@article {RN2495,
	title = {Beta diversity differs among hydrothermal vent systems: Implications for conservation},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0256637},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256637},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140656566 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256637},
	author = {Gigu{\`e}re, Thomas N. and Tunnicliffe, Verena}
}
@article {RN2486,
	title = {Carbonate-hosted microbial communities are prolific and pervasive methane oxidizers at geologically diverse marine methane seep sites},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {25},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2006857118},
	author = {Marlow, J. J. and Hoer, D. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Reynard, L. M. and Gartman, A. and Chavez, M. S. and El-Naggar, M. Y. and Tuross, N. and Orphan, V. J. and Girguis, P. R.}
}
@article {RN2513,
	title = {Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson, 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a world- wide distribution},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {5051},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {443-486},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18},
	author = {Mathiske, A. and Thistle, D. and Gheerardyn, H. and Veit-Kohler, G.}
}
@article {RN2484,
	title = {Degradation of biological macromolecules supports uncultured microbial populations in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-01026-5},
	author = {Castro, S. P. and Borton, M. A. and Regan, K. and de Angelis, I. H. and Wrighton, K. C. and Teske, A. P. and Strous, M. and Ruff, S. E.}
}
@article {RN2523,
	title = {Differential patterns of connectivity in Western Pacific hydrothermal vent metapopulations: A comparison of biophysical and genetic models},
	journal = {Evolutionary Applications},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1111/eva.13326},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143048765 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.13326},
	author = {Breusing, Corinna and Johnson, Shannon B. and Mitarai, Satoshi and Beinart, Roxanne A. and Tunnicliffe, Verena}
}
@article {RN2516,
	title = {Diverse Viruses in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fluids Have Restricted Dispersal across Ocean Basins},
	journal = {Msystems},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2379-5077},
	doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00068-21},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Anderson, R. E. and Li, V. and Rogan, L. J. and Huber, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2464,
	title = {Editorial: Archaea in the Environment: Views on Archaeal Distribution, Activity, and Biogeography},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.667596},
	author = {Teske, A. and Amils, R. and Ramirez, G. A. and Reysenbach, A. L.}
}
@article {RN2456,
	title = {Editorial: Archaea in the Environment: Views on Archaeal Distribution, Activity, and Biogeography},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {667596},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.667596},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136340014 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.667596},
	author = {Teske, Andreas and Amils, Ricardo and Ram{\'\i}rez, Gustavo A. and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {RN2500,
	title = {Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0256321},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256321},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140963870 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0256321\&type=printable},
	author = {Ram{\'\i}rez, Gustavo A. and Mara, Paraskevi and Sehein, Taylor and Wegener, Gunter and Chambers, Christopher R. and Joye, Samantha B. and Peterson, Richard N. and Philippe, Aur{\'e}lie and Burgaud, Ga{\"e}tan and Edgcomb, Virginia P. and Teske, Andreas P.}
}
@article {RN2444,
	title = {Experimental partitioning of osmium between pyrite and fluid: Constraints on the mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal flux of osmium to seawater},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {293},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {240-255},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2020.10.029},
	author = {Syverson, D. D. and Katchinoff, J. A. R. and Yohe, L. R. and Tutolo, B. M. and Seyfried, W. E. and Rooney, A. D.}
}
@article {RN2518,
	title = {Formation of ethane and propane via abiotic reductive conversion of acetic acid in hydrothermal sediments},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {47},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e2005219118},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2005219118},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142594823},
	author = {Song, Min and Schubotz, Florence and Kellermann, Matthias Y. and Hansen, Christian T. and Bach, Wolfgang and Teske, Andreas P. and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe}
}
@article {RN2522,
	title = {Formation of ethane and propane via abiotic reductive conversion of acetic acid in hydrothermal sediments},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {118},
	number = {47},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e2005219118},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2005219118},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/118/47/e2005219118.abstract},
	author = {Song, Min and Schubotz, Florence and Kellermann, Matthias Y. and Hansen, Christian T. and Bach, Wolfgang and Teske, Andreas P. and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe}
}
@article {RN2511,
	title = {Geothermal heating and episodic cold-seawater intrusions into an isolated ridge-flank basin near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Communications Earth \& Environment},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {226},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-021-00297-2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142242361},
	author = {Becker, Keir and Thomson, Richard E. and Davis, Earl E. and Villinger, Heinrich and Wheat, C. Geoffrey}
}
@article {RN2496,
	title = {Interactions between temperature and energy supply drive microbial communities in hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Communications Biology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1006},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s42003-021-02507-1},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140634439 https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02507-1.pdf},
	author = {Lagostina, Lorenzo and Frandsen, S{\o}s and MacGregor, Barbara J. and Glombitza, Clemens and Deng, Longhui and Fiskal, Annika and Li, Jiaqi and Doll, Mechthild and Geilert, Sonja and Schmidt, Mark and Scholz, Florian and Bernasconi, Stefano Michele and J{\o}rgensen, Bo Barker and Hensen, Christian and Teske, Andreas and Lever, Mark Alexander}
}
@article {RN2490,
	title = {Large-scale protein level comparison of Deltaproteobacteria reveals cohesive metabolic groups},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-01057-y},
	author = {Langwig, M. V. and De Anda, V. and Dombrowski, N. and Seitz, K. W. and Rambo, I. M. and Greening, C. and Teske, A. P. and Baker, B. J.}
}
@article {RN2481,
	title = {LOC Manuscript for Global Biogeochemical Cycles Using radiocarbon to assess the abundance, distribution, and nature of labile organic carbon in marine sediments},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020gb006676},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138401852},
	author = {DeMaster, D. J. and Taylor, R. S. and Smith, C. R. and Isla, E. and Thomas, C. J.}
}
@article {RN2451,
	title = {Microbial Communities Under Distinct Thermal and Geochemical Regimes in Axial and Off-Axis Sediments of Guaymas Basin},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {633649},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.633649},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135332514 https://fjfsdata01prod.blob.core.windows.net/articles/files/633649/pubmed-zip/.versions/1/.package-entries/fmicb-12-633649/fmicb-12-633649.pdf?sv=2018-03-28\&sr=b\&sig=WKLBqhvZrkcj2oO6X4DtspOriwBM},
	author = {Teske, Andreas and Wegener, Gunter and Chanton, Jeffrey P. and White, Dylan and MacGregor, Barbara and Hoer, Daniel and de Beer, Dirk and Zhuang, Guangchao and Saxton, Matthew A. and Joye, Samantha B. and Lizarralde, Daniel and Soule, S. Adam and Ruff, S. Emil}
}
@article {RN2459,
	title = {A multi-modal approach to measuring particulate iron speciation in buoyant hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {560},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120018},
	author = {Stewart, B. D. and Sorensen, J. V. and Wendt, K. and Sylvan, J. B. and German, C. R. and Anantharaman, K. and Dick, G. J. and Breier, J. A. and Toner, B. M.}
}
@article {RN2448,
	title = {A New Middle to Late Jurassic Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) from a multiscale marine magnetic anomaly survey of the Pacific Jurassic Quiet Zone},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020jb021136},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1134734964},
	author = {Tominaga, Masako and Tivey, Maurice A. and Sager, William W.}
}
@article {RN2480,
	title = {Toward a global calibration for quantifying past oxygenation in oxygen minimum zones using benthic Foraminifera},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {18},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2827-2841},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-18-2827-2021},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1137883445 https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/18/2827/2021/bg-18-2827-2021.pdf},
	author = {Tetard, Martin and Licari, Laetitia and Ovsepyan, Ekaterina and Tachikawa, Kazuyo and Beaufort, Luc}
}
@article {RN2469,
	title = {The use of noble gas isotopes to trace subsurface boiling temperatures in Icelandic geothermal systems},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {560},
	number = {ARTN 116805},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1385-013X 0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116805},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP\&SrcAuth=LinksAMR\&KeyUT=WOS:000626527700012\&DestLinkType=FullRecord\&DestApp=ALL_WOS\&UsrCustomerID=8089ad20fbb398f01a4cda689a61f0e5},
	author = {Byrne, D. J. and Broadley, M. W. and Halldorsson, S. A. and Ranta, E. and Ricci, A. and Tyne, R. L. and Stefansson, A. and Ballentine, C. J. and Barry, P. H.}
}
@article {RN2502,
	title = {Variability of Natural Methane Bubble Release at Southern Hydrate Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021gc009894},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141266962},
	author = {Marcon, Yann and Kelley, Deborah and Thornton, Blair and Manalang, Dana and Bohrmann, Gerhard}
}
@article {RN2450,
	title = {Allopatric and Sympatric Drivers of Speciation in Alviniconcha Hydrothermal Vent Snails},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	volume = {37},
	number = {12},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3469-3484},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0737-4038},
	doi = {10.1093/molbev/msaa177},
	author = {Breusing, C. and Johnson, S. B. and Tunnicliffe, V. and Clague, D. A. and Vrijenhoek, R. C. and Beinart, R. A.}
}
@article {RN2428,
	title = {Allopatric and sympatric drivers of speciation in Alviniconcha hydrothermal vent snails},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {msaa177},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1093/molbev/msaa177},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129111732 https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/doi/10.1093/molbev/msaa177/33491520/msaa177.pdf},
	author = {Breusing, Corinna and Johnson, Shannon B. and Tunnicliffe, Verena and Clague, David A. and Vrijenhoek, Robert C. and Beinart, Roxanne A.}
}
@article {RN2414,
	title = {"Candidatus Ethanoperedens," a Thermophilic Genus of Archaea Mediating the Anaerobic Oxidation of Ethane},
	journal = {Mbio},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.00600-20},
	author = {Hahn, C. J. and Laso-Perez, R. and Vulcano, F. and Vaziourakis, K. M. and Stokke, R. and Steen, I. H. and Teske, A. and Boetius, A. and Liebeke, M. and Amann, R. and Knittel, K. and Wegener, G.}
}
@article {RN2445,
	title = {Complex subsurface hydrothermal fluid mixing at a submarine arc volcano supports distinct and highly diverse microbial communities},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {117},
	number = {51},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {32627-32638},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2019021117},
	author = {Reysenbach, A. L. and St John, E. and Meneghin, J. and Flores, G. E. and Podar, M. and Dombrowski, N. and Spang, A. and L{\textquoteright}Haridon, S. and Humphris, S. E. and de Ronde, C. E. J. and Tontini, F. C. and Tivey, M. and Stucker, V. K. and Stewart, L. C. and Diehl, A. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2420,
	title = {Diverse viruses have restricted biogeography in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2020.06.04.125666},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.06.04.125666},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128252592 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/06/04/2020.06.04.125666.full.pdf},
	author = {Thomas, Elaina G. and Anderson, Rika E. and Rogan, Jenni and Li, Viola and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {RN2438,
	title = {Gammaproteobacteria mediating utilization of methyl-, sulfur- and petroleum organic compounds in deep ocean hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-13},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00745-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130210975},
	author = {Zhou, Zhichao and Liu, Yang and Pan, Jie and Cron, Brandi R. and Toner, Brandy M. and Anantharaman, Karthik and Breier, John A. and Dick, Gregory J. and Li, Meng}
}
@article {RN2407,
	title = {Meiobenthos from biogenic structures of the abyssal time-series station in the NE Pacific (Station M)},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {173},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.104720},
	author = {Lampadariou, N. and Syranidou, E. and Sevastou, K. and Tselepides, A.}
}
@article {RN2437,
	title = {Methane thermometry in deep-sea hydrothermal systems: evidence for re-ordering of doubly-substituted isotopologues during fluid cooling},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2020.08.013},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130209500},
	author = {Labidi, J. and Young, E. D. and Giunta, T. and Kohl, I. E. and Seewald, J. and Tang, H. and Lilley, M. D. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L.}
}
@article {RN2449,
	title = {Microbe-mineral biogeography from multi-year incubations in oceanic crust at North Pond, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.15366},
	author = {Orcutt, B. N. and D{\textquoteright}Angelo, T. and Wheat, C. G. and Trembath-Reichert, E.}
}
@article {RN2443,
	title = {Time-series transcriptomics from cold, oxic subseafloor crustal fluids reveals a motile, mixotrophic microbial community},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00843-4},
	author = {Seyler, L. M. and Trembath-Reichert, E. and Tully, B. J. and Huber, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2402,
	title = {Trace element proxies of seafloor hydrothermal fluids based on secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of black smoker chimney linings},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {269},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {346-375},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2019.09.038},
	author = {Evans, G. N. and Tivey, M. K. and Monteleone, B. and Shimizu, N. and Seewald, J. S. and Rouxel, O. J.}
}
@article {RN2389,
	title = {Characteristics and Evolution of sill-driven off-axis hydrothermalism in Guaymas Basin - the Ringvent site},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {9},
	number = {ARTN 13847},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50200-5},
	author = {Teske, A. and McKay, L. J. and Ravelo, A. C. and Aiello, I. and Mortera, C. and Nunez-Useche, F. and Canet, C. and Chanton, J. P. and Brunner, B. and Hensen, C. and Ramirez, G. A. and Sibert, R. J. and Turner, T. and White, D. and Chambers, C. R. and Buckley, A. and Joye, S. B. and Soule, S. A. and Lizarralde, D.}
}
@article {RN2375,
	title = {Divergent methyl-coenzyme M reductase genes in a deep-subseafloor Archaeoglobi},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1269-1279},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-018-0343-2},
	author = {Boyd, J. A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Leu, A. O. and Evans, P. N. and Woodcroft, B. J. and Chadwick, G. L. and Orphan, V. J. and Amend, J. P. and Rappe, M. S. and Tyson, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2371,
	title = {Generation and Utilization of Volatile Fatty Acids and Alcohols in Hydrothermally Altered Sediments in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {46},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2637-2646},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL081284},
	author = {Zhuang, G. C. and Montgomery, A. and Samarkin, V. A. and Song, M. and Liu, J. R. and Schubotz, F. and Teske, A. and Hinrichs, K. U. and Joye, S. B.}
}
@article {RN2400,
	title = {Illuminating microbial species-specific effects on organic matter remineralization in marine sediments},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14871},
	author = {Mahmoudi, N. and Enke, T. N. and Beaupre, S. R. and Teske, A. P. and Cordero, O. X. and Pearson, A.}
}
@article {RN2378,
	title = {Incorporation of deep-sea and small-sized species provides new insights into gastropods phylogeny},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {135},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {136-147},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1055-7903},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.003},
	author = {Lee, H. and Chen, W. J. and Puillandre, N. and Aznar-Cormano, L. and Tsai, M. H. and Samadi, S.}
}
@article {RN2399,
	title = {Pn Tomography of the Juan de Fuca and Gorda Plates: Implications for Mantle Deformation and Hydration in the Oceanic Lithosphere},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth},
	volume = {124},
	number = {8},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {8565-8583},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2019JB017707},
	author = {VanderBeek, B. P. and Toomey, D. R.}
}
@article {RN2398,
	title = {Remarkable Capacity for Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane at High Methane Concentration},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL084375},
	author = {Bowles, M. W. and Samarkin, V. A. and Hunter, K. S. and Finke, N. and Teske, A. P. and Girguis, P. R. and Joye, S. B.}
}
@article {RN2353,
	title = {Cool, alkaline serpentinite formation fluid regime with scarce microbial habitability and possible abiotic synthesis beneath the South Chamorro Seamount},
	journal = {Progress in Earth and Planetary Science},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {74},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2197-4284},
	doi = {10.1186/s40645-018-0232-3},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-018-0232-3},
	author = {Kawagucci, Shinsuke and Miyazaki, Junichi and Morono, Yuki and Seewald, Jeff S. and Wheat, C. Geoff and Takai, Ken}
}
@article {2497,
	title = {A dynamic microbial community with high functional redundancy inhabits the cold, oxic subseafloor aquifer},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {1 - 16},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2017.187},
	author = {Tully, Benjamin J. and Wheat, C. Geoff and Glazer, Brain T. and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {RN2355,
	title = {Filamentous Giant Beggiatoaceae from the Guaymas Basin Are Capable of both Denitrification and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {84},
	number = {15},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e02860-17},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.02860-17},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/84/15/e02860-17.abstract},
	author = {Schutte, Charles A. and Teske, Andreas and MacGregor, Barbara J. and Salman-Carvalho, Verena and Lavik, Gaute and Hach, Philipp and de Beer, Dirk}
}
@article {2487,
	title = {First HOV Alvin study of the pelagic environment at Hydrographer Canyon (NW Atlantic)},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {30 - 40},
	abstract = {Continental slope canyons off the United States Atlantic coast remain poorly studied, and in particular, the distributions of pelagic organisms in waters overlying these unique environments are not well documented. During the Early Career Scientist Deep Submergence Training cruise, AT36-EAGER, the distribution of organisms in the water column overlying Hydrographer Canyon, which cuts through the northwestern Atlantic continental margin, was investigated through daytime midwater observations using HOV Alvin (AD4831) at three depths. Mixed swarms of krill and Themisto sp. amphipods were observed at all depths surveyed. Observations centered at 250 m were also dominated by chaetognaths, copepods, and Phronima sp. amphipods, while at 500 and 750 m, the assemblages were dominated by the fishes in the families Paralepididae, Nemichthyidae, and Mytophidae. Additionally, measurements of methane, nitrous oxide, optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence), dissolved organic carbon, and base-extracted particulate organic carbon were made to better characterize the hydrography and biogeochemistry over Hydrographer Canyon. This study was aided by the use of telepresence to communicate between ship and shore-based researchers, and the expedition marks the first use of SMS messaging to communicate between the submersible and the ship. This study demonstrates the capabilities and utility of using Alvin for conducting water column science.},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.001},
	author = {Netburn, Amanda N. and Kinsey, Joanna D. and Bush, Stephanie L. and Djurhuus, Anni and Fernandez, Julianne and Hoffman, Colleen L. and McVeigh, Doreen M. and Twing, Katrina I. and Bagge, Laura}
}
@article {2485,
	title = {Geochemical and iron isotopic insights into hydrothermal iron oxyhydroxide deposit formation at Loihi Seamount},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {220},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {449 - 482},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2017.09.050},
	author = {Rouxel, Olivier J. and Toner, Brandy and Germain, Yoan and Glazer, Brian}
}
@article {RN2348,
	title = {The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e1701121},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701121},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/e1701121.abstract},
	author = {Carey, Rebecca and Soule, S. Adam and Manga, Michael and White, James D. L. and McPhie, Jocelyn and Wysoczanski, Richard and Jutzeler, Martin and Tani, Kenichiro and Yoerger, Dana and Fornari, Daniel and Caratori-Tontini, Fabio and Houghton, Bruce and Mitchell, Samuel and Ikegami, Fumihiko and Conway, Chris and Murch, Arran and Fauria, Kristen and Jones, Meghan and Cahalan, Ryan and McKenzie, Warren}
}
@article {2478,
	title = {Primary productivity below the seafloor at deep-sea hot springs},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {6756 - 6761},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1804351115},
	author = {McNichol, Jesse and Stryhanyuk, Hryhoriy and Sylva, Sean P. and Thomas, Francois and Musat, Niculina and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Sievert, Stefan M.}
}
@article {RN2346,
	title = {Subgroup Characteristics of Marine Methane-Oxidizing ANME-2 Archaea and Their Syntrophic Partners as Revealed by Integrated Multimodal Analytical Microscopy},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {84},
	number = {11},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e00399-18},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00399-18},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/84/11/e00399-18.abstract},
	author = {McGlynn, Shawn E. and Chadwick, Grayson L. and Neill, Ariel and Mackey, Mason and Thor, Andrea and Deerinck, Thomas J. and Ellisman, Mark H. and Orphan, Victoria J.}
}
@article {Syverson2017,
	title = {{Fe isotope fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe during hydrothermal recrystallization: An experimental study at 350 {\textdegree}C and 500 bars}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {200},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {87{\textendash}109},
	abstract = {Equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe was determined in acidic chloride-bearing fluid at 350 {\textdegree}C and 500 bars. The study utilized deformable gold-cell technology, which allowed time-series sampling of solution during chalcopyrite recrystallization and isotope exchange. A key element of the experimental design involved the addition of anomalous dissolved 57Fe to an on-going experiment as a means of determining the degree and rate of isotope exchange. Taking explicit account of imposed chemical and isotopic mass balance constraints of Fe in fluid and mineral (chalcopyrite) reservoirs, these data indicate that no more than 1000 h is required for the isotopically anomalous dissolved Fe reservoir to exchange completely with the coexisting chalcopyrite. The experimental calibration of the rate of Fe isotope exchange for the $δ$57Fe-spiked experiment provides critical insight for the time necessary to achieve Fe isotope exchange in two non-spiked, but otherwise identical experiments. The Fe isotope data indicate that the equilibrium fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe, $Δ$56FeCpy-Fe (aq), at 350 {\textdegree}C is small, 0.09 {\textpm} 0.17{\textperthousand} (2$\sigma$), and is in good agreement with recent theoretical equilibrium predictions. Owing to the apparent rate of Fe isotope exchange at 350 {\textdegree}C, it is likely that chalcopyrite formed at high temperature deep-sea vents (black smoker systems) achieves isotopic equilibrium, and effectively records the Fe isotopic composition of the coexisting end-member hydrothermal fluid. Comparison of the experimental mineral{\textendash}fluid equilibrium fractionation factors with conjugate chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe pairs sampled from high temperature hydrothermal vent systems at Axial Caldera and Main Endeavour Field (Juan de Fuca Ridge) are in agreement with this inference. The experimental data were further used to determine the mineral{\textendash}mineral equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between pyrite-chalcopyrite, $Δ$56FePyr-Cpy, at 350 {\textdegree}C by combining previously determined pyrite-Fe2+(aq) equilibrium fractionation data with chalcopyrite-Fe2+(aq) from this study. The empirically determined $Δ$56FePyr-Cpy value, 0.90 {\textpm} 0.34{\textperthousand} (2$\sigma$), is consistent with theoretical predictions, and when coupled with mineral{\textendash}fluid Fe isotope fractionation systematics and experimentally determined exchange rates, helps to delineate processes of sulfide mineralization in hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.12.002},
	author = {Syverson, D D and Luhmann, A J and Tan, C Y and Borrok, D M and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {ISI:000394193000005,
	title = {{Magnetic exploration of a low-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal site (Lost City, 30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {461},
	year = {2017},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {40{\textendash}45},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A 2003 high-resolution magnetic survey conducted by the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ABE over the low-temperature, ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal field Lost City reveals a weak positive magnetic anomaly. This observation is in direct contrast to recent observations of strong positive magnetic anomalies documented over the high-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vents fields Rainbow and Ashadze, which indicates that temperature may control the production of magnetization at these sites. The Lost City survey provides a unique opportunity to study a field that is, to date, one of a kind, and is an end member of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems. Our results highlight the key contribution of temperature on magnetite production resulting from serpentinization reactions. Whereas high temperature promotes significant production and partitioning of iron into magnetite, low temperature favors iron partitioning into various alteration phases, resulting in a magnetite-poor rock. Moreover, the distribution of magnetic anomalies confirms results of a previous geological survey indicating the progressive migration of hydrothermal activity upslope. These discoveries contribute to the results of 25 yrs of magnetic exploration of a wide range of hydrothermal sites, from low- to high temperature and from basalt- to ultramafic-hosted, and thereby validate using high-resolution magnetics as a crucial parameter for locating and characterizing hydrothermal sites hosting unique chemosynthetic-based ecosystems and potentially mineral-rich deposits. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.033},
	author = {Szitkar, Florent and Tivey, Maurice A and Kelley, Deborah S and Karson, Jeffrey A and Fruh-Green, Gretchen L and Denny, Alden R}
}
@article {Hansman2017,
	title = {{Methane fates in the benthos and water column at cold seep sites along the continental margin of Central and North America}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {120},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {122{\textendash}131},
	abstract = {The potential influence of methane seeps on carbon cycling is a key question for global assessments, but the study of carbon cycling in surface sediments and the water column of cold seep environments is complicated by the high temporal and spatial variability of fluid and gas fluxes at these sites. In this study we directly examined carbon sources supporting benthic and planktonic food webs at venting methane seeps using isotopic and molecular approaches that integrate this variability. At four seep environments located along North and Central America, microorganisms from two size fractions were collected over several days from 2800 to 9050 l of seawater to provide a time-integrated measure of key microbial groups and the carbon sources supporting the overall planktonic microbial community. In addition to water column measurements, the extent of seafloor methane release was estimated at two of the sites by examining the stable carbon isotopic signature ($δ$13C) of benthic metazoan infauna. This signature reveals carbon sources fueling the base of the food chain and thus provides a metric that represents a time-integrated view of the dominant microbial processes within the sediment. The stable carbon isotopic composition of microbial DNA ($δ$13C-DNA), which had values between -17.0 and -19.5{\textperthousand}, indicated that bulk planktonic microbial production was not ultimately linked to methane or other 13C-depleted seep-derived carbon sources. Instead these data support the importance of organic carbon derived from either photo- or chemoautotrophic CO2 fixation to the planktonic food web. Results of qPCR of microbial DNA sequences coding for a subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase gene (pmoA) showed that only a small percentage of the planktonic microbial community were potential methane oxidizers possessing pmoA ({\textless}5{\%} of 16S rRNA gene copies). There was an overall decrease of 13C-depleted carbon fueling the benthic metazoan community from 3 to 5 cm below the seafloor to the sediment surface, reflecting limited use of isotopically depleted carbon at the sediment surface. Rare methane emission as indicated by limited aerobic methane oxidation acts to corroborate our findings for the planktonic microbial community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.12.016},
	author = {Hansman, R L and Thurber, A R and Levin, L A and Aluwihare, L I}
}
@article {ISI:000400818400021,
	title = {{Telepresence is a potentially transformative tool for field science}},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
	volume = {114},
	number = {19},
	year = {2017},
	month = {may},
	pages = {4841{\textendash}4844},
	publisher = {NATL ACAD SCIENCES},
	address = {2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1703514114},
	author = {Marlow, Jeffrey and Borrelli, Chiara and Jungbluth, Sean P and Hoffman, Colleen and Marlow, Jennifer and Girguis, Peter R and Team, AT-36}
}
@article {Johansen2017,
	title = {{Time series video analysis of bubble release processes at natural hydrocarbon seeps in the Northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {21{\textendash}34},
	abstract = {This research quantifies the rate and volume of oil and gas released from two natural seep sites in the Gulf of Mexico: lease blocks GC600 (1200 m depth) and MC118 (850 m depth). Our objectives were to determine variability in release rates and bubble size at five individual vents and to investigate the effects of tidal fluctuations on bubble release. Observations with autonomous video cameras captured the formation of individual bubbles as they were released through partially exposed deposits of gas hydrate. Image processing techniques determined bubble type (oily, gaseous, and mixed: oily and gaseous), size distribution, release rate, and temporal variations (observation intervals ranged from 3 h to 26 d). A semi-automatic bubble counting algorithm was developed to analyze bubble count and release rates from video data. This method is suitable for discrete vents with small bubble streams commonly seen at seeps and is adaptable to multiple in situ set-ups. Two vents at GC600 (Birthday Candles 1 and Birthday Candles 2) were analyzed. They released oily bubbles with an average diameter of 5.0 mm at a rate of 4.7 bubbles s-1, and 1.3 bubbles s-1, respectively. Approximately 1 km away, within the GC600 seep site, two more vents (Mega Plume 1 and Mega Plume 2) were analyzed. These vents released a mixture of oily and gaseous bubbles with an average diameter of 3.9 mm at a rate of 49 bubbles s-1, and 81 bubbles s-1, respectively. The fifth vent at MC118 (Rudyville) released gaseous bubbles with an average diameter of 3.0 mm at a rate of 127 bubbles s-1. Pressure records at Mega Plume and Rudyville showed a diurnal tidal cycle (24.5 h). Rudyville was the only vent that demonstrated any positive correlation ($\rho$ = 0.60) to the 24.5 h diurnal tidal cycle. However, these observations were not conclusive regarding tidal effects on bubble release.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.01.014},
	author = {Johansen, C and Todd, A C and MacDonald, I R}
}
@article {McNichol2016a,
	title = {{Assessing microbial processes in deep-sea hydrothermal systems by incubation at in situ temperature and pressure}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {221{\textendash}232},
	abstract = {At deep-sea hydrothermal vents, a large source of potential chemical energy is created when reducing vent fluid and oxidizing seawater mix. In this environment, chemolithoautotrophic microbes catalyze exergonic redox reactions which in turn provide the energy needed to fuel their growth and the fixation of CO2 into biomass. In addition to producing new organic matter, this process also consumes compounds contained both in vent fluid and entrained seawater (e.g. H2, NO3-). Despite their biogeochemical importance, such reactions have remained difficult to quantify due to methodological limitations. To address this knowledge gap, this study reports a novel application of isobaric gas-tight fluid samplers for conducting incubations of hydrothermal vent fluids at in situ temperature and pressure. Eighteen {\~{}}24 h incubations were carried out, representing seven distinct conditions that examine amendments consisting of different electron donors and acceptors. Microbial activity was observed in all treatments, and time series chemical measurements showed that activity was limited by electron acceptor supply, confirming predictions based on geochemical data. Also consistent with these predictions, the presence of nitrate increased rates of hydrogen consumption and yielded ammonium as a product of nitrate respiration. The stoichiometry of predicted redox reactions was also determined, revealing that the sulfur and nitrogen cycles are incompletely understood at deep-sea vents, and likely involve unknown intermediate redox species. Finally, the measured rates of redox processes were either equal to or far greater than what has been reported in previous studies where in situ conditions were not maintained. In addition to providing insights into deep-sea hydrothermal vent biogeochemistry, the methods described herein also offer a practical approach for the incubation of any deep-sea pelagic sample under in situ conditions.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.06.011},
	author = {McNichol, J and Sylva, S P and Thomas, F and Taylor, C D and Sievert, S M and Seewald, J S}
}
@article {Krukenberg2016,
	title = {{Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {9},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3073{\textendash}3091},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation ofmethane (AOM) ismediated by consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and their specific partner bacteria. In thermophilic AOM consortia enriched from Guaymas Basin, members of the ANME-1 clade are associated with bacteria of the HotSeep-1 cluster, which likely perform direct electron exchange via nanowires. The partner bacterium was enriched with hydrogen as sole electron donor and sulfate as electron acceptor. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic characteristics we propose to name this chemolithoautotrophic sulfate reducer Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii. Ca.D. auxilii grows on hydrogen at temperatures between 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C with an activity optimum at 60 degrees C and doubling time of 4-6 days. Its genome draft encodes for canonical sulfate reduction, periplasmic and soluble hydrogenases and autotrophic carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. The presence of genes for pili formation and cytochromes, and their similarity to genes of Geobacter spp., indicate a potential for syntrophic growth via direct interspecies electron transfer when the organism grows in consortia with ANME. This first ANME-free enrichment of an AOM partner bacterium and its characterization opens the perspective for a deeper understanding of syntrophy in anaerobic methane oxidation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13283},
	author = {Krukenberg, V and Harding, K and Richter, M and Gloeckner, F O and Gruber-Vodicka, H R and Adam, B and Berg, J S and Knittel, K and Tegetmeyer, H E and Boetius, A and Wegener, G}
}
@article {Thresher2016,
	title = {{A {\textquotedblleft}core-top{\textquotedblright} screen for trace element proxies of environmental conditions and growth rates in the calcite skeletons of bamboo corals (Isididae)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {193},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {75{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {We test for trace element proxies in the high-magnesium calcite fraction of bamboo coral internodes by comparing environmental conditions and growth rates to the specimen-mean compositions of 73 corals that were live-caught at depths ranging from 3 to 3950 m and collected from habitats ranging from tropical coral reefs to the Antarctic slope. Comparisons were done at a large geographic scale (LGS) and for a well sampled area south of Australia, across depths at a single site, in order to help separate the effects of environmental variables that co-vary at one spatial scale, but not the other. Thirty-seven trace elements were measured using solution-based Sector Field ICP-MS, of which seventeen were significantly detected in more than a third of the specimens. Only eight element/calcium ratios correlated significantly with any environmental variable at the large geographic scale, and only four did so at the local level. At the LGS, the highest correlation was between ambient temperature and Mg/Ca, which accounted for 89{\%} of the variance across specimens, spanned all four Isidid sub-families and was independently significant in the two best sampled sub-families. The predictive (geometric mean) relationship is View the MathML sourceT({\textdegree}C)=-23.9({\textpm}2.46)+0.34({\textpm}0.25)Mg/Ca(mmol/mol) Turn MathJax on spanning a temperature range of -1.9 to 26.8 {\textdegree}C, Mg/Ca ratios from 58.6 to 155.1 mmol/mol, and an uncertainty (RMS) of 2.78 {\textdegree}C. The numbers in parentheses are 95{\%} CIs. The slope of the regression does not differ significantly from that of abiotic high-Mg calcites, which suggests that the temperature-dependent incorporation of Mg into the carbonate results from kinetic reactions at the crystal surface. Analysis at the SH scale for the sub-set of specimens for which we had data suggests is also affected by growth rates. There were no obvious trace element correlates at either spatial scale of salinity or oxygen levels that could not be accounted for by covariance between these environmental parameters and, in most cases, temperature. Single and multiple correlation analyses also confirm previous suggestions that Ba/Ca in bamboo coral calcite is a proxy for seawater barium and hence refractory nutrients, suggest that Sr/Ca is influenced by specimen-mean Mg/Ca ratios and water temperature as well as possibly seawater Sr/Ca, and falsify for bamboo corals P/Ca (as well as P/Cd and Cd/Ca) as a proxy for seawater phosphate levels. The predictive relationship between Isidid skeletal-mean Ba/Ca and seawater silicate concentrations appears to be linear, and is given by View the MathML sourcesilicate($μ$molkg-1)=-56.7({\textpm}20.8)+9217({\textpm}1632)Ba/Ca(mmol/mol) Turn MathJax on spanning a silicate range of 0.5 to 120 $μ$mol kg-1, a Ba/Ca range of 0.0042 to 0.0195 mmol/mol, and with an uncertainty (RMS) of 33.1 $μ$mol kg-1. Mn/Ca differences among specimens and sites are highly significant and appear to reflect seawater Mn, suggesting a proxy for this micronutrient. The compilation of growth rate data across 34 specimens indicates a wide range of growth rates even among con-familial specimens from within a single habitat, and suggests both ambient temperature and food availability underlie at least part of this variability.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.07.033},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Fallon, S J and Townsend, A T}
}
@article {Tontini2016,
	title = {{Crustal magnetization and the subseafloor structure of the ASHES vent field, Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for the investigation of hydrothermal sites}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {6205{\textendash}6211},
	abstract = {High-resolution geophysical data have been collected using the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Sentry over the ASHES (Axial Seamount Hydrothermal Emission Study) high-temperature ({\~{}}348{\textdegree}C) vent field at Axial Seamount, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Multiple surveys were performed on a 3-D grid at different altitudes above the seafloor, providing an unprecedented view of magnetic data resolution as a function of altitude above the seafloor. Magnetic data derived near the seafloor show that the ASHES field is characterized by a zone of low magnetization, which can be explained by hydrothermal alteration of the host volcanic rocks. Surface manifestations of hydrothermal activity at the ASHES vent field are likely controlled by a combination of local faults and fractures and different lava morphologies near the seafloor. Three-dimensional inversion of the magnetic data provides evidence of a vertical, pipe-like upflow zone of the hydrothermal fluids with a vertical extent of {\~{}}100 m.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL069430},
	author = {Tontini, F C and Crone, T J and de Ronde, C E J and Fornari, D J and Kinsey, J C and Mittelstaedt, E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Tan2016,
	title = {{Development and Application of a New Mobile pH Calibrator for Real-Time Monitoring of pH in Diffuse Flow Hydrothermal Vent Fluids}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {37{\textendash}47},
	abstract = {In situ measurement of pH in diffuse flow hydrothermal vent fluids is necessary to investigate the feedback between geochemical and biochemical processes. Accurate pH determination has been unusually challenging owing to temperature and pressure effects that place severe constraints on the performance of a wide variety of pH sensor systems. In this paper, we describe a newly developed mobile pH calibrator (MpHC), which makes use of In situ calibration protocols that enhance the accuracy of pH measurement and monitoring on the ocean floor at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The MpHC combines the physically robust and highly sensitive iridium solid-state pH electrode with a flow control system to perform 2-point calibration with on-board pH buffer solutions. The small size and novel design of the sensor probe allow more effective access to seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids and their associated sulfide structures and biological communities. The MpHC is capable of In situ deployment by submersible via ICL (inductively couple link) communication around hydrothermal vents at pressures and temperatures up to 45 MPa and 100 degrees C, respectively. In this paper, we also present results of In situ calibration methods used to correct the standard potential and slope (mV/pH) of the solid-state electrode for temperature effects. The MpHC has been deployed most recently using the submersible Alvin during cruise AT26-17 to Axial Seamount and Main Endeavour Field, Juan De Fuca Ridge in the NE Pacific. With In situ calibration functionality, the MpHC offers the prospect of more successful longer-term measurements in keeping with power availability provided by cabled seafloor observatories coming online in the NE Pacific.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Tan, C Y and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {ISI:000371206300001,
	title = {{A distinct and active bacterial community in cold oxygenated fluids circulating beneath the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic ridge}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The rock-hosted, oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth, yet little is known about its indigenous microorganisms. Here we provide the first phylogenetic and functional description of an active microbial community residing in the cold oxic crustal aquifer. Using subseafloor observatories, we recovered crustal fluids and found that the geochemical composition is similar to bottom seawater, as are cell abundances. However, based on relative abundances and functional potential of key bacterial groups, the crustal fluid microbial community is heterogeneous and markedly distinct from seawater. Potential rates of autotrophy and heterotrophy in the crust exceeded those of seawater, especially at elevated temperatures (25 degrees C) and deeper in the crust. Together, these results reveal an active, distinct, and diverse bacterial community engaged in both heterotrophy and autotrophy in the oxygenated crustal aquifer, providing key insight into the role of microbial communities in the ubiquitous cold dark subseafloor biosphere.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep22541},
	author = {Meyer, Julie L and Jaekel, Ulrike and Tully, Benjamin J and Glazer, Brian T and Wheat, C Geoffrey and Lin, Huei-Ting and Hsieh, Chih-Chiang and Cowen, James P and Hulme, Samuel M and Girguis, Peter R and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {Rouxel2016,
	title = {{Geochemistry and iron isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume fall-out at East Pacific Rise 9{\textdegree}50'N}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {441},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {212{\textendash}234},
	abstract = {While gross hydrothermal fluxes entering the ocean are known to be significant, much remains unknown about the fate of this material as it disperses through the oceans, and its impact upon ocean biogeochemistry. Mineral precipitation within hydrothermal plumes removes hydrothermally-sourced metals from solution and also acts to scavenge trace elements from the surrounding water column. Here, we investigate the fate of particulate Fe released from high-temperature hydrothermal venting at EPR 9{\textdegree}50'N and its potential impact on local deep-ocean Fe-isotopic and geochemical budgets. We measured the geochemical composition, mineralogy and Fe isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume products in order to determine whether mineral precipitation imposes characteristic Fe-isotope {\textquotedblleft}fingerprints{\textquotedblright} for hydrothermally sourced Fe in the deep ocean. Our sampling includes sediment trap deployments after the eruptive event of Jan. 2006, allowing the examination of temporal changes of hydrothermal fluxes over a 160 day period. Results show that Fe isotope composition in the high-temperature vent fluids is rather constant over the sampling period 2004{\textendash}2008, and that secular variations of $δ$56Fe values of plume particles from - 0.03 to - 0.91{\textperthousand} (relative to IRMM-14 standard) could be explained by local processes leading to variable mixing extents of hydrothermal, biogenic and lithogenic particles. Through geochemical modeling, we have calculated the relative abundances of hydrothermal plume components such as sulfides, Fe oxyhydroxides, organic matter, biogenic and lithogenic phases. We demonstrate that Fe isotope fractionation in the hydrothermal plume occurs during the formation and rapid settling of Fe-sulfides that are characterized by $δ$56Fe values ranging from - 0.73 {\textpm} 0.13{\textperthousand} to - 0.86 {\textpm} 0.13{\textperthousand}, which is systematically lower than the end-member hydrothermal fluids ($δ$56Fe = - 0.4{\textperthousand}). This study suggests that both the initial Fe isotope composition of the high-temperature vent fluids and its initial Fe/H2S ratio (i.e. Fe-sulfide precipitation versus Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation) should impose characteristic Fe isotope {\textquotedblleft}fingerprints{\textquotedblright} for hydrothermally derived Fe in the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.08.027},
	author = {Rouxel, O J and Toner, B M and Manganini, S J and German, C R}
}
@article {Teske2016,
	title = {{The Guaymas Basin Hiking Guide to Hydrothermal Mounds, Chimneys, and Microbial Mats: Complex Seafloor Expressions of Subsurface Hydrothermal Circulation}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {75},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal mats, mounds, and chimneys of the southern Guaymas Basin are the surface expression of complex subsurface hydrothermal circulation patterns. In this overview, we document the most frequently visited features of this hydrothermal area with photographs, temperature measurements, and selected geochemical data; many of these distinct habitats await characterization of their microbial communities and activities. Microprofiler deployments on microbial mats and hydrothermal sediments show their steep geochemical and thermal gradients at millimeter-scale vertical resolution. Mapping these hydrothermal features and sampling locations within the southern Guaymas Basin suggest linkages to underlying shallow sills and heat flow gradients. Recognizing the inherent spatial limitations of much current Guaymas Basin sampling calls for comprehensive surveys of the wider spreading region.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00075},
	author = {Teske, A P and de Beer, D and McKay, L J and Tivey, M K and Biddle, J F and Hoer, D R and Lloyd, K G and Lever, M A and Roy, H and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and MacGregor, B J}
}
@article {Salman-Carvalho2016,
	title = {{How Clonal Is Clonal? Genome Plasticity across Multicellular Segments of a "Candidatus Marithrix sp." Filament from Sulfidic, Briny Seafloor Sediments in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1173},
	abstract = {"Candidatus Marithrix" is a recently described lineage within the group of large sulfur bacteria (Beggiatoaceae, Gammaproteobacteria). This genus of bacteria comprises vacuolated, attached-living filaments that inhabit the sediment surface around vent and seep sites in the marine environment. A single filament is ca. 100 mu m in diameter, several millimeters long, and consists of hundreds of clonal cells, which are considered highly polyploid. Based on these characteristics, "Candidatus Marithrix" was used as a model organism for the assessment of genomic plasticity along segments of a single filament using next generation sequencing to possibly identify hotspots of microevolution. Using six consecutive segments of a single filament sampled from a mud volcano in the Gulf of Mexico, we recovered ca. 90{\%} of the "Candidatus Marithrix" genome in each segment. There was a high level of genome conservation along the filament with average nucleotide identities between 99.98 and 100{\%}. Different approaches to assemble all reads into a complete consensus genome could not fill the gaps. Each of the six segment datasets encoded merely a few hundred unique nucleotides and 5 or less unique genes the residual content was redundant in all datasets. Besides the overall high genomic identity, we identified a similar number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the clonal segments, which are comparable to numbers reported for other clonal organisms. An increase of SNPs with greater distance of filament segments was not observed. The polyploidy of the cells was apparent when analyzing the heterogeneity of reads within a segment. Here, a strong increase in single nucleotide variants, or "intrasegmental sequence heterogeneity" (ISH) events, was observed. These sites may represent hotspots for genome plasticity, and possibly microevolution, since two thirds of these variants were not co-localized across the genome copies of the multicellular filament.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.01173},
	author = {Salman-Carvalho, V and Fadeev, E and Joye, S B and Teske, A P}
}
@article {Beaudoin2016,
	title = {{Impact of protists on a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial community from deep-sea Gulf of Mexico sediments: A microcosm study}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {350{\textendash}359},
	abstract = {In spite of significant advancements towards understanding the dynamics of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading microbial consortia, the impacts (direct or indirect via grazing activities) of bacterivorous protists remain largely unknown. Microcosm experiments were used to examine whether protistan grazing affects the petroleum hydrocarbon degradation capacity of a deep-sea sediment microbial community from an active Gulf of Mexico cold seep. Differences in n-alkane content between native sediment microcosms and those treated with inhibitors of eukaryotes were assessed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography following 30{\textendash}90 day incubations and analysis of shifts in microbial community composition using small subunit ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries. More biodegradation was observed in microcosms supplemented with eukaryotic inhibitors. SSU rRNA gene clone libraries from oil-amended treatments revealed an increase in the number of proteobacterial clones (particularly $\gamma$-proteobacteria) after spiking sediments with diesel oil. Bacterial community composition shifted, and degradation rates increased, in treatments where protists were inhibited, suggesting protists affect the hydrocarbon degrading capacity of microbial communities in sediments collected at this Gulf of Mexico site.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.01.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064514000216},
	author = {Beaudoin, D J and Carmichael, C A and Nelson, R K and Reddy, C M and Teske, A P and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {ISI:000368893500001,
	title = {{Microbial Communities in Methane- and Short Chain Alkane-Rich Hydrothermal Sediments of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, an active spreading center in the Gulf of California (Mexico), are rich in porewater methane, short-chain alkanes, sulfate and sulfide, and provide a model system to explore habitat preferences of microorganisms, including sulfate-dependent, methane- and short chain alkane-oxidizing microbial communities. In this study, hot sediments (above 60 degrees C) covered with sulfur-oxidizing microbial mats surrounding a hydrothermal mound (termed {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Mat Mound{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) were characterized by porewater geochemistry of methane, C-2-C-6 short-chain alkanes, sulfate, sulfide, sulfate reduction rate measurements, in situ temperature gradients, bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and V6 tag pyrosequencing. The most abundantly detected groups in the Mat mound sediments include anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea of the ANME-1 lineage and its sister Glade ANME-1Guaymas, the uncultured bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 within the Deltaproteobacteria and the separately branching HotSeep-1 Group; these uncultured bacteria are candidates for sulfate-reducing alkane oxidation and for sulfate-reducing syntrophy with ANME archaea. The archaeal dataset indicates distinct habitat preferences for ANME-1, ANME-1-Guaymas, and ANME-2 archaea in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. The bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 and HotSeep-1 co-occur with ANME-1 and ANME-1Guaymas in hydrothermally active sediments underneath microbial mats in Guaymas Basin. We propose the working hypothesis that this mixed bacterial and archaeal community catalyzes the oxidation of both methane and short-chain alkanes, and constitutes a microbial community signature that is characteristic for hydrothermal and/or cold seep sediments containing both substrates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00017},
	author = {Dowell, Frederick and Cardman, Zena and Dasarathy, Srishti and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Lipp, Julius S and Ruff, S Emil and Biddle, Jennifer F and McKay, Luke J and MacGregor, Barbara J and Lloyd, Karen G and Albert, Daniel B and Mendlovitz, Howard and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Thal2016,
	title = {{Subaqueous cryptodome eruption, hydrothermal activity and related seafloor morphologies on the andesitic North Su volcano}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {323},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {80{\textendash}96},
	abstract = {North Su is a double-peaked active andesite submarine volcano located in the eastern Manus Basin of the Bismarck Sea that reaches a depth of 1154 m. It hosts a vigorous and varied hydrothermal system with black and white smoker vents along with several areas of diffuse venting and deposits of native sulfur. Geologic mapping based on ROV observations from 2006 and 2011 combined with morphologic features identified from repeated bathymetric surveys in 2002 and 2011 documents the emplacement of a volcanic cryptodome between 2006 and 2011. We use our observations and rock analyses to interpret an eruption scenario where highly viscous, crystal-rich andesitic magma erupted slowly into the water-saturated, gravel-dominated slope of North Su. An intense fragmentation process produced abundant blocky clasts of a heterogeneous magma (olivine crystals within a rhyolitic groundmass) that only rarely breached through the clastic cover onto the seafloor. Phreatic and phreatomagmatic explosions beneath the seafloor cause mixing of juvenile and pre-existing lithic clasts and produce a volcaniclastic deposit. This volcaniclastic deposit consists of blocky, non-altered clasts next, variably (1{\textendash}100{\%}) altered clasts, hydrothermal precipitates and crystal fragments. The usually applied parameters to identify juvenile subaqueous lava fragments, i.e. fluidal shape or chilled margin, were not applicable to distinguish between pre-existing non-altered clasts and juvenile clasts. This deposit is updomed during further injection of magma and mechanical disruption. Gas-propelled turbulent clast-recycling causes clasts to develop variably rounded shapes. An abundance of blocky clasts and the lack of clasts typical for the contact of liquid lava with water is interpreted to be the result of a cooled, high-viscosity, crystal-rich magma that failed as a brittle solid upon stress. The high viscosity allows the lava to form blocky and short lobes. The pervasive volcaniclastic cover on North Su is partly cemented by hydrothermal precipitates. These hydrothermally-cemented breccias, crusts and single pillars show that hydrothermal circulation through a thick layer of volcaniclastic deposits can temporarily increase slope stability through precipitation and cementation.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.041},
	author = {Thal, J and Tivey, M A and Yoerger, D R and Bach, W}
}
@article {ISI:000373276200001,
	title = {{Temperature and Redox Effect on Mineral Colonization in Juan de Fuca Ridge Flank Subsurface Crustal Fluids}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {To examine microbe-mineral interactions in subsurface oceanic crust, we evaluated microbial colonization on crustal minerals that were incubated in borehole fluids for 1 year at the seafloor wellhead of a crustal borehole observatory (IODP Hole U1301A, Juan de Fuca Ridge flank) as compared to an experiment that was not exposed to subsurface crustal fluids (at nearby IODP Hole U1301B). In comparison to previous studies at these same sites, this approach allowed assessment of the effects of temperature, fluid chemistry, and/or mineralogy on colonization patterns of different mineral substrates, and an opportunity to verify the approach of deploying colonization experiments at an observatory wellhead at the seafloor instead of within the borehole. The Hole U1301B deployment did not have biofilm growth, based on microscopy and DNA extraction, thereby confirming the integrity of the colonization design against bottom seawater intrusion. In contrast, the Hole U1301A deployment supported biofilms dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (43.5{\%} of 370 16S rRNA gene clone sequences) and Gammaproteobacteria (29.3{\%}). Sequence analysis revealed overlap in microbial communities between different minerals incubated at the Hole U1301A wellhead, indicating that mineralogy did not separate biofilm structure within the 1-year colonization experiment. Differences in the Hole U1301A wellhead biofilm community composition relative to previous studies from within the borehole using similar mineral substrates suggest that temperature and the diffusion of dissolved oxygen through plastic components influenced the mineral colonization experiments positioned at the wellhead. This highlights the capacity of low abundance crustal fluid taxa to rapidly establish communities on diverse mineral substrates under changing environmental conditions such as from temperature and oxygen.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3339/fmicb.2016.00396},
	author = {Baquiran, Jean-Paul M and Ramirez, Gustavo A and Haddad, Amanda G and Toner, Brandy M and Hulme, Samuel and Wheat, Charles G and Edwards, Katrina J and Orcutt, Beth N}
}
@article {ISI:000371481100019,
	title = {{Thermal and geochemical influences on microbial biogeography in the hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {150{\textendash}161},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Extreme thermal gradients and compressed metabolic zones limit the depth range of microbial colonization in hydrothermally active sediments at Guaymas Basin. We investigated the physicochemical characteristics of this ecosystem and their influence on microbial community structure. Temperature-related trends of C-13 values of methane and dissolved inorganic carbon from 36 sediment cores suggest in situ thermal limits for microbial anaerobic methane oxidation and organic carbon re-mineralization near 80 degrees C and 100 degrees C respectively. Temperature logging probes deposited in hydrothermal sediments for 8 days demonstrate substantial thermal fluctuations of up to 25 degrees C. Putative anaerobic methanotroph (ANME) populations dominate the archaeal community, transitioning from ANME-1 archaea in warm surficial sediments towards ANME-1 Guaymas archaea as temperatures increase downcore. Since ANME archaea performing anaerobic oxidation of methane double on longer time scales (months) compared with relatively rapid in situ temperature fluctuations (hours to days), we conclude that ANME archaea possess a high tolerance for short-term shifts in the thermal regime.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12365},
	author = {McKay, Luke and Klokman, Vincent W and Mendlovitz, Howard P and LaRowe, Douglas E and Hoer, Daniel R and Albert, Daniel and Amend, Jan P and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {ISI:000358016200003,
	title = {{Advances in In Situ Alignment Calibration of Doppler and High/Low-end Attitude Sensors for Underwater Vehicle Navigation: Theory and Experimental Evaluation}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS},
	volume = {32},
	number = {5, SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {655{\textendash}674},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {This paper reports the development and comparative performance evaluation, using laboratory and at-sea field data, of new methods for the problem of in situ calibration of the alignment rotation matrix between Doppler sonar velocity sensors and attitude sensors arising in the navigation of underwater vehicles. Most previously reported solutions to this alignment calibration problem require the use of absolute navigation fixes of the underwater vehicle, thus requiring additional navigation sensors and/or beacons to be located externally and apart from the underwater vehicle. We report four novel alignment calibration methods employing only internal vehicle navigation sensors for velocity, acceleration, attitude, and depth. We report the results of comparative analysis of the performance of these new methods and a previously reported method with a navigation laboratory and at-sea field data. Laboratory data were obtained with the Johns Hopkins University JHU remotely operated underwater vehicle in the JHU Hydrodynamic Test Facility. At-sea field data were obtained from deep-water survey missions of the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle conducted in March, 2011 in the Kermadec Arc in the Southern Pacific Ocean. In addition, we report a comparative experimental evaluation of several recently reported calibration methods when employing low-cost microelectromechanical system attitude sensors. In all these cases, the results reveal consistent differences in performance of the various methods when analyzed on navigation data from several different vehicle dives.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {1556-4959},
	doi = {10.1002/rob.21551},
	author = {Troni, Giancarlo and Whitcomb, Louis L}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300015,
	title = {{Bathymodiolus growth dynamics in relation to environmental fluctuations in vent habitats}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {183{\textendash}193},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep-sea mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus is a dominant species in the East Pacific Rise (EPR) hydrothermal vent fields. On the EPR volcanically unstable area, this late colonizer reaches high biomass within 4-5 years on new habitats created. by lava flows. The environmental conditions and growth rates characterizing the reestablishment of B. thermophilus populations are however largely unknown, leaving unconstrained the role of this foundation species in the ecosystem dynamics. A typical example from the vent field at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N that was affected by the last massive eruption was the Bio-9 hydrothermal vent site. Here, six years later, a large mussel population had reestablished. The von Bertalanffy growth model estimates the oldest B. thermophilus specimens to be 1.3 year-old in March 2012, consistent with the observation of scarce juveniles among tubeworms in 2010. Younger cohorts were also observed in 2012 but the low number of individuals, relatively to older cohorts, suggests limited survival or growth of new recruits at this site, that could reflect unsuitable habitat conditions. To further explore this asumption, we investigated the relationships between mussel growth dynamics and habitat properties. The approach combined sclerochronology analyses of daily shell growth with continuous habitat monitoring for two mussel assemblages; one from the Bio-9 new settlement and a second from the V-vent site unreached by the lava flow. At both vent sites, semi-diurnal fluctuations of abiotic conditions were recorded using sensors deployed in the mussel bed over 5 to 10 days. These data depict steep transitions from well oxygenated to oxygen-depleted conditions and from alkaline to acidic pH, combined with intermittent sulfide exposure. These semi-diurnal fluctuations exhibited marked changes in amplitude over time, exposing mussels to distinct regimes of abiotic constraints. The V-vent samples allowed growth patterns to be examined at the scale of individual life and compared to long-term records of habitat temperature and oceanographic mooring data in the years following the eruption. Both shell growth and habitat temperature at V-vent varied over the spring-neap tidal cycle and over longer periods of c.a. 60 days. The correlation of growth rate with temperature and, for some individuals, with current velocities supports the idea that tidal forcing impacts growth. Its influence on habitat conditions includes the spring-neap cycle, which is not reflected in current velocities but influences the venting rate. Additionally, it is expected that mesoscale eddies periodically passing across the ridge imprint shell growth through the influence of bottom current on the decimeter-thick mixing interface where mussels thrive. We conclude that diurnal-semidiurnal tidal fluctuations exert major abiotic constraints on B. thermophilus mussels and that low-frequency fluctuations act as significant determinants on growth. Finally, we postulate that the modulation of tidal fluctuations by large-scale hydrodynamic forcing ultimately constrains the capacity of this mussel species to form high biomass aggregations. This study indeed shows that the absence of these strong hydrodynamic drivers would limit the alternance of oxic and sulfidic conditions and significantly affect the growth rate of this species over time. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.003},
	author = {Nedoncelle, K and Lartaud, F and Pereira, L Contreira and Yuecel, M and Thurnherr, A M and Mullineaux, L and Le Bris, N}
}
@article {ISI:000361984700015,
	title = {{Comparison of Archaeal and Bacterial Diversity in Methane Seep Carbonate Nodules and Host Sediments, Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge, USA}},
	journal = {MICROBIAL ECOLOGY},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {766{\textendash}784},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) impacts carbon cycling by acting as a methane sink and by sequestering inorganic carbon via AOM-induced carbonate precipitation. These precipitates commonly take the form of carbonate nodules that form within methane seep sediments. The timing and sequence of nodule formation within methane seep sediments are not well understood. Further, the microbial diversity associated with sediment-hosted nodules has not been well characterized and the degree to which nodules reflect the microbial assemblage in surrounding sediments is unknown. Here, we conducted a comparative study of microbial assemblages in methane-derived authigenic carbonate nodules and their host sediments using molecular, mineralogical, and geochemical methods. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity from paired carbonate nodules and sediments revealed that both sample types contained methanotrophic archaea (ANME-1 and ANME-2) and syntrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfobacteraceae and Desulfobulbaceae), as well as other microbial community members. The combination of geochemical and molecular data from Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge suggested that some nodules formed in situ and captured the local sediment-hosted microbial community, while other nodules may have been translocated or may represent a record of conditions prior to the contemporary environment. Taken together, this comparative analysis offers clues to the formation regimes and mechanisms of sediment-hosted carbonate nodules.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0095-3628},
	doi = {10.1007/s00248-015-0615-6},
	author = {Mason, Olivia U and Case, David H and Naehr, Thomas H and Lee, Raymond W and Thomas, Randal B and Bailey, Jake V and Orphan, Victoria J}
}
@article {Greene2015,
	title = {{Geologic implications of seafloor character and carbonate lithification imaged on the domal core of Atlantis Massif}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {246{\textendash}255},
	abstract = {We document the seafloor character on Atlantis Massif, an ocean core complex located at 30{\textdegree}N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, with an emphasis on the distribution of carbonate features. Seafloor imagery, near-bottom backscatter, and bathymetry were analyzed on the Central Dome and the Western Shoulder of the exposed footwall to the detachment, and on the Eastern Block, a hanging wall to the fault. We merged Argo II still images to produce photo-mosaics and evaluated these together with video imagery, acoustic reflectivity, and basic rock composition. The seafloor was classified as unconsolidated sediment, lithified carbonate crust, consolidated carbonate cap, exposed basement, or rubble, and the spatial distribution of each type was assessed. Unconsolidated sediment, exposed basement, and rubble were documented in all three regions studied. Lithified carbonate crust was also present on the Western Shoulder and eastern Central Dome. Consolidated carbonate cap was found on the Eastern Block. The formation of the carbonate rock is interpreted to reflect precipitation and/or sediment cementation via fluids derived from serpentinization. Both processes occur at the nearby Lost City Hydrothermal Field. The newly documented locations of seafloor carbonate lithification therefore mark pathways of past, possibly recent, fluid flux from subsurface water-rock reaction zones and represent an additional constituent of the carbon cycling hosted by oceanic lithosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.020},
	author = {Greene, J A and Tominaga, M and Blackman, D K}
}
@article {McDermott2015,
	title = {{Identification of sulfur sources and isotopic equilibria in submarine hot-springs using multiple sulfur isotopes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {160},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {169{\textendash}187},
	abstract = {Multiple sulfur isotopes were measured in metal sulfide deposits, elemental sulfur, and aqueous hydrogen sulfide to constrain sulfur sources and the isotopic systematics of precipitation in seafloor hydrothermal vents. Areas studied include the Eastern Manus Basin and Lau Basin back-arc spreading centers and the unsedimented basalt-hosted Southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR) and sediment-hosted Guaymas Basin mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Chalcopyrite and dissolved hydrogen sulfide (H2S) $δ$34S values range from -5.5{\textperthousand} to +5.6{\textperthousand} in Manus Basin samples, +2.4{\textperthousand} to +6.1{\textperthousand} in Lau Basin samples, and +3.7{\textperthousand} to +5.7{\textperthousand} in SEPR samples. Values of $δ$34S for cubic cubanite and H2S range from -1.4{\textperthousand} to +4.7{\textperthousand} in Guaymas Basin samples. Multiple sulfur isotope systematics in fluid-mineral pairs from the SEPR and Lau Basin show that crustal host rock and thermochemical reduction of seawater-derived dissolved sulfate (SO4) are the primary sources of sulfur in mid-ocean ridge and some back-arc systems. At PACMANUS and SuSu Knolls hydrothermal systems in the Eastern Manus Basin, a significant contribution of sulfur is derived from disproportionation of magmatic sulfur dioxide (SO2), while the remaining sulfur is derived from crustal host rocks and SO4 reduction. At the sedimented Guaymas Basin hydrothermal system, sulfur sources include crustal host rock, reduced seawater SO4, and biogenic sulfide. Vent fluid flow through fresher, less-mature sediment supplies an increased quantity of reactant organic compounds that may reduce 34S-enriched SO4, while fluid interaction with more highly-altered sediments results in H2S characterized by a small, but isotopically-significant input of 34S-depleted biogenic sulfides. Near-zero $Δ$33S values in all samples implicate the abiotic processes of SO4 reduction and leaching of host rock as the major contributors to sulfur content at a high temperature unsedimented mid-ocean ridge and at a back-arc system. $Δ$33S values indicate that SO2 disproportionation is an additional process that contributes sulfur to a different back-arc system and to acid spring-type hydrothermal fluid circulation. At the sedimented Guaymus Basin, near-zero $Δ$33S values are also observed, despite negative $δ$34S values that indicate inputs of biogenic pyrite for some samples. In contrast with previous studies reporting isotope disequilibrium between H2S and chalcopyrite, the $δ$34S values of chalcopyrite sampled from the inner 1{\textendash}2 mm of a chimney wall are within {\textpm}1{\textperthousand} of $δ$34S values for H2S in the paired vent fluid, suggesting equilibrium fluid-mineral sulfur isotope exchange at 300{\textendash}400 {\textdegree}C. Isotopic equilibrium between hydrothermal fluid H2S and precipitating chalcopyrite implies that sulfur isotopes in the chalcopyrite lining across a chimney wall may accurately record past hydrothermal activity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.016},
	author = {McDermott, J M and Ono, S and Tivey, M K and Seewald, J S and Shanks, W C}
}
@article {Seyfried2015,
	title = {{The Lost City hydrothermal system: Constraints imposed by vent fluid chemistry and reaction path models on subseafloor heat and mass transfer processes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {163},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {59{\textendash}79},
	abstract = {Since the first reported discovery of the Lost City hydrothermal system in 2001, it was recognized that seawater alteration of ultramafic rocks plays a key role in the composition of the coexisting vent fluids. The unusually high pH and high concentrations of H2 and CH4 provide compelling evidence for this. Here we report the chemistry of hydrothermal fluids sampled from two vent structures (Beehive: \~{}90{\textendash}116 {\textdegree}C, and M6: \~{}75 {\textdegree}C) at Lost City in 2008 during cruise KNOX18RR using ROV Jason 2 and R/V Revelle assets. The vent fluid chemistry at both sites reveals considerable overlap in concentrations of dissolved gases (H2, CH4), trace elements (Cs, Rb, Li, B and Sr), and major elements (SO4, Ca, K, Na, Cl), including a surprising decrease in dissolved Cl, suggesting a common source fluid is feeding both sites. The absence of Mg and relatively high concentrations of Ca and sulfate suggest solubility control by serpentine{\textendash}diopside{\textendash}anhydrite, while trace alkali concentrations, especially Rb and Cs, are high, assuming a depleted mantle protolith. In both cases, but especially for Beehive vent fluid, the silica concentrations are well in excess of those expected for peridotite alteration and the coexistence of serpentine{\textendash}brucite at all reasonable temperatures. However, both the measured pH and silica values are in better agreement with serpentine{\textendash}diopside{\textendash}tremolite-equilibria. Geochemical modeling demonstrates that reaction of plagioclase with serpentinized peridotite can shift the chemical system away from brucite and into the tremolite stability field. This is consistent with the complex intermingling of peridotite and gabbroic bodies commonly observed within the Atlantis Massif. We speculate the existence of such plagioclase bearing peridotite may also account for the highly enriched trace alkali (Cs, Rb) concentrations in the Lost City vent fluids. Additionally, reactive transport modeling taking explicit account of temperature dependent rates of mineral dissolution and precipitation clarifies the feedback between permeability, heat loss, and changes in the dissolved Si of the vent fluids. Assuming both the Beehive and M6 vent fluids were sourced at similar subseafloor conditions (tremolite buffered at 200 {\textdegree}C), model results indicate loss of approximately 30{\%} Si upon cooling to \~{}150 {\textdegree}C during upflow. However, Si concentrations remained largely conservative with continued cooling to lower temperatures owing to unfavorable reaction kinetics. While consistent with the Beehive endmember composition, these results fail to explain the relative Si depletion in the lower temperature M6 fluids. Thus, it may be that more robust kinetic models for silicates are needed to accurately account for the mechanism and rate of silica removal in the unusually high pH of the Lost City vent fluids.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.040},
	author = {Seyfried, W E and Pester, N J and Tutolo, B M and Ding, K}
}
@article {ISI:000366346800001,
	title = {{Metazoans of redoxcline sediments in Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins}},
	journal = {BMC BIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Background: The deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) of the Mediterranean (water depth similar to 3500 m) are some of the most extreme oceanic habitats known. Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB haloclines and brines, loriciferans are the only metazoan reported to inhabit the anoxic DHAB brines. Our goal was to further investigate metazoan communities in DHAB haloclines and brines. Results: We report observations from sediments of three DHAB (Urania, Discovery, L{\textquoteright}Atalante) haloclines, comparing these to observations from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Due to technical difficulties, sampling of the brines was not possible. Morphotype analysis indicates nematodes are the most abundant taxon; crustaceans, loriciferans and bryozoans were also noted. Among nematodes, Daptonema was the most abundant genus; three morphotypes were noted with a degree of endemicity. The majority of rRNA sequences were from planktonic taxa, suggesting that at least some individual metazoans were preserved and inactive. Nematode abundance data, in some cases determined from direct counts of sediments incubated in situ with CellTracker (TM) Green, was patchy but generally indicates the highest abundances in either normoxic control samples or in upper halocline samples; nematodes were absent or very rare in lower halocline samples. Ultrastructural analysis indicates the nematodes in L{\textquoteright}Atalante normoxic control sediments were fit, while specimens from L{\textquoteright}Atalante upper halocline were healthy or had only recently died and those from the lower halocline had no identifiable organelles. Loriciferans, which were only rarely encountered, were found in both normoxic control samples as well as in Discovery and L{\textquoteright}Atalante haloclines. It is not clear how a metazoan taxon could remain viable under this wide range of conditions. Conclusions: We document a community of living nematodes in normoxic, normal saline deep-sea Mediterranean sediments and in the upper halocline portions of the DHABs. Occurrences of nematodes in mid-halocline and lower halocline samples did not provide compelling evidence of a living community in those zones. The possibility of a viable metazoan community in brines of DHABs is not supported by our data at this time.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1741-7007},
	doi = {10.1186/s12915-015-0213-6},
	author = {Bernhard, Joan M and Morrison, Colin R and Pape, Ellen and Beaudoin, David J and Todaro, M Antonio and Pachiadaki, Maria G and Kormas, Konstantinos Ar and Edgcomb, Virginia P}
}
@inbook {DeRonde2015,
	title = {{Molten sulfur lakes of intraoceanic arc volcanoes}},
	booktitle = {Volcanic Lakes},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-36832-5},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Chadwick, W W and Ditchburn, R G and Embley, R W and Tunnicliffe, V and Baker, E T and Walker, S L and Ferrini, V L and Merle, S M},
	editor = {Rouwet, D}
}
@article {ISI:000358260100015,
	title = {{Predicting the response of the deep-ocean microbiome to geochemical perturbations by hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {9},
	number = {8},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1857{\textendash}1869},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Submarine hydrothermal vents perturb the deep-ocean microbiome by injecting reduced chemical species into the water column that act as an energy source for chemosynthetic organisms. These systems thus provide excellent natural laboratories for studying the response of microbial communities to shifts in marine geochemistry. The present study explores the processes that regulate coupled microbial-geochemical dynamics in hydrothermal plumes by means of a novel mathematical model, which combines thermodynamics, growth and reaction kinetics, and transport processes derived from a fluid dynamics model. Simulations of a plume located in the ABE vent field of the Lau basin were able to reproduce metagenomic observations well and demonstrated that the magnitude of primary production and rate of autotrophic growth are largely regulated by the energetics of metabolisms and the availability of electron donors, as opposed to kinetic parameters. Ambient seawater was the dominant source of microbes to the plume and sulphur oxidisers constituted almost 90{\%} of the modelled community in the neutrally-buoyant plume. Data from drifters deployed in the region allowed the different time scales of metabolisms to be cast in a spatial context, which demonstrated spatial succession in the microbial community. While growth was shown to occur over distances of tens of kilometers, microbes persisted over hundreds of kilometers. Given that high-temperature hydrothermal systems are found less than 100 km apart on average, plumes may act as important vectors between different vent fields and other environments that are hospitable to similar organisms, such as oil spills and oxygen minimum zones.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.4},
	author = {Reed, Daniel C and Breier, John A and Jiang, Houshuo and Anantharaman, Karthik and Klausmeier, Christopher A and Toner, Brandy M and Hancock, Cathrine and Speer, Kevin and Thurnherr, Andreas M and Dick, Gregory J}
}
@article {ISI:000330965000004,
	title = {{Age and growth of the cold-water scleractinian Solenosmilia variabilis and its reef on SW Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {CORAL REEFS},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {31{\textendash}38},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about growth rates of deep-water reef-forming corals or the rates at which these reefs accumulate. Such information is critical for determining the resilience of the reefs to anthropogenic impacts such as trawling and climate change. We radiocarbon date live-caught and sub-fossil samples of the bioherm-forming coral Solenosmilia variabilis collected from precisely known depths and locations by means of a remotely operated vehicle on seamounts south of Tasmania, Australia. The growth rate of colonies live-caught between 958 and 1,454 m, which spans most of the depth range of the species locally, ranged from 0.84 to 1.25 mm linear extension yr(-1) and tended to be higher in the deeper-caught material. Analysis of skeletal microstructure suggests annual deposition of growth increments near the growing tips, but not closer to the base, as the skeleton is extended and thickened. Dating of sub-fossil material indicates S. variabilis has been present on Tasmanian seamounts for at least the last 47,000 yrs and a reef accumulation rate of 0.27 mm yr(-1).},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0722-4028},
	doi = {10.1007/s00338-013-1097-y},
	author = {Fallon, S J and Thresher, R E and Adkins, J}
}
@article {ISI:000345545100011,
	title = {{The Anatomy of a Buried Submarine Hydrothermal System, Clark Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand}},
	journal = {ECONOMIC GEOLOGY},
	volume = {109},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {2261{\textendash}2292},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Clark volcano of the Kermadec arc, northeast of New Zealand, is a large stratovolcano comprised of two coalescing volcanic cones; an apparently younger, more coherent, twin-peaked edifice to the northwest and a relatively older, more degraded and tectonized cone to the southeast. High-resolution water column surveys show an active hydrothermal system at the summit of the NW cone largely along a ridge spur connecting the two peaks, with activity also noted at the head of scarps related to sector collapse. Clark is the only known cone volcano along the Kermadec arc to host sulfide mineralization. Volcano-scale gravity and magnetic surveys over Clark show that it is highly magnetized, and that a strong gravity gradient exists between the two edifices. Modeling suggests that a crustal-scale fault lies between these two edifices, with thinner crust beneath the NW cone. Locations of regional earthquake epicenters show a southwest-northeast trend bisecting the two Clark cones, striking northeastward into Tangaroa volcano. Detailed mapping of magnetics above the NW cone summit shows a highly magnetized ring structure 350 m below the summit that is not apparent in the bathymetry; we believe this structure represents the top of a caldera. Oblate zones of low (weak) magnetization caused by hydrothermal fluid upflow, here termed burn holes, form a pattern in the regional magnetization resembling Swiss cheese. Presumably older burn holes occupy the inner margin of the ring structure and show no signs of hydrothermal activity, while younger burn holes are coincident with active venting on the summit. A combination of mineralogy, geochemistry, and seafloor mapping of the NW cone shows that hydrothermal activity today is largely manifest by widespread diffuse venting, with temperatures ranging between 56 degrees and 106 degrees C. Numerous, small ({\textless}= 30 cm high) chimneys populate the summit area, with one site host to the similar to 7-m-tall {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Twin Towers{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} chimneys with maximum vent fluid temperatures of 221 degrees C (pH 4.9), consistent with delta S-34(anhydrite-pyrite) values indicating formation temperatures of similar to 228 degrees to 249 degrees C. Mineralization is dominated by pyrite-marcasite-barite-anhydrite. Radiometric dating using the Ra-228/Ra-226 and Ra-226/Ba methods shows active chimneys to be {\textless}20 with most {\textless}2 years old. However, the chimneys at Clark show evidence for mixing with, and remobilizing of, barite as old as 19,000 years. This is consistent with Nd and Sr isotope compositions of Clark chimney and sulfate crust samples that indicate mixing of similar to 40{\%} seawater with a vent fluid derived from low K lavas. Similarly, REE data show the hydrothermal fluids have interacted with a plagioclase-rich source rock. A holistic approach to the study of the Clark hydrothermal system has revealed a two-stage process whereby a caldera-forming volcanic event preceded a later cone-building event. This ensured a protracted (at least 20 ka yrs) history of hydrothermal activity and associated mineral deposition. If we assume at least 200-m-high walls for the postulated (buried) caldera, then hydrothermal fluids would have exited the seafloor 20 ka years ago at least 550 m deeper than they do today, with fluid discharge temperatures potentially much hotter (similar to 350 degrees C). Subsequent to caldera infilling, relatively porous volcaniclastic and other units making up the cone acted as largescale filters, enabling ascending hydrothermal fluids to boil and mix with seawater subseafloor, effectively removing the metals (including remobilized Cu) in solution before they reached the seafloor. This has implications for estimates for the metal inventory of seafloor hydrothermal systems pertaining to arc hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Walker, S L and Ditchburn, R G and Tontini, F Caratori and Hannington, M D and Merle, S G and Timm, C and Handler, M R and Wysoczanski, R J and Dekov, V M and Kamenov, G D and Baker, E T and Embley, R W and Lupton, J E and Stoffers, P}
}
@article {ISI:000338758400018,
	title = {{THE CASCADIA INITIATIVE A Sea Change In Seismological Studies of Subduction Zones}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {138{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Increasing public awareness that the Cascadia subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest is capable of great earthquakes (magnitude 9 and greater) motivates the Cascadia Initiative, an ambitious onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an amphibious array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes, to volcanic arc structure, to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda Plates. Here, we provide an overview of the Cascadia Initiative, including its primary science objectives, its experimental design and implementation, and a preview of how the resulting data are being used by a diverse and growing scientific community. The Cascadia Initiative also exemplifies how new technology and community-based experiments are opening up frontiers for marine science. The new technology shielded ocean bottom seismometers is allowing more routine investigation of the source zone of megathrust earthquakes, which almost exclusively lies offshore and in shallow water. The Cascadia Initiative offers opportunities and accompanying challenges to a rapidly expanding community of those who use ocean bottom seismic data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Toomey, Douglas R and Allen, Richard M and Barclay, Andrew H and Bell, Samuel W and Bromirski, Peter D and Carlson, Richard L and Chen, Xiaowei and Collins, John A and Dziak, Robert P and Evers, Brent and Forsyth, Donald W and Gerstoft, Peter and Hooft, Emilie E E and Livelybrooks, Dean and Lodewyk, Jessica A and Luther, Douglas S and McGuire, Jeffrey J and Schwartz, Susan Y and Tolstoy, Maya and Trehu, Anne M and Weirathmueller, Michelle and Wilcock, William S D}
}
@article {Clague2014,
	title = {{Eruptive and tectonic history of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, based on AUV mapping data and lava flow ages}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3364{\textendash}3391},
	abstract = {High-resolution bathymetric surveys from autonomous underwater vehicles ABE and D. Allan B. were merged to create a coregistered map of 71.7 km(2) of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Radiocarbon dating of foraminifera in cores from three dives of remotely operated vehicle Doc Ricketts provide minimum eruption ages for 40 lava flows that are combined with the bathymetric data to outline the eruptive and tectonic history. The ages range from Modern to 10,700 marine-calibrated years before present (yr BP). During a robust magmatic phase from {\textgreater}10,700 yr BP to approximate to 4300 yr BP, flows erupted from an axial high and many flowed {\textgreater}5 km down the flanks; some partly buried adjacent valleys. Axial magma chambers (AMCs) may have been wider than today to supply dike intrusions over a 2 km wide axial zone. Summit Seamount formed by approximate to 4770 yr BP and was subsequently dismembered during a period of extension with little volcanism starting approximate to 4300 yr BP. This tectonic phase with only rare volcanic eruptions lasted until approximate to 2300 yr BP and may have resulted in near-solidification of the AMCs. The axial graben formed by crustal extension during this period of low magmatic activity. Infrequent eruptions occurred on the flanks between 2620-1760 yr BP and within the axial graben since approximate to 1750 yr BP. This most recent phase of limited volcanic and intense hydrothermal activity that began approximate to 2300 yr BP defines a hydrothermal phase of ridge development that coincides with the present-day 1 km wide AMCs and overlying hydrothermal vent fields.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005415},
	author = {Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Caress, D W and Gill, J B and Kelley, D S and Thomas, H and Portner, R A and Delaney, J R and Guilderson, T P and McGann, M L}
}
@article {Thal2014,
	title = {{Geologic setting of PACManus hydrothermal area - High resolution mapping and in situ observations}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {355},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {98{\textendash}114},
	abstract = {This study presents a systematic analysis and interpretation of autonomous underwater vehicle-based microbathymetry combined with remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video recordings, rock analyses and temperature measurements within the PACManus hydrothermal area located on Pual Ridge in the Bismarck Sea of eastern Manus Basin. The data obtained during research cruise Magellan-06 and So-216 provides a framework for understanding the relationship between the volcanism, tectonism and hydrothermal activity. PACManus is a submarine felsic vocanically-hosted hydrothermal area that hosts multiple vent fields located within several hundred meters of one another but with different fluid chemistries, vent temperatures and morphologies. The total area of hydrothermal activity is estimated to be 20,279 m(2). The microbathymetry maps combined with the ROV video observations allow for precise high-resolution mapping estimates of the areal extents of hydrothermal activity. We find the distribution of hydrothermal fields in the PACManus area is primarily controlled by volcanic features that include lava domes, thick and massive blocky lava flows, breccias and feeder dykes. Spatial variation in the permeability of local volcanic facies appears to control the distribution of venting within a field. We define a three-stage chronological sequence for the volcanic evolution of the PACManus based on lava flow morphology, sediment cover and lava SiO2 concentration. In Stage-1, sparsely to moderately porphyritic dacite lavas (68-69.8 wt.{\%} SiO2) erupted to form domes or cryptodomes. In Stage-2, aphyric lava with slightly lower SiO2 concentrations (67.2-67.9 wt.{\%} SiO2) formed jumbled and pillowed lava flows. In the most recent phase Stage-3, massive blocky lavas with 69 to 72.5 wt{\%} SiO2 were erupted through multiple vents constructing a volcanic ridge identified as the PACManus neovolcanic zone. The transition between these stages may be gradual and related to progressive heating of a silicic magma following a recharge event of hot, mantle-derived melts.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.05.011},
	author = {Thal, Janis and Tivey, Maurice and Yoerger, Dana and Joens, Niels and Bach, Wolfgang}
}
@article {Tivey2014,
	title = {{High-resolution near-bottom vector magnetic anomalies over Raven Hydrothermal Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {119},
	number = {10},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {7389{\textendash}7403},
	abstract = {High-resolution, near-bottom vector magnetic data were collected by remotely operated vehicle Jason over the Raven hydrothermal vent field (47{\textdegree}57.3'N 129{\textdegree}5.75'W) located north of Main Endeavour vent field on the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The survey was part of a comprehensive heat flow study of the Raven site using innovative thermal blanket technology to map the heat flux and crustal fluid pathways around a solitary hydrothermal vent field. Raven hydrothermal activity is presently located along the western axial valley wall, while additional inactive hydrothermal deposits are found to the NW on the upper rift valley wall. Magnetic inversion results show discrete areas of reduced magnetization associated with both active and inactive hydrothermal vent deposits that also show high conductive heat flow. Higher spatial variability in the heat flow patterns compared to the magnetization is consistent with the heat flow reflecting the currently active but ephemeral thermal environment of fluid flow, while crustal magnetization is representative of the static time-averaged effect of hydrothermal alteration. A general NW to SE trend in reduced magnetization across the Raven area correlates closely with the distribution of hydrothermal deposits and heat flux patterns and suggests that the fluid circulation system at depth is likely controlled by local crustal structure and magma chamber geometry. Magnetic gradient tensor components computed from vector magnetic data improve the resolution of the magnetic anomaly source and indicate that the hydrothermally altered zone directly beneath the Raven site is approximately 15 {\texttimes} 106 m3 in volume.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014JB011223},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P and Salmi, M S and Hutnak, M}
}
@article {ISI:000345820100015,
	title = {{A large volume particulate and water multi-sampler with in situ preservation for microbial and biogeochemical studies}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {195{\textendash}206},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new tool was developed for large volume sampling to facilitate marine microbiology and biogeochemical studies. It was developed for remotely operated vehicle and hydrocast deployments, and allows for rapid collection of multiple sample types from the water column and dynamic, variable environments such as rising hydrothermal plumes. It was used successfully during a cruise to the hydrothermal vent systems of the Mid-Cayman Rise. The Suspended Particulate Rosette V2 large volume multi-sampling system allows for the collection of 14 sample sets per deployment. Each sample set can include filtered material, whole (unfiltered) water, and filtrate. Suspended particulate can be collected on filters up to 142 mm in diameter and pore sizes down to 0.2 mu m. Filtration is typically at flowrates of 2 L min(-1) For particulate material, filtered volume is constrained only by sampling time and filter capacity, with all sample volumes recorded by digital flowmeter. The suspended particulate filter holders can be filled with preservative and sealed immediately after sample collection. Up to 2 L of whole water, filtrate, or a combination of the two, can be collected as part of each sample set. The system is constructed of plastics with titanium fasteners and nickel alloy spring loaded seals. There are no ferrous alloys in the sampling system. Individual sample lines are prefilled with filtered, deionized water prior to deployment and remain sealed unless a sample is actively being collected. This system is intended to facilitate studies concerning the relationship between marine microbiology and ocean biogeochemistry. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2014.08.008},
	author = {Breier, J A and Sheik, C S and Gomez-Ibanez, D and Sayre-McCord, R T and Sanger, R and Rauch, C and Coleman, M and Bennett, S A and Cron, B R and Li, M and German, C R and Toner, B M and Dick, G J}
}
@article {Salmi2014,
	title = {{Quantitative estimate of heat flow from a mid-ocean ridge axial valley, Raven field, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Observations and inferences}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {119},
	number = {9},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {6841{\textendash}6854},
	abstract = {A systematic heat flow survey using thermal blankets within the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge axial valley provides quantitative estimates of the magnitude and distribution of conductive heat flow at a mid-ocean ridge, with the goal of testing current models of hydrothermal circulation present within newly formed oceanic crust. Thermal blankets were deployed covering an area of 700 by 450 m in the Raven Hydrothermal vent field area located 400 m north of the Main Endeavour hydrothermal field. A total of 176 successful blanket deployment sites measured heat flow values that ranged from 0 to 31 W m-2. Approximately 53{\%} of the sites recorded values lower than 100 mW m-2, suggesting large areas of seawater recharge and advective extraction of lithospheric heat. High heat flow values were concentrated around relatively small {\textquotedblleft}hot spots.{\textquotedblright} Integration of heat flow values over the Raven survey area gives an estimate of conductive heat output of 0.3 MW, an average of 0.95 W m-2, over the survey area. Fluid circulation cell dimensions and scaling equations allow calculation of a Rayleigh number of approximately 700 in Layer 2A. The close proximity of high and low heat flow areas, coupled with previous estimates of surficial seafloor permeability, argues for the presence of small-scale hydrothermal fluid circulation cells within the high-porosity uppermost crustal layer of the axial seafloor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014JB011086},
	author = {Salmi, M S and Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A and Hutnak, M}
}
@article {Thresher2014,
	title = {{Strong Depth-Related Zonation of Megabenthos on a Rocky Continental Margin ( similar to 700-4000 m) off Southern Tasmania, Australia: e85872}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.},
	address = {United Kingdom},
	abstract = {Assemblages of megabenthos are structured in seven depth-related zones between {\~{}}700 and 4000 m on the rocky and topographically complex continental margin south of Tasmania, southeastern Australia. These patterns emerge from analysis of imagery and specimen collections taken from a suite of surveys using photographic and in situ sampling by epibenthic sleds, towed video cameras, an autonomous underwater vehicle and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Seamount peaks in shallow zones had relatively low biomass and low diversity assemblages, which may be in part natural and in part due to effects of bottom trawl fishing. Species richness was highest at intermediate depths (1000-1300 m) as a result of an extensive coral reef community based on the bioherm-forming scleractinian Solenosmilia variabilis. However, megabenthos abundance peaked in a deeper, low diversity assemblage at 2000-2500 m. The S. variabilis reef and the deep biomass zone were separated by an extensive dead, sub-fossil S. variabilis reef and a relatively low biomass stratum on volcanic rock roughly coincident with the oxygen minimum layer. Below 2400 m, megabenthos was increasingly sparse, though punctuated by occasional small pockets of relatively high diversity and biomass. Nonetheless, megabenthic organisms were observed in the vast majority of photographs on all seabed habitats and to the maximum depths observed - a sandy plain below 3950 m. Taxonomic studies in progress suggest that the observed depth zonation is based in part on changing species mixes with depth, but also an underlying commonality to much of the seamount and rocky substrate biota across all depths. Although the mechanisms supporting the extraordinarily high biomass in 2000-2500 m depths remains obscure, plausible explanations include equatorwards lateral transport of polar production and/or a response to depth-stratified oxygen availability.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0085872},
	url = {http://norton.whoi.edu/sfx{\_}local?url{\_}ver=Z39.88-2004{\&}rft{\_}val{\_}fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal{\&}genre=article{\&}sid=ProQ:ProQ{\%}253Apqdibs{\&}atitle=Strong+Depth-Related+Zonation+of+Megabenthos+on+a+Rocky+Continental+Margin+{\%}2528+similar+to},
	author = {Thresher, R and Althaus, F and Adkins, J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Alderslade, Phil and Dowdney, Jo and Cho, W and Gagnon, A and Staples, D and McEnnulty, F}
}
@article {ISI:000321177000006,
	title = {{Active positioning of vent larvae at a mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {92},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {46{\textendash}57},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The vertical position of larvae of vent species above a mid-ocean ridge potentially has a strong effect on their dispersal. Larvae may be advected upward in the buoyant vent plume, or move as a consequence of their buoyancy or by active swimming. Alternatively, they may be retained near the bottom by the topography of the axial trough, or by downward swimming. At vents near 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N on the axis of the East Pacific Rise, evidence for active larval positioning was detected in a comparison between field observations of larvae in the plankton in 2006 and 2007 and distributions of non-swimming larvae in a two-dimensional bio-physical model. In the field, few vent larvae were collected at the level of the neutrally buoyant plume (similar to 75 m above the bottom); their relative abundances at that height were much lower than those of simulated larvae from a near-bottom release in the model. This discrepancy was observed for many vent species, particularly gastropods, suggesting that they may actively remain near the bottom by sinking or swimming downward. Near the seafloor, larval abundance decreased from the ridge axis to 1000 m off axis much more strongly in the observations than in the simulations, again pointing to behavior as a potential regulator of larval transport. We suspect that transport off axis was reduced by downward-moving behavior, which positioned larvae into locations where they were isolated from cross-ridge currents by seafloor topography, such as the walls of the axial valley which are not resolved in the model. Cross-ridge gradients in larval abundance varied between gastropods and polychaetes, indicating that behavior may vary between taxonomic groups, and possibly between species. These results suggest that behaviorally mediated retention of vent larvae may be common, even for species that have a long planktonic larval duration and are capable of long-distance dispersal. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.032},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and McGillicuddy Jr., D J and Mills, S W and Kosnyrev, V K and Thurnherr, A M and Ledwell, J R and Lavelle, J W}
}
@article {Tucholke2013,
	title = {{Cemented mounds and hydrothermal sediments on the detachment surface at Kane Megamullion: A new manifestation of hydrothermal venting}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {3352{\textendash}3378},
	abstract = {Long-lived detachment faults are now known to be important in tectonic evolution of slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges, and there is increasing evidence that fluid flow plays a critical role in development of detachment systems. Here we document a new manifestation of low-temperature hydrothermal venting associated with the detachment fault that formed Kane Megamullion \~{}3.3{\textendash}2.1 m.y. ago in the western rift-valley wall of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Hydrothermal effects on the detachment surface include (1) cemented mounds of igneous rock and chalk debris containing hydrothermal Mn oxides and Fe oxyhydroxides, and (2) layered deposits of similar Fe-Mn minerals {\textpm} interbedded chalks. Mounds are roughly conical, \~{}1{\textendash}10 m high, and contain primarily basalts with lesser gabbro, serpentinite, and polymict breccia. The layered Fe-Mn-rich sediments are flat-bedded to contorted and locally are buckled into low-relief linear or polygonal ridges. We propose that the mounds formed where hydrothermal fluids discharged through the detachment hanging wall near the active fault trace. Hydrothermal precipitates cemented hanging-wall debris and welded it to the footwall, and this debris persisted as mounds as the footwall was exhumed and surrounding unconsolidated material sloughed off the sloping detachment surface. Some of the layered Fe-Mn-rich deposits may have precipitated from fluids discharging from the hanging-wall vents, but they also precipitated from low-temperature fluids venting from the exposed footwall through overlying chalks. Observed natural disturbance and abnormally thin hydrogenous Fe-Mn crusts on some contorted, hydrothermal Fe-Mn-rich chalks on \~{}2.7 Ma crust suggest diffuse venting that is geologically recent. Results of this study imply that there are significant fluid pathways through all parts of detachment systems and that low-temperature venting through fractured detachment footwalls may continue for several million years off-axis.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20186},
	author = {Tucholke, B E and Humphris, S E and Dick, H J B}
}
@article {Jacobson2013a,
	title = {{Characterization of 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Rimicaris hybisae, a shrimp from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {449{\textendash}451},
	abstract = {Rimicaris hybisae is a deep-sea alvinocaridid shrimp found at hydrothermal vents along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center. Eleven selectively neutral and unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for this species and two additional loci were found to cross-amplify from a related species. Nine loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Seven loci cross-amplified with Chorocaris sp. 2, an alvinocaridid shrimp found at vents in the Southwestern Pacific. Microsatellite loci developed for R. hybisae are being deployed to study connectivity and genetic variability of populations along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-012-9825-0},
	author = {Jacobson, A and Plouviez, S and Thaler, A D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Jacobson2013,
	title = {{Characterization of 9 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Lamellibrachia sp 2, a tubeworm found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	volume = {5},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1005{\textendash}1007},
	abstract = {Lamellibrachia sp. 2 is a deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm found at hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center and at hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of Barbados. Nine selectively neutral and unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for this species. Eight of these loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.14 to 0.92. Microsatellites developed for Lamellibrachia sp. 2 are being deployed to study connectivity and gene flow among populations of this species.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-013-9955-z},
	author = {Jacobson, A and Plouviez, S and Thaler, A D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Levin2013,
	title = {{Ecological release and niche partitioning under stress:lessons from dorvilleid polychaetes in sulfidic sediments at methane seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {214{\textendash}233},
	abstract = {Organisms inhabiting methane seep sediments are exposed to stress in the form of high levels of hydrogen sulfide, which result mainly from sulfate reduction coupled to anaerobic methane oxidation. Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta) have successfully invaded this ecosystem, and multiple species in divergent genetic clades co-occur at high densities. At methane seeps in the NE Pacific off California and Oregon, the genera Ophryotrocha, Parougia and Exallopus are especially well represented. To test the hypothesis that dorvilleid coexistence is facilitated by niche partitioning through sulfide tolerance and trophic patterns, we examined dorvilleid species-specific patterns of occurrence and nutrition at methane seeps off Eel R. [ER] on the Californian continental slope and at Hydrate Ridge [HR] on the Oregon continental slope, and in two habitats (clam bed and microbial mat) characterized by lower and higher hydrogen sulfide levels, respectively. Microelectrode measurements of hydrogen sulfide enabled characterization of environmental sulfide levels for species sampled in background sediment cores and in colonization trays. Dorvilleids tolerated H2S levels from 10~$μ$M to over 2.6~mM, with the majority of species inhabiting sediments with similar environmental H2S concentrations (median 85{\textendash}100~$μ$M). Dorvilleid species richness was greater at HR than ER, but did not differ between clam bed and microbial mat habitats. Species distribution patterns reflected preferences for ER clam bed (lower sulfide levels), ER mat and HR clam bed (moderate sulfide levels), or HR mat (very high sulfide levels). Nutritional patterns, including trophic diversity and functional similarity, were examined using community stable isotope metrics based on $δ$15N and $δ$13C. Within each region, dorvilleid species exhibited multiple trophic strategies. Co-existing congeners typically exhibited distinct isotope signatures, suggesting trophic partitioning. Trophic diversity and $δ$15N range for whole assemblages (measured by Total Hull Area and Standard Elliptical Area using species averages) and functional redundancy or species packing (measured as distance to nearest neighbor) among species and individuals were generally higher at ER, where sulfide levels were lower than at HR. In contrast, average trophic diversity among individuals within a species was greater at HR than ER. In colonization experiments involving agar-based manipulations of sulfide in tray sediments that mimicked clam bed and mat conditions, dorvilleids comprised 68{\%} and 48{\%} of colonists at ER and HR, respectively. Dorvilleid species richness was higher in trays that were initially more sulfidic. However, habitat exerted stronger influence on the composition of colonizing dorvilleids than did sulfide additions. In the NE Pacific, regional, habitat and vertical (down-core) variation in hydrogen sulfide creates complex environmental heterogeneity at methane seeps, promoting high diversity of stress-tolerant taxa such as dorvilleid polychaetes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000635},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G and Bertics, V J and Washington, T and Gonzalez, J and Thurber, A R and Ebbe, B and Lee, R W}
}
@article {Tontini2013,
	title = {{Geophysical modeling of collapse-prone zones at Rumble III seamount, southern Pacific Ocean, New Zealand}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {4667{\textendash}4680},
	abstract = {Catastrophic collapses of submarine volcanoes have the potential to generate major tsunami, threatening many coastal populations. Recognizing the difficulties surrounding anticipations of these events, quantitative assessment of collapse-prone regions based on detailed morphological, geological, and geophysical mapping can still provide important information about the hazards associated with these collapses. Rumble III is one of the shallowest, and largest, submarine volcanoes found along the Kermadec arc, and is both volcanically and hydrothermally active. Previous surveys have delineated major collapse features at Rumble III; based on time-lapse bathymetry, dramatic changes in the volcano morphology have been shown to have occurred over the interval 2007{\textendash}2009. Furthermore, this volcano is located just \~{}300 km from the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Here, we present a geophysical model for Rumble III that provides the locations and sizes of potential weak regions of this volcano. Shipborne and near-seafloor geological and geophysical data collected by the AUV Sentry are used to determine the subsurface distribution of weak and unstable volcanic rocks. The resulting model provides evidence for potentially unstable areas located in the Southeastern flank of this volcano which should be included in future hazard predictions.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20278},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20278},
	author = {Tontini, F C and de Ronde, C E J and Kinsey, J C and Soule, A and Yoerger, D and Cocchi, L}
}
@article {ISI:000331005900001,
	title = {{Low temperature geomicrobiology follows host rock composition along a geochemical gradient in Lau Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The East Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) comprise a ridge segment in the southwest Pacific Ocean where rapid transitions in the underlying mantle chemistry manifest themselves as gradients in seafloor rock geochemistry. We studied the geology and microbial diversity of three silicate rock samples and three inactive sulfide chimney samples collected, from north to south, at the vent fields Kilo Moana, ABE, Tui Malila, and Mariner. This is the first study of microbial populations on basaltic andesite, which was sampled at Mariner vent field. Silicate rock geochemistry exhibits clear latitudinal trends that are mirrored by changes in bacterial community composition. alpha-proteobacteria, epsilon-proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes are most common on a silicate collected from Kilo Moana and their proportions decrease linearly on silicates collected further south. Conversely, a silicate from Mariner vent field hosts high proportions of a unique lineage of Chloroflexi unrelated ({\textless}90{\%} sequence similarity) to previously recovered environmental clones or isolates, which decrease at ABE and are absent at Kilo Moana. The exteriors of inactive sulfide structures are dominated by lineages of sulfur oxidizing alpha-proteobacteria, gamma-proteobacteria, and epsilon-proteobacteria, while the interior of one chimney is dominated by putative sulfur-reducing delta-proteobacteria. A comparison of bacterial communities on inactive sulfides from this and previous studies reveals the presence of a clade of uncultured Bacteroidetes exclusive to sulfidic environments, and a high degree of heterogeneity in bacterial community composition from one sulfide structure to another. In light of the heterogeneous nature of bacterial communities observed here and in previous studies of both active and inactive hydrothermal sulfide structures, the presence of numerous niches may be detected on these structures in the future by finer scale sampling and analysis.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00061},
	author = {Sylvan, Jason B and Sia, Tiffany Y and Haddad, Amanda G and Briscoe, Lindsey J and Toner, Brandy M and Girguis, Peter R and Edwards, Katrina J}
}
@article {ISI:000323828800015,
	title = {{A low-relief shield volcano origin for the South Kaua{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}i Swell}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {2328{\textendash}2348},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The South Kauai Swell (SKS) is a 110 km x 80 km ovoid bathymetric feature that stands {\textgreater}2 km high and abuts the southern flank of the island of Kauai. The origin of the SKS was investigated using multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter, gravity data, radiometric ages, and geochemistry of rock samples. Most of the SKS rock samples are tholeiitic in composition with ages of 3.9-5.4 Ma indicating they were derived from shield volcanism. The ages and compositions of the SKS rocks partially overlap with those of the nearby Niihau, Kauai and West Kaena volcano complexes. The SKS was originally described as a landslide; however, this interpretation is problematic given the ovoid shape of SKS, its relatively smooth, flat-to-convex surface, and the lack of an obvious source region that could accommodate what would be one of Earth{\textquoteright}s most voluminous (6 x 10(3) km(3)) landslides. The morphology, size, and the surrounding gravity anomaly are more consistent with the SKS being a low-relief shield volcano, which was partially covered with a small volume of landside debris from south Kauai and later with some secondary volcanic seamounts. A shield origin would imply that Hawaiian and possibly other hotspot shield volcanoes can take on a wider variety of forms than is commonly thought, ranging from tall island-building shields, to smaller edifices such as Kaena Ridge and Mahukona, to even lower-relief volcanoes represented by the SKS and possibly the South West Oahu Volcanic Field.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20159},
	author = {Ito, Garrett and Garcia, Michael O and Smith, John R and Taylor, Brian and Flinders, Ashton and Jicha, Brian and Yamasaki, Seiko and Weis, Dominique and Swinnard, Lisa and Blay, Chuck}
}
@article {Joseph2013,
	title = {{Methane-derived authigenic carbonates from modern and paleoseeps on the Cascadia margin: Mechanisms of formation and diagenetic signals}},
	journal = {Tracing Phanerozoic hydrocarbon seepage from local basins to the global Earth system},
	volume = {390},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {52{\textendash}67},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate precipitation occurs within marine sediments where sulfate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation occurs. Geochemical and isotopic analyses of authigenic carbonates are commonly used as indicators of carbon sources and environmental conditions present during carbonate formation, but burial diagenesis and recrystallization can overprint these signals. Plane polarized light (PPL) and cathodoluminescent (CL) petrography allows for detailed characterization of carbonate phases and their subsequent alteration. Petrographic, isotopic, and geochemical characteristics of modern offshore authigenic carbonates from central and northern Cascadia are compared with Oligocene{\textendash}Pliocene fossil seep carbonates uplifted on the Olympic Peninsula. Coupled analyses show the value and complexity of separating primary vs. secondary signals with relevance to understanding fluid-burial history in methane seep provinces on tectonically active convergent margins. The modern, offshore, near-seafloor diagenetic environment (S. Hydrate Ridge and Barkley Canyon) is dominated by acicular and microcrystalline aragonite and high-Mg calcite (HMC, {\textgreater}~12~mol {\%} Mg). PPL and CL data illustrate that aragonite and HMC phases recrystallize to intermediate-Mg calcite (IMC, 5{\textendash}12~mol{\%} Mg) during burial and diagenesis and eventually to low-Mg calcite (LMC, 18O attributable to elevated fluid temperatures during recrystallization.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.01.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018213000333},
	author = {Joseph, C and Campbell, K A and Torres, M E and Martin, R A and Pohlman, J W and Riedel, M and Rose, K}
}
@article {ISI:000331366700001,
	title = {{Microbial habitat connec ivity across spatial scales and hydrothermal temperature gradients at Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) hydrothermal vent area is known as a dynamic and hydrothermally vented sedimentary system, where the advection and production of a variety of different metabolic substrates support a high microbial diversity and activity in the seafloor. The main objective of our study was to explore the role of temperature and other environmental factors on community diversity, such as the presence of microbial mats and seafloor bathymetry within one hydrothermally vented field of 200 x 250 m dimension. In this field, temperature increased strongly with sediment depth reaching the known limit of life within a few decimeters. Potential sulfate reduction rate as a key community activity parameter was strongly affected by in situ temperature and sediment depth, declining from high rates of 1-5 jimol m1-1 d-1 at the surface to the detection limit below 5 cm sediment depth, despite the presence of sulfate and hydrocarbons. Automated Ribosomal lntergenic Spacer Analysis yielded a high-resolution fingerprint of the dominant members of the bacterial community. Our analyses showed strong temperature and sediment depth effects on bacterial cell abundance and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) number, both declining by more than one order of magnitude below the top 5 cm of the sediment surface. Another fraction of the variation in diversity and community structure was explained by differences in the local bathymetry and spatial position within the vent field. Nevertheless, more than 80{\%} of all detected OTUs were shared among the different temperature realms and sediment depths, after being classified as cold (T {\textless} 10 C), medium (10 C {\textless} T {\textless} 40 C) or hot (T {\textgreater} 40 C) temperature conditions, with significant OTU overlap with the richer surface communities. Overall, this indicates a high connectivity of benthic bacterial habitats in this dynamic and heterogeneous marine ecosystem influenced by strong hydrothermalism.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00207},
	author = {Meyer, Stefanie and Wegener, Gunter and Lloyd, Karen G and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Ramette, Alban}
}
@article {Hansen2013,
	title = {{Mylonitic deformation at the Kane oceanic core complex: Implications for the rheological behavior of oceanic detachment faults}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {3085{\textendash}3108},
	abstract = {The depth extent, strength, and composition of oceanic detachment faults remain poorly understood because the grade of deformation-related fabrics varies widely among sampled oceanic core complexes (OCCs). We address this issue by analyzing fault rocks collected from the Kane oceanic core complex at 23{\textdegree}30'N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A portion of the sample suite was collected from a younger fault scarp that cuts the detachment surface and exposes the interior of the most prominent dome. The style of deformation was assessed as a function of proximity to the detachment surface, revealing a \~{}450 m thick zone of high-temperature mylonitization overprinted by a \~{}200 m thick zone of brittle deformation. Geothermometry of deformed gabbros demonstrates that crystal-plastic deformation occurred at temperatures {\textgreater}700{\textdegree}C. Analysis of the morphology of the complex in conjunction with recent thermochronology suggests that deformation initiated at depths of \~{}7 km. Thus we suggest the detachment system extended into or below the brittle-plastic transition (BPT). Microstructural evidence suggests that gabbros and peridotites with high-temperature fabrics were dominantly deforming by dislocation-accommodated processes and diffusion creep. Recrystallized grain size piezometry yields differential stresses consistent with those predicted by dry-plagioclase flow laws. The temperature and stress at the BPT determined from laboratory-derived constitutive models agree well with the lowest temperatures and highest stresses estimated from gabbro mylonites. We suggest that the variation in abundance of mylonites among oceanic core complexes can be explained by variation in the depth of the BPT, which depends to a first order on the thermal structure and water content of newly forming oceanic lithosphere.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20184},
	author = {Hansen, L N and Cheadle, M J and John, B E and Swapp, S M and Dick, H J B and Tucholke, B E and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe2013,
	title = {{Population ecology of the tonguefish Symphurus thermophilus (Pisces; Pleuronectiformes; Cynoglossidae) at sulphur-rich hydrothermal vents on volcanoes of the northern Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {172{\textendash}182},
	abstract = {Flatfish are a major component of the hydrothermal vent community on three seamounts of the northern Mariana Volcanic Arc in the northwest Pacific. Nikko, Kasuga-2 and Daikoku seamounts host vent fields between 375 and 480~m depth where high temperature vents release molten sulphur. The small cynoglossid tonguefish, Symphurus thermophilus Munroe and Hashimoto, is ubiquitous in all vent habitats observed on these seamounts: among extensive fields of tubeworms and mussels and on solid sulphur surfaces on Nikko; on sulphur-rich sediments and barnacle-covered boulders on Kasuga-2; and on recent sulphur flows and on broad areas of loose and semi-consolidated sediments on Daikoku. We recorded repeated forays by individuals onto flows of molten sulphur as these surfaces cooled. Based on observations using ROVs, the mean density is 90~fish/m2 with maximum counts over 200~fish/m2 on Daikoku sediments. Compared to collected tonguefish from Daikoku and Kasuga-2, those from Nikko have significantly greater lengths and, on average, six times the mass. Otolith data indicate upper ages of 13 years with Nikko tonguefish growing significantly faster. Diets of tonguefish on the three seamounts reflect the different habitats and prey availability; in Daikoku specimens, small crustaceans and polychaetes are most common while on Nikko, gut contents are predominantly larger shrimp. We made the unusual observation of stunned midwater fish falling to the seafloor near the vents where S. thermophilus immediately attacked them. This tonguefish has a wide diet range and foraging behaviour that likely influence the differing growth rates and sizes of fish inhabiting the different vent sites. Limited genetic data suggest that larval exchange probably occurs among sites where the common habitat factor is high levels of elemental sulphur forming hard and partly unconsolidated substrata. Here, in the northern range of the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument, S. thermophilus, despite having an unusually broad habitat association, may be restricted in its overall range to this region of isolated volcanoes with active hydrothermalism.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.01.026},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000465},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Tyler, J and Dower, J F}
}
@article {ISI:000324619100004,
	title = {{Rare earth element geochemistry in cold-seep pore waters of Hydrate Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {GEO-MARINE LETTERS},
	volume = {33},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {369{\textendash}379},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), sulphate, hydrogen sulphide, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium and phosphate were measured in shallow ({\textless} 12 cm below seafloor) pore waters from cold-seep sediments on the northern and southern summits of Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon. Downward-decreasing sulphate and coevally increasing sulphide concentrations reveal sulphate reduction as dominant early diagenetic process from similar to 2 cm depth downwards. A strong increase of total dissolved REE (aREE) concentrations is evident immediately below the sediment-water interface, which can be related to early diagenetic release of REEs into pore water resulting from the re-mineralization of particulate organic matter. The highest pore water aREE concentrations were measured close to the sediment-water interface at similar to 2 cm depth. Distinct shale-normalized REE patterns point to particulate organic matter and iron oxides as main REE sources in the upper similar to 2-cm depth interval. In general, the pore waters have shale-normalized patterns reflecting heavy REE (HREE) enrichment, which suggests preferential complexation of HREEs with carbonate ions. Below similar to 2 cm depth, a downward decrease in aREE correlates with a decrease in pore water calcium concentrations. At this depth, the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulphate reduction increases carbonate alkalinity through the production of bicarbonate, which results in the precipitation of carbonate minerals. It seems therefore likely that the REEs and calcium are consumed during vast AOM-induced precipitation of carbonate in shallow Hydrate Ridge sediments. The analysis of pore waters from Hydrate Ridge shed new light on early diagenetic processes at cold seeps, corroborating the great potential of REEs to identify geochemical processes and to constrain environmental conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s00367-013-0334-2},
	author = {Himmler, Tobias and Haley, Brian A and Torres, Marta E and Klinkhammer, Gary P and Bohrmann, Gerhard and Peckmann, Joern}
}
@article {Jamieson2013,
	title = {{Sulfide geochronology along the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2084{\textendash}2099},
	abstract = {Forty-nine hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate rock samples from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeastern Pacific Ocean, were dated by measuring the decay of 226Ra (half-life of 1600 years) in hydrothermal barite to provide a history of hydrothermal venting at the site over the past 6000 years. This dating method is effective for samples ranging in age from \~{}200 to 20,000 years old and effectively bridges an age gap between shorter- and longer-lived U-series dating techniques for hydrothermal deposits. Results show that hydrothermal venting at the active High Rise, Sasquatch, and Main Endeavour fields began at least 850, 1450, and 2300 years ago, respectively. Barite ages of other inactive deposits on the axial valley floor are between \~{}1200 and \~{}2200 years old, indicating past widespread hydrothermal venting outside of the currently active vent fields. Samples from the half-graben on the eastern slope of the axial valley range in age from \~{}1700 to \~{}2925 years, and a single sample from outside the axial valley, near the westernmost valley fault scarp is \~{}5850 {\textpm} 205 years old. The spatial relationship between hydrothermal venting and normal faulting suggests a temporal relationship, with progressive younging of sulfide deposits from the edges of the axial valley toward the center of the rift. These relationships are consistent with the inward migration of normal faulting toward the center of the valley over time and a minimum age of onset of hydrothermal activity in this region of 5850 years.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20133},
	author = {Jamieson, J W and Hannington, M D and Clague, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Holden, J F and Tivey, M K and Kimpe, L E}
}
@article {ISI:000326614000008,
	title = {{Sulfide oxidation, nitrate respiration, carbon acquisition, and electron transport pathways suggested by the draft genome of a single orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa (Cand. Maribeggiatoa) sp filament}},
	journal = {MARINE GENOMICS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {53{\textendash}65},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A near-complete draft genome has been obtained for a single vacuolated orange Beggiatoa (Cand. Maribeggiatoa) filament from a Guaymas Basin seafloor microbial mat, the third relatively complete sequence for the Beggiatoaceae. Possible pathways for sulfide oxidation; nitrate respiration; inorganic carbon fixation by both Type II RuBisCO and the reductive tricarboxylic add cycle; acetate and possibly formate uptake; and energy-generating electron transport via both oxidative phosphorylation and the Rnf complex are discussed here. A role in nitrite reduction is suggested for an abundant orange cytochrome produced by the Guaymas strain; this has a possible homolog in Beggiatoa (Cand. Isobeggiatoa) sp. PS, isolated from marine harbor sediment, but not Beggiatoa alba B18LD, isolated from a freshwater rice field ditch. Inferred phylogenies for the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and the reductive (rTCA) and oxidative (TCA) tricarboxylic acid cycles suggest that genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase and enzymes for carboxylation and/or decarboxylation steps (including RuBisCO) may have been introduced to (or exported from) one or more of the three genomes by horizontal transfer, sometimes by different routes. Sequences from the two marine strains are generally more similar to each other than to sequences from the freshwater strain, except in the case of RuBisCO: only the Guaymas strain encodes a Type H enzyme, which (where studied) discriminates less against oxygen than do Type I RuBisCOs. Genes subject to horizontal transfer may represent key steps for adaptation to factors such as oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration, organic carbon availability, and environmental variability. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1874-7787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margen2013.08.001},
	author = {MacGregor, Barbara J and Biddle, Jennifer F and Harbort, Christopher and Matthysse, Ann G and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Deschamps2013,
	title = {{Waning magmatic activity along the Southern Explorer Ridge revealed through fault restoration of rift topography}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1609{\textendash}1625},
	abstract = {We combine high-resolution bathymetry acquired using the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ABE with digital seafloor imagery collected using the remotely operated vehicle ROPOS across the axial valley of the Southern Explorer Ridge (SER) to infer the recent volcanic and tectonic processes. The SER is an intermediate spreading ridge located in the northeast Pacific. It hosts the Magic Mountain hydrothermal vent. We reconstruct the unfaulted seafloor terrain at SER based on calculations of the vertical displacement field and fault parameters. The vertical changes between the initial and the restored topographies reflect the integrated effects of volcanism and tectonism on relief-forming processes over the last 11,000{\textendash}14,000 years. The restored topography indicates that the axial morphology evolved from a smooth constructional dome {\textgreater}500 m in diameter, to a fault-bounded graben, {\~{}}500 m wide and 30{\textendash}70 m deep. This evolution has been accompanied by changes in eruptive rate, with deposition of voluminous lobate and sheet flows when the SER had a domed morphology, and limited-extent low-effusion rate pillow eruptions during graben development. Most of the faults shaping the present axial valley postdate the construction of the dome. Our study supports a model of cyclic volcanism at the SER with periods of effusive eruptions flooding the axial rift, centered on the broad plateau at the summit of the ridge, followed by a decrease in eruptive activity and a subsequent dominance of tectonic processes, with minor low-effusion rate eruptions confined to the axial graben. The asymmetric shape of the axial graben supports an increasing role of extensional processes, with a component of simple shear in the spreading processes.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20110},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20110},
	author = {Deschamps, A and Tivey, M A and Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W}
}
@article {ISI:000314891500014,
	title = {{Why Orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa spp. Are Orange: Single-Filament-Genome-Enabled Identification of an Abundant Octaheme Cytochrome with Hydroxylamine Oxidase, Hydrazine Oxidase, and Nitrite Reductase Activities}},
	journal = {APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {79},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {1183{\textendash}1190},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Orange, white, and yellow vacuolated Beggiatoaceae filaments are visually dominant members of microbial mats found near sea floor hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, with orange filaments typically concentrated toward the mat centers. No marine vacuolate Beggiatoaceae are yet in pure culture, but evidence to date suggests they are nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. The nearly complete genome sequence of a single orange Beggiatoa ({\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}Candidatus Maribeggiatoa{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) filament from a microbial mat sample collected in 2008 at a hydrothermal site in Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California, Mexico) was recently obtained. From this sequence, the gene encoding an abundant soluble orange-pigmented protein in Guaymas Basin mat samples (collected in 2009) was identified by microcapillary reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) nano-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (mu LC-MS-MS) of a pigmented band excised from a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The predicted protein sequence is related to a large group of octaheme cytochromes whose few characterized representatives are hydroxylamine or hydrazine oxidases. The protein was partially purified and shown by in vitro assays to have hydroxylamine oxidase, hydrazine oxidase, and nitrite reductase activities. From what is known of Beggiatoaceae physiology, nitrite reduction is the most likely in vivo role of the octaheme protein, but future experiments are required to confirm this tentative conclusion. Thus, while present-day genomic and proteomic techniques have allowed precise identification of an abundant mat protein, and its potential activities could be assayed, proof of its physiological role remains elusive in the absence of a pure culture that can be genetically manipulated.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.02538-12},
	author = {MacGregor, Barbara J and Biddle, Jennifer F and Siebert, Jason R and Staunton, Eric and Hegg, Eric L and Matthysse, Ann G and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Thornhill2012,
	title = {{Adaptive radiation in extremophilic Dorvilleidae (Annelida): diversification of a single colonizer or multiple independent lineages?}},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	volume = {2},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1958{\textendash}1970},
	abstract = {Metazoan inhabitants of extreme environments typically evolved from forms found in less extreme habitats. Understanding the prevalence with which animals move into and ultimately thrive in extreme environments is critical to elucidating how complex life adapts to extreme conditions. Methane seep sediments along the Oregon and California margins have low oxygen and very high hydrogen sulfide levels, rendering them inhospitable to many life forms. Nonetheless, several closely related lineages of dorvilleid annelids, including members of Ophryotrocha, Parougia, and Exallopus, thrive at these sites in association with bacterial mats and vesicomyid clam beds. These organisms are ideal for examining adaptive radiations in extreme environments. Did dorvilleid annelids invade these extreme environments once and then diversify? Alternatively, did multiple independent lineages adapt to seep conditions? To address these questions, we examined the evolutionary history of methane-seep dorvilleids using 16S and Cyt b genes in an ecological context. Our results indicate that dorvilleids invaded these extreme habitats at least four times, implying preadaptation to life at seeps. Additionally, we recovered considerably more dorvilleid diversity than is currently recognized. A total of 3 major clades (designated {\textquotedblleft} Ophryotrocha,{\textquotedblright} {\textquotedblleft}Mixed Genera{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft} Parougia{\textquotedblright}) and 12 terminal lineages or species were encountered. Two of these lineages represented a known species, Parougia oregonensis, whereas the remaining 10 lineages were newly discovered species. Certain lineages exhibited affinity to geography, habitat, sediment depth, and/or diet, suggesting that dorvilleids at methane seeps radiated via specialization and resource partitioning.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.314},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.314},
	author = {Thornhill, D J and Struck, T H and Ebbe, B and Lee, R W and Mendoza, G F and Levin, L A and Halanych, K M}
}
@article {ISI:000302950700011,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of methane at different temperature regimes in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1018{\textendash}1031},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) was investigated in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin based on delta C-13 signatures of CH4, dissolved inorganic carbon and porewater concentration profiles of CH4 and sulfate. Cool, warm and hot in-situ temperature regimes (15-20 degrees C, 30-35 degrees C and 70-95 degrees C) were selected from hydrothermal locations in Guaymas Basin to compare AOM geochemistry and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), mcrA and dsrAB genes of the microbial communities. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the cool and hot AOM cores yielded similar archaeal types such as Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group, Thermoproteales and anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME)-1; some of the ANME-1 archaea formed a separate 16S rRNA lineage that at present seems to be limited to Guaymas Basin. Congruent results were obtained by mcrA gene analysis. The warm AOM core, chemically distinct by lower porewater sulfide concentrations, hosted a different archaeal community dominated by the two deep subsurface archaeal lineages Marine Benthic Group D and Marine Benthic Group B, and by members of the Methanosarcinales including ANME-2 archaea. This distinct composition of the methane-cycling archaeal community in the warm AOM core was confirmed by mcrA gene analysis. Functional genes of sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea, dsrAB, showed more overlap between all cores, regardless of the core temperature. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries with Euryarchaeota-specific primers detected members of the Archaeoglobus clade in the cool and hot cores. A V6-tag high-throughput sequencing survey generally supported the clone library results while providing high-resolution detail on archaeal and bacterial community structure. These results indicate that AOM and the responsible archaeal communities persist over a wide temperature range. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 1018-1031; doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.164; published online 17 November 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.164},
	author = {Biddle, Jennifer F and Cardman, Zena and Mendlovitz, Howard and Albert, Daniel B and Lloyd, Karen G and Boetius, Antje and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Thurber2012,
	title = {{Archaea in metazoan diets: implications for food webs and biogeochemical cycling}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {6},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1602{\textendash}1612},
	publisher = {International Society for Microbial Ecology},
	abstract = {Although the importance of trophic linkages, including {\textquoteleft}top-down forcing{\textquoteright}, on energy flow and ecosystem productivity is recognized, the influence of metazoan grazing on Archaea and the biogeochemical processes that they mediate is unknown. Here, we test if: (1) Archaea provide a food source sufficient to allow metazoan fauna to complete their life cycle; (2) neutral lipid biomarkers (including crocetane) can be used to identify Archaea consumers; and (3) archaeal aggregates are a dietary source for methane seep metazoans. In the laboratory, we demonstrated that a dorvilleid polychaete, Ophryotrocha labronica, can complete its life cycle on two strains of Euryarchaeota with the same growth rate as when fed bacterial and eukaryotic food. Archaea were therefore confirmed as a digestible and nutritious food source sufficient to sustain metazoan populations. Both strains of Euryarchaeota used as food sources had unique lipids that were not incorporated into O. labronica tissues. At methane seeps, sulfate-reducing bacteria that form aggregations and live syntrophically with anaerobic-methane oxidizing Archaea contain isotopically and structurally unique fatty acids (FAs). These biomarkers were incorporated into tissues of an endolithofaunal dorvilleid polychaete species from Costa Rica (mean bulk $δ$13C=-92{\textpm}4{\textperthousand}; polar lipids -116{\textperthousand}) documenting consumption of archaeal-bacterial aggregates. FA composition of additional soft-sediment methane seep species from Oregon and California provided evidence that consumption of archaeal-bacterial aggregates is widespread at methane seeps. This work is the first to show that Archaea are consumed by heterotrophic metazoans, a trophic process we coin as {\textquoteleft}archivory{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2012.16},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v6/n8/suppinfo/ismej201216s1.html},
	author = {Thurber, A R and Levin, L A and Orphan, V J and Marlow, J J}
}
@article {Thaler2012,
	title = {{Ascomycete phylotypes recovered from a Gulf of Mexico methane seep are identical to an uncultured deep-sea fungal clade from the Pacific}},
	journal = {Fungal Ecology},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {270{\textendash}273},
	abstract = {Deep-sea endemic fungi are one component of an under-sampled invisible biosphere whose contribution to benthic ecosystems is not yet understood. In the last decade, molecular techniques have facilitated the discovery of several new deep-sea fungal groups, especially in habitats such as hydrothermal vents and methane seeps. We assessed fungal diversity at a methane seep in the Gulf of Mexico by sequencing partial ITS and LSU gene regions from environmental DNA recovered from microoxic and anoxic sediment. While most phylotypes were closely allied with common fungal species, the dominant phylotype did not match any known terrestrial species and aligned with an uncultured deep-sea fungus found in oxygen-depleted sediment at multiple sites in the Pacific Ocean. Despite its apparently broad distribution and frequent occurrence in oxygen-depleted sediment, the ecological role of this phylotype is not yet known. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1754-5048},
	doi = {10.1016/j.funeco.2011.07.002},
	author = {Thaler, A D and Van Dover, C L and Vilgalys, R}
}
@article {Bernardino2012,
	title = {{Comparative Composition, Diversity and Trophic Ecology of Sediment Macrofauna at Vents, Seeps and Organic Falls}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {e33515},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	abstract = {Sediments associated with hydrothermal venting, methane seepage and large organic falls such as whale, wood and plant detritus create deep-sea networks of soft-sediment habitats fueled, at least in part, by the oxidation of reduced chemicals. Biological studies at deep-sea vents, seeps and organic falls have looked at macrofaunal taxa, but there has yet to be a systematic comparison of the community-level attributes of sediment macrobenthos in various reducing ecosystems. Here we review key similarities and differences in the sediment-dwelling assemblages of each system with the goals of (1) generating a predictive framework for the exploration and study of newly identified reducing habitats, and (2) identifying taxa and communities that overlap across ecosystems. We show that deep-sea seep, vent and organic-fall sediments are highly heterogeneous. They sustain different geochemical and microbial processes that are reflected in a complex mosaic of habitats inhabited by a mixture of specialist (heterotrophic and symbiont-associated) and background fauna. Community-level comparisons reveal that vent, seep and organic-fall macrofauna are very distinct in terms of composition at the family level, although they share many dominant taxa among these highly sulphidic habitats. Stress gradients are good predictors of macrofaunal diversity at some sites, but habitat heterogeneity and facilitation often modify community structure. The biogeochemical differences across ecosystems and within habitats result in wide differences in organic utilization (i.e., food sources) and in the prevalence of chemosynthesis-derived nutrition. In the Pacific, vents, seeps and organic-falls exhibit distinct macrofaunal assemblages at broad-scales contributing to {\~A}{\"Y} diversity. This has important implications for the conservation of reducing ecosystems, which face growing threats from human activities.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0033515},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033515},
	author = {Bernardino, A F and Levin, L A and Thurber, A R and Smith, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600378,
	title = {{Denitrification and environmental factors influencing nitrate removal in Guaymas Basin hydrothermally altered sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We measured potential nitrate removal and denitrification rates in hydrothermally altered sediments inhabited by Beggiatoa mats and adjacent brown oil stained sediments from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Sediments with Beggiatoa maintained slightly higher rates of potential denitrification than did brown sediments at 31.2 +/- 12.1 versus 21.9 +/- 1.4 mu M N day-1, respectively. In contrast, the nitrate removal rates in brown sediments were higher than those observed in mat-hosting sediments at 418 +/- 145 versus 174 +/- 74 mu M N day-1, respectively. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the responses of denitrifying communities to environmental factors {\{}[{\}}i.e., nitrate, sulfide, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration)]. The denitrifying community had a high affinity for nitrate (Km = 137 +/- 91 mu M N day-1), in comparison to other environmental communities of denitrifiers, and was capable of high maximum rates of denitrification (Vmax = 1164 +/- 153 mu M N day-1). The presence of sulfide resulted in significantly lower denitrification rates. Microorganisms with the potential to perform denitrification were assessed in these sediments using the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) functional gene libraries. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library was dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (38{\%}), some of which (e.g., Sulfurimonas sp.) have a potential for sulfide-dependent denitrification. The nosZ clone library did not contain clones similar to pure culture denitrifiers; these clones were most closely associated with environmental clones.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00377},
	author = {Bowles, Marshall W and Nigro, Lisa M and Teske, Andreas P and Joye, Samantha B}
}
@article {Fornari2012,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise Between 9 degrees N and 10 degrees N: Twenty-Five Years of Integrated, Multidisciplinary Oceanic Spreading Center Studies}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {18{\textendash}43},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {The East Pacific Rise from {\~{}}~9{\textendash}10{\textdegree}N is an archetype for a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. In particular, the segment near 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N has been the focus of multidisciplinary research for over two decades, making it one of the best-studied areas of the global ridge system. It is also one of only two sites along the global ridge where two historical volcanic eruptions have been observed. This volcanically active segment has thus offered unparalleled opportunities to investigate a range of complex interactions among magmatic, volcanic, hydrothermal, and biological processes associated with crustal accretion over a full magmatic cycle. At this 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N site, comprehensive physical oceanographic measurements and modeling have also shed light on linkages between hydrodynamic transport of larvae and other materials and biological dynamics influenced by magmatic processes. Integrated results of high-resolution mapping, and both in~situ and laboratory-based geophysical, oceanographic, geochemical, and biological observations and sampling, reveal how magmatic events perturb the hydrothermal system and the biological communities it hosts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.02},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Bryce, Julia G and Cowen, J P and Ferrini, Vicki and Fundis, A and Lilley, M D and Luther, G W and Mullineaux, L S and Perfit, M R and Meana-Prado, M F and Rubin, K H and Seyfried, W E and Shank, T M and Soule, S A and Tolstoy, M and White, S M}
}
@article {Connelly2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world{\textquoteright}s deepest seafloor spreading centre}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {620},
	abstract = {The Mid-Cayman spreading centre is an ultraslow-spreading ridge in the Caribbean Sea. Its extreme depth and geographic isolation from other mid-ocean ridges offer insights into the effects of pressure on hydrothermal venting, and the biogeography of vent fauna. Here we report the discovery of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre. The Von Damm Vent Field is located on the upper slopes of an oceanic core complex at a depth of 2,300 m. High-temperature venting in this off-axis setting suggests that the global incidence of vent fields may be underestimated. At a depth of 4,960 m on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre axis, the Beebe Vent Field emits copper-enriched fluids and a buoyant plume that rises 1,100 m, consistent with {\textgreater}400 degrees C venting from the world{\textquoteright}s deepest known hydrothermal system. At both sites, a new morphospecies of alvinocaridid shrimp dominates faunal assemblages, which exhibit similarities to those of Mid-Atlantic vents.},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms1636},
	author = {Connelly, D P and Copley, J T and Murton, B J and Stansfield, K and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Van Dover, C L and Amon, D and Furlong, M and Grindlay, N and Hayman, N and Huehnerbach, V and Judge, M and Le Bas, Tim and McPhail, S and Meier, A and Nakamura, K I and Nye, Verity and Pebody, M and Pedersen, R B and Plouviez, S and Sands, Carla and Searle, R C and Stevenson, P and Taws, Sarah and Wilcox, S}
}
@article {Tivey2012,
	title = {{Links from Mantle to Microbe at the Lau Integrated Study Site:Insights from a Back-Arc Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {62{\textendash}77},
	abstract = {The Lau Integrated Study Site (ISS) has provided unique opportunities for study of ridge processes because of its back-arc setting in the southwestern Pacific. Its location allows study of a biogeographical province distinct from those of eastern Pacific and mid-Atlantic ridges, and crustal compositions along the ridge lie outside the range of mid-ocean ridge crustal compositions. The Lau ISS is located above a subduction zone, at an oblique angle. The underlying mantle receives water and other elements derived from the downgoing lithospheric slab, with an increase in slab influence from north to south. Water lowers the mantle melting temperature and leads to greater melt production where the water flux is greater, and to distinctive regional-scale gradients along the ridge. There are deeper faulted axial valleys with basaltic volcanism in the north and inflated axial highs with andesites in the south. Differences in igneous rock composition and release of magmatic volatiles affect compositions of vent fluids and deposits. Differences in vent fluid compositions and small-scale diffuse-flow regimes correlate with regional-scale patterns in microbial and megafaunal distributions. The interdisciplinary research effort at the Lau ISS has successfully identified linkages between subsurface processes and deep-sea biological communities, from mantle to microbe to megafauna.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.04},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Becker, E and Beinart, R and Fisher, C R and Girguis, P R and Langmuir, C H and Michael, P J and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600280,
	title = {{Microbial communities at the borehole observatory on the Costa Rica Rift flank (Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A)}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The microbiology of subsurface, hydrothermally influenced basaltic crust flanking midocean ridges has remained understudied, due to the difficulty in accessing the subsurface environment. The instrumented boreholes resulting from scientific ocean drilling offer access to samples of the formation fluids circulating through oceanic crust. We analyzed the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities of fluid and microbial mat samples collected in situ from the observatory at Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A, drilled into similar to 6.5 million-year-old basaltic crust on the flank of the Costa Rica Rift in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences recovered from borehole fluid and from a microbial mat coating the outer surface of the fluid port revealed both unique and shared phylotypes. The dominant bacterial clones from both samples were related to the autotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing genus Thiomicrospira. Both samples yielded diverse gamma- and alphaproteobacterial phylotypes, as well as members of the Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia. Analysis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) genes (cbbL and cbbM) from the sampling port mat and from the borehole fluid demonstrated autotrophic carbon assimilation potential for in situ microbial communities; most cbbL genes were related to those of the sulfur-oxidizing genera Thioalkalivibrio and Thiomicrospira, and cbbM genes were affiliated with uncultured phylotypes from hydrothermal vent plumes and marine sediments. Several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes from the 896A observatory grouped with phylotypes recovered from seawater-exposed basalts and sulfide deposits at inactive hydrothermal vents, but there is little overlap with hydrothermally influenced basaltic boreholes 1026B and U1301A on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank, suggesting that site-specific characteristics of Hole 896A (i.e., seawater mixing into borehole fluids) affect the microbial community composition.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00232},
	author = {Nigro, Lisa M and Harris, Kate and Orcutt, Beth N and Hyde, Andrew and Clayton-Luce, Samuel and Becker, Keir and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {ISI:000301945500007,
	title = {{Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {766{\textendash}776},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of the endosymbionts coupled with an in situ characterization of the geochemical environment was performed to investigate their roles and expression profiles in the two respective hosts. The metagenomes indicated that the endosymbionts are genotypically highly homogeneous. Gene sequences coding for enzymes of selected key metabolic functions were found to be 99.9{\%} identical. On the proteomic level, the symbionts showed very consistent metabolic profiles, despite distinctly different geochemical conditions at the plume level of the respective hosts. Only a few minor variations were observed in the expression of symbiont enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, carbon fixation and in the response to oxidative stress. Although these changes correspond to the prevailing environmental situation experienced by each host, our data strongly suggest that the two tubeworm species are able to effectively attenuate differences in habitat conditions, and thus to provide their symbionts with similar micro-environments. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 766-776; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.137; published online 20 October 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.137},
	author = {Gardebrecht, Antje and Markert, Stephanie and Sievert, Stefan M and Felbeck, Horst and Thuermer, Andrea and Albrecht, Dirk and Wollherr, Antje and Kabisch, Johannes and Le Bris, Nadine and Lehmann, Ruediger and Daniel, Rolf and Liesegang, Heiko and Hecker, Michael and Schweder, Thomas}
}
@article {McCulloch2012,
	title = {{Resilience of Cold-Water Scleractinian Corals to Ocean Acidification: Boron Isotopic Systematics of pH and Saturation State Up-Regulation}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21{\textendash}34},
	abstract = {The boron isotope systematics has been determined for azooxanthellate scleractinian corals from a wide range of both deep-sea and shallow-water environments. The aragonitic coral species, Caryophyllia smithii, Desmophyllum dianthus, Enallopsammia rostrata, Lophelia pertusa, and Madrepora oculata, are all found to have relatively high $δ$11B compositions ranging from 23.2{\textperthousand} to 28.7{\textperthousand}. These values lie substantially above the pH-dependent inorganic seawater borate equilibrium curve, indicative of strong up-regulation of pH of the internal calcifying fluid (pHcf), being elevated by \~{}0.6{\textendash}0.8~units ($Δ$pH) relative to ambient seawater. In contrast, the deep-sea calcitic coral Corallium sp. has a significantly lower $δ$11B composition of 15.5{\textperthousand}, with a corresponding lower $Δ$pH value of \~{}0.3~units, reflecting the importance of mineralogical control on biological pH up-regulation. The solitary coral D. dianthus was sampled over a wide range of seawater pHT and shows an approximate linear correlation with $Δ$pHDesmo~=~6.43~-~0.71pHT (r2~=~0.79). An improved correlation is however found with the closely related parameter of seawater aragonite saturation state, where $Δ$pHDesmo~=~1.09~-~0.14${\O}mega$arag (r2~=~0.95), indicating the important control that carbonate saturation state has on calcification. The ability to up-regulate internal pHcf, and consequently ${\O}mega$cf, of the calcifying fluid is therefore a process present in both azooxanthellate and zooxanthellate aragonitic corals, and is attributed to the action of Ca2+-ATPase in modulating the proton gradient between seawater and the site of calcification. These findings also show that the boron isotopic compositions ($δ$11Bcarb) of aragonitic corals are highly systematic and consistent with direct uptake of the borate species within the biologically controlled extracellular calcifying medium. We also show that the relatively strong up-regulation of pH and consequent elevation of the internal carbonate saturation state (${\O}mega$cf \~{}8.5 to \~{}13) at the site of calcification by cold-water corals, facilitates calcification at or in some cases below the aragonite saturation horizon, providing a greater ability to adapt to the already low and now decreasing carbonate ion concentrations. Although providing greater resilience to the effects of ocean acidification and enhancing rates of calcification with increasing temperature, the process of internal pHcf up-regulation has an associated energetic cost, and therefore growth-rate cost, of \~{}10{\%} per 0.1 pH unit decrease in seawater pHT. Furthermore, as the aragonite saturation horizon shoals with rapidly increasing pCO2 and ${\O}mega$arag~~},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.027},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.027},
	author = {McCulloch, M and Trotter, J and Montagna, P and Falter, J and Dunbar, R and Freiwald, A and F{\"o}rsterra, G and Correa, M L and Maier, C and R{\"u}ggeberg, A and Taviani, M}
}
@article {Wang2012,
	title = {{Reviews of power systems and environmental energy conversion for unmanned underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	volume = {16},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1958{\textendash}1970},
	abstract = {The power supply for unmanned underwater vehicles has been an important research point since the vehicles were invented. The power systems and environmental energy conversions for the vehicles are reviewed in the paper. Several topics are represented: problems and general solutions for unmanned underwater vehicles power supplies; the mechanisms and structures of tether power system; characteristics of several batteries; the characterization of potential environmental energy, and energy conversion for unmanned underwater vehicles. Docking stations for underwater vehicles continuation are also represented in the paper. Some typical vehicles powered by the power systems and their performances are listed and analyzed.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1364-0321},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.016},
	author = {Wang, X -M and Shang, J -H and Luo, Zirong and Tang, Li and Zhang, X and Li, J}
}
@article {Schimak2012,
	title = {{Simultaneous 16S and 18S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on LR White sections demonstrated in Vestimentifera (Siboglinidae) tubeworms}},
	journal = {Acta Histochemica},
	volume = {114},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {122{\textendash}130},
	abstract = {Traditional morphological identification of invertebrate marine species is limited in early life history stages for many taxa. In this study, we demonstrate, by example of Vestimentiferan tubeworms (Siboglinidae, Polychaeta), that the simultaneous fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of both eukaryotic host and bacterial symbiont cells is possible on a single semi-thin (1~$μ$m) section. This allows the identification of host specimens to species level as well as offering visualization of bacteria distributed within the host tissue. Previously published 18S rRNA host-specific oligonucleotide probes for Riftia pachyptila, Tevnia jerichonana and a newly designed Oasisia alvinae probe, as well as a 16S rRNA probe targeting symbionts found in all host species, were applied. A number of standard fixation and hybridization parameters were tested and optimized for the best possible signal intensity and cellular resolution. Ethanol conserved samples embedded in LR White low viscosity resin yielded the best results with regard to both signal intensity and resolution. We show that extended storage times of specimens does not affect the quality of signals attained by FISH and use our protocol to identify morphologically unidentifiable tubeworm individuals from a small data set, conforming to previous findings in succession studies of the Siboglinidae family.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0065-1281},
	doi = {10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.008},
	author = {Schimak, M P and Toenshoff, E R and Bright, M}
}
@article {McKay2012,
	title = {{Spatial heterogeneity and underlying geochemistry of phylogenetically diverse orange and white Beggiatoa mats in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21{\textendash}31},
	abstract = {Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Beggiatoa are found in conspicuous, colorful mats on the seafloor above active hydrothermal seeps at Guaymas Basin. Guaymas Beggiatoa filaments fall into discrete size classes representing at least five separate 16S rRNA phylotypes, and appear either white, yellow, or orange. During two R/V Atlantis cruises to Guaymas Basin, 78 temperature profiles were taken near and within 15 different orange and white Beggiatoa mats by the Alvin submersible to investigate spatial relationships between mat color and hydrothermal fluid seeps, as indicated by elevated temperatures. The surface temperatures from 78 profiles are similar to each other (on average 8{\textendash}12~{\textdegree}C, warmer than bare sediments at 3{\textendash}4~{\textdegree}C), indicating that Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa spp., although relying on the hydrothermal system for energy and carbon sources, live within a relatively cool temperature range. Temperatures from 40~cm below orange Beggiatoa versus white Beggiatoa are the same, at 84~{\textdegree}C averaged across all mat systems. However, within a single mat system, temperatures are higher beneath the predominantly orange center of the mat than beneath the white mat periphery. Push core transects across the orange-to-white color change of three Beggiatoa mats showed stronger upward compression of isotherms and metabolic zones beneath the orange mat center than beneath white mat periphery. Hydrothermal temperature gradients push the microbial processes generating carbon and energy sources for Beggiatoa mats towards the sediment surface. The resulting steep gradients of hydrothermal electron donors and carbon sources to the sediment surface, rather than the in situ temperature by itself, control the relative positioning of orange and white filaments within a Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa mat. Given the wide spectrum of temperature and hydrothermal flux regimes between different mats, the orange/white pattern represents a relative preference or even a competitive balance among different Beggiatoa types that establishes itself within each hydrothermal hot spot.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	author = {McKay, L J and MacGregor, B J and Biddle, J F and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and Hoer, D R and Lipp, J S and Lloyd, K G and Teske, A P}
}
@article {Thiel2012,
	title = {{Widespread occurrence of two carbon fixation pathways in tubeworm endosymbionts: lessons from hydrothermal vent associated tubeworms from the Mediterranean Sea}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {423},
	abstract = {Vestimentiferan tubeworms (siboglinid polychetes) of the genus Lamellibrachia are common members of cold seep faunal communities and have also been found at sedimented hydrothermal vent sites in the Pacific. As they lack a digestive system, they are nourished by chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts growing in a specialized tissue called the trophosome. Here we present the results of investigations of tubeworms and endosymbionts from a shallow hydrothermal vent field in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The tubeworms, which are the first reported vent-associated tubeworms outside the Pacific, are identified as Lamellibrachia anaximandri using mitochondrial ribosomal and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences. They harbor a single gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont. Carbon isotopic data, as well as the analysis of genes involved in carbon and sulfur metabolism indicate a sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic endosymbiont. The detection of a hydrogenase gene fragment suggests the potential for hydrogen oxidation as alternative energy source. Surprisingly, the endosymbiont harbors genes for two different carbon fixation pathways, the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle as well as the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle, as has been reported for the endosymbiont of the vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. In addition to RubisCO genes we detected ATP citrate lyase (ACL {\textendash} the key enzyme of the rTCA cycle) type II gene sequences using newly designed primer sets. Comparative investigations with additional tubeworm species (Lamellibrachia luymesi, Lamellibrachia sp. 1, Lamellibrachia sp. 2, Escarpia laminata, Seepiophila jonesi) from multiple cold seep sites in the Gulf of Mexico revealed the presence of acl genes in these species as well. Thus, our study suggests that the presence of two different carbon fixation pathways, the CBB cycle and the rTCA cycle, is not restricted to the Riftia endosymbiont, but rather might be common in vestimentiferan tubeworm endosymbionts, regardless of the habitat.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00423},
	author = {Thiel, Vera and Hugler, M and Bl{\"u}mel, M and Baumann, H I and G{\"a}rtner, A and Schmaljohann, R and Strauss, H and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Petersen, S and Cowart, D A and Fisher, C R and Imhoff, J F}
}
@article {Mottl2011,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1013{\textendash}1038},
	abstract = {The Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) is the southernmost part of the back-arc spreading axis in the Lau Basin, west of the Tonga trench and the active Tofua volcanic arc. Over its 397-km length it exhibits large and systematic changes in spreading rate, magmatic/tectonic processes, and proximity to the volcanic arc. In 2005, we collected 81 samples of vent water from six hydrothermal fields along the ELSC. The chemistry of these waters varies both within and between vent fields, in response to changes in substrate composition, temperature and pressure, pH, water/rock ratio, and input from magmatic gases and subducted sediment. Hot-spring temperatures range from 229{\textdegree} to 363~{\textdegree}C at the five northernmost fields, with a general decrease to the south that is reversed at the Mariner field. The southernmost field, Vai Lili, emitted water at up to 334~{\textdegree}C in 1989 but had a maximum venting temperature of only 121~{\textdegree}C in 2005, due to waning activity and admixture of bottom seawater into the subseafloor plumbing system. Chloride varies both within fields and from one field to another, from a low of 528~mmol/kg to a high of 656~mmol/kg, and may be enriched by phase separation and/or leaching of Cl from the rock. Concentrations of the soluble elements K, Rb, Cs, and B likewise increase southward as the volcanic substrate becomes more silica-rich, especially on the Valu Fa Ridge. Iodine and $δ$7Li increase southward, and $δ$11B decreases as B increases, apparently in response to increased input from subducted sediment as the arc is approached. Species that decrease southward as temperature falls are Si, H2S, Li, Na/Cl, Fe, Mn, and 87Sr/86Sr, whereas pH, alkalinity, Ca, and Sr increase. Oxygen isotopes indicate a higher water/rock ratio in the three systems on Valu Fa Ridge, consistent with higher porosity in more felsic volcanic rocks. Vent waters at the Mariner vent field on the Valu Fa Ridge are significantly hotter, more acid and metal-rich, less saline, and richer in dissolved gases and other volatiles, including H2S, CO2, and F, than the other vent fields, consistent with input of magmatic gases. The large variations in geologic and geophysical parameters produced by back-arc spreading along the ELSC, which exceed those along mid-ocean ridge spreading axes, produce similar large variations in the composition of vent waters, and thus provide new insights into the processes that control the chemistry of submarine hot springs.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Seewald, J S and Wheat, C G and Tivey, M K and Michael, P J and Proskurowski, G and McCollom, T M and Reeves, E and Sharkey, J and You, C F and Chan, L H and Pichler, T}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {Barr2011,
	title = {{Early to Middle Devonian granitic and volcanic rocks from the central Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {126},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {455{\textendash}465},
	abstract = {Cashes Ledge igneous suite in the central Gulf of Maine is represented by 10 granitic and two felsic tuff samples collected from bedrock outcrops using the submersible Alvin in 1971{\textendash}1972 and archived at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of zircon grains yielded crystallization ages of 414.9~{\textpm}~1.1~Ma and 399.7~{\textpm}~1.5~Ma for two alkali feldspar granite samples, 407.0~{\textpm}~1.9~Ma for a syenogranite sample, and 384.4~{\textpm}~2.3~Ma and 383.9~{\textpm}~1.6~Ma for two felsic tuff samples. The samples contain iron-rich mafic minerals, including aegirine-augite, grunerite/ferroedenite, and annite. Most of the samples are alkaline to slightly peralkaline, with high concentrations of SiO2, Y, Zr, Nb, and REE, strong negative Eu anomalies, and positive epsilon Nd values (1.8 to 3.7). The suite resembles part of a belt of similar Silurian{\textendash}Devonian rocks with ages between 426 and 370~Ma now recognized in the central part of Avalonia in southeastern New England. They formed in a long-lived, likely extensional regime linked to subduction and subsequent complex transcurrent motions among Ganderia, Avalonia, and Meguma, culminating in the closure of the Rheic Ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	author = {Barr, S M and Mortensen, J K and Thompson, M D and Hermes, O D and White, C E}
}
@article {ISI:000298301200007,
	title = {{Effects of chronic low carbonate saturation levels on the distribution, growth and skeletal chemistry of deep-sea corals and other seamount megabenthos}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {442},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {87{\textendash}99},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Ocean acidification has been predicted to reduce the ability of marine organisms to produce carbonate skeletons, threatening their long-term viability and severely impacting marine ecosystems. Corals, as ecosystem engineers, have been identified as particularly vulnerable and important. To determine the sensitivity of corals and allied taxa to long-term exposure to very low carbonate concentrations, we examined the distribution and skeletal characteristics of coral taxa along a natural deep-sea concentration gradient on seamounts of SW Australia. Carbonate under-saturation had little evident effect on the depth distribution, growth or skeletal composition of live scleractinians or gorgonians, with corals growing, often abundantly, in waters as much as 20 to 30{\%} under-saturated. Developmental anomalies in the deepest skeleton-forming anthozoan collected (an isidid gorgonian, at nearly 4 km depth) suggest an absolute low tolerance limit of about 40{\%} under-saturation. Evidence for an effect of acidification on the accumulation of reef structure is ambiguous, with clear indications of dissolution of high-magnesium calcite (HMC) gorgonian skeletons at depths below 2300 m, but also abundant, old scleractinian skeletons well below the aragonite saturation horizon. The latter might be the result of ferromanganese deposition on exposed skeletons, which, however, may render them inhospitable for benthic organisms.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps09400},
	author = {Thresher, Ronald E and Tilbrook, Bronte and Fallon, Stewart and Wilson, Nick C and Adkins, Jess}
}
@article {ISI:000296056300001,
	title = {{Extraordinarily high biomass benthic community on Southern Ocean seamounts}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We describe a previously unknown assemblage of seamount-associated megabenthos that has by far the highest peak biomass reported in the deep-sea outside of vent communities. The assemblage was found at depths of 2-2.5 km on rocky geomorphic features off the southeast coast of Australia, in an area near the Sub-Antarctic Zone characterised by high rates of surface productivity and carbon export to the deep-ocean. These conditions, and the taxa in the assemblage, are widely distributed around the Southern mid-latitudes, suggesting the high-biomass assemblage is also likely to be widespread. The role of this assemblage in regional ecosystem and carbon dynamics and its sensitivities to anthropogenic impacts are unknown. The discovery highlights the lack of information on deep-sea biota worldwide and the potential for unanticipated impacts of deep-sea exploitation.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep00119},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Adkins, J and Fallon, S J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Althaus, F and Williams, A}
}
@article {ISI:000296085300022,
	title = {{Modal analysis of the deep-water solitary scleractinian, Desmophyllum dianthus, on SW Pacific seamounts: inferred recruitment periodicity, growth, and mortality rates}},
	journal = {CORAL REEFS},
	volume = {30},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1063{\textendash}1070},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about the demography of corals inhabiting deep-sea features due to the logistical difficulties of working at the extreme depths they inhabit. To obtain basic information about growth, mortality, and recruitment dynamics for such a coral, we applied modal analysis to the size frequency distributions of live-caught and sub-fossil specimens of the widely distributed solitary cup coral, Desmophyllum dianthus, collected on SW Pacific seamounts. Comparison of live-caught material collected in 1997 and 2007-2009 indicated modal progression over time and an implied maximum age of approximately 190 years, which is similar to ages determined previously for D. dianthus using radiometric techniques. A log-linear decline in the number of individuals with increasing size further implies a constant adult mortality rate, of 15.1{\%} per annum in 1997 and 9.2{\%} per annum in 2007-2009. The spacing of size modes in the 2007-2009 samples suggests regularly episodic recruitment events, at 22- to 32-year intervals, which may relate to periodic variability in large-scale Southern Ocean circulation. Preliminary analyses of size frequency distributions of the sub-fossil material suggest that the trophodynamics, growth, and adult mortality schedules of D. dianthus in the SW Pacific have remained basically similar throughout the Holocene.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0722-4028},
	doi = {10.1007/s00338-011-0806-7},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Adkins, J and Thiagarajan, N}
}
@article {Adams2011,
	title = {{Surface-generated mesoscale eddies transport deep-sea products from hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {332},
	number = {6029},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {580{\textendash}583},
	abstract = {Atmospheric forcing, which is known to have a strong influence on surface ocean dynamics and production, is typically not considered in studies of the deep sea. Our observations and models demonstrate an unexpected influence of surface-generated mesoscale eddies in the transport of hydrothermal vent efflux and of vent larvae away from the northern East Pacific Rise. Transport by these deep-reaching eddies provides a mechanism for spreading the hydrothermal chemical and heat flux into the deep-ocean interior and for dispersing propagules hundreds of kilometers between isolated and ephemeral communities. Because the eddies interacting with the East Pacific Rise are formed seasonally and are sensitive to phenomena such as El Ni{\~n}o, they have the potential to introduce seasonal to interannual atmospheric variations into the deep sea.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1201066},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1201066},
	author = {Adams, D K and McGillicuddy, D J and Zamudio, L and Thurnherr, A M and Liang, X and Rouxel, O J and German, C R and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {ISI:000299052400011,
	title = {{Thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane by marine microbial consortia}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {5},
	number = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1946{\textendash}1956},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate controls the emission of the greenhouse gas methane from the ocean floor. AOM is performed by microbial consortia of archaea (ANME) associated with partners related to sulfate-reducing bacteria. In vitro enrichments of AOM were so far only successful at temperatures {\textless}= 25 degrees C; however, energy gain for growth by AOM with sulfate is in principle also possible at higher temperatures. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes and core lipids characteristic for ANME as well as hints of in situ AOM activity were indeed reported for geothermally heated marine environments, yet no direct evidence for thermophilic growth of marine ANME consortia was obtained to date. To study possible thermophilic AOM, we investigated hydrothermally influenced sediment from the Guaymas Basin. In vitro incubations showed activity of sulfate-dependent methane oxidation between 5 and 70 degrees C with an apparent optimum between 45 and 60 degrees C. AOM was absent at temperatures {\textgreater}= 75 degrees C. Long-term enrichment of AOM was fastest at 50 degrees C, yielding a 13-fold increase of methane-dependent sulfate reduction within 250 days, equivalent to an apparent doubling time of 68 days. The enrichments were dominated by novel ANME-1 consortia, mostly associated with bacterial partners of the deltaproteobacterial HotSeep-1 cluster, a deeply branching phylogenetic group previously found in a butane-amended 60 degrees C-enrichment culture of Guaymas sediments. The closest relatives (Desulfurella spp.; Hippea maritima) are moderately thermophilic sulfur reducers. Results indicate that AOM and ANME archaea could be of biogeochemical relevance not only in cold to moderate but also in hot marine habitats. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 1946-1956; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.77; published online 23 June 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.77},
	author = {Holler, Thomas and Widdel, Friedrich and Knittel, Katrin and Amann, Rudolf and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Wegener, Gunter}
}
@article {Clague2011,
	title = {{Volcanic morphology of West Mata Volcano, NE Lau Basin, based on high-resolution bathymetry and depth changes}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {QOAF03{\textendash}QOAF03},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {High-resolution (1.5 m) mapping from the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) D. Allan B. of West Mata Volcano in the northern Lau Basin is used to identify the processes that construct and modify the volcano. The surface consists largely of volcaniclastic debris that forms smooth slopes to the NW and SE, with smaller lava flows forming gently sloping plateaus concentrated along the ENE and WSW rift zones, and more elongate flows radiating from the summit. Two active volcanic vents, Prometheus and Hades, are located \~{}50 and \~{}150 m WSW of the 1159 m summit, respectively, and are slightly NW of the ridgeline so the most abundant clastic deposits are emplaced on the NW flank. This eruptive activity and the location of vents appears to have been persistent for more than a decade, based on comparison of ship-based bathymetric surveys in 1996 and 2008{\textendash}2010, which show positive depth changes up to 96 m on the summit and north flank of the volcano. The widespread distribution of clastic deposits downslope from the rift zones, as well as from the current vents, suggests that pyroclastic activity occurs at least as deep as 2200 m. The similar morphology of additional nearby volcanoes suggests that they too have abundant pyroclastic deposits.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003791},
	author = {Clague, D A and Paduan, J B and Caress, D W and Thomas, Hans and Chadwick, W W and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Chadwick2010a,
	title = {{Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {38{\textendash}39},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is a hotspot volcano superimposed on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Due to its robust magma supply, it rises {\~{}} 800 m above the rest of JdFR and has a large elongate summit caldera with two rift zones that parallel and overlap with adjacent segments of the spreading center (Figure 1). Submersible dives at Axial in 1983{\textendash}1984 discovered the first active black smoker vents in the Northeast Pacific (Chase et al., 1985). The New Millennium Observatory (NeMO; http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/nemo) was established at Axial in 1996 to study volcanic events and the perturbations they cause to hydrothermal and biological systems. As if on cue, Axial erupted in January 1998 and was the first seafloor eruption detected remotely and monitored by in situ instruments (Embley et al., 1999). In fact, one instrument caught in a 1998 lava flow was later recovered with data intact, providing new insight into the emplacement of submarine lavas (Chadwick, 2003). Initially, research focused on mapping, sampling, and documenting the impact of the eruption on the hydrothermal vents and biological communities (Figure 2). The emphasis has gradually shifted to long-term geophysical, geochemical, and biological monitoring of the volcano in anticipation of its next eruption.},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2010.73},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Butterfield, D A and Embley, R W and Tunnicliffe, V and Huber, J A and Nooner, S L and Clague, D A}
}
@inbook {Baker2010,
	title = {{Biogeography, Ecology and Vulnerability of Chemosynthetic Ecosystems in the Deep Sea}},
	booktitle = {Life in the World{\textquoteright}s Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {161{\textendash}182},
	publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	organization = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	author = {Baker, M C and Ramirez-Llodra, E and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Boetius, A and Cordes, E E and Dubilier, N and Fisher, C R and Levin, L A and Metaxas, A and Rowden, R and Santos, R S and Shank, R and Van Dover, C L and Young, C and Waren, A}
}
@article {Fueri2010,
	title = {{Carbon release from submarine seeps at the Costa Rica fore arc: Implications for the volatile cycle at the Central America convergent margin}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q04S21},
	abstract = {We report total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) abundances and isotope ratios, as well as helium isotope ratios (3He/4He), of cold seep fluids sampled at the Costa Rica fore arc in order to evaluate the extent of carbon loss from the submarine segment of the Central America convergent margin. Seep fluids were collected over a 12 month period at Mound 11, Mound 12, and Jaco Scar using copper tubing attached to submarine flux meters operating in continuous pumping mode. The fluids show minimum 3He/4He ratios of 1.3 RA (where RA is air 3He/4He), consistent with a small but discernable contribution of mantle-derived helium. At Mound 11, $δ$13C∑CO2 values between -23.9{\textperthousand} and -11.6{\textperthousand} indicate that DIC is predominantly derived from deep methanogenesis and is carried to the surface by fluids derived from sediments of the subducting slab. In contrast, at Mound 12, most of the ascending dissolved methane is oxidized due to lower flow rates, giving extremely low $δ$13C∑CO2 values ranging from -68.2{\textperthousand} to -60.3{\textperthousand}. We estimate that the carbon flux (CO2 plus methane) through submarine fluid venting at the outer fore arc is 8.0 {\texttimes} 105 g C km-1 yr-1, which is virtually negligible compared to the total sedimentary carbon input to the margin and the output at the volcanic front. Unless there is a significant but hitherto unidentified carbon flux at the inner fore arc, the implication is that most of the carbon being subducted in Costa Rica must be transferred to the (deeper) mantle, i.e., beyond the depth of arc magma generation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002810},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002810},
	author = {Fueri, E and Hilton, D R and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and McMurtry, G M and Brueckmann, W and Wheat, C G}
}
@article {Thaler2010,
	title = {{Characterization of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Ifremeria nautilei, a chemoautotrophic gastropod from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {101{\textendash}103},
	abstract = {{Ifremeria nautilei is deep-sea provannid gastropod endemic to hydrothermal vents at southwest Pacific back-arc spreading centers. Twelve, selectively neutral and unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for this species. Three loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.719 to 0.906 (mean H-O = 0.547},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-010-9174-9},
	author = {Thaler, A D and Zelnio, K and Jones, R and Carlsson, J and Van Dover, C L and Schultz, T F}
}
@article {Jackson2010,
	title = {{Dispersion of a tracer on the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees N{\textendash}10 degrees N), including the influence of hydrothermal plumes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {57},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {37{\textendash}52},
	abstract = {On 12 November 2006, 3 kg of sulfur hexafluoride were released in a 1.2 km long streak in the axial summit trough of the East Pacific Rise at 9{\textdegree}30'N to study how circulation and mixing affect larval dispersion. The first half of a tracer survey performed approximately 40 days after the injection found a small percentage of the tracer on the ridge axis between 9{\textdegree}30'N and 10{\textdegree}10'N, with the main concentration near 9{\textdegree}50'N, a site of many active hydrothermal vents. These observations provide evidence of larval connectivity between vent sites on the ridge. The latter half of the survey detected the primary patch of tracer west of the ridge and just south of the Lamont Seamounts, as a majority of the tracer had been transported off the ridge. However, by the end of the survey, the eastern edge of this patch was transported back to within 10 km of the ridge crest at 9{\textdegree}50'N by a reversal in the subinertial flow, suggesting another pathway for larvae between points along the ridge. Both the horizontal and vertical distributions of the tracer were complex and were likely heavily influenced by topography and vents in the area. Elevated tracer concentrations within the axial summit trough and an adjacent depression on the upper ridge flank suggest that tracers may be detained in such depressions. Correlated tracer/turbidity profiles provide direct evidence of entrainment of the tracer into vent plumes from 9{\textdegree}30'N to 10{\textdegree}N. A comparison of the vertical tracer inventory with neutral density vent-plume observations suggests that on the order of 10{\%} of the tracer injected was entrained into vent plumes near the injection site. The results imply that effluent from diffuse hydrothermal sources and larvae of hydrothermal vent fauna can be entrained in significant quantities into plumes from discrete sources and dispersed in the neutrally buoyant plumes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.011},
	author = {Jackson, P R and Ledwell, J R and Thurnherr, A M}
}
@article {Levin2010,
	title = {{Diversity of bathyal macrofauna on the northeastern Pacific margin: the influence of methane seeps and oxygen minimum zones}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {94{\textendash}110},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {The upper continental slope in the northeastern Pacific Ocean is intercepted by a deep oxygen minimum zone (OMZ; 650{\textendash}1100 m) and punctuated by conduits of methane seepage. We examined the effects of these two dominant sources of heterogeneity on the density, composition and diversity of heterotrophic macrofauna off Hydrate Ridge, Oregon (OR; 800 m water depth), where the seeps co-occur within an OMZ, and off the Eel River, Northern California (CA; 500 m), where seeps are overlain by better oxygenated waters. We hypothesized that seeps (containing clam beds and microbial mats) should contribute a suite of distinct species to the regional margin species pool but that OMZ-associated hypoxia would dampen seep-related heterogeneity. Macrofaunal densities were highest (23,000{\textendash}33,510 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2) in the CA seep sediments and in the OR near-seep samples, intermediate in the OR seep, CA near seep and CA and OR 500-m margin sediments (10,054{\textendash}19,777 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2), and lowest in the CA and OR OMZ habitats at 800 m (4269{\textendash}7847 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2). Annelids constituted over 50{\%} of the taxa in all but the CA clam bed and OR microbial mat sediments, where mollusks were abundant. Approximately 50{\%} of seep species appeared to be habitat endemic; species present in microbial mats largely formed a subset of those present in the clam beds. Dorvilleid and ampharetid polychaetes were dominant in the seep sediments; non-seep margin sediments at 500 and 800 m were populated heavily by branchiate polychaetes including cossurids and paraonids. Alpha diversity (Es[20] calculated per core) was lowest and rank 1 dominance was highest in the CA and OR microbial mat habitats. Pooled analyses of Es[100] revealed highest species richness in the CA clam bed and near-seep habitats (30.3 and 29.6, respectively), and lowest species richness in the OR microbial mat and near-seep habitats (16.5 and 17.9, respectively). Non-seep sediments (500 and 800 m) off both CA and OR were more homogeneous (55{\textendash}57{\%} within-habitat similarity) than clam bed and microbial mat sediments (only 32{\textendash}37{\%} within-habitat similarity). CA sediment macrofauna generally exhibit higher alpha diversity, and as habitats are combined, a higher rate of increase in the slope of the species accumulation curves than do OR margin macrofauna. Methane seeps in the NE Pacific introduce significant heterogeneity that increases margin biodiversity at multiple spatial scales. However, our hypothesis that the OMZ would lessen the seep contributions to diversity was not supported. The better oxygenated CA seeps at 500 m shared more of the background margin fauna (at 500 m) than did the OR seeps at 800 m (with OMZ fauna at 800 m). Geographical differences in the fluxes of methane-rich fluids and the increased reliance on chemosynthetic food sources with increased depth could explain these results.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1439-0485},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00335.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00335.x},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Gonzalez, J P and Thurber, A R and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe2010,
	title = {{Flatfish at seamount hydrothermal vents show strong genetic divergence between volcanic arcs}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {158{\textendash}167},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents near the summits of seamounts in Western Pacific volcanic arcs foster dense populations of flatfishes, a group otherwise unknown at vents. We examined genetic divergence among populations of a symphurine tonguefish described as Symphurus thermophilus Munroe {\&} Hashimoto from sites up to 6000 km apart in the Western Pacific to explore connectivity patterns among seamounts. Average genetic divergence between individuals from the Mariana Arc and the Tonga-Kermadec Arcs was 14.2{\%} (COI) and 9.0{\%} (16S), whereas within-arc divergences were {\textless}0.3{\%}. We found that the Tonga-Kermadec individuals represent a cryptic species, Symphurus sp. A, displaying similar phenotypic features and behaviour to the Mariana Arc S. thermophilus. We also sequenced another distinctive symphurine species; Symphurus sp. B. Collections and image records from three expeditions to the Tonga and Kermadec arcs revealed characteristics of the distribution, dispersion, behaviour and morphology of these flatfish species. These two new Symphurus species inhabit vents where native sulphur occurs in excess and depths are {\textless}600 m. Substratum range of Symphurus sp. A was wide, including mussel beds, rock surfaces and sediments in densities that may exceed 100 m-2. Reproductive females were present. The complex and diverse nature of volcanic settings of hydrothermalism introduces a wide variety of habitat conditions that likely augments diversity of faunas on seamounts in distinct biogeographic provinces.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00370.x},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Koop, B F and Tyler, J and So, Stacy}
}
@article {ISI:000276314000001,
	title = {{Fluid sources and pathways of the Costa Rica erosional convergent margin}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The margins community has only relatively recently begun to examine the tectonics and associated hydrologic systems of erosive convergent margins, which are substantially different as compared with accretionary margins. In this respect, the type example erosive margin is the Costa Rica system, which has been the subject of numerous recent large-scale investigations. Here pore fluids expelled at the wedge toe and at midslope mounds and mud volcanoes have been interpreted to have a common deep source of dehydrating clays, analogous to that at accretionary margins. However, we report unusually high B/Li molar ratios in pore fluids from a recent mudflow on Mound 11, offshore Costa Rica, which, together with unusually low B/Li ratios previously reported at the wedge toe, reveal that alternative fluid sources and/or processes must be operating at the Costa Rica margin. As serpentine formation is the only subduction zone process that significantly fractionates B and Li, we propose that the difference in fluid chemical composition is the result of erosion of upper plate serpentinites, ongoing serpentinization, and serpentine mineral phase transitions in the subduction channel. These processes provide both a source of fluids and fluid pathways that lead to the unique geochemical signature observed at this erosional margin. This conclusion is compatible with, and supported by, the current view of the tectonics, geology, and hydrogeology of the Costa Rica margin and the similarity of the pore fluid to that of two other convergent margins, both with known fluid/serpentinite interactions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002818},
	author = {Tryon, Michael D and Wheat, C Geoffrey and Hilton, David R}
}
@article {Johnson2010,
	title = {{Hydrothermal circulation within the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q05002},
	abstract = {Areas of the seafloor at mid-ocean ridges where hydrothermal vents discharge are easily recognized by the dramatic biological, physical, and chemical processes that characterize such sites. Locations where seawater flows into the seafloor to recharge hydrothermal cells within the crustal reservoir are by contrast almost invisible but can be indirectly identified by a systematic grid of conductive heat flow measurements. An array of conductive heat flow stations in the Endeavour axial valley of the Juan de Fuca Ridge has identified recharge zones that appear to represent a nested system of fluid circulation paths. At the scale of an axial rift valley, conductive heat flow data indicate a general cross-valley fluid flow, where seawater enters the shallow subsurface crustal reservoir at the eastern wall of the Endeavour axial valley and undergoes a kilometer of horizontal transit beneath the valley floor, finally exiting as warm hydrothermal fluid discharge on the western valley bounding wall. Recharge zones also have been identified as located within an annular ring of very cold seafloor around the large Main Endeavour Hydrothermal Field, with seawater inflow occurring within faults that surround the fluid discharge sites. These conductive heat flow data are consistent with previous models where high-temperature fluid circulation cells beneath large hydrothermal vent fields may be composed of narrow vertical cylinders. Subsurface fluid circulation on the Endeavour Segment occurs at various crustal depths in three distinct modes: (1) general east to west flow across the entire valley floor, (2) in narrow cylinders that penetrate deeply to high-temperature heat sources, and (3) supplying low-temperature diffuse vents where seawater is entrained into the shallow uppermost crust by the adjacent high-temperature cylindrical systems. The systematic array of conductive heat flow measurements over the axial valley floor averaged \~{}150 mW/m2, suggesting that only about 3{\%} of the total energy flux of ocean crustal formation is removed by conductive heat transfer, with the remainder being dissipated to overlying seawater by fluid advection.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002957},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002957},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A and Bjorklund, T A and Salmi, M S}
}
@article {Chadwick2010,
	title = {{Northwest Rota-1 Seamount}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {182{\textendash}183},
	abstract = {Northwest Rota-1 Seamount is the first place on Earth where a submarine volcanic eruption was witnessed in 2004, and, remarkably, it appears that the volcano has been erupting continuously ever since. NW Rota-1 is located {\~{}} 100 km north of Guam in the western Pacific, within the newly designated Mariana Trench Marine National Monument (http://www.fws.gov/marianastrenchmarinemonument). With a summit depth of 520 m, it is a symmetrical cone of basaltic andesite composition (Figure 1) formed in the subduction zone setting of the Mariana volcanic arc. It was identified as a site of particular interest in 2003 when sampling of its overlying hydrothermal plume showed very high magmatic volatile input (Resing et al., 2007). Consequently, it was one of several seamounts targeted for dives with a remotely operated vehicle the following year. During these dives, an actively erupting vent was discovered at a depth of 550 m; lava, fluid, and gas samples were collected; and colonies of shrimp, limpets, and crabs (some of them new species) were found living in the volcano summit{\textquoteright}s harsh conditions (Embley et al., 2006; Lim{\'e}n et al., 2006).},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2010.82},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Resing, J A and Lupton, J E and Cashman, K V and Dziak, R P and Tunnicliffe, V and Butterfield, D A and Tamura, Y}
}
@article {ISI:000283642100005,
	title = {{Phylogenetic diversity of sediment bacteria from the deep Northeastern Pacific Ocean: a comparison with the deep Eastern Mediterranean Sea}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {143{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The variability of bacterial community composition and diversity was studied by comparative analysis of five 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from deep-sea sediments (water column depth: 4000 m) of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Eastern Mediterranean Sea. This is the first comparison of the bacterial communities living in these deep-sea ecosystems. The estimated chlorophyll a, organic carbon, and C/N ratio provided evidence of significant differences in the trophic state of the sediments between the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and the much warmer Eastern Mediterranean Sea. A diverse range of 16S rRNA gene phylotypes was found in the sediments of both regions. These were represented by 11 different taxonomic groups, with Gammaproteobacteria predominating in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean sediments and Acidobacteria in the Eastern Mediterranean microbial community. In addition, several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes only distantly related to any of the previously identified sequences (non-affiliated rRNA genes) represented a significant fraction of the total sequences. The potential diversity at the two sites differs but remains largely unexplored and remains of continuing scientific interest. {\{}[{\}}Int Microbiol 2010; 13(3):143-150]},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1139-6709},
	doi = {10.2436/20.1501.01.119},
	author = {Kouridaki, Ioanna and Polymenakou, Paraskevi N and Tselepides, Anastasios and Mandalakis, Manolis and Smith Jr., Kenneth L}
}
@article {Craddock2010a,
	title = {{Rare earth element abundances in hydrothermal fluids from the Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea: indicators of sub-seafloor hydrothermal processes in back-arc basins}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {19},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {5494{\textendash}5513},
	abstract = {Rare earth element (REE) concentrations are reported for a large suite of seafloor vent fluids from four hydrothermal systems in the Manus back-arc basin (Vienna Woods, PACMANUS, DESMOS and SuSu Knolls vent areas). Sampled vent fluids show a wide range of absolute REE concentrations and chondrite-normalized (REEN) distribution patterns (LaN /SmN \~{} 0.6{\textendash}11; LaN /YbN \~{} 0.6 {\textendash} 71; View the MathML sourceEuN/EuN*\~{}1{\textendash}55). REEN distribution patterns in different vent fluids range from light-REE enriched, to mid- and heavy-REE enriched, to flat, and have a range of positive Eu-anomalies. This heterogeneity contrasts markedly with relatively uniform REEN distribution patterns of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluids. In Manus Basin fluids, aqueous REE compositions do not inherit directly or show a clear relationship with the REE compositions of primary crustal rocks with which hydrothermal fluids interact. These results suggest that the REEs are less sensitive indicators of primary crustal rock composition despite crustal rocks being the dominant source of REEs in submarine hydrothermal fluids. In contrast, differences in aqueous REE compositions are consistently correlated with differences in fluid pH and ligand (chloride, fluoride and sulfate) concentrations. Our results suggest that the REEs can be used as an indicator of the type of magmatic acid volatile (i.e., presence of HF, SO2) degassing in submarine hydrothermal systems. Additional fluid data suggest that near-seafloor mixing between high-temperature hydrothermal fluid and locally entrained seawater at many vent areas in the Manus Basin causes anhydrite precipitation. Anhydrite effectively incorporates REE and likely affects measured fluid REE concentrations, but does not affect their relative distributions.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.003},
	author = {Craddock, P R and Bach, W and Seewald, J S and Rouxel, O J and Reeves, E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Thresher2010,
	title = {{Temperature effects on the calcite skeletal composition of deep-water gorgonians (isididae)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {16},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {4655{\textendash}4670},
	abstract = {We test for and calibrate a proxy for ocean temperature based on the skeletal composition of the widely distributed, deep-sea gorgonians in the family Isididae (bamboo corals), through use of three complementary methods: a short-term comparison of element/Ca ratios to a four-year temperature record, a long-term comparison with oceanographic records spanning forty years, and a geographic comparison of Isidids collected at sites ranging from the tropics to Antarctica. The assays consistently support a temperature-dependency for Mg/Ca ratios and suggest S/Ca is indirectly affected by temperature, but indicate little or no effect of temperature on P/Ca and Sr/Ca. The consensus relationship between Mg/Ca and temperature for Isidid calcite from the comparisons with the temperature time-series is T = -0.505 + 0.048 Mg/Ca, where T is in {\textdegree}C, Mg/Ca is in mmol/mol, and the applicable range is 3{\textendash}6 {\textdegree}C. The results of the geographic assay, though imprecise, suggest the applicable range extends to temperatures below freezing. The scatter of data points around the regression of temperature and Mg/Ca is wide in all assays. This could reflect the effect of factors other than temperature on Mg/Ca ratios, but is also likely to reflect limitations of the field data, the effects of assumed constant growth rates in the corals and instrumental analytical error. The combined effects of micro-scale variability in growth rates and wide confidence intervals for each data point suggests that environmental reconstruction from Isidid internode calcite from sparse data or at time scales less than decades be done with caution. Comparisons within and among colonies do not indicate strong vital effects on ontogenetic variability in the corals, other than possibly close to the central pore of the coral. However, similar Mg/Ca ratios for Isidids from Antarctic and more temperate regions suggest adaptation to local conditions and hence a role for physiology at higher taxonomic levels, at least. Taxonomically higher level vital effects are also suggested by large differences between gorgonian families in their regressions between Mg/Ca and temperature, by Mg/Ca ratios that overlap over a wide temperature and habitat range, and for a non-linear relationship between temperature and the slope of the Mg/Ca-temperature relationship across the order.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.024},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.024},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Wilson, N C and MacRae, C M and Neil, H}
}
@article {Toner2009,
	title = {{Biogenic iron oxyhydroxide formation at mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents: Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {73},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {388{\textendash}403},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.035},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.035},
	author = {Toner, B M and Santelli, C M and Marcus, M A and Wirth, R and Chan, C S and McCollom, T and Bach, W and Edwards, K J}
}
@article {Sarrazin2009,
	title = {{A dual sensor device to estimate fluid flow velocity at diffuse hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {56},
	number = {11},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2065{\textendash}2074},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.06.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.06.008},
	author = {Sarrazin, J and Rodier, P and Tivey, M K and Singh, H and Schultz, A and Sarradin, P -M}
}
@article {Rathburn2009,
	title = {{Geological and biological heterogeneity of the Aleutian Margin (1965{\textendash}4822 m)}},
	journal = {Progress In Oceanography},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {22{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	author = {Rathburn, A E and Levin, L A and Tryon, M D and Gieskes, J M and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Fodrie, F J and Neira, C and Fryer, G L and Mendoza, G F and McMillan, P A and Kluesner, J and Adamic, J and Ziebis, W}
}
@article {Tremblay2009,
	title = {{Oceanic core complexes and ancient oceanic lithosphere: Insights from Iapetan and Tethyan ophiolites (Canada and Albania)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {473},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {36{\textendash}52},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.003},
	author = {Tremblay, A and Meshi, A and B{\'e}dard, J H}
}
@article {Tyler2009,
	title = {{Protandric hermaphroditism in the whale-fall bivalve mollusc Idas washingtonia}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1689{\textendash}1699},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.014},
	author = {Tyler, P A and Marsh, L and Baco-Taylor, A and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Shin2009,
	title = {{Superoxide dismutase from the eukaryotic thermophile Alvinella pompejana: Structures, stability, mechanism, and insights into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
	volume = {385},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1534{\textendash}1555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2836},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	author = {Shin, D S and DiDonato, M and Barondeau, D P and Hura, G L and Hitomi, C and Berglund, J A and Getzoff, E D and Cary, S C and Tainer, J A}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe2009,
	title = {{Survival of mussels in extremely acidic waters on a submarine volcano}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {2},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {may},
	pages = {344{\textendash}348},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/NGEO500},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Davies, K T A and Butterfield, D A and Embley, R W and Rose, J M and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Breier2009,
	title = {{A suspended-particle rosette multi-sampler for discrete biogeochemical sampling in low-particle-density waters}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1579{\textendash}1589},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	author = {Breier, J A and Rauch, C G and McCartney, K and Toner, B M and Fakra, S C and White, S N and German, C R}
}
@article {Hsu-Kim2008,
	title = {{Formation of Zn- and Fe-sulfides near hydrothermal vents at the Eastern Lau Spreading Center: implications for sulfide bioavailability to chemoautotrophs}},
	journal = {Geochemical Transactions},
	volume = {9},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {6},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1467-4866},
	doi = {10.1186/1467-4866-9-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1467-4866-9-6},
	author = {Hsu-Kim, H and Mullaugh, K M and Tsang, J J and Yucel, M and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Lutz2008,
	title = {{Interrelationships between vent fluid chemistry, temperature, seismic activity, and biological community structure at a mussel-dominated, deep-sea hydrothermal vent along the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {177{\textendash}190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Luther, G W and Vetriani, C and Tolstoy, M and Nuzzio, D B and Moore, T S and Waldhauser, F and Crespo-Medina, M and Chatziefthimiou, A D and Annis, E R and Reed, A J}
}
@article {Thistle2008,
	title = {{Large, motile epifauna interact strongly with harpacticoid copepods and polychaetes at a bathyal site}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {324{\textendash}331},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.008},
	author = {Thistle, D and Eckman, J E and Paterson, G L J}
}
@article {Tyler2008,
	title = {{Reproduction of gastropods from vents on the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {107{\textendash}118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Tyler, P A and Pendlebury, S and Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Eckelbarger, K J and Baker, M and Young, C M}
}
@article {Luther2008,
	title = {{Use of voltammetric solid-state (micro)electrodes for studying biogeochemical processes: Laboratory measurements to real time measurements with an in situ electrochemical analyzer (ISEA)}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {221{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B T and Ma, S and Trouwborst, R E and Moore, T S and Metzger, E and Kraiya, C and Waite, T J and Druschel, G and Sundby, B and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Shank, T M and Lewis, B L and Brendel, P J}
}
@article {Ferrini2008,
	title = {{Variable morphologic expression of volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes at six hydrothermal vent fields in the Lau back-arc basin}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {Q07022},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002047},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002047},
	author = {Ferrini, V L and Tivey, M K and Carbotte, S M and Martinez, F and Roman, C}
}
@article {Waite2008,
	title = {{Variation in sulfur speciation with shellfish presence at a Lau Basin diffuse flow vent site}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {163{\textendash}168},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Waite, T J and Moore, T S and Childress, J J and Hsu-Kim, H and Mullaugh, K M and Nuzzio, D B and Paschal, A N and Tsang, J and Fisher, C R and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Mullaugh2008,
	title = {{Voltammetric (micro)electrodes for the in situ study of Fe2+ oxidation kinetics in hot springs and S2O3-2- production at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {280{\textendash}290},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1040-0397},
	doi = {10.1002/elan.200704056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200704056},
	author = {Mullaugh, K M and Luther, G W and Ma, S and Moore, T S and Yucel, M and Becker, E L and Podowski, E L and Fisher, C R and Trouwborst, R E and Pierson, B K}
}
@article {Garcia2008,
	title = {{Widespread secondary volcanism near northern Hawaiian Islands}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {89},
	number = {52},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {542{\textendash}543},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/2008EO520002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008EO520002},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Ito, G and Weis, D and Geist, D J and Swinnard, L and Bianco, T and Flinders, A and Taylor, B and Appelgate, B and Blay, C and Hanano, D and Silva, I N and Naumann, T and Maerschalk, C and Harpp, K S and Christensen, B and Sciaroni, L and Tagami, T and Yamasaki, S}
}
@article {Roberts2007a,
	title = {{Alvin explores the deep northern Gulf of Mexico Slope}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {88},
	number = {35},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {341{\textendash}342},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/2007EO350001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007EO350001},
	author = {Roberts, H and Carney, R and Kupchik, M and Fisher, C R and Nelson, Kim and Becker, E and Goehring, E and Lessard-Pilon, S and Telesnicki, G and Bernard, B and Brooks, J and Bright, M and Cordes, E and Hourdez, S and Hunt, J and Shedd, W and Boland, G and Joye, S and Samarkin, V and Bernier, M and Bowles, M and MacDonald, I and Niemann, H and Petersen, C and Morrison, C and Potter, J}
}
@article {Yoerger2007b,
	title = {{Autonomous and remotely operated vehicle technology for hydrothermal vent discovery, exploration, and sampling}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {152{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.89},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Jakuba, M V and German, C R and Shank, T M and Tivey, M}
}
@article {Embley2007,
	title = {{Exploring the submarine ring of fire: Mariana Arc-Western Pacific}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.07},
	author = {Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Chadwick, W W and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and de Ronde, C E J and Nakamura, K I and Tunnicliffe, V and Dower, J F and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Mills2007,
	title = {{Habitat associations in gastropod species at east Pacific rise hydrothermal vents (9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N)}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {212},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {185{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/212/3/185},
	author = {Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Tyler, P A}
}
@article {Tanaka2007,
	title = {{High-resolution bathymetry using Alvin scanning sonar at the Southern East Pacific Rise and its implication to the formation of collapsed lava lakes}},
	journal = {Earth Planets and Space},
	volume = {59},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {245{\textendash}249},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1343-8832},
	url = {http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2007/5904/59040245.pdf},
	author = {Tanaka, A and Rosat, S and Kisimoto, K and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Fisher2007a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {14{\textendash}23},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.75},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Takai, K and Le Bris, N}
}
@article {Escartin2007,
	title = {{Interplay between faults and lava flows in construction of the upper oceanic crust: The East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 25 {\textquoteright}-9 degrees 58 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06005},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gc001399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001399},
	author = {Escartin, J and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Yoerger2007,
	title = {{Mid-ocean ridge exploration with an autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {52{\textendash}61},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.05},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Jakuba, M V and Tivey, M A and German, C R and Shank, T M and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Deschamps2007,
	title = {{Quantitative study of the deformation at Southern Explorer Ridge using high-resolution bathymetric data}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {259},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1{\textendash}17},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.007},
	author = {Deschamps, A and Tivey, M A and Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Gannoun2007,
	title = {{The scale and origin of the osmium isotope variations in mid-ocean ridge basalts}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {259},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {541{\textendash}556},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	author = {Gannoun, A and Burton, K W and Parkinson, I J and Alard, O and Schiano, P and Thomas, L E}
}
@article {Ferrini2007,
	title = {{Submeter bathymetric mapping of volcanic and hydrothermal features on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q01006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006GC001333},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001333},
	author = {Ferrini, V L and Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Kinsey, J C and Tivey, M A and Soule, S A and Carbotte, S M and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R and Howland, J}
}
@article {Auchtung2006,
	title = {{16S rRNA phylogenetic investigation of the candidate division Korarchaeota}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {72},
	number = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {5077{\textendash}5082},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00052-06},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00052-06},
	author = {Auchtung, T A and Takacs-Vesbach, C D and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {Waite2006,
	title = {{An investigation into the suitability of bismuth as an alternative to gold-amalgam as a working electrode for the in situ determination of chemical redox species in the natural environment}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {12},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1167{\textendash}1172},
	issn = {1040-0397},
	doi = {10.1002/elan.200603519},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200603519},
	author = {Waite, T J and Kraiya, C and Trouwborst, R E and Ma, S and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Martinez2006,
	title = {{Opposing trends in crustal thickness and spreading rate along the back-arc Eastern Lau Spreading Center: Implications for controls on ridge morphology, faulting, and hydrothermal activity}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {245},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {655{\textendash}672},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.049},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.049},
	author = {Martinez, F and Taylor, B and Baker, E T and Resing, J A and Walker, S L}
}
@article {Tivey2006,
	title = {{Origin of the Pacific Jurassic quiet zone}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {9},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {789{\textendash}792},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/g22894.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g22894.1},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Sager, W W and Lee, S M and Tominaga, M}
}
@article {Tolstoy2006,
	title = {{A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {314},
	number = {5807},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1920{\textendash}1922},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1133950},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133950},
	author = {Tolstoy, M and Cowen, J P and Baker, E T and Fornari, D J and Rubin, K H and Shank, T M and Waldhauser, F and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Forsyth, D W and Holmes, R C and Love, B and Perfit, M R and Weekly, R T and Soule, S A and Glazer, B}
}
@article {Wanless2006,
	title = {{Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai{\textquoteright}i}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q05001},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001086},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001086},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Garcia, M O and Trusdell, F A and Rhodes, J M and Norman, M D and Weis, D and Fornari, D J and Kurz, M D and Guillou, H}
}
@article {Reysenbach2006,
	title = {{A ubiquitous thermoacidophilic archaeon from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {442},
	number = {7101},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {444{\textendash}447},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature04921},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04921},
	author = {Reysenbach, A -L and Liu, Y T and Banta, A B and Beveridge, T J and Kirshtein, J D and Schouten, S and Tivey, M K and Von Damm, K L and Voytek, M A}
}
@article {Soule2005,
	title = {{Channelized lava flows at the East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees-10 degrees N: The importance of off-axis lava transport in developing the architecture of young oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {Q08005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc000912},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc000912},
	author = {Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tivey, M A and Ridley, W I and Schouten, H}
}
@article {Ding2005,
	title = {{The in situ pH of hydrothermal fluids at mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {237},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {167{\textendash}174},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.041},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.041},
	author = {Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Zhang, Z and Tivey, M K and Von Damm, K L and Bradley, A M}
}
@article {Hilario2005,
	title = {{Sperm storage, internal fertilization, and embryonic dispersal in vent and seep tubeworms (Polychaeta : Siboglinidae : Vestimentifera)}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {208},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {20{\textendash}28},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/208/1/20},
	author = {Hilario, A and Young, C M and Tyler, P A}
}
@article {Pollock2005,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variability in the composition of lavas exposed along the Western Blanco Transform Fault}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {Q11009},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001026},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001026},
	author = {Pollock, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Turnipseed2004,
	title = {{Community structure in Florida Escarpment seep and Snake Pit (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) vent mussel beds}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {145},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {121{\textendash}132},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-004-1304-z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1304-z},
	author = {Turnipseed, M and Jenkins, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@inbook {German2004,
	title = {{Hydrothermal processes}},
	booktitle = {Treatise on geochemistry},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {181{\textendash}222},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0080437516},
	author = {German, C R and Von Damm, K L},
	editor = {Turekian, K K}
}
@article {Terlizzi2004,
	title = {{Observations on parasitism in deep-sea hydrothermal vent and seep limpets}},
	journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},
	volume = {62},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {17{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0177-5103},
	doi = {10.3354/dao062017},
	url = {http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2004/62/d062p017.pdf},
	author = {Terlizzi, C M and Ward, M E and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Tivey2004,
	title = {{The remarkable diversity of seafloor vents: Continuing explorations reveal an increasing variety of hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {60{\textendash}65},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Sheader2004,
	title = {{Reproductive Ecology of Bouvierella curtirama (Amphipoda:Eusiridae) from chemically distinct vents in the Lucky Strike vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {144},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {503{\textendash}514},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-003-1211-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1211-8},
	author = {Sheader, M and Van Dover, C L and Thurston, M H}
}
@inbook {Fornari2004,
	title = {{Submarine lava flow emplacement at the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N: Implications for uppermost ocean crust stratigraphy and hydrothermal fluid circulation}},
	booktitle = {Mid-ocean ridges: hydrothermal interactions between the lithosphere and ocean},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {148},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {187{\textendash}217},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875904130},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R and Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Edwards, M H and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Von Damm, K L and Shank, T M and Soule, A},
	editor = {German, C R}
}
@article {VanDover2003a,
	title = {{Blake Ridge methane seeps: Characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {281{\textendash}300},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Aharon, P and Bernhard, J M and Caylor, E and Doerries, M B and Flickinger, W and Gilhooly, W and Goffredi, S K and Knick, K E and Macko, S A and Rapoport, S and Raulfs, E C and Ruppel, C and Salerno, J L and Seitz, R D and Sen Gupta, B K and Shank, T M and Turnipseed, M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Davis2003,
	title = {{Deep-ocean temperature variations and implications for errors in seafloor heat flow determinations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2034},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB001695},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001695},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Becker, K and Thomson, R E and Yashayaev, I}
}
@article {Turnipseed2003,
	title = {{Diversity in mussel-beds at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {518{\textendash}523},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00465.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00465.x},
	author = {Turnipseed, M and Knick, K E and Lipcius, R N and Dreyer, J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@inbook {Smith2003a,
	title = {{Ecology of the deep Pacific Ocean floor}},
	booktitle = {Ecosystems of the deep ocean},
	series = {Ecosystems of the world},
	number = {28},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {179{\textendash}218},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {044482619X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Demopoulos, A W J},
	editor = {Tyler, P A}
}
@article {Tivey2003,
	title = {{A near-bottom magnetic survey of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at 26 degrees N: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the TAG segment}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B5},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2277},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JB001967},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001967},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Levin2003,
	title = {{Spatial heterogeneity of macrofauna at northern California methane seeps: Influence of sulfide concentration and fluid flow}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {265},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {123{\textendash}139},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps265123},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps265123},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G F and Growney, V A and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Mahn, C and Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Copley2003,
	title = {{Spatial variation in the reproductive development of Paralvinella palmiformis (Polychaeta: Alvinellidae) from the High Rise vent field (Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge): Relation to a successional mosaic model}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {255},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {171{\textendash}181},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps255171},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps255171},
	author = {Copley, J T P and Tyler, P A and Van Dover, C L and Philip, S J}
}
@article {Tyler2003,
	title = {{Understanding the biogeography of chemosynthetic ecosystems.}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {25},
	number = {5},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {227{\textendash}241},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	doi = {10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01202-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01202-1},
	author = {Tyler, P A and German, C R and Ramirez-Llodra, E and Van Dover, C L}
}
@inbook {Luther2002,
	title = {{A continuous flow electrochemical cell for analysis of chemical species and ions at high pressure: Laboratory, shipboard and hydrothermal vent results.}},
	booktitle = {Environmental electrochemistry: Analyses of trace element biogeochemistry},
	series = {ACS symposium series},
	number = {811},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {54{\textendash}73},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	organization = {American Chemical Society},
	address = {Washington, D. C.},
	isbn = {0841237743},
	author = {Luther, G W and Bono, A and Taillefert, M and Cary, S C},
	editor = {Taillefert, M}
}
@article {Tivey2002,
	title = {{Crustal magnetization reveals subsurface structure of Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal fields}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {11},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {979{\textendash}982},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0979:CMRSSO>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030{\%}3C0979:CMRSSO{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Jenkins2002,
	title = {{The digestive system of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Galapagomystides aristata (Phyllodocidae): Evidence for hematophagy?}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {121},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {243{\textendash}254},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00064.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00064.x},
	author = {Jenkins, C D and Ward, M E and Turnipseed, M and Osterberg, J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Biscoito2002,
	title = {{Fishes from the hydrothermal vents and cold seeps: An update}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {359{\textendash}362},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-359-362.pdf},
	author = {Biscoito, M and Segonzac, M and Almeida, A J and Desbruyeres, D and Geistdoerfer, P and Turnipseed, M and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Torres2002,
	title = {{Fluid and chemical flux in and out of sediments hosting methane hydrate deposits on Hydrate Ridge, OR, II: Hydrological processes}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {201},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {525{\textendash}540},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00733-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00732-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00733-1},
	author = {Torres, M E and McManus, J and Hammond, D E and De Angelis, M A and Heeschen, K U and Colbert, S L and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Suess, E and Torres, M E}
}
@article {Mullineaux2002,
	title = {{Implications of cross-axis flow for larval dispersal along mid-ocean ridges.}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {281{\textendash}284},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-281-284.pdf},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Speer, K G and Thurnherr, A M and Maltrud, M E and Vangriesheim, A}
}
@inbook {Nuzzio2002,
	title = {{In situ voltammetry at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Environmental electrochemistry: Analyses of trace element biogeochemistry},
	series = {American Chemical Society Symposium Series},
	number = {811},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {40{\textendash}51},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	organization = {American Chemical Society},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0841237743},
	url = {http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/delu/delur02003.pdf},
	author = {Nuzzio, D B and Taillefert, M and Cary, S C and Reysenbach, A -L and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Karson2002a,
	title = {{Internal structure of uppermost oceanic crust along the Western Blanco Transform Scarp: Implications for subaxial accretion and deformation at the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2181},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000051},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000051},
	author = {Karson, J A and Tivey, M A and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Sarrazin2002,
	title = {{Mosaic community dynamics on Juan de Fuca Ridge sulphide edifices: Substratum, temperature and implications for trophic structure}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {275{\textendash}279},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-275-279.pdf},
	author = {Sarrazin, J and Levesque, C and Juniper, S K and Tivey, M K}
}
@book {Fornari2001,
	title = {{AHA-NEMO2: Shipboard data web site compiled during R/V Melville NEMO Expedition, Leg 2, May, 2000}},
	volume = {2005},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://science.whoi.edu/ahanemo2},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tolstoy, M and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Johnson, P and Kurras, G and White, S and Getsiv, J and Party, Shipboard Scientific and Technical}
}
@article {VanDover2001,
	title = {{Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {294},
	number = {5543},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {818{\textendash}823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1064574},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1064574},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Cavanaugh, C M and Collier, R and Goffredi, S K and Hashimoto, J and Lilley, M D and Reysenbach, A -L and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Banta, A and Gallant, R M and Gotz, D and Green, D and Hall, J and Harmer, T L and Hurtado, L A and Johnson, P and McKiness, Z P and Meredith, C and Olson, E J and Pan, I L and Turnipseed, M and Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Tsurumi2001,
	title = {{Characteristics of a hydrothermal vent assemblage on a volcanically active segment of Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {58},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {530{\textendash}542},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1205-7553},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfas-58-3-530},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-58-3-530},
	author = {Tsurumi, M and Tunnicliffe, V}
}
@article {Luther2001,
	title = {{Chemical speciation drives hydrothermal vent ecology}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {410},
	number = {6830},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {813{\textendash}816},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35071069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35071069},
	author = {Luther, G W and Rozan, T F and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Di Meo, C A and Shank, T M and Lutz, R A and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Tryon2001,
	title = {{Complex flow patterns through hydrate ridge and their impact on Seep Biota}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {28},
	number = {14},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2863{\textendash}2866},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2000GL012566},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012566},
	author = {Tryon, M D and Brown, K M}
}
@article {VanDover2001a,
	title = {{Corralling of larvae in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {81},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {823{\textendash}826},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0125-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315401004659},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401004659},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Jenkins, C D and Turnipseed, M}
}
@article {Holden2001,
	title = {{Diversity among three novel groups of hyperthermophilic deep-sea Thermococcus species from three sites in the northeastern Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {51{\textendash}60},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00825.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00825.x},
	author = {Holden, J F and Takai, K and Summit, M and Bolton, S A and Zyskowski, J and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Davis2001,
	title = {{An episode of seafloor spreading and associated plate deformation inferred from crustal fluid pressure transients}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {21,921{\textendash}953,964},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000040},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Thomson, R E and Becker, K and Cassidy, J F}
}
@article {Ding2001,
	title = {{In situ measurement of dissolved H (sub 2) and H (sub 2) S in high-temperature hydrothermal vent fluids at the Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {186},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {417{\textendash}425},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00257-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00257-6},
	author = {Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Tivey, M K and Bradley, A M}
}
@article {Allen2001,
	title = {{Lipid composition of the hydrothermal vent clam Calyptogena pacifica (Mollusca: Bivalvia) as a trophic indicator}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {81},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {817{\textendash}821},
	abstract = {Specimens of the chemoautotrophic symbiont-bearing hydrothermal vent clam Calyptogena pacifica were collected from hydrothermal vents at the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Total lipid was extracted from gill, foot and mantle tissues, and lipid class and fatty acid composition determined by thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC{\textendash}FID), gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). An abundance of n{\textendash}7 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), especially in the gill, reflected the large contribution of chemoautotrophic symbiotic bacteria to the nutrition of this clam. The absence of n{\textendash}8 MUFA suggests that C. pacifica does not contain methanotrophic symbiotic bacteria. Low levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as 20:5 n{\textendash}3 and 22:6 n{\textendash}3 were detected in C. pacifica and their presence is attributed to a source other than chemoautotrophic symbiotic bacteria. Significant levels of non-methylene interrupted dienoic fatty acids and eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) were also detected in C. pacifica and it is suggested that these fatty acids are synthesized from n{\textendash}7 MUFA as alternatives to HUFA. In contrast to shallow water bivalves, elevated levels of triglyceride were detected in the gills compared to the mantle.},
	issn = {0125-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315401004647},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401004647},
	author = {Allen, C E and Tyler, P A and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Smith2001,
	title = {{Magnetic anomalies at the Puna Ridge, a submarine extension of Kilauea Volcano: Implications for lava deposition}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {16,16{\textendash}47,60},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000014},
	author = {Smith, D K and Tivey, M A and Gregg, P and Kong, L}
}
@article {Tryon2001a,
	title = {{A new benthic aqueous flux meter for very low to moderate discharge rates}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {48},
	number = {9},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2121{\textendash}2146},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00002-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00002-4},
	author = {Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Dorman, L and Sauter, A}
}
@article {Tappin2001,
	title = {{The Sissano, Papua New Guinea tsunami of July 1998 {\textendash} offshore evidence on the source mechanism}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {175},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1{\textendash}23},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00131-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00131-1},
	author = {Tappin, D R and Watts, P and McMurtry, G M and Lafoy, Y and Matsumoto, T}
}
@article {Luther2001a,
	title = {{Sulfur speciation monitored in situ with solid state gold amalgam voltammetric microelectrodes: Polysulfides as a special case in sediments, microbial mats and hydrothermal vent waters}},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {61{\textendash}66},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1464-0325},
	doi = {10.1039/b006499h},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b006499h},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B Y and Hohmann, L and Popp, J I and Taillefert, M and Rozan, T F and Brendel, P J and Theberge, S M and Nuzzio, D B}
}
@article {Williams2001,
	title = {{Tidal currents at hydrothermal vents, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {6},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {62{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Williams, A J and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Taillefert2000,
	title = {{The application of electrochemical tools for in situ measurements in aquatic systems}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {12},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {401{\textendash}412},
	issn = {1521-4109},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(20000401)12:6<401::AID-ELAN401>3.3.CO;2-L},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(20000401)12:6{\%}3C401::AID-ELAN401{\%}3E3.3.CO 2-L},
	author = {Taillefert, M and Luther, G W and Nuzzio, D B}
}
@inbook {Toye2000,
	title = {{Deep Submergence: The beginnings of Alvin as a tool of basic research and introduction of featured speaker Dr. Robert D. Ballard}},
	booktitle = {50 years of ocean discovery: National Science Foundation, 1950-2000},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {65{\textendash}66},
	publisher = {National Academy Press},
	organization = {National Academy Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-309-06398-1},
	author = {Toye, S}
}
@article {Johnson2000a,
	title = {{Density and porosity of upper oceanic crust from seafloor gravity measurements}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {27},
	number = {7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1053{\textendash}1056},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL011130},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011130},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Pruis, M J and Van Patten, D and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {VanDover2000,
	title = {{Diversity at deep-sea hydrothermal vent and intertidal mussel beds}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {195},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {169{\textendash}178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps195169},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps195169},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Trask, J L}
}
@article {Davis2000,
	title = {{Formation-scale hydraulic and mechanical properties of oceanic crust inferred from pore pressure response to periodic seafloor loading}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13,413{\textendash}423,435},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900084},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900084},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Becker, K and Thomson, R E}
}
@inbook {Juniper2000,
	title = {{IRL: an interactive real-time logging system for ROVs}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {465{\textendash}473},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881301},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881301},
	author = {Juniper, S and Garrett, K and Shepherd, J F and Tamburri, K and Wallace, K}
}
@article {Takeuchi2000,
	title = {{Large earthquakes and bottom disturbances in the Okushiri Ridge along the eastern margin of Japan Sea}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {29{\textendash}46},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}02{\_}04.pdf},
	author = {Takeuchi, A and Okamura, Y and Kato, Y and Ikehara, K and Zhang, J and Satake, K and Nagao, T and Hirano, M and Watanabe, M}
}
@article {Newman2000,
	title = {{A new genus and species of barnacle (Cirripedia, Verrucomorpha) associated with vents of the Lau Back-Arc Basin: its gross morphology, inferred first juvenile stage and affinities}},
	journal = {Zoosystema},
	volume = {22},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {71{\textendash}84},
	issn = {1280-9551},
	url = {http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/zoosyst/z00n1a4.pdf},
	author = {Newman, W A and Tavares, M}
}
@article {Hunt2000,
	title = {{Observations of the pelagic fauna over the Pac Manus site, in the Manus Basin, Papau New Guinea: preliminary results}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {15{\textendash}21},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}01{\_}03.pdf},
	author = {Hunt, J C and Lindsay, D J and Hashimoto, J and Fujikura, K and Fujiwara, Y and Miyake, H and Tsuchida, S}
}
@article {Tsuchida2000,
	title = {{Preliminary report of a biological, geological, and geochemical survey on hydrothermalism at the Hotoma and Minna Knolls SF sub(6) tracer experiment to observe the behavior of hydrothermal plume at South East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {35{\textendash}42},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}06.pdf},
	author = {Tsuchida, S and Watanabe, K and Ishibashi, J and Miyake, H and Watabe, H and Yamaguchi, T and Kitajima, T and Nakano, A and Matsumura, M and Watanabe, H and Tsumune, D and Shitashima, K and Okamura, K and Urabe, T and Nakamura, K and Fujimoto, H and Mitsuzawa, K}
}
@article {Mitsuzawa2000,
	title = {{Preliminary report of Deep-Tow/Yokosuka Cruise at hydrothermal areas in the Mid and Southern Mariana}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {73{\textendash}87},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}10.pdf},
	author = {Mitsuzawa, K and Masuda, H and Seama, N and Hasegawa, Y and Miyamoto, M and Togashi, N and So, A and Yamanobe, H}
}
@article {Rozan2000,
	title = {{Quantifying elemental sulfur (S[sup 0]), bisulfide (HS[sup -]) and polysulfides (S[sub x sup 2-]) using a voltammetric method.}},
	journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	volume = {415},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {175{\textendash}184},
	issn = {0003-2670},
	doi = {10.1016/S0003-2670(00)00844-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)00844-8},
	author = {Rozan, T F and Theberge, S M and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Mitchell2000,
	title = {{Seafloor slopes at mid-ocean ridges from submersible observations and implications for interpreting geology from seafloor topography}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {183},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {543{\textendash}555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00270-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00270-3},
	author = {Mitchell, N C and Tivey, M A and Gente, P}
}
@article {Lindsay2000,
	title = {{Submersible observations on the deep-sea fauna of the south-west Indian Ocean: preliminary results for the mesopelagic and near-bottom communities}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23{\textendash}33},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}01{\_}04.pdf},
	author = {Lindsay, D J and Hunt, J C and Hashimoto, J and Fujiwara, Y and Fujikura, K and Miyake, H and Tsuchida, S}
}
@article {Chevaldonne2000,
	title = {{Thermotolerance and the {\textquoteleft}Pompeii worms{\textquoteright}}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {208},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {293{\textendash}295},
	author = {Chevaldonne, P and Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Desbruyeres, D and Jollivet, D and Zal, F and Toulmond, A}
}
@article {White2000,
	title = {{Variations in ambient light emission from black smokers and flange pools on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {27},
	number = {8},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1151{\textendash}1154},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL011074},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011074},
	author = {White, S N and Chave, A D and Reynolds, G T and Gaidos, E J and Tyson, J A and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Halanych1999,
	title = {{Brief description of biological communities at 7 degrees S on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {InterRidge News},
	volume = {8},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {23{\textendash}27},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://interridge.whoi.edu/files/interridge/IRNewsVol8-2.pdf},
	author = {Halanych, K M and Tieger, M and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Schouten1999,
	title = {{Central anomaly magnetization high; constraints on the volcanic construction and architecture of seismic Layer 2A at a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge, the EPR at 9 degrees 30{\textquoteright}-50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {169},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {37{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00063-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00063-1},
	author = {Schouten, H and Tivey, M A and Fornari, D J and Cochran, J R}
}
@article {Yanagibayashi1999,
	title = {{Changes in bacterial community in Japan Trench sediment during cultivation without decompression}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {553{\textendash}560},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}47.pdf},
	author = {Yanagibayashi, M and Kato, C and Li, L and Nogi, Y and Inada, T and Taira, K and Kikuma, T and Suzuki, K and Horikoshi, K}
}
@article {Cochran1999,
	title = {{Continuous near-bottom gravity measurements made with a BGM-3 gravimeter in DSV Alvin on the East Pacific Rise crest near 9 degrees 31 degrees N and 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {104},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {10,810{\textendash}841,861},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/1999JB900049},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900049},
	author = {Cochran, J R and Fornari, D J and Coakley, B J and Herr, R and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Kinoshita1999,
	title = {{Detailed mapping of a hydrothermal field using navigation and visual data of submersible Shinkai 6500}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {661{\textendash}669},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}57.pdf},
	author = {Kinoshita, M and Ytow, N and Akashi, A and Takekawa, K}
}
@article {Ishibashi1999,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of hydrothermal activities along the S-EPR by Shinkai 6500}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {53{\textendash}59},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}05.pdf},
	author = {Ishibashi, J and Okamura, K and Tsumune, D and Nakamura, K and Urabe, T and Shitashima, K and Roe, K and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {Thistle1999,
	title = {{Physical reworking by near-bottom flow alters the metazoan meiofauna of Fieberling Guyot (northeast Pacific)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {46},
	number = {12},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {2041{\textendash}2052},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00040-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00040-0},
	author = {Thistle, D and Levin, L A and Gooday, A J and Pfannkuche, O and Lambshead, P J D}
}
@article {Toyokawa1998,
	title = {{Cnidarians and ctenophores observed from the manned submersible Shinkai 2000 in the midwater of Sagami Bay, Pacific coast of Japan}},
	journal = {Plankton Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {61{\textendash}74},
	issn = {1343-0874},
	url = {http://www.plankton.jp/PBE/issue/vol45{\_}1/vol45{\_}1{\_}061.html},
	author = {Toyokawa, M and Toda, T and Kikuchi, T and Nishida, S}
}
@article {Thistle1998a,
	title = {{The effect of experimentally increased near-bottom flow on metazoan meifauna at a deep-sea site, with comparison data on macrofauna}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {625{\textendash}638},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00101-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00101-5},
	author = {Thistle, D and Levin, L A}
}
@article {Thistle1998,
	title = {{Harpacticoid copepod diversity at two physically reworked sites in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {13{\textendash}24},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00044-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00044-1},
	author = {Thistle, D}
}
@article {Tivey1998,
	title = {{How to build a black smoker chimney}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {41},
	number = {2},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {22{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Tivey, M K}
}
@inbook {Vetriani1998,
	title = {{Improving enzyme thermostability: The Thermococcus litoralis glutamate dehydrogenase model}},
	booktitle = {New developments in marine biotechnology},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {221{\textendash}225},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0306459078},
	author = {Vetriani, C and Maeder, D L and Tolliday, N and Klump, H H and Yip, K S P and Rice, D W and Robb, F T},
	editor = {Le Gal, Y}
}
@article {Fujiwara1998,
	title = {{In situ spawning of a deep-sea vesicomyid clam: Evidence for an environmental cue}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {45},
	number = {11},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1881{\textendash}1889},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00033-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00033-8},
	author = {Fujiwara, Y and Tsukahara, J and Hashimoto, J and Fujikura, K}
}
@inbook {Bowen1998c,
	title = {{M.V. Derbyshire phase 2 survey, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution cruise report}},
	booktitle = {M.V. Derbyshire surveys: UK/EC Assessors{\textquoteright} report},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1:209{\textendash}1:230},
	publisher = {European Commission, Directorate-General for Transport; DTER},
	organization = {European Commission, Directorate-General for Transport; DTER},
	address = {Brussels, Belgium; London},
	isbn = {1-85112-072-6},
	author = {Bowen, A and Williams, R and Torchio, D R},
	editor = {Williams, R}
}
@article {Black1998,
	title = {{Population genetics and biogeography of vestimentiferan tube worms}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {365{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00076-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00076-3},
	author = {Black, M B and Trivedi, A and Maas, P A Y and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Tebbens1998,
	title = {{Teaching marine science to the next generation: Innovative programs for 6th-8th graders gain momentum}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {79},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {137,141},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/98EO00096},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98EO00096},
	author = {Tebbens, S F and Coble, P G and Greely, T}
}
@article {Tivey1998a,
	title = {{Thickness of a submarine lava flow determined from near-bottom magnetic field mapping by autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {25},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {805{\textendash}808},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/98GL00442},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL00442},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, P H and Bradley, A and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe1997,
	title = {{Biological colonization of new hydrothermal vents following an eruption on Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {44},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1627{\textendash}1644},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00041-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00041-1},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Embley, R W and Holden, J F and Butterfield, D A and Massoth, G J and Juniper, S K}
}
@article {Dril1997,
	title = {{Geochemistry of basalts from the western Woodlark, Lau and Manus basins: implications for their petrogenesis and source rock compositions}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {142},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {57{\textendash}83},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00041-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00041-8},
	author = {Dril, S I and Kuzmin, M I and Tsipukova, S S and Zonenshain, L P}
}
@article {Orange1997,
	title = {{Headless submarine canyons and fluid flow on the toe of the Cascadia accretionary complex}},
	journal = {Basin Research},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {303{\textendash}312},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0950-091X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00045.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00045.x},
	author = {Orange, D L and Screaton, E J and Chezar, H and Lee, H and Reid, M and Vail, R and McAdoo, B G and Casey Moore, J and Tobin, H}
}
@article {Langmuir1997,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents near a mantle hot spot: The Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {69{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	author = {Langmuir, C and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Van Dover, C L and Von Damm, K L and Tivey, M K and Colodner, D and Charlou, J L and Desonie, D and Wilson, D and Fouquet, Y and Klinkhammer, G and Bougault, H}
}
@article {Goff1997,
	title = {{Multiscale spectral analysis of bathymetry on the flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Modification of the seafloor by mass wasting and sedimentation}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {102},
	number = {B7},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {15,415{\textendash}447,462},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB00723},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB00723},
	author = {Goff, J A and Tucholke, B E}
}
@article {Bellan-Santini1996,
	title = {{Amphipoda of the hydrothermal vents along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Natural History},
	volume = {30},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {685{\textendash}702},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2933},
	doi = {10.1080/00222939600770381},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939600770381},
	author = {Bellan-Santini, D and Thurston, M H}
}
@article {Emelyanov1996,
	title = {{Geological bottom structure in the Baltic Shield {\textendash} Baltic syneclise junction area in the northern Baltic Sea}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {36},
	number = {6},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {910{\textendash}918},
	issn = {0030-1574},
	author = {Emel{\textquoteright}yanov, E M and Trimonis, E S and Kharin, G S}
}
@article {Rona1996,
	title = {{Heat flow and mineralogy of TAG relict high-temperature hydrothermal zones: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26 degrees N, 45 degrees W}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3507{\textendash}3510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL03257},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL03257},
	author = {Rona, P A and Petersen, S and Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P and Hannington, M D and Herzig, P M and Naka, J and Lalou, C and Thompson, G}
}
@book {Fornari1995a,
	title = {{Alvin - Atlantis II near-bottom gravity cruise (131-12) : April 11-24, 1994, Manzanillo, MX - Manzanillo, MX}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Cochran, J R and Coakley, B J and Herr, R and Gregg, T K P and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Tivey1995b,
	title = {{Alvin magnetic survey of zero-age crust: CoAxial segment eruption, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {171{\textendash}174},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02081},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02081},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P}
}
@inbook {Lilley1995,
	title = {{Chemical and biochemical transformations in hydrothermal plumes}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {369{\textendash}391},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Lilley, M D and Feely, R A and Trefry, J H},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Felbeck1995,
	title = {{CO2 transport in catheterized hydrothermal vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology},
	volume = {272},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {95{\textendash}102},
	issn = {1097-010X},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.1402720203},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402720203},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Turner, P J}
}
@article {Tivey1995,
	title = {{Deducing patterns of fluid flow and mixing within the TAG hydrothermal mound using mineralogical and geochemical data}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B7},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {12,512{\textendash}527,555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02081},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02081},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Humphris, S E and Thompson, G and Hannington, M D and Rona, P A}
}
@article {Hussenoeder1995,
	title = {{Direct inversion of potential fields from an uneven track with application to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {23},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {3131{\textendash}3134},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/95GL03326},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95GL03326},
	author = {Hussenoeder, S and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H}
}
@book {Tivey1995a,
	title = {{Direct measurement of a magnetic polarity boundary with depth in oceanic crust}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Johnson1995,
	title = {{Magnetic properties of zero-age oceanic crust; a new submarine lava flow on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {175{\textendash}178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02053},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02053},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A}
}
@inbook {Childress1995,
	title = {{Metabolic potentials of deep-sea fishes: a comparative approach}},
	booktitle = {Environmental and Ecological Biochemistry},
	series = {Biochemistry and molecular biology of fishes},
	number = {5},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {175{\textendash}196},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-444-82177-5},
	author = {Childress, J J and Thuesen, E V},
	editor = {Hochachka, P W}
}
@article {Wolfe1995,
	title = {{Microearthquake characteristics and crustal velocity structure at 29 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The architecture of a slow spreading segment}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {24,424{\textendash}449,472},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/95JB02399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB02399},
	author = {Wolfe, C J and Purdy, M and Toomey, D R and Solomon, S C}
}
@article {Massoth1995,
	title = {{Observations of manganese and iron at the CoAxial seafloor eruption site, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {151{\textendash}154},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02662},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02662},
	author = {Massoth, G J and Baker, E T and Feely, R A and Butterfield, D A and Embley, R W and Lupton, J E and Thomson, R E and Cannon, G A}
}
@article {Muyzer1995,
	title = {{Phylogenetic relationships of Thiomicrospira species and their identification in deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {164},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {165{\textendash}172},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/s002030050250},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050250},
	author = {Muyzer, G and Teske, A and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@book {Humphris1995,
	title = {{Seafloor hydrothermal systems: Physical, chemical, biological and geological interactions}},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {xiii, 466},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Humphris, S E and Zierenberg, R and Mullineaux, L and Thomson, R}
}
@inbook {Tang1995,
	title = {{Texture classification using wavelet packet and fourier transforms}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}95 : "Challenges of our changing global environment" : conference proceedings, October 9-12, 1995, San Diego, California},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {387{\textendash}396},
	publisher = {Oceans {\textquoteright}95 MTS/IEEE Conference Committee},
	organization = {Oceans {\textquoteright}95 MTS/IEEE Conference Committee},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	isbn = {0-9339571-4-9},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1995.526799},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1995.526799},
	author = {Tang, X and Stewart, W K}
}
@article {Rona1994,
	title = {{Alvin zone of the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26 N, 45 W}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {44 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {706},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Rona, P A and Petersen, S and Hannington, M D and Herzig, P M and Tivey, M A and Kleinrock, M and Humphris, S E and Thompson, G and Lalou, C}
}
@article {Hover1994,
	title = {{Calculations of dynamic motions and tensions of towed underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {449{\textendash}457},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.312921},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.312921},
	author = {Hover, F and Grosenbaugh, M A and Triantafyllou, M}
}
@article {Tivey1994a,
	title = {{The fine-scale magnetic anomaly field over the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: The axial magnetic low and implications for crustal structure}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4833{\textendash}4855},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02110},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02110},
	author = {Tivey, M A}
}
@inbook {Tivey1994,
	title = {{High-resolution magnetic surveys over the Middle Valley mounds, Northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {139},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {29{\textendash}35},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.205.1994},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.205.1994},
	author = {Tivey, M A},
	editor = {McQuistion, M K}
}
@article {Linke1994,
	title = {{In situ measurement of fluid flow from cold seeps at active continental margins}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {721{\textendash}739},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90051-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90051-5},
	author = {Linke, P and Suess, E and Torres, M and Martens, V and Rugh, W D and Ziebis, W and Kulm, L D}
}
@article {Auzende1994,
	title = {{Observation of sections of oceanic crust and mantle cropping out on the southern wall of the Kane FZ (N. Atlantic)}},
	journal = {Terra Nova},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {143{\textendash}148},
	issn = {0954-4879},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00647.x},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Henriet, J P and Juteau, T and Karson, J A and Lagabrielle, Y and M{\'e}vel, C and Tivey, M}
}
@article {Toulmond1994,
	title = {{Unusual carbon dioxide-combining properties of body fluids in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {10},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1447{\textendash}1456},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90054-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90054-X},
	author = {Toulmond, A and Lallier, F H and De Frescheville, J and Childress, J J and Lee, R and Sanders, N K and Desbruyeres, D}
}
@article {Rona1993,
	title = {{Active and relict sea-floor hydorthermal mineralization at the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1989{\textendash}2017},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.1989},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.1989},
	author = {Rona, P A and Hannington, M D and Raman, C V and Thompson, G and Tivey, M K and Humphris, S E and Lalou, C and Petersen, S}
}
@article {Sample1993,
	title = {{Carbonate cements indicate channeled fluid flow along a zone of vertical faults at the deformation front of the Cascadia accretionary wedge (Northwest U.S. coast)}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {507{\textendash}510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0507:CCICFF>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021{\%}3C0507:CCICFF{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Sample, J C and Reid, M R and Tobin, H J and Moore, J C}
}
@article {Turner1993,
	title = {{Character of active hydrothermal mounds and near by altered hemipelagic sediments in the hydrothermal areas of Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: data on shallow cores}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {973{\textendash}996},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Turner, R J W and Ames, D E and Franklin, J M and Goodfellow, W D and Leitch, C H B and H{\"o}y, T}
}
@article {Travis1993,
	title = {{Deep-sea debate pits Alvin against Jason}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {259},
	number = {5101},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1534{\textendash}1536},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.259.5101.1534},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5101.1534},
	author = {Travis, J}
}
@article {German1993,
	title = {{A geochemical study of metalliferous sediment from the TAG bydrothermal mound, 26 degrees 09{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9683{\textendash}9692},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01705},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01705},
	author = {German, C R and Higgs, N C and Thomson, J and Mills, R and Elderfield, H and Blusztajn, J and Fleer, A P and Bacon, M P}
}
@article {Langmuir1993,
	title = {{Geological setting and characteristics of the Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {99},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Langmuir, C H and Fornari, D J and Colodner, D and Charlou, J L and Costa, I and Desbruyeres, D and Desonie, D and Emerson, T and Fiala-Medioni, A and Fouquet, Y and Humphris, S E and Saldanha, L and Sours-Page, R and Thatcher, M and Tivey, M and Van Dover, C L and Von Damm, K L and Wiese, K and Wilson, C}
}
@article {Johnson1993,
	title = {{A geophysical study of a new eruption on the axial seamount segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {620},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A and Holmes, M L}
}
@article {Childress1993a,
	title = {{Inorganic carbon uptake in hydrothermal vent tubeworms facilitated by high environmental pCO2}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {362},
	number = {6416},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {147{\textendash}149},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/362147a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362147a0},
	author = {Childress, J J and Lee, R and Sanders, N K and Felbeck, H and Oros, D and Toulmond, A and Desbruyeres, D and Brooks, J and II, Kennicutt M C}
}
@article {Tivey1993a,
	title = {{Reduced crustal magnetization beneath the active sulfide mound, TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 26N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {115},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {101{\textendash}115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90216-V},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90216-V},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Rona, P A and Schouten, H}
}
@article {Tivey1993,
	title = {{Variations in oceanic crustal structure and the implications for the fine-scale magnetic anomaly signal}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {17},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1879{\textendash}1882},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL01485},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL01485},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Gillis1993,
	title = {{A view of the lower crustal component of hydrothermal systems at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {19,519{\textendash}597,619},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB01717},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB01717},
	author = {Gillis, K M and Thonpson, G and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Lee1992,
	title = {{Ammonium and free amino acids as nitrogen sourcess for the chemoautotrophic clam symbiosis Solemya reidi Bernard (Bivalvia : Protobranchiata)}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {158},
	number = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {75{\textendash}91},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/0022-0981(92)90309-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(92)90309-X},
	author = {Lee, R W and Thuesen, E V and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Rona1992,
	title = {{Discrete and diffuse heat transfer at ASHES vent field, Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {109},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {57{\textendash}71},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(92)90074-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(92)90074-6},
	author = {Rona, P A and Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Delaney1992,
	title = {{Geology of a vigorous hydrothermal system on the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {19,619{\textendash}663,682},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB00174},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB00174},
	author = {Delaney, J R and Robigou, V and McDuff, R E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Juniper1992,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents in turbidite sediments on a Northeast Pacific spreading centre: Organisms and substratum at an ocean drilling site}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {9},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1792{\textendash}1809},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4301},
	doi = {10.1139/z92-247},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-247},
	author = {Juniper, S K and Tunnicliffe, V and Southward, E C}
}
@article {Tivey1992a,
	title = {{Leg 139 drilling tests magnetic models}},
	journal = {JOI/USSAC Newsletter},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {1992},
	author = {Tivey, M A}
}
@inbook {Howell1992,
	title = {{Maneuvering underwater vehicles employing low-tension tethers}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second (1992) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {321{\textendash}326},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineer (ISOPE)},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineer (ISOPE)},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	isbn = {1-880653-00-1},
	author = {Howell, C T and Grosenbaugh, M A and Moxnes, S and Anderson, J and Triantafyllou, M S}
}
@article {Tivey1992,
	title = {{Micro-magnetic field measurements near the ocean floor}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {35},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {82{\textendash}88},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Schouten, H}
}
@article {Kleinrock1992,
	title = {{Practical geological comparison of some seafloor survey instruments}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {19},
	number = {13},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1407{\textendash}1410},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/92GL01390},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92GL01390},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Hey, R N and Theberge, A E}
}
@mastersthesis {Trivett1991,
	title = {{Diffuse flow from hydrothermal vents}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {216},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3236},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3236},
	author = {Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Grosenbaugh1991,
	title = {{Drag forces and flow-induced vibrations of a long vertical tow cable - Part II: Unsteady towing conditions}},
	journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {113},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {199{\textendash}204},
	issn = {0892-7219},
	doi = {10.1115/1.2919920},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919920},
	author = {Grosenbaugh, M A and Yoerger, D R and Hover, F S and Triantafyllou, M S}
}
@article {Yoerger1991b,
	title = {{Drag forces and flow-induced vibrations of a long vertical tow cable - Part I: Steady-state towing conditions}},
	journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {113},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {117{\textendash}127},
	issn = {0892-7219},
	doi = {10.1115/1.2919907},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919907},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A and Triantafyllou, M S and Burgess, J J}
}
@article {Tivey1991,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent systems}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {34},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {68{\textendash}74},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Tivey, M K}
}
@inbook {Hover1991,
	title = {{Identification of parametric dynamic models for deeply-towed underwater vehicle systems}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the First (1991) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {97{\textendash}105},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	isbn = {0-962610-45-3},
	author = {Hover, F and Yoerger, D R and Triantafyllou, M}
}
@article {Kurr1991,
	title = {{Methanopyrus kandleri, gen. and sp. nov. represents a novel group of hyperthermophilic methanogens growing at 110C}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {156},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {239{\textendash}247},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00262992},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262992},
	author = {Kurr, M and Huber, R and Konig, H and Jannasch, H W and Fricke, H and Trincone, A and Kristiansson, J K and Stetter, K O}
}
@article {Triantafyllou1991,
	title = {{Robust control for underwater vehicle systems with time delays}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {16},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {146{\textendash}151},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.64894},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.64894},
	author = {Triantafyllou, M S and Grosenbaugh, M A}
}
@article {Taylor1991,
	title = {{Structural development of Sumisu Rift, Izu Bonin Arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {96},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {16,113{\textendash}116,129},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/91JB01900},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91JB01900},
	author = {Taylor, B and Klaus, A and Brown, G R and Moore, G F and Okamura, Y and Murakami, F}
}
@article {Taylor1990,
	title = {{Alvin-Seabeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {127{\textendash}147},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	author = {Taylor, B and Brown, G and Fryer, P and Gill, J B and Hochstaedter, A G and Hotta, H and Langmuir, C H and Leinen, M and Nishimura, A and Urabe, T}
}
@book {Triantafyllou1990,
	title = {{Cable dynamics for tethered underwater vehicles}},
	series = {MITSG},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {32},
	publisher = {Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	organization = {Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/mit/mitt90001.pdf},
	author = {Triantafyllou, M S and Hover, F}
}
@inbook {Hover1990,
	title = {{Modelling the dynamics of a deeply-towed underwater vehicle system}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the First (1990) European Offshore Mechanics Symposium: Hydrodynamics and Structural Mechanics, Tubular Joints and Fatigue, TLP, Offshore Systems, Pipelines and Risers, Cables and Mooring, Ice-Structure Interactions},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {457{\textendash}463},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	isbn = {0-962610-44-5},
	author = {Hover, F S and Triantafyllou, M S and Grosenbaugh, M A},
	editor = {Chung, J S}
}
@article {Smith1990,
	title = {{Submarine volcanism in the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin arc submersible and deep-tow camera results}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {148{\textendash}160.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90182-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90182-W},
	author = {Smith, J R and Taylor, B and Malahoff, A and Petersen, L}
}
@article {Hochstaedter1990a,
	title = {{Volcanism in the Sumisu Rift I: Major element, volatile and stable isotope geochemistry}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {179{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	author = {Hochstaedter, A G and Gill, J B and Kusakabe, M and Newman, S and Pringle, M and Taylor, B and Fryer, P}
}
@article {Tivey1989,
	title = {{High resolution geophysical studies of oceanic hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Reviews in Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {1},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {473{\textendash}496},
	issn = {0891-4117},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P}
}
@inbook {Olafsson1989,
	title = {{Initial observations, bathymetry and photography of a geothermal site on the Kolbeinsey Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography 1988 : JOA Mexico 88},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {121{\textendash}127},
	publisher = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	organization = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	address = {Mexico City},
	isbn = {9683611664},
	author = {Olafsson, J and Honjo, S and Thors, K and Stefansson, U and Jones, R R and Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Ayala-Casta{\~n}area, A}
}
@article {Tyre1989,
	title = {{Live TV broadcasts from ocean floor bring new depth to science education}},
	journal = {Technological Horizons in Education Journal},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {42,44{\textendash}46},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0192-592X},
	author = {Tyre, T}
}
@article {Campbell1988,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {335},
	number = {6190},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {514{\textendash}519},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/335514a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335514a0},
	author = {Campbell, A C and Palmer, M R and Klinkhammer, G P and Bowers, T S and Edmond, J M and Lawrence, J R and Casey, J F and Thompson, G and Humphris, S E and Rona, P A and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Levin1988,
	title = {{The ecology of xenophyophores (Protista) on Eastern Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {12},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2003{\textendash}2027},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90122-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90122-7},
	author = {Levin, L A and Thomas, C L}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1988a,
	title = {{An experimental investigation of the quasi-statics and dynamics of a long vertical tow cable}},
	booktitle = {OMAE 1988 Houston: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {489{\textendash}495},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A and Triantafyllou, M S and Engebretsen, K and Burgess, J},
	editor = {Chung, J S}
}
@inbook {Triantafyllou1988,
	title = {{A full-scale experiment and theoretical study of the dynamics of underwater vehicles employing very long tethers}},
	booktitle = {BOSS {\textquoteright}88 : proceedings of the International Conference on Behavior of Offshore Structures, Trondheim, Norway, June 1988},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {549{\textendash}563},
	publisher = {Tapir Publishers},
	organization = {Tapir Publishers},
	address = {Trondheim, Norway},
	isbn = {8251908558},
	author = {Triantafyllou, M S and Engebretsen, K and Burgess, J J and Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A},
	editor = {Moan, T}
}
@article {Karl1988,
	title = {{A microbiological study of Guaymas Basin high temperature hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {777{\textendash}791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	author = {Karl, D M and Taylor, G T and Novitsky, J A and Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Pace, N R and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Embley1988a,
	title = {{Submersible investigation of an extinct hydrothermal system on the Galapagos Ridge: Sulfide mounds, stockwork zone and differentiated lavas}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {26},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {517{\textendash}539},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Embley, R W and Jonasson, I R and Pefit, M R and Franklin, J M and Tivey, M A and Malahoff, A and Smith, M F and Francis, T J G}
}
@article {Embley1988,
	title = {{Submersible observation of the {\textquoteright}megaplume{\textquoteright} areas: Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1483},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Embley, R W and Hammond, S and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G and Appelgate, B and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Baker, E T and Gendron, J and Lebon, G and Butterfield, D A and Coughlin, B and Lupton, J E and Jonnason, I and Perfit, M R and Cowen, J P and Tunnicliffe, V and Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Karson1987,
	title = {{Along-axis variations in seafloor spreading in the MARK area}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {328},
	number = {6132},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {681{\textendash}685},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/328681a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/328681a0},
	author = {Karson, J A and Thompson, G and Humphris, S E and Edmond, J M and Bryan, W B and Brown, J R and Winters, A T and Pockalny, R A and Casey, J F and Campbell, A C and Klinkhammer, G and Palmer, M R and Kinzler, R J and Sulanowska, M M}
}
@article {Hegner1987,
	title = {{Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopes in basalts and sulfides from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}380,386},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11380},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11380},
	author = {Hegner, E and Tatsumoto, M}
}
@article {Wirsen1986,
	title = {{Activities of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria at the 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise vent site}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {92},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {449{\textendash}456},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00392504},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392504},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Tuttle, J H and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Tyce1986,
	title = {{Deep-ocean pathfinding {\textendash} high resolution mapping and navigation}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}86},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {163{\textendash}168},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160553},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160553},
	author = {Tyce, R and Miller, J and Edwards, R and Silver, A}
}
@inbook {VonDamm1986,
	title = {{Geochemistry of fluids in the Guaymas Basin geothermal system}},
	booktitle = {Genesis of Stratiform Sediment-Hosted Lead and Zinc Deposits: Conference Proceedings},
	series = {Stanford University Publications in the Geological Sciences},
	number = {20},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {131{\textendash}135},
	publisher = {Stanford University Publications},
	organization = {Stanford University Publications},
	address = {Stanford, Calif.},
	author = {Von Damm, K L},
	editor = {Turner, R J W}
}
@article {Tivey1986,
	title = {{Growth of large sulfide structures on the endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {77},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {303{\textendash}317},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(86)90142-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90142-1},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Kulm1986,
	title = {{Oregon subduction zone: venting, fauna, and carbonates}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {231},
	number = {4738},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {561{\textendash}566},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.231.4738.561},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4738.561},
	author = {Kulm, L D and Suess, E and Moore, J C and Carson, B and Lewis, B T and Ritger, S D and Kadko, D C and Thornburg, T M and Embley, R W and Rugh, W D and Massoth, G J and Langseth, M G and Cochrane, G R and Scamman, R L}
}
@article {Kadko1985,
	title = {{An estimate of hydrothermal fluid residence times and vent chimney growth rates based on 210-Pb/Pb ratios and mineralogic studies of sulfides dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {76},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3},
	author = {Kadko, D and Koski, R A and Tatsumoto, M and Bouse, R M}
}
@article {Thompson1985,
	title = {{Morphology, mineralogy and chemistry of hydrothermal deposits from the TAG area, 26 degrees N Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {243{\textendash}257},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/0009-2541(85)90159-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(85)90159-7},
	author = {Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Rona, P A}
}
@article {Paull1985,
	title = {{Stable isotope evidence for chemosynthesis in an abyssal seep community}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {317},
	number = {6039},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {709{\textendash}711},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/317709a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317709a0},
	author = {Paull, C K and Jull, A J T and Toolin, L J and Linick, T}
}
@article {Johnson1985,
	title = {{Time-series measurements of hydrothermal activity on northern Juan De Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {685{\textendash}688},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/GL012i010p00685},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL012i010p00685},
	author = {Johnson, H and Tunnicliffe, V}
}
@article {Jannasch1984b,
	title = {{Deep sea microbiology}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Microbiology},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {487{\textendash}514},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0066-4227},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.mi.38.100184.002415},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.38.100184.002415},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Taylor, C D}
}
@article {Team1984,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The ridge-transform intersection}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {109{\textendash}141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285956},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285956},
	author = {Team, OTTER - Oceanographer Tectonic Research and Karson, J A and Fox, P J and Sloan, H and Crane, K T and Kidd, W S F and Bonatti, E and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Gallo, D G and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Turner1984,
	title = {{Growth and distribution of mollusks at deep-sea vents and seeps}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {54{\textendash}62},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Turner, K D and Lutz, K A}
}
@article {Rona1984,
	title = {{Hydrothermal activity at the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest at 26 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {89},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}365,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	author = {Rona, P A and Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Karson, J A and Jenkins, W J and Graham, D and Mallette, M and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M}
}
@article {Team1984a,
	title = {{Tectonics at the intersection of the East Pacific Rise with Tamayo Transform fault}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {159{\textendash}185},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285958},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285958},
	author = {Team, Tamayo Tectonic and Gallo, D G and Kidd, W S F and Fox, P J and Karson, J A and Macdonald, K and Crane, K T and Choukroune, P and Seguret, M and Moody, R and Kastens, K}
}
@article {Tuttle1983,
	title = {{Microbial activities in the emitted hydrothermal waters of the Galapagos Rift vents}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {73},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {293{\textendash}299},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00392255},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392255},
	author = {Tuttle, J H and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Machado1982,
	title = {{Fine-scale isotopic heterogeneity in the sub-Atlantic mantle}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {295},
	number = {5846},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {226{\textendash}228},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/295226a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/295226a0},
	author = {Machado, N and Ludden, J N and Brooks, C and Thompson, G}
}
@article {Bryan1981,
	title = {{Compositional variation in normal MORB from 22 degrees -25 degrees N: Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Kane fracture zone}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {86},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {11,811{\textendash}815,836},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB086iB12p11815},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB12p11815},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G and Ludden, J N}
}
@article {Turner1981,
	title = {{Drevesnye Ostrovki i termal{\textquoteright}nye isotochniki kak tsentry vozniknoveniya glubokovoknykh soobshchestv s vysokoj stepen{\textquoteright}yu raznoobraziya}},
	journal = {Biologiya Morya},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {3{\textendash}10},
	issn = {1063-0740},
	author = {Turner, R D}
}
@article {Team1981,
	title = {{First manned submersible dives on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N (project RITA): general results}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {4},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {345{\textendash}379},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00286034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286034},
	author = {Team, CYAMEX Scientific and Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W R and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Jannasch1980,
	title = {{An approach for in situ studies of deep-sea amphipods and their microbial gut flora}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {27},
	number = {10},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {867{\textendash}872},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(80)90050-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(80)90050-3},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Cuhel, R L and Wirsen, C O and Taylor, C D}
}
@article {Berg1980,
	title = {{Description of living specimens of Calyptogena magnifica, Boss and Turner with notes on their distribution and ecology}},
	journal = {Malacologia},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {183{\textendash}185},
	issn = {0076-2997},
	author = {Berg, C J and Turner, R D}
}
@article {Thompson1980,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Mid-Cayman Rise spreading center: Geochemical variation and petrogenesis of basalt glasses}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {41{\textendash}55},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	author = {Thompson, G and Bryan, W B and Melson, W G}
}
@article {Boss1980,
	title = {{Giant white clam from the Galapagos Rift, Calyptogena magnifica species novum}},
	journal = {Malacologia},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {161{\textendash}194},
	issn = {0076-2997},
	author = {Boss, K J and Turner, R D}
}
@inbook {Koons1979,
	title = {{C15+ hydrocarbons in the sediments of the New York Bight}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings: 1979 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 19-22, 1979, Los Angeles, California},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {625{\textendash}628},
	publisher = {American Petroleum Institute},
	organization = {American Petroleum Institute},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Koons, C B and Thomas, J P}
}
@article {Bryan1979,
	title = {{Compositional variation in a steady-state zoned magma chamber: Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {63{\textendash}85},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(79)90335-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90335-4},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G and Michael, P J}
}
@article {Grassle1979,
	title = {{Galapagos {\textquoteright}79: Initial findings of a deep-sea biological quest}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Berg, C J and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Jannasch, H W and Karl, D M and Lutz, R A and Mickel, T J and Rhoads, D C and Sanders, H L and Smith, K L and Somero, G N and Turner, R D and Tuttle, J H and Walsh, P J and Williams, A J}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979f,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Midcayman Rise spreading center: Initial results and observations}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {66{\textendash}93},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Bryan, W B and Davis, K and de Boer, J and DeLong, S and Dick, H and Emery, K O and Fox, P J and Hempton, M and Malcolm, F and Melson, W G and Spydell, K and Stroup, I and Thompson, G and Wright, R and Uchupi, E},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@article {Turekian1979,
	title = {{Growth rate of a clam from the Galapagos Rise hot spring field using natural radionuclide ratios}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {280},
	number = {5721},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {385{\textendash}387},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/280385a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/280385a0},
	author = {Turekian, K K and Cochran, J K and Nozaki, Y}
}
@inbook {Edmond1979a,
	title = {{Ridge crest-hydrothermal metamorphism at the Galapagos spreading center and reverse weathering}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {383{\textendash}390},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Edmond, J and Corliss, J and Gordon, L I},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@inbook {Corliss1979,
	title = {{Some implications of heat/mass ratios in Galapagos Rift hydrothermal fluids for models of sea water-rock interaction and the formation of oceanic crust}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {391{\textendash}402},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Corliss, J B and Gordon, L I and Edmond, J M},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@book {Heirtzler1979,
	title = {{A visit to the New England Seamounts}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {79-17},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {7},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Taylor, P T and Ballard, R D and Houghton, R L}
}
@article {Turekian1978,
	title = {{Bioturbation in deep-sea deposits: Rates and consequences}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {34{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Turekian, K K and Cochran, J K and DeMaster, D J}
}
@book {Heirtzler1977c,
	title = {{The 1974 Alvin dives on Corner Rise and New England seamounts}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {77-8},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {53},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Taylor, P T and Ballard, R D and Houghton, R L}
}
@article {Bryan1977a,
	title = {{Basalts from DSDP leg 37 and the FAMOUS area: Compositional and petrogenic comparisons}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {875{\textendash}885},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4077},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G}
}
@article {Cole1977,
	title = {{Genetic relations of deep sea wood borers}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Malacological Union},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {19{\textendash}25},
	issn = {0096-5537},
	author = {Cole, T and Turner, R D}
}
@inbook {Talkington1977,
	title = {{Manned and remotely operated submersible systems: A comparison}},
	booktitle = {Submersibles and Their Use in Oceanography and Ocean Engineering},
	series = {Elsevier Oceanography Series},
	number = {17},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {77{\textendash}95},
	publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0444415459},
	author = {Talkington, H and Geyer, R A},
	editor = {Geyer, R A}
}
@article {Nozaki1977,
	title = {{Radiocarbon and 210Pb distribution in submersible-taken deep-sea cores from Project FAMOUS}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {167{\textendash}173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(77)90001-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90001-2},
	author = {Nozaki, Y and Cochran, J K and Turekian, K K and Keller, G}
}
@article {Houghton1977,
	title = {{Submersible observations of the New England seamounts}},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {64},
	number = {7},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {348{\textendash}355},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1042},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368733},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368733},
	author = {Houghton, R L and Heirtzler, J R and Ballard, R D and Taylor, P T}
}
@article {Heirtzler1977,
	title = {{A visit to the New England seamounts}},
	journal = {American Scientist},
	volume = {65},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {466{\textendash}472},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-0996},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Taylor, P T and Ballard, R D and Houghton, R L}
}
@article {Turner1977,
	title = {{Wood, mollusks and deep sea food chains}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Malacological Union},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {13{\textendash}19},
	issn = {0096-5537},
	author = {Turner, R D}
}
@inbook {Ballard1976a,
	title = {{Marine geophysics in the Caribbean}},
	booktitle = {Geophysics in the Americas: A Symposium of the Geophysics Commission of the Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Ottawa, Canada, September, 1976},
	series = {Publication - Earth Physics Branch},
	number = {46, no. 3},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {102{\textendash}104},
	publisher = {Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Earth Physics Branch},
	organization = {Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Earth Physics Branch},
	address = {Ottawa, Ont.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0660007029},
	author = {Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Tanner, J G}
}
@article {Tuttle1976,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of thiosulfate in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {21},
	number = {5},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {697{\textendash}701},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}21/issue{\_}5/0697.pdf},
	author = {Tuttle, J H and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Polloni1973a,
	title = {{Biremis blandi (Polychaeta: Terebellidae), a new genus, new species, caught by D.S.R.V. {\textquoteright}Alvin{\textquoteright} in the Tongue of the Ocean, New Providence, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {170{\textendash}175},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00351456},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351456},
	author = {Polloni, P T and Rowe, G T and Teal, J M}
}
@book {Polloni1973,
	title = {{Biremis blandi (Polychaeta: Terebellidae), new genus, new species, caught by D.S.R.V. Alvin in the Tongue of the Ocean, New Providence, Bahamas}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-60},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {11},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Polloni, P T and Rowe, G T and Teal, J M}
}
@book {Terry1973,
	title = {{Mechanical engineering, geotechnology and research submersible operations. I}},
	series = {Papers},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Terry, T A}
}
@book {Aldrich1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1972 - 31 July 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-20},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Ballard, R D and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and McCamis, M J and Phillips, J D and Porter, D and Vine, A C and Teal, J M and Marquet, W M and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Thomas1973,
	title = {{Training in the underwater terrain navigation and reconnaissance trainer simulator}},
	series = {Technical report},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {51},
	publisher = {Naval Training Equipment Center},
	organization = {Naval Training Equipment Center},
	address = {Orlando, Fla.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Thomas, R C}
}
@article {Turner1973,
	title = {{Wood-boring bivalves, opportunistic species in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {180},
	number = {4093},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {1377{\textendash}1379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.180.4093.1377},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4093.1377},
	author = {Turner, R D}
}
@book {Aldrich1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1971 - 31 January 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-90},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {66},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Bryan1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1971 - 31 July 1971}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-33},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Ballard, R D and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Zafiriou, O C and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@book {Backus1968,
	title = {{Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Pecular sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {68-58},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Backus, R H and Craddock, J E and Haedrich, R L and Shores, D L and Teal, J M and Wing, A S and Clarke, W D}
}
@article {Backus1968a,
	title = {{Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Peculiar sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3831},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {991{\textendash}993},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	author = {Backus, R H and Craddock, J E and Haedrich, R L and Shores, D L and Teal, J M and Wing, A S and Mead, G W and Clarke, W D}
}
@article {Trumbull1967,
	title = {{Geological exploration in an east coast submarine canyon from a research submersible}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {158},
	number = {3799},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {370{\textendash}372},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.158.3799.370},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3799.370},
	author = {Trumbull, J V A and McCamis, M J}
}
@book {Technology1965,
	title = {{Undersea vehicles for oceanography}},
	series = {ICO Pamphlet},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {81},
	publisher = {U.S. Government Printing Office},
	organization = {U.S. Government Printing Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {and Technology, Federal Council for Science}
}
@book {Torda1964a,
	title = {{Proposal for experimental program for drag reduction of the Alvin oceanographic submarine}},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Illinois Institute of Technology},
	organization = {Illinois Institute of Technology},
	address = {Chicago, Ill.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Torda, T P}
}
@book {Torda1964,
	title = {{Surface stability and underwater drag investigations on the Alvin oceanographic submarine: Second preliminary report}},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {25},
	publisher = {Illinois Institute of Technology},
	organization = {Illinois Institute of Technology},
	address = {Chicago, Ill.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Torda, T P}
}
