale thermal responses of hydrothermal vent polynoid polychaetes: Preliminary in situ experiments and methodological development}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {420-421},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {69{\textendash}76},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent systems represent a unique marine environment where high spatial variability allows the study of habitat selection with respect to small-scale temperature gradients. An autonomous time-lapse camera with a temperature logger array was deployed on four occasions to examine the thermal responses of two vent endemic polynoid polychaete taxa: Branchinotogluma sp. and Lepidonotopodium piscesae. Over a total deployment time of 52~h, we collected over 3,400 frames, in which 1,700 individuals were observed and monitored. Automated image processing and particle tracking routines were used to quickly process the imagery acquired in situ. Kriging interpolation was employed to create temperature maps (2.5{\textendash}67~{\textdegree}C) of the field of view within which individual polynoids were tracked over time. Using the individual trajectories, we examined whether organisms selected for a narrower range of temperature than available in the environment and whether past information regarding the temperature encountered influenced subsequent movement decisions. A two state hidden Markov model was applied to predict behaviour based on movement patterns and examine whether areas characterized by different movement patterns differed in temperature. We found polynoids to be active over a wide range of temperatures and areas where different movement patterns were observed did not differ in temperature. Within their tolerated range of temperature, polynoids appear to thermoconform to the highly spatially variable thermal environment. Based on these preliminary deployments, we make suggestions for future studies over broader thermal regimes and longer time scales.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.019},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.019},
	author = {Robert, K and Onthank, K L and Juniper, S K and Lee, R W}
}
@article {Bailey2011,
	title = {{Dimorphism in methane seep-dwelling ecotypes of the largest known bacteria}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {5},
	number = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1926{\textendash}1935},
	publisher = {International Society for Microbial Ecology},
	abstract = {We present evidence for a dimorphic life cycle in the vacuolate sulfide-oxidizing bacteria that appears to involve the attachment of a spherical Thiomargarita-like cell to the exteriors of invertebrate integuments and other benthic substrates at methane seeps. The attached cell elongates to produce a stalk-like form before budding off spherical daughter cells resembling free-living Thiomargarita that are abundant in surrounding sulfidic seep sediments. The relationship between the attached parent cell and free-living daughter cell is reminiscent of the dimorphic life modes of the prosthecate Alphaproteobacteria, but on a grand scale, with individual elongate cells reaching nearly a millimeter in length. Abundant growth of attached Thiomargarita-like bacteria on the integuments of gastropods and other seep fauna provides not only a novel ecological niche for these giant bacteria, but also for animals that may benefit from epibiont colonization.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.66},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v5/n12/suppinfo/ismej201166s1.html 10.1038/ismej.2011.66},
	author = {Bailey, J V and Salman, V and Rouse, G W and Schulz-Vogt, H and Levin, L A and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {Orcutt2011,
	title = {{Microbial Ecology of the Dark Ocean above, at, and below the Seafloor }},
	journal = {Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews},
	volume = {75},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {361{\textendash}422},
	abstract = {The majority of life on Earth{\textemdash}notably, microbial life{\textemdash}occurs in places that do not receive sunlight, with the habitats of the oceans being the largest of these reservoirs. Sunlight penetrates only a few tens to hundreds of meters into the ocean, resulting in large-scale microbial ecosystems that function in the dark. Our knowledge of microbial processes in the dark ocean{\textemdash}the aphotic pelagic ocean, sediments, oceanic crust, hydrothermal vents, etc.{\textemdash}has increased substantially in recent decades. Studies that try to decipher the activity of microorganisms in the dark ocean, where we cannot easily observe them, are yielding paradigm-shifting discoveries that are fundamentally changing our understanding of the role of the dark ocean in the global Earth system and its biogeochemical cycles. New generations of researchers and experimental tools have emerged, in the last decade in particular, owing to dedicated research programs to explore the dark ocean biosphere. This review focuses on our current understanding of microbiology in the dark ocean, outlining salient features of various habitats and discussing known and still unexplored types of microbial metabolism and their consequences in global biogeochemical cycling. We also focus on patterns of microbial diversity in the dark ocean and on processes and communities that are characteristic of the different habitats.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1092-2172},
	doi = {10.1128/MMBR.00039-10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/​MMBR.00039-10},
	author = {Orcutt, B N and Sylvan, J B and Knab, N J and Edwards, K J}
}
@article {ISI:000208863500072,
	title = {{Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: a look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen indicates that the reaction is unfavorable as unstable superoxide and bisulfide radical ions would need to be produced. However, a two-electron transfer is favorable as stable S(0) and peroxide would be formed, but the partially filled orbitals in oxygen that accept electrons prevent rapid kinetics. Abiotic sulfide oxidation kinetics improve when reduced iron and/or manganese are oxidized by oxygen to form oxidized metals which in turn oxidize sulfide. Biological sulfur oxidation relies on enzymes that have evolved to overcome these kinetic constraints to affect rapid sulfide oxidation. Here we review the available thermodynamic and kinetic data for H2S and HS center dot as well as O-2, reactive oxygen species, nitrate, nitrite, and NOx species. We also present new kinetic data for abiotic sulfide oxidation with oxygen in trace metal clean solutions that constrain abiotic rates of sulfide oxidation in metal free solution and agree with the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, we present experimental data that give insight on rates of chemolithotrophic and photolithotrophic sulfide oxidation in the environment. We demonstrate that both anaerobic photolithotrophic and aerobic chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation rates are three or more orders of magnitude higher than abiotic rates suggesting that in most environments biotic sulfide oxidation rates will far exceed abiotic rates due to the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints discussed in the first section of the paper. Such data reshape our thinking about the biotic and abiotic contributions to sulfide oxidation in the environment.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00062},
	author = {Luther III, George W and Findlay, Alyssa J and MacDonald, Daniel J and Owings, Shannon M and Hanson, Thomas E and Beinart, Roxanne A and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Luther2011,
	title = {{Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: a look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {62},
	publisher = {FRONTIERS RESEARCH FOUNDATION},
	address = {LAUSANNE; PO BOX 110, LAUSANNE, 1015, SWITZERLAND},
	abstract = {The thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen indicates that the reaction is unfavorable as unstable superoxide and bisulfide radical ions would need to be produced. However, a two-electron transfer is favorable as stable S(0) and peroxide would be formed, but the partially filled orbitals in oxygen that accept electrons prevent rapid kinetics. Abiotic sulfide oxidation kinetics improve when reduced iron and/or manganese are oxidized by oxygen to form oxidized metals which in turn oxidize sulfide. Biological sulfur oxidation relies on enzymes that have evolved to overcome these kinetic constraints to affect rapid sulfide oxidation. Here we review the available thermodynamic and kinetic data for H2S and HS center dot as well as O-2, reactive oxygen species, nitrate, nitrite, and NOx species. We also present new kinetic data for abiotic sulfide oxidation with oxygen in trace metal clean solutions that constrain abiotic rates of sulfide oxidation in metal free solution and agree with the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, we present experimental data that give insight on rates of chemolithotrophic and photolithotrophic sulfide oxidation in the environment. We demonstrate that both anaerobic photolithotrophic and aerobic chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation rates are three or more orders of magnitude higher than abiotic rates suggesting that in most environments biotic sulfide oxidation rates will far exceed abiotic rates due to the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints discussed in the first section of the paper. Such data reshape our thinking about the biotic and abiotic contributions to sulfide oxidation in the environment.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00062},
	author = {Luther, G W and Findlay, A J and MacDonald, D J and Owings, S M and Hanson, T E and Beinart, R A and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Olu2010,
	title = {{Biogeography and Potential Exchanges Among the Atlantic Equatorial Belt Cold-Seep Faunas}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {e11967},
	abstract = {Like hydrothermal vents along oceanic ridges, cold seeps are patchy and isolated ecosystems along continental margins, extending from bathyal to abyssal depths. The Atlantic Equatorial Belt (AEB), from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of Guinea, was one focus of the Census of Marine Life ChEss (Chemosynthetic Ecosystems) program to study biogeography of seep and vent fauna. We present a review and analysis of collections from five seep regions along the AEB: the Gulf of Mexico where extensive faunal sampling has been conducted from 400 to 3300m, the Barbados accretionary prism, the Blake ridge diapir, and in the Eastern Atlantic from the Congo and Gabon margins and the recently explored Nigeria margin. Of the 72 taxa identified at the species level, a total of 9 species or species complexes are identified as amphi-Atlantic. Similarity analyses based on both Bray Curtis and Hellinger distances among 9 faunal collections, and principal component analysis based on presence/absence of megafauna species at these sites, suggest that within the AEB seep megafauna community structure is influenced primarily by depth rather than by geographic distance. Depth segregation is observed between 1000 and 2000m, with the middle slope sites either grouped with those deeper than 2000m or with the shallower sites. The highest level of community similarity was found between the seeps of the Florida escarpment and Congo margin. In the western Atlantic, the highest degree of similarity is observed between the shallowest sites of the Barbados prism and of the Louisiana slope. The high number of amphi-atlantic cold-seep species that do not cluster according to biogeographic regions, and the importance of depth in structuring AEB cold-seep communities are the major conclusions of this study. The hydrothermal vent sites along the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) did not appear as {\textquotedblleft}stepping stones{\textquotedblright} for dispersal of the AEB seep fauna, however, the south MAR and off axis regions should be further explored to more fully test this hypothesis.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0011967},
	author = {Olu, K and Cordes, E E and Fisher, C R and Brooks, J M and Sibuet, M and Desbruyeres, D}
}
@article {Bailey2010,
	title = {{Pseudofossils in relict methane seep carbonates resemble endemic microbial consortia}},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {285},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {131{\textendash}142},
	abstract = {Pleistocene-age methane seep carbonates from the Eel River Basin, California contain aggregate-like structures composed of tightly-packed hollow spheres that morphologically resemble syntrophic archaeal{\textendash}bacterial consortia known to catalyze the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Tetragonal microstructures also present in the carbonates resemble seep-endemic Methanosarcinales cell clusters. Despite morphological similarities to the seep-endemic microbes that likely mediated the authigenesis of Eel River Basin carbonates and sulfides, detailed petrographic, SEM, and magnetic microscopic imaging, remanence rock magnetism, laser Raman, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, suggest that these microstructures are not microfossils, but rather mineral structures that result from the diagenetic alteration of euhedral Fe-sulfide framboids. Electron microscopy shows that during diagenesis, reaction rims composed of Fe oxide form around framboid microcrystalites. Subsequent dissolution of greigite or pyrite crystals leaves behind hollow cell-like casings (external molds) {\textemdash} a transformation that occurs on timescales of \~{}100 kyr or less. Despite their superficial resemblance to morphologically-distinctive extant microbes in local sediments, the presence of acellular precursor grains, as well as of partially-altered transitional forms, complicate the interpretation of these and other framboidal microstructures that have been reported from the rock record.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.002},
	author = {Bailey, J V and Raub, T D and Meckler, A N and Harrison, B K and Raub, T M D and Green, A M and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Ondreas2009,
	title = {{Recent volcanic events and the distribution of hydrothermal venting at the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {Q02006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002171},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002171},
	author = {Ondreas, H and Cannat, M and Fouquet, Y and Normand, A and Sarradin, P -M and Sarrazin, J}
}
@article {Proskurowski2008,
	title = {{Stable isotopic evidence in support of active microbial methane cycling in low-temperature diffuse flow vents at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {8},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2005{\textendash}2023},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.025},
	author = {Proskurowski, G and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J}
}
@article {Carney2007,
	title = {{Environmental differences in hemoglobin gene expression in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm, Ridgeia piscesae}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	volume = {146},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {326{\textendash}337},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.11.002},
	author = {Carney, S L and Flores, J F and Orobona, K M and Butterfield, D A and Fisher, C R and Schaeffer, S W}
}
@article {Larson2007,
	title = {{In situ measurement of dissolved chloride in high temperature hydrothermal fluids}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {71},
	number = {10},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {2510{\textendash}2523},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.013},
	author = {Larson, B I and Olson, E J and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Oliver2007,
	title = {{A new species of Axinus (Bivalvia: Thyasiroidea) from the Baby Bare Seamount, Cascadia Basin, NE Pacific with a description of the anatomy}},
	journal = {Journal of Conchology},
	volume = {39},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {363{\textendash}375},
	issn = {0022-0019},
	url = {http://www.conchsoc.org/resources/show-abstract-39.php?id= 137},
	author = {Oliver, P G and Holmes, A M}
}
@article {Olsson2007,
	title = {{Underwater applications of high-power light-emitting diodes: solid-state lighting comes of age in the deep sea as high-power LEDs debut on submersible Alvin dives}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {31{\textendash}34},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Olsson, M and Hardy, K and Sanderson, J}
}
@article {McCliment2006,
	title = {{Colonization of nascent, deep-sea hydrothermal vents by a novel Archaeal and Nanoarchaeal assemblage}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {114{\textendash}125},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00874.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00874.x},
	author = {McCliment, E A and Voglesonger, K M and O{\textquoteright}Day, P A and Dunn, E E and Holloway, J R and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Proskurowski2006,
	title = {{Low temperature volatile production at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field: evidence from a hydrogen stable isotope geothermometer}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {229},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {331{\textendash}343},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005},
	author = {Proskurowski, G and Lilley, M D and Kelley, D S and Olson, E J}
}
@article {Beatty2005,
	title = {{An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {102},
	number = {26},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {9306{\textendash}9310},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0503674102},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503674102},
	author = {Beatty, J T and Overmann, J and Lince, M T and Manske, A K and Lang, A S and Blankenship, R E and Van Dover, C L and Martinson, T A and Plumley, G F}
}
@article {Kelley2005a,
	title = {{A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: The lost city hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {307},
	number = {5714},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1428{\textendash}1434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102556},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Yoerger, D R and Shank, T M and Butterfield, D A and Hayes, J M and Schrenk, M O and Olson, E J and Proskurowski, G and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Larson, B I and Ludwig, K A and Glickson, D A and Buckman, K and Bradley, A S and Brazelton, W J and Roe, K and Elend, M J and Delacour, A and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Summons, R T and Sylva, S P}
}
@article {Goffredi2004a,
	title = {{Novel forms of structural integration between microbes and a hydrothermal vent gastropod from the Indian Ocean}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {3082{\textendash}3090},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.5.3082-3090.2004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.5.3082-3090.2004},
	author = {Goffredi, S K and Waren, A and Orphan, V J and Van Dover, C L and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Won2003a,
	title = {{Cytonuclear disequilibrium in a hybrid zone involving deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {3185{\textendash}3190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01974.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01974.x},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Hallam, S J and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Won2003,
	title = {{Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-sea mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {6785{\textendash}6792},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Hallam, S J and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Pan, I L and Buck, K R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {VonDamm2003,
	title = {{Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {206},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2003},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {365{\textendash}378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M D and Shanks, W C and Brockington, M and Bray, A M and O{\textquoteright}Grady, K M and Olson, E J and Graham, A and Proskurowski, G and Party, SouEPR Science}
}
@article {Fornari2003,
	title = {{High-T hydrothermal vent monitoring at the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N and a new, improved 64k memory high-T vent fluid temperature logger}},
	journal = {Ridge 2000 Events},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {21{\textendash}25},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0403.pdf},
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}
@article {Lilley2003,
	title = {{Magmatic events can produce rapid changes in hydrothermal vent chemistry}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {422},
	number = {6934},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {878{\textendash}881},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
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	doi = {10.1038/nature01569},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01569},
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}
@article {Jenkins2002,
	title = {{The digestive system of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Galapagomystides aristata (Phyllodocidae): Evidence for hematophagy?}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {121},
	number = {3},
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	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
@article {VanDover2001,
	title = {{Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {294},
	number = {5543},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {818{\textendash}823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1064574},
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}
@article {OMullan2001,
	title = {{A hybrid zone between hydrothermal vent mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {12},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2819{\textendash}2831},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
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	title = {{An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {412},
	number = {6843},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {145{\textendash}149},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
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	title = {{The discovery of ancient history in the deep sea using advanced deep submergence technology}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1591{\textendash}1620},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
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}
@article {Okutani2000,
	title = {{Gastropod fauna of a thermal vent site on the North Knoll of Iheya Ridge, Okinawa Trough}},
	journal = {Venus the Japanese Journal of Malacology},
	volume = {59},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
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	issn = {0042-3580},
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}
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	title = {{Large earthquakes and bottom disturbances in the Okushiri Ridge along the eastern margin of Japan Sea}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
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	issn = {1340-7848},
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}
@article {Tsuchida2000,
	title = {{Preliminary report of a biological, geological, and geochemical survey on hydrothermalism at the Hotoma and Minna Knolls SF sub(6) tracer experiment to observe the behavior of hydrothermal plume at South East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {35{\textendash}42},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}06.pdf},
	author = {Tsuchida, S and Watanabe, K and Ishibashi, J and Miyake, H and Watabe, H and Yamaguchi, T and Kitajima, T and Nakano, A and Matsumura, M and Watanabe, H and Tsumune, D and Shitashima, K and Okamura, K and Urabe, T and Nakamura, K and Fujimoto, H and Mitsuzawa, K}
}
@article {Ura2000,
	title = {{R-One Robot}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {30{\textendash}34},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Ura, T and Obara, T}
}
@article {Wu2000a,
	title = {{Sedimentation processes and deformation at south flank of Zenisu Ridge, Philippine Sea revealed by {\textquoteright}Shinkai 6500{\textquoteright} Dive 523 and seismic data}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {53{\textendash}64},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}08.pdf},
	author = {Wu, S and Sakamoto, I and Horiuchi, S and Misawa, Y and Ohta, S}
}
@article {Halanych1999,
	title = {{Brief description of biological communities at 7 degrees S on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {InterRidge News},
	volume = {8},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {23{\textendash}27},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://interridge.whoi.edu/files/interridge/IRNewsVol8-2.pdf},
	author = {Halanych, K M and Tieger, M and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Matsumoto1999,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic communities and surface ruptures discovered on the Kuroshima Knoll south of Yaeyama Islands (NT97-14 Cruise)}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {477{\textendash}491},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}39.pdf},
	author = {Matsumoto, T and Kimura, M and Nishida, S and Nakamura, T and Ono, T}
}
@article {Ishibashi1999,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of hydrothermal activities along the S-EPR by Shinkai 6500}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {53{\textendash}59},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}05.pdf},
	author = {Ishibashi, J and Okamura, K and Tsumune, D and Nakamura, K and Urabe, T and Shitashima, K and Roe, K and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {Hashimoto1999,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent communities in the PACMANUS site, Manus Basin. Results of the BIOACCESS Cruise {\textquoteright}96 in the Manus Basin}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {91{\textendash}102},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}09.pdf},
	author = {Hashimoto, J and Ota, S and Auzende, J M and Fiala-Medioni, A and Miura, T and Nishimura, K and Malagun, S and Kikuchi, T and Ishibashi, J}
}
@article {Hattori1999,
	title = {{In situ sea bottom Gamma ray surveys by manned submersibles and ROV}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {639{\textendash}660},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}56.pdf},
	author = {Hattori, M and Okano, M}
}
@article {Hirano1999,
	title = {{Temporal changes of cracks in the oceanward slope of northern Japan Trench off Sanriku: Six-year observation by submersibles}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {445{\textendash}454},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}36.pdf},
	author = {Hirano, S and Ogawa, Y and Yujiro, F and Fujioka, K and Kawamura, K}
}
@article {VonDamm1998,
	title = {{The geochemical controls on vent fluids from the Lucky Strike vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
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	year = {1998},
	pages = {521{\textendash}536},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00108-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00108-3},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Bray, A M and Buttermore, L G and Oosting, S E}
}
@article {Ogawa1998,
	title = {{Preservation of biogenic opal-A in earliest Cretaceous radiolarian claystone from the western Pacific}},
	journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Research, Section A: Sedimentary Petrology and Processes},
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	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
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	author = {Ogawa, Y and Kawata, T}
}
@article {Orange1997,
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	volume = {9},
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	pages = {303{\textendash}312},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
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	title = {{Slope basins, headless canyons, and submarine palaeoseismology of the Cascadia accretionary complex}},
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	pages = {313{\textendash}324},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00049.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00049.x},
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}
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	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
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	pages = {883{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	doi = {10.1029/96GL00731},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00731},
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}
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	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
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	pages = {887{\textendash}890},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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}
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	journal = {Nature},
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}
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	organization = {Chapman and Hall},
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}
@article {Childress1993,
	title = {{The role of a zinc-based, serum-borne sulphide-binding component in the uptake and transport of dissolved sulphide by the chemoautotrophic symbiont containing clam Calyptogena elongata}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {179},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
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}
@article {Haymon1993,
	title = {{Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 45-52{\textquoteright}N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April 1991}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {119},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {85{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
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}
@article {Haymon1992,
	title = {{Dramatic short-term changes observed during March {\textquoteright}92 to April {\textquoteright}91 eruption site on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 45-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
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	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
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}
@article {Lilley1992,
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	year = {1992},
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}
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	author = {Haymon, R M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Beedle, N and Johnson, F and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Grebmeier, J and Lilley, M and McLaughlin, E and Olson, E and Edmond, J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Shanks, W C and Lutz, R and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D}
}
@article {Haymon1991b,
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	journal = {JOI/USSAC Newsletter},
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	pages = {4{\textendash}5},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Shanks, W C and Grebmeier, J and Lutz, R and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Smith, M and Laughlin, E and Beedle, N and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D and Olson, E and Johnson, F}
}
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}
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	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	doi = {10.1029/89JB02837},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/89JB02837},
	author = {Moore, J C and Orange, D and Kulm, L V D}
}
@article {Orem1990,
	title = {{Organic matter in hydrothermal metal ores and hydrothermal fluids}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {125{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90043-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90043-5},
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}
@article {Okutani1990,
	title = {{Two new species of Provanna (Gastropoda: Cerithiacea) from snail pit in the hydrothermal vent site at the Mariana Back-Arc Basin}},
	journal = {Venus the Japanese Journal of Malacology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {19{\textendash}24},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	author = {Okutani, T}
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	title = {{Composicion geoquimica y mineralogica de los depositos hidrotermales de la Dorsal del Pacifico mexicano (21 grados N) y la Cuenca de Guaymas}},
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@inbook {Olafsson1989,
	title = {{Initial observations, bathymetry and photography of a geothermal site on the Kolbeinsey Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography 1988 : JOA Mexico 88},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {121{\textendash}127},
	publisher = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	organization = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	address = {Mexico City},
	isbn = {9683611664},
	author = {Olafsson, J and Honjo, S and Thors, K and Stefansson, U and Jones, R R and Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Ayala-Casta{\~n}area, A}
}
@article {Stein1988,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic symbiosis in a hydrothermal vent gastropod}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {174},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {373{\textendash}378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/174/3/373},
	author = {Stein, J L and Cary, S C and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Ohta, S and Vetter, R D and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Okutani1988,
	title = {{Mariana haiko no nessui funshutsuko ni sumu fukusokurui no ichi shinshu. A new gastropod mollusk associated with hydrothermal vents in the Mariana Back-Arc Basin, western Pacific}},
	journal = {Venus the Japanese Journal of Malacology},
	volume = {47},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1{\textendash}9},
	issn = {0042-3580},
	author = {Okutani, T and Ohta, S}
}
@article {Karl1988,
	title = {{A microbiological study of Guaymas Basin high temperature hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {777{\textendash}791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	author = {Karl, D M and Taylor, G T and Novitsky, J A and Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Pace, N R and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Distel1988,
	title = {{Sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts: analysis of phylogeny, specificity, and origins by 16S ribosomal RNA sequences}},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {170},
	number = {6},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2506{\textendash}2510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	url = {http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/6/2506},
	author = {Distel, D L and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J and Pace, B and Pace, N R and Stahl, D A and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Fisher1987,
	title = {{The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {96},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {59{\textendash}71},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00394838},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394838},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Oremland, R S and Bidigare, R R}
}
@article {Carranza-Edwards1986,
	title = {{Sulfuros metalicos submarinos al sur de la peninsula de Baja California, Mexico}},
	journal = {Anales del Instituto Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Aut{\'o}noma de M{\'e}xico.},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {287{\textendash}296},
	issn = {0185-3287},
	author = {Carranza-Edwards, A and Hoz, L R and Orozco, Y H and Cabral, M G V and Santa Cruz, R L}
}
@article {Suchanek1985,
	title = {{Utilization of shallow-water seagrass detritus by Caribbean deep-sea macrofauna: delta super(13)C evidence}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {32},
	number = {2},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {201{\textendash}214},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(85)90028-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(85)90028-7},
	author = {Suchanek, T H and Williams, S L and Ogden, J C and Hubbard, D K and Gill, I P}
}
@article {Koski1984,
	title = {{Mineralogy and chemistry of massive sulfide deposits from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {95},
	number = {8},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {930{\textendash}945},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<930:MACOMS>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95{\%}3C930:MACOMS{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Koski, R A and Clague, D A and Oudin, E}
}
@article {Karl1984,
	title = {{Themophilic microbial activity in samples from deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Biology Letters},
	volume = {5},
	number = {4},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {227{\textendash}231},
	issn = {0165-859X},
	author = {Karl, D M and Burns, D and Orrett, K and Jannasch, H W}
}
@book {Observatory1983,
	title = {{Canyon and slope processes study}},
	year = {1983},
	publisher = {Minerals Management Service},
	organization = {Minerals Management Service},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	author = {Observatory, Lamont-Doherty Geological}
}
@inbook {Duane1983,
	title = {{Federal program in marine polymetallic sulfide research}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}83: San Francisco, August 29-September 1, 1983: Conference},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {825{\textendash}827},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152108},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152108},
	author = {Duane, D B and Henrichs, D F and Offield, T W}
}
@article {Oudin1983,
	title = {{Hydrothermal sulfide deposits of the East Pacific Rise (21 degrees N) part I: Descriptive mineralogy}},
	journal = {Marine Mining},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {39{\textendash}72},
	issn = {0149-0397},
	author = {Oudin, E}
}
@article {Group1981,
	title = {{Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4503},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {31{\textendash}40},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4503.31},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.31},
	author = {Group, East Pacific Rise Study and Ballard, R D and Craig, H and Edmond, J and Einaudi, M and Holcomb, R and Holland, H D and Hopson, C and Luyendyk, B P and Macdonald, K and Morton, J and Orcutt, J and Sleep, N}
}
@book {Oudin1981,
	title = {{Etudes mineralogique et geochimique des depots sulfures sous-marins actuels de la ride Est-Pacifique (21 degrees N): Campagne Rise (avril-mai et septembre-octobre 1979)}},
	series = {Documents du BRGM},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {247},
	publisher = {B.R.G.M.},
	organization = {B.R.G.M.},
	address = {Orleans, France},
	isbn = {2715960123},
	author = {Oudin, E and Fouillac, C and Le Bel, L}
}
@inbook {Hubbard1981,
	title = {{Preliminary studies of the fate of shallow-water detritus in the basin north of St. Croix, U.S.V.I.}},
	booktitle = {Reef and Man: Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, Philippines, 18-22 May 1981},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {383{\textendash}388},
	publisher = {University of the Philippines, Marine Sciences Center},
	organization = {University of the Philippines, Marine Sciences Center},
	address = {Quezon City, Philippines},
	isbn = {9710300156},
	author = {Hubbard, D K and Suchanek, T H and Gill, I P and Cowper, S and Ogden, J C and Westerfield, J R and Bayes, J},
	editor = {Gomez, E D}
}
@article {Spiess1980,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4438},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1421{\textendash}1433},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	author = {Spiess, F N and Macdonald, K C and Atwater, T and Ballard, R D and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Cox, C and Diaz Garcia, V M and Francheteau, J and Guerrero, J and Hawkins, J and Haymon, R and Hessler, R and Juteau, T and Kastner, M and Larson, R and Luyendyk, B and Macdougall, J D and Miller, S and Normark, W and Orcutt, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Phillips1979,
	title = {{A new undersea geological survey tool: Angus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {211{\textendash}225},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(79)90077-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(79)90077-3},
	author = {Phillips, J D and Driscoll, A H and Peal, K R and Marquet, W M and Owen, D M}
}
@article {Dayal1979,
	title = {{Radionuclide redistribution mechanisms at the 2800-m Atlantic nuclear waste disposal site}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {26},
	number = {12},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1329{\textendash}1345},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(79)90002-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(79)90002-5},
	author = {Dayal, R and Okubo, A and Duedall, I W and Ramamoorthy, A}
}
@mastersthesis {OSullivan1973,
	title = {{The design of a surface launch and recovery fender for DSRV "Alvin"}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {72},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1241},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1241},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Sullivan, J F}
}
@book {Shultz1966,
	title = {{Long term exposure and cycling tests of syntactic foam buoyancy material used in DSRV Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {21},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Shultz, W S and Omohundro, F P}
}
