@article {RN2529,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, and preservation at the Cathedral Hill deep sea hydrothermal vent, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its implications regarding the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {163},
	year = {2022},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	author = {Bentley, J. N. and Ventura, G. T. and Dalzell, C. J. and Walters, C. C. and Peters, C. A. and Mennito, A. S. and Nelson, R. K. and Reddy, C. M. and Seewald, J. S. and Sievert, S. M.}
}
@article {RN2487,
	title = {Abyssal deposit feeders are secondary consumers of detritus and rely on nutrition derived from microbial communities in their guts},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-91927-4},
	author = {Romero-Romero, S. and Miller, E. C. and Black, J. A. and Popp, B. N. and Drazen, J. C.}
}
@article {RN2497,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, preservation at Cathedral Hill, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its link to the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {104302},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140741982},
	author = {Bentley, Jeremy N. and Ventura, G. Todd and Dalzell, Connor J. and Walters, Clifford C. and Peters, Carl A. and Mennito, Anthony S. and Nelson, Robert K. and Reddy, Christopher M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Sievert, Stefan M.}
}
@article {RN2446,
	title = {Bacterial symbiont subpopulations have different roles in a deep-sea symbiosis},
	journal = {eLife},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e58371},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.7554/elife.58371},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1134365242 https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.58371},
	author = {Hinzke, Tjorven and Kleiner, Manuel and Meister, Mareike and Schl{\"u}ter, Rabea and Hentschker, Christian and Pan{\'e}-Farr{\'e}, Jan and Hildebrandt, Petra and Felbeck, Horst and Sievert, Stefan M. and Bonn, Florian and V{\"o}lker, Uwe and Becher, D{\"o}rte and Schweder, Thomas and Markert, Stephanie}
}
@article {RN2462,
	title = {Design and Testing of a Spherical Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Shipwreck Interior Exploration},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Science and Engineering},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {320},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3390/jmse9030320},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136412254 https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/3/320/pdf},
	author = {Eldred, Ross and Lussier, Johnathan and Pollman, Anthony}
}
@article {RN2463,
	title = {Distribution of Methane Plumes on Cascadia Margin and Implications for the Landward Limit of Methane Hydrate Stability},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {531714},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2021.531714},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136622263 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.531714/pdf},
	author = {Merle, Susan G. and Embley, Robert W. and Johnson, H. Paul and Lau, T. K. and Phrampus, Benjamin J. and Raineault, Nicole A. and Gee, Lindsay J.}
}
@article {RN2505,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141690217 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, Ol{\'\i}via S. and Gonzalez, Jennifer and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Le, Jennifer and Coscino, Connor L. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cortes, Jorge and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2507,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141690217 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, Ol{\'\i}via S. and Gonzalez, Jennifer and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Le, Jennifer and Coscino, Connor L. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cortes, Jorge and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2517,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-8925},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, O. S. and Gonzalez, J. and Mendoza, G. F. and Le, J. and Coscino, C. L. and Lee, R. W. and Cortes, J. and Cordes, E. E. and Levin, L. A.}
}
@article {RN2500,
	title = {Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0256321},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256321},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140963870 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0256321\&type=printable},
	author = {Ram{\'\i}rez, Gustavo A. and Mara, Paraskevi and Sehein, Taylor and Wegener, Gunter and Chambers, Christopher R. and Joye, Samantha B. and Peterson, Richard N. and Philippe, Aur{\'e}lie and Burgaud, Ga{\"e}tan and Edgcomb, Virginia P. and Teske, Andreas P.}
}
@article {RN2457,
	title = {Expanding the repertoire of electron acceptors for the anaerobic oxidation of methane in carbonates in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-14},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-00918-w},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136330759},
	author = {Beckmann, Sabrina and Farag, Ibrahim F. and Zhao, Rui and Christman, Glenn D. and Prouty, Nancy G. and Biddle, Jennifer F.}
}
@article {RN2454,
	title = {Extreme Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Mantle Revealed in Lavas From the 8 degrees 20 {\textquoteright} N Near-Axis Seamount Chain},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {22},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020GC009322},
	author = {Anderson, M. and Wanless, V. D. and Perfit, M. and Conrad, E. and Gregg, P. and Fornari, D. and Ridley, W. I.}
}
@article {RN2528,
	title = {Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-11},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-021-00537-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144475498},
	author = {Bledsoe-Becerra, Yessenia M. and Whittaker, Iesha S. and Horowitz, Jeremy and Naranjo, Katherine Medina and Johnson-Rosemond, Jicayla and Mullins, Kristen H. and Cunningham, Karena M. and Shetty, Suchir and Messinides, Samuel N. and Behney, Melinda S. and Fehsal, Jessica A. and Watson, Ashley N. and McKnight, Kaitlyn E. and Nasiadka, Teresa W. and Popa, Horia and Pettay, D. Tye and Appiah-Madson, Hannah J. and Distel, Daniel L. and Brugler, Mercer R.}
}
@article {RN2493,
	title = {Rhyolitic and basaltic reference materials for TC/EA analysis: Investigation of water extraction and D/H ratios},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {583},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {120486},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120486},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140446859},
	author = {Bindeman, I. N. and Hudak, M. R. and Palandri, J. P. and Qi, H. and Milovsky, R. and Hervig, R. L. and Perfit, M. R.}
}
@article {RN2482,
	title = {Scientific and budgetary tradeoffs between morphological and molecular methods for deep-sea biodiversity assessment},
	journal = {Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ieam.4466},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138219669},
	author = {Le, Jennifer T. and Levin, Lisa A. and Lejzerowicz, Franck and Cordier, Tristan and Gooday, Andrew J. and Pawlowski, Jan}
}
@article {RN2499,
	title = {Unexpected diversity of Endozoicomonas in deep-sea corals},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {673},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-15},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps13844},
	author = {Kellogg, C. A. and Pratte, Z. A.}
}
@article {RN2441,
	title = {Aerobic and anaerobic iron oxidizers together drive denitrification and carbon cycling at marine iron-rich hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00849-y},
	author = {McAllister, S. M. and Vandzura, R. and Keffer, J. L. and Polson, S. W. and Chan, C. R. S.}
}
@article {RN2408,
	title = {Classical and computed tomographic anatomical analyses in a not-so-cryptic Alviniconcha species complex from hydrothermal vents in the SW Pacific},
	journal = {Frontiers in Zoology},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {12},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1186/s12983-020-00357-x},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1127450967 https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12983-020-00357-x},
	author = {Laming, Sven R. and Hourdez, Stephane and Cambon-Bonavita, Marie-Anne and Pradillon, Florence}
}
@article {RN2403,
	title = {Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {649-656},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6},
	author = {Ponnudurai, R. and Heiden, S. E. and Sayavedra, L. and Hinzke, T. and Kleiner, M. and Hentschker, C. and Felbeck, H. and Sievert, S. M. and Schluter, R. and Becher, D. and Schweder, T. and Markert, S.}
}
@article {RN2445,
	title = {Complex subsurface hydrothermal fluid mixing at a submarine arc volcano supports distinct and highly diverse microbial communities},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {117},
	number = {51},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {32627-32638},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2019021117},
	author = {Reysenbach, A. L. and St John, E. and Meneghin, J. and Flores, G. E. and Podar, M. and Dombrowski, N. and Spang, A. and L{\textquoteright}Haridon, S. and Humphris, S. E. and de Ronde, C. E. J. and Tontini, F. C. and Tivey, M. and Stucker, V. K. and Stewart, L. C. and Diehl, A. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2423,
	title = {Evidence for an expanded repertoire of electron acceptors for the anaerobic oxidation of methane in authigenic carbonates in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2020.06.12.148429},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.06.12.148429},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128480116 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/06/14/2020.06.12.148429.full.pdf},
	author = {Beckmann, Sabrina and Farag, Ibrahim and Zhao, Rui and Christman, Glenn D. and Prouty, Nancy G. and Biddle, Jennifer}
}
@article {RN2438,
	title = {Gammaproteobacteria mediating utilization of methyl-, sulfur- and petroleum organic compounds in deep ocean hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-13},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00745-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130210975},
	author = {Zhou, Zhichao and Liu, Yang and Pan, Jie and Cron, Brandi R. and Toner, Brandy M. and Anantharaman, Karthik and Breier, John A. and Dick, Gregory J. and Li, Meng}
}
@article {RN2433,
	title = {Quantification of eruption dynamics on the north rift at Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020gc009136},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129829964},
	author = {Le Saout, M. and Bohnenstiehl, D. R. and Paduan, J. B. and Clague, D. A.}
}
@article {RN2434,
	title = {Validation of Wind Speeds From Brown-Peaky Retracker in the Gulf of Mexico and East Coast of North America},
	journal = {Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing},
	volume = {58},
	number = {8},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {5793-5803},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0196-2892},
	doi = {10.1109/TGRS.2020.2970443},
	author = {Peng, F. K. and Deng, X. L.}
}
@article {RN2372,
	title = {APT: An Instrument for Monitoring Seafloor Acceleration, Pressure, and Temperature with Large Dynamic Range and Bandwidth},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {448-462},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120180132},
	author = {Davis, E. E. and Heesemann, M. and Farrugia, J. J. and Johnson, G. and Paros, J.}
}
@article {RN2381,
	title = {Carbon fixation and energy metabolisms of a subseafloor olivine biofilm},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1737-1749},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0385-0},
	author = {Smith, A. R. and Kieft, B. and Mueller, R. and Fisk, M. R. and Mason, O. U. and Popa, R. and Colwell, F. S.}
}
@article {RN2379,
	title = {Geochemistry of hot-springs at the SuSu Knolls hydrothermal field, Eastern Manus Basin: Advanced argillic alteration and vent fluid acidity},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {255},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {25-48},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2019.03.034},
	author = {Seewald, J. S. and Reeves, E. P. and Bach, W. and Saccocia, P. J. and Craddock, P. R. and Walsh, E. and Shanks, W. C. and Sylva, S. P. and Pichler, T. and Rosner, M.}
}
@article {RN2400,
	title = {Illuminating microbial species-specific effects on organic matter remineralization in marine sediments},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14871},
	author = {Mahmoudi, N. and Enke, T. N. and Beaupre, S. R. and Teske, A. P. and Cordero, O. X. and Pearson, A.}
}
@article {RN2378,
	title = {Incorporation of deep-sea and small-sized species provides new insights into gastropods phylogeny},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {135},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {136-147},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1055-7903},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.003},
	author = {Lee, H. and Chen, W. J. and Puillandre, N. and Aznar-Cormano, L. and Tsai, M. H. and Samadi, S.}
}
@article {RN2362,
	title = {Lipid biomarker patterns reflect different formation environments of mussel- and tubeworm-dominated seep carbonates from the Gulf of Mexico (Atwater Valley and Green Canyon)},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {505},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {36-47},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.12.005},
	author = {Guan, H. X. and Feng, D. and Birgel, D. and Peckmann, J. and Roberts, H. H. and Wu, N. Y. and Chen, D. F.}
}
@article {RN2365,
	title = {New constraints on mantle carbon from Mid-Atlantic Ridge popping rocks},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {511},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {67-75},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.019},
	author = {Jones, M. R. and Wanless, V. D. and Soule, S. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Fornari, D. J. and Curtice, J. and Klein, F. and Le Roux, V. and Brodsky, H. and Peron, S. and Schwartz, D. M.}
}
@article {RN2382,
	title = {Noble gas systematics in new popping rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (14 degrees N): Evidence for small-scale upper mantle heterogeneities},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {519},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {70-82},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.037},
	author = {Peron, S. and Moreira, M. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Curtice, J. and Blusztajn, J. S. and Putlitz, B. and Wanless, V. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Mittelstaedt, E.}
}
@article {RN2370,
	title = {Ocean Dumping of Containerized DDT Waste Was a Sloppy Process},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {53},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2971-2980},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.8b05859},
	author = {Kivenson, V. and Lemkau, K. L. and Pizarro, O. and Yoerger, D. R. and Kaiser, C. and Nelson, R. K. and Carmichael, C. and Paul, B. G. and Reddy, C. M. and Valentine, D. L.}
}
@article {RN2377,
	title = {Structure of Lo{\textquoteright}ihi Seamount, Hawai{\textquoteright}i and Lava Flow Morphology From High-Resolution Mapping},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2296-6463},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2019.00058},
	author = {Clague, D. A. and Paduan, J. B. and Caress, D. W. and Moyer, C. L. and Glazer, B. T. and Yoerger, D. R.}
}
@article {2493,
	title = {Characterization of benthic biogeochemistry and ecology at three methane seep sites on the Northern US Atlantic margin},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {41 - 56},
	isbn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.03.001},
	author = {McVeigh, D. and Skarke, A. and Dekas, A. E. and Borrelli, C. and Hong, W. -L and Marlow, J. J. and Pasulka, A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Barco, R. A. and Djurhuus, A.}
}
@article {RN2337,
	title = {Chemical Variations in the 1998, 2011, and 2015 Lava Flows From Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Cooling During Ascent, Lateral Transport, and Flow},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2915-2933},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007708},
	author = {Clague, D. A. and Paduan, J. B. and Dreyer, B. M. and Chadwick, W. W. and Rubin, K. R. and Perfit, M. R. and Fundis, A. T.}
}
@article {RN2338,
	title = {The Final Stages of Slip and Volcanism on an Oceanic Detachment Fault at 13 degrees 48 {\textquoteright} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {3115-3127},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007536},
	author = {Parnell-Turner, R. E. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Kurz, M. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Klein, F. and Wanless, V. D. and Fornari, D. J.}
}
@article {2484,
	title = {Influences of thermal and fluid characteristics of methane and hydrothermal seeps on the stable oxygen isotopes of living benthic foraminifera},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {344 - 355},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.02.037},
	author = {Burkett, Ashley M. and Rathburn, Anthony E. and Perez, M. Elena and Martin, Jonathan B.}
}
@article {RN2352,
	title = {Long-Term Stability of Back-Arc Basin Hydrothermal Vents},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {54},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2018.00054},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2018.00054},
	author = {Du Preez, Cherisse and Fisher, Charles R.}
}
@article {2479,
	title = {Microbial decomposition of marine dissolved organic matter in cool oceanic crust},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {334 - +},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-018-0109-5},
	author = {Walter, Sunita R. Shah and Jaekel, Ulrike and Osterholz, Helena and Fisher, Andrew T. and Huber, Julie A. and Pearson, Ann and Dittmar, Thorsten and Girguis, Peter R.}
}
@article {RN2349,
	title = {Models of habitat suitability, size, and age-class structure for the deep-sea black coral Leiopathes glaberrima in the Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {218-228},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064517301820},
	author = {Etnoyer, Peter J. and Wagner, Daniel and Fowle, Holly A. and Poti, Matthew and Kinlan, Brian and Georgian, Samuel E. and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {RN2342,
	title = {Phylogeny of Hesionidae (Aciculata, Annelida), with four new species from deep-sea eastern Pacific methane seeps, and resolution of the affinity of Hesiolyra},
	journal = {Invertebrate Systematics},
	volume = {32},
	number = {5},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1050-1068},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1445-5226},
	doi = {10.1071/IS17092},
	author = {Rouse, G. W. and Carvajal, J. I. and Pleijel, F.}
}
@article {Burkett2016,
	title = {{Colonization of over a thousand Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (foraminifera: Schwager, 1866) on artificial substrates in seep and adjacent off-seep locations in dysoxic, deep-sea environments}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {39{\textendash}50},
	abstract = {After {\~{}}1 yr on the seafloor at water depths of {\~{}}700 m on Hydrate Ridge in the Pacific, eight colonization experiments composed primarily of a plastic mesh cube (from here on refered to as SEA3, for Seafloor Epibenthic Attachment Cubes) were colonized by 1076 Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi on {\~{}}1841 cm2 of experimental substrate. This species is typically considered an indicator of well-oxygenated conditions, and recruitment of such large numbers in bottom waters with low dissolved oxygen availability (0.24{\textendash}0.37 mL/L) indicate that this taxon may not be as limited by oxygen as previously thought. Clues about substrate preferences were evident from the distribution, or lack thereof, of individuals among plastic mesh, coated steel frame, wooden dowels and reflective tape. Abundance, individual size distributions within cage populations and isotopic biogeochemistry of living foraminifera colonizing experimental substrates were compared between active seep and adjacent off-seep experiment locations, revealing potential differences between these environments. Few studies have examined foraminiferal colonization of hard substrates in the deep-sea and to our knowledge no previous study has compared foraminiferal colonization of active seep and off-seep substrates from the same region. This study provides initial results of recruitment, colonization, geochemical and morphological aspects of the paleoceanographically significant species, C. wuellerstorfi, from dynamic deep-sea environments. Further experimental deployments of SEA3s will provide a means to assess relatively unknown ecologic dynamics of important foraminiferal deep-sea species.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.08.011},
	author = {Burkett, A M and Rathburn, A E and Perez, Elena M and Levin, L A and Martin, J B}
}
@article {Gueguen2016,
	title = {{Comparative geochemistry of four ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Ocean and significance for the use of Ni isotopes as paleoceanographic tracers}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {189},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {214{\textendash}235},
	abstract = {{Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts are potential archive of the Ni isotope composition of seawater through time. In this study we aim at (1) understanding Ni isotope fractionation mechanisms and metal enrichment processes in Fe-Mn deposits, (2) addressing global vs. local control of Ni isotope composition of these deposits. Two Fe-Mn crusts from the North Pacific Ocean (Apuupuu Seamount, Hawaii) and two Fe-Mn crusts from the South Pacific Ocean (near Rurutu Island, Austral archipelago of French Polynesia) were characterized for their elemental geochemistry and Ni isotope composition. Geochemical analyses were performed at millimeter intervals in order to provide time-resolved record of Ni isotopes. Chronology and growth rates were determined using cosmogenic 10Be isotope abundances. The results show that, despite different growth rates, textures and geochemical patterns, Fe-Mn crusts from both North and South Pacific Oceans have fairly homogenous Ni isotope compositions over the last \~{}17 Ma, yielding average $δ$60/58Ni values of 1.79 {\textpm} 0.21{\textperthousand} (2sd},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.005},
	author = {Gueguen, B and Rouxel, O J and Rouget, M-L and Bollinger, C and Ponzevera, E and Germain, Y and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Edgcomb2016,
	title = {{Gene expression profiling of microbial activities and interactions in sediments under haloclines of E. Mediterranean deep hypersaline anoxic basins}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {2643{\textendash}2657},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are considered some of the most polyextreme habitats on Earth. In comparison to microbial activities occurring within the haloclines and brines of these unusual water column habitats near the Mediterranean seafloor, relatively little is known about microbial metabolic activities in the underlying sediments. In addition, it is not known whether activities are shaped by the unique chemistries of the different DHAB brines and whether evidence exists for active microbial eukaryotes in those sediments. Metatranscriptome analysis was applied to sediment samples collected using ROV Jason from underneath the haloclines of Urania, Discovery and L{\textquoteright}Atalante DHABs and a control site. We report on expression of genes associated with sulfur and nitrogen cycling, putative osmolyte biosynthetic pathways and ion transporters, trace metal detoxification, selected eukaryotic activities (particularly of fungi), microbemicrobe interactions, and motility in sediments underlying the haloclines of three DHABs. Relative to our control sediment sample collected outside of Urania Basin, microbial communities (including eukaryotes) in the Urania and Discovery DHAB sediments showed upregulation of expressed genes associated with nitrogen transformations, osmolyte biosynthesis, heavy metals resistance and metabolism, eukaryotic organelle functions, and cell-cell interactions. Sediments underlying DHAB haloclines that have cumulative physico-chemical stressors within the limits of tolerance for microoorganisms can therefore be hotspots of activity in the deep Mediterranean Sea.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2016.58},
	author = {Edgcomb, V P and Pachiadaki, M and Mara, P and Kormas, K and Leadbetter, E R and Bernhard, J M}
}
@article {Prouty2016a,
	title = {{Growth rates and ages of deep-sea corals impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {196{\textendash}212},
	abstract = {The impact of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill on deep-sea coral communities in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is still under investigation, as is the potential for these communities to recover. Impacts from the spill include observation of corals covered with flocculent material, with bare skeleton, excessive mucous production, sloughing tissue, and subsequent colonization of damaged areas by hydrozoans. Information on growth rates and life spans of deep-sea corals is important for understanding the vulnerability of these ecosystems to both natural and anthropogenic perturbations, as well as the likely duration of any observed adverse impacts. We report radiocarbon ages and radial and linear growth rates based on octocorals (Paramuricea spp. and Chrysogorgia sp.) collected in 2010 and 2011 from areas of the DWH impact. The oldest coral radiocarbon ages were measured on specimens collected 11 km to the SW of the oil spill from the Mississippi Canyon (MC) 344 site: 599 and 55 cal yr BP, suggesting continuous life spans of over 600 years for Paramuricea biscaya, the dominant coral species in the region. Calculated radial growth rates, between 0.34 $μ$m yr-1 and 14.20 $μ$m yr-1, are consistent with previously reported proteinaceous corals from the GoM. Anomalously low radiocarbon ($Δ$14C) values for soft tissue from some corals indicate that these corals were feeding on particulate organic carbon derived from an admixture of modern surface carbon and a low 14C carbon source. Results from this work indicate fossil carbon could contribute 5{\textendash}10{\%} to the coral soft tissue $Δ$14C signal within the area of the spill impact. The influence of a low 14C carbon source (e.g., petro-carbon) on the particulate organic carbon pool was observed at all sites within 30 km of the spill site, with the exception of MC118, which may have been outside of the dominant northeast{\textendash}southwest zone of impact. The quantitatively assessed extreme longevity and slow growth rates documented here highlight the vulnerability of these long-lived deep sea coral species to disturbance.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.10.021},
	author = {Prouty, N G and Fisher, C R and Demopoulos, A W J and Druffel, E R M}
}
@article {Prouty2016,
	title = {{Insights into methane dynamics from analysis of authigenic carbonates and chemosynthetic mussels at newly-discovered Atlantic Margin seeps}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {449},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {332{\textendash}344},
	abstract = {The recent discovery of active methane venting along the US northern and mid-Atlantic margin represents a new source of global methane not previously accounted for in carbon budgets from this region. However, uncertainty remains as to the origin and history of methane seepage along this tectonically inactive passive margin. Here we present the first isotopic analyses of authigenic carbonates and methanotrophic deep-sea mussels, Bathymodiolus sp., and the first direct constraints on the timing of past methane emission, based on samples collected at the upper slope Baltimore Canyon (\~{}385 m water depth) and deepwater Norfolk (\~{}1600 m) seep fields within the area of newly-discovered venting. The authigenic carbonates at both sites were dominated by aragonite, with an average View the MathML source$δ$C13 signature of -47{\textperthousand}-47{\textperthousand}, a value consistent with microbially driven anaerobic oxidation of methane-rich fluids occurring at or near the sediment{\textendash}water interface. Authigenic carbonate U and Sr isotope data further support the inference of carbonate precipitation from seawater-derived fluids rather than from formation fluids from deep aquifers. Carbonate stable and radiocarbon (View the MathML source$δ$C13 and View the MathML source$Δ$C13) isotope values from living Bathymodiolus sp. specimens are lighter than those of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon, highlighting the influence of fossil carbon from methane on carbonate precipitation. U{\textendash}Th dates on authigenic carbonates suggest seepage at Baltimore Canyon between 14.7{\textpm}0.6 ka14.7{\textpm}0.6 ka to 15.7{\textpm}1.6 ka15.7{\textpm}1.6 ka, and at the Norfolk seep field between 1.0{\textpm}0.7 ka1.0{\textpm}0.7 ka to 3.3{\textpm}1.3 ka3.3{\textpm}1.3 ka, providing constraint on the longevity of methane efflux at these sites. The age of the brecciated authigenic carbonates and the occurrence of pockmarks at the Baltimore Canyon upper slope could suggest a link between sediment delivery during Pleistocene sea-level lowstand, accumulation of pore fluid overpressure from sediment compaction, and release of overpressure through subsequent venting. Calculations show that the Baltimore Canyon site probably has not been within the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) in the past 20 ka, meaning that in-situ release of methane from dissociating gas hydrate cannot be sustaining the seep. We cannot rule out updip migration of methane from dissociation of gas hydrate that occurs farther down the slope as a source of the venting at Baltimore Canyon, but consider that the history of rapid sediment accumulation and overpressure may play a more important role in methane emissions at this site.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.023},
	author = {Prouty, N G and Sahy, D and Ruppel, C D and Roark, E B and Condon, D and Brooke, S and Ross, S W and Demopoulos, A W J}
}
@article {Macelloni2016,
	title = {{Mesoscale biogeophysical characterization of Woolsey Mound (northern Gulf of Mexico), a new attribute of natural marine hydrocarbon seeps architecture}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {380},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {330{\textendash}344},
	abstract = {Located on the continental slope in 900 m of water, Woolsey Mound dominates seafloor morphology at Mississippi Canyon 118. The carbonate-hydrate mound is the site of the Gulf of Mexico Hydrates Research Consortium{\textquoteright}s seafloor observatory to investigate and monitor hydrographic, geophysical, geological, geochemical and biological processes of the hydrocarbon system, northern Gulf of Mexico. Innovative survey and monitoring systems, sensors, and tools have been developed to extract samples and data to unravel the history, character and composition of the site. Many hours of visual data have been collected to investigate benthic communities thriving at the cold seep site associated with the mound. These communities{\textquoteright} habitats are described here, for the first time, in terms of faunal assemblage, substrate nature, and presence/absence of chemosynthetic species. Based on these factors, we grouped them into four benthic meso-habitats. We speculate that the spatial distribution of these meso-habitats is large enough to make this characteristic comparable to the geophysical response of the seismo-acoustic systems. We have tested this hypothesis carefully analyzing the relationship between benthic habitats zonation and the geophysical response of Side Scan Sonar, Chirp Subbottom, Surface Source Deep Receiver (SSDR) vertical incidence profiler and 3-D oil industry multichannel data. We observe that the geophysical response is not unique, a single habitat may correlate with many geophysical attributes, or a single geophysical attribute may span many habitats. However, we find that geophysical data can predict seep locations. They can also convey some information concerning community composition and complexity that function as proxies for seep duration/age while specific community components are believed to reflect composition of seep fluids. Although preliminary, this approach represents a novel classification/characterization for seafloor hydrocarbon seeps, one that reflects a historical component.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2016.03.016},
	author = {Macelloni, L and Lutken, C B and Ingrassia, M and D{\textquoteright} Emidio, M and Pizzi, M}
}
@article {Medagoda2016,
	title = {{Mid-water current aided localization for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Autonomous Robots},
	volume = {40},
	number = {7, SI},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1207{\textendash}1227},
	abstract = {Survey-class autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) typically rely on Doppler Velocity Logs (DVL) for precision localization near the seafloor. In cases where the seafloor depth is greater than the DVL bottom-lock range, localizing between the surface and the seafloor presents a localization problem since both GPS and DVL observations are unavailable in the mid-water column. This work proposes a solution to this problem that exploits the fact that current profile layers of the water column are near constant over short time scales (in the scale of minutes). Using observations of these currents obtained with the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler mode of the DVL during descent, along with data from other sensors, the method discussed herein constrains position error. The method is validated using field data from the Sirius AUV coupled with view-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and on descents up to 3km deep with the Sentry AUV.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1007/s10514-016-9547-3},
	author = {Medagoda, L and Williams, S B and Pizarro, O and Kinsey, J C and Jakuba, M V}
}
@article {Chadwick2016,
	title = {{Voluminous eruption from a zoned magma body after an increase in supply rate at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {12,063{\textendash}12,070},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is the best monitored submarine volcano in the world, providing an exceptional window into the dynamic interactions between magma storage, transport, and eruption processes in a mid-ocean ridge setting. An eruption in April 2015 produced the largest volume of erupted lava since monitoring and mapping began in the mid-1980s after the shortest repose time, due to a recent increase in magma supply. The higher rate of magma replenishment since 2011 resulted in the eruption of the most mafic lava in the last 500{\textendash}600 years. Eruptive fissures at the volcano summit produced pyroclastic ash that was deposited over an area of at least 8 km2. A systematic spatial distribution of compositions is consistent with a single dike tapping different parts of a thermally and chemically zoned magma reservoir that can be directly related to previous multichannel seismic-imaging results.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL071327},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Paduan, J B and Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Merle, S G and Bobbitt, A M and Caress, D W and Philip, B T and Kelley, D S and Nooner, S L}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300015,
	title = {{Bathymodiolus growth dynamics in relation to environmental fluctuations in vent habitats}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {183{\textendash}193},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep-sea mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus is a dominant species in the East Pacific Rise (EPR) hydrothermal vent fields. On the EPR volcanically unstable area, this late colonizer reaches high biomass within 4-5 years on new habitats created. by lava flows. The environmental conditions and growth rates characterizing the reestablishment of B. thermophilus populations are however largely unknown, leaving unconstrained the role of this foundation species in the ecosystem dynamics. A typical example from the vent field at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N that was affected by the last massive eruption was the Bio-9 hydrothermal vent site. Here, six years later, a large mussel population had reestablished. The von Bertalanffy growth model estimates the oldest B. thermophilus specimens to be 1.3 year-old in March 2012, consistent with the observation of scarce juveniles among tubeworms in 2010. Younger cohorts were also observed in 2012 but the low number of individuals, relatively to older cohorts, suggests limited survival or growth of new recruits at this site, that could reflect unsuitable habitat conditions. To further explore this asumption, we investigated the relationships between mussel growth dynamics and habitat properties. The approach combined sclerochronology analyses of daily shell growth with continuous habitat monitoring for two mussel assemblages; one from the Bio-9 new settlement and a second from the V-vent site unreached by the lava flow. At both vent sites, semi-diurnal fluctuations of abiotic conditions were recorded using sensors deployed in the mussel bed over 5 to 10 days. These data depict steep transitions from well oxygenated to oxygen-depleted conditions and from alkaline to acidic pH, combined with intermittent sulfide exposure. These semi-diurnal fluctuations exhibited marked changes in amplitude over time, exposing mussels to distinct regimes of abiotic constraints. The V-vent samples allowed growth patterns to be examined at the scale of individual life and compared to long-term records of habitat temperature and oceanographic mooring data in the years following the eruption. Both shell growth and habitat temperature at V-vent varied over the spring-neap tidal cycle and over longer periods of c.a. 60 days. The correlation of growth rate with temperature and, for some individuals, with current velocities supports the idea that tidal forcing impacts growth. Its influence on habitat conditions includes the spring-neap cycle, which is not reflected in current velocities but influences the venting rate. Additionally, it is expected that mesoscale eddies periodically passing across the ridge imprint shell growth through the influence of bottom current on the decimeter-thick mixing interface where mussels thrive. We conclude that diurnal-semidiurnal tidal fluctuations exert major abiotic constraints on B. thermophilus mussels and that low-frequency fluctuations act as significant determinants on growth. Finally, we postulate that the modulation of tidal fluctuations by large-scale hydrodynamic forcing ultimately constrains the capacity of this mussel species to form high biomass aggregations. This study indeed shows that the absence of these strong hydrodynamic drivers would limit the alternance of oxic and sulfidic conditions and significantly affect the growth rate of this species over time. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.003},
	author = {Nedoncelle, K and Lartaud, F and Pereira, L Contreira and Yuecel, M and Thurnherr, A M and Mullineaux, L and Le Bris, N}
}
@article {ISI:000356841900006,
	title = {{Cetia pacifica gen. nov., sp nov., a chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {65},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {1144{\textendash}1150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A thermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, strain TB-6(T), was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent located on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees N. The cells were Gram-staining-negative and rod-shaped with one or more polar flagella. Cell size was approximately 1-1.5 mu m in length and 0.5 mu m in width. Strain TB-6(T) grew between 45 and 70 degrees C (optimum 55-60 degrees C), 0 and 35 g NaCl l(-1) (optimum 20-30 gl(-1)) and pH 4.5 and 7.5 (optimum pH 5.5-6.0). Generation time under optimal conditions was 2 h. Growth of strain TB-6(T) occurred with H-2 as the energy source, CO2 as the carbon source and nitrate or sulfur as electron acceptors, with formation of ammonium or hydrogen sulfide, respectively. Acetate, (+)-n-glucose, Casamino acids, sucrose and yeast extract were not used as carbon and energy sources. Inhibition of growth occurred in the presence of lactate, peptone and tryptone under a H-2/CO2 (80 :20; 200 kPa) gas phase. Thiosulfate, sulfite, arsenate, selenate and oxygen were not used as electron acceptors. The G +C content of the genomic DNA was 36.8 molo/o. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of strain TB-6(T) showed that this organism branched separately from the three most closely related genera, Caminibacter, Nautilia and Lebetimonas, within the family Nautiliaceae. Strain TB-6(T) contained several unique fatty acids in comparison with other members of the family Nautiliaceae. Based on experimental evidence, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel species and genus within the family Nautiliaceae, Cetia pacifica, gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is TB-6(T) (=DSM 27783T=JCM 19563(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.000070},
	author = {Grosche, Ashley and Sekaran, Hema and Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Starovoytov, Valentin and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000350088800011,
	title = {{Characterization of vent fauna at the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {124{\textendash}133},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents in the deep sea have a global distribution on mid-ocean ridges and comprise at least six biogeographic provinces. A geographically isolated vent system was recently discovered on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center (MCSC). Here, we describe the faunal assemblages associated with this system and their relationship to known biogeographic provinces. Taxa from MCSC vents were sorted based on morphology and barcoded using the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) genes for identification. Distinct faunal assemblages were recognized around vent chimneys at two hydrothermal vent fields (Von Damm and Beebe) separated by a distance of similar to 13 km and {\textgreater} 2.5-km depth along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center. These results suggest that depth and/or local conditions structure faunal assemblages in this region. COI and microsatellite markers were then used to explore the genetic structure of the shrimp Rimicaris hybisae, the only abundant species shared between the shallow Von Damm and the deep Beebe vent fields. R. hybisae was not genetically differentiated between the Von Damm Spire and Beebe chimneys, suggesting this species is better adapted for bathymetric dispersal and the differences in local conditions than other MCSC species. In addition, a third faunal assemblage dominated by two species of tubeworms was identified at Von Damm in association with weakly diffuse flow sites (including the site known as {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Marker X18{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}). The Marker X18 assemblage shares species with seeps in the region. Fauna shared with both vents and seeps at the MCSC reinforces the need for a global biogeographic study of deep-sea chemosynthetic fauna that is not focused on specific habitats. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2014.11.011},
	author = {Plouviez, Sophie and Jacobson, Alixandra and Wu, Mengyou and Van Dover, Cindy L}
}
@article {ISI:000361755600008,
	title = {{Diversity and composition of the copepod communities associated with megafauna around a cold seep in the Gulf of Mexico with remarks on species biogeography}},
	journal = {MARINE BIODIVERSITY},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {419{\textendash}432},
	type = {Article; Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {In order to characterize the copepod communities associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations around a hydrocarbon seep in the Green Canyon of the Gulf of Mexico, diversity, abundance, and community composition were analyzed. Also analyzed were species biogeography and the potential connectivity to other chemosynthesis-based habitats. Copepod abundance and biomass were very low among tubeworms and mussels, with 0.22 to 6.08 individuals per 10 cm(2) sampled area and 9.02 to 42.43 mu g wet weight 10 cm(2) sampled area, respectively; but, abundance was significantly higher among the mussels. Fifty-five copepod species were identified, of which most were newly discovered and primarily belonging to the Harpacticoida order. Four copepod species were previously recorded from other food-rich and hard-substrata environments, such as hydrothermal vents or wood falls. Another four species showed close morphological proximity to species described from cold seeps, hydrothermal vents, and wood falls. Copepod diversity and community composition showed no significant differences between the foundation species. However, differences in the relative abundance and dominance of single species indicate a rather homogeneous community in mussel beds and a more heterogeneous community among tubeworms, indicating that foundation species may shape the abundance and community composition of associated copepods at cold seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1867-1616},
	doi = {10.1007/s12526-014-0310-8},
	author = {Plum, Christoph and Gollner, Sabine and Martinez-Arbizu, Pedro and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000353354100014,
	title = {{From deep-sea volcanoes to human pathogens: a conserved quorum-sensing signal in Epsilonproteobacteria}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {9},
	number = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1222{\textendash}1234},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Chemosynthetic Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents colonize substrates exposed to steep thermal and redox gradients. In many bacteria, substrate attachment, biofilm formation, expression of virulence genes and host colonization are partly controlled via a cell density-dependent mechanism involving signal molecules, known as quorum sensing. Within the Epsilonproteobacteria, quorum sensing has been investigated only in human pathogens that use the luxS/autoinducer-2 (AI-2) mechanism to control the expression of some of these functions. In this study we showed that luxS is conserved in Epsilonproteobacteria and that pathogenic and mesophilic members of this class inherited this gene from a thermophilic ancestor. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the luxS gene is expressed-and a quorum-sensing signal is produced-during growth of Sulfurovum lithotrophicum and Caminibacter mediatlanticus, two Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Finally, we detected luxS transcripts in Epsilonproteobacteria-dominated biofilm communities collected from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Taken together, our findings indicate that the epsiloproteobacterial lineage of the LuxS enzyme originated in high-temperature geothermal environments and that, in vent Epsilonproteobacteria, luxS expression is linked to the production of AI-2 signals, which are likely produced in situ at deep-sea vents. We conclude that the luxS gene is part of the ancestral epsilonproteobacterial genome and represents an evolutionary link that connects thermophiles to human pathogens.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2014.214},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Bolognini, Marie and Ricci, Jessica and Bini, Elisabetta and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {Kormas2015,
	title = {{Inter-comparison of the potentially active prokaryotic communities in the halocline sediments of Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline basins}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {949{\textendash}960},
	abstract = {The sediment microbiota of the Mediterranean deep-sea anoxic hypersaline basins (DHABs) are understudied relative to communities in the brines and halocline waters. In this study, the active fraction of the prokaryotic community in the halocline sediments of L{\textquoteright} Atalante, Urania, and Discovery DHABs was investigated based on extracted total RNA and 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial and archaeal communities were different in the sediments underlying the halocline waters of the three habitats, reflecting the unique chemical settings of each basin. The relative abundance of unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was also different between deep-sea control sediments and sediments underlying DHAB haloclines, suggesting adaptation to the steep DHAB chemical gradients. Only a few OTUs were affiliated to known bacterial halophilic and/or anaerobic groups. Many OTUs, including some of the dominant ones, were related to aerobic taxa. Archaea were detected only in few halocline samples, with lower OTU richness relative to Bacteria, and were dominated by taxa associated with methane cycling. This study suggests that, while metabolically active prokaryotic communities appear to be present in sediments underlying the three DHABs investigated, their diversity and activity are likely to be more reduced in sediments underlying the brines.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Kormas, K and Pachiadaki, M and Karayanni, H and Leadbetter, E R and Bernhard, J M and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {Seyfried2015,
	title = {{The Lost City hydrothermal system: Constraints imposed by vent fluid chemistry and reaction path models on subseafloor heat and mass transfer processes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {163},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {59{\textendash}79},
	abstract = {Since the first reported discovery of the Lost City hydrothermal system in 2001, it was recognized that seawater alteration of ultramafic rocks plays a key role in the composition of the coexisting vent fluids. The unusually high pH and high concentrations of H2 and CH4 provide compelling evidence for this. Here we report the chemistry of hydrothermal fluids sampled from two vent structures (Beehive: \~{}90{\textendash}116 {\textdegree}C, and M6: \~{}75 {\textdegree}C) at Lost City in 2008 during cruise KNOX18RR using ROV Jason 2 and R/V Revelle assets. The vent fluid chemistry at both sites reveals considerable overlap in concentrations of dissolved gases (H2, CH4), trace elements (Cs, Rb, Li, B and Sr), and major elements (SO4, Ca, K, Na, Cl), including a surprising decrease in dissolved Cl, suggesting a common source fluid is feeding both sites. The absence of Mg and relatively high concentrations of Ca and sulfate suggest solubility control by serpentine{\textendash}diopside{\textendash}anhydrite, while trace alkali concentrations, especially Rb and Cs, are high, assuming a depleted mantle protolith. In both cases, but especially for Beehive vent fluid, the silica concentrations are well in excess of those expected for peridotite alteration and the coexistence of serpentine{\textendash}brucite at all reasonable temperatures. However, both the measured pH and silica values are in better agreement with serpentine{\textendash}diopside{\textendash}tremolite-equilibria. Geochemical modeling demonstrates that reaction of plagioclase with serpentinized peridotite can shift the chemical system away from brucite and into the tremolite stability field. This is consistent with the complex intermingling of peridotite and gabbroic bodies commonly observed within the Atlantis Massif. We speculate the existence of such plagioclase bearing peridotite may also account for the highly enriched trace alkali (Cs, Rb) concentrations in the Lost City vent fluids. Additionally, reactive transport modeling taking explicit account of temperature dependent rates of mineral dissolution and precipitation clarifies the feedback between permeability, heat loss, and changes in the dissolved Si of the vent fluids. Assuming both the Beehive and M6 vent fluids were sourced at similar subseafloor conditions (tremolite buffered at 200 {\textdegree}C), model results indicate loss of approximately 30{\%} Si upon cooling to \~{}150 {\textdegree}C during upflow. However, Si concentrations remained largely conservative with continued cooling to lower temperatures owing to unfavorable reaction kinetics. While consistent with the Beehive endmember composition, these results fail to explain the relative Si depletion in the lower temperature M6 fluids. Thus, it may be that more robust kinetic models for silicates are needed to accurately account for the mechanism and rate of silica removal in the unusually high pH of the Lost City vent fluids.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.040},
	author = {Seyfried, W E and Pester, N J and Tutolo, B M and Ding, K}
}
@article {ISI:000366346800001,
	title = {{Metazoans of redoxcline sediments in Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins}},
	journal = {BMC BIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Background: The deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) of the Mediterranean (water depth similar to 3500 m) are some of the most extreme oceanic habitats known. Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB haloclines and brines, loriciferans are the only metazoan reported to inhabit the anoxic DHAB brines. Our goal was to further investigate metazoan communities in DHAB haloclines and brines. Results: We report observations from sediments of three DHAB (Urania, Discovery, L{\textquoteright}Atalante) haloclines, comparing these to observations from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Due to technical difficulties, sampling of the brines was not possible. Morphotype analysis indicates nematodes are the most abundant taxon; crustaceans, loriciferans and bryozoans were also noted. Among nematodes, Daptonema was the most abundant genus; three morphotypes were noted with a degree of endemicity. The majority of rRNA sequences were from planktonic taxa, suggesting that at least some individual metazoans were preserved and inactive. Nematode abundance data, in some cases determined from direct counts of sediments incubated in situ with CellTracker (TM) Green, was patchy but generally indicates the highest abundances in either normoxic control samples or in upper halocline samples; nematodes were absent or very rare in lower halocline samples. Ultrastructural analysis indicates the nematodes in L{\textquoteright}Atalante normoxic control sediments were fit, while specimens from L{\textquoteright}Atalante upper halocline were healthy or had only recently died and those from the lower halocline had no identifiable organelles. Loriciferans, which were only rarely encountered, were found in both normoxic control samples as well as in Discovery and L{\textquoteright}Atalante haloclines. It is not clear how a metazoan taxon could remain viable under this wide range of conditions. Conclusions: We document a community of living nematodes in normoxic, normal saline deep-sea Mediterranean sediments and in the upper halocline portions of the DHABs. Occurrences of nematodes in mid-halocline and lower halocline samples did not provide compelling evidence of a living community in those zones. The possibility of a viable metazoan community in brines of DHABs is not supported by our data at this time.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1741-7007},
	doi = {10.1186/s12915-015-0213-6},
	author = {Bernhard, Joan M and Morrison, Colin R and Pape, Ellen and Beaudoin, David J and Todaro, M Antonio and Pachiadaki, Maria G and Kormas, Konstantinos Ar and Edgcomb, Virginia P}
}
@article {ISI:000360368300003,
	title = {{Molecular study of bacterial diversity within the trophosome of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY-AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1, SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A large proportion of the faunal biomass in hydrothermal vent ecosystems relies on symbiotic relationships, with bacteria as a source of nutrition. Whereas multiple symbioses have been observed in diverse vent hosts, siboglinid tubeworms have been thought to harbour a single endosymbiont phylotype affiliated to the Gammaproteobacteria. In the case of the Northeast Pacific vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae, two previous studies suggested the presence of more than one symbiont. The possibility of multiple, and possibly habitat-specific, symbionts in R. piscesae provided a potential explanation for the tube-worm{\textquoteright}s broad ecological niche, compared with other hydrothermal vent siboglinids. This study further explored the diversity of trophosome bacteria in R. piscesae using two methodological approaches not yet applied to this symbiosis. We carried out 454-pyrosequencing on trophosome samples from 46 individual worms and used catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) to verify the presence of the major groups detected in the pyrotag data. Both methods yielded inconsistent and sometimes contradictory results between sampling sites, and neither provided irrefutable evidence for the presence of symbionts other than the expected Gammaproteobacteria. We therefore conclude that the other adaptive mechanisms must be considered to explain the broad physico-chemical niche occupied by the different growth forms of R. piscesae.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/maec.12169},
	author = {Forget, Nathalie L and Perez, Maeva and Juniper, S Kim}
}
@article {ISI:000350053000004,
	title = {{Phylogenetic placement of Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (Schwager, 1866) from methane seeps and non-seep habitats on the Pacific margin}},
	journal = {GEOBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {44{\textendash}52},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Benthic foraminifera are among the most abundant groups found in deep-sea habitats, including methane seep environments. Unlike many groups, no endemic foraminiferal species have been reported from methane seeps, and to our knowledge, genetic data are currently sparse for Pacific deep-sea foraminifera. In an effort to understand the relationships between seep and non-seep populations of the deep-sea foraminifera Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, a common paleo-indicator species, specimens from methane seeps in the Pacific were analyzed and compared to one another for genetic similarities of small subunit rDNA (SSU rDNA) sequences. Pacific Ocean C. wuellerstorfi were also compared to those collected from other localities around the world (based on 18S gene available on Genbank, e.g., Schweizer et al., 2009). Results from this study revealed that C. wuellerstorfi living in seeps near Costa Rica and Hydrate Ridge are genetically similar to one another at the species level. Individuals collected from the same location that display opposite coiling directions (dextral and sinstral) had no species level genetic differences. Comparisons of specimens with genetic information available from Genbank (SSU rDNA) showed that Pacific individuals, collected for this study, are genetically similar to those previously analyzed from the North Atlantic and Antarctic. These observations provide strong evidence for the true cosmopolitan nature of C. wuellerstorfi and highlight the importance of understanding how these microscopic organisms are able to maintain sufficient genetic exchange to remain within the same species between seep and non-seep habitats and over global distances.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1472-4677},
	doi = {10.1111/gbi.12118},
	author = {Burkett, A M and Rathburn, A E and Perez, M E and Levin, L A and Cha, H and Rouse, G W}
}
@article {Bernhard2014,
	title = {{Benthic protists and fungi of Mediterranean deep hypsersaline anoxic basin redoxcline sediments}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {605},
	abstract = {Some of the most extreme marine habitats known are the Mediterranean deep hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs; water depth \~{}3500 m). Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB water-column haloclines and brines, the existence and activity of benthic DHAB protists have rarely been explored. Here, we report findings regarding protists and fungi recovered from sediments of three DHAB (Discovery, Urania, L{\textquoteright} Atalante) haloclines, and compare these to communities from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Halocline sediments, where the redoxcline impinges the seafloor, were studied from all three DHABs. Microscopic cell counts suggested that halocline sediments supported denser protist populations than those in adjacent control sediments. Pyrosequencing analysis based on ribosomal RNA detected eukaryotic ribotypes in the halocline sediments from each of the three DHABs, most of which were fungi. Sequences affiliated with Ustilaginomycotina Basidiomycota were the most abundant eukaryotic signatures detected. Benthic communities in these DHABs appeared to differ, as expected, due to differing brine chemistries. Microscopy indicated that only a low proportion of protists appeared to bear associated putative symbionts. In a considerable number of cases, when prokaryotes were associated with a protist, DAPI staining did not reveal presence of any nuclei, suggesting that at least some protists were carcasses inhabited by prokaryotic scavengers.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00605},
	author = {Bernhard, J M and Kormas, K and Pachiadaki, M and Rocke, E and Beaudoin, D J and Morrison, C and Visscher, P T and Cobban, A and Starczak, V R and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {Edgcomb2014,
	title = {{Ciliates along Oxyclines of Permanently Stratified Marine Water Columns}},
	journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology},
	volume = {61},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {434{\textendash}445},
	abstract = {Studies of microbial communities in areas of the world where permanent marine water column oxyclines exist suggest they are "hotspots" of microbial activity, and that these water features and the anoxic waters below them are inhabited by diverse protist taxa, including ciliates. These communities have minimal taxonomic overlap with those in overlying oxic water columns. Some ciliate taxa have been detected in multiple locations where these stable water column oxyclines exist; however, differences in such factors as hydrochemistry in the habitats that have been studied suggest local selection for distinct communities. We compare published data on ciliate communities from studies of deep marine water column oxyclines in Caricao Basin, Venezuela, and the Black Sea, with data from coastal, shallower oxycline waters in Framvaren and Mariager fjords, and from several deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Putative symbioses between Bacteria, Archaea, and ciliates observed along these oxyclines suggests a strategy of cooperative metabolism for survival that includes chemosynthetic autotrophy and exchanges of metabolic intermediates or end products between hosts and their prokaryotic partners.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1111/jeu.12122},
	author = {Edgcomb, V P and Pachiadaki, M}
}
@article {ISI:000337512000014,
	title = {{Close association of active nitrifiers with Beggiatoa mats covering deep-sea hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {6, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1612{\textendash}1626},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal sediments in the Guaymas Basin are covered by microbial mats that are dominated by nitrate-respiring and sulphide-oxidizing Beggiatoa. The presence of these mats strongly correlates with sulphide- and ammonium-rich fluids venting from the subsurface. Because ammonium and oxygen form opposed gradients at the sediment surface, we hypothesized that nitrification is an active process in these Beggiatoa mats. Using biogeochemical and molecular methods, we measured nitrification and determined the diversity and abundance of nitrifiers. Nitrification rates ranged from 74 to 605molNl-1matday-1, which exceeded those previously measured in hydrothermal plumes and other deep-sea habitats. Diversity and abundance analyses of archaeal and bacterial ammonia monooxygenase subunit A genes, archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA pyrotags and fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were associated with Beggiatoa mats. Intriguingly, we observed cells of bacterial and potential thaumarchaeotal ammonia oxidizers attached to narrow, Beggiatoa-like filaments. Such a close spatial coupling of nitrification and nitrate respiration in mats of large sulphur bacteria is novel and may facilitate mat-internal cycling of nitrogen, thereby reducing loss of bioavailable nitrogen in deep-sea sediments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12316},
	author = {Winkel, Matthias and de Beer, Dirk and Lavik, Gaute and Peplies, Joerg and Mussmann, Marc I}
}
@article {Smith2014,
	title = {{Development and evolution of detachment faulting along 50 km of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 16.5{\textdegree}N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4692{\textendash}4711},
	abstract = {A multifaceted study of the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at 16.5{\textdegree}N provides new insights into detachment faulting and its evolution through time. The survey included regional multibeam bathymetry mapping, high-resolution mapping using AUV Sentry, seafloor imaging using the TowCam system, and an extensive rock-dredging program. At different times, detachment faulting was active along \~{}50 km of the western flank of the study area, and may have dominated spreading on that flank for the last 5 Ma. Detachment morphologies vary and include a classic corrugated massif, noncorrugated massifs, and back-tilted ridges marking detachment breakaways. High-resolution Sentry data reveal a new detachment morphology; a low-angle, irregular surface in the regional bathymetry is shown to be a finely corrugated detachment surface (corrugation wavelength of only tens of meters and relief of just a few meters). Multiscale corrugations are observed 2{\textendash}3 km from the detachment breakaway suggesting that they formed in the brittle layer, perhaps by anastomosing faults. The thin wedge of hanging wall lavas that covers a low-angle (6{\textdegree}) detachment footwall near its termination are intensely faulted and fissured; this deformation may be enhanced by the low angle of the emerging footwall. Active detachment faulting currently is limited to the western side of the rift valley. Nonetheless, detachment fault morphologies also are present over a large portion of the eastern flank on crust {\textgreater}2 Ma, indicating that within the last 5 Ma parts of the ridge axis have experienced periods of two-sided detachment faulting.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005563},
	author = {Smith, D K and Schouten, H and Dick, H J B and Cann, J R and Salters, V and Marschall, H R and Ji, F and Yoerger, D R and Sanfilippo, A and Parnell-Turner, R and Palmiotto, C and Zheleznov, A and Bai, H and Junkin, W and Urann, B and Dick, S and Sulanowska, M and Lemmond, P and Curry, S}
}
@article {Clague2014,
	title = {{Eruptive and tectonic history of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, based on AUV mapping data and lava flow ages}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3364{\textendash}3391},
	abstract = {High-resolution bathymetric surveys from autonomous underwater vehicles ABE and D. Allan B. were merged to create a coregistered map of 71.7 km(2) of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Radiocarbon dating of foraminifera in cores from three dives of remotely operated vehicle Doc Ricketts provide minimum eruption ages for 40 lava flows that are combined with the bathymetric data to outline the eruptive and tectonic history. The ages range from Modern to 10,700 marine-calibrated years before present (yr BP). During a robust magmatic phase from {\textgreater}10,700 yr BP to approximate to 4300 yr BP, flows erupted from an axial high and many flowed {\textgreater}5 km down the flanks; some partly buried adjacent valleys. Axial magma chambers (AMCs) may have been wider than today to supply dike intrusions over a 2 km wide axial zone. Summit Seamount formed by approximate to 4770 yr BP and was subsequently dismembered during a period of extension with little volcanism starting approximate to 4300 yr BP. This tectonic phase with only rare volcanic eruptions lasted until approximate to 2300 yr BP and may have resulted in near-solidification of the AMCs. The axial graben formed by crustal extension during this period of low magmatic activity. Infrequent eruptions occurred on the flanks between 2620-1760 yr BP and within the axial graben since approximate to 1750 yr BP. This most recent phase of limited volcanic and intense hydrothermal activity that began approximate to 2300 yr BP defines a hydrothermal phase of ridge development that coincides with the present-day 1 km wide AMCs and overlying hydrothermal vent fields.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005415},
	author = {Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Caress, D W and Gill, J B and Kelley, D S and Thomas, H and Portner, R A and Delaney, J R and Guilderson, T P and McGann, M L}
}
@article {Panieri2014,
	title = {{Late Holocene Foraminifera of Blake Ridge Diapir: Assemblage Variation and Stable-Isotope Record in gas-hydrate bearing sediments}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {353},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {99{\textendash}107},
	abstract = {The presence of gas hydrates on the Blake Ridge diapir, northeastern Atlantic Ocean, offers an opportunity to study the impact of methane seepage on the ecology and geochemistry of benthic foraminifera in the late Holocene. Three push cores, covering a time span of {\~{}}~1000~yrs, were retrieved from three distinct microhabitats at the top of the diapir at a water depth of {\~{}}~2150~m: (i) sediments away from seepage (control core), (ii) sediments overlain by clusters of methanotrophic and thiotrophic bivalves, and (iii) chemoautotrophic microbial mats. The foraminiferal assemblages at the two seep sites are marked by a reduction in benthic foraminiferal species diversity, coupled with a near-absence of agglutinated species. However, an opportunistic population rise in CH4- or H2S-tolerant calcareous species (e.g., Globocassidulina subglobosa and Cassidulina laevigata) that utilize the abundant trophic resources at the seeps has led to an increase in the overall assemblage density there. The $δ$18O and $δ$13C values of three species of benthic foraminifera - Gyroidinoides laevigatus, Globocassidulina subglobosa, and Uvigerina peregrina - and the planktonic species Globorotalia menardii were acquired from all three cores. The benthic species from methane seeps yield $δ$13C values of 0.1 to {\textendash}4.2 ({\textperthousand}VPDB), that are distinctly more 13C-depleted relative to the $δ$13C of 0.4 to {\textendash}1.0 ({\textperthousand}VPDB) at the control (off seep) site. The species from a mussel-bed site exhibit more negative $δ$13C values than those from microbial mats, possibly reflecting different food sources and higher rate of anaerobic oxidation of methane. The positive $δ$13C values in the paired planktonic species suggest that authigenic carbonate precipitation did not overprint the observed 13C depletions. Hence the probable cause of negative $δ$13C of benthic foraminifera is primary calcification from Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) containing mixed carbon fractions from (a) highly 13C-depleted, microbially-oxidized methane and (b) a seawater source.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.03.020},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322714000826},
	author = {Panieri, G and Aharon, Paul and Sen Gupta, B K and Camerlenghi, A and Ferrer, F P and Cacho, I}
}
@article {ISI:000345631900005,
	title = {{Microbial consumption of zero-valence sulfur in marine benthic habitats}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {11, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {3416{\textendash}3430},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Zero-valence sulfur (S-0) is a central intermediate in the marine sulfur cycle and forms conspicuous accumulations at sediment surfaces, hydrothermal vents and in oxygen minimum zones. Diverse microorganisms can utilize S-0, but those consuming S-0 in the environment are largely unknown. We identified possible key players in S-0 turnover on native or introduced S-0 in benthic coastal and deep-sea habitats using the 16S ribosomal RNA approach, (in situ) growth experiments and activity measurements. In all habitats, the epsilonproteobacterial Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group accounted for a substantial fraction of the microbial community. Deltaproteobacterial Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfuromonadales were also frequently detected, indicating S-0 disproportionation and S-0 respiration under anoxic conditions. Sulfate production from S-0 particles colonized in situ with Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum suggested that this group oxidized S-0. We also show that the type strain Sulfurimonas denitrificans is able to access cyclooctasulfur (S-8), a metabolic feature not yet demonstrated for sulfur oxidizers. The ability to oxidize S-0, in particular S-8, likely facilitates niche partitioning among sulfur oxidizers in habitats with intense microbial sulfur cycling such as sulfidic sediment surfaces. Our results underscore the previously overlooked but central role of Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group for conversion of free S-0 at the seafloor surface.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12410},
	author = {Pjevac, Petra and Kamyshny Jr., Alexey and Dyksma, Stefan and Mussmann, Marc}
}
@article {Hu2014,
	title = {{New insights into cerium anomalies and mechanisms of trace metal enrichment in authigenic carbonate from hydrocarbon seeps}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {381},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {55{\textendash}66},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonates that form at marine hydrocarbon seeps provide a unique geological archive of past local environmental conditions and pore fluid geochemistry. Recent work on such carbonates revealed variable cerium (Ce) anomalies and anomalous enrichments of certain trace metals. However, the mechanisms accounting for such anomalies remain poorly constrained. Here, we characterize the rare earth element (REE) patterns of carbonate phases and the trace metal patterns of bulk carbonate rocks sampled at three hydrocarbon seeps located at Congo Fan pockmarks (CF) and the Gulf of Mexico sites AC645 and GB425. The analyzed CF, GB425, and AC645 carbonates yielded different REE patterns, displaying positive, no, as well as negative Ce anomalies. The covariation of molybdenum (Mo) with uranium (U), including authigenic Mo (Moauth) and U (Uauth) enrichments as well as (Mo/U)auth ratios proved useful to obtain new insight into the applicability of Ce anomalies to constrain past redox conditions. Trace element patterns suggest that (1) CF carbonates formed in a restricted sulfidic environment, while (2) the AC645 site experienced intermittent oxygenation causing negative Ce anomalies, and (3) environmental conditions were variable at the GB425 mud volcano site. Interestingly, GB425 carbonates show significant Mo, arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb) enrichments with the enrichment factor of As (AsEF) correlating well with the authigenic Fe fraction. These results suggest that iron oxyhydroxides played an important role in the adsorption of Mo, As, and Sb in the water column and their transfer to the sediment. The combination of trace metal and REE geochemistry of authigenic carbonates used here is a promising tool to better assess past variability of redox conditions and biogeochemical processes at marine hydrocarbon seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.014},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254114002538},
	author = {Hu, Y and Feng, D and Peckmann, J and Roberts, H H and Chen, D}
}
@article {Moore2014,
	title = {{Primitive melt replenishment and crystal-mush disaggregation in the weeks preceding the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption 9{\textdegree}50'N9{\textdegree}50'N, EPR}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {403},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {15{\textendash}26},
	abstract = {The 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption at \~{}9{\textdegree}50'N, East Pacific Rise provides an exceptional opportunity to investigate the magma plumbing system beneath a well-studied ridge system. The eruption was preceded by two years of increasingly intense seismicity and occurred from the same location as a previous and well-characterized eruption in 1991{\textendash}1992. Here we use the crystal cargo of samples from this eruption to investigate magma reservoir processes in the lead-up to the eruption, as well as their temporal relationship to the seismicity that preceded it. Compositional zoning in some plagioclase crystals indicates primitive melt replenishment occurred roughly six weeks or less before the eruption. This replenishing event is seen only in the crystals from the central region of the eruption (9{\textdegree}50'{\textendash}9{\textdegree}52'N). This is also the area where the most primitive lava compositions are observed and together these observations support models of replenishment being spatially focused. The short time between the input of a more primitive melt and eruption onto the seafloor suggests replenishment likely contributed to triggering the eruption. Rare resorbed plagioclase crystals, and glomerocrysts of plagioclase and olivine, some of which have rims far from equilibrium with their host melt, suggest that disaggregation of a crystal mush occurred within a few days prior to eruption. Interstitial melt from within this mush zone must have been mixed back into the erupted lava{\textemdash}a form of in situ crystallization. Thus, the erupted magmas evolved in a replenished-tapped magma reservoir in which at least a part of the crystallization occurred in situ.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.015},
	author = {Moore, A and Coogan, L A and Costa, F and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Parnell-Turner2014,
	title = {{Sedimentation rates test models of oceanic detachment faulting}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {41},
	number = {20},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {7080{\textendash}7088},
	abstract = {Long-lived detachment faults play an important role in the construction of new oceanic crust at slow-spreading mid-oceanic ridges. Although the corrugated surfaces of exposed low-angle faults demonstrate past slip, it is difficult to determine whether a given fault is currently active. If inactive, it is unclear when slip ceased. This judgment is crucial for tectonic reconstructions where detachment faults are present, and for models of plate spreading. We quantify variation in sediment thickness over two corrugated surfaces near 16.5{\textdegree}N at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge using near-bottom Compressed High Intensity Radar Pulse (CHIRP) data. We show that the distribution of sediment and tectonic features at one detachment fault is consistent with slip occurring today. In contrast, another corrugated surface 20 km to the south shows a sediment distribution suggesting that slip ceased {\~{}}150,000 years ago. Data presented here provide new evidence for active detachment faulting, and suggest along-axis variations in fault activity occur over tens of kilometers.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL061555},
	author = {Parnell-Turner, R and Cann, J R and Smith, D K and Schouten, H and Yoerger, D R and Palmiotto, C and Zheleznov, A and Bai, H}
}
@article {Feng2014,
	title = {{Time integrated variation of sources of fluids and seepage dynamics archived in authigenic carbonates from Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {385},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {129{\textendash}139},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate rocks recovered from the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory in Mississippi Canyon block 118 (MC118) at approximately 900 m water depth were studied using mineralogical, bulk geochemical, and lipid biomarker analyses. Carbonate rocks occurred as fractured blocks and nodular masses incorporated in carbonate breccias. The carbonates were comprised mainly of high-Mg-calcite and aragonite. The stable carbon isotope composition ($δ$13C) of authigenic carbonate varied from - 29.8{\textperthousand} to - 18.1{\textperthousand} vs. V-PDB, suggesting a complex mixture of various carbon sources, including dissolved marine inorganic carbon (DIC), oil, as well as methane. Oxygen isotopes ($δ$18O) varied from + 3.4{\textperthousand} to + 5.8{\textperthousand}. The observed 18O-enrichment in relation to calculated equilibrium values in the carbonates probably reflects decomposition of gas hydrates. The most abundant lipid biomarkers in the carbonates were isoprenoidal glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), predominated by GDGT-2 and GDGT-3, which are typically indicators of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea (ANMEs). Mono- and bicyclic biphytanes (derived after ether cleavage of GDGT-2 and GDGT-3) showed strong 13C-depletion, which is characteristic for ANMEs. Interestingly, large differences between the $δ$13C values of the archaeal diether archaeol and acyclic biphytane on the one hand and monocyclic biphytane on the other hand suggest the presence of archaea other than ANMEs. Archaeol and GDGT-0 (containing two acyclic biphytane moieties) are commonly assigned to various methanogenic archaea. Where methane seepage activity is intermediate or low within acoustic wipeout zones at the MC118 gas hydrate site nowadays, microbial communities must have coped with changing conditions as well as longer-term fluctuations in oil and gas seepage or the temporary cessation of hydrocarbon flux in the past. The change from methane seepage to oil seepage or vice versa in addition to flux variability apparently favors the establishment of complex prokaryotic communities dominated by archaea. In addition to anaerobic oxidation of methane, local production of methane is apparently prominent at the study site based on the occurrence of biomarkers of methanogens in the authigenic carbonate. This finding adds to the ongoing multidisciplinary effort to better constrain the environment at the MC118 observatory site and to determine the locally dominant biogeochemical processes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.07.020},
	author = {Feng, D and Birgel, D and Peckmann, J and Roberts, H H and Joye, S B and Sassen, R and Liu, X-L and Hinrichs, K -U and Chen, D}
}
@article {Jacobson2013a,
	title = {{Characterization of 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Rimicaris hybisae, a shrimp from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {449{\textendash}451},
	abstract = {Rimicaris hybisae is a deep-sea alvinocaridid shrimp found at hydrothermal vents along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center. Eleven selectively neutral and unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for this species and two additional loci were found to cross-amplify from a related species. Nine loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Seven loci cross-amplified with Chorocaris sp. 2, an alvinocaridid shrimp found at vents in the Southwestern Pacific. Microsatellite loci developed for R. hybisae are being deployed to study connectivity and genetic variability of populations along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-012-9825-0},
	author = {Jacobson, A and Plouviez, S and Thaler, A D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Jacobson2013,
	title = {{Characterization of 9 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Lamellibrachia sp 2, a tubeworm found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	volume = {5},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1005{\textendash}1007},
	abstract = {Lamellibrachia sp. 2 is a deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm found at hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center and at hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of Barbados. Nine selectively neutral and unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for this species. Eight of these loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.14 to 0.92. Microsatellites developed for Lamellibrachia sp. 2 are being deployed to study connectivity and gene flow among populations of this species.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-013-9955-z},
	author = {Jacobson, A and Plouviez, S and Thaler, A D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {ISI:000325986500008,
	title = {{Detection and phylogenetic analysis of the membrane-bound nitrate reductase (Nar) in pure cultures and microbial communities from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {86},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {256{\textendash}267},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over the past few years the relevance of nitrate respiration in microorganisms from deep-sea hydrothermal vents has become evident. In this study, we surveyed the membrane-bound nitrate reductase (Nar) encoding gene in three different deep-sea vent microbial communities from the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Additionally, we tested pure cultures of vent strains for their ability to reduce nitrate and for the presence of the NarG-encoding gene in their genomes. By using the narG gene as a diagnostic marker for nitrate-reducing bacteria, we showed that nitrate reductases related to Gammaproteobacteria of the genus Marinobacter were numerically prevalent in the clone libraries derived from a black smoker and a diffuse flow vent. In contrast, NarG sequences retrieved from a community of filamentous bacteria located about 50cm above a diffuse flow vent revealed the presence of a yet to be identified group of enzymes. 16S rRNA gene-inferred community compositions, in accordance with previous studies, showed a shift from Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria to Epsilonproteobacteria as the vent fluids become warmer and more reducing. Based on these findings, we argue that Nar-catalyzed nitrate reduction is likely relevant in temperate and less reducing environments where Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria are more abundant and where nitrate concentrations reflect that of background deep seawater.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/1574-6941.12158},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Bohnert, Kenneth A and Cuebas, Mariola and Keddis, Ramaydalis and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000331366100001,
	title = {{Diffuse flow environments within basalt- and sediment-based hydrothermal vent ecosystems harbor specialized microbial communities}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents differ both in surface input and subsurface geochemistry. The effects of these differences on their microbial communities are not clear. Here, we investigated both alpha and beta diversity of diffuse flow-associated microbial communities emanating from vents at a basalt-based hydrothermal system along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and a sediment-based hydrothermal system, Guaymas Basin. Both Bacteria and Archaea were targeted using high throughput 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing analyses. A unique aspect of this study was the use of a universal set of 16S rRNA gene primers to characterize total and diffuse flow-specific microbial communities from varied deep-sea hydrothermal environments. Both surrounding seawater and diffuse flow water samples contained large numbers of Marine Group I (MGI) Thaumarchaea and Gammaproteobacteria taxa previously observed in deep-sea systems. However, these taxa were geographically distinct and segregated according to type of spreading center. Diffuse flow microbial community profiles were highly differentiated. In particular, EPR dominant diffuse flow taxa were most closely associated with chemolithoautotrophs, and off axis water was dominated by heterotrophic-related taxa, whereas the opposite was true for Guaymas Basin. The diversity and richness of diffuse flow-specific microbial communities were strongly correlated to the relative abundance of Epsilonproteobacteria, proximity to macrofauna, and hydrothermal system type. Archaeal diversity was higher than or equivalent to bacterial diversity in about one third of the samples. Most diffuse flow-specific communities were dominated by OTUs associated with Epsilonproteobacteria, but many of the Guaymas Basin diffuse flow samples were dominated by either OTUs within the Planctomycetes or hyperthermophilic Archaea. This study emphasizes the unique microbial communities associated with geochemically and geographically distinct hydrothermal diffuse flow environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00182},
	author = {Campbell, Barbara J and Polson, Shawn W and Allen, Lisa Zeigler and Williamson, Shannon J and Lee, Charles K and Wommack, K Eric and Cary, S Craig}
}
@article {Sen2013,
	title = {{Distribution of mega fauna on sulfide edifices on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center and Valu Fa Ridge}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {48{\textendash}60},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent sulfide edifices contain some of the most extreme thermal and chemical conditions in which animals are able to live. As a result, sulfide edifices in the East Pacific Rise, Juan de Fuca Ridge, and Mid Atlantic Ridge vent systems often contain distinct faunal assemblages. In this study, we used high-resolution imagery and in-situ physico-chemical measurements within the context of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to examine community structure and niche differentiation of dominant fauna on sulfide edifices in the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) in the Western Pacific Ocean. Our results show that ELSC and VFR sulfide edifices host two distinct types of communities. One type, that covers the majority of sulfide edifice faces, is overall very similar to nearby lava communities and biomass is dominated by the same chemoautotrophic symbiont-containing molluscs that dominate lava communities, namely the provannid gastropods Alviniconcha spp. and Ifremeria nautilei and the mytilid bivalve Bathymodiolus brevior. The spatial distribution of the dominant molluscs is often a variation of the pattern of concentric rings observed on lavas, with Alviniconcha spp. at the tops of edifices where exposure to vent flow is the highest, and I. nautilei and B. brevior below. Our physico-chemical measurements indicate that because of rapid dispersion of vent fluid, habitable area for symbiont-containing fauna is quite limited on sulfide edifices, and the realized niches of the mollusc groups are narrower on sulfide edifices than on lavas. We suggest that competition plays an important role in determining the realized distributions of the mollusc groups on edifices. The other habitat, present in small patches of presumably hot, new anhydrite, is avoided by the dominant symbiont-containing molluscs and inhabited by crabs, shrimp and polynoids that are likely more heat tolerant. The ratio of sulfide concentration to temperature anomaly of vent fluids was significantly different between sulfide edifice sites and lava sites in the southern vent fields but not in the northern vent fields. We suggest that this is due to increased sulfide consumption by a large microbial consortium associated with the more friable andesitic lava substrates in the south.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.11.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063712002233},
	author = {Sen, A and Becker, E L and Podowski, E L and Wickes, L N and Ma, S and Mullaugh, K M and Hourdez, S and Luther, G W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000324094600001,
	title = {{Diversity and Distributional Patterns of Ciliates in Guaymas Basin Hydrothermal Vent Sediments}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {60},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {433{\textendash}447},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about protists at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The vent sites at Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California are characterized by dense mats of filamentous pigmented or nonpigmented Beggiatoa that serve as markers of subsurface thermochemical gradients. We constructed 18S rRNA libraries to investigate ciliate assemblages in Beggiatoa mats and from bare sediments at the Guaymas vent site. Results indicated a high diversity of ciliates, with 156 operational taxonomic units identified in 548 sequences. Comparison between mat environments demonstrated that ciliate and bacterial assemblages from pigmented mats, nonpigmented mats, and bare sediments were significantly different and highly correlated with bacterial assemblages. Neither bacterial nor ciliate assemblages were correlated with environmental factors. The most abundant ciliates at Guaymas were more likely to be represented in clone libraries from other hydrothermal, deep-sea, and/or anoxic or microaerophilic environments, supporting the hypothesis that these ciliate species are broadly distributed. The orange mat environment included a higher proportion of ciliate sequences that were more similar to those from other environmental studies than to cultured ciliate species, whereas clone libraries from bare sediments included sequences that were the most highly divergent from all other sequences and may represent species that are endemic to Guaymas.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1066-5234},
	doi = {10.1111/jeu.12051},
	author = {Coyne, Kathryn J and Countway, Peter D and Pilditch, Conrad A and Lee, Charles K and Caron, David A and Cary, Stephen C}
}
@article {Joseph2013,
	title = {{Methane-derived authigenic carbonates from modern and paleoseeps on the Cascadia margin: Mechanisms of formation and diagenetic signals}},
	journal = {Tracing Phanerozoic hydrocarbon seepage from local basins to the global Earth system},
	volume = {390},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {52{\textendash}67},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate precipitation occurs within marine sediments where sulfate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation occurs. Geochemical and isotopic analyses of authigenic carbonates are commonly used as indicators of carbon sources and environmental conditions present during carbonate formation, but burial diagenesis and recrystallization can overprint these signals. Plane polarized light (PPL) and cathodoluminescent (CL) petrography allows for detailed characterization of carbonate phases and their subsequent alteration. Petrographic, isotopic, and geochemical characteristics of modern offshore authigenic carbonates from central and northern Cascadia are compared with Oligocene{\textendash}Pliocene fossil seep carbonates uplifted on the Olympic Peninsula. Coupled analyses show the value and complexity of separating primary vs. secondary signals with relevance to understanding fluid-burial history in methane seep provinces on tectonically active convergent margins. The modern, offshore, near-seafloor diagenetic environment (S. Hydrate Ridge and Barkley Canyon) is dominated by acicular and microcrystalline aragonite and high-Mg calcite (HMC, {\textgreater}~12~mol {\%} Mg). PPL and CL data illustrate that aragonite and HMC phases recrystallize to intermediate-Mg calcite (IMC, 5{\textendash}12~mol{\%} Mg) during burial and diagenesis and eventually to low-Mg calcite (LMC, 18O attributable to elevated fluid temperatures during recrystallization.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.01.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018213000333},
	author = {Joseph, C and Campbell, K A and Torres, M E and Martin, R A and Pohlman, J W and Riedel, M and Rose, K}
}
@article {Meyer2013,
	title = {{Microbiological characterization of post-eruption {\textquotedblleft}snowblower{\textquotedblright} vents at Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {153},
	abstract = {Microbial processes within the subseafloor can be examined during the ephemeral and uncommonly observed phenomena known as snowblower venting. Snowblowers are characterized by the large quantity of white floc that is expelled from the seafloor following mid-ocean ridge eruptions. During these eruptions, rapidly cooling lava entrains seawater and hydrothermal fluids enriched in geochemical reactants, creating a natural bioreactor that supports a subseafloor microbial {\textquotedblleft}bloom.{\textquotedblright} Previous studies hypothesized that the eruption-associated floc was made by sulfide-oxidizing bacteria; however, the microbes involved were never identified. Here we present the first molecular analysis combined with microscopy of microbial communities in snowblower vents from samples collected shortly after the 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount, an active volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. We obtained fluid samples and white flocculent material from active snowblower vents as well as orange flocculent material found on top of newly formed lava flows. Both flocculent types revealed diverse cell types and particulates when examined by phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Distinct archaeal and bacterial communities were detected in each sample type through Illumina tag sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and through sequencing of the sulfide oxidation gene, soxB. In fluids and white floc, the dominant bacteria were sulfur-oxidizing Epsilonproteobacteria and the dominant archaea were thermophilic Methanococcales. In contrast, the dominant organisms in the orange floc were Gammaproteobacteria and Thaumarchaeota Marine Group I. In all samples, bacteria greatly outnumbered archaea. The presence of anaerobic methanogens and microaerobic Epsilonproteobacteria in snowblower communities provides evidence that these blooms are seeded by subseafloor microbes, rather than from microbes in bottom seawater. These eruptive events thus provide a unique opportunity to observe subseafloor microbial communities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00153},
	author = {Meyer, J L and Akerman, N H and Proskurowski, G and Huber, J A}
}
@article {Nye2013,
	title = {{A new species of Lebbeus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Hippolytidae) from the Von Damm Vent Field, Caribbean Sea}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {93},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {may},
	pages = {741{\textendash}751},
	abstract = {A new species of the hippolytid shrimp genus Lebbeus White, 1847 is described from the Von Damm Vent Field (VDVF) on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre, Caribbean Sea, at 2294 m water depth. Lebbeus virentova sp. nov. is defined and illustrated from seven specimens, with brief notes on its distribution and habitat. Molecular phylogenetic data from the COI mDNA region are used to analyse the species{\textquoteright} phylogenetic position, and its morphology is compared with previously described species. This new species represents the second family of caridean shrimp to be reported from the VDVF. Lebbeus virentova sp. nov. is the eighth member of the genus to be described from hydrothermal vents and appears to be the first hippolytid shrimp at a vent field known from outside the Pacific Ocean.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315412000884},
	author = {Nye, Verity and Copley, J and Plouviez, S and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {ISI:000324619100004,
	title = {{Rare earth element geochemistry in cold-seep pore waters of Hydrate Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {GEO-MARINE LETTERS},
	volume = {33},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {369{\textendash}379},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), sulphate, hydrogen sulphide, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium and phosphate were measured in shallow ({\textless} 12 cm below seafloor) pore waters from cold-seep sediments on the northern and southern summits of Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon. Downward-decreasing sulphate and coevally increasing sulphide concentrations reveal sulphate reduction as dominant early diagenetic process from similar to 2 cm depth downwards. A strong increase of total dissolved REE (aREE) concentrations is evident immediately below the sediment-water interface, which can be related to early diagenetic release of REEs into pore water resulting from the re-mineralization of particulate organic matter. The highest pore water aREE concentrations were measured close to the sediment-water interface at similar to 2 cm depth. Distinct shale-normalized REE patterns point to particulate organic matter and iron oxides as main REE sources in the upper similar to 2-cm depth interval. In general, the pore waters have shale-normalized patterns reflecting heavy REE (HREE) enrichment, which suggests preferential complexation of HREEs with carbonate ions. Below similar to 2 cm depth, a downward decrease in aREE correlates with a decrease in pore water calcium concentrations. At this depth, the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulphate reduction increases carbonate alkalinity through the production of bicarbonate, which results in the precipitation of carbonate minerals. It seems therefore likely that the REEs and calcium are consumed during vast AOM-induced precipitation of carbonate in shallow Hydrate Ridge sediments. The analysis of pore waters from Hydrate Ridge shed new light on early diagenetic processes at cold seeps, corroborating the great potential of REEs to identify geochemical processes and to constrain environmental conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s00367-013-0334-2},
	author = {Himmler, Tobias and Haley, Brian A and Torres, Marta E and Klinkhammer, Gary P and Bohrmann, Gerhard and Peckmann, Joern}
}
@article {Peterson2013,
	title = {{On the utility of radium isotopes as tracers of hydrocarbon discharge}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {156},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {98{\textendash}107},
	abstract = {Natural seepage of hydrocarbons commonly occurs in the Gulf of Mexico and numerous other locations around the world{\textquoteright}s oceans. In-situ quantification of discharge and transport of these hydrocarbons through the water column is somewhat limited by a lack of available tracers. Here, we consider the utility of using radium isotopes, which are commonly enriched in formation fluids contained within hydrocarbon reservoirs, as tracers of hydrocarbons discharged into the deep ocean. During a cruise in November/December 2010 through the Gulf of Mexico, radium isotopes (224Ra and 226Ra) revealed anomalous concentrations in near-bottom samples associated with the presence of hydrocarbons at several sites where hydrocarbon seepage was known to occur and observed real-time via the human-occupied vehicle Alvin. These tracers also indicated the presence of near-bottom hydrocarbons in the vicinity of the Macondo wellhead where the Deepwater Horizon blowout occurred months earlier. These hydrocarbons are presumed to originate from nearby gas seeps later identified by water column sonar returns. The short half-life of 224Ra (3.66~days) suggests that anomalously high unsupported activities of this isotope must be derived from recent (days to weeks) discharge. Sampling at the sediment{\textendash}water interface confirmed that the source of the water column radium isotope anomalies is likely benthic sources. These results suggest that radium isotopes may serve as useful tracers of hydrocarbons in such an environment, and we outline steps required to quantify discharge rates and transport time scales with these tracers.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2013.02.008},
	author = {Peterson, R N and Viso, R F and MacDonald, I R and Joye, S B}
}
@article {ISI:000307173100006,
	title = {{Chrysogorgia from the New England and Corner Seamounts: Atlantic-Pacific connections}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM},
	volume = {92},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {911{\textendash}927},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Recent exploration of the New England and Corner Seamounts revealed four new species of Chrysogorgia, described here using a combination of molecular and morphological data. These four species are characterized by a sinistral spiral, a character that, with one known exception, has only been reported for Pacific species. In addition, two species have a sclerite composition typical of the Pacific ({\textquoteright}squamosae typicae{\textquoteright}). This faunal connection between the Atlantic and the Pacific is confirmed by analysis of the mitochondrial msh1 gene. The exceptional preservation of specimens collected with remotely operated vehicles allows us to discuss the effect of growth on some morphological characters.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315411001354},
	author = {Pante, Eric and Watling, Les}
}
@article {Soule2012,
	title = {{CO2 variability in mid-ocean ridge basalts from syn-emplacement degassing: Constraints on eruption dynamics}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {327{\textendash}328},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {39{\textendash}49},
	abstract = {Basaltic glasses produced during mid-ocean ridge (MOR) eruptions display a wide range of dissolved CO2 concentrations with respect to equilibrium saturation at their eruption depth. This variability is thought to reflect the dynamics of magma ascent and emplacement, with rapid ascent and depressurization leading to supersaturated conditions and slower ascent resulting in equilibrium saturation. In this study we examine a suite of samples from the 2005{\textendash}06 eruption of the East Pacific Rise (EPR), collected at {\~{}}~200~m intervals along two well-defined flow pathways within a single seafloor eruption to examine syn-emplacement degassing, using measurements of vesicularity, crystallinity, volatile contents, and helium. This new data set is unique because flow pathways of individual MOR lava flows have rarely been mapped and have never been systematically sampled. Here we show that a large range in dissolved CO2 concentrations exists within this single eruption that nearly spans that observed in tens of flows measured along this portion of the EPR crest. This lava flow experienced equilibrium degassing of dissolved CO2 from supersaturated conditions at the vent (and persisting over the first 750~m of flow) toward equilibrium with seafloor pressures along a {\~{}}~2.5~km-long flow path. This was accompanied by an increase in vesicularity and characteristic bubble radius along the flow, indicating the importance of bubble growth by diffusion for degassing. Nearly constant total helium concentrations (melt~+~vesicles) indicate that no bubbles were lost during emplacement. With a model of diffusion-controlled bubble growth constrained by observations from the samples along the largest flow lobe of the eruption, we calculate minimum ascent rates of 0.15~m/s, and {\textendash} for this portion of the eruption {\textendash} an eruption duration of {\~{}}~30~h and flow rates from 0.02 to 0.12~m/s. This study represents the first quantitative assessment of eruption dynamics using volatiles in a mid-ocean ridge lava flow.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	author = {Soule, S A and Nakata, D S and Fornari, D J and Fundis, A T and Perfit, M R and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {ISI:000311041900011,
	title = {{Community study of tubeworm-associated epizooic meiobenthos from deep-sea cold seeps and hot vents}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {468},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {135{\textendash}148},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The permanent metazoan meiofauna associated with vestimentiferan tubeworm aggregations from hydrocarbon seeps of the upper Louisiana slope in the Green Canyon (similar to 550 m) and the lower slope in Atwater Valley (similar to 2200 m) of the Gulf of Mexico was characterized. Meiofauna abundance, diversity, and community composition at genus level were compared between these seep sites, and with those of tubeworms from hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise (Gollner et al. 2007; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 337: 39-49). The abundance was not significantly different between the 2 seep sites, and was also similar to those found at vents. A total of 150 meiobenthic genera were identified from the cold seep sites. While no significant difference in univariate measurements of diversity was detected, a shift in community composition between the shallow and the deep seep site was found. The hot vent communities included a total of only 17 genera and the diversity measurements were significantly lower at vents than at seeps. Also, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was 97{\%} between the meiobenthic communities from seeps and vents. The genera richness was negatively correlated with maximum temperature and maximum sulfide concentration, and positively correlated with minimum pH value. We conclude that the harsh conditions tubeworms experience at vents compared to the moderate conditions at cold seeps, as well as the longevity of cold seeps surrounded by sedimented deep-sea plains but short-lived vents on basaltic mid-ocean ridges, might explain the contrasting diversity patterns.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps09889},
	author = {Degen, Renate and Riavitz, Laura and Gollner, Sabine and Vanreusel, Ann and Plum, Christoph and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Fornari2012,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise Between 9 degrees N and 10 degrees N: Twenty-Five Years of Integrated, Multidisciplinary Oceanic Spreading Center Studies}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {18{\textendash}43},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {The East Pacific Rise from {\~{}}~9{\textendash}10{\textdegree}N is an archetype for a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. In particular, the segment near 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N has been the focus of multidisciplinary research for over two decades, making it one of the best-studied areas of the global ridge system. It is also one of only two sites along the global ridge where two historical volcanic eruptions have been observed. This volcanically active segment has thus offered unparalleled opportunities to investigate a range of complex interactions among magmatic, volcanic, hydrothermal, and biological processes associated with crustal accretion over a full magmatic cycle. At this 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N site, comprehensive physical oceanographic measurements and modeling have also shed light on linkages between hydrodynamic transport of larvae and other materials and biological dynamics influenced by magmatic processes. Integrated results of high-resolution mapping, and both in~situ and laboratory-based geophysical, oceanographic, geochemical, and biological observations and sampling, reveal how magmatic events perturb the hydrothermal system and the biological communities it hosts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.02},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Bryce, Julia G and Cowen, J P and Ferrini, Vicki and Fundis, A and Lilley, M D and Luther, G W and Mullineaux, L S and Perfit, M R and Meana-Prado, M F and Rubin, K H and Seyfried, W E and Shank, T M and Soule, S A and Tolstoy, M and White, S M}
}
@booklet {Levin2012,
	title = {{A hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margin: middle ground in a continuum of reducing ecosystems}},
	howpublished = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {279},
	number = {1738},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {2580{\textendash}2588},
	abstract = {Upon their initial discovery, hydrothermal vents and methane seeps were considered to be related but distinct ecosystems, with different distributions, geomorphology, temperatures, geochemical properties and mostly different species. However, subsequently discovered vents and seep systems have blurred this distinction. Here, we report on a composite, hydrothermal seep ecosystem at a subducting seamount on the convergent Costa Rica margin that represents an intermediate between vent and seep ecosystems. Diffuse flow of shimmering, warm fluids with high methane concentrations supports a mixture of microbes, animal species, assemblages and trophic pathways with vent and seep affinities. Their coexistence reinforces the continuity of reducing environments and exemplifies a setting conducive to interactive evolution of vent and seep biota.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.0205},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1738/2580.abstract},
	author = {Levin, L A and Orphan, V J and Rouse, G W and Rathburn, A E and Ussler, W and Cook, G S and Goffredi, S K and Perez, Elena M and Waren, A and Grupe, B M and Chadwick, G and Strickrott, B}
}
@article {Connelly2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world{\textquoteright}s deepest seafloor spreading centre}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {620},
	abstract = {The Mid-Cayman spreading centre is an ultraslow-spreading ridge in the Caribbean Sea. Its extreme depth and geographic isolation from other mid-ocean ridges offer insights into the effects of pressure on hydrothermal venting, and the biogeography of vent fauna. Here we report the discovery of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre. The Von Damm Vent Field is located on the upper slopes of an oceanic core complex at a depth of 2,300 m. High-temperature venting in this off-axis setting suggests that the global incidence of vent fields may be underestimated. At a depth of 4,960 m on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre axis, the Beebe Vent Field emits copper-enriched fluids and a buoyant plume that rises 1,100 m, consistent with {\textgreater}400 degrees C venting from the world{\textquoteright}s deepest known hydrothermal system. At both sites, a new morphospecies of alvinocaridid shrimp dominates faunal assemblages, which exhibit similarities to those of Mid-Atlantic vents.},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms1636},
	author = {Connelly, D P and Copley, J T and Murton, B J and Stansfield, K and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Van Dover, C L and Amon, D and Furlong, M and Grindlay, N and Hayman, N and Huehnerbach, V and Judge, M and Le Bas, Tim and McPhail, S and Meier, A and Nakamura, K I and Nye, Verity and Pebody, M and Pedersen, R B and Plouviez, S and Sands, Carla and Searle, R C and Stevenson, P and Taws, Sarah and Wilcox, S}
}
@article {ISI:000301095200020,
	title = {{Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Plumes in the Near-Bottom Boundary Layer at Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1, SI},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {192{\textendash}195},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Hautala, Susan and Johnson, H Paul and Pruis, Matthew and Garcia-Berdeal, Irene and Bjorklund, Tor}
}
@article {Lang2012,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of abiogenic carbon and hydrogen in a serpentinite-hosted system}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {82{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {Mantle rocks exposed on the seafloor constitute a highly reactive chemical and thermal system, in which interaction with seawater to produce serpentinite has major consequences for lithospheric cooling, global geochemical cycles, and microbial activity. Serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal activity is exemplified by the Lost City Hydrothermal Field (30{\textdegree}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) where fluid{\textendash}rock reactions in the underlying ultramafic rocks result in high concentrations of abiotic hydrogen, methane, C2+ alkanes, and formate. Such systems have been proposed as possible analogs to the Early Earth environments that gave rise to the first biochemical pathways. Thus, characterizing the local microbial communities and their potential link with abiogenic compounds is of particular significance. Here we demonstrate that in active carbonate chimneys where microbial sulfate reduction is important, up to 50{\%} of the microbial biomass is synthesized from mantle carbon. Conversely, mantle carbon contributes only \~{}10{\%} of the biomass in areas with minimal sulfate reduction. We attribute this difference to greater incorporation of formate or methane by the dominant microbial species, the Lost City Methanosarcinales, in locations where sulfate reducers are able to facilitate this assimilation. The ability of autotrophic communities at Lost City to capitalize on the steady stream of chemical products resulting from serpentinization reactions and to utilize abiogenic mantle carbon lend credence to the hypothesis that early biosynthetic pathways could have developed in similar environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Proskurowski, G and Mehay, S and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {ISI:000311587800012,
	title = {{Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila gen. nov., sp nov., a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {10},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2388{\textendash}2394},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A novel hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, designated strain HB-8(T), was isolated from the tube of Alvinella pompejana tubeworms collected from the wall of an actively venting sulfide structure on the East Pacific Rise at 13 degrees N. The cells were Gram-negative rods, approximately 1.0-1.5 mu m long and 0.5 mu m wide. Strain HB-8(T) grew between 65 and 80 degrees C (optimum 75 degrees C), 15 and 35 g NaCl l(-1) (optimum 30 gl(-1)) and pH 4.5 and 8.5 (optimum pH 6.0). Generation time under optimal conditions was 26 min. Growth occurred under chemolithoautotrophic conditions with H-2 as the energy source and CO2 as the carbon source. Nitrate and sulfur were used as electron acceptors, with concomitant formation of ammonium or hydrogen sulfide, respectively. The presence of lactate, formate, acetate or tryptone in the culture medium inhibited growth. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 47.8 mol{\%}. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and of the alpha subunit of the ATP citrate lyase of strain HB-8(T) indicated that this organism formed a novel lineage within the class Aquificae, equally distant from the type strains of the type species of the three genera that represent the family Desulfurobacteriaceae: Thermovibrio ruber ED11/3LLK8(T), Balnearium lithotrophicum 17S(T) and Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum BSA(T). The polar lipids of strain HB-8(T) differed substantially from those of other members of the Desulfurobacteriaceae, and this bacterium produced novel quinones. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel genus and species within the family Desulfurobacteriaceae, Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila is HB-8(T) (=DSM 24425(T) =JCM 17384(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.035642-0},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Grosche, Ashley and Massenburg, Lynnicia and Starovoytov, Valentin and Lutz, Richard A and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {Caress2012,
	title = {{Repeat bathymetric surveys at 1-metre resolution of lava flows erupted at Axial Seamount in April 2011}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {483{\textendash}488},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {At sites with frequent submarine volcanic activity, it is difficult to discern between new and pre-existing lava flows. In particular, the distribution of the fissures from which lava erupts, the routes taken by lava flows and the relationship between the new flows and the pre-existing seafloor bathymetry are often unclear. The volcanic and hydrothermal systems of Axial Seamount submarine volcano in the Pacific Ocean have been studied intensively since eruptions were detected in 1998 (refs~1, 2) and 2011 (ref.~3). Here we combine pre- and post-eruption bathymetric surveys3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, with 1-m lateral resolution and 0.2-m vertical precision, to precisely map the extent and thickness of the lava flows, calculate the volume of lava and unambiguously identify eruptive fissures from the April 2011 eruption. Where the new lava flows extend beyond the boundaries of the repeated surveys, we use shipboard multibeam surveys to map the flows with lower resolution. We show that the eruption produced both sheet and lobate flows associated with high eruption rates and low-eruption-rate pillow mounds. We find that lava flows erupted from new as well as existing fissures and tended to reoccupy existing flow channels. This reoccupation makes it difficult to map submarine flows produced during one eruption without before-and-after bathymetric surveys.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1496},
	author = {Caress, D W and Clague, D A and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Dreyer, B M and Chadwick, W W and Denny, Alden and Kelley, D S}
}
@conference {Kaiser2012,
	title = {{Satellite based remote management and operation of a 6000m AUV}},
	booktitle = {Oceans, 2012},
	volume = {Hampton Ro},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {During a July, 2012 expedition to the Hatteras Transverse Canyon, Blake Ridge, and Cape Fear Diapir, the AUV Sentry, aboard the NOAA Ship Okeanos, conducted experiments into remote operation of an AUV via satellite link. Remote launch, remote engineering, remote data processing and remote watch standing were all explored with varying degrees of success. Remote engineering and troubleshooting was found to be exceptionally promising and worthy of further effort. Remote data processing was a valuable addition for a telepresence enabled cruise where a substantial component of the science team was on shore. Remore watch standing and remote launch were both found to be viable though requiring improvement. Technology infrastructure is discussed along with successes, difficulties, and recommendations for future improvement.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2012.6404900},
	author = {Kaiser, C L and Kinsey, J C and Pinner, W and Yoerger, D R and German, C R and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Gaudron2012,
	title = {{Spatial And Temporal Variations In Food Web Structure From Newly-Opened Habitat At Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Marine Environmental Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {129{\textendash}140},
	abstract = {To highlight the spatio-temporal variability of the food web structure of hydrothermal vent fauna from newly-opened habitat, a series of Titanium Ring for Alvinellid Colonization devices (TRACs) was deployed at TICA site on the East Pacific Rise in 2006. This experiment was conducted for periods of 4 days, 13 days and one month and deployments were aligned along a gradient from the basaltic bottom to the vent openings. $δ$13C values of colonists revealed a narrower range of carbon sources in proximity to vent openings in Alvinella pompejana habitat than in Tevnia jerichonana habitat, separated by a distance of four meters. This was possibly due to a spatial change in available food sources with a possible higher contribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to the siboglinid habitat compared to a higher contribution of microbial primary producers such as Epsilonproteobacteria in the alvinellid habitat. Temporal variability was also observed during experimentation in the form of a shift in either $δ$13C and/or $δ$15N values for A. pompejana, Lepetodrilus elevatus, dirivultid copepods and polynoid polychaetes within a one-month window showing first of all, fast tissues turnover and secondly, a possible switch in feeding strategy or food sources. Lepidonotopodium riftense and Branchinotogluma sandersi may have to alternate between detritivorous and predatory feeding strategies. In addition, through the analysis of stable isotope composition of A.~pompejana and its episymbionts, we provided evidence that these attached bacteria formed part of the worms{\textquoteright} diet during the course of these colonization experiments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0141-1136},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.005},
	author = {Gaudron, S M and Lefebvre, S and Jorge, A N and Gaill, F and Pradillon, F}
}
@article {Pester2012,
	title = {{Subseafloor phase equilibria in high-temperature hydrothermal fluids of the Lucky Strike Seamount (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37{\textdegree}17{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {303{\textendash}322},
	abstract = {As part of an integrated study conducted at the Lucky Strike Seamount (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37{\textdegree}17'N) in 2008, gas-tight sampling devices were used to collect high-temperature (\~{}300~{\textdegree}C) hydrothermal fluids issuing from sulfide structures distributed throughout the vent field located in the summit depression. Compared with previous observations from 1993 to 1997, the most substantial changes in vent fluid compositions are dramatically increased CO2 concentrations (\~{}5{\texttimes}, up to 133~mmol/L) and the observation of vent fluids enriched in dissolved chloride relative to seawater. Combined with an increase in $δ$13CCO2$δ$13CCO2 values by \~{}4{\textperthousand} in 2008, the elevated CO2 indicates replenishment of the magmatic heat source and may be indicative of a recent magmatic event. The additional supporting fluid chemistry is, however, similar to that of the previous sampling intervals, necessitating a reassessment of the subseafloor controls on vent fluid chemistry at Lucky Strike in the context of recently obtained geophysical data that provides the depth/extent of a steady-state magma chamber. Two-phase behavior is indicated by the chloride variability in the vent fluids; and comparison with experimental data for the associated chloride-dependent partitioning of minor/trace elements suggests the possibility of a similar source fluid for all the vent structures, while limiting the likelihood of shallow phase separation and subseafloor mixing for the hydrothermal end-members. A recently calibrated Fe/Mn geothermometer indicates minimum subseafloor equilibration temperatures of 350{\textendash}385~{\textdegree}C. However, constraints imposed by dissolved Si/Cl in conjunction with geophysical observations are consistent with peak reaction conditions at temperatures of 430{\textendash}475~{\textdegree}C and pressures near the top of the axial magma chamber (\~{}410{\textendash}480~bars), where magmatic CO2 becomes entrained in the circulating fluids. The distance between the magma chamber and the seafloor at Lucky Strike is substantially greater than at most faster spreading ridges; and we propose the resulting increased residence time in the up-flow zone leads to the re-equilibration of temperature sensitive transition metals at conditions less extreme than those associated with peak reaction. Agreement between experimental data, thermodynamic model calculations, and dissolved concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, H2, and H2S in the Lucky Strike fluids reinforce the hypothesis of pH-redox equilibria for transition metals at relatively oxidizing conditions and temperatures predicted by the empirical Fe/Mn geothermometer. In-situ pH measurements of the high-temperature fluids exiting the seafloor are also consistent with the model calculations.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.05.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.05.018},
	author = {Pester, N J and Reeves, E P and Rough, M E and Ding, K and Seewald, J S and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Kellermann2012,
	title = {{Symbiont{\textendash}host relationships in chemosynthetic mussels: A comprehensive lipid biomarker study}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {112{\textendash}124},
	abstract = {Symbiosis with chemosynthetic microorganisms allows invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, such as mussels, snails and tubeworms, to gain nutrition independently of organic input from photosynthetic communities. Lipid biomarkers and their compound specific stable carbon isotopes ($δ$13C) have greatly aided the elucidation of chemosynthetic symbiosis. Due to recent methodological advances in liquid chromatography it is now possible to obtain a more holistic view of lipid biomarkers, including the analysis of intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs) and bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs). This study provides an extensive examination of polar and apolar lipids in combination with stable carbon isotope analysis of three Bathymodiolus mussels (Bathymodiolus childressi, Bathymodiolus cf. thermophilus, Bathymodiolus brooksi) hosting different types of bacterial symbiont (methane-oxidizing, sulfur-oxidizing and a dual symbiosis with methane- and sulfur-oxidizing symbionts, respectively). We propose that IPLs with C16:1 acyl side chains, and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) head groups, which were only detected in the gill tissue, can be used as symbiont-characteristic biomarkers. These putative symbiont-specific IPLs provide the opportunity to detect and quantify the methanotrophic and thiotrophic symbionts within the gill tissue. Additional characteristic markers for methanotrophic symbionts were found in B. childressi and B. brooksi, including the BHP derivatives aminotriol and aminotetrol, 4-methyl sterols and diagnostic fatty acids (FAs), such as C16:1${\o}mega$9, C16:1${\o}mega$8, and C18:1${\o}mega$8. In general, the $δ$13C values of FAs, alcohols and BHP-derived hopanols were in accordance with carbon assimilation pathways of the respective methanotrophic or thiotrophic symbionts in all three Bathymodiolus mussels. Differences in BHP distribution as well as $δ$13C values in the two mussels hosting a methanotrophic symbiont may indicate the presence of different methanotrophic symbionts and/or changes in the nutritional status. In all three mussel species the $δ$13C values of lipid biomarkers assigned to the symbionts were similar to those of the hosts, indicating the importance of the bacterial symbionts as the main carbon source for the mussel tissue.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	author = {Kellermann, M Y and Schubotz, F and Elvert, M and Lipp, J S and Birgel, D and Prieto-Mollar, X and Dubilier, N and Hinrichs, K -U}
}
@article {ISI:000308207400009,
	title = {{The Transcriptome of Bathymodiolus azoricus Gill Reveals Expression of Genes from Endosymbionts and Free-Living Deep-Sea Bacteria}},
	journal = {MARINE DRUGS},
	volume = {10},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1765{\textendash}1783},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea environments are largely unexplored habitats where a surprising number of species may be found in large communities, thriving regardless of the darkness, extreme cold, and high pressure. Their unique geochemical features result in reducing environments rich in methane and sulfides, sustaining complex chemosynthetic ecosystems that represent one of the most surprising findings in oceans in the last 40 years. The deep-sea Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent field, located in the Mid Atlantic Ridge, is home to large vent mussel communities where Bathymodiolus azoricus represents the dominant faunal biomass, owing its survival to symbiotic associations with methylotrophic or methanotrophic and thiotrophic bacteria. The recent transcriptome sequencing and analysis of gill tissues from B. azoricus revealed a number of genes of bacterial origin, hereby analyzed to provide a functional insight into the gill microbial community. The transcripts supported a metabolically active microbiome and a variety of mechanisms and pathways, evidencing also the sulfur and methane metabolisms. Taxonomic affiliation of transcripts and 16S rRNA community profiling revealed a microbial community dominated by thiotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbionts of B. azoricus and the presence of a Sulfurovum-like epsilonbacterium.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1660-3397},
	doi = {10.3390/md10081765},
	author = {Egas, Conceicao and Pinheiro, Miguel and Gomes, Paula and Barroso, Cristina and Bettencourt, Raul}
}
@article {Rubin2012,
	title = {{Volcanic Eruptions in the Deep Sea}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {142{\textendash}157},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions are important events in Earth{\textquoteright}s cycle of magma generation and crustal construction. Over durations of hours to years, eruptions produce new deposits of lava and/or fragmentary ejecta, transfer heat and magmatic volatiles from Earth{\textquoteright}s interior to the overlying air or seawater, and significantly modify the landscape and perturb local ecosystems. Today and through most of geological history, the greatest number and volume of volcanic eruptions on Earth have occurred in the deep ocean along mid-ocean ridges, near subduction zones, on oceanic plateaus, and on thousands of mid-plate seamounts. However, deep-sea eruptions ({\textgreater} 500~m depth) are much more difficult to detect and observe than subaerial eruptions, so comparatively little is known about them. Great strides have been made in eruption detection, response speed, and observational detail since the first recognition of a deep submarine eruption at a mid-ocean ridge 25 years ago. Studies of ongoing or recent deep submarine eruptions reveal information about their sizes, durations, frequencies, styles, and environmental impacts. Ultimately, magma formation and accumulation in the upper mantle and crust, plus local tectonic stress fields, dictate when, where, and how often submarine eruptions occur, whereas eruption depth, magma composition, conditions of volatile segregation, and tectonic setting determine submarine eruption style.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.12},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Soule, S A and Chadwick, W W and Fornari, D J and Clague, D A and Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Perfit, M R and Caress, D W and Dziak, R P}
}
@article {Thiel2012,
	title = {{Widespread occurrence of two carbon fixation pathways in tubeworm endosymbionts: lessons from hydrothermal vent associated tubeworms from the Mediterranean Sea}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {423},
	abstract = {Vestimentiferan tubeworms (siboglinid polychetes) of the genus Lamellibrachia are common members of cold seep faunal communities and have also been found at sedimented hydrothermal vent sites in the Pacific. As they lack a digestive system, they are nourished by chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts growing in a specialized tissue called the trophosome. Here we present the results of investigations of tubeworms and endosymbionts from a shallow hydrothermal vent field in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The tubeworms, which are the first reported vent-associated tubeworms outside the Pacific, are identified as Lamellibrachia anaximandri using mitochondrial ribosomal and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences. They harbor a single gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont. Carbon isotopic data, as well as the analysis of genes involved in carbon and sulfur metabolism indicate a sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic endosymbiont. The detection of a hydrogenase gene fragment suggests the potential for hydrogen oxidation as alternative energy source. Surprisingly, the endosymbiont harbors genes for two different carbon fixation pathways, the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle as well as the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle, as has been reported for the endosymbiont of the vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. In addition to RubisCO genes we detected ATP citrate lyase (ACL {\textendash} the key enzyme of the rTCA cycle) type II gene sequences using newly designed primer sets. Comparative investigations with additional tubeworm species (Lamellibrachia luymesi, Lamellibrachia sp. 1, Lamellibrachia sp. 2, Escarpia laminata, Seepiophila jonesi) from multiple cold seep sites in the Gulf of Mexico revealed the presence of acl genes in these species as well. Thus, our study suggests that the presence of two different carbon fixation pathways, the CBB cycle and the rTCA cycle, is not restricted to the Riftia endosymbiont, but rather might be common in vestimentiferan tubeworm endosymbionts, regardless of the habitat.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00423},
	author = {Thiel, Vera and Hugler, M and Bl{\"u}mel, M and Baumann, H I and G{\"a}rtner, A and Schmaljohann, R and Strauss, H and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Petersen, S and Cowart, D A and Fisher, C R and Imhoff, J F}
}
@article {Li2011,
	title = {{Abundance and distribution of fatty acids within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Journal of Sea Research},
	volume = {65},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {333{\textendash}339},
	abstract = {Abundance and distribution of total fatty acids (TFAs) were examined along the physicochemical gradient within an active hydrothermal chimney collected from the Main Endeavour segment of Juan de Fuca Ridge. Approximately 27 fatty acids are identified with a chain-length ranging from C12 to C22. From the exterior to the interior of the chimney walls, the total concentrations of TFAs (∑~TFAs) show a trend of evident decrease. The observed compositions of TFAs are rich in bacterial biomarkers especially monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and minor branched and cyclopropyl FAs. On the basis of the species-specific FAs and bacterial 16SrRNA gene analysis (Li et al., unpublished data), sulfur-based metabolism appears to be the essential metabolic process in the chimney. Furthermore, the sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) are identified as a basic component of microbial communities at the exterior of the hydrothermal chimney, and its proportion shows an inward decrease while the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) have an inverse distribution.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1385-1101},
	doi = {10.1016/j.seares.2011.01.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2011.01.005},
	author = {Li, J and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Fu, M and Chen, Z Q and Yao, H Q}
}
@article {ISI:000295971300003,
	title = {{Bacterial sulfur cycling shapes microbial communities in surface sediments of an ultramafic hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2633{\textendash}2648},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (LHF) is characterized by vent fluids, which are enriched in dissolved hydrogen and methane compared with fluids from basalt-hosted systems. Thick sediment layers in LHF are partly covered by characteristic white mats. In this study, these sediments were investigated in order to determine biogeochemical processes and key organisms relevant for primary production. Temperature profiling at two mat-covered sites showed a conductive heating of the sediments. Elemental sulfur was detected in the overlying mat and metal-sulfides in the upper sediment layer. Micro-profiles revealed an intensive hydrogen sulfide flux from deeper sediment layers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that filamentous and vibrioid, Arcobacter-related Epsilonproteobacteria dominated the overlying mats. This is in contrast to sulfidic sediments in basalt-hosted fields where mats of similar appearance are composed of large sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria. Epsilonproteobacteria (7-21{\%}) and Deltaproteobacteria (20-21{\%}) were highly abundant in the surface sediment layer. The physiology of the closest cultivated relatives, revealed by comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, was characterized by the capability to metabolize sulfur components. High sulfate reduction rates as well as sulfide depleted in (34)S further confirmed the importance of the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. In contrast, methane was found to be of minor relevance for microbial life in mat-covered surface sediments. Our data indicate that in conductively heated surface sediments microbial sulfur cycling is the driving force for bacterial biomass production although ultramafichosted systems are characterized by fluids with high levels of dissolved methane and hydrogen.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02530.x},
	author = {Schauer, Regina and Roy, Hans and Augustin, Nico and Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Peters, Marc and Wenzhoefer, Frank and Amann, Rudolf and Meyerdierks, Anke}
}
@article {Birgel2011,
	title = {{Changing redox conditions at cold seeps as revealed by authigenic carbonates from Alaminos Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {285},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {82{\textendash}96},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane in anoxic sediments at cold seeps often leads to formation of authigenic carbonates close to the seafloor along continental margins. Recent work, however, indicated that the redox conditions in sediments may vary to some degree during seepage activity. In order to shed new light on the extent of this variability, authigenic carbonates from Alaminos Canyon lease block 645 of the northern Gulf of Mexico have been characterized by means of inorganic and organic geochemistry. The carbonates were collected from seep deposits representing various seafloor morphologies, including extensive pavements, mounds, fractured carbonate slabs surrounded by dense bivalve shells, and vestimentiferan tubeworm colonies. The deposits almost entirely consist of aragonite. The $δ$18O values of aragonite vary from +~2.6 to +~5.8{\textperthousand} V-PDB, suggesting precipitation in slight disequilibrium with the surrounding pore fluids. The $δ$13C values of aragonite between -~33.9 and -~20.4{\textperthousand} V-PDB agree with variable amounts of carbonate derived from oxidation of thermogenic methane and crude oil. Methane was primarily oxidized in an anaerobic process as revealed by the presence of 13C-depleted molecular fossils of methane-oxidizing archaea ($δ$13C values as negative as -~118{\textperthousand}) and sulfate-reducing bacteria ($δ$13C values as negative as -~97{\textperthousand}), the syntrophic partners in the anaerobic oxidation of methane. The observed inventories of molecular fossils in the authigenic carbonates mirror those of known consortia of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria, namely the ANME-2/Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus (DSS) and ANME-3/Desulfobulbus (DBB) consortia. In contrast, the same carbonates exhibit shale-normalized rare earth elements patterns that all display real negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*~ In contrast, the same carbonates exhibit shale-normalized rare earth elements patterns that all display real negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*~13C values of the biomarkers of aerobic methanotrophs are as negative as -~58{\textperthousand} and are consequently less 13C-depleted than the molecular fossils of the prokaryotes performing anaerobic oxidation of methane, a pattern in accord with culture experiments. Overall, our results suggest that redox conditions at cold seeps are variable. This variability probably reflects changes in seepage flux. The combination of an inorganic and an organic geochemical approach used here is promising to better assess the variability and diversity of past fluid and gas expulsion at seeps.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.03.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.03.004},
	author = {Birgel, D and Feng, D and Roberts, H H and Peckmann, J}
}
@article {Mottl2011,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1013{\textendash}1038},
	abstract = {The Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) is the southernmost part of the back-arc spreading axis in the Lau Basin, west of the Tonga trench and the active Tofua volcanic arc. Over its 397-km length it exhibits large and systematic changes in spreading rate, magmatic/tectonic processes, and proximity to the volcanic arc. In 2005, we collected 81 samples of vent water from six hydrothermal fields along the ELSC. The chemistry of these waters varies both within and between vent fields, in response to changes in substrate composition, temperature and pressure, pH, water/rock ratio, and input from magmatic gases and subducted sediment. Hot-spring temperatures range from 229{\textdegree} to 363~{\textdegree}C at the five northernmost fields, with a general decrease to the south that is reversed at the Mariner field. The southernmost field, Vai Lili, emitted water at up to 334~{\textdegree}C in 1989 but had a maximum venting temperature of only 121~{\textdegree}C in 2005, due to waning activity and admixture of bottom seawater into the subseafloor plumbing system. Chloride varies both within fields and from one field to another, from a low of 528~mmol/kg to a high of 656~mmol/kg, and may be enriched by phase separation and/or leaching of Cl from the rock. Concentrations of the soluble elements K, Rb, Cs, and B likewise increase southward as the volcanic substrate becomes more silica-rich, especially on the Valu Fa Ridge. Iodine and $δ$7Li increase southward, and $δ$11B decreases as B increases, apparently in response to increased input from subducted sediment as the arc is approached. Species that decrease southward as temperature falls are Si, H2S, Li, Na/Cl, Fe, Mn, and 87Sr/86Sr, whereas pH, alkalinity, Ca, and Sr increase. Oxygen isotopes indicate a higher water/rock ratio in the three systems on Valu Fa Ridge, consistent with higher porosity in more felsic volcanic rocks. Vent waters at the Mariner vent field on the Valu Fa Ridge are significantly hotter, more acid and metal-rich, less saline, and richer in dissolved gases and other volatiles, including H2S, CO2, and F, than the other vent fields, consistent with input of magmatic gases. The large variations in geologic and geophysical parameters produced by back-arc spreading along the ELSC, which exceed those along mid-ocean ridge spreading axes, produce similar large variations in the composition of vent waters, and thus provide new insights into the processes that control the chemistry of submarine hot springs.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Seewald, J S and Wheat, C G and Tivey, M K and Michael, P J and Proskurowski, G and McCollom, T M and Reeves, E and Sharkey, J and You, C F and Chan, L H and Pichler, T}
}
@article {Gieskes2011,
	title = {{Cold seeps in Monterey Bay, California: Geochemistry of pore waters and relationship to benthic foraminiferal calcite}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {738{\textendash}746},
	abstract = {An extensive geochemical and biogeochemical examination of CH4 seeps in the Clam Flats area of Monterey Bay provides insight into the character of relationships between seep geochemistry and benthic foraminiferal geochemistry. The area is characterized by sulfide-rich fluids. Sulfide increases are associated with large increases in alkalinity, as well as small decreases in dissolved Ca and Mg. In addition, only small increases in NH4 are observed, but values of $δ$13C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (4, which is transported upward by slow seepage of pore fluids. The geochemistry of the pore fluids should be relevant to the geochemistry of the carbonate tests of living and dead foraminifera. However, a profound disequilibrium of approximately an order of magnitude occurs between the $δ$13C values of stained (cytoplasm-containing) foraminiferal carbonate and the C isotope values of ambient pore water dissolved inorganic C. Reasons are unclear for this isotopic disequilibrium, but have important implications for interpretations of foraminiferal carbonate as a paleoenvironmental proxy. Much fine scale work is needed to fully understand the relationships between the biogeochemistry of benthic foraminifera and the geochemistry of the pore waters where they live.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	author = {Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Mahn, C and Bernhard, J M and Day, S}
}
@article {Bennett2011,
	title = {{Dissolved and particulate organic carbon in hydrothermal plumes from the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50'N}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {58},
	number = {9},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {922{\textendash}931},
	abstract = {Chemoautotrophic production in seafloor hydrothermal systems has the potential to provide an important source of organic carbon that is exported to the surrounding deep-ocean. While hydrothermal plumes may export carbon, entrained from chimney walls and biologically rich diffuse flow areas, away from sites of venting they also have the potential to provide an environment for in-situ carbon fixation. In this study, we have followed the fate of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) as it is dispersed through and settles beneath a hydrothermal plume system at 9{\textdegree}50'N on the East Pacific Rise. Concentrations of both DOC and POC are elevated in buoyant plume samples that were collected directly above sites of active venting using both DSV Alvin and a CTD-rosette. Similar levels of POC enrichment are also observed in the dispersing non-buoyant plume, \~{}500~m downstream from the vent-site. Further, sediment-trap samples collected beneath the same dispersing plume system, show evidence for a close coupling between organic carbon and Fe oxyhydroxide fluxes. We propose, therefore, a process that concentrates POC into hydrothermal plumes as they disperse through the deep-ocean. This is most probably the result of some combination of preferential adsorption of organic carbon onto Fe-oxyhydroxides and/or microbial activity that preferentially concentrates organic carbon in association with Fe-oxyhydroxides (e.g. through the microbial oxidation of Fe(II) and Fe sulfides). This potential for biological production and consumption within hydrothermal plumes highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the role of the carbon cycle in deep-sea hydrothermal systems as well as the role that hydrothermal systems may play in regulating global deep-ocean carbon budgets.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Statham, P J and Green, D R H and Le Bris, N and McDermott, J M and Prado, F and Rouxel, O J and Von Damm, K L and German, C R}
}
@article {Pietruszka2011,
	title = {{Excesses of seawater-derived 234U in volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount due to crustal contamination}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {304},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {280{\textendash}289},
	abstract = {The effects of crustal contamination on the chemistry of oceanic basalts are commonly assumed to be negligible due to the compositional similarity between the erupted basalt and the underlying oceanic crust or volcanic edifice. Here we evaluate this assumption with high-precision measurements of the 234U{\textendash}238U and 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria, Cl/K2O ratios, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount, a submarine Hawaiian volcano with an active hydrothermal system. The samples, including one from the volcano{\textquoteright}s 1996 eruption, have small to moderate amounts of excess 234U ({\~{}}~0.2{\textendash}1.0{\%}) and variable, elevated Cl/K2O ratios. These excesses of 234U and enrichments in Cl are thought to result from contamination with seawater-derived U and Cl, but neither of these signatures can be explained by syn- or post-eruptive interaction between lava and seawater. Instead, mantle-derived magmas at Loihi appear to be variably contaminated with two distinct crustal materials: hydrothermal brines (which create enrichments in Cl) and U-enriched hydrothermally altered rocks (which create excesses of 234U). Both of these materials are expected to be found within the volcanic edifice as complementary parts of the volcano{\textquoteright}s hydrothermal system. The Loihi glasses display a wide measured range in the amount of excess 230Th from {\~{}}1 to 7{\%} (due to the addition of seawater-derived U) that overlaps with lavas from Kilauea Volcano ({\~{}}~2{\%} excess 230Th). We correct the 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria of the Loihi glasses back to their original pre-contamination values using their 234U{\textendash}238U disequilibria and a simple mass-balance calculation. This correction suggests that mantle-derived magmas at Loihi have a narrow range of {\~{}}~6{\textendash}9{\%} excess 230Th, which is significantly larger than observed for lavas from the neighboring volcano, Kilauea. This difference is consistent with the idea that Loihi is tapping mantle that is upwelling slowly ({\~{}}~5{\textendash}6~cm/yr) on the margin of the Hawaiian plume.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	author = {Pietruszka, A J and Keyes, M J and Duncan, J A and Hauri, E H and Carlson, R W and Garcia, M O}
}
@article {Reeves2011,
	title = {{Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the PACMANUS, Northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1088{\textendash}1123},
	abstract = {Processes controlling the composition of seafloor hydrothermal fluids in silicic back-arc or near-arc crustal settings remain poorly constrained despite growing evidence for extensive magmatic{\textendash}hydrothermal activity in such environments. We conducted a survey of vent fluid compositions from two contrasting sites in the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea, to examine the influence of variations in host rock composition and magmatic inputs (both a function of arc proximity) on hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Fluid samples were collected from felsic-hosted hydrothermal vent fields located on Pual Ridge (PACMANUS and Northeast (NE) Pual) near the active New Britain Arc and a basalt-hosted vent field (Vienna Woods) located farther from the arc on the Manus Spreading Center. Vienna Woods fluids were characterized by relatively uniform endmember temperatures (273{\textendash}285~{\textdegree}C) and major element compositions, low dissolved CO2 concentrations (4.4~mmol/kg) and high measured pH (4.2{\textendash}4.9 at 25~{\textdegree}C). Temperatures and compositions were highly variable at PACMANUS/NE Pual and a large, newly discovered vent area (Fenway) was observed to be vigorously venting boiling (358~{\textdegree}C) fluid. All PACMANUS fluids are characterized by negative $δ$DH2O$δ$DH2O values, in contrast to positive values at Vienna Woods, suggesting substantial magmatic water input to circulating fluids at Pual Ridge. Low measured pH (25~{\textdegree}C) values (\~{}2.6{\textendash}2.7), high endmember CO2 (up to 274~mmol/kg) and negative $δ$34SH2S$δ$34SH2S values (down to -2.7{\textperthousand}) in some vent fluids are also consistent with degassing of acid-volatile species from evolved magma. Dissolved CO2 at PACMANUS is more enriched in 13C (-4.1{\textperthousand} to -2.3{\textperthousand}) than Vienna Woods (-5.2{\textperthousand} to -5.7{\textperthousand}), suggesting a contribution of slab-derived carbon. The mobile elements (e.g. Li, K, Rb, Cs and B) are also greatly enriched in PACMANUS fluids reflecting increased abundances in the crust there relative to the Manus Spreading Center. Variations in alkali and dissolved gas abundances with Cl at PACMANUS and NE Pual suggest that phase separation has affected fluid chemistry despite the low temperatures of many vents. In further contrast to Vienna Woods, substantial modification of PACMANUS/NE Pual fluids has taken place as a result of seawater ingress into the upflow zone. Consistently high measured Mg concentrations as well as trends of increasingly non-conservative SO4 behavior, decreasing endmember Ca/Cl and Sr/Cl ratios with increased Mg indicate extensive subsurface anhydrite deposition is occurring as a result of subsurface seawater entrainment. Decreased pH and endmember Fe/Mn ratios in higher Mg fluids indicate that the associated mixing/cooling gives rise to sulfide deposition and secondary acidity production. Several low temperature (⩽80~{\textdegree}C) fluids at PACMANUS/NE Pual also show evidence for anhydrite dissolution and water{\textendash}rock interaction (fixation of B) subsequent to seawater entrainment. Hence, the evolution of fluid compositions at Pual Ridge reflects the cumulative effects of water/rock interaction, admixing and reaction of fluids exsolved from silicic magma, phase separation/segregation and seawater ingress into upflow zones.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.008},
	author = {Reeves, E and Seewald, J S and Saccocia, P J and Walsh, E and Bach, W and Craddock, P R and Shanks, W C and Sylva, S P and Pichler, T and Rosner, M}
}
@article {Smith2011,
	title = {{In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {Q06007},
	abstract = {The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge was used in the first long-term deployment of microbial enrichment flow cells using osmotically driven pumps in a subseafloor borehole. Three novel osmotically driven colonization systems with unidirectional flow were deployed in the borehole and incubated for 4 years to determine the microbial colonization preferences for 12 minerals and glasses present in igneous rocks. Following recovery of the colonization systems, we measured cell density on the minerals and glasses by fluorescent staining and direct counting and found some significant differences between mineral samples. We also determined the abundance of mesophilic and thermophilic culturable organotrophs grown on marine R2A medium and identified isolates by partial 16S or 18S rDNA sequencing. We found that nine distinct phylotypes of culturable mesophilic oligotrophs were present on the minerals and glasses and that eight of the nine can reduce nitrate and oxidize iron. Fe(II)-rich olivine minerals had the highest density of total countable cells and culturable organotrophic mesophiles, as well as the only culturable organotrophic thermophiles. These results suggest that olivine (a common igneous mineral) in seawater-recharged ocean crust is capable of supporting microbial communities, that iron oxidation and nitrate reduction may be important physiological characteristics of ocean crust microbes, and that heterogeneously distributed minerals in marine igneous rocks likely influence the distribution of microbial communities in the ocean crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003424},
	author = {Smith, A and Popa, R and Fisk, M and Nielsen, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Fisher, A T and Becker, K and Sievert, S M and Flores, G}
}
@article {Pester2011,
	title = {{A new Fe/Mn geothermometer for hydrothermal systems: Implications for high-salinity fluids at 13{\textdegree}N on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {24},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {7881{\textendash}7892},
	abstract = {Field and experimental investigations demonstrate the chemistry of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent fluids reflects fluid{\textendash}mineral reaction at higher temperatures than those typically measured at the seafloor. To account for this and, in turn, be able to better constrain sub-seafloor hydrothermal processes, we have developed an empirical geothermometer based on the dissolved Fe/Mn ratio in high-temperature fluids. Using data from basalt alteration experiments, the relationship; T ({\textdegree}C)~=~331.24~+~112.41*log[Fe/Mn] has been calibrated between 350 and 450~{\textdegree}C. The apparent Fe{\textendash}Mn equilibrium demonstrated by the experimental data is in good agreement with natural vent fluids, suggesting broad applicability. When used in conjunction with constraints imposed by quartz solubility, associated sub-seafloor pressures can be estimated for basalt-hosted systems. As an example, this methodology is used to interpret new data from 13{\textdegree}N on the East Pacific Rise, where high-temperature fluids both enriched and depleted in chloride (339{\textendash}646~mmol/kg), relative to seawater, are actively venting within a close proximity. Accounting for these variable salinities, active phase separation is clearly taking place at 13{\textdegree}N, yet the fluid Fe/Mn ratios and the silica concentrations suggest equilibration at temperatures less than those coinciding with the two-phase region. These data show the chloride-enriched fluid reflects the highest temperature and pressure (\~{}432~{\textdegree}C, 400~bars) of equilibration, consistent with circulation near the top of the inferred magma chamber. This is in agreement with the elevated CO2 concentration relative to the chloride-depleted fluids. The noted temperature derived from the Fe/Mn geothermometer is higher than the critical temperature for a fluid of equivalent salinity. This carries the important implication that, despite being chloride-enriched relative to seawater, these fluids evolved as the vapor component of even higher salinity brine.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2011.08.043},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.08.043},
	author = {Pester, N J and Rough, M and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Seyfried2011,
	title = {{Vent fluid chemistry of the Rainbow Hydrothermal System (36 degrees N, MAR): Phase equilibria and in-situ pH controls on subseafloor alteration processes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1574{\textendash}1593},
	abstract = {The Rainbow hydrothermal field is located at 36{\textdegree}13.8'N{\textendash}33{\textdegree}54.15'W at 2300~m depth on the western flank of a non-volcanic ridge between the South AMAR and AMAR segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The hydrothermal field consists of 10{\textendash}15 active chimneys that emit high-temperature (\~{}365~{\textdegree}C) fluid. In July 2008, vent fluids were sampled during cruise KNOX18RR, providing a rich dataset that extends in time information on subseafloor chemical and physical processes controlling vent fluid chemistry at Rainbow. Data suggest that the Mg concentration of the hydrothermal end-member is not zero, but rather 1.5{\textendash}2~mmol/kg. This surprising result may be caused by a combination of factors including moderately low dissolved silica, low pH, and elevated chloride of the hydrothermal fluid. Combining end-member Mg data with analogous data for dissolved Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and H2, permits calculation of mineral saturation states for minerals thought appropriate for ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at temperatures and pressures in keeping with constraints imposed by field observations. These data indicate that chlorite solid solution, talc, and magnetite achieve saturation in Rainbow vent fluid at a similar pH(T,P) (400~{\textdegree}C, 500~bar) of approximately 4.95, while higher pH values are indicated for serpentine, suggesting that serpentine may not coexist with the former assemblage at depth at Rainbow. The high Fe/Mg ratio of the Rainbow vent fluid notwithstanding, the mole fraction of clinochlore and chamosite components of chlorite solid solution at depth are predicted to be 0.78 and 0.22, respectively. In situ pH measurements made at Rainbow vents are in good agreement with pH(T,P) values estimated from mineral solubility calculations, when the in situ pH data are adjusted for temperature and pressure. Calculations further indicate that pH(T,P) and dissolved H2 are extremely sensitive to changes in dissolved silica owing to constraints imposed by chlorite solid solution-fluid equilibria. Indeed, the predicted correlation between dissolved silica and H2 defines a trend that is in good agreement with vent fluid data from Rainbow and other high-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems. We speculate that the moderate concentrations of dissolved silica in vent fluids from these systems result from hydrothermal alteration of plagioclase and olivine in the form of subsurface gabbroic intrusions, which, in turn are variably replaced by chlorite~+~magnetite~+~talc~{\textpm}~tremolite, with important implications for pH lowering, dissolved sulfide concentrations, and metal mobility.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2011.01.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.01.001},
	author = {Seyfried, W E and Pester, N J and Ding, K and Rough, M}
}
@article {Wanless2011,
	title = {{Volatile abundances and oxygen isotopes in basaltic to dacitic lavas on mid-ocean ridges: The role of assimilation at spreading centers}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {287},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {54{\textendash}65},
	abstract = {Most geochemical variability in MOR basalts is consistent with low- to moderate-pressure fractional crystallization of various mantle-derived parental melts. However, our geochemical data from MOR high-silica glasses, including new volatile and oxygen isotope data, suggest that assimilation of altered crustal material plays a significant role in the petrogenesis of dacites and may be important in the formation of basaltic lavas at MOR in general. MOR high-silica andesites and dacites from diverse areas show remarkably similar major element trends, incompatible trace element enrichments, and isotopic signatures suggesting similar processes control their chemistry. In particular, very high Cl and elevated H2O concentrations and relatively light oxygen isotope ratios ({\~{}}~5.8{\textperthousand} vs. expected values of {\~{}}~6.8{\textperthousand}) in fresh dacite glasses can be explained by contamination of magmas from a component of ocean crust altered by hydrothermal fluids. Crystallization of silicate phases and Fe-oxides causes an increase in $δ$18O in residual magma, but assimilation of material initially altered at high temperatures results in lower $δ$18O values. The observed geochemical signatures can be explained by extreme fractional crystallization of a MOR basalt parent combined with partial melting and assimilation (AFC) of amphibole-bearing altered oceanic crust. The MOR dacitic lavas do not appear to be simply the extrusive equivalent of oceanic plagiogranites. The combination of partial melting and assimilation produces a distinct geochemical signature that includes higher incompatible trace element abundances and distinct trace element ratios relative to those observed in plagiogranites.},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Wallace, P J and Grimes, C B and Klein, E M}
}
@article {Clague2011,
	title = {{Volcanic morphology of West Mata Volcano, NE Lau Basin, based on high-resolution bathymetry and depth changes}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {QOAF03{\textendash}QOAF03},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {High-resolution (1.5 m) mapping from the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) D. Allan B. of West Mata Volcano in the northern Lau Basin is used to identify the processes that construct and modify the volcano. The surface consists largely of volcaniclastic debris that forms smooth slopes to the NW and SE, with smaller lava flows forming gently sloping plateaus concentrated along the ENE and WSW rift zones, and more elongate flows radiating from the summit. Two active volcanic vents, Prometheus and Hades, are located \~{}50 and \~{}150 m WSW of the 1159 m summit, respectively, and are slightly NW of the ridgeline so the most abundant clastic deposits are emplaced on the NW flank. This eruptive activity and the location of vents appears to have been persistent for more than a decade, based on comparison of ship-based bathymetric surveys in 1996 and 2008{\textendash}2010, which show positive depth changes up to 96 m on the summit and north flank of the volcano. The widespread distribution of clastic deposits downslope from the rift zones, as well as from the current vents, suggests that pyroclastic activity occurs at least as deep as 2200 m. The similar morphology of additional nearby volcanoes suggests that they too have abundant pyroclastic deposits.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003791},
	author = {Clague, D A and Paduan, J B and Caress, D W and Thomas, Hans and Chadwick, W W and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Valentine2010,
	title = {{Asphalt volcanoes as a potential source of methane to late Pleistocene coastal waters}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {3},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {345{\textendash}348},
	abstract = {Every year, natural petroleum seepage emits 0.2{\textendash}2 Tg of oil to the ocean1. Significant oil seepage can build large underwater mounds, consisting of tar deposits with morphologies similar to volcanic lava flows, known as asphalt volcanoes2, 3. Such events are typically accompanied by large fluxes of the greenhouse gas methane4, 5. Marine sediments from the Santa Barbara basin, California, contain a record of elevated methane concentrations6, anoxia and tar deposition7 during the Pleistocene epoch that had been attributed to dissolution of methane hydrates. However, the region is known to have exhibited oil seepage in the past7. Here, we document the discovery of seven extinct asphalt volcanoes off the coast of southern California. The morphology of the deposits and geochemistry of samples taken from the two largest structures supports their classification as asphalt volcanoes, derived from a common source. We estimate that the two structures resulted from seepage of 0.07{\textendash}0.4 Tg of oil, accompanied by the emission of 0.35{\textendash}1.8 Tg of methane. Radiocarbon dating of carbonate deposits entrained with the asphalt indicates formation of the volcanoes between 44 and 31 kyr ago. The timing and volume of erupted hydrocarbons from the asphalt structures can explain some or all of the documented methane release and tar accumulation in the Santa Barbara basin during the Pleistocene.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo848},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo848},
	author = {Valentine, D L and Reddy, C M and Farwell, C and Hill, T M and Pizarro, O and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and Nelson, R K and Peacock, E E and Bagby, S C and Clarke, B A and Roman, C N and Soloway, M}
}
@article {Podowski2010,
	title = {{Biotic and abiotic factors affecting distributions of megafauna in diffuse flow on andesite and basalt along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Tonga}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {418},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {25{\textendash}45},
	abstract = {Imagery and environmental data from 7 diffuse flow hydrothermal vent sites along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) are used to constrain the effects of lava type, temperature, chemistry, and biological interactions on faunal distributions. Of the species with chemoautotrophic endosymbionts, the snail Alviniconcha spp. occupies habitats with the greatest exposure to vent fluids. Temperatures exceeding 45{\textdegree}C define its upper limit of exposure to vent flow, and minimum sulfide requirements constrain its lower limits. The mussel Bathymodiolus brevior experiences the least exposure to vent flow; temperatures of about 20{\textdegree}C determine its upper limit, while its lower limit is defined by its minimum sulfide requirements. The snail Ifremeria nautilei inhabits areas with intermediate exposure to vent fluids and biological interactions are likely the most important factor shaping this snail{\textquoteright}s realized niche. Microhabitats of non-symbiont-containing fauna were defined in terms of symbiont-containing faunal distributions. The crab Austinograea spp. occupies areas with the greatest exposure to vent flow; shrimp, the snail Eosipho desbruyeresi, and anemones inhabit intermediate zones of vent flow; and the squat lobster Munidopsis lauensis dominates the periphery of diffuse flow areas, with little exposure to vent fluids. The physical structure of different lava types along the ELSC differentially affects the diffusion of vent fluids, which has a variety of implications for fauna, particularly distributions of zoanthids, anemones, and mixed communities of I. nautilei and B. brevior.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps08797},
	author = {Podowski, E L and Ma, S and Luther, G W and Wardrop, D and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Lessard-Pilon2010,
	title = {{Community composition and temporal change at deep Gulf of Mexico cold seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1891{\textendash}1903},
	abstract = {Specialized cold-seep communities have been known to exist in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) since the mid-1980s, but only recently has extensive research been carried out on sites at depths {\textgreater}1000 m. This study uses a combination of imagery and analyses within a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) framework to examine the composition of mussel and tubeworm communities at depths between 2200 and 2800 m in the Gulf of Mexico, spatial relations among the fauna, and changes in these communities over time. Photomosaics at three discrete seep communities were obtained in 2006 and a video mosaic of another community was obtained in 1992. Each of these communities was re-imaged in 2007. In addition, quantitative physical collections were made within two of the photomosaic sites and used to confirm the identification of megafauna, quantify the occurrence of smaller and cryptic macrofauna, and allow first-order calculations of biomass within the sites. Substrate type had a significant effect on community composition. Significant associations were identified between live mussels with anemones, shrimp, and sea cucumbers, and between tubeworm aggregations and Munidopsis sp. crabs and encrusting fauna, indicating differences in the composition of megafauna associated with adjacent mussel and tubeworm aggregations. Little change was seen in the total area colonized by foundation fauna (tubeworms and mussels) between years at any site. However, significant changes occurred in the positions of mussels, even over periods of a single year, at all sites, and evidence for the establishment of new tubeworm aggregations between 1992 and 2007 was noted at one site. These photomosaics provide data suggesting that environmental conditions can change over small spatial and temporal scales and mussels move in response to these changes. The successional trends are examined and compared to the patterns that have been documented in shallow ({\textless}1000-m depth) Gulf of Mexico seep communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.012},
	author = {Lessard-Pilon, S and Porter, M D and Cordes, E E and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Bright2010,
	title = {{Epizooic metazoan meiobenthos associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations from cold seeps of the northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1982{\textendash}1989},
	abstract = {The abundance and higher taxonomic composition of epizooic metazoan meiobenthic communities associated with mussel and tubeworm aggregations of hydrocarbon seeps at Green Canyon, Atwater Valley, and Alaminos Canyon in depths between 1400 and 2800 m were studied and compared to the infaunal community of non-seep sediments nearby. Epizooic meiofaunal abundances of associated meiobenthos living in tubeworm bushes and mussel beds at seeps were extremely low (usually {\textless}100 ind. 10 cm-2), similar to epizooic meiofauna at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and the communities were composed primarily of nematodes, copepods, ostracods, and halacarids. In contrast, epizooic meiobenthic abundance is lower than previous studies have reported for infauna from seep sediments. Interestingly, non-seep sediments contained higher abundances and higher taxonomic diversity than epizooic seep communities, although in situ primary production is restricted to seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	author = {Bright, M and Plum, C and Riavitz, L A and Arbizu, P M and Cordes, E E and Gollner, S}
}
@article {Goss2010,
	title = {{Geochemistry of lavas from the 2005-2006 eruption at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright}N-9 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N: Implications for ridge crest plumbing and decadal changes in magma chamber compositions}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q05T09},
	abstract = {Detailed mapping, sampling, and geochemical analyses of lava flows erupted from an \~{}18 km long section of the northern East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 9{\textdegree}46'N to 9{\textdegree}56'N during 2005{\textendash}2006 provide unique data pertaining to the short-term thermochemical changes in a mid-ocean ridge magmatic system. The 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas are typical normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt with strongly depleted incompatible trace element patterns with marked negative Sr and Eu/Eu* anomalies and are slightly more evolved than lavas erupted in 1991{\textendash}1992 at the same location on the EPR. Spatial geochemical differences show that lavas from the northern and southern limits of the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are more evolved than those erupted in the central portion of the fissure system. Similar spatial patterns observed in 1991{\textendash}1992 lavas suggest geochemical gradients are preserved over decadal time scales. Products of northern axial and off-axis fissure eruptions are consistent with the eruption of cooler, more fractionated lavas that also record a parental melt component not observed in the main suite of 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas. Radiogenic isotopic ratios for 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas fall within larger isotopic fields defined for young axial lavas from 9{\textdegree}N to 10{\textdegree}N EPR, including those from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption. Geochemical data from the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are consistent with an invariable mantle source over the spatial extent of the eruption and petrogenetic processes (e.g., fractional crystallization and magma mixing) operating within the crystal mush zone and axial magma chamber (AMC) before and during the 13 year repose period. Geochemical modeling suggests that the 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas represent differentiated residual liquids from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption that were modified by melts added from deeper within the crust and that the eruption was not initiated by the injection of hotter, more primitive basalt directly into the AMC. Rather, the eruption was driven by AMC pressurization from persistent or episodic addition of more evolved magma from the crystal mush zone into the overlying subridge AMC during the period between the two eruptions. Heat balance calculations of a hydrothermally cooled AMC support this model and show that continual addition of melt from the mush zone was required to maintain a sizable AMC over this time interval.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002977},
	author = {Goss, A R and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Rubin, K H and Kamenov, G D and Soule, S A and Fundis, A and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {ISI:000278233400031,
	title = {{Nautilia nitratireducens sp nov., a thermophilic, anaerobic, chemosynthetic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {60},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1182{\textendash}1186},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A thermophilic, anaerobic, chemosynthetic bacterium, designated strain MB-1(T), was isolated from the walls of an active deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N 10 degrees 17{\textquoteright} W. The cells were Gram-negative-staining rods, approximately 1-1.5 mu m long and 0.3-0.5 mu m wide. Strain MB-1(T) grew at 25-65 degrees C (optimum 55 degrees C), with 10-35 g NaCl l(-1) (optimum 20 g l(-1)) and at pH 4.5-8.5 (optimum pH 7.0). Generation time under optimal conditions was 45.6 min. Growth occurred under chemolithoautotrophic conditions with H(2) as the energy source and CO(2) as the carbon source. Nitrate was used as the electron acceptor, with resulting production of ammonium. Thiosulfate, sulfur and selenate were also used as electron acceptors. No growth was observed in the presence of lactate, peptone or tryptone. Chemo-organotrophic growth occurred in the presence of acetate, formate, Casamino acids, sucrose, galactose and yeast extract under a N(2)/CO(2) gas phase. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 36.0 mol{\%}. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that this organism is closely related to Nautilia profundicola AmH(T), Nautilia abyssi PH1209(T) and Nautilia lithotrophica 525(T) (95, 94 and 93{\%} sequence identity, respectively). On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and genetic considerations, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel species within the genus Nautilia, Nautilia nitratireducens sp. nov. The type strain is MB-1(T) (=DSM 22087(T) =JCM 15746(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.013904-0},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Ricci, Jessica and Voordeckers, James W and Starovoytov, Valentin and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000208389800002,
	title = {{A new coral species introduced into the Atlantic Ocean - Tubastraea micranthus (Ehrenberg 1834) (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia): An invasive threat?}},
	journal = {AQUATIC INVASIONS},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {131{\textendash}140},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over the past 60-70 years, the invasive Indo-Pacific coral Tubastraea coccinea (Lesson 1830; Cnidaria, Scleractinia) has colonized the western tropical Atlantic Ocean - the Americas, the Antilles, northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), and many of its 3,600 oil/gas platforms. It is now the single, most abundant coral on artificial substrata in the GOM, with hundreds of thousands of colonies on a single platform. Here, we report for the first time the observation of a closely related congener in the western Atlantic - the Indo-Pacific azooxanthellate Tubastraea micranthus (Ehrenberg 1834) - and suggest that it may pose a threat similar to T. coccinea. A total of 83 platforms, including deep-water, toppled, Rigs-to-Reefs structures, were surveyed in the northern Gulf of Mexico between 2000 and 2009, from Matagorda Island, Texas to Mobile, Alabama, USA, between the depths of 7 and 37 m, by SCUBA divers. Five platforms were surveyed by Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) to depths of up to 117 m. T. micranthus was found on only one platform - Grand Isle 93 (GI-93), off Port Fourchon, Louisiana, near the Mississippi River mouth, at the cross-roads of two major safety fairways/shipping lanes transited by large international commercial ships. The introduction appears to be recent, probably derived from the ballast water or hull of a vessel from the Indo-Pacific. If the growth and reproductive rates of T. micranthus, both sexual and asexual, are similar to those of T. coccinea, this species could dominate this region like its congener. It is not known whether this species is an opportunist/pioneer species, like T. coccinea, a trait protecting benthic communities from its dominance. The question of rapid-response eradication is raised.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1798-6540},
	doi = {10.3391/ai.2010.5.2.02},
	author = {Sammarco, Paul W and Porter, Scott A and Cairns, Stephen D}
}
@article {ISI:000281572000001,
	title = {{Paving the seafloor: Volcanic emplacement processes during the 2005-2006 eruptions at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteleft} N}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The 2005-2006 eruptions near 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N at the East Pacific Rise (EPR) marked the first observed repeat eruption at a mid-ocean ridge and provided a unique opportunity to deduce the emplacement dynamics of submarine lava flows. Since these new flows were documented in April 2006, a total of 40 deep-towed imaging surveys have been conducted with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution{\textquoteright}s (WHOI) TowCam system. More than 60,000 digital color images and high-resolution bathymetric profiles of the 2005-2006 flows from the TowCam surveys were analyzed for lava flow morphology and for the presence of kipukas, collapse features, faults and fissures. We use these data to quantify the spatial distributions of lava flow surface morphologies and to investigate how they relate to the physical characteristics of the ridge crest, such as seafloor slope, and inferred dynamics of flow emplacement. We conclude that lava effusion rate was the dominant factor controlling the observed morphological variations in the 2005-2006 flows. We also show that effusion rates were higher than in previously studied eruptions at this site and varied systematically along the length of the eruptive fissure. This is the first well-documented study in which variations in seafloor lava morphology can be directly related to a well documented ridge-crest eruption where effusion rate varied significantly.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003058},
	author = {Fundis, A T and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {ISI:000283642100005,
	title = {{Phylogenetic diversity of sediment bacteria from the deep Northeastern Pacific Ocean: a comparison with the deep Eastern Mediterranean Sea}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {143{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The variability of bacterial community composition and diversity was studied by comparative analysis of five 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from deep-sea sediments (water column depth: 4000 m) of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Eastern Mediterranean Sea. This is the first comparison of the bacterial communities living in these deep-sea ecosystems. The estimated chlorophyll a, organic carbon, and C/N ratio provided evidence of significant differences in the trophic state of the sediments between the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and the much warmer Eastern Mediterranean Sea. A diverse range of 16S rRNA gene phylotypes was found in the sediments of both regions. These were represented by 11 different taxonomic groups, with Gammaproteobacteria predominating in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean sediments and Acidobacteria in the Eastern Mediterranean microbial community. In addition, several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes only distantly related to any of the previously identified sequences (non-affiliated rRNA genes) represented a significant fraction of the total sequences. The potential diversity at the two sites differs but remains largely unexplored and remains of continuing scientific interest. {\{}[{\}}Int Microbiol 2010; 13(3):143-150]},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1139-6709},
	doi = {10.2436/20.1501.01.119},
	author = {Kouridaki, Ioanna and Polymenakou, Paraskevi N and Tselepides, Anastasios and Mandalakis, Manolis and Smith Jr., Kenneth L}
}
@article {Basak2009,
	title = {{Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of live (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Aleutian Margin and the Southern Australian Margin}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {89{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	author = {Basak, C and Rathburn, A E and Perez, M E and Martin, J B and Kluesner, J W and Levin, L A and De Deckker, P and Gieskes, J M and Abriani, M}
}
@article {Plouviez2009,
	title = {{Comparative phylogeography among hydrothermal vent species along the East Pacific Rise reveals vicariant processes and population expansion in the South}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {18},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {3903{\textendash}3917},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	author = {Plouviez, S and Shank, T M and Faure, B and Daguin-Thiebaut, C and Viard, F and Lallier, F H and Jollivet, D}
}
@article {Webster2009,
	title = {{Coral reef evolution on rapidly subsiding margins}},
	journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
	volume = {66},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {128{\textendash}148},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0921-8181},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010},
	author = {Webster, J M and Braga, J C and Clague, D A and Gallup, C and Hein, J R and Potts, D C and Renema, W and Riding, R and Riker-Coleman, K and Silver, E A and Wallace, L M}
}
@article {Pradillon2009,
	title = {{Development of assemblages associated with alvinellid colonies on the walls of high-temperature vents at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1622{\textendash}1631},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.009},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Zbinden, M and Le Bris, N and Hourdez, S and Barnay, A S and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Haase2009,
	title = {{Diking, young volcanism and diffuse hydrothermal activity on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Lilliput field at 9 degrees 33'S}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {266},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {52{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	author = {Haase, K M and Koschinsky, A and Petersen, S and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Melchert, B and Seifert, R and Borowski, C and Giere, O and Paulick, H}
}
@article {Podowski2009,
	title = {{Distribution of diffuse flow megafauna in two sites on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Tonga}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {56},
	number = {11},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2041{\textendash}2056},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.07.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.07.002},
	author = {Podowski, E L and Moore, T S and Zelnio, K A and Luther, G W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Rathburn2009,
	title = {{Geological and biological heterogeneity of the Aleutian Margin (1965{\textendash}4822 m)}},
	journal = {Progress In Oceanography},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {22{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	author = {Rathburn, A E and Levin, L A and Tryon, M D and Gieskes, J M and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Fodrie, F J and Neira, C and Fryer, G L and Mendoza, G F and McMillan, P A and Kluesner, J and Adamic, J and Ziebis, W}
}
@article {Petersen2009,
	title = {{The geological setting of the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (14 degrees 45'N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and its influence on massive sulfide formation}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {112},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {40{\textendash}56},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	author = {Petersen, S and Kuhn, K and Kuhn, T and Augustin, N and Hekinian, R and Franz, L and Borowski, C}
}
@article {Mullineaux2009,
	title = {{Imprint of past environmental regimes on structure and succession of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent community}},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {161},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {387{\textendash}400},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	doi = {10.1007/s00442-009-1390-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1390-1},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Micheli, F and Peterson, C H and Lenihan, H S and Markus, N}
}
@article {Yao2009,
	title = {{Metal sources of black smoker chimneys, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Pb isotope constraints}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {24},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1971{\textendash}1977},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.07.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.07.010},
	author = {Yao, H Q and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Bao, S X and Wu, Z J and Li, J T and Sun, Z L and Chen, Z Q and Li, J W and Chen, G Q}
}
@article {White2009a,
	title = {{Significance of widespread low effusion rate eruptions over the past two million years for delivery of magma to the overlapping spreading centers at 9 degrees N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {280},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {175{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	author = {White, S M and Mason, J L and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R and Wanless, V D and Klein, E M}
}
@article {Clague2009,
	title = {{Widespread strombolian eruptions of mid-ocean ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {180},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {171{\textendash}188},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.08.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.08.007},
	author = {Clague, D A and Paduan, J B and Davis, A S}
}
@article {Panieri2008,
	title = {{Benthic Foraminifera of the Blake Ridge hydrate mound, Western North Atlantic Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {91{\textendash}102},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.08.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.08.002},
	author = {Panieri, G and Sen Gupta, B K}
}
@article {DitteL2008,
	title = {{Biology of the vent crab Bythograea thermydron: A brief review}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {63{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[63:BOTVCB]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[63:BOTVCB]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {DitteL, A I and Perovich, G and Epifanio, C E}
}
@article {Lenihan2008,
	title = {{Biotic interactions at hydrothermal vents: Recruitment inhibition by the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {12},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1707{\textendash}1717},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.007},
	author = {Lenihan, H S and Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Fisher, C R and Micheli, F}
}
@inbook {Pester2008,
	title = {{The chemistry of diffuse-flow vent fluids on the Galapagos Roft (86 degrees W) : temporal vaiability and subseafloor phase equilibria controls}},
	booktitle = {Magma to microbe : modeling hydrothermal processes at ocean spreading centers},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {178},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {123{\textendash}144},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0875904432},
	doi = {10.1029/178GM07},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/178GM07},
	author = {Pester, N J and Butterfield, D A and Foustoukos, D I and Roe, K K and Ding, K and Shank, T M and Seyfried, W E},
	editor = {Lowell, R P}
}
@article {Cordes2008,
	title = {{Coral communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {777{\textendash}787},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.005},
	author = {Cordes, E E and McGinley, M P and Podowski, E L and Becker, E L and Lessard-Pilon, S and Viada, S T and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Melchert2008,
	title = {{First evidence for high-temperature off-axis venting of deep crustal/mantle heat: The Nibelungen hydrothermal field, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {61{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	author = {Melchert, B and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Seifert, R and Walter, M and Mertens, C and Yoerger, D R and Baker, E T and Paulick, H and Nakamura, K}
}
@article {Thistle2008,
	title = {{Large, motile epifauna interact strongly with harpacticoid copepods and polychaetes at a bathyal site}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {324{\textendash}331},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.008},
	author = {Thistle, D and Eckman, J E and Paterson, G L J}
}
@article {Drazen2008,
	title = {{Lipid, sterols and fatty acid composition of abyssal holothurians and ophiuroids from the North-East Pacific Ocean: Food web implications}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.013},
	author = {Drazen, J C and Phleger, C F and Guest, M A and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Lam2008,
	title = {{Microbial ammonia oxidation and enhanced nitrogen cycling in the Endeavour hydrothermal plume}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2268{\textendash}2286},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.033},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.033},
	author = {Lam, P and Cowen, J P and Popp, B N and Jones, R D}
}
@article {Tyler2008,
	title = {{Reproduction of gastropods from vents on the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {107{\textendash}118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Tyler, P A and Pendlebury, S and Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Eckelbarger, K J and Baker, M and Young, C M}
}
@article {Proskurowski2008,
	title = {{Stable isotopic evidence in support of active microbial methane cycling in low-temperature diffuse flow vents at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {8},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2005{\textendash}2023},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.025},
	author = {Proskurowski, G and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J}
}
@article {Waite2008,
	title = {{Variation in sulfur speciation with shellfish presence at a Lau Basin diffuse flow vent site}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {163{\textendash}168},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Waite, T J and Moore, T S and Childress, J J and Hsu-Kim, H and Mullaugh, K M and Nuzzio, D B and Paschal, A N and Tsang, J and Fisher, C R and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Rathgeber2008,
	title = {{Vertical distribution and characterization of aerobic phototrophic bacteria at the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Photosynthesis Research},
	volume = {97},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {235{\textendash}244},
	abstract = {The vertical distribution of culturable anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria was investigated at five sites at or near the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Twelve similar strains of obligately aerobic phototrophic bacteria were isolated in pure culture, from depths ranging from 500 to 2,379 m below the surface. These strains appear morphologically, physiologically, biochemically, and phylogenetically similar to Citromicrobium bathyomarinum strain JF-1, a bacterium previously isolated from hydrothermal vent plume waters. Only one aerobic phototrophic strain was isolated from surface waters. This strain is morphologically and physiologically distinct from the strains isolated at deeper sampling locations, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is most closely related to the genus Erythrobacter. Phototrophs were cultivated from three water casts taken above vents but not from two casts taken away from active vent sites. No culturable anaerobic anoxygenic phototrophs were detected. The photosynthetic apparatus was investigated in strain JF-1 and contains light-harvesting I and reaction center complexes, which are functional under aerobic conditions.},
	issn = {0166-8595},
	doi = {10.1007/s11120-008-9332-z},
	author = {Rathgeber, C and Lince, M T and Alric, J and Lang, Andrew S and Humphrey, E and Blankenship, R E and Vermeglio, A and Plumley, F G and Van Dover, C L and Beatty, J T and Yurkov, V}
}
@article {Mullaugh2008,
	title = {{Voltammetric (micro)electrodes for the in situ study of Fe2+ oxidation kinetics in hot springs and S2O3-2- production at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {280{\textendash}290},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1040-0397},
	doi = {10.1002/elan.200704056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200704056},
	author = {Mullaugh, K M and Luther, G W and Ma, S and Moore, T S and Yucel, M and Becker, E L and Podowski, E L and Fisher, C R and Trouwborst, R E and Pierson, B K}
}
@inbook {Singh2007,
	title = {{Advances in High Resolution Imaging from Underwater Vehicles}},
	booktitle = {Robotics Research: Results of the 12th International Symposium ISRR},
	series = {Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics},
	number = {28},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {430{\textendash}448},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Berlin},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {3-540-48110-9},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-48113-3_37},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48113-3{\_}37},
	author = {Singh, H and Roman, C and Pizarro, O and Eustice, R}
}
@article {Roberts2007a,
	title = {{Alvin explores the deep northern Gulf of Mexico Slope}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {88},
	number = {35},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {341{\textendash}342},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/2007EO350001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007EO350001},
	author = {Roberts, H and Carney, R and Kupchik, M and Fisher, C R and Nelson, Kim and Becker, E and Goehring, E and Lessard-Pilon, S and Telesnicki, G and Bernard, B and Brooks, J and Bright, M and Cordes, E and Hourdez, S and Hunt, J and Shedd, W and Boland, G and Joye, S and Samarkin, V and Bernier, M and Bowles, M and MacDonald, I and Niemann, H and Petersen, C and Morrison, C and Potter, J}
}
@book {Roberts2007,
	title = {{Expedition to the Deep Slope 2007, June 4 - July 6, 2007}},
	volume = {2008},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/07mexico/},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Potter, J M}
}
@mastersthesis {Pollock2007,
	title = {{Geochemistry of dikes and lavas from tectonic windows}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {145},
	school = {Duke University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Durham, N.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/388},
	author = {Pollock, M A}
}
@article {Escartin2007,
	title = {{Interplay between faults and lava flows in construction of the upper oceanic crust: The East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 25 {\textquoteright}-9 degrees 58 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06005},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gc001399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001399},
	author = {Escartin, J and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Wu2007,
	title = {{Mechatronic integration and implementation of in situ multipoint temperature measurement for seafloor hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {144{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1006-9321},
	doi = {10.1007/s11431-007-0013-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-007-0013-5},
	author = {Wu, H C and Chen, Y and Yang, C J and Zhang, J F and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Ji, F W}
}
@article {Soule2007,
	title = {{New insights into mid-ocean ridge volcanic processes from the 2005-2006 eruption of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright} N-9 degrees 56{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {12},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1079{\textendash}1082},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G23924A.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G23924A.1},
	author = {Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Rubin, K H}
}
@article {Perk2007,
	title = {{Petrology and geochemistry of primitive lower oceanic crust from Pito Deep: Implications for the accretion of the lower crust at the Southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {154},
	number = {5},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {575{\textendash}590},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-007-0210-z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-007-0210-z},
	author = {Perk, N W and Coogan, L A and Karson, J A and Klein, E M and Hanna, H D}
}
@article {Gannoun2007,
	title = {{The scale and origin of the osmium isotope variations in mid-ocean ridge basalts}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {259},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {541{\textendash}556},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	author = {Gannoun, A and Burton, K W and Parkinson, I J and Alard, O and Schiano, P and Thomas, L E}
}
@article {Piper2007,
	title = {{Stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence for late Wisconsinan sub-glacial outburst floods to Laurentian Fan}},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {246},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {101{\textendash}119},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.029},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.029},
	author = {Piper, D J W and Shaw, J and Skene, K I}
}
@article {Singh2007a,
	title = {{Towards high-resolution imaging from underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {International Journal of Robotics Research},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {55{\textendash}74},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0278-3649},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-48113-3_37},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48113-3{\_}37},
	author = {Singh, H and Roman, C and Pizarro, O and Eustice, R and Can, A}
}
@article {Prieto2007,
	title = {{Transparent exopolymer particles in a deep-sea hydrothermal system: Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {150},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1093{\textendash}1101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-006-0430-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0430-1},
	author = {Prieto, L and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {Proskurowski2006,
	title = {{Low temperature volatile production at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field: evidence from a hydrogen stable isotope geothermometer}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {229},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {331{\textendash}343},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005},
	author = {Proskurowski, G and Lilley, M D and Kelley, D S and Olson, E J}
}
@booklet {Roberts2006,
	title = {{NOAA Ocean Explorer: Expedition to the deep slope}},
	volume = {2007},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	address = {Silver Spring, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Potter, J M and Wolff, G A}
}
@book {German2006,
	title = {{RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 169, 17 Feb - 19 Mar 2005: Hydrothermal exploration of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	series = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton Cruise Report},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {92},
	publisher = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton},
	organization = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton},
	address = {Southampton, UK},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	url = {http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/41274/},
	author = {German, C R and Parson, L M}
}
@article {Tolstoy2006,
	title = {{A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {314},
	number = {5807},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1920{\textendash}1922},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1133950},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133950},
	author = {Tolstoy, M and Cowen, J P and Baker, E T and Fornari, D J and Rubin, K H and Shank, T M and Waldhauser, F and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Forsyth, D W and Holmes, R C and Love, B and Perfit, M R and Weekly, R T and Soule, S A and Glazer, B}
}
@article {Pearson2005,
	title = {{Bacterial incorporation of relict carbon in the hydrothermal environment of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {69},
	number = {23},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {5477{\textendash}5486},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2005.07.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.07.007},
	author = {Pearson, A and Seewald, J S and Eglinton, T I}
}
@article {Valentine2005,
	title = {{Biogeochemical investigations of marine methane seeps, Hydrate Ridge, Oregon}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {110},
	number = {G2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {G02005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2005JG000025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000025},
	author = {Valentine, D L and Kastner, M and Wardlaw, G D and Wang, X C and Purdy, A and Bartlett, D H}
}
@article {Soule2005,
	title = {{Channelized lava flows at the East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees-10 degrees N: The importance of off-axis lava transport in developing the architecture of young oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {Q08005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc000912},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc000912},
	author = {Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tivey, M A and Ridley, W I and Schouten, H}
}
@article {Pradillon2005,
	title = {{Colonisation of newly-opened habitat by a pioneer species, Alvinella pompejana (Polychaeta : Alvinellidae), at East Pacific Rise vent sites}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {147{\textendash}157},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps302147},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps302147},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Zbinden, M and Mullineaux, L S and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Pflugfelder2005,
	title = {{The color of the trophosome: elemental sulfur distribution in the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera; Siboglinidae)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {146},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {895{\textendash}901},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-004-1500-x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1500-x},
	author = {Pflugfelder, B and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Peng2005,
	title = {{Growth history of hydrothermal chimneys at EPR 9-10 degrees N: A structural and mineralogical study}},
	journal = {Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences},
	volume = {48},
	number = {11},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1891{\textendash}1899},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1006-9313},
	doi = {10.1360/04yd0029},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/04yd0029},
	author = {Peng, X T and Zhou, H Y}
}
@article {Pradillon2005a,
	title = {{Influence of environmental conditions on early development of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Alvinella pompejana}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {208},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1551{\textendash}1561},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.01567},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01567},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Le Bris, N and Shillito, B and Young, C M and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Phleger2005a,
	title = {{Lipid biomarkers of deep-sea hydrothermal vent polychaetes - Alvinella pompejana, A-caudata, Paralvinella grasslei and Hesiolyra bergii}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {12},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2333{\textendash}2352},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2005.08.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.08.001},
	author = {Phleger, C F and Nelson, M M and Groce, A K and Cary, S C and Coyne, K J and Gibson, J A E and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Phleger2005,
	title = {{Lipid composition of deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia packyptila, crabs Munidopsis subsquatnosa and Bythograea thermydron, mussels Bathymodiolus sp and limpets Lepetodrilus spp}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	volume = {141},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {196{\textendash}210},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.03.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.03.001},
	author = {Phleger, C F and Nelson, M M and Groce, A K and Cary, S C and Coyne, K J and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Lein2005,
	title = {{Lipids in hydrothermal sulfide ores from the 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N field of the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Doklady Earth Sciences},
	volume = {405},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1231{\textendash}1234},
	issn = {1028-334X},
	author = {Lein, A Y and Peresypkin, V I and Bogdanov, Y A and Ivanov, M V}
}
@article {Chadwick2005,
	title = {{Magmatic effects of the Cobb hot spot on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {110},
	number = {B3},
	year = {2005},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {B03101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2003JB002767},
	author = {Chadwick, J and Perfit, M and Ridley, I and Kamenov, G and Chadwick, W and Embley, R and le Roux, P and Smith, M}
}
@article {Karson2005,
	title = {{Nested-scale investigation of tectonic windows into super-fast spread crust exposed at the Pito Deep Rift}},
	journal = {InterRidge Newsletter},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {5{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.interridge.org/files/interridge/IR{\_}news{\_}14.pdf},
	author = {Karson, J A and Francheteau, J and Gee, J S and Gillis, K M and Hayman, N W and Hekinian, R and Hey, R N and Hurst, S D and Klein, E M and Naar, D P and Varga, R J and Party, Pito Deep 2005 Scientific}
}
@article {Beatty2005,
	title = {{An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {102},
	number = {26},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {9306{\textendash}9310},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0503674102},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503674102},
	author = {Beatty, J T and Overmann, J and Lince, M T and Manske, A K and Lang, A S and Blankenship, R E and Van Dover, C L and Martinson, T A and Plumley, G F}
}
@article {Hahlbeck2005,
	title = {{Proposed nitrate binding by hemoglobin in Riftia pachyptila blood}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {10},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1885{\textendash}1895},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.011},
	author = {Hahlbeck, E and Pospesel, M A and Zal, F and Childress, J J and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Sancho2005,
	title = {{Selective predation by the zoarcid fish Thermarces cerberus at hydrothermal vents.}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {837{\textendash}844},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	author = {Sancho, G and Fisher, C R and Mills, S W and Micheli, F and Johnson, G A and Lenihan, H S and Peterson, C H and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Kelley2005a,
	title = {{A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: The lost city hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {307},
	number = {5714},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1428{\textendash}1434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102556},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Yoerger, D R and Shank, T M and Butterfield, D A and Hayes, J M and Schrenk, M O and Olson, E J and Proskurowski, G and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Larson, B I and Ludwig, K A and Glickson, D A and Buckman, K and Bradley, A S and Brazelton, W J and Roe, K and Elend, M J and Delacour, A and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Summons, R T and Sylva, S P}
}
@article {Pollock2005,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variability in the composition of lavas exposed along the Western Blanco Transform Fault}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {Q11009},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001026},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001026},
	author = {Pollock, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Wheat2004a,
	title = {{Heat flow through a basaltic outcrop on a sedimented young ridge flank}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q12006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000700},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Fisher, A T and Kadko, D and Davis, E E and Baker, E T and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@inbook {Fornari2004,
	title = {{Submarine lava flow emplacement at the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N: Implications for uppermost ocean crust stratigraphy and hydrothermal fluid circulation}},
	booktitle = {Mid-ocean ridges: hydrothermal interactions between the lithosphere and ocean},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {148},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {187{\textendash}217},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875904130},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R and Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Edwards, M H and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Von Damm, K L and Shank, T M and Soule, A},
	editor = {German, C R}
}
@article {Goffredi2004,
	title = {{Unusual benthic fauna associated with a whale fall in Monterey Canyon, California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {10},
	year = {2004},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {1295{\textendash}1306},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.05.009},
	author = {Goffredi, S K and Paull, C K and Fulton-Bennett, K and Hurtado, L A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Wheat2004,
	title = {{Venting formation fluids from deep sea boreholes in a ridge flank setting: ODP Sites 1025 and 1026}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q08007},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000710},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000710},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H and Lebon, G}
}
@article {Fruh-Green2003,
	title = {{30,000 years of hydrothermal activity at the Lost City vent field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {301},
	number = {5632},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {495{\textendash}498},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1085582},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1085582},
	author = {Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S and Bernasconi, S M and Karson, J A and Ludwig, K A and Butterfield, D A and Boschi, C and Proskurowski, G}
}
@article {Sims2003,
	title = {{Aberrant youth: Chemical and isotopic constraints on the young off-axis lavas of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {10},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8621},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000443},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000443},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Blichert-Toft, J and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Goldstein, S J and Johnson, P and DePaolo, D J and Hart, S R and Murrell, M T and Michael, P J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A}
}
@article {Won2003,
	title = {{Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-sea mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {6785{\textendash}6792},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Hallam, S J and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Pan, I L and Buck, K R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {VonDamm2003,
	title = {{Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {206},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2003},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {365{\textendash}378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M D and Shanks, W C and Brockington, M and Bray, A M and O{\textquoteright}Grady, K M and Olson, E J and Graham, A and Proskurowski, G and Party, SouEPR Science}
}
@article {Perfit2003,
	title = {{Interaction of sea water and lava during submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {426},
	number = {6962},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {62{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature02032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02032},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Cann, J R and Fornari, D J and Engels, J and Smith, D K and Ridley, W I and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Beard2003,
	title = {{Iron isotope constraints on Fe cycling and mass balance in oxygenated Earth oceans}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {7},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {629{\textendash}632},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0629:IICOFC>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031{\%}3C0629:IICOFC{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Beard, B L and Johnson, C M and Von Damm, K L and Poulson, R L}
}
@article {Engels2003,
	title = {{A new model for submarine volcanic collapse formation}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1077},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000483},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000483},
	author = {Engels, J and Edwards, M H and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Cann, J R}
}
@article {Wheat2003,
	title = {{Seawater transport and reaction in upper oceanic basaltic basement: Chemical data from continuous monitoring of sealed boreholes in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {216},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {549{\textendash}564},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H}
}
@article {Copley2003,
	title = {{Spatial variation in the reproductive development of Paralvinella palmiformis (Polychaeta: Alvinellidae) from the High Rise vent field (Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge): Relation to a successional mosaic model}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {255},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {171{\textendash}181},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps255171},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps255171},
	author = {Copley, J T P and Tyler, P A and Van Dover, C L and Philip, S J}
}
@article {Mullineaux2003,
	title = {{Successional mechanism varies along a gradient in hydrothermal fluid flux at deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {73},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {523{\textendash}542},
	publisher = {Ecological Society of America},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-9615},
	doi = {10.1890/02-0674},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/02-0674},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Pizarro2003,
	title = {{Toward large-area mosaicing for underwater scientific applications}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {28},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {651{\textendash}672},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/JOE.2003.819154},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2003.819154},
	author = {Pizarro, O and Singh, H}
}
@article {Carney2002,
	title = {{AFLP analyses of genomic DNA reveal no differentiation between two phenotypes of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {363{\textendash}366},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Carney, S L and Peoples, J R and Fisher, C R and Schaeffer, S W}
}
@article {Pruis2002,
	title = {{Age dependent porosity of young upper oceanic crust: Insights from seafloor gravity studies of recent volcanic eruptions}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {29},
	number = {5},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1076},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GL013977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013977},
	author = {Pruis, M J and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Podar2002,
	title = {{Bacterial group II introns in a deep sea hydrothermal vent environment.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {68},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {6392{\textendash}6398},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.12.6392-6398.2002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.12.6392-6398.2002},
	author = {Podar, M and Mullineaux, L S and Huang, H -R and Perlman, P S and Sogin, M L}
}
@article {Sims2002,
	title = {{Chemical and isotopic constraints on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {19},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3481{\textendash}3504},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Goldstein, S J and Blichert-Toft, J and Perfit, M R and Kelemen, P and Fornari, D J and Michael, P J and Murrell, M T and Hart, S R and DePaolo, D J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A and Jull, M and Bender, J}
}
@article {White2002,
	title = {{Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: Evidence from volcanic structures and lava flow morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000571},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000571},
	author = {White, S M and Haymon, R M and Fornari, D J and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {VanDover2002,
	title = {{Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {295},
	number = {5558},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1253{\textendash}1257},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1067361},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1067361},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and German, C R and Speer, K G and Parson, L M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Humphris2002,
	title = {{Geotectonic setting of hydrothermal activity on the summit of Lucky Strike Seamount (37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 1049},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GC000284},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000284},
	author = {Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Schreirer, D S and German, C R and Parson, L M}
}
@article {Petitt2002,
	title = {{The Hawaii-2 Observatory}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {245{\textendash}253},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/JOE.2002.1002479},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2002.1002479},
	author = {Petitt, R A and Harris, D W and Wooding, B and Bailey, J and Jolly, J and Hobart, E and Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Butler, R and Bowen, A and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Pond2002,
	title = {{Origins of long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids in the hydrothermal vent worms, Ridgea piscesae and Protis hydrothermica}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {225},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {219{\textendash}226},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps225219},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps225219},
	author = {Pond, D W and Allen, C E and Bell, M V and Van Dover, C L and Fallick, A E and Dixon, D R and Sargent, J R}
}
@article {Micheli2002,
	title = {{Predation structures communities at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {72},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {365{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-9615},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0365:PSCADS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0365:PSCADS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Micheli, F and Peterson, C H and Mullineaux, L S and Fisher, C R and Mills, S W and Sancho, G and Johnson, G A and Lenihan, H S}
}
@book {Fornari2001,
	title = {{AHA-NEMO2: Shipboard data web site compiled during R/V Melville NEMO Expedition, Leg 2, May, 2000}},
	volume = {2005},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://science.whoi.edu/ahanemo2},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tolstoy, M and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Johnson, P and Kurras, G and White, S and Getsiv, J and Party, Shipboard Scientific and Technical}
}
@article {VanDover2001,
	title = {{Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {294},
	number = {5543},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {818{\textendash}823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1064574},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1064574},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Cavanaugh, C M and Collier, R and Goffredi, S K and Hashimoto, J and Lilley, M D and Reysenbach, A -L and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Banta, A and Gallant, R M and Gotz, D and Green, D and Hall, J and Harmer, T L and Hurtado, L A and Johnson, P and McKiness, Z P and Meredith, C and Olson, E J and Pan, I L and Turnipseed, M and Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Kolber2001,
	title = {{Contribution of aerobic photoheterotrophic bacteria to the carbon cycle in the ocean}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {292},
	number = {5526},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2492{\textendash}2495},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1059707},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1059707},
	author = {Kolber, Z S and Plumley, F G and Lang, A S and Beatty, J T and Blankenship, R E and Van Dover, C L and Vetriani, C and Koblizek, M and Rathgeber, C and Falkowski, P G}
}
@article {Johnson2001,
	title = {{Earthquakes{\textquoteright} impact on hydrothermal systems may be far-reaching}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {82},
	number = {21},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {233{\textendash}236},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/01EO00127},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/01EO00127},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Dziak, R P and Fisher, C R and Fox, C G and Pruis, M J}
}
@article {Levin2001a,
	title = {{Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {51{\textendash}93},
	issn = {1543-592X},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002},
	author = {Levin, L A and Etter, R J and Rex, M A and Gooday, A J and Smith, C R and Pineda, J and Stuart, C T and Hessler, R R and Pawson, D}
}
@article {Rubin2001,
	title = {{Geochemical heterogeneity within mid-ocean ridge lava flows: Insights into eruption, emplacement and global variations in magma generation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {188},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {349{\textendash}367},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00339-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00339-9},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Smith, M C and Bergmanis, E C and Perfit, M R and Sinton, J M and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Smith2001b,
	title = {{Magmatic processes and segmentation at a fast spreading mid-ocean ridge: Detailed investigation of an axial discontinuity on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 37{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {2},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2000GC000134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2000GC000134},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GC000134},
	author = {Smith, M C and Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Ridley, W I and Edwards, M H and Kurras, G J and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Ravilly2001,
	title = {{NRM intensity of altered oceanic basalts across the MAR (21 degrees N, 0-1.5 Ma): A record of geomagnetic palaeointensity variation?}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {145},
	number = {2},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {401{\textendash}422},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-246x.2001.01381.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2001.01381.x},
	author = {Ravilly, M and Horen, H and Perrin, M and Dyment, J and Gente, P and Guillou, H}
}
@article {Luther2001a,
	title = {{Sulfur speciation monitored in situ with solid state gold amalgam voltammetric microelectrodes: Polysulfides as a special case in sediments, microbial mats and hydrothermal vent waters}},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {61{\textendash}66},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1464-0325},
	doi = {10.1039/b006499h},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b006499h},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B Y and Hohmann, L and Popp, J I and Taillefert, M and Rozan, T F and Brendel, P J and Theberge, S M and Nuzzio, D B}
}
@article {Pancost2000,
	title = {{Biomarker evidence for widespread anaerobic methane oxidation in Mediterranean sediments by a consortium of methanogenic archaea and bacteria}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1126{\textendash}1132},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.3.1126-1132.2000},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/3/1126},
	author = {Pancost, R D and Damste, J S S and De Lint, S and Van der Maarel, M J and Gottschal, J C}
}
@article {Hekinian2000,
	title = {{Deep sea explosive activity on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 34 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N; magma composition, vesicularity and volatile content}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}77},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00190-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00190-0},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Pineau, F and Shilobreeva, S and Bideau, D and Gracia, E and Javoy, M}
}
@article {Johnson2000a,
	title = {{Density and porosity of upper oceanic crust from seafloor gravity measurements}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {27},
	number = {7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1053{\textendash}1056},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL011130},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011130},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Pruis, M J and Van Patten, D and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Ballard2000a,
	title = {{The discovery of ancient history in the deep sea using advanced deep submergence technology}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1591{\textendash}1620},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	author = {Ballard, R D and McCann, A M and Yoerger, D R and Whitcomb, L and Mindell, D and Oleson, J and Singh, H and Foley, B and Adams, J and Piechota, D and Giangrande, C}
}
@article {Fryer2000,
	title = {{Future research directions in deep submergence science}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {33},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {74{\textendash}79},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Fryer, P and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Butler2000,
	title = {{Hawaii-2 Observatory pioneers opportunities for remote instrumentation in ocean studies}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {81},
	number = {15},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {157,162{\textendash}163},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/00EO00105},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/00EO00105},
	author = {Butler, R and Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Yoerger, D R and Petitt, R and Harris, D and Wooding, F B and Bowen, A D and Bailey, J and Jolly, J and Hobart, E and Hildebrand, J A and Dodeman, A H}
}
@article {Hourdez2000,
	title = {{Hemoglobin from a deep-sea hydrothermal-vent copepod}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {199},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {95{\textendash}99},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	doi = {10.2307/1542868},
	author = {Hourdez, S and Lamontagne, J and Peterson, P and Weber, R E and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Paull2000,
	title = {{Lithoherms on the Florida-Hatteras Slope}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {166},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {83{\textendash}101},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00003-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00003-7},
	author = {Paull, C K and Neumann, A C and am Ende, B A and Ussler, W and Rodriguez, N M}
}
@article {Galgani2000,
	title = {{Litter on the sea floor along European coasts}},
	journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	volume = {40},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {516{\textendash}527},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9},
	author = {Galgani, F and Leaute, J P and Moguedet, P and Souplet, A and Verin, Y and Carpentier, A and Goraguer, H and Latrouite, D and Andral, B and Cadiou, Y and Mahe, J C and Poulard, J C and Nerisson, P}
}
@article {Aloisi2000,
	title = {{Methane-related authigenic carbonates of eastern Mediterranean Sea mud volcanoes and their possible relation to gas hydrate destabilisation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {184},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {321{\textendash}338},
	abstract = {Nautile submersible investigations of mud volcanoes and brine seep areas of the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the MEDINAUT cruise in November 1998 discovered extensive areas of authigenic carbonate crusts associated with methane emissions. Carbonate crusts form pavements, round slabs and circular mounds on the central, most active parts of mud volcanoes and in a fault-related valley where brines have accumulated to form a submarine brine lake. Authigenic carbonate nodules have been recovered from the same areas during the MEDINETH cruise in July 1999. Large 13C depletions of authigenic calcite, aragonite and dolomite indicate methane as a major carbon source for the carbonate. Crust pavements are formed when methane from a freshly emplaced, methane-charged mud flow is oxidised at the seafloor. In this environment, where bottom waters provide the sulphate and magnesium, aragonite is favoured versus calcite and accounts for the majority of the methane-related authigenic carbonates. Calcite, when present, contains significant amounts of Mg2+ (high-Mg calcite), and possibly other divalent ions in its crystal lattice. In areas of brine seep and accumulation, dolomitic nodules are present at shallow depth in the sediment. The 18O enrichment of the authigenic carbonates (up to 4{\textperthousand} greater than calculated values for carbonates precipitating from modern eastern Mediterranean bottom waters) is interpreted as due to precipitation from 18O-rich fluids rather than as a temperature effect. The source of the 18O-rich fluids may be multiple and possibly includes the destabilisation of gas hydrates present at shallow subbottom depth, and the seepage of relic Messinian brines.},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8},
	author = {Aloisi, G and Pierre, C and Rouchy, J M and Foucher, J P and Woodside, J}
}
@article {Singh2000,
	title = {{Microbathymetric mapping from underwater vehicles in the deep ocean}},
	journal = {Computer Vision and Image Understanding},
	volume = {79},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {143{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-3142},
	doi = {10.1006/cviu.2000.0850},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cviu.2000.0850},
	author = {Singh, H and Whitcomb, L and Yoerger, D R and Pizarro, O}
}
@article {Peek2000,
	title = {{Neutral and nonneutral mitochondrial genetic variation in deep-sea clams from the family Vesicomyidae}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {141{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2844},
	doi = {10.1007/s002399910016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002399910016},
	author = {Peek, A S and Gaut, B S and Feldman, R A and Barry, J P and Kochevar, R E and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@inbook {Roman2000,
	title = {{New autonomous underwater vehicle for imaging research}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {153{\textendash}156},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881251},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881251},
	author = {Roman, C and Pizarro, O and Eustice, R and Singh, H}
}
@inbook {Purcell2000,
	title = {{New capabilities of the REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {147{\textendash}151},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881250},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881250},
	author = {Purcell, M and von Alt, C and Allen, B and Austin, T and Forrester, N and Goldsborough, R and Stokey, R}
}
@article {Singh2000a,
	title = {{Optical imaging from the ABE AUV}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {39{\textendash}43},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Singh, H and Pizarro, O and Duester, A and Howland, J C}
}
@inbook {Allen2000,
	title = {{Propulsion system performance enhancements on REMUS AUVs}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1869{\textendash}1873},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882209},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.882209},
	author = {Allen, B and Vorus, W S and Prestero, T}
}
@article {Embley2000,
	title = {{Recent eruptions on the CoAxial segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for mid-ocean ridge accretion processes}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {16,501{\textendash}516,525},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900030},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Perfit, M R and Smith, M C and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Mullineaux2000,
	title = {{Tubeworm succession at hydrothermal vents: Use of biogenic cues to reduce habitat selection error?}},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {123},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {275{\textendash}284},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	doi = {10.1007/s004420051014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420051014},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Fisher, C R and Peterson, C H and Schaeffer, S W}
}
@article {Gregg2000,
	title = {{Using submarine lava pillars to record mid-ocean ridge eruption dynamics}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {178},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {195{\textendash}214},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00085-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00085-6},
	author = {Gregg, T K P and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {Kurras2000,
	title = {{Volcanic morphology of the East Pacific Rise Crest 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-52{\textquoteright}: Implications for volcanic emplacement processes at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {23{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1004792202764},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004792202764},
	author = {Kurras, G J and Fornari, D J and Edwards, M H and Perfit, M R and Smith, M C}
}
@article {Howland1999,
	title = {{Digital mosaicking of underwater imagery}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {6},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {65{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Howland, J C and Singh, H and Marra, M and Potter, D}
}
@article {Karson1999a,
	title = {{Large-scale Argo II digital images of upper crustal structures at Hess Deep}},
	journal = {RIDGE Events},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {29{\textendash}32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0699.pdf},
	author = {Karson, J A and Hurst, S D and Klein, E M and Party, Hess Deep {\textquoteright}99 Scientific}
}
@article {Baco1999,
	title = {{The phylogenetic relationships of whale-fall vesicomyid clams based on mitochondrial COI DNA sequences}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {182},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {137{\textendash}147},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps182137},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps182137},
	author = {Baco, A R and Smith, C R and Peek, A S and Roderick, G K and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Thistle1999,
	title = {{Physical reworking by near-bottom flow alters the metazoan meiofauna of Fieberling Guyot (northeast Pacific)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {46},
	number = {12},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {2041{\textendash}2052},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00040-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00040-0},
	author = {Thistle, D and Levin, L A and Gooday, A J and Pfannkuche, O and Lambshead, P J D}
}
@article {Fornari1998a,
	title = {{Axial summit trough of the east Pacific Rise 9 degrees -10 degrees N: geological characteristics and evolution of the axial zone on fast spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9827{\textendash}9855},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/98JB00028},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JB00028},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Perfit, M R and Gregg, T K P and Edwards, M H}
}
@book {Bowen1998,
	title = {{A deep sea docking station for ODYSSEY class autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {98-11},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {71},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/319},
	author = {Bowen, M F and Peters, D B}
}
@inbook {Prieur1998,
	title = {{Diversity of thermophilic micro-organisms at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Third European marine science and technology conference, Lisbon, 23-27 May 1998: conference proceedings},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Office for Official Publications of the European Communities},
	organization = {Office for Official Publications of the European Communities},
	address = {Luxembourg},
	isbn = {92-82828-96-4},
	author = {Prieur, D}
}
@inbook {Perfit1998,
	title = {{Magmatism at mid-ocean ridges: Constraints from volcanological and geochemical investigations}},
	booktitle = {Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {106},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {59{\textendash}116},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Chadwick, W W},
	editor = {Buck, W R}
}
@article {Pruis1998,
	title = {{Porosity of very young oceanic crust from sea floor gravity}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {25},
	number = {11},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1959{\textendash}1962},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/98GL01412},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL01412},
	author = {Pruis, M J and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Smith1998a,
	title = {{Sediment community structure around a whale skeleton in the deep Northeast Pacific: Macrofaunal, microbial and bioturbation effects}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {335{\textendash}364},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Maybaum, H L and Baco, A R and Pope, R H and Carpenter, S D and Yager, P L and Macko, S A and Deming, J W}
}
@article {Sayers1998,
	title = {{Teleprogramming for subsea teleoperation using acoustic communication}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {60{\textendash}71},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.659450},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.659450},
	author = {Sayers, C P and Paul, R P and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Fornari1998b,
	title = {{Time-series temperature measurements at high-temperature hydrothermal vents, East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-51{\textquoteright}N; evidence for monitoring a crustal cracking event}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {419{\textendash}431},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Gregg, T K P and Lilley, M and Levai, G and Bray, A and Haymon, R M and Perfit, M R and Lutz, R}
}
@article {Karson1997c,
	title = {{Critical boundaries in earth{\textquoteright}s history - and the K-T boundary}},
	journal = {JOIDES Journal},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1{\textendash}3,10},
	issn = {0734-5615},
	url = {http://odp.pangaea.de/publications/citations/joides{\_}j/joides{\_}j{\_}23{\_}1.pdf{\#}page=14},
	author = {Karson, J A and Cannat, M and Miller, J and Party, O D P Leg 153 Shipboard Scientific}
}
@article {Rona1996,
	title = {{Heat flow and mineralogy of TAG relict high-temperature hydrothermal zones: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26 degrees N, 45 degrees W}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3507{\textendash}3510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL03257},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL03257},
	author = {Rona, P A and Petersen, S and Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P and Hannington, M D and Herzig, P M and Naka, J and Lalou, C and Thompson, G}
}
@article {Wilson1996,
	title = {{Hydrothermal anomalies in the Lucky Strike segment on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {142},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {467{\textendash}477},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	author = {Wilson, C and Charlou, J L and Ludford, E and Klinkhammer, G and Chin, C and Bougault, H and German, C R and Speer, K and Palmer, M}
}
@article {Batiza1996,
	title = {{New evidence from Alvin for the origin of deep-sea eruptive hyaloclastite on Seamount 6; Cocos Plate, 12 degrees 43{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {77},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {319},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Batiza, R and Becker, N and Bercovici, D and Coleman, T and Gorman, T and Head, J W and Holloway, L and Karsten, J and Kelly, A and Keszthelyi, L P and Maicher, D and Mueller, W and Muller, J and Norby, L and Paduan, J and Parker, G and Prockter, L and Stakes, D and White, J}
}
@article {McAdoo1996,
	title = {{Seafloor structural observations, Costa Rica accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {883{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00731},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00731},
	author = {McAdoo, B G and Orange, D L and Silver, E A and McIntosh, K and Abbott, L and Galewsky, J and Kahn, L and Protti, M}
}
@article {Macdonald1996,
	title = {{Volcanic growth faults and the origin of Pacific abyssal hills}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {380},
	number = {6570},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {125{\textendash}129},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/380125a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/380125a0},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Fox, P J and Alexander, R T and Pockalny, R and Gente, P}
}
@article {Popov1995,
	title = {{Comparative analysis of magnetic properties of basalts from Juan de Fuca Ridge and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {451{\textendash}462},
	issn = {0030-1574},
	author = {Popov, K V and Gapeev, A K and Shcherbakov, V P and Gorshkov, A G}
}
@article {Mullineaux1995,
	title = {{Identification of Archaeogastropod larvae from a hydrothermal vent community}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {124},
	number = {4},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {551{\textendash}560},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00351036},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351036},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Kim, S and Pooley, A and Lutz, R}
}
@article {Wolfe1995,
	title = {{Microearthquake characteristics and crustal velocity structure at 29 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The architecture of a slow spreading segment}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {24,424{\textendash}449,472},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/95JB02399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB02399},
	author = {Wolfe, C J and Purdy, M and Toomey, D R and Solomon, S C}
}
@article {Rona1994,
	title = {{Alvin zone of the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26 N, 45 W}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {44 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {706},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Rona, P A and Petersen, S and Hannington, M D and Herzig, P M and Tivey, M A and Kleinrock, M and Humphris, S E and Thompson, G and Lalou, C}
}
@article {Lutz1994a,
	title = {{Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in hydrothermal vent fields of the Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {52},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {969{\textendash}982},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/0022240943076894},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/0022240943076894},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Kennish, M J and Pooley, A S and Fritz, L W}
}
@inbook {Campbell1994,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {201{\textendash}221},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Campbell, A C and German, C R and Palmer, M R and Gamo, T and Edmond, J M},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Ridley1994,
	title = {{Hydrothermal alteration in oceanic ridge volcanics: A detailed study at the Galapagos fossil hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {58},
	number = {11},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {2477{\textendash}2494},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(94)90025-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90025-6},
	author = {Ridley, W I and Perfit, M R and Jonasson, I R and Smith, M F}
}
@article {Smith1994a,
	title = {{Petrology and geochemistry of basalts from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Contols on the spatial and temporal evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4787{\textendash}4812},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02158},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02158},
	author = {Smith, M C and Perfit, M R and Jonasson, I R}
}
@article {Perfit1994,
	title = {{Small-scale spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge crest magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {375{\textendash}379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0375:SSSATV>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022{\%}3C0375:SSSATV{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Smith, M and Bender, J and Langmuir, C H and Haymon, R M}
}
@inbook {Grassle1994,
	title = {{Soft-Sediment hydrothermal vent communities of Escanaba Trough}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {327{\textendash}335},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Petrecca, R F},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Fornari1994,
	title = {{Temporal variation in the morphology and structure of the axial summit caldera and young volcanic flows, and relationship to hydrothermal venting on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 30-51{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {Fall meet. suppl.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {618},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Haymon, R M and Edwards, M H and Cochran, J R and Coakely, B and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M}
}
@article {Rona1993,
	title = {{Active and relict sea-floor hydorthermal mineralization at the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1989{\textendash}2017},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.1989},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.1989},
	author = {Rona, P A and Hannington, M D and Raman, C V and Thompson, G and Tivey, M K and Humphris, S E and Lalou, C and Petersen, S}
}
@article {Percival1993,
	title = {{Clay mineralogy of active hydrothermal chimneys and an associated mound, Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {957{\textendash}971},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Percival, J B and Ames, D E}
}
@book {Howland1993,
	title = {{Near real-time GIS in deep-ocean exploration}},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA262073},
	author = {Howland, J C and Marra, M and Potter, D F and Stewart, W K}
}
@article {Haymon1993,
	title = {{Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 45-52{\textquoteright}N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April 1991}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {119},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {85{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Edmond, J and Shanks, W and Lutz, R and Grebmeier, J M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and McLaughlin, E and Smith, M and Beedle, N and Olson, E}
}
@inbook {Karson1992,
	title = {{Along-Axis Variations in Tectonic Extension and Accommodation Zones in the MARK Area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 23N Latitude}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites and Their Modern Oceanic Analogues},
	series = {Special Publication},
	number = {60},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {107{\textendash}116},
	publisher = {Geological Society},
	organization = {Geological Society},
	address = {London},
	isbn = {0-903317-69-9},
	author = {Karson, J A and Winters, A T},
	editor = {Parson, L M}
}
@article {Lutz1992,
	title = {{Biological and geological baseline along the BIOTRANSECT - East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 49.61{\textquoteright} - 50.35{\textquoteright}N: Short-term temporal variations after the 1991 eruption}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Black, M B and Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Nelson, D and Perfit, M R and Shanks, W C and Lilley, M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Haymon1992,
	title = {{Dramatic short-term changes observed during March {\textquoteright}92 to April {\textquoteright}91 eruption site on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 45-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Lutz, R and Perfit, M and Macdonald, K and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Shanks, W C and Nelson, D and Edwards, M and Kappus, M and Colodner, D and Wright, D and Scherier, D and Black, M and Edmonds, H and Olson, E and Geiselman, T}
}
@inbook {Howland1992,
	title = {{Near real-time GIS in deep-ocean exploration}},
	booktitle = {ASPRS/ACSM/RT 92 technical papers},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {428{\textendash}435},
	publisher = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; American Congress on Surveying and Mapping},
	organization = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; American Congress on Surveying and Mapping},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-9444268-3-2},
	author = {Howland, J C and Marra, M and Potter, D F and Stewart, W K}
}
@article {Perfit1992,
	title = {{Submersible transects across the East Pacific Rise crest and upper-flanks at 9 degrees 21{\textquoteright}-32{\textquoteright} N: 2. Small-scale spatial variations in lava geochemistry and implications for temporal variability}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Batiza, R and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Fornari1992,
	title = {{Submersible transects across the East Pacific Rise crest and upper-flanks at 9 degrees 21{\textquoteright}-32{\textquoteright} N: 1. Observations of seafloor morphology and evidence for young volcanism off-axis}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Batiza, R and Edwards, M H}
}
@inbook {Karson1991,
	title = {{Accommodation zones and transfer faults: Integral components of Mid-Atlantic Ridge extensional systems}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolite genesis and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere: Proceedings of the Ophiolite Conference: held in Muscat, 7-18 January 1990},
	series = {Petrology and structural geology},
	number = {5},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {21{\textendash}37},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	address = {Boston},
	isbn = {0-7923-1176-0},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Peters, Tj}
}
@article {Haymon1991,
	title = {{Active eruption seen on East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {72},
	number = {46},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {505,507},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/90EO00362},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90EO00362},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Beedle, N and Johnson, F and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Grebmeier, J and Lilley, M and McLaughlin, E and Olson, E and Edmond, J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Shanks, W C and Lutz, R and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D}
}
@article {Haymon1991b,
	title = {{EPR crest erupts north of Leg 142 drillsite}},
	journal = {JOI/USSAC Newsletter},
	volume = {4},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {4{\textendash}5},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Shanks, W C and Grebmeier, J and Lutz, R and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Smith, M and Laughlin, E and Beedle, N and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D and Olson, E and Johnson, F}
}
@article {Page1991,
	title = {{Experimental evidence for filter-feeding by the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {38},
	number = {12},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1455{\textendash}1461},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(91)90084-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(91)90084-S},
	author = {Page, H M and Fisher, C R and Fiala-Medioni, A and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Embley1991,
	title = {{Geology of the northern Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: recent eruptions, seafloor spreading, and the formation of megaplumes}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {8},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {771{\textendash}775},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0771:GOTNCS>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019{\%}3C0771:GOTNCS{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Perfit, M R and Baker, E T}
}
@article {Pley1991,
	title = {{Pyrodictium abyssi sp. nov. represents a novel heterotrophic marine archaeal hyperthermophile growing at 110 degrees C.}},
	journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {245{\textendash}253},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	author = {Pley, Y and Schipka, J and Gambacorta, A and Jannasch, H W and Fricke, H R and Stetter, K O}
}
@book {Fornari1991,
	title = {{Siqueiros - Alvin Diving Cruise, Atlantis-II 125-25 : May 2 to June 2, 1991, Acapulco, Mexico to San Diego}},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {s.n.},
	organization = {s.n.},
	address = {s.l.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Casey, J and Kastens, K and Edwards, M}
}
@article {Zumberge1991,
	title = {{A submarine measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant}},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	volume = {67},
	number = {22},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {3051{\textendash}3054},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3051},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3051},
	author = {Zumberge, M A and Hildebrand, J A and Stevenson, J M and Parker, R L and Chave, A D and Ander, M E and Spiess, F N}
}
@article {Phipps1991,
	title = {{Transform zone migration: implications of bookshelf faulting for oceanic and Icelandic propagating rifts}},
	journal = {Tectonics},
	volume = {10},
	number = {5},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {920{\textendash}935},
	issn = {0278-7407},
	author = {Phipps, M J and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Fisher1990b,
	title = {{Evidence from rare gases for magma-chamber degassing of highly evolved mid-ocean-ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {343},
	number = {6257},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {450{\textendash}452},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/343450a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/343450a0},
	author = {Fisher, D E and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Paull1990,
	title = {{Geology of the strata exposed on the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {177{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	author = {Paull, C K and Freeman-Lynde, R and Bralower, T J and Garsemal, J M and Neumann, A C and D{\textquoteright}Argenio, B and Marsella, E}
}
@article {Shor1990,
	title = {{Giant flute-like scour and other erosional features formed by the 1929 Grand Banks turbidity current}},
	journal = {Sedimentology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {631{\textendash}645},
	issn = {0037-0746},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3091.1990.tb00626.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1990.tb00626.x},
	author = {Shor, A N and Piper, D and Hughes, J and Clarke, J E and Mayer, L A}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1990,
	title = {{Grasping with mechanical intelligence}},
	booktitle = {RoManSy 8: Proceedings of the Eight[h] CISM-IFToMM Symposium on Theory and Practice of Robots and Manipulators},
	year = {1990},
	publisher = {Warsaw University of Technology Pubs.},
	organization = {Warsaw University of Technology Pubs.},
	address = {Warsaw, Poland},
	author = {Ulrich, N T and Kumar, V and Paul, R and Bajcsy, R},
	editor = {Morecki, A}
}
@article {Peter1990,
	title = {{Liquid hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions in modern hydrothermal chimmeys and mounds from the southern trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {51{\textendash}63},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90035-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90035-4},
	author = {Peter, J M and Simoneit, B R T and Kawka, O E and Scott, S D}
}
@article {Page1990,
	title = {{The role of suspension-feeding in the nutritional biology of a deep-sea mussel with methanotrophic symbionts}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {251{\textendash}257},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01313266},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01313266},
	author = {Page, H M and Fisher, C R and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Little1990,
	title = {{The sound field near hydrothermal vents on Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {12,912{\textendash}927,945},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB08p12927},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB08p12927},
	author = {Little, S A and Stolzenbach, K D and Purdy, G M}
}
@article {Smith1990,
	title = {{Submarine volcanism in the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin arc submersible and deep-tow camera results}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {148{\textendash}160.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90182-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90182-W},
	author = {Smith, J R and Taylor, B and Malahoff, A and Petersen, L}
}
@inbook {Karson1990a,
	title = {{Tectonic disruption of volcanic units of the oceanic crust}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of a Workshop on the Physical Properties of Volcanic Seafloor: April 24-26, 1990},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {138{\textendash}142},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Purdy, G M}
}
@article {Hochstaedter1990a,
	title = {{Volcanism in the Sumisu Rift I: Major element, volatile and stable isotope geochemistry}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {179{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	author = {Hochstaedter, A G and Gill, J B and Kusakabe, M and Newman, S and Pringle, M and Taylor, B and Fryer, P}
}
@article {Ortega-Osorio1989,
	title = {{Composicion geoquimica y mineralogica de los depositos hidrotermales de la Dorsal del Pacifico mexicano (21 grados N) y la Cuenca de Guaymas}},
	journal = {Geofisica Internacional},
	volume = {28},
	number = {4},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {737{\textendash}762},
	issn = {0016-7169},
	author = {Ortega-Osorio, A and Paez-Osuna, F}
}
@article {Pettibone1989,
	title = {{Two new species of Harmothoinae (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the East Pacific Rise, collected by Alvin dives 2000 and 2003}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {102},
	number = {2},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {305{\textendash}310},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-324X},
	author = {Pettibone, M H}
}
@article {Campbell1988,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {335},
	number = {6190},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {514{\textendash}519},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/335514a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335514a0},
	author = {Campbell, A C and Palmer, M R and Klinkhammer, G P and Bowers, T S and Edmond, J M and Lawrence, J R and Casey, J F and Thompson, G and Humphris, S E and Rona, P A and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Prince1988,
	title = {{The cytochromes of a marine Beggiatoa}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {150},
	number = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {193{\textendash}196},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00425161},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425161},
	author = {Prince, R C and Stokley, K E and Haith, C E and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Mayer1988,
	title = {{Dense biological communities at 3850 m on the Laurentian Fan and their relationship to the deposits of the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1235{\textendash}1246},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90079-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90079-9},
	author = {Mayer, L A and Shor, A N and Clarke, J H and Piper, D J W}
}
@article {Fornari1988,
	title = {{Geochemical and structural studies of the Lamont seamounts: seamounts as indicators of mantle processes}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {89},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {63{\textendash}67,70{\textendash}83},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R and Haymon, R and Barone, A and Ryan, W B F and Smith, T and Simkin, T and Luckman, M A}
}
@article {Karl1988,
	title = {{A microbiological study of Guaymas Basin high temperature hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {777{\textendash}791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	author = {Karl, D M and Taylor, G T and Novitsky, J A and Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Pace, N R and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Fisher1988a,
	title = {{Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at Rose Garden}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1769{\textendash}1791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Felbeck, H and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Fisher1988b,
	title = {{Physiology, morphology, and biochemical composition of Riftia pachyptila at Rose Garden in 1985}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1745{\textendash}1758},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D and Favuzzi, J A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Fornari1988a,
	title = {{Small-scale heterogeneities in depleted mantle sources: near-ridge seamount lava geochemistry and implications for mid-ocean-ridge magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {331},
	number = {6156},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {511{\textendash}513},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/331511a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/331511a0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Embley1988a,
	title = {{Submersible investigation of an extinct hydrothermal system on the Galapagos Ridge: Sulfide mounds, stockwork zone and differentiated lavas}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {26},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {517{\textendash}539},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Embley, R W and Jonasson, I R and Pefit, M R and Franklin, J M and Tivey, M A and Malahoff, A and Smith, M F and Francis, T J G}
}
@article {Embley1988,
	title = {{Submersible observation of the {\textquoteright}megaplume{\textquoteright} areas: Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1483},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Embley, R W and Hammond, S and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G and Appelgate, B and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Baker, E T and Gendron, J and Lebon, G and Butterfield, D A and Coughlin, B and Lupton, J E and Jonnason, I and Perfit, M R and Cowen, J P and Tunnicliffe, V and Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Distel1988,
	title = {{Sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts: analysis of phylogeny, specificity, and origins by 16S ribosomal RNA sequences}},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {170},
	number = {6},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2506{\textendash}2510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	url = {http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/6/2506},
	author = {Distel, D L and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J and Pace, B and Pace, N R and Stahl, D A and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Fisher1988,
	title = {{Variation in the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica, at Rose Garden vent on the Galapagos Spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1811{\textendash}1832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Dugan, J A and Felbeck, H and Fritz, L W and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Lutz, R A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Karson1987,
	title = {{Along-axis variations in seafloor spreading in the MARK area}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {328},
	number = {6132},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {681{\textendash}685},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/328681a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/328681a0},
	author = {Karson, J A and Thompson, G and Humphris, S E and Edmond, J M and Bryan, W B and Brown, J R and Winters, A T and Pockalny, R A and Casey, J F and Campbell, A C and Klinkhammer, G and Palmer, M R and Kinzler, R J and Sulanowska, M M}
}
@article {Commeau1987,
	title = {{Chemistry and mineralogy of pyrite-enriched sediments at a passive margin sulfide brine seep: abyssal Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {82},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {62{\textendash}74},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(87)90107-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90107-5},
	author = {Commeau, R F and Paull, C K and Commeau, J A and Poppe, L J}
}
@article {Philpotts1987,
	title = {{Uniformity and diversity in the composition of mineralizing fluids from hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}327,333},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11327},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11327},
	author = {Philpotts, J A and Aruscavage, P J and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Palmer1986,
	title = {{Acoustic imaging of high-temperature hydrothermal plumes at seafloor spreading centers}},
	journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
	volume = {80},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {888{\textendash}898},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	doi = {10.1121/1.393912},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393912},
	author = {Palmer, D R and Rona, P A and Mottl, M J}
}
@mastersthesis {Peter1986,
	title = {{Genesis of hydrothermal vent deposits in the southern trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California: a mineralogical and geochemical study}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {180},
	school = {University of Toronto},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Toronto, Ont., Canada},
	author = {Peter, J M}
}
@mastersthesis {Paull1986,
	title = {{I. Florida escarpment: chemosynthetic communities, geochemical processes and geological consequences. II. Stable isotopic signal carriers in fine pelagic carbonates}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {216},
	school = {University of California, San Diego},
	type = {phd},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Paull, C K}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1985a,
	title = {{Metabolic adaptations of hydrothermal vent animals}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {261{\textendash}272},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Powell, M A and Hand, S A and Somero, G N},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@inbook {Pettibone1985,
	title = {{New genera and species of deep-sea Macellicephalinae and Harmothoinae (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the hydrothermal rift areas off the Galapagos and western Mexico at 21 degrees N and from the Santa Catalina Channel}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {740{\textendash}757},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Pettibone, M H},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Arnold1985,
	title = {{Predation and avoidance responses in the foraminifera of the Galapagos hydrothermal mounds}},
	journal = {Journal of Foraminiferal Research},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {38{\textendash}42},
	issn = {0096-1191},
	doi = {10.2113/gsjfr.15.1.38},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.15.1.38},
	author = {Arnold, A J and D{\textquoteright}Escrivan, F and Parker, W C}
}
@article {Paull1985,
	title = {{Stable isotope evidence for chemosynthesis in an abyssal seep community}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {317},
	number = {6039},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {709{\textendash}711},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/317709a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317709a0},
	author = {Paull, C K and Jull, A J T and Toolin, L J and Linick, T}
}
@article {Dymond1984,
	title = {{Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R; control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {48},
	number = {5},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {931{\textendash}949},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8},
	author = {Dymond, J and Lyle, M and Finney, B and Piper, D Z and Murphy, K and Conard, R and Pisias, N}
}
@inbook {Auzende1984,
	title = {{Intraoceanic tectonism in the Gorringe Bank: observations by submersible}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere},
	series = {Geological Society Special Publications},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {113{\textendash}120},
	publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	organization = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	address = {Boston, Mass.},
	isbn = {0632012196},
	doi = {10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ceuleneer, G and Cornen, G and Juteau, T and Lagabrielle, Y and Lensch, G and M{\'e}vel, C and Nicolas, A and Prichard, H and Ribeiro, A and Ruellan, E and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Gass, I G}
}
@article {Participants1984,
	title = {{The seeps find at the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {32{\textendash}33},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Participants, Florida Escarpment Cruise and Paull, C K and Hecker, B and Neumann, A C and Sikes, E L and Hook, J and Corso, W and Freeman-Lynde, R and Commeau, R and Golubic, S and Curray, J}
}
@inbook {Colombo1983,
	title = {{Analysis and evaluation of a radioactive waste package retrieved from the Atlantic Ocean}},
	booktitle = {Radioactive Wastes and the Ocean},
	series = {Wastes in the Ocean},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {237{\textendash}268},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471097705},
	author = {Colombo, P and Neilson, R H and Kendig, M W},
	editor = {Park, P K}
}
@article {Fornari1983,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos Rift, Inca Transform, and Ecuador Rift: 1, Major element variations in natural glasses and spacial distribution of lavas}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {10,510{\textendash}519,529},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB12p10519},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB12p10519},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Malahoff, A and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Perfit1983,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos Rift, Inca Transform, and Ecuador Rift: 3, Trace element abundances and petrogenesis}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {10,510{\textendash}551,572},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB12p10551},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB12p10551},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Malahoff, A and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Lalou1983,
	title = {{Hydrothermal manganese oxide deposits from Galapagos mounds, DSDP Leg 70, Hole 509B and Alvin dives 729 and 721}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {63},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {63{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90022-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90022-5},
	author = {Lalou, C and Brichet, E and Jehanno, C and Perez-Leclaire, H}
}
@inbook {Ryan1983,
	title = {{Potential of radioactive and other waste disposals on the continental margin by natural dispersal processes}},
	booktitle = {Radioactive Wastes and the Ocean},
	series = {Wastes in the Ocean},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {215{\textendash}236},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471097705},
	author = {Ryan, W B F and Farre, J A},
	editor = {Park, P K}
}
@inbook {Schell1983,
	title = {{Radionuclides at the Hudson Canyon disposal site}},
	booktitle = {Radioactive Wastes and the Ocean},
	series = {Wastes in the Ocean},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {183{\textendash}214},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471097705},
	author = {Schell, W R and Nevissi, A E},
	editor = {Park, P K}
}
@article {Desbruyeres1983,
	title = {{Unusual nutrition of the Pompeii worm Alvinella pompejana (polychaetous annelid) from a hydrothermal vent environment: SEM, TEM, 13C and 15N evidence}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {75},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {201{\textendash}205},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00406003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406003},
	author = {Desbruyeres, D and Gaill, F and Laubier, L and Prieur, D and Rau, G H}
}
@article {Rowe1982,
	title = {{The deep-sea macrobenthos on the continental margin of the northwest Atlantic Ocean}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {257{\textendash}278},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(82)90113-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(82)90113-3},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Polloni, P T and Haedrich, R L}
}
@inbook {Pastouret1982,
	title = {{Geologie du canyon Shamrock, marge Armoricaine (Atlantique du N.E.)}},
	booktitle = {Processus geodynamiques observes en submersible: Geodynamic processes observed from a submersible: Seminaire du 2 avril 1982},
	series = {Oceanis},
	number = {8, fasc.8},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {683{\textendash}710},
	publisher = {Institut Oceanographique},
	organization = {Institut Oceanographique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	author = {Pastouret, L and Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Beuzart, P and Dubois, P and Seguret, M and Sigal, J and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Vanney, J R}
}
@inbook {Auffret1982,
	title = {{Recent mass wasting processes on the Provencal margin (western Mediterranean)}},
	booktitle = {Marine slides and other mass movements},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {8},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {53{\textendash}58},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306408880},
	author = {Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Gennesseaux, M and Monti, S and Pastouret, L and Pautot, G and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Saxov, S E}
}
@article {Pastouret1981,
	title = {{Submersible structural study of Tamayo transform fault: East Pacific Rise, 23 degrees N (project RITA)}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {4},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {345{\textendash}379},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00286035},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286035},
	author = {Pastouret, L}
}
@article {Wells1979,
	title = {{Comparative morphology of ancient and modern pillow lavas}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {87},
	number = {4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {427{\textendash}440},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30059326},
	author = {Wells, G and Bryan, W B and Pearce, T H}
}
@article {Wiebe1979,
	title = {{Diel vertical migration by Salpa aspera and its potential for large-scale particulate organic matter transport to the deep-sea}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {53},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {249{\textendash}255},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00952433},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00952433},
	author = {Wiebe, P H and Madin, L P and Haury, L R and Harbison, G R and Philbin, L M}
}
@article {Mart1979,
	title = {{Geological observations from a submersible on the western continental slope of the Armorican Massif}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {M61{\textendash}M68},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90033-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90033-1},
	author = {Mart, Y and Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Pastouret, L}
}
@article {Zeff1979,
	title = {{Microbial alteration of Bahamian deep-sea carbonates}},
	journal = {Sedimentology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {175{\textendash}201},
	issn = {0037-0746},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00350.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00350.x},
	author = {Zeff, M L and Perkins, R D}
}
@article {Phillips1979,
	title = {{A new undersea geological survey tool: Angus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {211{\textendash}225},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(79)90077-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(79)90077-3},
	author = {Phillips, J D and Driscoll, A H and Peal, K R and Marquet, W M and Owen, D M}
}
@article {Polloni1979,
	title = {{The size-depth relationship in deep ocean animals}},
	journal = {Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie},
	volume = {64},
	number = {1},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {39{\textendash}46},
	issn = {0020-9309},
	doi = {10.1002/iroh.19790640103},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19790640103},
	author = {Polloni, P and Haedrich, R and Rowe, G and Clifford, C H}
}
@inbook {Malahoff1978,
	title = {{Submarine landslides - East Coast continental slope and upper rise}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}78: "The Ocean Challenge": Fourth Annual Combined Conference, September 6-8, 1978, Sheration-Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {503{\textendash}509},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151087},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151087},
	author = {Malahoff, A and Embley, R W and Perry, R B}
}
@inbook {Rowe1977,
	title = {{Epifaunal megabenthos in DWD 106}},
	booktitle = {Baseline Report of Environmental Conditions in Deepwater Dumpsite 106},
	series = {NOAA Dumpsite Evaluation Report},
	volume = {2},
	number = {77-1},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {459{\textendash}464},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	address = {Rockville, Md.},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Haedrich, R L and Polloni, P T and Clifford, C H}
}
@inbook {Cohen1977a,
	title = {{Observations from the DSRV Alvin on populations of benthic fishes and selected larger invertebrates in and near DWD-106}},
	booktitle = {Baseline Report of Environmental Conditions in Deepwater Dumpsite 106},
	series = {NOAA Dumpsite Evaluation Report},
	volume = {2},
	number = {77-1},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {423{\textendash}450},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	address = {Rockville, MD},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Cohen, D M and Pawson, D L}
}
@article {Barnes1976,
	title = {{Deep-sea macroplanktonic sea cucumbers: suspended sediment feeders captured from deep submergence vehicle}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {194},
	number = {4269},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {1083{\textendash}1085},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.194.4269.1083},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4269.1083},
	author = {Barnes, A T and Quetin, L B and Childress, J J and Pawson, D L}
}
@book {Bertsche1976,
	title = {{Description of an experimental undersea manipulator system with force feedback: November 1975}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {28},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@inbook {Phillips1976,
	title = {{An integrated approach to seafloor geologic mapping on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge - Angus, Alvin and Sonarray}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}76: Second Annual Combined Conference, September 13-15, 1976, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {8C1{\textendash}8C8},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154207},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154207},
	author = {Phillips, J D and Pearl, K R and Marquet, W M}
}
@book {Bertsche1976a,
	title = {{Investigation of operator performance and related design variables in undersea force feedback manipulator systems, December 1975}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-47},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {35},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Bertsche1976b,
	title = {{Potential design alternatives and analysis of system response variables, characteristic of undersea manipulators with force feedback}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {66},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Rowe1976,
	title = {{Quantitative biological assessment of the benthic fauna in deep basins of the Gulf of Maine}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-62},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {12},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Polloni, P T and Haedrich, R L}
}
@book {Hosom1975b,
	title = {{Alvin battery charging procedures}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {20},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Donnelly, J D and Page, W F}
}
@book {Rowe1975,
	title = {{Benthic fauna of the Gulf of Maine sampled by R/V Gosnold cruise 179 and DSRV Alvin dives 329, 330, 331, and 404: Infaunal species list}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {75-38},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {5},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/5046},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/5046},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Polloni, P T and Haedrich, R L}
}
@inbook {Pesch1975,
	title = {{Force feedback systems in undersea manipulator applications}},
	booktitle = {Second Conference on Remotely Manned Systems (RMS): Technology and Applications},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {57{\textendash}58},
	publisher = {[s.n.]},
	organization = {[s.n.]},
	address = {[s.l.]},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Pesch, A J and Bertsche, W R and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Rowe1975a,
	title = {{Quantitative biological assessment of the benthic fauna in deep basins of the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada},
	volume = {30},
	number = {10},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {1805{\textendash}1812},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0015-296X},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Polloni, P T and Haedrich, R L}
}
@book {Hosom1974,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1974 - 31 July 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-100},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Hays, E E and Hess, F R and McElroy, P T and Marquet, W M and Porter, R P and Spindel, R C and Winget, C L and Striffler, F L}
}
@article {Polloni1973a,
	title = {{Biremis blandi (Polychaeta: Terebellidae), a new genus, new species, caught by D.S.R.V. {\textquoteright}Alvin{\textquoteright} in the Tongue of the Ocean, New Providence, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {170{\textendash}175},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00351456},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351456},
	author = {Polloni, P T and Rowe, G T and Teal, J M}
}
@book {Polloni1973,
	title = {{Biremis blandi (Polychaeta: Terebellidae), new genus, new species, caught by D.S.R.V. Alvin in the Tongue of the Ocean, New Providence, Bahamas}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-60},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {11},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Polloni, P T and Rowe, G T and Teal, J M}
}
@article {Perlow1973,
	title = {{Geotechnical variability measured in place from a small submersible}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {27{\textendash}32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Perlow, M and Richards, A F}
}
@book {Aldrich1973a,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1972 - 31 January 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-37},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {51},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Ballard, R D and Marquet, W M and Porter, D and McCamis, M J and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Aldrich1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1972 - 31 July 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-20},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Ballard, R D and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and McCamis, M J and Phillips, J D and Porter, D and Vine, A C and Teal, J M and Marquet, W M and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Palermo1973,
	title = {{Titanium sphere for Alvin/Autec pressure design considerations}},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Palermo, P M and Kiernan, T J and Sharp, A G and Ferrara, W}
}
@book {Perlow1972,
	title = {{In-place geotechnical measurements from submersible Alvin in Gulf of Maine soils}},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Lehigh University},
	organization = {Lehigh University},
	address = {Bethlehem, Pa.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Perlow, M and Richards, A F}
}
@book {Aldrich1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1971 - 31 January 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-90},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {66},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Bryan1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1971 - 31 July 1971}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-33},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Ballard, R D and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Zafiriou, O C and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@book {Porteous1970,
	title = {{Evaluation of movie lights for use on D.S.R.V. Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {3},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Porteous, J}
}
@book {Milliman1967,
	title = {{Alvin dives on the continental margin off the southeastern United States, July 2-13 1967}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-80},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {64},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1521},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1521},
	author = {Milliman, J D and Manheim, F T and Pratt, R M and Zarudski, E F K}
}
@article {Park1965,
	title = {{Deep-sea vehicles}},
	journal = {International Science and Technology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {26{\textendash}38},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0097-3777},
	author = {Park, F}
}
@article {Pritzlaff1964,
	title = {{Manned submersibles of the world}},
	journal = {Undersea Technology},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {20{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-6533},
	author = {Pritzlaff, J A and Munske, R E}
}
