@article {RN2529,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, and preservation at the Cathedral Hill deep sea hydrothermal vent, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its implications regarding the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {163},
	year = {2022},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	author = {Bentley, J. N. and Ventura, G. T. and Dalzell, C. J. and Walters, C. C. and Peters, C. A. and Mennito, A. S. and Nelson, R. K. and Reddy, C. M. and Seewald, J. S. and Sievert, S. M.}
}
@article {RN2497,
	title = {Archaeal lipid diversity, alteration, preservation at Cathedral Hill, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and its link to the deep time preservation paradox},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {104302},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104302},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140741982},
	author = {Bentley, Jeremy N. and Ventura, G. Todd and Dalzell, Connor J. and Walters, Clifford C. and Peters, Carl A. and Mennito, Anthony S. and Nelson, Robert K. and Reddy, Christopher M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Sievert, Stefan M.}
}
@article {RN2484,
	title = {Degradation of biological macromolecules supports uncultured microbial populations in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-01026-5},
	author = {Castro, S. P. and Borton, M. A. and Regan, K. and de Angelis, I. H. and Wrighton, K. C. and Teske, A. P. and Strous, M. and Ruff, S. E.}
}
@article {RN2500,
	title = {Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0256321},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256321},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140963870 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0256321\&type=printable},
	author = {Ram{\'\i}rez, Gustavo A. and Mara, Paraskevi and Sehein, Taylor and Wegener, Gunter and Chambers, Christopher R. and Joye, Samantha B. and Peterson, Richard N. and Philippe, Aur{\'e}lie and Burgaud, Ga{\"e}tan and Edgcomb, Virginia P. and Teske, Andreas P.}
}
@article {RN2488,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, S. Q. and Lilley, M. D. and Baumberger, T. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L. and Walker, S. L. and Brazelton, W. J. and Kelley, D. S. and Elend, M. and Butterfield, D. A. and Mau, A. J.}
}
@article {RN2489,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, Susan Q. and Lilley, Marvin D. and Baumberger, Tamara and Frueh-Green, Gretchen L. and Walker, Sharon L. and Brazelton, William J. and Kelley, Deborah S. and Elend, Mitchell and Butterfield, David A. and Mau, Aaron J.}
}
@article {RN2454,
	title = {Extreme Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Mantle Revealed in Lavas From the 8 degrees 20 {\textquoteright} N Near-Axis Seamount Chain},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {22},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020GC009322},
	author = {Anderson, M. and Wanless, V. D. and Perfit, M. and Conrad, E. and Gregg, P. and Fornari, D. and Ridley, W. I.}
}
@article {RN2526,
	title = {Geodetic Monitoring at Axial Seamount Since its 2015 Eruption Reveals a Waning Magma Supply and Tightly Linked Rates of Deformation and Seismicity},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021gc010153},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144167182},
	author = {Chadwick, William W. and Wilcock, William S. D. and Nooner, Scott L. and Beeson, Jeff W. and Sawyer, Audra M. and Lau, T. -K}
}
@article {RN2511,
	title = {Geothermal heating and episodic cold-seawater intrusions into an isolated ridge-flank basin near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Communications Earth \& Environment},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {226},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-021-00297-2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142242361},
	author = {Becker, Keir and Thomson, Richard E. and Davis, Earl E. and Villinger, Heinrich and Wheat, C. Geoffrey}
}
@article {RN2460,
	title = {Hydrocarbon transformations in sediments from the Cathedral Hill hydrothermal vent complex at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California-A chemometric study of shallow seep architecture},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {152},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104173},
	author = {Dalzell, C. J. and Ventura, G. T. and Walters, C. C. and Nelson, R. K. and Reddy, C. M. and Seewald, J. S. and Sievert, S. M.}
}
@article {RN2519,
	title = {The influence of near surface sediment hydrothermalism on the TEX<sub>86</sub> tetraether lipid-based proxy and a new correction for ocean bottom lipid overprinting},
	journal = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
	volume = {2021},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-31},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-2021-245},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142669164 http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-245},
	author = {Bentley, Jeremy N. and Ventura, Gregory T. and Walters, Clifford C. and Sievert, Stefan M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S.}
}
@article {RN2451,
	title = {Microbial Communities Under Distinct Thermal and Geochemical Regimes in Axial and Off-Axis Sediments of Guaymas Basin},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {633649},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.633649},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135332514 https://fjfsdata01prod.blob.core.windows.net/articles/files/633649/pubmed-zip/.versions/1/.package-entries/fmicb-12-633649/fmicb-12-633649.pdf?sv=2018-03-28\&sr=b\&sig=WKLBqhvZrkcj2oO6X4DtspOriwBM},
	author = {Teske, Andreas and Wegener, Gunter and Chanton, Jeffrey P. and White, Dylan and MacGregor, Barbara and Hoer, Daniel and de Beer, Dirk and Zhuang, Guangchao and Saxton, Matthew A. and Joye, Samantha B. and Lizarralde, Daniel and Soule, S. Adam and Ruff, S. Emil}
}
@article {RN2528,
	title = {Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-11},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-021-00537-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144475498},
	author = {Bledsoe-Becerra, Yessenia M. and Whittaker, Iesha S. and Horowitz, Jeremy and Naranjo, Katherine Medina and Johnson-Rosemond, Jicayla and Mullins, Kristen H. and Cunningham, Karena M. and Shetty, Suchir and Messinides, Samuel N. and Behney, Melinda S. and Fehsal, Jessica A. and Watson, Ashley N. and McKnight, Kaitlyn E. and Nasiadka, Teresa W. and Popa, Horia and Pettay, D. Tye and Appiah-Madson, Hannah J. and Distel, Daniel L. and Brugler, Mercer R.}
}
@article {RN2459,
	title = {A multi-modal approach to measuring particulate iron speciation in buoyant hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {560},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120018},
	author = {Stewart, B. D. and Sorensen, J. V. and Wendt, K. and Sylvan, J. B. and German, C. R. and Anantharaman, K. and Dick, G. J. and Breier, J. A. and Toner, B. M.}
}
@article {RN2525,
	title = {Seascape Genomics Reveals Metapopulation Connectivity Network of Paramuricea biscaya in the Northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {790929},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.790929},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143780001 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.790929},
	author = {Galaska, Matthew P. and Liu, Guangpeng and West, Destiny and Erickson, Katie and Quattrini, Andrea M. and Bracco, Annalisa and Herrera, Santiago}
}
@article {RN2508,
	title = {Seascape genomics reveals metapopulation connectivity network of Paramuricea biscaya in the northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2021.10.06.463359},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2021.10.06.463359},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141727454 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/10/08/2021.10.06.463359.full.pdf},
	author = {Galaska, Matthew P. and Liu, Guangpeng and West, Destiny and Erickson, Katie and Quattrini, Andrea and Bracco, Annalisa and Herrera, Santiago}
}
@article {RN2521,
	title = {Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {5047},
	number = {3},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {247-272},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2},
	author = {Saucier, E. H. and France, S. C. and Watling, L.}
}
@article {RN2414,
	title = {"Candidatus Ethanoperedens," a Thermophilic Genus of Archaea Mediating the Anaerobic Oxidation of Ethane},
	journal = {Mbio},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.00600-20},
	author = {Hahn, C. J. and Laso-Perez, R. and Vulcano, F. and Vaziourakis, K. M. and Stokke, R. and Steen, I. H. and Teske, A. and Boetius, A. and Liebeke, M. and Amann, R. and Knittel, K. and Wegener, G.}
}
@article {RN2419,
	title = {Grand Challenge: Timescales and Processes of Methane Hydrate Formation and Breakdown, with Application to Geologic Systems},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2018jb016459},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128220185},
	author = {Ruppel, C. D. and Waite, W. F.}
}
@article {RN2425,
	title = {Hydrocarbon migration pathway and methane budget for a Gulf of Mexico natural seep site: Green Canyon 600},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {545},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {116411},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116411},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128798049},
	author = {Johansen, C. and Macelloni, L. and Natter, M. and Silva, M. and Woosley, M. and Woolsey, A. and Diercks, A. R. and Hill, J. and Viso, R. and Marty, E. and Lobodin, V. V. and Shedd, W. and Joye, S. B. and MacDonald, I. R.}
}
@article {RN2449,
	title = {Microbe-mineral biogeography from multi-year incubations in oceanic crust at North Pond, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.15366},
	author = {Orcutt, B. N. and D{\textquoteright}Angelo, T. and Wheat, C. G. and Trembath-Reichert, E.}
}
@article {RN2417,
	title = {Microbial succession during the transition from active to inactive stages of deep-sea hydrothermal vent sulfide chimneys},
	journal = {Research Square},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-16462/v2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1127583313 https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-16462/v2.pdf},
	author = {Hou, Jialin and Sievert, Stefan M. and Wang, Yinzhao and Seewald, Jeff S. and Natarajan, Vengadesh Perumal and Wang, Fengping and Xiao, Xiang}
}
@article {RN2424,
	title = {A new serial sampler for collecting gas-tight samples from seafloor cold seeps and hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {161},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103282},
	author = {Wang, S. and Wu, S. J. and Du, M. R. and Yang, C. J. and Wang, X.}
}
@article {RN2427,
	title = {Volcaniclastic Dispersal During Submarine Lava Effusion: The 2012 Eruption of Havre Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {237},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2020.00237},
	author = {Murch, Arran P. and White, James D. L. and Barreyre, Thibaut and Carey, Rebecca J. and Mundana, Rhiannon and Ikegami, Fumihiko}
}
@article {RN2391,
	title = {Abiotic synthesis of graphite in hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-13216-z},
	author = {Estes, E. R. and Berti, D. and Coffey, N. R. and Hochella, M. F. and Wozniak, A. S. and Luther, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2396,
	title = {Application of B, Mg, Li, and Sr Isotopes in Acid-Sulfate Vent Fluids and Volcanic Rocks as Tracers for Fluid-Rock Interaction in Back-Arc Hydrothermal Systems},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GC008694},
	author = {Wilckens, F. K. and Reeves, E. P. and Bach, W. and Seewald, J. S. and Kasemann, S. A.}
}
@article {RN2386,
	title = {Carbon cycling in low temperature hydrothermal systems: The Dorado Outcrop},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {264},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1-12},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2019.08.010},
	author = {McManus, J. and Wheat, C. G. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2389,
	title = {Characteristics and Evolution of sill-driven off-axis hydrothermalism in Guaymas Basin - the Ringvent site},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {9},
	number = {ARTN 13847},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50200-5},
	author = {Teske, A. and McKay, L. J. and Ravelo, A. C. and Aiello, I. and Mortera, C. and Nunez-Useche, F. and Canet, C. and Chanton, J. P. and Brunner, B. and Hensen, C. and Ramirez, G. A. and Sibert, R. J. and Turner, T. and White, D. and Chambers, C. R. and Buckley, A. and Joye, S. B. and Soule, S. A. and Lizarralde, D.}
}
@article {RN2375,
	title = {Divergent methyl-coenzyme M reductase genes in a deep-subseafloor Archaeoglobi},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1269-1279},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-018-0343-2},
	author = {Boyd, J. A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Leu, A. O. and Evans, P. N. and Woodcroft, B. J. and Chadwick, G. L. and Orphan, V. J. and Amend, J. P. and Rappe, M. S. and Tyson, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2376,
	title = {Diverse anaerobic methane- and multi-carbon alkane-metabolizing archaea coexist and show activity in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {4},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1344-1355},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14568},
	author = {Wang, Y. Z. and Feng, X. Y. and Natarajan, V. P. and Xiao, X. and Wang, F. P.}
}
@article {RN2384,
	title = {Evidence for Low-Temperature Diffuse Venting at North Pond, Western Flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2572-2584},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC008113},
	author = {Villinger, H. W. and Muller, P. and Bach, W. and Becker, K. and Orcutt, B. N. and Kaul, N. and Wheat, C. G.}
}
@article {RN2379,
	title = {Geochemistry of hot-springs at the SuSu Knolls hydrothermal field, Eastern Manus Basin: Advanced argillic alteration and vent fluid acidity},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {255},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {25-48},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2019.03.034},
	author = {Seewald, J. S. and Reeves, E. P. and Bach, W. and Saccocia, P. J. and Craddock, P. R. and Walsh, E. and Shanks, W. C. and Sylva, S. P. and Pichler, T. and Rosner, M.}
}
@article {RN2364,
	title = {Geology and Fluid Discharge at Dorado Outcrop, a Low Temperature Ridge-Flank Hydrothermal System},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {487-504},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007933},
	author = {Wheat, C. G. and Hartwell, A. M. and McManus, J. and Fisher, A. T. and Orcutt, B. N. and Schlicht, L. E. M. and Niedenzu, S. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2362,
	title = {Lipid biomarker patterns reflect different formation environments of mussel- and tubeworm-dominated seep carbonates from the Gulf of Mexico (Atwater Valley and Green Canyon)},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {505},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {36-47},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.12.005},
	author = {Guan, H. X. and Feng, D. and Birgel, D. and Peckmann, J. and Roberts, H. H. and Wu, N. Y. and Chen, D. F.}
}
@article {RN2365,
	title = {New constraints on mantle carbon from Mid-Atlantic Ridge popping rocks},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {511},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {67-75},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.019},
	author = {Jones, M. R. and Wanless, V. D. and Soule, S. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Fornari, D. J. and Curtice, J. and Klein, F. and Le Roux, V. and Brodsky, H. and Peron, S. and Schwartz, D. M.}
}
@article {RN2382,
	title = {Noble gas systematics in new popping rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (14 degrees N): Evidence for small-scale upper mantle heterogeneities},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {519},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {70-82},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.037},
	author = {Peron, S. and Moreira, M. A. and Kurz, M. D. and Curtice, J. and Blusztajn, J. S. and Putlitz, B. and Wanless, V. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Mittelstaedt, E.}
}
@article {RN2383,
	title = {Submarine giant pumice: a window into the shallow conduit dynamics of a recent silicic eruption},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {81},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/s00445-019-1298-5},
	author = {Mitchell, S. J. and Houghton, B. F. and Carey, R. J. and Manga, M. and Fauria, K. E. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Conway, C. E. and Wei, Z. H. and Giachetti, T.}
}
@article {2492,
	title = {Clumped isotopologue constraints on the origin of methane at seafloor hot springs},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {223},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {141 - 158},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2017.11.030},
	author = {Wang, David T. and Reeves, Eoghan P. and McDermott, Jill M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Ono, Shuhei}
}
@article {RN2347,
	title = {Clusters of deep-sea egg-brooding octopods associated with warm fluid discharge: An ill-fated fragment of a larger, discrete population?},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {135},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1-8},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.03.011},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096706371730256X},
	author = {Hartwell, Anne M. and Voight, Janet R. and Wheat, C. Geoffrey}
}
@article {2491,
	title = {Comparison of microbiomes of cold-water corals Primnoa pacifica and Primnoa resedaeformis, with possible link between microbiome composition and host genotype},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {12383 - 12383},
	abstract = {Cold-water corals provide critical habitats for a multitude of marine species, but are understudied relative to tropical corals. Primnoa pacifica is a cold-water coral prevalent throughout Alaskan waters, while another species in the genus, Primnoa resedaeformis, is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. This study examined the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene after amplifying and pyrosequencing bacterial DNA from samples of these species. Key differences between the two species{\textquoteright} microbiomes included a robust presence of bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiales order in most of the P. pacifica samples, whereas no more than 2\% of any microbial community from P. resedaeformis comprised these bacteria. Microbiomes of P. resedaeformis exhibited higher diversity than those of P. pacifica, and the two species largely clustered separately in a principal coordinate analysis. Comparison of P. resedaeformis microbiomes from samples collected in two submarine canyons revealed a significant difference between locations. This finding mirrored significant genetic differences among the P. resedaeformis from the two canyons based upon population genetic analysis of microsatellite loci. This study presents the first report of microbiomes associated with these two coral species.},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-30901-z},
	author = {Goldsmith, Dawn B. and Kellogg, Christina A. and Morrison, Cheryl L. and Gray, Michael A. and Stone, Robert P. and Waller, Rhian G. and Brooke, Sandra D. and Ross, Steve W.}
}
@article {RN2353,
	title = {Cool, alkaline serpentinite formation fluid regime with scarce microbial habitability and possible abiotic synthesis beneath the South Chamorro Seamount},
	journal = {Progress in Earth and Planetary Science},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {74},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2197-4284},
	doi = {10.1186/s40645-018-0232-3},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-018-0232-3},
	author = {Kawagucci, Shinsuke and Miyazaki, Junichi and Morono, Yuki and Seewald, Jeff S. and Wheat, C. Geoff and Takai, Ken}
}
@article {2497,
	title = {A dynamic microbial community with high functional redundancy inhabits the cold, oxic subseafloor aquifer},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {1 - 16},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2017.187},
	author = {Tully, Benjamin J. and Wheat, C. Geoff and Glazer, Brain T. and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {RN2338,
	title = {The Final Stages of Slip and Volcanism on an Oceanic Detachment Fault at 13 degrees 48 {\textquoteright} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {3115-3127},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007536},
	author = {Parnell-Turner, R. E. and Mittelstaedt, E. and Kurz, M. D. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Klein, F. and Wanless, V. D. and Fornari, D. J.}
}
@article {RN2357,
	title = {Five new deep-sea species of nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Cladobranchia) from the Northeast Pacific},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {4526},
	number = {4},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {401-433},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4526.4.1},
	author = {Valdes, A. and Lundsten, L. and Wilson, N. G.}
}
@article {2475,
	title = {The influence of magmatic fluids and phase separation on B systematics in submarine hydrothermal vent fluids from back-arc basins},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {232},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {140 - 162},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2018.04.023},
	author = {Wilckens, Frederike K. and Reeves, Eoghan P. and Bach, Wolfgang and Meixner, Anette and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Koschinsky, Andrea and Kasemann, Simone A.}
}
@article {RN2348,
	title = {The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e1701121},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701121},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/e1701121.abstract},
	author = {Carey, Rebecca and Soule, S. Adam and Manga, Michael and White, James D. L. and McPhie, Jocelyn and Wysoczanski, Richard and Jutzeler, Martin and Tani, Kenichiro and Yoerger, Dana and Fornari, Daniel and Caratori-Tontini, Fabio and Houghton, Bruce and Mitchell, Samuel and Ikegami, Fumihiko and Conway, Chris and Murch, Arran and Fauria, Kristen and Jones, Meghan and Cahalan, Ryan and McKenzie, Warren}
}
@article {2483,
	title = {Measuring Seafloor Strain With an Optical Fiber Interferometer},
	journal = {Earth and Space Science},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {371 - 379},
	abstract = {We monitored the length of an optical fiber cable stretched between two seafloor anchors separated by 200m at a depth of 1900m, 90km west of Newport, OR, near the toe of the accretionary prism of the Cascadia subduction zone. We continuously recorded length changes using an equal arm Michelson interferometer formed by the sensing cable fiber and a mandrel-wound reference fiber. A second, nearly identical fiber interferometer (sharing the same cable and housing), differing only in its fiber{\textquoteright}s temperature coefficient, was recorded simultaneously, allowing the separation of optical path length change due to temperature from that due to strain. Data were collected for 100days following deployment on 18 October 2015, and showed an overall strain (length change) of -10.7 epsilon (shorter by 2.14mm). At seismic periods, the sensitivity was a few n epsilon; at tidal periods the noise level was a few tens of n epsilon. The RMS variation after removal of a -79n epsilon/day drift over the final 30days was 36n epsilon. No strain transients were observed. An unexpected response to the varying hydrostatic load from ocean tides was observed with a coefficient of -101n epsilon per meter of ocean tide height.},
	issn = {2333-5084},
	doi = {10.1029/2018ea000418},
	author = {Zumberge, Mark A. and Hatfield, William and Wyatt, Frank K.}
}
@article {2479,
	title = {Microbial decomposition of marine dissolved organic matter in cool oceanic crust},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {334 - +},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-018-0109-5},
	author = {Walter, Sunita R. Shah and Jaekel, Ulrike and Osterholz, Helena and Fisher, Andrew T. and Huber, Julie A. and Pearson, Ann and Dittmar, Thorsten and Girguis, Peter R.}
}
@article {RN2349,
	title = {Models of habitat suitability, size, and age-class structure for the deep-sea black coral Leiopathes glaberrima in the Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {218-228},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064517301820},
	author = {Etnoyer, Peter J. and Wagner, Daniel and Fowle, Holly A. and Poti, Matthew and Kinlan, Brian and Georgian, Samuel E. and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {RN2334,
	title = {A new species of Alvinocaris (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Alvinocarididae) from Costa Rican methane seeps},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {4504},
	number = {3},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {418-430},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4504.3.7},
	author = {Martin, J. W. and Wall, A. R. and Shank, T. and Cha, H. and Seid, C. A. and Rouse, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2358,
	title = {Observation and Modeling of Hydrothermal Response to the 2015 Eruption at Axial Seamount, Northeast Pacific},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {8},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2780-2797},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007607},
	author = {Xu, G. Y. and Chadwick, W. W. and Wilcock, W. S. D. and Bemis, K. G. and Delaney, J.}
}
@article {RN2351,
	title = {Sediment Microbial Communities Influenced by Cool Hydrothermal Fluid Migration},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1249},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.01249},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01249},
	author = {Zinke, Laura A. and Reese, Brandi Kiel and McManus, James and Wheat, Charles G. and Orcutt, Beth N. and Amend, Jan P.}
}
@article {2474,
	title = {Validation of a Hypothesis: Colonization of Black Smokers by Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {524 - 524},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.00524},
	author = {Wirth, Reinhard and Luckner, Manja and Wanner, Gerhard}
}
@article {Brooke2017,
	title = {{Distributions and habitat associations of deep-water corals in Norfolk and Baltimore Canyons, Mid-Atlantic Bight, USA}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {131{\textendash}147},
	abstract = {A multi-disciplinary study of two major submarine canyons, Baltimore Canyon and Norfolk Canyon, off the US mid-Atlantic coast focused on the ecology and biology of canyon habitats, particularly those supporting deep-sea corals. Historical data on deep-sea corals from these canyons were sparse with less than 750 records for the mid-Atlantic region, with most being soft sediment species. This study substantially increased the number of deep-sea coral records for the target canyons and the region. Large gorgonians were the dominant structure-forming coral taxa on exposed hard substrates, but several species of scleractinians were also documented, including first observations of Lophelia pertusa in the mid-Atlantic Bight region. Coral distribution varied within and between the two canyons, with greater abundance of the octocoral Paragorgia arborea in Baltimore Canyon, and higher occurrence of stony corals in Norfolk Canyon; these observations reflect the differences in environmental conditions, particularly turbidity, between the canyons. Some species have a wide distribution (e.g., P. arborea, Primnoa resedaeformis, Anthothela grandiflora), while others are limited to certain habitat types and/or depth zones (e.g., Paramuricea placomus, L. pertusa, Solenosmilia variabilis). The distribution of a species is driven by a combination of factors, which include availability of appropriate physical structure and environmental conditions. Although the diversity of the structure-forming corals (gorgonians, branching scleractinians and large anemones) was low, many areas of both canyons supported high coral abundance and a diverse coral-associated community. The canyons provide suitable habitat for the development of deep-sea coral communities that is not readily available elsewhere on the sedimented shelf and slope of the Mid-Atlantic Bight.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.008},
	author = {Brooke, S D and Watts, M W and Heil, A D and Rhode, M and Mienis, F and Duineveld, G C A and Davies, A J and Ross, S W}
}
@article {Sylvan2017,
	title = {{Evidence for microbial mediation of subseafloor nitrogen redox processes at Loihi Seamount, Hawaii}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {198},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {131{\textendash}150},
	abstract = {The role of nitrogen cycling in submarine hydrothermal systems is far less studied than that of other biologically reactive elements such as sulfur and iron. In order to address this knowledge gap, we investigated nitrogen redox processes at Loihi Seamount, Hawaii, using a combination of biogeochemical and isotopic measurements, bioenergetic calculations and analysis of the prokaryotic community composition in venting fluids sampled during four cruises in 2006, 2008, 2009 and 2013. Concentrations of NH4+ were positively correlated to dissolved Si and negatively correlated to NO3- + NO2-, while NO2- was not correlated to NO3- + NO2-, dissolved Si or NH4+. This is indicative of hydrothermal input of NH4+ and biological mediation influencing NO2- concentrations. The stable isotope ratios of NO3- ($δ$15N and $δ$18O) was elevated with respect to background seawater, with $δ$18O values exhibiting larger changes than corresponding $δ$15N values, reflecting the occurrence of both production and reduction of NO3- by an active microbial community. $δ$15N-NH4+ values ranged from 0{\textperthousand} to +16.7{\textperthousand}, suggesting fractionation during consumption and potentially N-fixation as well. Bioenergetic calculations reveal that several catabolic strategies involving the reduction of NO3- and NO2- coupled to sulfide and iron oxidation could provide energy to microbes in Loihi fluids, while 16S rRNA gene sequencing of Archaea and Bacteria in the fluids reveals groups known to participate in denitrification and N-fixation. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that microbes are mediating N-based redox processes in venting hydrothermal fluids at Loihi Seamount.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.029},
	author = {Sylvan, Jason B. and Wankel, Scott D. and LaRowe, Douglas E. and Charoenpong, Chawalit N. and Huber, Julie A. and Moyer, Craig L. and Edwards, Katrina J.}
}
@article {Billings2017,
	title = {{SyPRID sampler: A large-volume, high-resolution, autonomous, deep-ocean precision plankton sampling system}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {297{\textendash}306},
	abstract = {The current standard for large-volume (thousands of cubic meters) zooplankton sampling in the deep sea is the MOCNESS, a system of multiple opening{\textendash}closing nets, typically lowered to within 50 m of the seabed and towed obliquely to the surface to obtain low-spatial-resolution samples that integrate across 10 s of meters of water depth. The SyPRID (Sentry Precision Robotic Impeller Driven) sampler is an innovative, deep-rated (6000 m) plankton sampler that partners with the Sentry Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) to obtain paired, large-volume plankton samples at specified depths and survey lines to within 1.5 m of the seabed and with simultaneous collection of sensor data. SyPRID uses a perforated Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight (UHMW) plastic tube to support a fine mesh net within an outer carbon composite tube (tube-within-a-tube design), with an axial flow pump located aft of the capture filter. The pump facilitates flow through the system and reduces or possibly eliminates the bow wave at the mouth opening. The cod end, a hollow truncated cone, is also made of UHMW plastic and includes a collection volume designed to provide an area where zooplankton can collect, out of the high flow region. SyPRID attaches as a saddle-pack to the Sentry vehicle. Sentry itself is configured with a flight control system that enables autonomous survey paths to low altitudes. In its verification deployment at the Blake Ridge Seep (2160 m) on the US Atlantic Margin, SyPRID was operated for 6 h at an altitude of 5 m. It recovered plankton samples, including delicate living larvae, from the near-bottom stratum that is seldom sampled by a typical MOCNESS tow. The prototype SyPRID and its next generations will enable studies of plankton or other particulate distributions associated with localized physico-chemical strata in the water column or above patchy habitats on the seafloor.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.007},
	author = {Billings, A and Kaiser, C and Young, C M and Hiebert, L S and Cole, E and Wagner, J K S and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Krukenberg2016,
	title = {{Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {9},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3073{\textendash}3091},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation ofmethane (AOM) ismediated by consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and their specific partner bacteria. In thermophilic AOM consortia enriched from Guaymas Basin, members of the ANME-1 clade are associated with bacteria of the HotSeep-1 cluster, which likely perform direct electron exchange via nanowires. The partner bacterium was enriched with hydrogen as sole electron donor and sulfate as electron acceptor. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic characteristics we propose to name this chemolithoautotrophic sulfate reducer Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii. Ca.D. auxilii grows on hydrogen at temperatures between 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C with an activity optimum at 60 degrees C and doubling time of 4-6 days. Its genome draft encodes for canonical sulfate reduction, periplasmic and soluble hydrogenases and autotrophic carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. The presence of genes for pili formation and cytochromes, and their similarity to genes of Geobacter spp., indicate a potential for syntrophic growth via direct interspecies electron transfer when the organism grows in consortia with ANME. This first ANME-free enrichment of an AOM partner bacterium and its characterization opens the perspective for a deeper understanding of syntrophy in anaerobic methane oxidation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13283},
	author = {Krukenberg, V and Harding, K and Richter, M and Gloeckner, F O and Gruber-Vodicka, H R and Adam, B and Berg, J S and Knittel, K and Tegetmeyer, H E and Boetius, A and Wegener, G}
}
@article {Neira2016,
	title = {{Cross-hole tracer experiment reveals rapid fluid flow and low effective porosity in the upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {450},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {355{\textendash}365},
	abstract = {Numerous field, laboratory, and modeling studies have explored the flows of fluid, heat, and solutes during seafloor hydrothermal circulation, but it has been challenging to determine transport rates and flow directions within natural systems. Here we present results from the first cross-hole tracer experiment in the upper oceanic crust, using four subseafloor borehole observatories equipped with autonomous samplers to track the transport of a dissolved tracer (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) injected into a ridge-flank hydrothermal system. During the first three years after tracer injection, SF6 was transported both north and south through the basaltic aquifer. The observed tracer transport rate of \~{}2{\textendash}3 m/day is orders of magnitude greater than bulk rates of flow inferred from thermal and chemical observations and calculated with coupled fluid-heat flow simulations. Taken together, these results suggest that the effective porosity of the upper volcanic crust through which much tracer was transported is {\textless}1{\%}, with fluid flowing rapidly along a few well-connected channels. This is consistent with the heterogeneous (layered, faulted, and/or fractured) nature of the volcanic upper oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.048},
	author = {Neira, N M and Clark, J F and Fisher, A T and Wheat, C G and Haymon, R M and Becker, K}
}
@article {Martin2016,
	title = {{Deep-sea coral $δ$13C: A tool to reconstruct the difference between seawater pH and $δ$11B-derived calcifying fluid pH}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {299{\textendash}308},
	abstract = {{The boron isotopic composition ($δ$11B) of coral skeleton is a proxy for seawater pH. However, $δ$11B-based pH estimates must account for the pH difference between seawater and the coral calcifying fluid, $Δ$pH. We report that skeletal $δ$11B and $Δ$pH are related to the skeletal carbon isotopic composition ($δ$13C) in four genera of deep-sea corals collected across a natural pH range of 7.89{\textendash}8.09, with $Δ$pH related to $δ$13C by $Δ$pH = 0.029 {\texttimes} $δ$13C + 0.929},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GL066494},
	author = {Martin, P and Goodkin, N F and Stewart, J A and Foster, G L and Sikes, E L and White, H K and Hennige, S and Roberts, J M}
}
@article {ISI:000371206300001,
	title = {{A distinct and active bacterial community in cold oxygenated fluids circulating beneath the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic ridge}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The rock-hosted, oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth, yet little is known about its indigenous microorganisms. Here we provide the first phylogenetic and functional description of an active microbial community residing in the cold oxic crustal aquifer. Using subseafloor observatories, we recovered crustal fluids and found that the geochemical composition is similar to bottom seawater, as are cell abundances. However, based on relative abundances and functional potential of key bacterial groups, the crustal fluid microbial community is heterogeneous and markedly distinct from seawater. Potential rates of autotrophy and heterotrophy in the crust exceeded those of seawater, especially at elevated temperatures (25 degrees C) and deeper in the crust. Together, these results reveal an active, distinct, and diverse bacterial community engaged in both heterotrophy and autotrophy in the oxygenated crustal aquifer, providing key insight into the role of microbial communities in the ubiquitous cold dark subseafloor biosphere.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep22541},
	author = {Meyer, Julie L and Jaekel, Ulrike and Tully, Benjamin J and Glazer, Brian T and Wheat, C Geoffrey and Lin, Huei-Ting and Hsieh, Chih-Chiang and Cowen, James P and Hulme, Samuel M and Girguis, Peter R and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {Simister2016,
	title = {{Examining the diversity of microbes in a deep-sea coral community impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {157{\textendash}166},
	abstract = {Deep-sea surface sediments and flocculent material (floc) associated with corals containing oil originating from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill were examined to determine the diversity of microbes and the presence of functional genes involved in oil degradation. For all samples, 16S rRNA clone libraries were constructed to obtain full-length sequences and Illumina amplicon sequencing was used to further probe the diversity of the microbial community. The 16S rRNA gene data obtained by Illumina amplicon sequencing revealed Proteobacteria (55{\textendash}64{\%}) as the dominant bacteria in both sediment and floc samples. The floc samples were comprised of mostly aerobic or facultative aerobic phylotypes including Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, Sphingomonadales, Rickettsiales, Alteromonadales, Pseudomonadales, whereas mixtures of the aforementioned aerobic species and anaerobic phylotypes such as Desulfobacterales, Desulfuromonadales and Desulfarculales were present in the sediment samples. Genera affiliated with oil-degrading bacteria were identified in both sediment and floc samples. To evaluate the potential of the microbial community to degrade oil, clone libraries were constructed for the alkB gene (one of the structural genes of alkane hydroxylase involved in the aerobic degradation of n-alkanes of chain length {\textgreater}C5{\textendash}C16) and the alkylsuccinate synthase/benzylsuccinate synthases (assA/bssA) gene (involved in the anaerobic degradation of n-alkanes [via assA] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs; via bssA]). The alkB gene was present in all samples with the majority of sequences clustering to members of the Proteobacteria closely aligned to environmental sequences from hydrocarbon seep environments. The assA/bssA genes were only detected in sediment samples and were closely affiliated with $δ$-Proteobacteria previously detected in oil-contaminated sediments and oil-enrichment cultures. These data provide insight into the differences between environments impacted by the DWH oil spill and highlight the functional diversity of oil-degrading microbes associated with a deep-sea coral community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.01.010},
	author = {Simister, R L and Antzis, E W and White, H K}
}
@article {Medagoda2016,
	title = {{Mid-water current aided localization for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Autonomous Robots},
	volume = {40},
	number = {7, SI},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1207{\textendash}1227},
	abstract = {Survey-class autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) typically rely on Doppler Velocity Logs (DVL) for precision localization near the seafloor. In cases where the seafloor depth is greater than the DVL bottom-lock range, localizing between the surface and the seafloor presents a localization problem since both GPS and DVL observations are unavailable in the mid-water column. This work proposes a solution to this problem that exploits the fact that current profile layers of the water column are near constant over short time scales (in the scale of minutes). Using observations of these currents obtained with the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler mode of the DVL during descent, along with data from other sensors, the method discussed herein constrains position error. The method is validated using field data from the Sirius AUV coupled with view-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and on descents up to 3km deep with the Sentry AUV.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1007/s10514-016-9547-3},
	author = {Medagoda, L and Williams, S B and Pizarro, O and Kinsey, J C and Jakuba, M V}
}
@article {Garcia2016,
	title = {{Petrology and geochronology of lavas from Ka{\textquoteleft}ula Volcano: Implications for rejuvenated volcanism of the Hawaiian mantle plume}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {185},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {278{\textendash}301},
	abstract = {Marine surveying and submersible sampling of Ka{\textquoteleft}ula Volcano, located 100 km off the axis of the Hawaiian chain, revealed widespread areas of young volcanism. New 40Ar/39Ar and geochemical analyses of the olivine-phyric submarine and subaerial volcanic rocks show that Ka{\textquoteleft}ula is shrouded with 1.9{\textendash}0.5 Ma alkalic basalts. The ages and chemistry of these rocks overlap with rejuvenated lavas on nearby, northern Hawaiian Island shields (Ni{\textquoteleft}ihau, Kaua{\textquoteleft}i and South Kaua{\textquoteleft}i Swell). Collectively, these rejuvenated lavas cover a vast area (\~{}7000 km2), much more extensive than any other area of rejuvenated volcanism worldwide. Ka{\textquoteleft}ula rejuvenated lavas range widely in alkalinity and incompatible element abundances (e.g., up to 10{\texttimes} P2O5 at a given MgO value) and ratios indicating variable degrees of melting of a heterogeneous source. Heavy REE elements in Ka{\textquoteleft}ula lavas are pinned at a mantle normalized Yb value of 10 {\textpm} 1, reflecting the presence of garnet in the source. Trace element ratios indicate the source also contained phlogopite and an Fe{\textendash}Ti oxide. The new Ka{\textquoteleft}ula ages show that rejuvenated volcanism was nearly coeval from \~{}0.3 to 0.6 Ma along a 450 km segment of the Hawaiian Islands (from West Maui to north of Ka{\textquoteleft}ula). The ages and volumes for rejuvenated volcanism are inconsistent with all but one geodynamic melting model proposed to date. This model advocates a significant contribution of pyroxenite to rejuvenated magmas. Analyses of olivine phenocryst compositions suggest a major (33{\textendash}69{\%}) pyroxenite component in Ka{\textquoteleft}ula rejuvenated lavas, which correlates positively with radiogenic Pb isotope ratios for Ka{\textquoteleft}ula. This correlation is also observed in lavas from nearby South Kaua{\textquoteleft}i lavas, as was reported for Atlantic oceanic islands. The presence of pyroxenite in the source may have extended the duration and volume of Hawaiian rejuvenated volcanism.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.03.025},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Weis, D and Jicha, B R and Ito, G and Hanano, D}
}
@article {ISI:000373276200001,
	title = {{Temperature and Redox Effect on Mineral Colonization in Juan de Fuca Ridge Flank Subsurface Crustal Fluids}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {To examine microbe-mineral interactions in subsurface oceanic crust, we evaluated microbial colonization on crustal minerals that were incubated in borehole fluids for 1 year at the seafloor wellhead of a crustal borehole observatory (IODP Hole U1301A, Juan de Fuca Ridge flank) as compared to an experiment that was not exposed to subsurface crustal fluids (at nearby IODP Hole U1301B). In comparison to previous studies at these same sites, this approach allowed assessment of the effects of temperature, fluid chemistry, and/or mineralogy on colonization patterns of different mineral substrates, and an opportunity to verify the approach of deploying colonization experiments at an observatory wellhead at the seafloor instead of within the borehole. The Hole U1301B deployment did not have biofilm growth, based on microscopy and DNA extraction, thereby confirming the integrity of the colonization design against bottom seawater intrusion. In contrast, the Hole U1301A deployment supported biofilms dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (43.5{\%} of 370 16S rRNA gene clone sequences) and Gammaproteobacteria (29.3{\%}). Sequence analysis revealed overlap in microbial communities between different minerals incubated at the Hole U1301A wellhead, indicating that mineralogy did not separate biofilm structure within the 1-year colonization experiment. Differences in the Hole U1301A wellhead biofilm community composition relative to previous studies from within the borehole using similar mineral substrates suggest that temperature and the diffusion of dissolved oxygen through plastic components influenced the mineral colonization experiments positioned at the wellhead. This highlights the capacity of low abundance crustal fluid taxa to rapidly establish communities on diverse mineral substrates under changing environmental conditions such as from temperature and oxygen.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3339/fmicb.2016.00396},
	author = {Baquiran, Jean-Paul M and Ramirez, Gustavo A and Haddad, Amanda G and Toner, Brandy M and Hulme, Samuel and Wheat, Charles G and Edwards, Katrina J and Orcutt, Beth N}
}
@article {ISI:000372952900002,
	title = {{Tracing the production and fate of individual archaeal intact polar lipids using stable isotope probing}},
	journal = {ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2016},
	month = {may},
	pages = {13{\textendash}20},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Analysis of cellular membrane lipids has been widely applied to describe the microbial community composition in natural systems. When combined with stable isotope probing (SIP) experiments, deuterium label (D2O) uptake into lipids enables assessment of microbial biomass production. We performed SIP on methane-rich, hydrothermally-heated sediments to examine the de novo production of individual archaeal intact polar lipids (IPLs) by mesophilic anaerobic methane oxidizing group-1 archaea (ANME-1). The greatest extent of label uptake was by phosphatidyl glycerol archaeol (PG-AR), reaching 50{\%} of the medium{\textquoteright}s label concentration in only 10 days. This indicates PG-AR as an important cell membrane lipid during the active growth phase of mesophilic ANME-1. Much less label uptake was into intact polar glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), especially for those bound to diglycosidic head groups. The low production of these GDGTs contrasts with their predominance in ANME-1-dominated natural samples. We attribute the differential label uptake among individual IPLs to the ANME-1 tetraether biosynthetic pathway. This mechanism likely involves head-to-head condensation of two molecules of PG-AR and progressive substitution of PG by glycosidic head groups. The observation that ANME-1 invest in the synthesis of diethers during optimum growth suggests intact ARs and/or phosphate-bearing tetraethers as important biomarkers for actively growing populations in natural environments, while the diglycosidic GDGTs appear to signal stationary ANME-1 communities. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.02.004},
	author = {Kellermann, Matthias Y and Yoshinaga, Marcos Y and Wegener, Gunter and Krukenberg, Viola and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe}
}
@article {Radice2016,
	title = {{Vertical water mass structure in the North Atlantic influences the bathymetric distribution of species in the deep-sea coral genus Paramuricea}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {253{\textendash}263},
	abstract = {Deep-sea corals are the structural foundation of their ecosystems along continental margins worldwide, yet the factors driving their broad distribution are poorly understood. Environmental factors, especially depth-related variables including water mass properties, are thought to considerably affect the realized distribution of deep-sea corals. These factors are governed by local and regional oceanographic conditions that directly influence the dispersal of larvae, and therefore affect the ultimate distribution of adult corals. We used molecular barcoding of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences to identify species of octocorals in the genus Paramuricea collected from the Labrador Sea to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada at depths of 150{\textendash}1500 m. The results of this study revealed overlapping bathymetric distributions of the Paramuricea species present off the eastern Canadian coast, including the presence of a few cryptic species previously designated as Paramuricea placomus. The distribution of Paramuricea species in the western North Atlantic differs from the Gulf of Mexico, where five Paramuricea species exhibit strong segregation by depth. The different patterns of Paramuricea species in these contrasting biogeographic regions provide insight into how water mass structure may shape species distribution. Investigating Paramuricea prevalence and distribution in conjunction with oceanographic conditions can help demonstrate the factors that generate and maintain deep-sea biodiversity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.08.014},
	author = {Radice, V Z and Quattrini, A M and Wareham, V E and Edinger, E N and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {ISI:000358016200003,
	title = {{Advances in In Situ Alignment Calibration of Doppler and High/Low-end Attitude Sensors for Underwater Vehicle Navigation: Theory and Experimental Evaluation}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS},
	volume = {32},
	number = {5, SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {655{\textendash}674},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {This paper reports the development and comparative performance evaluation, using laboratory and at-sea field data, of new methods for the problem of in situ calibration of the alignment rotation matrix between Doppler sonar velocity sensors and attitude sensors arising in the navigation of underwater vehicles. Most previously reported solutions to this alignment calibration problem require the use of absolute navigation fixes of the underwater vehicle, thus requiring additional navigation sensors and/or beacons to be located externally and apart from the underwater vehicle. We report four novel alignment calibration methods employing only internal vehicle navigation sensors for velocity, acceleration, attitude, and depth. We report the results of comparative analysis of the performance of these new methods and a previously reported method with a navigation laboratory and at-sea field data. Laboratory data were obtained with the Johns Hopkins University JHU remotely operated underwater vehicle in the JHU Hydrodynamic Test Facility. At-sea field data were obtained from deep-water survey missions of the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle conducted in March, 2011 in the Kermadec Arc in the Southern Pacific Ocean. In addition, we report a comparative experimental evaluation of several recently reported calibration methods when employing low-cost microelectromechanical system attitude sensors. In all these cases, the results reveal consistent differences in performance of the various methods when analyzed on navigation data from several different vehicle dives.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {1556-4959},
	doi = {10.1002/rob.21551},
	author = {Troni, Giancarlo and Whitcomb, Louis L}
}
@article {ISI:000358290000012,
	title = {{Characterization of a novel thermostable patatin-like protein from a Guaymas basin metagenomic library}},
	journal = {EXTREMOPHILES},
	volume = {19},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {829{\textendash}840},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are a natural habitat for thermophiles, in which contain plenty of enzymes that can function at high temperatures. In this work, we constructed a fosmid library in Escherichia coli using metagenomic DNA isolated from a chimney sample collected in the hydrothermal vents in Guaymas Basin. The library was screened for lipolytic activity and positive clones were subjected to subcloning. A novel patatin-like protein (PLP) that exhibited less than 45 {\%} identity in amino acid sequence to known enzymes was obtained. Common features of the patatin-like proteins, such as four conserved blocks, were detected. Interestingly, there was an Ala at site 42 in PLP instead of the first Gly-residue in the consensus sequence Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly found in other PLP homologs. The active sites of PLP were Ser44 and Asp160. Spectrophotometric assays with different p-nitrophenyl esters demonstrated a preference for p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C4) and p-nitrophenyl decanoate (C10). Moreover, PLP demonstrated optimal activity at 70 A degrees C and at pH 9.0 (Tris-HCl). The activation energy from the linear Arrhenius plot was found to be 38.3 +/- A 0.9 kJ/mol. The K (m) and V (max) of PLP for C4 were 304 +/- A 38 mu M and 14 +/- A 0.38 mu mol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. Gene-mining of the metagenome dataset that was generated by pyrosequencing the same chimney sample resulted in identification of 20 PLP homolog gene fragments, which could represent promising examples of this category of thermostable proteins.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-015-0758-x},
	author = {Fu, Ling and He, Ying and Xu, Fangdi and Ma, Qun and Wang, Fengping and Xu, Jun}
}
@article {ISI:000350088800011,
	title = {{Characterization of vent fauna at the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {124{\textendash}133},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents in the deep sea have a global distribution on mid-ocean ridges and comprise at least six biogeographic provinces. A geographically isolated vent system was recently discovered on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center (MCSC). Here, we describe the faunal assemblages associated with this system and their relationship to known biogeographic provinces. Taxa from MCSC vents were sorted based on morphology and barcoded using the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) genes for identification. Distinct faunal assemblages were recognized around vent chimneys at two hydrothermal vent fields (Von Damm and Beebe) separated by a distance of similar to 13 km and {\textgreater} 2.5-km depth along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center. These results suggest that depth and/or local conditions structure faunal assemblages in this region. COI and microsatellite markers were then used to explore the genetic structure of the shrimp Rimicaris hybisae, the only abundant species shared between the shallow Von Damm and the deep Beebe vent fields. R. hybisae was not genetically differentiated between the Von Damm Spire and Beebe chimneys, suggesting this species is better adapted for bathymetric dispersal and the differences in local conditions than other MCSC species. In addition, a third faunal assemblage dominated by two species of tubeworms was identified at Von Damm in association with weakly diffuse flow sites (including the site known as {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Marker X18{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}). The Marker X18 assemblage shares species with seeps in the region. Fauna shared with both vents and seeps at the MCSC reinforces the need for a global biogeographic study of deep-sea chemosynthetic fauna that is not focused on specific habitats. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2014.11.011},
	author = {Plouviez, Sophie and Jacobson, Alixandra and Wu, Mengyou and Van Dover, Cindy L}
}
@article {ISI:000349424900014,
	title = {{Constraints from melt inclusions on depths of magma residence at intermediate magma supply along the Galapagos Spreading Center}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {412},
	year = {2015},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {122{\textendash}131},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Shallow, seismically imaged melt lenses are a ubiquitous feature of mid-ocean ridges with high magma supply; melt lenses deepen and become less continuous along axis as the rate of magma supply decreases. Despite compelling petrologic evidence for evolution of magma within the crust prior to eruption at lower magma supply, melt lenses are rarely detected along ridge segments with rates of magma supply less than 0.3 x 10(6) m(3)/yr/km, and the depths of sub-axial magma reservoirs are therefore poorly known. We use ion microprobe measurements of H2O and CO2 concentrations of olivine-hosted melt inclusions to calculate vapor saturation pressures that constrain crystallization depths at two locations along the Galapagos Spreading Center (94.2 degrees W and 95 degrees W). These sites were chosen to examine crystallization pressures in the presence (94.2 degrees W) and absence (95 degrees W) of a seismically imaged melt lens. At 95 degrees W, where magma supply is too low to sustain a seismically resolvable melt lens, samples were selected from each of the three most recent eruptive units, allowing us to document temporal variations in vapor saturation pressures and the depth of magma residence at this location. Clusters in melt inclusion entrapment depths for these eruptions range from 3.0 to 3.4 km below the seafloor, indicating that magmas at 95 degrees W resided at a narrow range of mid-crustal depths prior to eruption, generally consistent with the global trend of increasing melt lens depth with decreasing rate of magma supply. A discrepancy between seismic data and the peak in melt inclusion entrapment depths at 94.2 degrees W may reflect temporal variability of magmatic systems at this location. This study demonstrates the potential for using measurements of the concentrations of H2O and CO2 in olivine-hosted melt inclusions to determine the depths of crustal magmatic systems that feed mid-ocean ridge eruptions, even in locations where seismic studies have not detected melt lenses. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.007},
	author = {Colman, Alice and Sinton, John M and Wanless, V Dorsey}
}
@article {ISI:000349374800012,
	title = {{A deep-sea community, including Lophelia pertusa, at unusually shallow depths in the western North Atlantic Ocean off northeastern Florida}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {162},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {635{\textendash}648},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Living colonies of the cold-water scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa and other typically deep-water organisms were discovered in unusually shallow depths (180-250 m) off northeastern Florida. Observations of L. pertusa on rocky substrata and coral-built mounds represent the shallowest records of large colonies of this coral in the western Atlantic Ocean. Bioherms up to 30 m tall, extensive areas of eroded L. pertusa rubble, and a well-developed cold-water community indicated that these sites are long-term features, rather than short-term opportunistic responses to temporary shifts in environmental conditions. Species that are commonly observed on deeper reefs off the southeastern USA were abundant at the shallow sites. The most abundant fishes on reef habitats were Helicolenus dactylopterus, Laemonema barbatulum, Dysommina rugosa, and Anthias spp. In addition to L. pertusa, the most common macroinvertebrates on hard substrata were Eumunida picta, Chaceon fenneri, octocorals, cup corals, and glass sponges. Bottom and near-bottom temperatures (7-10 A degrees C) and nutrient concentrations at the shallow sites were similar to those normally encountered at 500-600 m in this region. The shallow reef sites occur in an area known for frequent Gulf Stream-driven upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich water. However, the upwelling must be persistent or permanent in order to maintain deep-sea communities at such shallow depths. Based on these data, this area is under final review by the US Department of Commerce for inclusion in one of the regional Coral Habitat Areas of Particular Concern.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-015-2611-2},
	author = {Ross, Steve W and Brooke, Sandra and Quattrini, Andrea M and Rhode, Mike and Watterson, J Carter}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300014,
	title = {{Differences in recovery between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and vent-proximate communities after a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {167{\textendash}182},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and the surrounding basalt seafloor are subject to major natural disturbance events such as volcanic eruptions. In the near future, anthropogenic disturbance in the form of deep-sea mining could also significantly affect the faunal communities of hydrothermal vents. In this study, we monitor and compare the recovery of insular, highly productive vent communities and vent-proximate basalt communities following a volcanic eruption that destroyed almost all existing communities at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N in 2006. To study the recovery patterns of the benthic communities, we placed settlement substrates at vent sites and their proximate basalt areas and measured the prokaryotic abundance and compared the meio- and macrofaunal species richness and composition at one, two and four years after the eruption. In addition, we collected samples from the overlying water column with a pelagic pump, at one and two years after the volcanic eruption, to determine the abundance of potential meiofauna colonisers. One year after eruption, mean meio- and macrofaunal abundances were not significantly different from pre-eruption values in vent habitats (meio: 8-1838 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 3-6246 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02; macro: 95-1600 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 205-4577 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02) and on non-vent basalt habitats (meio: 10-1922 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 8328 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04; macro: 14-3351 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 2-63 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04), but species recovery patterns differed between the two habitat types. In the vent habitat, the initial community recovery was relatively quick but incomplete four years after eruption, which may be due to the good dispersal capabilities of vent endemic macrofauna and vent endemic dirivultid copepods. At vents, 42{\%} of the pre-eruption meio- and 39{\%} of macrofaunal species had returned. In addition, some new species not evident prior to the eruption were found. At the tubeworm site Tica, a total of 26 meio- and 19 macrofaunal species were found in 2009, which contrasts with the 24 meio- and 29 macrofauna species detected at the site in 2001/01 In the basalt habitat, community recovery of meiofauna was slower with only 28{\%} of the original 64 species present four years after eruption. The more limited dispersal capabilities of meiofauna basalt specialists such as nematodes or harpacticoid copepods probably caused this pattern. In contrast, 67{\%} of the original 27 macrofaunal species had recolonized the basalt by 2009. Our results suggest that not only vent communities, but also species-rich communities of vent-proximate habitats require attention in conservation efforts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.008},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Arbizu, Pedro Martinez and Mills, Susan and Le Bris, Nadine and Weinbauer, Markus and Shank, Timothy M and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000348129100027,
	title = {{A Dwarf Male Reversal in Bone-Eating Worms}},
	journal = {CURRENT BIOLOGY},
	volume = {25},
	number = {2},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {236{\textendash}241},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Darwin {\{}[{\}}1] hypothesized that sexes in a species should be similar unless sexual selection, fecundity selection, or resource partitioning has driven them apart. Male dwarfism has evolved multiple times in a range of animals, raising questions about factors that drive such extreme size dimorphism {\{}[{\}}2-4]. Ghiselin {\{}[{\}}5] noted that dwarf males are more common among smaller marine animals, and especially among sedentary and sessile species living at low densities, where mates are difficult to find, or in deep-sea environments with limited energy sources. These benefits of male dwarfism apply well to Osedax (Annelida: Siboglinidae), bone-eating marine worms {\{}[{\}}6]. Osedax males, notable for extreme sexual size dimorphism (SSD), are developmentally arrested larvae that produce sperm from yolk reserves. Harems of dwarf males reside in the lumen of the tube surrounding a female. Herein, we describe Osedax priapus n. sp., a species that deviates remarkably by producing males that anchor into, and feed on, bone via symbiont-containing {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}roots,{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} just like female Osedax. Phylogenetic analyses revealed O. priapus n. sp. as a derived species, and the absence of dwarf males represents a character reversal for this genus. Some dwarf male features are retained due to functional and morphological constraints. Since O. priapus n. sp. males are anchored in bone, they possess an extensible trunk that allows them to roam across the bone to contact and inseminate females. Evolutionary and ecological implications of a loss of male dwarfism are discussed.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.032},
	author = {Rouse, Greg W and Wilson, Nerida G and Worsaae, Katrine and Vrijenhoek, Robert C}
}
@article {ISI:000366805800006,
	title = {{{\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Fingerprinting{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} tectono-magmatic provenance using trace elements in igneous zircon}},
	journal = {CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY},
	volume = {170},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over 5300 recent SHRIMP-RG analyses of trace elements (TE) in igneous zircon have been compiled and classified based on their original tectono-magmatic setting to empirically evaluate {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}geochemical fingerprints{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} unique to those settings. Immobile element geochemical fingerprints used for lavas are applied with the same rational to zircon, including consideration of mineral competition on zircon TE ratios, and new criteria for distinguishing mid-ocean ridge (MOR), magmatic arc, and ocean island (and other plume-influenced) settings are proposed. The elemental ratios in zircon effective for fingerprinting tectono-magmatic provenance are systematically related to lava composition from equivalent settings. Existing discrimination diagrams using zircon U/Yb versus Hf or Y do not distinguish TE-enriched ocean island settings (i.e., Iceland, Hawaii) from magmatic arc settings. However, bivariate diagrams with combined cation ratios involving U-Nb-Sc-Yb-Gd-Ce provide a more complete distinction of zircon from these settings. On diagrams of U/Yb versus Nb/Yb, most MOR, ocean island, and kimberlite zircon define a broad {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}mantle-zircon array{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}; arc zircon defines a parallel array offset to higher U/Yb. Distinctly low U/Yb ratios of MOR zircon (typically {\textless}0.1) mirror their parental magmas and long-term incompatible element depletion of the MORB mantle. Plume-influenced sources are distinguished from MOR by higher U/Yb, U/Nb, Nb/Yb, and Nb/Sc. For zircon with U/Yb {\textgreater}0.1, high Sc/Yb separates arc settings from low-Sc/Yb plume-influenced sources. The slope of scandium enrichment trends in zircon differ between MOR and continental arc settings, likely reflecting the involvement of amphibole during melt differentiation. Scandium is thus also critical for discriminating provenance, but its behavior in zircon probably reflects contrasting melt fractionation trends between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline systems more than compositional differences in primitive magmas sourced at each tectono-magmatic source.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-015-1199-3},
	author = {Grimes, C B and Wooden, J L and Cheadle, M J and John, B E}
}
@article {ISI:000351204900007,
	title = {{Genomic insights into the uncultivated marine Zetaproteobacteria at Loihi Seamount}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {857{\textendash}870},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Zetaproteobacteria are a candidate class of marine iron-oxidizing bacteria that are typically found in high iron environments such as hydrothermal vent sites. As much remains unknown about these organisms due to difficulties in cultivation, single-cell genomics was used to learn more about this elusive group at Loihi Seamount. Comparative genomics of 23 phylogenetically diverse single amplified genomes (SAGs) and two isolates indicate niche specialization among the Zetaproteobacteria may be largely due to oxygen tolerance and nitrogen transformation capabilities. Only Form II ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RubisCO) genes were found in the SAGs, suggesting that some of the uncultivated Zetaproteobacteria may be adapted to low oxygen and/or high carbon dioxide concentrations. There is also genomic evidence of oxygen-tolerant cytochrome c oxidases and oxidative stress-related genes, indicating that others may be exposed to higher oxygen conditions. The Zetaproteobacteria also have the genomic potential for acquiring nitrogen from numerous sources including ammonium, nitrate, organic compounds, and nitrogen gas. Two types of molybdopterin oxidoreductase genes were found in the SAGs, indicating that those found in the isolates, thought to be involved in iron oxidation, are not consistent among all the Zetaproteobacteria. However, a novel cluster of redox-related genes was found to be conserved in 10 SAGs as well as in the isolates warranting further investigation. These results were used to isolate a novel iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria. Physiological studies and genomic analysis of this isolate were able to support many of the findings from SAG analyses demonstrating the value of these data for designing future enrichment strategies.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2014.183},
	author = {Field, Erin K and Sczyrba, Alexander and Lyman, Audrey E and Harris, Christopher C and Woyke, Tanja and Stepanauskas, Ramunas and Emerson, David}
}
@article {ISI:000351847600028,
	title = {{Long-term explosive degassing and debris flow activity at West Mata submarine volcano}},
	journal = {GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
	volume = {42},
	number = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1480{\textendash}1487},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {West Mata is a 1200m deep submarine volcano where explosive boninite eruptions were observed in 2009. The acoustic signatures from the volcano{\textquoteright}s summit eruptive vents Hades and Prometheus were recorded with an in situ (similar to 25m range) hydrophone during ROV dives in May 2009 and with local (similar to 5km range) moored hydrophones between December 2009 and August 2011. The sensors recorded low frequency (1-40Hz), short duration explosions consistent with magma bubble bursts from Hades, and broadband, 1-5min duration signals associated with episodes of fragmentation degassing from Prometheus. Long-term eruptive degassing signals, recorded through May 2010, preceded a several month period of declining activity. Degassing episodes were not recorded acoustically after early 2011, although quieter effusive eruption activity may have continued. Synchronous optical measurements of turbidity made between December 2009 and April 2010 indicate that turbidity maxima resulted from occasional south flank slope failures triggered by the collapse of accumulated debris during eruption intervals.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL062603},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Baker, E T and Matsumoto, H and Caplan-Auerbach, J and Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Walker, S L and Lau, T-K. and Chadwick Jr., W W}
}
@article {ISI:000367001600001,
	title = {{Microbial Communities on Seafloor Basalts at Dorado Outcrop Reflect Level of Alteration and Highlight Global Lithic Clades}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Areas of exposed basalt along mid-ocean ridges and at seafloor outcrops serve as conduits of fluid flux into and out of a subsurface ocean, and microbe-mineral interactions can influence alteration reactions at the rock-water interface. Located on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise, Dorado Outcrop is a site of low temperature ({\textless} 20 degrees C) hydrothermal venting and represents a new end-member in the current survey of seafloor basalt biomes. Consistent with prior studies, a survey of 16S rRNA gene sequence diversity using universal primers targeting the V4 hypervariable region revealed much greater richness and diversity on the seafloor rocks than in surrounding seawater. Overall, Gamma-, Alpha-, and Deltaproteobacteria, and Thaumarchaeota dominated the sequenced communities, together making up over half of the observed diversity, though bacterial sequences were more abundant than archaeal in all samples. The most abundant bacterial reads were closely related to the obligate chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing Thioprofundum lifl-lotrophicum, suggesting carbon and sulfur cycling as dominant metabolic pathways in this system. Representatives of Thaumarchaeota were detected in relatively high abundance on the basalts in comparison to bottom water, possibly indicating ammonia oxidation. In comparison to other sequence datasets from globally distributed seafloor basalts, this study reveals many overlapping and cosmopolitan phylogenetic groups and also suggests that substrate age correlates with community structure.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.01470},
	author = {Lee, Michael D and Walworth, Nathan G and Sylvan, Jason B and Edwards, Katrina J and Orcutt, Beth N}
}
@inbook {DeRonde2015,
	title = {{Molten sulfur lakes of intraoceanic arc volcanoes}},
	booktitle = {Volcanic Lakes},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-36832-5},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Chadwick, W W and Ditchburn, R G and Embley, R W and Tunnicliffe, V and Baker, E T and Walker, S L and Ferrini, V L and Merle, S M},
	editor = {Rouwet, D}
}
@article {ISI:000353740700016,
	title = {{Rapid assessment of fish communities on submerged oil and gas platform reefs using remotely operated vehicles}},
	journal = {FISHERIES RESEARCH},
	volume = {167},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {143{\textendash}155},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) provide a non-extractive approach to characterizing fish communities in complex habitats. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of ROVs in studying reef fishes over natural hard-bottom and small artificial reefs, there has been little application of this technology to larger artificial structures (10s of m tall and wide), We explored the utility of ROVs in rapidly characterizing an assemblage of fishes associated with an artificial reef complex in the western Gulf of Mexico (26.9-28.2 degrees N; 95.5-97.0 degrees W) dominated by partially removed and toppled oil and gas platforms. This study reports on an efficient method to sample these structures, where we integrated depth-interval transect (DIT) and continuous roving transect (CRT) protocols to document fish distribution and community structure on 14 artificial reef sites. Consistent with previous hydroacoustic studies, south Texas artificial reefs exhibited a vertically heterogeneous distribution of fishes that varied with structure orientation. These reefs were dominated by economically important lutjanids and carangids, both of which presented sampling challenges due to their patchy distribution around these vast structures. The non-uniform distribution and mobility of these dominant taxa highlight the utility of adopting roving approaches to assess fish communities on these complex structures. We conclude our study with a discussion of important logistical challenges associated with micro-ROV surveys in deepwater habitats, and potential complementary approaches to assist documentation of demersal fishes inhabiting a persistently turbid bottom layer. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0165-7836},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fishres.2015.02.011},
	author = {Ajemian, Matthew J and Wetz, Jennifer Jarrell and Shipley-Lozano, Brooke and Stunz, Gregory W}
}
@article {Walsh2014,
	title = {{Alvin: Ocean Research Submarine}},
	journal = {Mechanical Engineering},
	volume = {136},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {28},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walsh, Joseph B. and Rainnie, William D.}
}
@article {ISI:000345545100011,
	title = {{The Anatomy of a Buried Submarine Hydrothermal System, Clark Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand}},
	journal = {ECONOMIC GEOLOGY},
	volume = {109},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {2261{\textendash}2292},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Clark volcano of the Kermadec arc, northeast of New Zealand, is a large stratovolcano comprised of two coalescing volcanic cones; an apparently younger, more coherent, twin-peaked edifice to the northwest and a relatively older, more degraded and tectonized cone to the southeast. High-resolution water column surveys show an active hydrothermal system at the summit of the NW cone largely along a ridge spur connecting the two peaks, with activity also noted at the head of scarps related to sector collapse. Clark is the only known cone volcano along the Kermadec arc to host sulfide mineralization. Volcano-scale gravity and magnetic surveys over Clark show that it is highly magnetized, and that a strong gravity gradient exists between the two edifices. Modeling suggests that a crustal-scale fault lies between these two edifices, with thinner crust beneath the NW cone. Locations of regional earthquake epicenters show a southwest-northeast trend bisecting the two Clark cones, striking northeastward into Tangaroa volcano. Detailed mapping of magnetics above the NW cone summit shows a highly magnetized ring structure 350 m below the summit that is not apparent in the bathymetry; we believe this structure represents the top of a caldera. Oblate zones of low (weak) magnetization caused by hydrothermal fluid upflow, here termed burn holes, form a pattern in the regional magnetization resembling Swiss cheese. Presumably older burn holes occupy the inner margin of the ring structure and show no signs of hydrothermal activity, while younger burn holes are coincident with active venting on the summit. A combination of mineralogy, geochemistry, and seafloor mapping of the NW cone shows that hydrothermal activity today is largely manifest by widespread diffuse venting, with temperatures ranging between 56 degrees and 106 degrees C. Numerous, small ({\textless}= 30 cm high) chimneys populate the summit area, with one site host to the similar to 7-m-tall {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Twin Towers{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} chimneys with maximum vent fluid temperatures of 221 degrees C (pH 4.9), consistent with delta S-34(anhydrite-pyrite) values indicating formation temperatures of similar to 228 degrees to 249 degrees C. Mineralization is dominated by pyrite-marcasite-barite-anhydrite. Radiometric dating using the Ra-228/Ra-226 and Ra-226/Ba methods shows active chimneys to be {\textless}20 with most {\textless}2 years old. However, the chimneys at Clark show evidence for mixing with, and remobilizing of, barite as old as 19,000 years. This is consistent with Nd and Sr isotope compositions of Clark chimney and sulfate crust samples that indicate mixing of similar to 40{\%} seawater with a vent fluid derived from low K lavas. Similarly, REE data show the hydrothermal fluids have interacted with a plagioclase-rich source rock. A holistic approach to the study of the Clark hydrothermal system has revealed a two-stage process whereby a caldera-forming volcanic event preceded a later cone-building event. This ensured a protracted (at least 20 ka yrs) history of hydrothermal activity and associated mineral deposition. If we assume at least 200-m-high walls for the postulated (buried) caldera, then hydrothermal fluids would have exited the seafloor 20 ka years ago at least 550 m deeper than they do today, with fluid discharge temperatures potentially much hotter (similar to 350 degrees C). Subsequent to caldera infilling, relatively porous volcaniclastic and other units making up the cone acted as largescale filters, enabling ascending hydrothermal fluids to boil and mix with seawater subseafloor, effectively removing the metals (including remobilized Cu) in solution before they reached the seafloor. This has implications for estimates for the metal inventory of seafloor hydrothermal systems pertaining to arc hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Walker, S L and Ditchburn, R G and Tontini, F Caratori and Hannington, M D and Merle, S G and Timm, C and Handler, M R and Wysoczanski, R J and Dekov, V M and Kamenov, G D and Baker, E T and Embley, R W and Lupton, J E and Stoffers, P}
}
@article {Winner2014,
	title = {{Bringing Alvin back on board: {\textquoteright}swimmers{\textquoteright} are key links between sub and ship}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {51},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Winner, C and Lippsett, L}
}
@article {ISI:000338758400018,
	title = {{THE CASCADIA INITIATIVE A Sea Change In Seismological Studies of Subduction Zones}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {138{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Increasing public awareness that the Cascadia subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest is capable of great earthquakes (magnitude 9 and greater) motivates the Cascadia Initiative, an ambitious onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an amphibious array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes, to volcanic arc structure, to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda Plates. Here, we provide an overview of the Cascadia Initiative, including its primary science objectives, its experimental design and implementation, and a preview of how the resulting data are being used by a diverse and growing scientific community. The Cascadia Initiative also exemplifies how new technology and community-based experiments are opening up frontiers for marine science. The new technology shielded ocean bottom seismometers is allowing more routine investigation of the source zone of megathrust earthquakes, which almost exclusively lies offshore and in shallow water. The Cascadia Initiative offers opportunities and accompanying challenges to a rapidly expanding community of those who use ocean bottom seismic data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Toomey, Douglas R and Allen, Richard M and Barclay, Andrew H and Bell, Samuel W and Bromirski, Peter D and Carlson, Richard L and Chen, Xiaowei and Collins, John A and Dziak, Robert P and Evers, Brent and Forsyth, Donald W and Gerstoft, Peter and Hooft, Emilie E E and Livelybrooks, Dean and Lodewyk, Jessica A and Luther, Douglas S and McGuire, Jeffrey J and Schwartz, Susan Y and Tolstoy, Maya and Trehu, Anne M and Weirathmueller, Michelle and Wilcock, William S D}
}
@article {ISI:000337512000014,
	title = {{Close association of active nitrifiers with Beggiatoa mats covering deep-sea hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {6, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1612{\textendash}1626},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal sediments in the Guaymas Basin are covered by microbial mats that are dominated by nitrate-respiring and sulphide-oxidizing Beggiatoa. The presence of these mats strongly correlates with sulphide- and ammonium-rich fluids venting from the subsurface. Because ammonium and oxygen form opposed gradients at the sediment surface, we hypothesized that nitrification is an active process in these Beggiatoa mats. Using biogeochemical and molecular methods, we measured nitrification and determined the diversity and abundance of nitrifiers. Nitrification rates ranged from 74 to 605molNl-1matday-1, which exceeded those previously measured in hydrothermal plumes and other deep-sea habitats. Diversity and abundance analyses of archaeal and bacterial ammonia monooxygenase subunit A genes, archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA pyrotags and fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were associated with Beggiatoa mats. Intriguingly, we observed cells of bacterial and potential thaumarchaeotal ammonia oxidizers attached to narrow, Beggiatoa-like filaments. Such a close spatial coupling of nitrification and nitrate respiration in mats of large sulphur bacteria is novel and may facilitate mat-internal cycling of nitrogen, thereby reducing loss of bioavailable nitrogen in deep-sea sediments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12316},
	author = {Winkel, Matthias and de Beer, Dirk and Lavik, Gaute and Peplies, Joerg and Mussmann, Marc I}
}
@article {ISI:000343625500006,
	title = {{Dissolved hydrogen and methane in the oceanic basaltic biosphere}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {405},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {62{\textendash}73},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The oceanic basaltic crust is the largest aquifer on Earth and has the potential to harbor substantial subsurface microbial ecosystems, which hitherto remains largely uncharacterized and is analogous to extraterrestrial subsurface habitats. Within the sediment-buried 3.5 Myr old basaltic crust of the eastern Juan de Fuca Ridge flank, the circulating basement fluids have moderate temperature (similar to 65 degrees C) and low to undetectable dissolved oxygen and nitrate concentrations. Sulfate, present in high concentrations, is therefore expected to serve as the major electron acceptor in this subsurface environment. This study focused on the availability and potential sources of two important electron donors, methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H-2), for the subseafloor biosphere. High integrity basement fluids were collected via fluid delivery lines associated with Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kits (CORKs) that extend from basement depths to outlet ports at the seafloor. Two new CORKs installed during IODP 327 in 2010, 1362A and 1362B, were sampled in 2011 and 2013. The two CORKs are superior than earlier style CORKs in that they are equipped with coated casing and polytetrafluoroethylene fluid delivery lines, reducing the interaction between casing materials with the environment. Additional samples were collected from an earlier style CORK at Borehole 1301A. The basement fluids are enriched in H-2 (0.05-1.8 mu mol/kg), suggesting that the ocean basaltic aquifer can support H-2-driven metabolism. The basement fluids also contain significant amount of CH4 (5-32 mu mol/kg), revealing CH4 as an available substrate for subseafloor basaltic habitats. The delta C-13 values of CH4 from the three boreholes ranged from -22.5 to -58 parts per thousand, while the delta H-2 values ranged from 316 to 57 parts per thousand. The isotopic compositions of CH4 and the molecular compositions of hydrocarbons suggest that CH4 in the basement fluids is of both biogenic and abiotic origins, varying among sites and sampling times. The delta H-2 values of CH4 in CORK 1301A fluid samples are much more positive than found in all other marine environments investigated to date and are best explained by the partial microbial oxidation of biogenic CH4. In conclusion, our study shows that CH4 and H-2 are persistently available to fuel the deep biosphere and that CH4 is both produced and potentially consumed by microorganisms in the oceanic basement. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.037},
	author = {Lin, Huei-Ting and Cowen, James P and Olson, Eric J and Lilley, Marvin D and Jungbluth, Sean P and Wilson, Samuel T and Rappe, Michael S}
}
@article {Feseker2014,
	title = {{Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {5385},
	abstract = {Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active H{\aa}kon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4 m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms6385},
	author = {Feseker, T and Boetius, A and Wenzh{\"o}fer, F and Blandin, J and Olu, K and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and German, C R and de Beer, D}
}
@article {Embley2014,
	title = {{Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996{\textendash}2012}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {10},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4093{\textendash}4115},
	abstract = {We present multiple lines of evidence for years to decade-long changes in the location and character of volcanic activity at West Mata seamount in the NE Lau basin over a 16 year period, and a hiatus in summit eruptions from early 2011 to at least September 2012. Boninite lava and pyroclasts were observed erupting from its summit in 2009, and hydroacoustic data from a succession of hydrophones moored nearby show near-continuous eruptive activity from January 2009 to early 2011. Successive differencing of seven multibeam bathymetric surveys of the volcano made in the 1996{\textendash}2012 period reveals a pattern of extended constructional volcanism on the summit and northwest flank punctuated by eruptions along the volcano{\textquoteright}s WSW rift zone (WSWRZ). Away from the summit, the volumetrically largest eruption during the observational period occurred between May 2010 and November 2011 at \~{}2920 m depth near the base of the WSWRZ. The (nearly) equally long ENE rift zone did not experience any volcanic activity during the 1996{\textendash}2012 period. The cessation of summit volcanism recorded on the moored hydrophone was accompanied or followed by the formation of a small summit crater and a landslide on the eastern flank. Water column sensors, analysis of gas samples in the overlying hydrothermal plume and dives with a remotely operated vehicle in September 2012 confirmed that the summit eruption had ceased. Based on the historical eruption rates calculated using the bathymetric differencing technique, the volcano could be as young as several thousand years.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005387},
	author = {Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Baker, E T and Rubin, K H and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and Dziak, R P and Lilley, M D and Chadwick, W W and Shank, T M and Greene, R and Walker, S L and Haxel, J H and Olson, E J and Baumberger, T}
}
@article {ISI:000340362500008,
	title = {{Eruptive timing and 200 year episodicity at 92 degrees W on the hot spot-influenced Galapagos Spreading Center derived from geomagnetic paleointensity}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {2211{\textendash}2224},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Eruptive timing in mid-ocean ridge systems is relatively poorly constrained, despite being an important variable in our understanding of many mid-ocean ridge processes, including volcanic construction; magma recharge, flux, and storage; and the stability of hydrothermal systems and biological communities. Only a handful of absolute eruption chronologies exist, yet they are essential in understanding how eruptive timing varies with important controlling variables. To construct an eruptive history at one location on the Galapagos Spreading Center, we present age determinations derived from geomagnetic paleointensity. To aid interpretation of the paleointensity data, we also present results from on-bottom magnetic anomaly measurements and forward modeling of topographic-induced magnetic anomalies. Anomalies may lead to a 1-2 mu T bias in flow-mean paleointensities, which does not significantly affect the overall interpretation. Paleointensity results for the three youngest sampled units are indistinguishable, consistent with the flows being emplaced in relatively rapid succession. Comparisons with models of geomagnetic field behavior suggest these flows were erupted sometime in the past 100-200 years. The fourth sampled unit has a significantly higher paleointensity, consistent with an age of roughly 400 years. The possible bias in paleointensity data allows for ages as young as similar to 50 years for the youngest three flows and 200-400 years for the oldest flow. This age distribution demonstrates an episodicity in the emplacement of the largest flows at this location, with a 200-300 year period of relative quiescence between emplacement of the oldest unit and the three youngest units.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005315},
	author = {Bowles, Julie A and Colman, Alice and McClinton, J Timothy and Sinton, John M and White, Scott M and Rubin, Kenneth H}
}
@article {ISI:000348463100008,
	title = {{Forever competent: deep-sea bivalves are colonized by their chemosynthetic symbionts throughout their lifetime}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {12, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {3699{\textendash}3713},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Symbiotic bivalves at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps host chemosynthetic bacteria intracellularly in gill cells. In bivalves, the gills grow continuously throughout their lifetime by forming new filaments. We examined how newly developed gill tissues are colonized in bivalves with horizontal and vertical symbiont transmission (Bathymodiolus mussels versus a vesicoymid clam) using fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy. Symbiont colonization was similar in mussels and clams and was independent of the transmission modes. Symbionts were absent in the growth zones of the gills, indicating that symbionts colonize newly formed gill filaments de novo after they are formed and that gill colonization is a continuous process throughout the host{\textquoteright}s lifetime. Symbiont abundance and distribution suggested that colonization is shaped by the developmental stage of host cells. Self-infection, in which new gill cells are colonized by symbionts from ontogenetically older gill tissues, may also play a role. In mussels, symbiont infection led to changes in gill cell structure similar to those described from other epithelial cells infected by intracellular pathogens, such as the loss of microvilli. A better understanding of the factors that affect symbiont colonization of bivalve gills could provide new insights into interactions between intracellular bacteria and epithelial tissues.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12597},
	author = {Wentrup, Cecilia and Wendeberg, Annelie and Schimak, Mario and Borowski, Christian and Dubilier, Nicole}
}
@article {ISI:000336392800014,
	title = {{Greenhouse gases generated from the anaerobic biodegradation of natural offshore asphalt seepages in southern California}},
	journal = {GEO-MARINE LETTERS},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {281{\textendash}295},
	type = {Article; Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Significant offshore asphaltic deposits with active seepage occur in the Santa Barbara Channel offshore southern California. The composition and isotopic signatures of gases sampled from the oil and gas seeps reveal that the coexisting oil in the shallow subsurface is anaerobically biodegraded, generating CO2 with secondary CH4 production. Biomineralization can result in the consumption of as much as 60{\%} by weight of the original oil, with C-13 enrichment of CO2. Analyses of gas emitted from asphaltic accumulations or seeps on the seafloor indicate up to 11{\%} CO2 with C-13 enrichment reaching +24.8aEuro degrees. Methane concentrations range from less than 30{\%} up to 98{\%} with isotopic compositions of -34.9 to -66.1aEuro degrees. Higher molecular weight hydrocarbon gases are present in strongly varying concentrations reflecting both oil-associated gas and biodegradation; propane is preferentially biodegraded, resulting in an enriched C-13 isotopic composition as enriched as -19.5aEuro degrees. Assuming the 132 million barrels of asphaltic residues on the seafloor represent similar to 40{\%} of the original oil volume and mass, the estimated gas generated is 5.0x10(10) kg (similar to 76x10(9) m(3)) CH4 and/or 1.4x10(11) kg CO2 over the lifetime of seepage needed to produce the volume of these deposits. Geologic relationships and oil weathering inferences suggest the deposits are of early Holocene age or even younger. Assuming an age of similar to 1,000 years, annual fluxes are on the order of 5.0x10(7) kg (similar to 76x10(6) m(3)) and/or 1.4x10(8) kg for CH4 and CO2, respectively. The daily volumetric emission rate (2.1x10(5) m(3)) is comparable to current CH4 emission from Coal Oil Point seeps (1.5x10(5) m(3)/day), and may be a significant source of both CH4 and CO2 to the atmosphere provided that the gas can be transported through the water column.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s00367-014-0359-1},
	author = {Lorenson, Thomas D and Wong, Florence L and Dartnell, Peter and Sliter, Ray W}
}
@article {Nooner2014,
	title = {{Post Eruption inflation of the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {2676{\textendash}2688},
	abstract = {In June 2008, we installed a geodetic network at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N on the East Pacific Rise to track the long-term movement of magma following the 2005/6 eruption. This network consists of 10 concrete benchmarks stretching from the ridge to 9 km off-axis. During three campaign-style surveys, measurements of vertical seafloor motions were made at each of these benchmarks by precisely recording ambient seawater pressure as a proxy for seafloor depth with a mobile pressure recorder (MPR). The MPR was deployed using the manned submersible Alvin in 2008 and 2009 and the remotely operated vehicle Jason in 2011. The MPR observations are supplemented with data from a multiyear deployment of continuously recording bottom pressure recorders (BPRs) extending along this segment of the ridge that can record rapid changes in seafloor depth from seafloor eruptions and/or dike intrusions. These measurements show no diking events and up to 12 cm of volcanic inflation that occurred from December 2009 to October 2011 in the area of the 2005/6 eruption. These observations are fit with an inflating point source at a depth of 2.7 km and volume change of 2.3 x 10(6) m(3)/yr located on the ridge axis at approximately 9 degrees 51.166{\textquoteright} N, 407 m from our northernmost benchmark, suggesting that the magma chamber underlying this segment of the ridge is being recharged from a deeper source at a rate that is about half the long-term inflation rate observed at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. These data represent the second location that active volcanic uplift has been measured on a mid-ocean ridge segment, and the first on a nonhotspot influenced segment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005389},
	author = {Nooner, S L and Webb, S C and Buck, W R and Cormier, M H}
}
@article {Wagner2013,
	title = {{Cold-seep habitat mapping: High-resolution spatial characterization of the Blake Ridge Diapir seep field}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {183{\textendash}188},
	abstract = {Relationships among seep community biomass, diversity, and physiographic controls such as underlying geology are not well understood. Previous efforts to constrain these relationships at the Blake Ridge Diapir were limited to observations from piloted deep-submergence vehicles. In August 2012, the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Sentry collected geophysical and photographic data over a 0.131~km2 area at the Blake Ridge Diapir seeps. A nested survey approach was used that began with a regional or reconnaissance-style survey using sub-bottom mapping systems to locate and identify seeps and underlying conduits. This survey was followed by AUV-mounted sidescan sonar and multibeam echosounder systems mapping on a mesoscale to characterize the seabed physiography. At the most detailed survey level, digital photographic imaging was used to resolve sub-meter characteristics of the biology. Four pockmarks (25{\textendash}70~m diameter) were documented, each supporting chemosynthetic communities. Concentric zonation of mussels and clams suggests the influence of chemical gradients on megafaunal distribution. Data collection and analytical techniques used here yield high-resolution habitat maps that can serve as baselines to constrain temporal evolution of seafloor seeps, and to inform ecological niche modeling and resource management.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.008},
	author = {Wagner, J K S and McEntee, M H and Brothers, L L and German, C R and Kaiser, C L and Yoerger, D R and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {ISI:000331366100001,
	title = {{Diffuse flow environments within basalt- and sediment-based hydrothermal vent ecosystems harbor specialized microbial communities}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents differ both in surface input and subsurface geochemistry. The effects of these differences on their microbial communities are not clear. Here, we investigated both alpha and beta diversity of diffuse flow-associated microbial communities emanating from vents at a basalt-based hydrothermal system along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and a sediment-based hydrothermal system, Guaymas Basin. Both Bacteria and Archaea were targeted using high throughput 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing analyses. A unique aspect of this study was the use of a universal set of 16S rRNA gene primers to characterize total and diffuse flow-specific microbial communities from varied deep-sea hydrothermal environments. Both surrounding seawater and diffuse flow water samples contained large numbers of Marine Group I (MGI) Thaumarchaea and Gammaproteobacteria taxa previously observed in deep-sea systems. However, these taxa were geographically distinct and segregated according to type of spreading center. Diffuse flow microbial community profiles were highly differentiated. In particular, EPR dominant diffuse flow taxa were most closely associated with chemolithoautotrophs, and off axis water was dominated by heterotrophic-related taxa, whereas the opposite was true for Guaymas Basin. The diversity and richness of diffuse flow-specific microbial communities were strongly correlated to the relative abundance of Epsilonproteobacteria, proximity to macrofauna, and hydrothermal system type. Archaeal diversity was higher than or equivalent to bacterial diversity in about one third of the samples. Most diffuse flow-specific communities were dominated by OTUs associated with Epsilonproteobacteria, but many of the Guaymas Basin diffuse flow samples were dominated by either OTUs within the Planctomycetes or hyperthermophilic Archaea. This study emphasizes the unique microbial communities associated with geochemically and geographically distinct hydrothermal diffuse flow environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00182},
	author = {Campbell, Barbara J and Polson, Shawn W and Allen, Lisa Zeigler and Williamson, Shannon J and Lee, Charles K and Wommack, K Eric and Cary, S Craig}
}
@article {Sen2013,
	title = {{Distribution of mega fauna on sulfide edifices on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center and Valu Fa Ridge}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {48{\textendash}60},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent sulfide edifices contain some of the most extreme thermal and chemical conditions in which animals are able to live. As a result, sulfide edifices in the East Pacific Rise, Juan de Fuca Ridge, and Mid Atlantic Ridge vent systems often contain distinct faunal assemblages. In this study, we used high-resolution imagery and in-situ physico-chemical measurements within the context of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to examine community structure and niche differentiation of dominant fauna on sulfide edifices in the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) in the Western Pacific Ocean. Our results show that ELSC and VFR sulfide edifices host two distinct types of communities. One type, that covers the majority of sulfide edifice faces, is overall very similar to nearby lava communities and biomass is dominated by the same chemoautotrophic symbiont-containing molluscs that dominate lava communities, namely the provannid gastropods Alviniconcha spp. and Ifremeria nautilei and the mytilid bivalve Bathymodiolus brevior. The spatial distribution of the dominant molluscs is often a variation of the pattern of concentric rings observed on lavas, with Alviniconcha spp. at the tops of edifices where exposure to vent flow is the highest, and I. nautilei and B. brevior below. Our physico-chemical measurements indicate that because of rapid dispersion of vent fluid, habitable area for symbiont-containing fauna is quite limited on sulfide edifices, and the realized niches of the mollusc groups are narrower on sulfide edifices than on lavas. We suggest that competition plays an important role in determining the realized distributions of the mollusc groups on edifices. The other habitat, present in small patches of presumably hot, new anhydrite, is avoided by the dominant symbiont-containing molluscs and inhabited by crabs, shrimp and polynoids that are likely more heat tolerant. The ratio of sulfide concentration to temperature anomaly of vent fluids was significantly different between sulfide edifice sites and lava sites in the southern vent fields but not in the northern vent fields. We suggest that this is due to increased sulfide consumption by a large microbial consortium associated with the more friable andesitic lava substrates in the south.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.11.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063712002233},
	author = {Sen, A and Becker, E L and Podowski, E L and Wickes, L N and Ma, S and Mullaugh, K M and Hourdez, S and Luther, G W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Levin2013,
	title = {{Ecological release and niche partitioning under stress:lessons from dorvilleid polychaetes in sulfidic sediments at methane seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {214{\textendash}233},
	abstract = {Organisms inhabiting methane seep sediments are exposed to stress in the form of high levels of hydrogen sulfide, which result mainly from sulfate reduction coupled to anaerobic methane oxidation. Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta) have successfully invaded this ecosystem, and multiple species in divergent genetic clades co-occur at high densities. At methane seeps in the NE Pacific off California and Oregon, the genera Ophryotrocha, Parougia and Exallopus are especially well represented. To test the hypothesis that dorvilleid coexistence is facilitated by niche partitioning through sulfide tolerance and trophic patterns, we examined dorvilleid species-specific patterns of occurrence and nutrition at methane seeps off Eel R. [ER] on the Californian continental slope and at Hydrate Ridge [HR] on the Oregon continental slope, and in two habitats (clam bed and microbial mat) characterized by lower and higher hydrogen sulfide levels, respectively. Microelectrode measurements of hydrogen sulfide enabled characterization of environmental sulfide levels for species sampled in background sediment cores and in colonization trays. Dorvilleids tolerated H2S levels from 10~$μ$M to over 2.6~mM, with the majority of species inhabiting sediments with similar environmental H2S concentrations (median 85{\textendash}100~$μ$M). Dorvilleid species richness was greater at HR than ER, but did not differ between clam bed and microbial mat habitats. Species distribution patterns reflected preferences for ER clam bed (lower sulfide levels), ER mat and HR clam bed (moderate sulfide levels), or HR mat (very high sulfide levels). Nutritional patterns, including trophic diversity and functional similarity, were examined using community stable isotope metrics based on $δ$15N and $δ$13C. Within each region, dorvilleid species exhibited multiple trophic strategies. Co-existing congeners typically exhibited distinct isotope signatures, suggesting trophic partitioning. Trophic diversity and $δ$15N range for whole assemblages (measured by Total Hull Area and Standard Elliptical Area using species averages) and functional redundancy or species packing (measured as distance to nearest neighbor) among species and individuals were generally higher at ER, where sulfide levels were lower than at HR. In contrast, average trophic diversity among individuals within a species was greater at HR than ER. In colonization experiments involving agar-based manipulations of sulfide in tray sediments that mimicked clam bed and mat conditions, dorvilleids comprised 68{\%} and 48{\%} of colonists at ER and HR, respectively. Dorvilleid species richness was higher in trays that were initially more sulfidic. However, habitat exerted stronger influence on the composition of colonizing dorvilleids than did sulfide additions. In the NE Pacific, regional, habitat and vertical (down-core) variation in hydrogen sulfide creates complex environmental heterogeneity at methane seeps, promoting high diversity of stress-tolerant taxa such as dorvilleid polychaetes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000635},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G and Bertics, V J and Washington, T and Gonzalez, J and Thurber, A R and Ebbe, B and Lee, R W}
}
@article {Brothers2013,
	title = {{Evidence for extensive methane venting on the southeastern U.S. Atlantic margin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {807{\textendash}810},
	abstract = {We present the first evidence for widespread seabed methane venting along the southeastern United States Atlantic margin beyond the well-known Blake Ridge diapir seep. Recent ship- and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)-collected data resolve multiple water-column anomalies ({\textgreater}1000 m height) and extensive new chemosynthetic seep communities at the Blake Ridge and Cape Fear diapirs. These results indicate that multiple, highly localized fluid conduits punctuate the areally extensive Blake Ridge gas hydrate province, and enable the delivery of significant amounts of methane to the water column. Thus, there appears to be an abundance of seabed fluid flux not previously ascribed to the Atlantic margin of the United States.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G34217.1},
	author = {Brothers, L L and Van Dover, C L and German, C R and Kaiser, C L and Yoerger, D R and Ruppel, C D and Lobecker, E and Skarke, A D and Wagner, J K S}
}
@article {ISI:000323828800015,
	title = {{A low-relief shield volcano origin for the South Kaua{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}i Swell}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {2328{\textendash}2348},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The South Kauai Swell (SKS) is a 110 km x 80 km ovoid bathymetric feature that stands {\textgreater}2 km high and abuts the southern flank of the island of Kauai. The origin of the SKS was investigated using multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter, gravity data, radiometric ages, and geochemistry of rock samples. Most of the SKS rock samples are tholeiitic in composition with ages of 3.9-5.4 Ma indicating they were derived from shield volcanism. The ages and compositions of the SKS rocks partially overlap with those of the nearby Niihau, Kauai and West Kaena volcano complexes. The SKS was originally described as a landslide; however, this interpretation is problematic given the ovoid shape of SKS, its relatively smooth, flat-to-convex surface, and the lack of an obvious source region that could accommodate what would be one of Earth{\textquoteright}s most voluminous (6 x 10(3) km(3)) landslides. The morphology, size, and the surrounding gravity anomaly are more consistent with the SKS being a low-relief shield volcano, which was partially covered with a small volume of landside debris from south Kauai and later with some secondary volcanic seamounts. A shield origin would imply that Hawaiian and possibly other hotspot shield volcanoes can take on a wider variety of forms than is commonly thought, ranging from tall island-building shields, to smaller edifices such as Kaena Ridge and Mahukona, to even lower-relief volcanoes represented by the SKS and possibly the South West Oahu Volcanic Field.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20159},
	author = {Ito, Garrett and Garcia, Michael O and Smith, John R and Taylor, Brian and Flinders, Ashton and Jicha, Brian and Yamasaki, Seiko and Weis, Dominique and Swinnard, Lisa and Blay, Chuck}
}
@article {ISI:000331170400001,
	title = {{Metagenome reveals potential microbial degradation of hydrocarbon coupled with sulfate reduction in an oil-immersed chimney from Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jun},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys contain a high diversity of microorganisms, yet the metabolic activity and the ecological functions of the microbial communities remain largely unexplored. In this study, a metagenomic approach was applied to characterize the metabolic potential in a Guaymas hydrothermal vent chimney and to conduct comparative genomic analysis among a variety of environments with sequenced metagenomes. Complete clustering of functional gene categories with a comparative metagenomic approach showed that this Guaymas chimney metagenome was clustered most closely with a chimney metagenome from Juan de Fuca. All chimney samples were enriched with genes involved in recombination and repair, chemotaxis and flagellar assembly, highlighting their roles in coping with the fluctuating extreme deep-sea environments. A high proportion of transposases was observed in all the metagenomes from deep-sea chimneys, supporting the previous hypothesis that horizontal gene transfer may be common in the deep-sea vent chimney biosphere. In the Guaymas chimney metagenome, thermophilic sulfate reducing microorganisms including bacteria and archaea were found predominant, and genes coding for the degradation of refractory organic compounds such as cellulose, lipid, pullullan, as well as a few hydrocarbons including toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene were identified. Therefore, this oil-immersed chimney supported a thermophilic microbial community capable of oxidizing a range of hydrocarbons that served as electron donors for sulphate reduction under anaerobic conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00148},
	author = {He, Ying and Xiao, Xiang and Wang, Fengping}
}
@article {ISI:000331366700001,
	title = {{Microbial habitat connec ivity across spatial scales and hydrothermal temperature gradients at Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) hydrothermal vent area is known as a dynamic and hydrothermally vented sedimentary system, where the advection and production of a variety of different metabolic substrates support a high microbial diversity and activity in the seafloor. The main objective of our study was to explore the role of temperature and other environmental factors on community diversity, such as the presence of microbial mats and seafloor bathymetry within one hydrothermally vented field of 200 x 250 m dimension. In this field, temperature increased strongly with sediment depth reaching the known limit of life within a few decimeters. Potential sulfate reduction rate as a key community activity parameter was strongly affected by in situ temperature and sediment depth, declining from high rates of 1-5 jimol m1-1 d-1 at the surface to the detection limit below 5 cm sediment depth, despite the presence of sulfate and hydrocarbons. Automated Ribosomal lntergenic Spacer Analysis yielded a high-resolution fingerprint of the dominant members of the bacterial community. Our analyses showed strong temperature and sediment depth effects on bacterial cell abundance and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) number, both declining by more than one order of magnitude below the top 5 cm of the sediment surface. Another fraction of the variation in diversity and community structure was explained by differences in the local bathymetry and spatial position within the vent field. Nevertheless, more than 80{\%} of all detected OTUs were shared among the different temperature realms and sediment depths, after being classified as cold (T {\textless} 10 C), medium (10 C {\textless} T {\textless} 40 C) or hot (T {\textgreater} 40 C) temperature conditions, with significant OTU overlap with the richer surface communities. Overall, this indicates a high connectivity of benthic bacterial habitats in this dynamic and heterogeneous marine ecosystem influenced by strong hydrothermalism.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00207},
	author = {Meyer, Stefanie and Wegener, Gunter and Lloyd, Karen G and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Ramette, Alban}
}
@article {ISI:000326242700011,
	title = {{Reconstructing lava flow emplacement processes at the hot spot-affected Galapagos Spreading Center, 95 degrees W and 92 degrees W}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {2731{\textendash}2756},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions at mid-ocean ridges (MORs) control the permeability, internal structure, and architecture of oceanic crust, thus establishing the foundation for the evolution of the ocean basins. To better understand the emplacement of submarine lava flows at MORs, we have integrated submersible-based geologic mapping with remote sensing techniques to characterize the lava flow morphology within previously mapped lava flow fields produced during single eruptive episodes at the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC). Detailed attributes describing the surface geometry and texture of the lava flows have been extracted from high-resolution sonar data and combined with georeferenced visual observations from submersible dives and camera tows; based on signatures contained in these data, a fuzzy logic-based classification algorithm categorized lava flow morphology as pillows, lobates, or sheets. The resulting digital thematic maps offer an unprecedented view of GSC lava morphology, collectively covering 77 km(2) of ridge axis terrain at a resolution of 2 m x 2 m. Error assessments with independent visual reference data indicate approximately 90{\%} agreement, comparable to subaerial classification studies. The digital lava morphology maps enable quantitative, spatially comprehensive measurements of the abundance and distribution of lava morphologies over large areas of seafloor and within individual eruptive units. A comparison of lava flow fields mapped at lower- and higher-magma-supply settings (95 degrees and 92 degrees W, respectively) indicates that effusion rates increase along with magma supply and independent of spreading rate at the GSC, although a complete range of eruptive behavior exists at each setting.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20157},
	author = {McClinton, Tim and White, Scott M and Colman, Alice and Sinton, John M}
}
@article {Waters2013,
	title = {{Sill to surface: Linking young off-axis volcanism with subsurface melt at the overlapping spreading center at 9{\textdegree}03'N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {369{\textendash}370},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {59{\textendash}70},
	abstract = {No young, off-axis, mid-ocean ridge lavas have yet been directly linked to underlying off-axis melt bodies. In this study, we present new measurements of 238U{\textendash}230Th{\textendash}226Ra{\textendash}210Pb isotope compositions for a suite of lavas from the overlapping spreading center (OSC) at 9{\textdegree}03'N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR). These lavas span a large range of compositions, from basalt to dacite, and include both axial and off-axis samples recovered from a prominent, axis-parallel pillow ridge and a flat-topped seamount that overlie the westernmost extent of a 4-km-wide melt lens (Kent et al., 2000). We report 210Pb excesses in axial basalts and basaltic andesites, which we suggest results from gas-magma fractionation of 222Rn from 226Ra beneath dacite magmas. In addition, our U-series ages agree with visual observations, indicating that while most recent volcanic activity occurs at the spreading axis, active volcanism also occurs away from the axis. Specifically, the off-axis pillow ridge and seamount samples overlying the off-axis subsurface melt body have eruption ages of less than 8~ka, and likely as young as 1~ka, despite being located on crust that has a spreading age of {\~{}}75~ka. The young ages of these lavas, combined with existing geological, geochemical and geophysical constraints, provide evidence for a genetic link between the pillow ridge and seamount lavas and the seismically imaged, underlying off-axis melt lens. This link demonstrates that off-axis volcanism does not necessarily come from a sub-axial magma body and can be sourced directly from off-axis magma bodies.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.03.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13001209},
	author = {Waters, C L and Sims, K W W and Klein, E M and White, S M and Reagan, M K and Girard, G}
}
@article {Cowen2012,
	title = {{Advanced instrument system for real-time and time-series microbial geochemical sampling of the deep (basaltic) crustal biosphere}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {43{\textendash}56},
	abstract = {Integrated Ocean Drilling Program borehole CORK (Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit) observatories provide long-term access to hydrothermal fluids circulating within the basaltic crust (basement), providing invaluable opportunities to study the deep biosphere. We describe the design and application parameters of the GeoMICROBE instrumented sled, an autonomous sensor and fluid sampling system. The GeoMICROBE system couples with CORK fluid delivery lines to draw large volumes of fluids from crustal aquifers to the seafloor. These fluids pass a series of in-line sensors and an in situ filtration and collection system. GeoMICROBE{\textquoteright}s major components include a primary valve manifold system, a positive displacement primary pump, sensors (e.g., fluid flow rate, temperature, dissolved O2, electrochemistry-voltammetry analyzer), a 48-port in situ filtration and fluid collection system, computerized controller, seven 24~V{\textendash}40~A batteries and wet-mateable (ODI) communications with submersibles. This constantly evolving system has been successfully connected to IODP Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Also described here is a mobile pumping system (MPS), which possesses many of the same components as the GeoMICROBE (e.g., pump, sensors, controller), but is directly powered and controlled in real time via submersible operations; the MPS has been employed repeatedly to collect pristine basement fluids for a variety of geochemical and microbial studies.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2011.11.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.11.004},
	author = {Cowen, J P and Copson, D A and Jolly, J and Hsieh, C -C and Lin, H -T and Glazer, B T and Wheat, C G}
}
@article {ISI:000309446000009,
	title = {{Anaerobic methane oxidation in metalliferous hydrothermal sediments: influence on carbon flux and decoupling from sulfate reduction}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10, SI},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2726{\textendash}2740},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a globally significant sink that regulates methane flux from sediments into the oceans and atmosphere. Here we examine mesophilic to thermophilic AOM in hydrothermal sediments recovered from the Middle Valley vent field, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Using continuous-flow sediment bioreactors and batch incubations, we characterized (i) the degree to which AOM contributes to net dissolved inorganic carbon flux, (ii) AOM and sulfate reduction (SR) rates as a function of temperature and (iii) the distribution and density of known anaerobic methanotrophs (ANMEs). In sediment bioreactors, inorganic carbon stable isotope mass balances results indicated that AOM accounted for between 16{\%} and 86{\%} of the inorganic carbon produced, underscoring the role of AOM in governing inorganic carbon flux from these sediments. At 90 degrees C, AOM occurred in the absence of SR, demonstrating a striking decoupling of AOM from SR. An abundance of Fe(III)-bearing minerals resembling mixed valent Fe oxides, such as green rust, suggests the potential for a coupling of AOM to Fe(III) reduction in these metalliferous sediments. While SR bacteria were only observed in cooler temperature sediments, ANMEs allied to ANME-1 ribotypes, including a putative ANME-1c group, were found across all temperature regimes and represented a substantial proportion of the archaeal community. In concert, these results extend and reshape our understanding of the nature of high temperature methane biogeochemistry, providing insight into the physiology and ecology of thermophilic anaerobic methanotrophy and suggesting that AOM may play a central role in regulating biological dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes to the deep ocean from the organic-poor, metalliferous sediments of the global mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent system.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02825.x},
	author = {Wankel, Scott D and Adams, Melissa M and Johnston, David T and Hansel, Colleen M and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000307173100006,
	title = {{Chrysogorgia from the New England and Corner Seamounts: Atlantic-Pacific connections}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM},
	volume = {92},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {911{\textendash}927},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Recent exploration of the New England and Corner Seamounts revealed four new species of Chrysogorgia, described here using a combination of molecular and morphological data. These four species are characterized by a sinistral spiral, a character that, with one known exception, has only been reported for Pacific species. In addition, two species have a sclerite composition typical of the Pacific ({\textquoteright}squamosae typicae{\textquoteright}). This faunal connection between the Atlantic and the Pacific is confirmed by analysis of the mitochondrial msh1 gene. The exceptional preservation of specimens collected with remotely operated vehicles allows us to discuss the effect of growth on some morphological characters.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315411001354},
	author = {Pante, Eric and Watling, Les}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600101,
	title = {{Distribution, abundance, and diversity patterns of the thermoacidophilic {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}deep-sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeota 2{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Cultivation-independent studies have shown that taxa belonging to the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}deep-sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeota 2{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} (DHVE2) lineage are widespread at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. While this lineage appears to be a common and important member of the microbial community at vent environments, relatively little is known about their overall distribution and phylogenetic diversity. In this study, we examined the distribution, relative abundance, co-occurrence patterns, and phylogenetic diversity of cultivable thermoacidophilic DHVE2 in deposits from globally distributed vent fields. Results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays with primers specific for the DHVE2 and Archaea demonstrate the ubiquity of the DHVE2 at deep-sea vents and suggest that they are significant members of the archaeal communities of established vent deposit communities. Local similarity analysis of pyrosequencing data revealed that the distribution of the DHVE2 was positively correlated with 10 other Euryarchaeota phylotypes and negatively correlated with mostly Crenarchaeota phylotypes. Targeted cultivation efforts resulted in the isolation of 12 axenic strains from six different vent fields, expanding the cultivable diversity of this lineage to vents along the East Pacific Rise and Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Eleven of these isolates shared greater than 97{\%} 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with one another and the only described isolate of the DHVE2, Aciduliprofundum boonei T469(T). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of five protein-coding loci, atpA, EF-2, radA, rpoB, and secY, revealed clustering of isolates according to geographic region of isolation. Overall, this study increases our understanding of the distribution, abundance, and phylogenetic diversity of the DHVE2.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00047},
	author = {Flores, Gilberto E and Wagner, Isaac D and Liu, Yitai and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {Fornari2012,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise Between 9 degrees N and 10 degrees N: Twenty-Five Years of Integrated, Multidisciplinary Oceanic Spreading Center Studies}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {18{\textendash}43},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {The East Pacific Rise from {\~{}}~9{\textendash}10{\textdegree}N is an archetype for a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. In particular, the segment near 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N has been the focus of multidisciplinary research for over two decades, making it one of the best-studied areas of the global ridge system. It is also one of only two sites along the global ridge where two historical volcanic eruptions have been observed. This volcanically active segment has thus offered unparalleled opportunities to investigate a range of complex interactions among magmatic, volcanic, hydrothermal, and biological processes associated with crustal accretion over a full magmatic cycle. At this 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N site, comprehensive physical oceanographic measurements and modeling have also shed light on linkages between hydrodynamic transport of larvae and other materials and biological dynamics influenced by magmatic processes. Integrated results of high-resolution mapping, and both in~situ and laboratory-based geophysical, oceanographic, geochemical, and biological observations and sampling, reveal how magmatic events perturb the hydrothermal system and the biological communities it hosts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.02},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Bryce, Julia G and Cowen, J P and Ferrini, Vicki and Fundis, A and Lilley, M D and Luther, G W and Mullineaux, L S and Perfit, M R and Meana-Prado, M F and Rubin, K H and Seyfried, W E and Shank, T M and Soule, S A and Tolstoy, M and White, S M}
}
@article {Colman2012,
	title = {{Effects of variable magma supply on mid-ocean ridge eruptions: Constraints from mapped lava flow fields along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {Q08014},
	abstract = {Mapping and sampling of 18 eruptive units in two study areas along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center (GSC) provide insight into how magma supply affects mid-ocean ridge (MOR) volcanic eruptions. The two study areas have similar spreading rates (53 versus 55~mm/yr), but differ by 30{\%} in the time-averaged rate of magma supply (0.3~{\texttimes}~106 versus 0.4~{\texttimes}~106~m3/yr/km). Detailed geologic maps of each study area incorporate observations of flow contacts and sediment thickness, in addition to sample petrology, geomagnetic paleointensity, and inferences from high-resolution bathymetry data. At the lower-magma-supply study area, eruptions typically produce irregularly shaped clusters of pillow mounds with total eruptive volumes ranging from 0.09 to 1.3~km3. At the higher-magma-supply study area, lava morphologies characteristic of higher effusion rates are more common, eruptions typically occur along elongated fissures, and eruptive volumes are an order of magnitude smaller (0.002{\textendash}0.13~km3). At this site, glass MgO contents (2.7{\textendash}8.4 wt. {\%}) and corresponding liquidus temperatures are lower on average, and more variable, than those at the lower-magma-supply study area (6.2{\textendash}9.1 wt. {\%} MgO). The differences in eruptive volume, lava temperature, morphology, and inferred eruption rates observed between the two areas along the GSC are similar to those that have previously been related to variable spreading rates on the global MOR system. Importantly, the documentation of multiple sequences of eruptions at each study area, representing hundreds to thousands of years, provides constraints on the variability in eruptive style at a given magma supply and spreading rate.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004163},
	author = {Colman, A and Sinton, J M and White, S M and McClinton, J T and Bowles, J A and Rubin, K H and Behn, M D and Cushman, B and Eason, D E and Gregg, T K P and Gr{\"o}nvold, Karl and Hidalgo, S and Howell, J and Neill, O and Russo, Chris}
}
@article {Dziak2012a,
	title = {{Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {11},
	year = {2012},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {Q0AF07},
	abstract = {The output of gas and tephra from volcanoes is an inherently disorganized process that makes reliable flux estimates challenging to obtain. Continuous monitoring of gas flux has been achieved in only a few instances at subaerial volcanoes, but never for submarine volcanoes. Here we use the first sustained (yearlong) hydroacoustic monitoring of an erupting submarine volcano (NW Rota-1, Mariana arc) to make calculations of explosive gas flux from a volcano into the ocean. Bursts of Strombolian explosive degassing at the volcano summit (520 m deep) occurred at 1{\textendash}2 min intervals during the entire 12-month hydrophone record and commonly exhibited cyclic step-function changes between high and low intensity. Total gas flux calculated from the hydroacoustic record is 5.4 {\textpm} 0.6 Tg a-1, where the magmatic gases driving eruptions at NW Rota-1 are primarily H2O, SO2, and CO2. Instantaneous fluxes varied by a factor of \~{}100 over the deployment. Using melt inclusion information to estimate the concentration of CO2 in the explosive gases as 6.9 {\textpm} 0.7 wt {\%}, we calculate an annual CO2 eruption flux of 0.4 {\textpm} 0.1 Tg a-1. This result is within the range of measured CO2 fluxes at continuously erupting subaerial volcanoes, and represents \~{}0.2{\textendash}0.6{\%} of the annual estimated output of CO2from all subaerial arc volcanoes, and \~{}0.4{\textendash}0.6{\%} of the mid-ocean ridge flux. The multiyear eruptive history of NW Rota-1 demonstrates that submarine volcanoes can be significant and sustained sources of CO2 to the shallow ocean.},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004211},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Baker, E T and Shaw, A M and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Haxel, J H and Matsumoto, H and Walker, S L}
}
@booklet {Levin2012,
	title = {{A hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margin: middle ground in a continuum of reducing ecosystems}},
	howpublished = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {279},
	number = {1738},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {2580{\textendash}2588},
	abstract = {Upon their initial discovery, hydrothermal vents and methane seeps were considered to be related but distinct ecosystems, with different distributions, geomorphology, temperatures, geochemical properties and mostly different species. However, subsequently discovered vents and seep systems have blurred this distinction. Here, we report on a composite, hydrothermal seep ecosystem at a subducting seamount on the convergent Costa Rica margin that represents an intermediate between vent and seep ecosystems. Diffuse flow of shimmering, warm fluids with high methane concentrations supports a mixture of microbes, animal species, assemblages and trophic pathways with vent and seep affinities. Their coexistence reinforces the continuity of reducing environments and exemplifies a setting conducive to interactive evolution of vent and seep biota.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.0205},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1738/2580.abstract},
	author = {Levin, L A and Orphan, V J and Rouse, G W and Rathburn, A E and Ussler, W and Cook, G S and Goffredi, S K and Perez, Elena M and Waren, A and Grupe, B M and Chadwick, G and Strickrott, B}
}
@article {Connelly2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world{\textquoteright}s deepest seafloor spreading centre}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {620},
	abstract = {The Mid-Cayman spreading centre is an ultraslow-spreading ridge in the Caribbean Sea. Its extreme depth and geographic isolation from other mid-ocean ridges offer insights into the effects of pressure on hydrothermal venting, and the biogeography of vent fauna. Here we report the discovery of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre. The Von Damm Vent Field is located on the upper slopes of an oceanic core complex at a depth of 2,300 m. High-temperature venting in this off-axis setting suggests that the global incidence of vent fields may be underestimated. At a depth of 4,960 m on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre axis, the Beebe Vent Field emits copper-enriched fluids and a buoyant plume that rises 1,100 m, consistent with {\textgreater}400 degrees C venting from the world{\textquoteright}s deepest known hydrothermal system. At both sites, a new morphospecies of alvinocaridid shrimp dominates faunal assemblages, which exhibit similarities to those of Mid-Atlantic vents.},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms1636},
	author = {Connelly, D P and Copley, J T and Murton, B J and Stansfield, K and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Van Dover, C L and Amon, D and Furlong, M and Grindlay, N and Hayman, N and Huehnerbach, V and Judge, M and Le Bas, Tim and McPhail, S and Meier, A and Nakamura, K I and Nye, Verity and Pebody, M and Pedersen, R B and Plouviez, S and Sands, Carla and Searle, R C and Stevenson, P and Taws, Sarah and Wilcox, S}
}
@article {White2012,
	title = {{Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {50},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {20303{\textendash}20308},
	abstract = {To assess the potential impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on offshore ecosystems, 11 sites hosting deep-water coral communities were examined 3 to 4 mo after the well was capped. Healthy coral communities were observed at all sites {\textgreater}20 km from the Macondo well, including seven sites previously visited in September 2009, where the corals and communities appeared unchanged. However, at one site 11 km southwest of the Macondo well, coral colonies presented widespread signs of stress, including varying degrees of tissue loss, sclerite enlargement, excess mucous production, bleached commensal ophiuroids, and covering by brown flocculent material (floc). On the basis of these criteria the level of impact to individual colonies was ranked from 0 (least impact) to 4 (greatest impact). Of the 43 corals imaged at that site, 46{\%} exhibited evidence of impact on more than half of the colony, whereas nearly a quarter of all of the corals showed impact to {\textgreater}90{\%} of the colony. Additionally, 53{\%} of these corals{\textquoteright} ophiuroid associates displayed abnormal color and/or attachment posture. Analysis of hopanoid petroleum biomarkers isolated from the floc provides strong evidence that this material contained oil from the Macondo well. The presence of recently damaged and deceased corals beneath the path of a previously documented plume emanating from the Macondo well provides compelling evidence that the oil impacted deep-water ecosystems. Our findings underscore the unprecedented nature of the spill in terms of its magnitude, release at depth, and impact to deep-water ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118029109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000315070000017,
	title = {{Parvibaculum hydrocarboniclasticum sp. nov., a mesophilic, alkane-oxidizing alphaproteobacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {12},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {2921{\textendash}2926},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An aerobic, alkane-oxidizing bacterium, designated strain EPR92(T), was isolated from hydrothermal fluids that had been collected from a deep-sea vent on the East Pacific Rise (at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N 104 degrees 17{\textquoteright} W). The cells of the novel strain were Gram-staining-negative rods that measured approximately 1.4 mu m in length and 0.4 mu m in width. Strain EPR92T grew at 20-40 degrees C (optimum 35 degrees C), with 1.0-5.0{\%} (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.5{\%}), and at pH 4.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.5). The generation time under optimal conditions was 63 min. Strain EPR92(T) grew aerobically in artificial seawater minimal medium with n-alkanes as sole carbon and energy sources, and also in artificial seawater medium supplemented with peptone and yeast extract. The predominant fatty acids were C-18:1 omega 7c, C-19:0 cyclo omega 8c, 11-methyl C-18:1 omega 7c and a putative C-12:0 aldehyde. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and four unidentified aminolipids. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the genomic DNA G+C content was 60.7 mol{\%}. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain EPR92(T) belongs in the class Alphaproteobacteria and the recognized species that were most closely related to the novel strain were identified as Parvibaculum indicum P-31(T) (98.7{\%} sequence similarity) and Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS-1(T) (95.8{\%}). In DNA-DNA hybridizations, the level of DNA-DNA relatedness observed between strain EPR92(T) and P. indicum P-31(T) was 47.7{\%}, indicating that the two strains do not belong to the same species. Based on the phylogenetic, physiological, chemotaxonomic and genetic evidence, strain EPR92(T) represents a novel species within the genus Parvibaculum, for which the name Parvibaculum hydrocarboniclasticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EPR92(T) (=DSM 23209=JCM 16666(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.039594-0},
	author = {Rosario-Passapera, Richard and Keddis, Ramaydalis and Wong, Ronald and Lutz, Richard A and Staroyoytov, Valentin and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000301945500007,
	title = {{Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {766{\textendash}776},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of the endosymbionts coupled with an in situ characterization of the geochemical environment was performed to investigate their roles and expression profiles in the two respective hosts. The metagenomes indicated that the endosymbionts are genotypically highly homogeneous. Gene sequences coding for enzymes of selected key metabolic functions were found to be 99.9{\%} identical. On the proteomic level, the symbionts showed very consistent metabolic profiles, despite distinctly different geochemical conditions at the plume level of the respective hosts. Only a few minor variations were observed in the expression of symbiont enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, carbon fixation and in the response to oxidative stress. Although these changes correspond to the prevailing environmental situation experienced by each host, our data strongly suggest that the two tubeworm species are able to effectively attenuate differences in habitat conditions, and thus to provide their symbionts with similar micro-environments. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 766-776; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.137; published online 20 October 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.137},
	author = {Gardebrecht, Antje and Markert, Stephanie and Sievert, Stefan M and Felbeck, Horst and Thuermer, Andrea and Albrecht, Dirk and Wollherr, Antje and Kabisch, Johannes and Le Bris, Nadine and Lehmann, Ruediger and Daniel, Rolf and Liesegang, Heiko and Hecker, Michael and Schweder, Thomas}
}
@article {White2012a,
	title = {{Reply to Boehm and Carragher: Multiple lines of evidence link deep-water coral damage to Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {40},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {E2648{\textendash}E2648},
	abstract = {Our original study (1) used visual inspection as well as biological and geochemical analyses of corals and the surrounding sediment to provide complementary and compelling evidence linking the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill to the presence of damaged deep-water corals and brittle stars 11 km from the site of the leaking oil.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1210413109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Wang2012,
	title = {{Reviews of power systems and environmental energy conversion for unmanned underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	volume = {16},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1958{\textendash}1970},
	abstract = {The power supply for unmanned underwater vehicles has been an important research point since the vehicles were invented. The power systems and environmental energy conversions for the vehicles are reviewed in the paper. Several topics are represented: problems and general solutions for unmanned underwater vehicles power supplies; the mechanisms and structures of tether power system; characteristics of several batteries; the characterization of potential environmental energy, and energy conversion for unmanned underwater vehicles. Docking stations for underwater vehicles continuation are also represented in the paper. Some typical vehicles powered by the power systems and their performances are listed and analyzed.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1364-0321},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.016},
	author = {Wang, X -M and Shang, J -H and Luo, Zirong and Tang, Li and Zhang, X and Li, J}
}
@article {ISI:000312516200003,
	title = {{Thermosulfurimonas dismutans gen. nov., sp nov., an extremely thermophilic sulfur-disproportionating bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {11},
	year = {2012},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {2565{\textendash}2571},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium (strain S95(T)) was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney located on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Pacific Ocean, at a depth of 1910 m. Cells of strain S95(T) were oval to short Gram-negative rods, 0.5-0.6 mu m in diameter and 1.0-1.5 mu m in length, growing singly or in pairs. Cells were motile with a single polar flagellum. The temperature range for growth was 50-92 degrees C, with an optimum at 74 degrees C. The pH range for growth was 5.5-8.0, with an optimum at pH 7.0. Growth of strain S95(T) was observed at NaCl concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 3.50/o (w/v). Strain S95(T) grew anaerobically with elemental sulfur as an energy source and bicarbonate/CO2 as a carbon source. Elemental sulfur was disproportionated to sulfide and sulfate. Growth was enhanced in the presence of poorly crystalline iron(III) oxide (ferrihydrite) as a sulfide-scavenging agent. Strain S95(T) was also able to grow by disproportionation of thiosulfate and sulfite. Sulfate was not used as an electron acceptor. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the isolate belongs to the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria. On the basis of its physiological properties and results of phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that the isolate represents the sole species of a new genus, Thermosulfurimonas dismutans gen. nov., sp. nov.; S95(T) (=DSM 24515(T)=VKM B-2683(T)) is the type strain of the type species. This is the first description of a thermophilic microorganism that disproportionates elemental sulfur.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.034397-0},
	author = {Slobodkin, A I and Reysenbach, A -L. and Slobodkina, G B and Baslerov, R V and Kostrikina, N A and Wagner, I D and Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E A}
}
@article {ISI:000295971300003,
	title = {{Bacterial sulfur cycling shapes microbial communities in surface sediments of an ultramafic hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2633{\textendash}2648},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (LHF) is characterized by vent fluids, which are enriched in dissolved hydrogen and methane compared with fluids from basalt-hosted systems. Thick sediment layers in LHF are partly covered by characteristic white mats. In this study, these sediments were investigated in order to determine biogeochemical processes and key organisms relevant for primary production. Temperature profiling at two mat-covered sites showed a conductive heating of the sediments. Elemental sulfur was detected in the overlying mat and metal-sulfides in the upper sediment layer. Micro-profiles revealed an intensive hydrogen sulfide flux from deeper sediment layers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that filamentous and vibrioid, Arcobacter-related Epsilonproteobacteria dominated the overlying mats. This is in contrast to sulfidic sediments in basalt-hosted fields where mats of similar appearance are composed of large sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria. Epsilonproteobacteria (7-21{\%}) and Deltaproteobacteria (20-21{\%}) were highly abundant in the surface sediment layer. The physiology of the closest cultivated relatives, revealed by comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, was characterized by the capability to metabolize sulfur components. High sulfate reduction rates as well as sulfide depleted in (34)S further confirmed the importance of the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. In contrast, methane was found to be of minor relevance for microbial life in mat-covered surface sediments. Our data indicate that in conductively heated surface sediments microbial sulfur cycling is the driving force for bacterial biomass production although ultramafichosted systems are characterized by fluids with high levels of dissolved methane and hydrogen.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02530.x},
	author = {Schauer, Regina and Roy, Hans and Augustin, Nico and Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Peters, Marc and Wenzhoefer, Frank and Amann, Rudolf and Meyerdierks, Anke}
}
@article {Mottl2011,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1013{\textendash}1038},
	abstract = {The Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) is the southernmost part of the back-arc spreading axis in the Lau Basin, west of the Tonga trench and the active Tofua volcanic arc. Over its 397-km length it exhibits large and systematic changes in spreading rate, magmatic/tectonic processes, and proximity to the volcanic arc. In 2005, we collected 81 samples of vent water from six hydrothermal fields along the ELSC. The chemistry of these waters varies both within and between vent fields, in response to changes in substrate composition, temperature and pressure, pH, water/rock ratio, and input from magmatic gases and subducted sediment. Hot-spring temperatures range from 229{\textdegree} to 363~{\textdegree}C at the five northernmost fields, with a general decrease to the south that is reversed at the Mariner field. The southernmost field, Vai Lili, emitted water at up to 334~{\textdegree}C in 1989 but had a maximum venting temperature of only 121~{\textdegree}C in 2005, due to waning activity and admixture of bottom seawater into the subseafloor plumbing system. Chloride varies both within fields and from one field to another, from a low of 528~mmol/kg to a high of 656~mmol/kg, and may be enriched by phase separation and/or leaching of Cl from the rock. Concentrations of the soluble elements K, Rb, Cs, and B likewise increase southward as the volcanic substrate becomes more silica-rich, especially on the Valu Fa Ridge. Iodine and $δ$7Li increase southward, and $δ$11B decreases as B increases, apparently in response to increased input from subducted sediment as the arc is approached. Species that decrease southward as temperature falls are Si, H2S, Li, Na/Cl, Fe, Mn, and 87Sr/86Sr, whereas pH, alkalinity, Ca, and Sr increase. Oxygen isotopes indicate a higher water/rock ratio in the three systems on Valu Fa Ridge, consistent with higher porosity in more felsic volcanic rocks. Vent waters at the Mariner vent field on the Valu Fa Ridge are significantly hotter, more acid and metal-rich, less saline, and richer in dissolved gases and other volatiles, including H2S, CO2, and F, than the other vent fields, consistent with input of magmatic gases. The large variations in geologic and geophysical parameters produced by back-arc spreading along the ELSC, which exceed those along mid-ocean ridge spreading axes, produce similar large variations in the composition of vent waters, and thus provide new insights into the processes that control the chemistry of submarine hot springs.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Seewald, J S and Wheat, C G and Tivey, M K and Michael, P J and Proskurowski, G and McCollom, T M and Reeves, E and Sharkey, J and You, C F and Chan, L H and Pichler, T}
}
@article {ISI:000290021000005,
	title = {{Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys with contrasting chemistries}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {414{\textendash}426},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys harbor a high diversity of largely unknown microorganisms. Although the phylogenetic diversity of these microorganisms has been described previously, the adaptation and metabolic potential of the microbial communities is only beginning to be revealed. A pyrosequencing approach was used to directly obtain sequences from a fosmid library constructed from a black smoker chimney 4143-1 in the Mothra hydrothermal vent field at the Juan de Fuca Ridge. A total of 308 034 reads with an average sequence length of 227 bp were generated. Comparative genomic analyses of metagenomes from a variety of environments by two-way clustering of samples and functional gene categories demonstrated that the 4143-1 metagenome clustered most closely with that from a carbonate chimney from Lost City. Both are highly enriched in genes for mismatch repair and homologous recombination, suggesting that the microbial communities have evolved extensive DNA repair systems to cope with the extreme conditions that have potential deleterious effects on the genomes. As previously reported for the Lost City microbiome, the metagenome of chimney 4143-1 exhibited a high proportion of transposases, implying that horizontal gene transfer may be a common occurrence in the deep-sea vent chimney biosphere. In addition, genes for chemotaxis and flagellar assembly were highly enriched in the chimney metagenomes, reflecting the adaptation of the organisms to the highly dynamic conditions present within the chimney walls. Reconstruction of the metabolic pathways revealed that the microbial community in the wall of chimney 4143-1 was mainly fueled by sulfur oxidation, putatively coupled to nitrate reduction to perform inorganic carbon fixation through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. On the basis of the genomic organization of the key genes of the carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation pathways contained in the large genomic fragments, both obligate and facultative autotrophs appear to be present and contribute to biomass production. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 414-426; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.144; published online 7 October 2010},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2010.144},
	author = {Xie, Wei and Wang, Fengping and Guo, Lei and Chen, Zeling and Sievert, Stefan M and Meng, Jun and Huang, Guangrui and Li, Yuxin and Yan, Qingyu and Wu, Shan and Wang, Xin and Chen, Shangwu and He, Guangyuan and Xiao, Xiang and Xu, Anlong}
}
@article {Barr2011,
	title = {{Early to Middle Devonian granitic and volcanic rocks from the central Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {126},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {455{\textendash}465},
	abstract = {Cashes Ledge igneous suite in the central Gulf of Maine is represented by 10 granitic and two felsic tuff samples collected from bedrock outcrops using the submersible Alvin in 1971{\textendash}1972 and archived at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of zircon grains yielded crystallization ages of 414.9~{\textpm}~1.1~Ma and 399.7~{\textpm}~1.5~Ma for two alkali feldspar granite samples, 407.0~{\textpm}~1.9~Ma for a syenogranite sample, and 384.4~{\textpm}~2.3~Ma and 383.9~{\textpm}~1.6~Ma for two felsic tuff samples. The samples contain iron-rich mafic minerals, including aegirine-augite, grunerite/ferroedenite, and annite. Most of the samples are alkaline to slightly peralkaline, with high concentrations of SiO2, Y, Zr, Nb, and REE, strong negative Eu anomalies, and positive epsilon Nd values (1.8 to 3.7). The suite resembles part of a belt of similar Silurian{\textendash}Devonian rocks with ages between 426 and 370~Ma now recognized in the central part of Avalonia in southeastern New England. They formed in a long-lived, likely extensional regime linked to subduction and subsequent complex transcurrent motions among Ganderia, Avalonia, and Meguma, culminating in the closure of the Rheic Ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	author = {Barr, S M and Mortensen, J K and Thompson, M D and Hermes, O D and White, C E}
}
@article {ISI:000298301200007,
	title = {{Effects of chronic low carbonate saturation levels on the distribution, growth and skeletal chemistry of deep-sea corals and other seamount megabenthos}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {442},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {87{\textendash}99},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Ocean acidification has been predicted to reduce the ability of marine organisms to produce carbonate skeletons, threatening their long-term viability and severely impacting marine ecosystems. Corals, as ecosystem engineers, have been identified as particularly vulnerable and important. To determine the sensitivity of corals and allied taxa to long-term exposure to very low carbonate concentrations, we examined the distribution and skeletal characteristics of coral taxa along a natural deep-sea concentration gradient on seamounts of SW Australia. Carbonate under-saturation had little evident effect on the depth distribution, growth or skeletal composition of live scleractinians or gorgonians, with corals growing, often abundantly, in waters as much as 20 to 30{\%} under-saturated. Developmental anomalies in the deepest skeleton-forming anthozoan collected (an isidid gorgonian, at nearly 4 km depth) suggest an absolute low tolerance limit of about 40{\%} under-saturation. Evidence for an effect of acidification on the accumulation of reef structure is ambiguous, with clear indications of dissolution of high-magnesium calcite (HMC) gorgonian skeletons at depths below 2300 m, but also abundant, old scleractinian skeletons well below the aragonite saturation horizon. The latter might be the result of ferromanganese deposition on exposed skeletons, which, however, may render them inhospitable for benthic organisms.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps09400},
	author = {Thresher, Ronald E and Tilbrook, Bronte and Fallon, Stewart and Wilson, Nick C and Adkins, Jess}
}
@article {Davis2011,
	title = {{Evidence for episodic aseismic slip across the subduction seismogenic zone off Costa Rica: CORK borehole pressure observations at the subduction prism toe}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {306},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {299{\textendash}305},
	abstract = {Slow slip events, or {\textquotedblleft}silent{\textquotedblright} earthquakes, may relieve a significant amount of stress at many subduction plate boundaries, both downdip of the limit of seismogenesis, and within the seismogenic zone itself in cases where seismic energy release accounts for only a fraction of the plate tectonic displacement rate (Schwartz and Rokosky, 2007). Slow slip has been identified in several instances downdip of the landward limit of the seismogenic zone and is often accompanied by seismic tremor or low-frequency earthquake activity along and above the plate interface (referred to as {\textquotedblleft}episodic tremor and slip{\textquotedblright}, or ETS). Little is known, however, about the spatial distribution and history of slip between great earthquakes along the seismogenic thrust interface itself which lies mostly offshore. In this article we present formation pressure transients observed in two deep-sea boreholes near the toe of the subduction prism off Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, which followed ETS events observed on shore by 1{\textendash}2~weeks. The signatures of the transients are consistent with local slip on the shallow part of the thrust interface, with the underthrusting plate experiencing relaxation and the outer prism experiencing contraction. The delay between the tremor activity and the pressure transients observed c. 100~km seaward at the prism toe suggests either slow propagation across the seismogenic zone or delayed deformation at the outer part of the prism triggered by the slip beneath Nicoya. Such slip may serve generally to relieve stress at subduction zones, but also to increase stress in parts of the plate boundary where interseismic slip does not occur.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.017},
	author = {Davis, E and Heesemann, M and Wang, K}
}
@article {ISI:000296056300001,
	title = {{Extraordinarily high biomass benthic community on Southern Ocean seamounts}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We describe a previously unknown assemblage of seamount-associated megabenthos that has by far the highest peak biomass reported in the deep-sea outside of vent communities. The assemblage was found at depths of 2-2.5 km on rocky geomorphic features off the southeast coast of Australia, in an area near the Sub-Antarctic Zone characterised by high rates of surface productivity and carbon export to the deep-ocean. These conditions, and the taxa in the assemblage, are widely distributed around the Southern mid-latitudes, suggesting the high-biomass assemblage is also likely to be widespread. The role of this assemblage in regional ecosystem and carbon dynamics and its sensitivities to anthropogenic impacts are unknown. The discovery highlights the lack of information on deep-sea biota worldwide and the potential for unanticipated impacts of deep-sea exploitation.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep00119},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Adkins, J and Fallon, S J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Althaus, F and Williams, A}
}
@article {Reeves2011,
	title = {{Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the PACMANUS, Northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1088{\textendash}1123},
	abstract = {Processes controlling the composition of seafloor hydrothermal fluids in silicic back-arc or near-arc crustal settings remain poorly constrained despite growing evidence for extensive magmatic{\textendash}hydrothermal activity in such environments. We conducted a survey of vent fluid compositions from two contrasting sites in the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea, to examine the influence of variations in host rock composition and magmatic inputs (both a function of arc proximity) on hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Fluid samples were collected from felsic-hosted hydrothermal vent fields located on Pual Ridge (PACMANUS and Northeast (NE) Pual) near the active New Britain Arc and a basalt-hosted vent field (Vienna Woods) located farther from the arc on the Manus Spreading Center. Vienna Woods fluids were characterized by relatively uniform endmember temperatures (273{\textendash}285~{\textdegree}C) and major element compositions, low dissolved CO2 concentrations (4.4~mmol/kg) and high measured pH (4.2{\textendash}4.9 at 25~{\textdegree}C). Temperatures and compositions were highly variable at PACMANUS/NE Pual and a large, newly discovered vent area (Fenway) was observed to be vigorously venting boiling (358~{\textdegree}C) fluid. All PACMANUS fluids are characterized by negative $δ$DH2O$δ$DH2O values, in contrast to positive values at Vienna Woods, suggesting substantial magmatic water input to circulating fluids at Pual Ridge. Low measured pH (25~{\textdegree}C) values (\~{}2.6{\textendash}2.7), high endmember CO2 (up to 274~mmol/kg) and negative $δ$34SH2S$δ$34SH2S values (down to -2.7{\textperthousand}) in some vent fluids are also consistent with degassing of acid-volatile species from evolved magma. Dissolved CO2 at PACMANUS is more enriched in 13C (-4.1{\textperthousand} to -2.3{\textperthousand}) than Vienna Woods (-5.2{\textperthousand} to -5.7{\textperthousand}), suggesting a contribution of slab-derived carbon. The mobile elements (e.g. Li, K, Rb, Cs and B) are also greatly enriched in PACMANUS fluids reflecting increased abundances in the crust there relative to the Manus Spreading Center. Variations in alkali and dissolved gas abundances with Cl at PACMANUS and NE Pual suggest that phase separation has affected fluid chemistry despite the low temperatures of many vents. In further contrast to Vienna Woods, substantial modification of PACMANUS/NE Pual fluids has taken place as a result of seawater ingress into the upflow zone. Consistently high measured Mg concentrations as well as trends of increasingly non-conservative SO4 behavior, decreasing endmember Ca/Cl and Sr/Cl ratios with increased Mg indicate extensive subsurface anhydrite deposition is occurring as a result of subsurface seawater entrainment. Decreased pH and endmember Fe/Mn ratios in higher Mg fluids indicate that the associated mixing/cooling gives rise to sulfide deposition and secondary acidity production. Several low temperature (⩽80~{\textdegree}C) fluids at PACMANUS/NE Pual also show evidence for anhydrite dissolution and water{\textendash}rock interaction (fixation of B) subsequent to seawater entrainment. Hence, the evolution of fluid compositions at Pual Ridge reflects the cumulative effects of water/rock interaction, admixing and reaction of fluids exsolved from silicic magma, phase separation/segregation and seawater ingress into upflow zones.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.008},
	author = {Reeves, E and Seewald, J S and Saccocia, P J and Walsh, E and Bach, W and Craddock, P R and Shanks, W C and Sylva, S P and Pichler, T and Rosner, M}
}
@article {Smith2011,
	title = {{In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {Q06007},
	abstract = {The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge was used in the first long-term deployment of microbial enrichment flow cells using osmotically driven pumps in a subseafloor borehole. Three novel osmotically driven colonization systems with unidirectional flow were deployed in the borehole and incubated for 4 years to determine the microbial colonization preferences for 12 minerals and glasses present in igneous rocks. Following recovery of the colonization systems, we measured cell density on the minerals and glasses by fluorescent staining and direct counting and found some significant differences between mineral samples. We also determined the abundance of mesophilic and thermophilic culturable organotrophs grown on marine R2A medium and identified isolates by partial 16S or 18S rDNA sequencing. We found that nine distinct phylotypes of culturable mesophilic oligotrophs were present on the minerals and glasses and that eight of the nine can reduce nitrate and oxidize iron. Fe(II)-rich olivine minerals had the highest density of total countable cells and culturable organotrophic mesophiles, as well as the only culturable organotrophic thermophiles. These results suggest that olivine (a common igneous mineral) in seawater-recharged ocean crust is capable of supporting microbial communities, that iron oxidation and nitrate reduction may be important physiological characteristics of ocean crust microbes, and that heterogeneously distributed minerals in marine igneous rocks likely influence the distribution of microbial communities in the ocean crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003424},
	author = {Smith, A and Popa, R and Fisk, M and Nielsen, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Fisher, A T and Becker, K and Sievert, S M and Flores, G}
}
@article {ISI:000295134600001,
	title = {{In situ measurements of hydrogen sulfide, oxygen, and temperature in diffuse fluids of an ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vent field (Logatchev, 14 degrees 45 {\textquoteleft} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Implications for chemosymbiotic bathymodiolin mussels}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Logatchev hydrothermal vent field (14 degrees 45{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) is located in a ridge segment characterized by mantle-derived ultramafic outcrops. Compared to basalt-hosted vents, Logatchev high-temperature fluids are relatively low in sulfide indicating that the diffuse, low-temperature fluids of this vent field may not contain sufficient sulfide concentrations to support a chemosymbiotic invertebrate community. However, the high abundances of bathymodiolin mussels with bacterial symbionts related to free-living sulfur-oxidizing bacteria suggested that bioavailable sulfide is present at Logatchev. To clarify, if diffuse fluids above mussel beds of Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis provide the reductants and oxidants needed by their symbionts for aerobic sulfide oxidation, in situ microsensor measurements of dissolved hydrogen sulfide and oxygen were combined with simultaneous temperature measurements. High temporal fluctuations of all three parameters were measured above the mussel beds. H2S and O-2 coexisted with mean concentrations between 9 and 31 mu M (H2S) and 216 and 228 mu M (O-2). Temperature maxima ({\textless}= 7.4 degrees C) were generally concurrent with H2S maxima ({\textless}= 156 mu M) and O-2 minima ({\textgreater}= 142 mu M). Long-term measurements for 250 days using temperature as a proxy for oxygen and sulfide concentrations indicated that the mussels were neither oxygen limited nor sulfide limited. Our in situ measurements at Logatchev indicate that sulfide may also be bioavailable in diffuse fluids from other ultramafic-hosted vents along slow and ultraslow spreading ridges. Components: 12,100 words, 9 figures, 4 tables.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003632},
	author = {Zielinski, Frank U and Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Borowski, Christian and Wenzhoefer, Frank and Dubilier, Nicole}
}
@article {ISI:000287940400009,
	title = {{Precious corals (Coralliidae) from north-western Atlantic Seamounts}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM},
	volume = {91},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2011},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {369{\textendash}382},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Two new species belonging to the precious coral genus Corallium were collected during a series of exploratory cruises to the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts in 2003-2005. One red species, Corallium bathyrubrum sp. nov., and one white species, C. bayeri sp. nov., are described. Corallium bathyrubrum is the first red Corallium to be reported from the western Atlantic. An additional species, C. niobe Bayer, 1964 originally described from the Straits of Florida, was also collected and its description augmented.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S002531541000086X},
	author = {Simpson, Anne and Watling, Les}
}
@article {ISI:000299052400011,
	title = {{Thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane by marine microbial consortia}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {5},
	number = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1946{\textendash}1956},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate controls the emission of the greenhouse gas methane from the ocean floor. AOM is performed by microbial consortia of archaea (ANME) associated with partners related to sulfate-reducing bacteria. In vitro enrichments of AOM were so far only successful at temperatures {\textless}= 25 degrees C; however, energy gain for growth by AOM with sulfate is in principle also possible at higher temperatures. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes and core lipids characteristic for ANME as well as hints of in situ AOM activity were indeed reported for geothermally heated marine environments, yet no direct evidence for thermophilic growth of marine ANME consortia was obtained to date. To study possible thermophilic AOM, we investigated hydrothermally influenced sediment from the Guaymas Basin. In vitro incubations showed activity of sulfate-dependent methane oxidation between 5 and 70 degrees C with an apparent optimum between 45 and 60 degrees C. AOM was absent at temperatures {\textgreater}= 75 degrees C. Long-term enrichment of AOM was fastest at 50 degrees C, yielding a 13-fold increase of methane-dependent sulfate reduction within 250 days, equivalent to an apparent doubling time of 68 days. The enrichments were dominated by novel ANME-1 consortia, mostly associated with bacterial partners of the deltaproteobacterial HotSeep-1 cluster, a deeply branching phylogenetic group previously found in a butane-amended 60 degrees C-enrichment culture of Guaymas sediments. The closest relatives (Desulfurella spp.; Hippea maritima) are moderately thermophilic sulfur reducers. Results indicate that AOM and ANME archaea could be of biogeochemical relevance not only in cold to moderate but also in hot marine habitats. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 1946-1956; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.77; published online 23 June 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.77},
	author = {Holler, Thomas and Widdel, Friedrich and Knittel, Katrin and Amann, Rudolf and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Wegener, Gunter}
}
@article {ISI:000294119400002,
	title = {{Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea)}},
	journal = {ZOOTAXA},
	number = {3001},
	year = {2011},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {33{\textendash}48},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {All sea pens have been thought to anchor in soft sediment using a basal, sausage-shaped, muscular peduncle. Based on underwater images and examination of specimens, we report an adaptation of the proximal portion of the peduncle for attachment to solid surfaces. We document four species with this adaptation, three new, Anthoptilum lithophilum sp. nov. (California, 669-700 m), A. gowlettholmesae sp. nov. (Tasmania, 729-1803 m), and Calibelemnon francei sp. nov. (the Bahamas, 1969 m), and one known, A. decipiens Thomson {\&} Henderson, 1906 (Sri Lanka, 925 m). The peduncle of a colony with this adaptation is greatly expanded by an outgrowth of the coenenchyme that forms a sucker-like structure, beneath which a conical mass of tough tissue surrounds the proximal end of the internal axis. We infer this structure affects suction, increasing or decreasing the strength of adhesion to the substratum, and discuss the systematics and functional morphology of this new ecological phenomenon-pennatulaceans fastened to hard substrata. We alter the definition of the genus Anthoptilum to accommodate this morphology, reporting on specimens of the type species, A. grandiflorum; compare the two sea pen families-Anthoptilidae and Scleroptilidae- and the two genera; and present a key to the known rock-inhabiting species.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	author = {Williams, Gary C and Alderslade, Philip}
}
@article {Wanless2011,
	title = {{Volatile abundances and oxygen isotopes in basaltic to dacitic lavas on mid-ocean ridges: The role of assimilation at spreading centers}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {287},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {54{\textendash}65},
	abstract = {Most geochemical variability in MOR basalts is consistent with low- to moderate-pressure fractional crystallization of various mantle-derived parental melts. However, our geochemical data from MOR high-silica glasses, including new volatile and oxygen isotope data, suggest that assimilation of altered crustal material plays a significant role in the petrogenesis of dacites and may be important in the formation of basaltic lavas at MOR in general. MOR high-silica andesites and dacites from diverse areas show remarkably similar major element trends, incompatible trace element enrichments, and isotopic signatures suggesting similar processes control their chemistry. In particular, very high Cl and elevated H2O concentrations and relatively light oxygen isotope ratios ({\~{}}~5.8{\textperthousand} vs. expected values of {\~{}}~6.8{\textperthousand}) in fresh dacite glasses can be explained by contamination of magmas from a component of ocean crust altered by hydrothermal fluids. Crystallization of silicate phases and Fe-oxides causes an increase in $δ$18O in residual magma, but assimilation of material initially altered at high temperatures results in lower $δ$18O values. The observed geochemical signatures can be explained by extreme fractional crystallization of a MOR basalt parent combined with partial melting and assimilation (AFC) of amphibole-bearing altered oceanic crust. The MOR dacitic lavas do not appear to be simply the extrusive equivalent of oceanic plagiogranites. The combination of partial melting and assimilation produces a distinct geochemical signature that includes higher incompatible trace element abundances and distinct trace element ratios relative to those observed in plagiogranites.},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Wallace, P J and Grimes, C B and Klein, E M}
}
@article {ISI:000273167300016,
	title = {{Beaked whale foraging areas inferred by gouges in the seafloor}},
	journal = {MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {226{\textendash}233},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0824-0469},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00325.x},
	author = {Auster, Peter J and Watling, Les}
}
@inbook {Baker2010,
	title = {{Biogeography, Ecology and Vulnerability of Chemosynthetic Ecosystems in the Deep Sea}},
	booktitle = {Life in the World{\textquoteright}s Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {161{\textendash}182},
	publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	organization = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	author = {Baker, M C and Ramirez-Llodra, E and Tyler, P A and German, C R and Boetius, A and Cordes, E E and Dubilier, N and Fisher, C R and Levin, L A and Metaxas, A and Rowden, R and Santos, R S and Shank, R and Van Dover, C L and Young, C and Waren, A}
}
@article {Podowski2010,
	title = {{Biotic and abiotic factors affecting distributions of megafauna in diffuse flow on andesite and basalt along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Tonga}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {418},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {25{\textendash}45},
	abstract = {Imagery and environmental data from 7 diffuse flow hydrothermal vent sites along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) are used to constrain the effects of lava type, temperature, chemistry, and biological interactions on faunal distributions. Of the species with chemoautotrophic endosymbionts, the snail Alviniconcha spp. occupies habitats with the greatest exposure to vent fluids. Temperatures exceeding 45{\textdegree}C define its upper limit of exposure to vent flow, and minimum sulfide requirements constrain its lower limits. The mussel Bathymodiolus brevior experiences the least exposure to vent flow; temperatures of about 20{\textdegree}C determine its upper limit, while its lower limit is defined by its minimum sulfide requirements. The snail Ifremeria nautilei inhabits areas with intermediate exposure to vent fluids and biological interactions are likely the most important factor shaping this snail{\textquoteright}s realized niche. Microhabitats of non-symbiont-containing fauna were defined in terms of symbiont-containing faunal distributions. The crab Austinograea spp. occupies areas with the greatest exposure to vent flow; shrimp, the snail Eosipho desbruyeresi, and anemones inhabit intermediate zones of vent flow; and the squat lobster Munidopsis lauensis dominates the periphery of diffuse flow areas, with little exposure to vent fluids. The physical structure of different lava types along the ELSC differentially affects the diffusion of vent fluids, which has a variety of implications for fauna, particularly distributions of zoanthids, anemones, and mixed communities of I. nautilei and B. brevior.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps08797},
	author = {Podowski, E L and Ma, S and Luther, G W and Wardrop, D and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Fueri2010,
	title = {{Carbon release from submarine seeps at the Costa Rica fore arc: Implications for the volatile cycle at the Central America convergent margin}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q04S21},
	abstract = {We report total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) abundances and isotope ratios, as well as helium isotope ratios (3He/4He), of cold seep fluids sampled at the Costa Rica fore arc in order to evaluate the extent of carbon loss from the submarine segment of the Central America convergent margin. Seep fluids were collected over a 12 month period at Mound 11, Mound 12, and Jaco Scar using copper tubing attached to submarine flux meters operating in continuous pumping mode. The fluids show minimum 3He/4He ratios of 1.3 RA (where RA is air 3He/4He), consistent with a small but discernable contribution of mantle-derived helium. At Mound 11, $δ$13C∑CO2 values between -23.9{\textperthousand} and -11.6{\textperthousand} indicate that DIC is predominantly derived from deep methanogenesis and is carried to the surface by fluids derived from sediments of the subducting slab. In contrast, at Mound 12, most of the ascending dissolved methane is oxidized due to lower flow rates, giving extremely low $δ$13C∑CO2 values ranging from -68.2{\textperthousand} to -60.3{\textperthousand}. We estimate that the carbon flux (CO2 plus methane) through submarine fluid venting at the outer fore arc is 8.0 {\texttimes} 105 g C km-1 yr-1, which is virtually negligible compared to the total sedimentary carbon input to the margin and the output at the volcanic front. Unless there is a significant but hitherto unidentified carbon flux at the inner fore arc, the implication is that most of the carbon being subducted in Costa Rica must be transferred to the (deeper) mantle, i.e., beyond the depth of arc magma generation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002810},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002810},
	author = {Fueri, E and Hilton, D R and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and McMurtry, G M and Brueckmann, W and Wheat, C G}
}
@article {German2010,
	title = {{Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {14020{\textendash}14025},
	abstract = {Thirty years after the first discovery of high-temperature submarine venting, the vast majority of the global mid-ocean ridge remains unexplored for hydrothermal activity. Of particular interest are the world{\textquoteright}s ultraslow spreading ridges that were the last to be demonstrated to host high-temperature venting but may host systems particularly relevant to prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life. Here we report evidence for previously unknown, diverse, and very deep hydrothermal vents along the similar to 110 km long, ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise (MCR). Our data indicate that the MCR hosts at least three discrete hydrothermal sites, each representing a different type of water-rock interaction, including both mafic and ultramafic systems and, at similar to 5,000 m, the deepest known hydrothermal vent. Although submarine hydrothermal circulation, in which seawater percolates through and reacts with host lithologies, occurs on all mid-ocean ridges, the diversity of vent types identified here and their relative geographic isolation make the MCR unique in the oceans. These new sites offer prospects for an expanded range of vent-fluid compositions, varieties of abiotic organic chemical synthesis and extremophile microorganisms, and unparalleled faunal biodiversity-all in close proximity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1009205107},
	author = {German, C R and Bowen, A and Coleman, M L and Honig, D L and Huber, J A and Jakuba, M V and Kinsey, J C and Kurz, M D and Leroy, S and McDermott, J M and de Lepinay, B M and Nakamura, K and Seewald, J S and Smith, J L and Sylva, S P and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {ISI:000276024300001,
	title = {{Flow rate perturbations in a black smoker hydrothermal vent in response to a mid-ocean ridge earthquake swarm}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Although there is indirect evidence for strong connections between tectonic processes and mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal flow, there are no direct observations of these links, primarily because measuring flow in these systems is difficult. Here we use an optical analysis technique to obtain a 44 day record of flow rate changes in a black smoker vent in the Main Endeavour field of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. We show that variations in the flow rate coincide with an earthquake swarm observed using an ocean bottom seismometer array. These observations indicate that connections between tectonics and flow are indeed strong, that hydraulic connections within this hydrothermal system are long ranging, and that enhanced tidal pumping of fluids may be initiated by earthquake activity. Because the effects of the swarm cross over an intervening vent field, we infer that the upflow zones feeding this field are narrow. Using the time lag between the swarm onset and the flow rate changes we estimate that the bulk permeability of the crust on the Endeavour segment ranges from 3.0 x 10(-13) m(2) to 6.0 x 10(-12) m(2).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002926},
	author = {Crone, Timothy J and Wilcock, William S D and McDuff, Russell E}
}
@article {ISI:000276314000001,
	title = {{Fluid sources and pathways of the Costa Rica erosional convergent margin}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The margins community has only relatively recently begun to examine the tectonics and associated hydrologic systems of erosive convergent margins, which are substantially different as compared with accretionary margins. In this respect, the type example erosive margin is the Costa Rica system, which has been the subject of numerous recent large-scale investigations. Here pore fluids expelled at the wedge toe and at midslope mounds and mud volcanoes have been interpreted to have a common deep source of dehydrating clays, analogous to that at accretionary margins. However, we report unusually high B/Li molar ratios in pore fluids from a recent mudflow on Mound 11, offshore Costa Rica, which, together with unusually low B/Li ratios previously reported at the wedge toe, reveal that alternative fluid sources and/or processes must be operating at the Costa Rica margin. As serpentine formation is the only subduction zone process that significantly fractionates B and Li, we propose that the difference in fluid chemical composition is the result of erosion of upper plate serpentinites, ongoing serpentinization, and serpentine mineral phase transitions in the subduction channel. These processes provide both a source of fluids and fluid pathways that lead to the unique geochemical signature observed at this erosional margin. This conclusion is compatible with, and supported by, the current view of the tectonics, geology, and hydrogeology of the Costa Rica margin and the similarity of the pore fluid to that of two other convergent margins, both with known fluid/serpentinite interactions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002818},
	author = {Tryon, Michael D and Wheat, C Geoffrey and Hilton, David R}
}
@article {ISI:000280633000011,
	title = {{Isolated communities of Epsilonproteobacteria in hydrothermal vent fluids of the Mariana Arc seamounts}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {73},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {538{\textendash}549},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Low-temperature hydrothermal vent fluids represent access points to diverse microbial communities living in oceanic crust. This study examined the distribution, relative abundance, and diversity of Epsilonproteobacteria in 14 low-temperature vent fluids from five volcanically active seamounts of the Mariana Arc using a 454 tag sequencing approach. Most vent fluids were enriched in cell concentrations compared with background seawater, and quantitative PCR results indicated that all fluids were dominated by bacteria. Operational taxonomic unit-based statistical tools applied to 454 data show that all vents from the northern end of the Mariana Arc grouped together, to the exclusion of southern arc seamounts, which were as distinct from one another as they were from northern seamounts. Statistical analysis also showed a significant relationship between seamount and individual vent groupings, suggesting that community membership may be linked to geographical isolation and not geochemical parameters. However, while there may be large-scale geographic differences, distance is not the distinguishing factor in the microbial community composition. At the local scale, most vents host a distinct population of Epsilonproteobacteria, regardless of seamount location. This suggests that there may be barriers to exchange and dispersal for these vent endemic microorganisms at hydrothermal seamounts of the Mariana Arc.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00910.x},
	author = {Huber, Julie A and Cantin, Holly V and Huse, Susan M and Welch, David B Mark and Sogin, Mitchell L and Butterfield, David A}
}
@article {Dick2010,
	title = {{Mantle melting, melt transport, and delivery beneath a slow-spreading ridge: the paleo-MAR from 23 degrees15'N to 23 degrees 45'N}},
	journal = {Journal of Petrology},
	volume = {51},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {425{\textendash}467},
	abstract = {Kane Megamullion, an oceanic core complex near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) abutting the Kane Transform, exposes nearly the full plutonic foundation of the MARK paleo-ridge segment. This provides the first opportunity for a detailed look at the patterns of mantle melting, melt transport and delivery at a slow-spreading ridge. The Kane lower crust and mantle section is heterogeneous, as a result of focused mantle melt flow to different points beneath the ridge segment in time and space, over an \~{}300{\textendash}400 kyr time scale. The association of residual mantle peridotite, dunite and troctolite with a large \~{}1 km+ thick gabbro section at the Adam Dome Magmatic Center in the southern third of the complex probably represents the crust{\textendash}mantle transition. This provides direct evidence for local melt accumulation in the shallow mantle near the base of the crust as a result of dilation accompanying corner flow beneath the ridge. Dunite and troctolite with high-Mg Cpx represent melt{\textendash}rock reaction with the mantle, and suggest that this should be taken into account in modeling the evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). Despite early precipitation of high-Mg Cpx, wehrlites similar to those in many ophiolites were not found. Peridotite modes from the main core complex and transform wall define a depletion trend coincident with that for the SW Indian Ridge projecting toward East Pacific Rise mantle exposed at Hess Deep. The average Kane transform peridotite is a lherzolite with 5{\textperiodcentered}2{\%} Cpx, whereas that from the main core complex is a harzburgite with only 3{\textperiodcentered}5{\%} Cpx. As the area corresponds to a regional bathymetric low, and the crust is apparently thin, it is likely that most residual mantle along the MAR is significantly more depleted. Thus, harzburgitic and lherzolitic ophiolite subtypes cannot be simply interpreted as slow- and fast-spreading ridges respectively. The mantle peridotites are consistent with a transform edge effect caused by juxtaposition of old cold lithosphere against upwelling mantle at the ridge{\textendash}transform intersection. This effect is far more local, confined to within 10 km of the transform slip zone, and far smaller than previously thought, corresponding to \~{}8{\%} as opposed to 12{\textperiodcentered}5{\%} melting of a pyrolitic mantle away from the transform. Excluding the transform, the overall degree of melting over 3 Myr indicated by the peridotites is uniform, ranging from \~{}11{\textperiodcentered}3 to 13{\textperiodcentered}8{\%}. Large variations in composition for a single dredge or ROV dive, however, reflect local melt transport through the shallow mantle. This produced variable extents of melt{\textendash}rock reaction, dunite formation, and melt impregnation. At least three styles of late mantle metasomatism are present. Small amounts of plagioclase with elevated sodium and titanium and alumina-depletion in pyroxene relative to residual spinel peridotites represent impregnation by a MORB-like melt. Highly variable alumina depletion in pyroxene rims in spinel peridotite probably represents cryptic metasomatism by small volumes of late transient silica-rich melts meandering through the shallow mantle. Direct evidence for such melts is seen in orthopyroxenite veins. Finally, a late hydrous fluid may be required to explain anomalous pyroxene sodium enrichment in spinel peridotites. The discontinuous thin lower crust exposed at Kane Megamullion contrasts with the {\textgreater}700 km2 1{\textperiodcentered}5 km+ thick Atlantis Bank gabbro massif at the SW Indian Ridge (SWIR), clearly showing more robust magmatism at the latter. However, the SWIR spreading rate is 54{\%} of the MAR rate, the offset of the Atlantis II Fracture Zone is 46{\%} greater and Na8 of the spatially associated basalts 16{\%} greater{\textemdash}all of which predict precisely the opposite. At the same time, the average compositions of Kane and Atlantis II transform peridotites are nearly identical. This is best explained by a more fertile parent mantle beneath the SWIR and demonstrates that crustal thickness predicted by simply inverting MORB compositions can be significantly in error.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-3530},
	doi = {10.1093/petrology/egp088},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp088},
	author = {Dick, H J B and Lissenberg, C J and Warren, J M}
}
@article {Wankel2010,
	title = {{New constraints on methane fluxes and rates of anaerobic methane oxidation in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool via in situ mass spectrometry}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2022{\textendash}2029},
	abstract = {Deep-sea biogeochemical cycles are, in general, poorly understood owing to the difficulties of making measurements in situ, recovering samples with minimal perturbation, and, in many cases, coping with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In particular, biogeochemical fluxes of volatiles such as methane remain largely unconstrained because of the difficulties with accurate quantification in situ and the patchiness of point sources such as seeps and brine pools. To better constrain biogeochemical fluxes and cycling, we have developed a deep-sea in situ mass spectrometer (ISMS) to enable high-resolution quantification of volatiles in situ. Here we report direct measurements of methane concentrations made in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool located at a depth of over 2300 m. Concentrations of up to 33 mM methane were observed within the brine pool, whereas concentrations in the water directly above were three orders of magnitude lower. These direct measurements enabled us to make the first accurate estimates of the diffusive flux from a brine pool, calculated to be 1.1{\textpm}0.2 mol m-2 yr-1. Integrated rate measurements of aerobic methane oxidation in the water column overlying the brine pool were \~{}320 $μ$mol m-2 yr-1, accounting at most for just 0.03{\%} of the diffusive methane flux from the brine pool. Calculated rates of anaerobic methane oxidation were 600{\textendash}1200 $μ$M yr-1, one to two orders of magnitude higher than previously published values of AOM in anoxic fluids. These findings suggest that brine pools are enormous point sources of methane in the deep sea, and may, in aggregate, have a pronounced impact on the global marine methane cycle.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	author = {Wankel, S D and Joye, S B and Samarkin, V A and Shah, S R and Friederich, G and Melas-Kyriazi, J and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Hulme2010,
	title = {{Pore water chemistry of the Mariana serpentinite mud volcanoes: A window to the seismogenic zone}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q01X09},
	abstract = {In 2003, we conducted a survey of 11 serpentinite mud volcanoes in the Mariana fore arc. Here we report sediment pore water data from navigated gravity and piston cores and from push cores collected by the ROV system Jason2-Medea. Systematic variations in profiles of pore water chemical compositions from these mud volcanoes are consistent with models that include active upflow of pore water relative to the surrounding serpentinite matrix. The speed of upwelling, based on fits of an advection-diffusion model to observed data (K, Na, Rb, and Cs), reaches a maximum of 36 cm/yr at Big Blue Seamount. Results from these simulations constrain the pore water composition at depth and the degree of additional alteration as the pore water ascends through the sampled section. For example, the transition metals (e.g., Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Mo) are mobilized under conditions of low upwelling speeds and microbial activity. Similarly, the rare earth elements (REE) show evidence of near-surface alteration. In addition to these surficial reactions, distinctive pore water compositional patterns exist as a function of the distance from the trench axis, which is a proxy for the depths of water generation from the downgoing plate below each seamount. Systematic trends in the chemical composition of these slab-sourced fluids are consistent with increasing temperature and pressure at depth west of the trench. These trends include an increase in K, sulfate, carbonate alkalinity, Na/Cl, B, Mn, Fe, Co, Rb, Cs, Gd/Tb, Eu, and light REE (LREE) and a decrease in Ca, Sr, and Y with increasing distance from the trench. Mg and U are universally depleted in the upwelling water. We constrain the thermal conditions along the d{\'e}collement using concentrations of fluid mobile elements (K, B, Cs, and Rb) and the mobilization of LREE relative to heavy REE (HREE). The 80{\textdegree}C isotherm is estimated at a depth of 15 km between Blue Moon Seamount and Cerulean Springs. At slab depths of 17 to 24 km, pore waters lack significant Rb and K enrichments relative to seawater, suggesting an upper bound near 150{\textdegree}C. There is an observed enrichment in LREE relative to HREE at Big Blue Seamount (slab depth 25 km) indicating that the d{\'e}collement at this site is \~{}200{\textdegree}C. The relative mobilization of Cs outpaced that of Rb at all seamounts sampled in this survey. On the basis of laboratory experiments, this observation sets an upper limit of \~{}350{\textdegree}C at a depth of 30 km below the seafloor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002674},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002674},
	author = {Hulme, S M and Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Walter2010,
	title = {{Rapid dispersal of a hydrothermal plume by turbulent mixing}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {57},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {931{\textendash}945},
	abstract = {The water column imprint of the hydrothermal plume observed at the Nibelungen field (8{\textdegree}18'S 13{\textdegree}30'W) is highly variable in space and time. The off-axis location of the site, along the southern boundary of a non-transform ridge offset at the joint between two segments of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is characterized by complex, rugged topography, and thus favorable for the generation of internal tides, subsequent internal wave breaking, and associated vertical mixing in the water column. We have used towed transects and vertical profiles of stratification, turbidity, and direct current measurements to investigate the strength of turbulent mixing in the vicinity of the vent site and the adjacent rift valley, and its temporal and spatial variability in relation to the plume dispersal. Turbulent diffusivities K$\rho$K$\rho$ were calculated from temperature inversions via Thorpe scales. Heightened mixing (compared to open ocean values) was observed in the whole rift valley within an order of K$\rho$K$\rho$ around 10-3 m2 s-1. The mixing close to the vent site was even more elevated, with an average of View the MathML sourceK$\rho$=4{\texttimes}10-2m2s-1. The mixing, as well as the flow field, exhibited a strong tidal cycle, with strong currents and mixing at the non-buoyant plume level during ebb flow. Periods of strong mixing were associated with increased internal wave activity and frequent occurrence of turbulent overturns. Additional effects of mixing on plume dispersal include bifurcation of the particle plume, likely as a result of the interplay between the modulated mixing strength and current speed, as well as high frequency internal waves in the effluent plume layer, possibly triggered by the buoyant plume via nonlinear interaction with the elevated background turbulence or penetrative convection.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	author = {Walter, M and Mertens, C and Stober, U and German, C R and Yoerger, D R and Sultemfub, J and Rhein, M and Melchert, B and Baker, E T}
}
@article {ISI:000280324500002,
	title = {{Subseafloor seawater-basalt-microbe reactions: Continuous sampling of borehole fluids in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A was drilled, cased, and instrumented with a long-term, subseafloor observatory (CORK) on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in summer 2004. This borehole is located 1 km south of ODP Hole 1026B and 5 km north of Baby Bare outcrop. Hole 1301A penetrates 262 m of sediment and 108 m of the uppermost 3.5 Ma basaltic basement in an area of warm (64 degrees C) hydrothermal circulation. The borehole was instrumented, and those instruments were recovered 4 years later. Here we report chemical data from two continuous fluid samplers (OsmoSamplers) and temperature recording tools that monitored changes in the state of borehole (formation) fluids. These changes document the effects of drilling, fluid overpressure and flow, seawater-basalt interactions, and microbial metababolic activity. Initially, bottom seawater flowed into the borehole through a leak between concentric CORK casing strings. Eventually, the direction of flow reversed, and warm, altered formation fluid flowed into the borehole and discharged at the seafloor. This reversal occurred during 1 week in September 2007, 3 years after drilling operations ceased. The composition of the formation fluid around Hole 1301A generally lies within bounds defined by springs on Baby Bare outcrop (to the south) and fluids that discharged from Hole 1026B (to the north); deviations likely result from reactions with drilling products. Simple conservative mixing of two end-member fluids reveals reactions occurring within the crust, including nitrate reduction presumably by denitrifying microbes. The observed changes in borehole fluid composition provide the foundation for a conceptual model of chemical and microbial change during recharge of a warm ridge-flank hydrothermal system. This model can be tested through future scientific ocean drilling experiments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003057},
	author = {Wheat, C Geoffrey and Jannasch, Hans W and Fisher, Andrew T and Becker, Keir and Sharkey, Jessica and Hulme, Samuel}
}
@article {Thresher2010,
	title = {{Temperature effects on the calcite skeletal composition of deep-water gorgonians (isididae)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {16},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {4655{\textendash}4670},
	abstract = {We test for and calibrate a proxy for ocean temperature based on the skeletal composition of the widely distributed, deep-sea gorgonians in the family Isididae (bamboo corals), through use of three complementary methods: a short-term comparison of element/Ca ratios to a four-year temperature record, a long-term comparison with oceanographic records spanning forty years, and a geographic comparison of Isidids collected at sites ranging from the tropics to Antarctica. The assays consistently support a temperature-dependency for Mg/Ca ratios and suggest S/Ca is indirectly affected by temperature, but indicate little or no effect of temperature on P/Ca and Sr/Ca. The consensus relationship between Mg/Ca and temperature for Isidid calcite from the comparisons with the temperature time-series is T = -0.505 + 0.048 Mg/Ca, where T is in {\textdegree}C, Mg/Ca is in mmol/mol, and the applicable range is 3{\textendash}6 {\textdegree}C. The results of the geographic assay, though imprecise, suggest the applicable range extends to temperatures below freezing. The scatter of data points around the regression of temperature and Mg/Ca is wide in all assays. This could reflect the effect of factors other than temperature on Mg/Ca ratios, but is also likely to reflect limitations of the field data, the effects of assumed constant growth rates in the corals and instrumental analytical error. The combined effects of micro-scale variability in growth rates and wide confidence intervals for each data point suggests that environmental reconstruction from Isidid internode calcite from sparse data or at time scales less than decades be done with caution. Comparisons within and among colonies do not indicate strong vital effects on ontogenetic variability in the corals, other than possibly close to the central pore of the coral. However, similar Mg/Ca ratios for Isidids from Antarctic and more temperate regions suggest adaptation to local conditions and hence a role for physiology at higher taxonomic levels, at least. Taxonomically higher level vital effects are also suggested by large differences between gorgonian families in their regressions between Mg/Ca and temperature, by Mg/Ca ratios that overlap over a wide temperature and habitat range, and for a non-linear relationship between temperature and the slope of the Mg/Ca-temperature relationship across the order.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.024},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.024},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Wilson, N C and MacRae, C M and Neil, H}
}
@mastersthesis {Waters2010,
	title = {{Temporal and petrogenetic constraints on volcanic accretionary processes at 9-10 degrees north East Pacific Rise}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {258},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {Volcanic accretion at the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) occurs over a {\~{}}2-4 km wide neo-volcanic zone on either side of the axial summit trough (AST). Eruption ages are critical for understanding the distribution and timing of volcanic and magmatic activity. Uranium series nuclides are susceptible to fractionation by magmatic processes that occur beneath mid-ocean ridges, and the half-lives of 226Ra (1.6 kyrs) and 230Th (75 kyrs) make them ideally suited for determining eruption ages and placing constraints on eruption frequency and temporal changes in magma chemistry. Accordingly, major and trace element, and long-lived radiogenic and 238U-230Th-226Ra isotope compositions were measured in basalts from 9{\textordmasculine}-10{\textordmasculine}N EPR to determine eruption ages and to place temporal constraints on volcanic and magmatic processes. At 9{\textordmasculine}30{\textquoteright}N EPR, 238U-230Th-226Ra compositions indicate that trace elementally and isotopically enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) collected off-axis erupted {\textgreater}8 ka and that E-MORB magmatism is interspersed with normal, depleted MORB magmatism. Lava ages are consistent with eruption from the AST and flow down the ridge flanks, which is in contrast to previous studies that suggested E-MORB erupted from off-axis vents. At 9{\textordmasculine}50{\textquoteright}N EPR, discrete eruptive units are distinguished by high precision 238U, 232Th, and 226Ra sample concentrations, but because the resolution of the 230Th-226Ra model age dating technique is {\~{}}{\textpm}1 kyrs, the surprisingly young ages of these lavas prohibit the construction of an explicit, time-constrained lava stratigraphy. Nonetheless, seven different flows identified within 0.8-2.0 km west of the AST imply greater frequency of flows to these distances than previously recognized. Model age dating of ferrobasalts, basaltic andesites, andesites, and dacites sampled from the east limb of the overlapping spreading center at 9{\textordmasculine}03{\textquoteright}N EPR is difficult due to uncertainties in magma residence times. However, (226Ra/230Th) disequilibria indicate recent basaltic volcanism ({\textless}{\textless}8 ka) up to {\~{}}4 km off-axis. The axial graben at the rise crest sources the most recent volcanic activity and is the dominant location for eruption of high-silica magmas. Major element, trace element, 87Sr/86Sr, and (234U/238U) isotope compositions are consistent with the formation of dacite magmas by extensive crystallization, and 238U-230Th-226Ra systematics imply crustal residence times of {\~{}}8 kyrs.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3750},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3750},
	author = {Waters, C L}
}
@article {Crespo-Medina2009,
	title = {{Adaptation of chemosynthetic microorganisms to elevated mercury concentrations in deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {54},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {41{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0041},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/pdf/vol{\_}54/issue{\_}1/0041.pdf},
	author = {Crespo-Medina, M and Chatziefthimiou, A D and Bloom, N S and Luther, G W and Wright, D D and Reinfelder, J R and Vetriani, C and Barkay, T}
}
@article {Toner2009,
	title = {{Biogenic iron oxyhydroxide formation at mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents: Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {73},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {388{\textendash}403},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.035},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.035},
	author = {Toner, B M and Santelli, C M and Marcus, M A and Wirth, R and Chan, C S and McCollom, T and Bach, W and Edwards, K J}
}
@article {Webster2009,
	title = {{Coral reef evolution on rapidly subsiding margins}},
	journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
	volume = {66},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {128{\textendash}148},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0921-8181},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010},
	author = {Webster, J M and Braga, J C and Clague, D A and Gallup, C and Hein, J R and Potts, D C and Renema, W and Riding, R and Riker-Coleman, K and Silver, E A and Wallace, L M}
}
@article {White2009,
	title = {{Laser Raman spectroscopy as a technique for identification of seafloor hydrothermal and cold seep minerals}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {259},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {240{\textendash}252},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.11.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.11.008},
	author = {White, S N}
}
@article {Solomon2009,
	title = {{Long-term hydrogeochemical records in the oceanic basement and forearc prism at the Costa Rica subduction zone}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {282},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {240{\textendash}251},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	author = {Solomon, E A and Kastner, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Robertson, G and Davis, E E and Morris, J D}
}
@article {Yao2009,
	title = {{Metal sources of black smoker chimneys, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Pb isotope constraints}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {24},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1971{\textendash}1977},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.07.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.07.010},
	author = {Yao, H Q and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Bao, S X and Wu, Z J and Li, J T and Sun, Z L and Chen, Z Q and Li, J W and Chen, G Q}
}
@article {Rona2009,
	title = {{Paleodictyon nodosum: a living fossil on the deep sea floor}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1700{\textendash}1712},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	author = {Rona, P A and Seilacher, A and de Vargas, C and Gooday, A J and Bernhard, J M and Bowser, S and Vetriani, C and Wirsen, C O and Mullineaux, L and Sherrell, R and Grassle, J F and Low, S and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {White2009a,
	title = {{Significance of widespread low effusion rate eruptions over the past two million years for delivery of magma to the overlapping spreading centers at 9 degrees N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {280},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {175{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	author = {White, S M and Mason, J L and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R and Wanless, V D and Klein, E M}
}
@article {Breier2009,
	title = {{A suspended-particle rosette multi-sampler for discrete biogeochemical sampling in low-particle-density waters}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1579{\textendash}1589},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	author = {Breier, J A and Rauch, C G and McCartney, K and Toner, B M and Fakra, S C and White, S N and German, C R}
}
@article {Won2008,
	title = {{Absence of cospeciation between deep-sea mytilids and their thiotrophic endosymbionts}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {129{\textendash}138},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[129:AOCBDM]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[129:AOCBDM]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Jones, W J and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Wheat2008,
	title = {{Borehole observations of fluid flow from South Chamorro Seamount, an active serpentinite mud volcano in the Mariana forearc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {267},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {401{\textendash}409},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.057},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.057},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Fisher, A T and Hulme, S and Jannasch, H W and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Logan2008,
	title = {{Comparative ultrastructure of digestive diverticulae in bathymodiolin mussels: Discovery of an unknown spherical inclusion (SIX) in digestive cells of a seep mussel}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {97{\textendash}105},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[97:CUODDI]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[97:CUODDI]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Logan, C R and Evans, M T and Ward, M E and Scott, J L and Carnegie, R B and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Walker2008,
	title = {{Dissolved inorganic carbon isotopic composition of low-temperature axial and ridge-flank hydrothermal fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {123{\textendash}136},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.002},
	author = {Walker, B D and McCarthy, M D and Fisher, A T and Guilderson, T P}
}
@article {Johnson2008,
	title = {{DNA barcoding of Lepetodrilus limpets reveals cryptic species}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {43{\textendash}51},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[43:DBOLLR]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[43:DBOLLR]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Johnson, S B and Waren, A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Walker2008a,
	title = {{Eruption-fed particle plumes and volcaniclastic deposits at a submarine volcano: NW Rota-1, Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {B08S11},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JB005441},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005441},
	author = {Walker, S L and Baker, E T and Resing, J A and Chadwick, W W and Lebon, G T and Lupton, J E and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Melchert2008,
	title = {{First evidence for high-temperature off-axis venting of deep crustal/mantle heat: The Nibelungen hydrothermal field, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {61{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	author = {Melchert, B and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Seifert, R and Walter, M and Mertens, C and Yoerger, D R and Baker, E T and Paulick, H and Nakamura, K}
}
@article {Nees2008,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent mussel habitat chemistry, pre- and post-eruption at 9 degrees 50'North on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {169{\textendash}175},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[169:HVMHCP]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[169:HVMHCP]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Nees, H A and Moore, T S and Mullaugh, K M and Holyoke, R R and Janzen, C P and Ma, S and Metzger, E and Waite, T J and Yucel, M and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Vetriani, C and Nuzzio, D B and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Lutz2008,
	title = {{Interrelationships between vent fluid chemistry, temperature, seismic activity, and biological community structure at a mussel-dominated, deep-sea hydrothermal vent along the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {177{\textendash}190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Luther, G W and Vetriani, C and Tolstoy, M and Nuzzio, D B and Moore, T S and Waldhauser, F and Crespo-Medina, M and Chatziefthimiou, A D and Annis, E R and Reed, A J}
}
@book {Brooks2008,
	title = {{Investigations of chemosynthetic communities on the lower continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico: Interim Report 1}},
	series = {OCS Reports},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {332},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	organization = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/ESPIS/4/4320.pdf},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Fisher, C R and Roberts, H and Bernard, B and MacDonald, I R and Carney, R and Jove, S and Cordes, E E and Wolff, G A and Goehring, E}
}
@article {Luther2008,
	title = {{Use of voltammetric solid-state (micro)electrodes for studying biogeochemical processes: Laboratory measurements to real time measurements with an in situ electrochemical analyzer (ISEA)}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {221{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B T and Ma, S and Trouwborst, R E and Moore, T S and Metzger, E and Kraiya, C and Waite, T J and Druschel, G and Sundby, B and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Shank, T M and Lewis, B L and Brendel, P J}
}
@article {Waite2008,
	title = {{Variation in sulfur speciation with shellfish presence at a Lau Basin diffuse flow vent site}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {163{\textendash}168},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[163:VISSWS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Waite, T J and Moore, T S and Childress, J J and Hsu-Kim, H and Mullaugh, K M and Nuzzio, D B and Paschal, A N and Tsang, J and Fisher, C R and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Garcia2008,
	title = {{Widespread secondary volcanism near northern Hawaiian Islands}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {89},
	number = {52},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {542{\textendash}543},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/2008EO520002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008EO520002},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Ito, G and Weis, D and Geist, D J and Swinnard, L and Bianco, T and Flinders, A and Taylor, B and Appelgate, B and Blay, C and Hanano, D and Silva, I N and Naumann, T and Maerschalk, C and Harpp, K S and Christensen, B and Sciaroni, L and Tagami, T and Yamasaki, S}
}
@article {Waller2007,
	title = {{Ancient DNA techniques : applications for deep-water corals}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {81},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {351{\textendash}359},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Waller, R G and Adkins, J F and Robinson, L F and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Robinson2007,
	title = {{Deep-sea scleractinian coral age and depth distributions in the northwest Atlantic for the last 225,000 years}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {81},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {371{\textendash}391},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Robinson, L F and Adkins, J F and Scheirer, D S and Fernandez, D P and Gagnon, A C and Waller, R G}
}
@article {VanDover2007a,
	title = {{A fungal epizootic in mussels at a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {54{\textendash}62},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00121.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00121.x},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Ward, M E and Scott, J L and Underdown, J and Anderson, B and Gustafson, C and Whalen, M and Carnegie, R B}
}
@article {Wu2007,
	title = {{Mechatronic integration and implementation of in situ multipoint temperature measurement for seafloor hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {144{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1006-9321},
	doi = {10.1007/s11431-007-0013-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-007-0013-5},
	author = {Wu, H C and Chen, Y and Yang, C J and Zhang, J F and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Ji, F W}
}
@mastersthesis {Williams2007,
	title = {{Oceanic lithosphere magnetization: marine magnetic investigations of crustal accretion and tectonic processes in mid-ocean ridge environments}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {254},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2031},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2031},
	author = {Williams, C M}
}
@article {Wootton2007,
	title = {{So you wanna be an: Aquanaut}},
	journal = {Popular Science},
	volume = {271},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {59},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0161-7370},
	url = {http://www.popsci.com/physical-endurance/images/2007-08/so-you-wanna-be-aquanaut},
	author = {Wootton, A}
}
@article {Ferrini2007,
	title = {{Submeter bathymetric mapping of volcanic and hydrothermal features on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q01006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006GC001333},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001333},
	author = {Ferrini, V L and Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Kinsey, J C and Tivey, M A and Soule, S A and Carbotte, S M and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R and Howland, J}
}
@article {Karson2006,
	title = {{Detachment shear zone of the Atlantis Massif core complex, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q06016},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001109},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001109},
	author = {Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Jones2006,
	title = {{Evolution of habitat use by deep-sea mussels}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {841{\textendash}851},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-005-0115-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0115-1},
	author = {Jones, W J and Won, Y -J and Maas, P A Y and Smith, P J and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Bingham2006a,
	title = {{Integrating precision relative positioning into Jason/Medea ROV operations}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {40},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {87{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	doi = {10.4031/002533206787353664},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533206787353664},
	author = {Bingham, B and Mindell, D and Wilcox, T and Bowen, A}
}
@article {Waite2006,
	title = {{An investigation into the suitability of bismuth as an alternative to gold-amalgam as a working electrode for the in situ determination of chemical redox species in the natural environment}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {12},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1167{\textendash}1172},
	issn = {1040-0397},
	doi = {10.1002/elan.200603519},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200603519},
	author = {Waite, T J and Kraiya, C and Trouwborst, R E and Ma, S and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Johnson2006a,
	title = {{Migration, isolation, and speciation of hydrothermal vent limpets (Gastropoda ; Lepetodrilidae) across the Blanco Transform Fault}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {210},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {140{\textendash}157},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/210/2/158},
	author = {Johnson, S B and Young, C R and Jones, W J and Waren, A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@booklet {Roberts2006,
	title = {{NOAA Ocean Explorer: Expedition to the deep slope}},
	volume = {2007},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	address = {Silver Spring, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Potter, J M and Wolff, G A}
}
@article {Martinez2006,
	title = {{Opposing trends in crustal thickness and spreading rate along the back-arc Eastern Lau Spreading Center: Implications for controls on ridge morphology, faulting, and hydrothermal activity}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {245},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {655{\textendash}672},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.049},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.049},
	author = {Martinez, F and Taylor, B and Baker, E T and Resing, J A and Walker, S L}
}
@article {Levin2006,
	title = {{Recruitment response of methane-seep macrofauna to sulfide-rich sediments: An in situ experiment}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {330},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {132{\textendash}150},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.022},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.022},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G F and Growney-Cannon, V and Walther, S}
}
@article {Tolstoy2006,
	title = {{A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {314},
	number = {5807},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1920{\textendash}1922},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1133950},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133950},
	author = {Tolstoy, M and Cowen, J P and Baker, E T and Fornari, D J and Rubin, K H and Shank, T M and Waldhauser, F and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Forsyth, D W and Holmes, R C and Love, B and Perfit, M R and Weekly, R T and Soule, S A and Glazer, B}
}
@article {Wanless2006,
	title = {{Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai{\textquoteright}i}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q05001},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001086},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001086},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Garcia, M O and Trusdell, F A and Rhodes, J M and Norman, M D and Weis, D and Fornari, D J and Kurz, M D and Guillou, H}
}
@article {Lanoil2005,
	title = {{Archaeal diversity in ODP legacy borehole 892b and associated seawater and sediments of the Cascadia Margin}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {167{\textendash}177},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.015},
	author = {Lanoil, B D and La Duc, M T and Wright, M and Kastner, M and Nealson, K H and Bartlett, D H}
}
@article {Valentine2005,
	title = {{Biogeochemical investigations of marine methane seeps, Hydrate Ridge, Oregon}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {110},
	number = {G2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {G02005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2005JG000025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000025},
	author = {Valentine, D L and Kastner, M and Wardlaw, G D and Wang, X C and Purdy, A and Bartlett, D H}
}
@article {Salerno2005,
	title = {{Characterization of symbiont populations in life-history stages of mussels from chemosynthetic environments}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {208},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {145{\textendash}155},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/208/2/145},
	author = {Salerno, J L and Macko, S A and Hallam, S J and Bright, M and Won, Y -J and McKiness, Z and Van Dover, C L}
}
@inbook {Auster2005,
	title = {{A habitat classification scheme for seamount landscapes: assessing the functional role of deepwater corals as fish habitat}},
	booktitle = {Cold-water corals and ecosystems},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {761{\textendash}769},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {3-540-24136-1},
	author = {Auster, P J and Moore, J and Heinonen, K and Watling, L},
	editor = {Freiwald, A}
}
@article {Mills2005,
	title = {{Parasitism as a potential contributor to massive clam mortality at the Blake Ridge Diapir methane-hydrate seep}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {85},
	number = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1489{\textendash}1497},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0125-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315405012683},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315405012683},
	author = {Mills, A M and Ward, M E and Heyl, T P and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Wheat2005,
	title = {{The potential role of ridge-flank hydrothermal systems on oceanic germanium and silicon balances}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {69},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2021{\textendash}2029},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.046},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.046},
	author = {Wheat, C G and McManus, J}
}
@mastersthesis {Wichers2005,
	title = {{Verification of numerical models for hydrothermal plume water through field measurements at TAG}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {75},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1640},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1640},
	author = {Wichers, S}
}
@inbook {Luther2004,
	title = {{Activation of diatomic and triatomic molecules for the synthesis of organic compounds: Metal catalysis at the subseafloor biosphere}},
	booktitle = {Subseafloor Biosphere at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {144},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {191{\textendash}197},
	publisher = {American Geophyical Union},
	organization = {American Geophyical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875904092},
	author = {Luther, G W},
	editor = {Wilcock, W S D}
}
@article {Mottl2004,
	title = {{Chemistry of springs across the Mariana forearc shows progressive devolatilization of the subducting plate}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {68},
	number = {23},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {4915{\textendash}4933},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.037},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.037},
	author = {Mottl, M A and Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Gharib, J and Martin, J B}
}
@book {Mathez2004,
	title = {{The earth machine: The science of a dynamic planet}},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {378},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {023112578X},
	author = {Mathez, E A and Webster, J D}
}
@article {Smith2004,
	title = {{Genetic heterogeneity among New Zealand species of hydrothermal vent mussels (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {144},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {537{\textendash}545},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-003-1207-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1207-4},
	author = {Smith, P J and McVeagh, S M and Won, Y -J and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Wilson2004,
	title = {{Going 4 miles underwater: A next-generation {\textquoteright}Alvin{\textquoteright} submersible will take ocean exploration to new depths}},
	journal = {Popular Mechanics},
	volume = {181},
	number = {11},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {30,32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0032-4558},
	url = {http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/1303036.html?page=1},
	author = {Wilson, J}
}
@article {Wheat2004a,
	title = {{Heat flow through a basaltic outcrop on a sedimented young ridge flank}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q12006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000700},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Fisher, A T and Kadko, D and Davis, E E and Baker, E T and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Davis2004a,
	title = {{Hydrological response to a seafloor spreading episode on the Juan de Fuca ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {430},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {335{\textendash}338},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature02755},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02755},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K and Dziak, R P and Cassidy, J F and Wang, K and Lilley, M}
}
@article {Wirsen2004,
	title = {{Is life thriving deep beneath the seafloor? Recent discoveries hint at a potentially huge and diverse subsurface biosphere}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {72{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Goffredi2004a,
	title = {{Novel forms of structural integration between microbes and a hydrothermal vent gastropod from the Indian Ocean}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {3082{\textendash}3090},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.5.3082-3090.2004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.5.3082-3090.2004},
	author = {Goffredi, S K and Waren, A and Orphan, V J and Van Dover, C L and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Terlizzi2004,
	title = {{Observations on parasitism in deep-sea hydrothermal vent and seep limpets}},
	journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},
	volume = {62},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {17{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0177-5103},
	doi = {10.3354/dao062017},
	url = {http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2004/62/d062p017.pdf},
	author = {Terlizzi, C M and Ward, M E and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Ward2004,
	title = {{Parasitism in species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) mussels from deep-sea seep and hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},
	volume = {62},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0177-5103},
	doi = {10.3354/dao062001},
	url = {http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2004/62/d062p001.pdf},
	author = {Ward, M E and Shields, J D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Walden2004,
	title = {{A replacement for the Alvin submersible}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {38},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {85{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	doi = {10.4031/002533204787522721},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533204787522721},
	author = {Walden, B B and Brown, R S}
}
@article {Wheat2004,
	title = {{Venting formation fluids from deep sea boreholes in a ridge flank setting: ODP Sites 1025 and 1026}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q08007},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000710},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000710},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H and Lebon, G}
}
@article {Won2003a,
	title = {{Cytonuclear disequilibrium in a hybrid zone involving deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {3185{\textendash}3190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01974.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01974.x},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Hallam, S J and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Davis2003,
	title = {{Deep-ocean temperature variations and implications for errors in seafloor heat flow determinations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2034},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB001695},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001695},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Becker, K and Thomson, R E and Yashayaev, I}
}
@article {Won2003b,
	title = {{Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {169{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01726.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01726.x},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Won2003,
	title = {{Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-sea mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {6785{\textendash}6792},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Hallam, S J and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Pan, I L and Buck, K R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Ward2003,
	title = {{Functional morphology and feeding strategy of the hydrothermal-vent polychaete Archinome rosacea (Amphinomidae)}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {81},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {582{\textendash}590},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4301},
	doi = {10.1139/z03-034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-034},
	author = {Ward, M E and Jenkins, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Waren2003,
	title = {{A hot-vent gastropod with iron-sulphide dermal sclerites}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {302},
	number = {5647},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1007},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1087696},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1087696},
	author = {Waren, A and Bengtson, S and Goffredi, S K and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Carbotte2003,
	title = {{Magmatic subsidence of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 18 degrees14{\textquoteright}S revealed through fault restoration of ridge crest bathymetry}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000337},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000337},
	author = {Carbotte, S M and Ryan, W B and Cormier, M -H and Jin, W and Bergmanis, E C and Sinton, J and White, S}
}
@book {Martinez2003,
	title = {{Mountains in the Sea 2003, July 11- July 19, 2003}},
	volume = {2007},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/},
	author = {Martinez, C and Watling, L E}
}
@article {Wheat2003,
	title = {{Seawater transport and reaction in upper oceanic basaltic basement: Chemical data from continuous monitoring of sealed boreholes in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {216},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {549{\textendash}564},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H}
}
@article {White2002a,
	title = {{Ambient light emission from hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {29},
	number = {15},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no 1744},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GL014977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014977},
	author = {White, S N and Chave, A D and Reynolds, G T and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {White2002,
	title = {{Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: Evidence from volcanic structures and lava flow morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000571},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000571},
	author = {White, S M and Haymon, R M and Fornari, D J and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Jenkins2002,
	title = {{The digestive system of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Galapagomystides aristata (Phyllodocidae): Evidence for hematophagy?}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {121},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {243{\textendash}254},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00064.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00064.x},
	author = {Jenkins, C D and Ward, M E and Turnipseed, M and Osterberg, J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Blackman2002,
	title = {{Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {443{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S and Cann, J R and Fruh-Green, G L and Gee, J S and Hurst, S D and John, B E and Morgan, J and Nooner, S L and Ross, D K and Schroeder, T J and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Won2002,
	title = {{Habitat reversal in vent and seep mussels: seep species, Bathymodiolus heckerae, derived from vent ancestors}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {387{\textendash}390},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-387-390.pdf},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Maas, P A Y and Van Dover, C L and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Petitt2002,
	title = {{The Hawaii-2 Observatory}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {245{\textendash}253},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/JOE.2002.1002479},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2002.1002479},
	author = {Petitt, R A and Harris, D W and Wooding, B and Bailey, J and Jolly, J and Hobart, E and Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Butler, R and Bowen, A and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {McManus2002,
	title = {{Oceanic molybdenum isotope fractionation: Diagenesis and hydrothermal ridge-flank alteration}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 1078},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000356},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000356},
	author = {McManus, J and N{\"a}gler, T F and Siebert, C and Wheat, C G and Hammond, D}
}
@article {Wheat2002,
	title = {{Trace element and REE composition of a low-temperature ridge flank hydrothermal spring}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {21},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3693{\textendash}3705},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00894-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00894-3},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Rudniki, M}
}
@article {Crawford2002,
	title = {{Variations in the distribution of magma in the lower crust and at the Moho beneath the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees-10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {203},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {117{\textendash}130},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00831-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00831-2},
	author = {Crawford, W C and Webb, S C}
}
@article {Sinton2002,
	title = {{Volcanic eruptions on mid-ocean ridges: New evidence from the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 17 degrees-19 degrees S}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000090},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000090},
	author = {Sinton, J and Bergmanis, E and Rubin, K H and Batiza, R and Gregg, T K P and Gronvold, K and Macdonald, K C and White, S M}
}
@article {White2002b,
	title = {{Volcanic mound fields on the East Pacific Rise, 16 degrees -19 degrees S: Low effusion rate eruptions at overlapping spreading centers for the last 1 Myr}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2240},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000483},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000483},
	author = {White, S M and Macdonald, K C and Sinton, J M}
}
@book {Fornari2001,
	title = {{AHA-NEMO2: Shipboard data web site compiled during R/V Melville NEMO Expedition, Leg 2, May, 2000}},
	volume = {2005},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://science.whoi.edu/ahanemo2},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tolstoy, M and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Johnson, P and Kurras, G and White, S and Getsiv, J and Party, Shipboard Scientific and Technical}
}
@article {VanDover2001,
	title = {{Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {294},
	number = {5543},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {818{\textendash}823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1064574},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1064574},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Cavanaugh, C M and Collier, R and Goffredi, S K and Hashimoto, J and Lilley, M D and Reysenbach, A -L and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Banta, A and Gallant, R M and Gotz, D and Green, D and Hall, J and Harmer, T L and Hurtado, L A and Johnson, P and McKiness, Z P and Meredith, C and Olson, E J and Pan, I L and Turnipseed, M and Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Davis2001,
	title = {{An episode of seafloor spreading and associated plate deformation inferred from crustal fluid pressure transients}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {21,921{\textendash}953,964},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000040},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Thomson, R E and Becker, K and Cassidy, J F}
}
@article {Butterfield2001,
	title = {{Evidence for basaltic Sr in midocean ridge-flank hydrothermal systems and implications for the global oceanic Sr isotope balance}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	number = {22},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4141{\textendash}4153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Nelson, B K and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Roe, K K}
}
@article {Tappin2001,
	title = {{The Sissano, Papua New Guinea tsunami of July 1998 {\textendash} offshore evidence on the source mechanism}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {175},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1{\textendash}23},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00131-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00131-1},
	author = {Tappin, D R and Watts, P and McMurtry, G M and Lafoy, Y and Matsumoto, T}
}
@article {Williams2001,
	title = {{Tidal currents at hydrothermal vents, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {6},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {62{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Williams, A J and Tivey, M K}
}
@inbook {Singh2000b,
	title = {{Advances in fusion of high resolution underwater optical and acoustic data}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2000 International Symposium on Underwater Technology, Tokyo, Japan, May 23-26, 2000},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {206{\textendash}211},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscatway, N.J.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-6378-7},
	doi = {10.1109/UT.2000.852544},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/UT.2000.852544},
	author = {Singh, H and Roman, C and Whitcomb, L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@inbook {Whitcomb2000,
	title = {{Advances in underwater robot vehicles for deep ocean exploration: Navigation, control, and survey operations}},
	booktitle = {Robotics research: the Ninth International Symposium},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1{\textendash}9},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1-85233-292-1},
	author = {Whitcomb, L and Yoerger, D R and Singh, H and Howland, J},
	editor = {Hollerbach, J M}
}
@inbook {Williams2000,
	title = {{Autonomous underwater simultaneous localisation and map building}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings: 2000 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation April 24-28, 2000, San Francisco Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, California},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1793{\textendash}1798},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-5886-4},
	doi = {10.1109/ROBOT.2000.844855},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2000.844855},
	author = {Williams, S and Newman, B and Dissanayake, P and Gamini, D W}
}
@article {Wheat2000,
	title = {{Composition of pore and spring waters from Baby Bare: Global implications of geochemical fluxes from a ridge flank hydrothermal system}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {629{\textendash}642},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00347-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00347-6},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Ballard2000a,
	title = {{The discovery of ancient history in the deep sea using advanced deep submergence technology}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1591{\textendash}1620},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	author = {Ballard, R D and McCann, A M and Yoerger, D R and Whitcomb, L and Mindell, D and Oleson, J and Singh, H and Foley, B and Adams, J and Piechota, D and Giangrande, C}
}
@article {Watanabe2000,
	title = {{Dive surveys on knolls off the north-east of the Iriomote Island{\textendash}The Iriomote Knoll and the Daiichi and Daini Kohama Knolls}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {19{\textendash}28},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}02{\_}03.pdf},
	author = {Watanabe, K}
}
@inbook {Bowen2000,
	title = {{Elevators {\textendash} autonomous transporters for deepsea benthic sample recovery}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {343{\textendash}348},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881282},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881282},
	author = {Bowen, M F and Bernard, P J and Gleason, D E and Whitcomb, L L}
}
@article {Davis2000,
	title = {{Formation-scale hydraulic and mechanical properties of oceanic crust inferred from pore pressure response to periodic seafloor loading}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13,413{\textendash}423,435},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900084},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900084},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Becker, K and Thomson, R E}
}
@article {DiMeo2000,
	title = {{Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {651{\textendash}658},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.2.651-658.2000},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/2/651},
	author = {Di Meo, C A and Wilbur, A E and Holben, W E and Feldman, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Becker2000a,
	title = {{A geological and geophysical investigation of Baby Bare, locus of a ridge-flank hydrothermal system in the Cascadia Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23,523{\textendash}557,568},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900204},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900204},
	author = {Becker, N C and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Karsten, J L and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Butler2000,
	title = {{Hawaii-2 Observatory pioneers opportunities for remote instrumentation in ocean studies}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {81},
	number = {15},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {157,162{\textendash}163},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/00EO00105},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/00EO00105},
	author = {Butler, R and Chave, A D and Duennebier, F K and Yoerger, D R and Petitt, R and Harris, D and Wooding, F B and Bowen, A D and Bailey, J and Jolly, J and Hobart, E and Hildebrand, J A and Dodeman, A H}
}
@article {Hourdez2000,
	title = {{Hemoglobin from a deep-sea hydrothermal-vent copepod}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {199},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {95{\textendash}99},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	doi = {10.2307/1542868},
	author = {Hourdez, S and Lamontagne, J and Peterson, P and Weber, R E and Fisher, C R}
}
@mastersthesis {White2000a,
	title = {{An investigation into the characteristics and sources of light emission at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {189},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/4053},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/4053},
	author = {White, S N}
}
@inbook {Juniper2000,
	title = {{IRL: an interactive real-time logging system for ROVs}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {465{\textendash}473},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881301},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881301},
	author = {Juniper, S and Garrett, K and Shepherd, J F and Tamburri, K and Wallace, K}
}
@article {Takeuchi2000,
	title = {{Large earthquakes and bottom disturbances in the Okushiri Ridge along the eastern margin of Japan Sea}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {29{\textendash}46},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}02{\_}04.pdf},
	author = {Takeuchi, A and Okamura, Y and Kato, Y and Ikehara, K and Zhang, J and Satake, K and Nagao, T and Hirano, M and Watanabe, M}
}
@article {Aloisi2000,
	title = {{Methane-related authigenic carbonates of eastern Mediterranean Sea mud volcanoes and their possible relation to gas hydrate destabilisation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {184},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {321{\textendash}338},
	abstract = {Nautile submersible investigations of mud volcanoes and brine seep areas of the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the MEDINAUT cruise in November 1998 discovered extensive areas of authigenic carbonate crusts associated with methane emissions. Carbonate crusts form pavements, round slabs and circular mounds on the central, most active parts of mud volcanoes and in a fault-related valley where brines have accumulated to form a submarine brine lake. Authigenic carbonate nodules have been recovered from the same areas during the MEDINETH cruise in July 1999. Large 13C depletions of authigenic calcite, aragonite and dolomite indicate methane as a major carbon source for the carbonate. Crust pavements are formed when methane from a freshly emplaced, methane-charged mud flow is oxidised at the seafloor. In this environment, where bottom waters provide the sulphate and magnesium, aragonite is favoured versus calcite and accounts for the majority of the methane-related authigenic carbonates. Calcite, when present, contains significant amounts of Mg2+ (high-Mg calcite), and possibly other divalent ions in its crystal lattice. In areas of brine seep and accumulation, dolomitic nodules are present at shallow depth in the sediment. The 18O enrichment of the authigenic carbonates (up to 4{\textperthousand} greater than calculated values for carbonates precipitating from modern eastern Mediterranean bottom waters) is interpreted as due to precipitation from 18O-rich fluids rather than as a temperature effect. The source of the 18O-rich fluids may be multiple and possibly includes the destabilisation of gas hydrates present at shallow subbottom depth, and the seepage of relic Messinian brines.},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8},
	author = {Aloisi, G and Pierre, C and Rouchy, J M and Foucher, J P and Woodside, J}
}
@article {Singh2000,
	title = {{Microbathymetric mapping from underwater vehicles in the deep ocean}},
	journal = {Computer Vision and Image Understanding},
	volume = {79},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {143{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-3142},
	doi = {10.1006/cviu.2000.0850},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cviu.2000.0850},
	author = {Singh, H and Whitcomb, L and Yoerger, D R and Pizarro, O}
}
@article {Williams2000a,
	title = {{New species of the genus Paralomis (Decapoda, Anomura, Lithodidae) from a sunken whale carcass in the San Clemente Basin off southern California}},
	journal = {Journal of Crustacean Biology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {Special no. 2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {281{\textendash}285},
	issn = {0278-0372},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1549506},
	author = {Williams, A B and Smith, C R and Baco, A R}
}
@article {Tsuchida2000,
	title = {{Preliminary report of a biological, geological, and geochemical survey on hydrothermalism at the Hotoma and Minna Knolls SF sub(6) tracer experiment to observe the behavior of hydrothermal plume at South East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {35{\textendash}42},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}06.pdf},
	author = {Tsuchida, S and Watanabe, K and Ishibashi, J and Miyake, H and Watabe, H and Yamaguchi, T and Kitajima, T and Nakano, A and Matsumura, M and Watanabe, H and Tsumune, D and Shitashima, K and Okamura, K and Urabe, T and Nakamura, K and Fujimoto, H and Mitsuzawa, K}
}
@article {Wu2000,
	title = {{Seafloor sedimentary processes on the western slope of Sagami Bay, Central Japan: Deep tow observations}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {43{\textendash}52},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}07.pdf},
	author = {Wu, S and Sakamoto, I and Iwase, R and Kawaguchi, K and Misawa, Y and Wong, H K}
}
@article {Wu2000a,
	title = {{Sedimentation processes and deformation at south flank of Zenisu Ridge, Philippine Sea revealed by {\textquoteright}Shinkai 6500{\textquoteright} Dive 523 and seismic data}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {53{\textendash}64},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}08.pdf},
	author = {Wu, S and Sakamoto, I and Horiuchi, S and Misawa, Y and Ohta, S}
}
@article {Maicher2000,
	title = {{Sheet hyaloclastite; density-current deposits of quench and bubble-burst fragments from thin, glassy sheet lava flows, Seamount Six, eastern Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {171},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {75{\textendash}94},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00109-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00109-2},
	author = {Maicher, D and White, J D L and Batiza, R}
}
@article {White2000,
	title = {{Variations in ambient light emission from black smokers and flange pools on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {27},
	number = {8},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1151{\textendash}1154},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL011074},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011074},
	author = {White, S N and Chave, A D and Reynolds, G T and Gaidos, E J and Tyson, J A and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Whitcomb1999a,
	title = {{Development, comparison and preliminary experimental validation of nonlinear dyanmic thruster models}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {481{\textendash}494},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.809270},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.809270},
	author = {Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Cailliet1999,
	title = {{Fish faunal and habitat analyses using trawls, camera sleds and submersibles in benthic deep-sea habitats off central California}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {22},
	number = {6},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {579{\textendash}592},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	doi = {10.1016/S0399-1784(00)88949-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(00)88949-5},
	author = {Cailliet, G M and Andrews, A H and Wakefield, W W and Moreno, G and Rhodes, K L}
}
@article {DiMeo1999,
	title = {{A new device for sampling small volumes of water from marine micro-environments}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {46},
	number = {7},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1279{\textendash}1287},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00002-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00002-3},
	author = {Di Meo, C A and Wakefield, J R and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Whitcomb1999,
	title = {{Preliminary experiments in model-based thruster control for underwater vehicle positioning}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {495{\textendash}506},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.809273},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.809273},
	author = {Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@inbook {Singh1999,
	title = {{Quantitative stereo imaging from the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE)}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}99 MTS/IEEE: Riding the crest into the 21st century},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {52{\textendash}57},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	isbn = {0-7803-5629-2},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1999.799706},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1999.799706},
	author = {Singh, H and Weyer, F and Howland, J and Duester, A and Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A}
}
@article {Wheat1998,
	title = {{Hydrothermal fluid circulation through the sediment of Crater Lake, Oregon: pore water and heat flow constraints}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9931{\textendash}9944},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB03391},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB03391},
	author = {Wheat, C G and McManus, J and Dymond, J and Collier, R and Whiticar, M}
}
@inbook {Bowen1998c,
	title = {{M.V. Derbyshire phase 2 survey, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution cruise report}},
	booktitle = {M.V. Derbyshire surveys: UK/EC Assessors{\textquoteright} report},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1:209{\textendash}1:230},
	publisher = {European Commission, Directorate-General for Transport; DTER},
	organization = {European Commission, Directorate-General for Transport; DTER},
	address = {Brussels, Belgium; London},
	isbn = {1-85112-072-6},
	author = {Bowen, A and Williams, R and Torchio, D R},
	editor = {Williams, R}
}
@article {White1998,
	title = {{New observations on the distribution of past and present hydrothermal activity in the TAG area of the mid-Atlantic ridge (26 degrees 08 {\textquoteright} N)}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {41{\textendash}56},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1004376229719},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004376229719},
	author = {White, S N and Humphris, S E and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Wolgast1998,
	title = {{Nitrate respiration associated with detrital aggregates in aerobic bottom waters of the abyssal NE Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {881{\textendash}892},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00006-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00006-X},
	author = {Wolgast, D M and Carlucci, A F and Bauer, J E}
}
@article {Sohn1998,
	title = {{Seismic and hydrothermal evidence for a cracking event on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {396},
	number = {6707},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {159{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/24146},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/24146},
	author = {Sohn, R A and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Hildebrand, J A and Webb, S C}
}
@article {Yoerger1998,
	title = {{Surveying a subsea lava flow using the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE)}},
	journal = {International Journal of Systems Science},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1031{\textendash}1044},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0020-7721},
	doi = {10.1080/00207729808929596},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207729808929596},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Walden, M B and Singh, H and Bachmayer, R}
}
@article {Sayers1998,
	title = {{Teleprogramming for subsea teleoperation using acoustic communication}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {60{\textendash}71},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.659450},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.659450},
	author = {Sayers, C P and Paul, R P and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Mottl1998,
	title = {{Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0051:WSDOMO>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026{\%}3C0051:WSDOMO{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Wheat, G and Baker, E and Davis, E and Feely, R and Grehan, A and Kadko, D and Lilley, M and Massoth, G and Moyer, C and Sansone, F}
}
@article {Langmuir1997,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents near a mantle hot spot: The Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {69{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	author = {Langmuir, C and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Van Dover, C L and Von Damm, K L and Tivey, M K and Colodner, D and Charlou, J L and Desonie, D and Wilson, D and Fouquet, Y and Klinkhammer, G and Bougault, H}
}
@article {Fornari1997,
	title = {{Inductively coupled link (ICL) temperature probes for hot hydrothermal fluid sampling from ROV Jason and DSV Alvin}},
	journal = {RIDGE Events},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0297.pdf},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Bradley, A and Humphris, S E and Walden, B and Deuster, A}
}
@inbook {Wooding1997,
	title = {{Mechanical design and deployment of the Hawaii-2 Observatory}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of International Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables: Marine geophysical research using undersea cables},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {172{\textendash}174},
	publisher = {Japan Print Center},
	organization = {Japan Print Center},
	author = {Wooding, F B and Bowen, A D and Yoerger, D R and Chave, A D and Dodeman, A H}
}
@article {Wharton1997,
	title = {{Morphology of the eye of the hydrothermal vent shrimp, Alvinocaris markensis}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {77},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1097{\textendash}1108},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315400038650},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400038650},
	author = {Wharton, D N and Jinks, R N and Herzog, E D and Battelle, B A and Kass, L and Renninger, G H and Chamberlain, S C}
}
@article {Wells1997,
	title = {{Seeking extremophiles Recombinant Biocatalysis, Inc.}},
	journal = {Chemistry {\&} Biology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {401{\textendash}402},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1074-5521},
	doi = {10.1016/S1074-5521(97)90130-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1074-5521(97)90130-7},
	author = {Wells, W A}
}
@inbook {Kleinrock1996,
	title = {{Detailed structure and morphology of the TAG active hydrothermal mound and its geotectonic environment}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Humphris, S E and Shaw, P and Bowen, A and Crook, T and Davis, C S and Elder, R and Gleason, D E and Goff, J and Goldstein, L and Handley, W and Howland, J and Hussenoeder, S and Koga, K and Lerner, S and Nakamura, K and Rashid, M and Reiser Wetzel, L and Sellers, W and Sulanowska, M and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@article {Wilson1996,
	title = {{Hydrothermal anomalies in the Lucky Strike segment on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {142},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {467{\textendash}477},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	author = {Wilson, C and Charlou, J L and Ludford, E and Klinkhammer, G and Chin, C and Bougault, H and German, C R and Speer, K and Palmer, M}
}
@article {Batiza1996,
	title = {{New evidence from Alvin for the origin of deep-sea eruptive hyaloclastite on Seamount 6; Cocos Plate, 12 degrees 43{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {77},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {319},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Batiza, R and Becker, N and Bercovici, D and Coleman, T and Gorman, T and Head, J W and Holloway, L and Karsten, J and Kelly, A and Keszthelyi, L P and Maicher, D and Mueller, W and Muller, J and Norby, L and Paduan, J and Parker, G and Prockter, L and Stakes, D and White, J}
}
@article {Wright1996,
	title = {{Rumblings on the ocean floor: GIS supports deep-sea research}},
	journal = {Geo Info Systems},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {22{\textendash}29},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1051-9858},
	author = {Wright, D J}
}
@inbook {Whitcomb1995,
	title = {{Comparative experiments in the dynamics and model-based control of marine thrusters}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}95 : "Challenges of our changing global environment" : conference proceedings, October 9-12, 1995, San Diego, California},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {1019{\textendash}1028},
	publisher = {Oceans {\textquoteright}95 MTS/IEEE Conference Committee},
	organization = {Oceans {\textquoteright}95 MTS/IEEE Conference Committee},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	isbn = {0-9339571-4-9},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1995.528561},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1995.528561},
	author = {Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Walden1995,
	title = {{DSV Alvin}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {33{\textendash}36},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Walden, B and Cullen, V}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1995,
	title = {{Isolation and cultivation of heterotrophic hyperthermophiles from deepsea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Archaea: a laboratory manual},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {9{\textendash}13},
	publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},
	organization = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},
	address = {Plainview, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0-87969-397-5},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Hoaki, T},
	editor = {Robb, F T}
}
@article {Wheat1995,
	title = {{Mapping the fluid flow of the Mariana Mounds ridge flank hydrothermal system: pore water chemical tracers}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {8115{\textendash}8131},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/95JB00047},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB00047},
	author = {Wheat, C G and McDuff, R E}
}
@article {Wolfe1995,
	title = {{Microearthquake characteristics and crustal velocity structure at 29 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The architecture of a slow spreading segment}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {24,424{\textendash}449,472},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/95JB02399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB02399},
	author = {Wolfe, C J and Purdy, M and Toomey, D R and Solomon, S C}
}
@article {Eberhard1995,
	title = {{Oxidation of polymetal sulfides by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Geomicrobiology Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {145{\textendash}164},
	issn = {0149-0451},
	author = {Eberhard, C and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Wishner1995,
	title = {{Pelagic and benthic ecology of the lower interface of the Eastern Tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {93{\textendash}115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	author = {Wishner, K F and Ashjian, C J and Gelfman, C and Gowing, M M and Kann, L and Levin, L A and Mullineaux, L S and Saltzman, J}
}
@article {Muyzer1995,
	title = {{Phylogenetic relationships of Thiomicrospira species and their identification in deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {164},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {165{\textendash}172},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/s002030050250},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050250},
	author = {Muyzer, G and Teske, A and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Kaartvedt1994,
	title = {{Amphipods on a deep-sea hydrothermal treadmill}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {179{\textendash}195},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90032-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90032-9},
	author = {Kaartvedt, S and Van Dover, C L and Mullineaux, L S and Wiebe, P H and Bollens, S}
}
@article {Rueter1994,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons from crude oil by new types of sulfate-reducing bacteria}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {372},
	number = {6505},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {455{\textendash}459},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/372455a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/372455a0},
	author = {Rueter, P and Rabus, R and Wilkes, H and Aekersberg, F and Rainey, F and Jannasch, H W and Widdel, F}
}
@inbook {Butterfield1994,
	title = {{Geochemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {139},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {395{\textendash}410},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and McDuff, R E and Franklin, J and Wheat, C G},
	editor = {McQuistion, M K}
}
@article {Koski1994a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate-silica deposits at the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Compositions, growth mechanisms, and implications for fluid flow}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4813{\textendash}4832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02871},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02871},
	author = {Koski, R A and Jonasson, I R and Wong, F L and Smith, V K and Kadko, D C}
}
@article {Hoaki1993,
	title = {{Amino acid requirements of two hyperthermophilic Archaeal isolates from deep sea vents: Desulfurococcus strain SY and Pyrococcus strain GB-D}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {59},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {610{\textendash}613},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=202153{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Hoaki, T and Wirsen, C O and Hanzawa, S and Maruyama, T and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Lupton1993,
	title = {{Chemical and physical diversity of hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8 degrees 45{\textquoteright} N to 11 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {24},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2913{\textendash}2916},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00906},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00906},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Baker, E T and Mottl, M J and Sansone, F J and Wheat, C G and Resing, J A and Massoth, G J and Measures, C I and Feely, R A}
}
@article {Colodner1993,
	title = {{Chemistry of Lucky Strike fluids: Initial results}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {99},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Colodner, D J and Lin, J and VonDamm, K and Buttermore, L G and Kozlowski, R and Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Wilson, C}
}
@article {Wirsen1993,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic microbial activity at Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9693{\textendash}9703},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01556},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W and Molyneaux, S J}
}
@article {Wetzel1993,
	title = {{Evidence from earthquakes for bookshelf faulting at large non-transform ridge offsets}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {362},
	number = {6416},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {235{\textendash}237},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/362235a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362235a0},
	author = {Wetzel, L R and Wiens, D A and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Langmuir1993,
	title = {{Geological setting and characteristics of the Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {99},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Langmuir, C H and Fornari, D J and Colodner, D and Charlou, J L and Costa, I and Desbruyeres, D and Desonie, D and Emerson, T and Fiala-Medioni, A and Fouquet, Y and Humphris, S E and Saldanha, L and Sours-Page, R and Thatcher, M and Tivey, M and Van Dover, C L and Von Damm, K L and Wiese, K and Wilson, C}
}
@article {Cary1993,
	title = {{Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques}},
	journal = {Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {51{\textendash}62},
	issn = {1053-6426},
	author = {Cary, S C and Warren, W and Anderson, E and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@inbook {Mindell1993,
	title = {{Jason talk: a standard ROV vehicle control system}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}93: Engineering in harmony with the ocean: Proceedings},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {III253{\textendash}III258},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-1385-2},
	author = {Mindell, D A and Yoerger, D R and Freitag, L E and Whitcomb, L L and Eastwood, R L}
}
@article {Baker1993,
	title = {{A method for quantitatively estimating diffuse and discrete hydrothermal discharge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {235{\textendash}249},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90170-E},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90170-E},
	author = {Baker, E T and Massoth, G J and Walker, S L and Embley, R W}
}
@inbook {Wirsen1993a,
	title = {{Microbial degradation of a starch-based biopolymer in the marine environment}},
	booktitle = {Fundamentals of Biodegradable Materials and Packaging},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {297{\textendash}310},
	publisher = {Technomic Publishing},
	organization = {Technomic Publishing},
	address = {Lancaster, Penn.},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Kaplan, D}
}
@inbook {Whitcomb1993,
	title = {{A new distributed real-time control system for the Jason underwater robot}},
	booktitle = {IROS {\textquoteright}93: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems: Intelligent Robots for Flexibility},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {368{\textendash}374},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-0824-7},
	doi = {10.1109/IROS.1993.583124},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IROS.1993.583124},
	author = {Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Haymon1993,
	title = {{Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 45-52{\textquoteright}N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April 1991}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {119},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {85{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Edmond, J and Shanks, W and Lutz, R and Grebmeier, J M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and McLaughlin, E and Smith, M and Beedle, N and Olson, E}
}
@inbook {Karson1992,
	title = {{Along-Axis Variations in Tectonic Extension and Accommodation Zones in the MARK Area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 23N Latitude}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites and Their Modern Oceanic Analogues},
	series = {Special Publication},
	number = {60},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {107{\textendash}116},
	publisher = {Geological Society},
	organization = {Geological Society},
	address = {London},
	isbn = {0-903317-69-9},
	author = {Karson, J A and Winters, A T},
	editor = {Parson, L M}
}
@article {Yoerger1992,
	title = {{Autonomous benthic explorer - deep ocean scientific AUV for seafloor exploration: untethered, on station one year without support ship}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {50{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Walden, B B}
}
@article {Jannasch1992a,
	title = {{Comparative physiological studies on hyperthermophilic Archaea isolated from deep sea hot vents with emphasis on Pyrococcus Strain GB-D}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {11},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3472{\textendash}3481},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=183131{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Molyneaux, S J and Langworthy, T A}
}
@article {VanDover1992,
	title = {{Deep-sea amphipod swarms}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {358},
	number = {6381},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {25{\textendash}26},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/358025a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358025a0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Kaartvedt, S and Bollens, S M and Wiebe, P H and Martin, J W and France, S C}
}
@article {Haymon1992,
	title = {{Dramatic short-term changes observed during March {\textquoteright}92 to April {\textquoteright}91 eruption site on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 45-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Lutz, R and Perfit, M and Macdonald, K and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Shanks, W C and Nelson, D and Edwards, M and Kappus, M and Colodner, D and Wright, D and Scherier, D and Black, M and Edmonds, H and Olson, E and Geiselman, T}
}
@article {Cavanaugh1992,
	title = {{Evidence for methylotrophic symbionts in a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bivalvia Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {12},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3799{\textendash}3803},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=183184{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Cavanaugh, C M and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Bowen1992a,
	title = {{Manned versus unmanned systems: a complementary approach}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {26},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {79{\textendash}80},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Bowen, A D and Walden, B B}
}
@inbook {Simoneit1992,
	title = {{Natural hydrous pyrolysis: Petroleum generation in submarine hydrothermal systems}},
	booktitle = {Organic matter: Productivity, accumulation, and preservation in recent and ancient sediments},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {368{\textendash}402},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-231-07162-0},
	author = {Simoneit, B R T},
	editor = {Whelan, J K}
}
@article {Wheeler1992,
	title = {{Optical link to the ocean floor, fiber optic components overcome data transmission problems undersea}},
	journal = {Lightwave},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {42{\textendash}43},
	issn = {0741-5834},
	author = {Wheeler, B K and Elder, R L}
}
@inbook {Wirsen1992,
	title = {{Physiological studies on a hyperthermophilic archea from a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent}},
	booktitle = {Short Communications of the 1991 International Marine Biotechnology Conference, IMBC {\textquoteright}91},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {36{\textendash}38},
	publisher = {W. C. Brown},
	organization = {W. C. Brown},
	address = {Dubuque, Iowa},
	isbn = {0-697-20639-4},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Hoaki, T and Maruyama, T and Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Nash, C C}
}
@article {Haymon1991,
	title = {{Active eruption seen on East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {72},
	number = {46},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {505,507},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/90EO00362},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90EO00362},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Beedle, N and Johnson, F and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Grebmeier, J and Lilley, M and McLaughlin, E and Olson, E and Edmond, J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Shanks, W C and Lutz, R and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D}
}
@article {Wheatcroft1991,
	title = {{Conservative tracer study of horizontal sediment mixing rates in a bathyal basin, California borderland}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {565{\textendash}588},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224091784995792},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224091784995792},
	author = {Wheatcroft, R A}
}
@article {Levin1991,
	title = {{Control of deep-sea benthic community structure by oxygen and organic-matter gradients in the easter Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {49},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {763{\textendash}800},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224091784995756},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224091784995756},
	author = {Levin, L A and Huggett, C L and Wishner, K F}
}
@article {Haymon1991b,
	title = {{EPR crest erupts north of Leg 142 drillsite}},
	journal = {JOI/USSAC Newsletter},
	volume = {4},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {4{\textendash}5},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Shanks, W C and Grebmeier, J and Lutz, R and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Smith, M and Laughlin, E and Beedle, N and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D and Olson, E and Johnson, F}
}
@article {Haymon1991a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise Crest (9 degrees 09{\textquoteright}-54{\textquoteright}N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast-spreading Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {513{\textendash}534},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(91)90226-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90226-8},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Fornari, D J and Edwards, M H and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Macdonald, K C}
}
@mastersthesis {Woodford1991,
	title = {{Propulsion optimization for ABE, an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {103},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	author = {Woodford, T J}
}
@article {Walsh1990,
	title = {{30,000 feet and 30 years later: Some thoughts on the deepest presence concept}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {7{\textendash}8},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Walsh, D}
}
@article {Robison1990,
	title = {{Biological-research needs for submersible access to the greatest ocean depths}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {34{\textendash}37},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Robison, B H and Wishner, K}
}
@article {DeBevoise1990,
	title = {{Carotenoids indicate differences in diet of hydrothermal vent crab, Bythograea Thermydron}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {105},
	number = {1},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {109{\textendash}115},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01344276},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01344276},
	author = {DeBevoise, A and Childress, J J and Withers, N}
}
@book {Copley1990,
	title = {{Drawings and Descriptions of Some Deep-Sea Copepods Living Above the Guaymas Basin Hydrothermal Vent Field}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {90-15},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {63},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1007},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1007},
	author = {Copley, N J and Wiebe, P H}
}
@mastersthesis {Wheat1990,
	title = {{Fluid circulation and diagenesis in an off-axis hydrothermal system: the Mariana Mounds}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {216},
	school = {University of Washington},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Seattle, Wash.},
	author = {Wheat, C G}
}
@article {Wishner1990,
	title = {{Involvement of the oxygen minimum in benthic zonation of a deep seamount}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {346},
	number = {6279},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {57{\textendash}59},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/346057a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346057a0},
	author = {Wishner, K and Levin, L A and Gowing, M and Mullineaux, L}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1990a,
	title = {{Isolation of extremely thermophilic, fermentative archaebacteria from deep-sea geothermal sediments}},
	booktitle = {Bioprocessing and Biotreatment of Coal},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {417{\textendash}428},
	publisher = {Marcel Dekker},
	organization = {Marcel Dekker},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-82478-305-0},
	url = {http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary{\&}v=1{\&}bookid=46243},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Wise, D L}
}
@mastersthesis {Wheatcroft1990,
	title = {{Rates and pathways of sediment bioturbation: A mechanistic approach}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {206},
	school = {University of Washington},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Seattle, Wash.},
	author = {Wheatcroft, R A}
}
@article {Brooks1990,
	title = {{Salt, seeps and symbiosis in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {71},
	number = {45},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1772{\textendash}1773},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Wiesenburg, D A and Roberts, H and Carney, R S and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R and Guinasso, N L and Sager, W W and McDonald, S J and Burke, R A and Aharon, P and Bright, T J}
}
@article {Nelson1989,
	title = {{Characterization of large, autotrophic Beggiatoa spp. abundant at hydrothermal vents of the Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {11},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {2909{\textendash}2917},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=203190{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Jannasch1989a,
	title = {{Massive natural occurrence of unusually large bacteria (Beggiatoa sp.) at a hydrothermal deep-sea vent site}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {342},
	number = {6251},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {834{\textendash}836},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/342834a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/342834a0},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Bazylinski1989,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of naturally-occurring hydrocarbons at the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {11},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {2832{\textendash}2836},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/55/11/2832},
	author = {Bazylinski, D A and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Williams1989,
	title = {{New squat lobsters (Galatheidae) from the Pacific Ocean: Mariana Back Arc Basin, East Pacific Rise, and Cascadia Basin}},
	journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
	volume = {87},
	number = {4},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {899{\textendash}910},
	issn = {0090-0656},
	author = {Williams, A B and Baba, K}
}
@article {Jannasch1988,
	title = {{Extremely thermophilic fermentative archaebacteria of the genus Desulfurococcus from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1203{\textendash}1209},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/5/1203},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Molyneaux, S J and Langworthy, T A}
}
@article {Karl1988,
	title = {{A microbiological study of Guaymas Basin high temperature hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {777{\textendash}791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	author = {Karl, D M and Taylor, G T and Novitsky, J A and Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Pace, N R and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Williams1988,
	title = {{Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase of the procaryotic symbiont of a hydrothermal tube worm: kinetics, activity and gene hybridization}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {107{\textendash}112},
	issn = {0378-1097},
	doi = {10.1016/0378-1097(88)90254-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1097(88)90254-6},
	author = {Williams, C A and Nelson, D C and Farah, B A and Jannasch, H W and Shively, J M}
}
@article {Karson1987,
	title = {{Along-axis variations in seafloor spreading in the MARK area}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {328},
	number = {6132},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {681{\textendash}685},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/328681a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/328681a0},
	author = {Karson, J A and Thompson, G and Humphris, S E and Edmond, J M and Bryan, W B and Brown, J R and Winters, A T and Pockalny, R A and Casey, J F and Campbell, A C and Klinkhammer, G and Palmer, M R and Kinzler, R J and Sulanowska, M M}
}
@inbook {Hosom1987,
	title = {{Alvin {\textendash} 120 VDC/28 VDC electrical system}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}87 Proceedings: The ocean, an international workplace; Halifax, N.S. (Canada), 28 Sep-1 Oct 1987},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1272{\textendash}1277},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1987.1160638},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1987.1160638},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Forrester, N C and Walden, B B}
}
@book {Wallace1987,
	title = {{The deep sea}},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {143},
	publisher = {Gallery Books},
	organization = {Gallery Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-83172-177-4},
	author = {Wallace, J}
}
@article {Brett1987,
	title = {{Mineralogical studies of sulfide samples and volatile concentrations of basalt glasses from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}373,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11373},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11373},
	author = {Brett, R and Evans, H T and Gibson, E K and Hedenquist, J W and Wandless, M V and Sommer, M A}
}
@book {Walden1987,
	title = {{Recovery of low-level radioactive waste packages from deep ocean disposal sites}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {87-14},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {39},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walden, B B}
}
@article {Wirsen1986,
	title = {{Activities of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria at the 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise vent site}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {92},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {449{\textendash}456},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00392504},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392504},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Tuttle, J H and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Gowing1986,
	title = {{Trophic relationships of deep-sea calanoid copepods from the benthic boundary layer of the Santa Catalina Basin, California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {33},
	number = {7},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {939{\textendash}961},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(86)90008-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(86)90008-7},
	author = {Gowing, M M and Wishner, K F}
}
@article {Chen1986,
	title = {{The U-Th-Pb systematics in hot springs on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N and Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {50},
	number = {11},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {2467{\textendash}2479},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(86)90030-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90030-X},
	author = {Chen, J H and Wasserburg, G J and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M}
}
@article {Smith1986a,
	title = {{Zooplankton and bacterioplankton of an abyssal benthic boundary layer: in situ rates of metabolism}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {47{\textendash}55},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Smith, K L and Carlucci, A F and Williams, P M and Henrichs, S M and Baldwin, R J and Graven, D B}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1985a,
	title = {{The biochemical versatility of chemosynthetic bacteria at deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {325{\textendash}334},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {VonDamm1985a,
	title = {{Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21 degrees N, East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {2197{\textendash}2220},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90222-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90222-4},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M and Grant, B and Measures, C I and Walden, B and Weiss, R F}
}
@article {Jannasch1985,
	title = {{Thiomicrospira crunogena sp. nov., a colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {422{\textendash}424},
	issn = {0020-7713},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Nelson, D C and Robertson, L A}
}
@article {Suchanek1985,
	title = {{Utilization of shallow-water seagrass detritus by Caribbean deep-sea macrofauna: delta super(13)C evidence}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {32},
	number = {2},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {201{\textendash}214},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(85)90028-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(85)90028-7},
	author = {Suchanek, T H and Williams, S L and Ogden, J C and Hubbard, D K and Gill, I P}
}
@inbook {Walden1984,
	title = {{Atlantis II: A new support ship for Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}84: Conference Record: Industry, Government, Education {\textendash} Designs for the Future : Washington, D.C., September 10-12, 1984},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {617{\textendash}622},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1984.1152304},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1984.1152304},
	author = {Walden, B and Sharp, A G}
}
@article {Nelson1984,
	title = {{DNA base composition and genome size of the prokaryotic symbiont in Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora)}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {267{\textendash}271},
	issn = {0378-1097},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01317.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01317.x},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Waterbury, J B and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Welhan1983,
	title = {{Methane, hydrogen and helium in hydrothermal fluids at 21 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {391{\textendash}409},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Welhan, J A and Craig, H},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Jones1983,
	title = {{Methanococcus jannaschii sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {136},
	number = {4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {254{\textendash}261},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00425213},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425213},
	author = {Jones, W J and Leigh, J A and Mayer, F and Woese, C R and Wolfe, R S}
}
@article {Tuttle1983,
	title = {{Microbial activities in the emitted hydrothermal waters of the Galapagos Rift vents}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {73},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {293{\textendash}299},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00392255},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392255},
	author = {Tuttle, J H and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1983a,
	title = {{Microbiology of the deep sea}},
	booktitle = {Deep-Sea Biology},
	series = {Sea: Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas},
	number = {8},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {231{\textendash}259},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471044024},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O},
	editor = {Rowe, G T}
}
@inbook {Wimbush1982,
	title = {{Current-induced sediment movement in the deep Florida Straits Observations}},
	booktitle = {Dynamic environment of the ocean floor},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {77{\textendash}94},
	publisher = {Lexington Books},
	organization = {Lexington Books},
	address = {Lexington, Mass.},
	isbn = {0669028096},
	author = {Wimbush, M and Nemeth, L and Birdsall, B},
	editor = {Fanning, K A}
}
@article {Mullins1982,
	title = {{Geology of Great Abaco submarine canyon (Blake Plateau): observations from the research submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {239{\textendash}257},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(82)90099-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(82)90099-8},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Keller, G H and Kofoed, J W and Lambert, D N and Stubblefield, W L and Warme, J E}
}
@article {Jannasch1981,
	title = {{Morphological survey of microbial mats near deep-sea thermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {528{\textendash}538},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=243726},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Hine1981,
	title = {{Offbank transport of carbonate sands along open, leeward bank margins: Northern Bahamas.}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {327{\textendash}348},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90169-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90169-9},
	author = {Hine, A C and Wilber, R J and Bane, J M and Neumann, A C and Lorenson, K R}
}
@inbook {Hubbard1981,
	title = {{Preliminary studies of the fate of shallow-water detritus in the basin north of St. Croix, U.S.V.I.}},
	booktitle = {Reef and Man: Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, Philippines, 18-22 May 1981},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {383{\textendash}388},
	publisher = {University of the Philippines, Marine Sciences Center},
	organization = {University of the Philippines, Marine Sciences Center},
	address = {Quezon City, Philippines},
	isbn = {9710300156},
	author = {Hubbard, D K and Suchanek, T H and Gill, I P and Cowper, S and Ogden, J C and Westerfield, J R and Bayes, J},
	editor = {Gomez, E D}
}
@article {Cavanaugh1981,
	title = {{Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: possible chemoautotrophic symbionts}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4505},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {340{\textendash}341},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4505.340},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4505.340},
	author = {Cavanaugh, C M and Gardiner, S L and Jones, M L and Jannasch, H W and Waterbury, J B}
}
@article {Jannasch1980,
	title = {{An approach for in situ studies of deep-sea amphipods and their microbial gut flora}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {27},
	number = {10},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {867{\textendash}872},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(80)90050-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(80)90050-3},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Cuhel, R L and Wirsen, C O and Taylor, C D}
}
@article {Mullins1980,
	title = {{Carbonate sediment drifts in northern Straits of Florida}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {64},
	number = {10},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1701{\textendash}1717},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C and Wilber, R J and Hine, A C and Chinburg, S J}
}
@article {Karl1980,
	title = {{Deep-sea primary production at the Galapagos hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4437},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1345{\textendash}1347},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	author = {Karl, D M and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Lupton1980,
	title = {{Helium-3 and manganese at the 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal site}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {115{\textendash}127},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(80)90123-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90123-5},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Klinkhammer, G P and Normark, W R and Haymon, R and Macdonald, K C and Weiss, R F and Craig, H}
}
@article {Williams1980,
	title = {{A new crab family from the vicinity of submarine thermal vents on the Galapagos Rift (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {93},
	number = {2},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {443{\textendash}472},
	issn = {0006-324X},
	author = {Williams, A B}
}
@article {Mullins1980a,
	title = {{Nodular carbonate sediment on Bahamian slopes: Possible precursors to nodular limestones}},
	journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Petrology},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {117{\textendash}131},
	issn = {0022-4472},
	url = {http://jsedres.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/1/117},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C and Weller, R J and Boardman, M R}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1980a,
	title = {{Studies on the microbial turnover of organic substances in deep sea sediments}},
	booktitle = {Biogeochimie de la Matiere Organique a l{\textquoteright}Interface Eau-Sediment Marin: Marseille 25-27 Avril 1979},
	series = {Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	volume = {293},
	number = {293},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {289{\textendash}290},
	publisher = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	organization = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	isbn = {2222026385},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O},
	editor = {Daumas, R}
}
@article {Jannasch1979b,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic primary production at East Pacific sea floor spreading centers}},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {592{\textendash}598},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3568},
	doi = {10.2307/1307765},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1307765},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Wells1979,
	title = {{Comparative morphology of ancient and modern pillow lavas}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {87},
	number = {4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {427{\textendash}440},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30059326},
	author = {Wells, G and Bryan, W B and Pearce, T H}
}
@article {Wimbush1979,
	title = {{Current-induced sediment movement in the deep Florida Straits; Critical parameters}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {C5},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2495{\textendash}2502},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JC084iC05p02495},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC084iC05p02495},
	author = {Wimbush, H and Lesht, B}
}
@article {Wiebe1979,
	title = {{Diel vertical migration by Salpa aspera and its potential for large-scale particulate organic matter transport to the deep-sea}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {53},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {249{\textendash}255},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00952433},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00952433},
	author = {Wiebe, P H and Madin, L P and Haury, L R and Harbison, G R and Philbin, L M}
}
@article {Grassle1979,
	title = {{Galapagos {\textquoteright}79: Initial findings of a deep-sea biological quest}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Berg, C J and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Jannasch, H W and Karl, D M and Lutz, R A and Mickel, T J and Rhoads, D C and Sanders, H L and Smith, K L and Somero, G N and Turner, R D and Tuttle, J H and Walsh, P J and Williams, A J}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979f,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Midcayman Rise spreading center: Initial results and observations}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {66{\textendash}93},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Bryan, W B and Davis, K and de Boer, J and DeLong, S and Dick, H and Emery, K O and Fox, P J and Hempton, M and Malcolm, F and Melson, W G and Spydell, K and Stroup, I and Thompson, G and Wright, R and Uchupi, E},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@article {Williams1979,
	title = {{The hydrothermal mounds of the Galapagos Rift: Observations with DSRV Alvin and detailed heat flow studies}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {7467{\textendash}7484},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	author = {Williams, D L and Green, K and van Andel, T H and Von Herzen, R P and Dymond, J R and Crane, K}
}
@article {Corliss1979a,
	title = {{Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {203},
	number = {4385},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1073{\textendash}1083},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	author = {Corliss, J B and Dymond, J and Gordon, L I and Edmond, J M and Von Herzen, R P and Ballard, R D and Green, K and Williams, D and Bainbridge, A and Crane, K and van Andel, T H}
}
@article {Smith1978b,
	title = {{Nutrient exchange and oxygen consumption by deep-sea benthic communities: Preliminary in situ measurements}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {997{\textendash}1005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}23/issue{\_}5/0997.pdf},
	author = {Smith, K L and White, G A and Laver, M B and Haugsness, J A}
}
@article {Fehn1977,
	title = {{Deep-water temperatures in the FAMOUS area}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {488{\textendash}494},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<488:DTITFA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C488:DTITFA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Fehn, U and Siegel, M D and Robinson, G R and Holland, H D and Williams, D L and Erickson, A J and Green, K E}
}
@article {Estabrook1977,
	title = {{Development of deep-ocean work system}},
	journal = {Mechanism and Machine Theory},
	volume = {12},
	number = {5},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {569{\textendash}576},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-114X},
	doi = {10.1016/0094-114X(77)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-114X(77)90049-0},
	author = {Estabrook, N and Wheeler, H and Uhler, D and Hackman, D}
}
@article {Jannasch1977,
	title = {{Microbial life in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {236},
	number = {6},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {42{\textendash}52},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {White1977,
	title = {{Sr-isotope, K, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, and rare-earth geochemistry of basalts from the FAMOUS area}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {571{\textendash}576},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<571:SKRCSB>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C571:SKRCSB{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {White, W R and Bryan, W B}
}
@book {Sharp1976b,
	title = {{Alvin titanium electrical penetrator design, manufacture and testing: Interim report}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {68},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/4338},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/4338},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Walden, B B and Hosom, D S}
}
@article {Wirsen1976,
	title = {{Decomposition of solid organic materials in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {9},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {880{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es60120a002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60120a002},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@book {Bertsche1976,
	title = {{Description of an experimental undersea manipulator system with force feedback: November 1975}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {28},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Bertsche1976a,
	title = {{Investigation of operator performance and related design variables in undersea force feedback manipulator systems, December 1975}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-47},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {35},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Wiebe1976a,
	title = {{Particulate matter sinking to the deep-sea floor at 2000 m in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, with a description of a new sedimentation trap}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-85},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {14},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1792},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1792},
	author = {Wiebe, P H and Boyd, S H and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Wiebe1976,
	title = {{Particulate matter sinking to the deep-sea floor at 2000 m in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, with a description of a new sedimentation trap}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {34},
	number = {3},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {341{\textendash}354},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	author = {Wiebe, P H and Boyd, S H and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Bertsche1976b,
	title = {{Potential design alternatives and analysis of system response variables, characteristic of undersea manipulators with force feedback}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {66},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Davis1975,
	title = {{ARPA rock drill report}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {75-28},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {29},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Davis, R E and Williams, D L and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@inbook {Pesch1975,
	title = {{Force feedback systems in undersea manipulator applications}},
	booktitle = {Second Conference on Remotely Manned Systems (RMS): Technology and Applications},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {57{\textendash}58},
	publisher = {[s.n.]},
	organization = {[s.n.]},
	address = {[s.l.]},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Pesch, A J and Bertsche, W R and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Ballard1974a,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1973 - 31 January 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-27},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {44},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Hays, E E and Hess, F R and Marquet, W M and McCamis, M J and McElroy, P T and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Hosom1974,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1974 - 31 July 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-100},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Hays, E E and Hess, F R and McElroy, P T and Marquet, W M and Porter, R P and Spindel, R C and Winget, C L and Striffler, F L}
}
@article {Jannasch1973,
	title = {{A bacteriological pressure-retaining deep-sea sampler and culture vessel}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	volume = {20},
	number = {7},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {661{\textendash}664},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0011-7471},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(73)90033-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(73)90033-8},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Jannasch1973a,
	title = {{Deep-sea microorganisms: In situ response to nutrient enrichment}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {180},
	number = {4086},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {641{\textendash}643},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.180.4086.641},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4086.641},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@book {Aldrich1973a,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1972 - 31 January 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-37},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {51},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Ballard, R D and Marquet, W M and Porter, D and McCamis, M J and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Aldrich1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1972 - 31 July 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-20},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Ballard, R D and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and McCamis, M J and Phillips, J D and Porter, D and Vine, A C and Teal, J M and Marquet, W M and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Ballard1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1973 - 31 July 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-92},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {82},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Maxwell, A E and Davis, R E and Eliason, A H and Hess, F R and McCamis, M J and McElroy, P T and Marquet, W M and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Jannasch1972,
	title = {{Alvin and the sandwich}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {20{\textendash}22},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@book {Aldrich1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1971 - 31 January 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-90},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {66},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Bryan1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1971 - 31 July 1971}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-33},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Ballard, R D and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Zafiriou, O C and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@book {Sharp1971,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report: 1971}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Winget, C L and Eliason, A H}
}
@article {Jannasch1971,
	title = {{Microbial degradation of organic matter in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {171},
	number = {3972},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {672{\textendash}675},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.171.3972.672},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3972.672},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Eimhjellen, K and Wirsen, C O and Farmanfarmaian, A}
}
@book {Walden1971,
	title = {{Torpedo recovery device for DSV Turtle}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {2},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walden, B}
}
@book {Winget1969,
	title = {{Hand tools and mechanical accessories for a deep submersible}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-32},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Winget, C L}
}
@book {Marquet1969,
	title = {{A recoverable deep ocean navigation beacon}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-61},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Marquet, W M and Webb, D C and Fairhurst, K D}
}
@book {Wakelin1969,
	title = {{Report of the Advisory Committee on the Accidental Sinking of Deep Research Vehicle Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Wakelin, J H and Institution, Woods Hole Oceanographic}
}
@book {Backus1968,
	title = {{Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Pecular sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {68-58},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Backus, R H and Craddock, J E and Haedrich, R L and Shores, D L and Teal, J M and Wing, A S and Clarke, W D}
}
@article {Backus1968a,
	title = {{Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Peculiar sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3831},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {991{\textendash}993},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	author = {Backus, R H and Craddock, J E and Haedrich, R L and Shores, D L and Teal, J M and Wing, A S and Mead, G W and Clarke, W D}
}
@article {Wilks1968,
	title = {{Navy DOT plans for fiscal 69-70 include titanium hull for Alvin}},
	journal = {Aerospace Technology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {26},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {39{\textendash}40},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0568-0727},
	author = {Wilks, W F}
}
@book {Sharp1968,
	title = {{Weight, buoyancy and stabiltiy of DSRV Alvin, 1967}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Waterman1967,
	title = {{Hydrostatic creep tests of a 6A1-4V titanium sphere for Alvin}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {25},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Waterman, R L and Humphries, P E}
}
@book {Winget1967,
	title = {{A technical guide to the deep submergence research vehicle (DSRV) Alvin for use in planning scientific missions}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-67},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Winget, C L and McCamis, M J}
}
@book {Breaker1967,
	title = {{The variability of bottom reflected signals using the deep research vehicle Alvin}},
	series = {Informal Report},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD669897},
	author = {Breaker, L C and Winokur, R S}
}
@book {Winter1966,
	title = {{A photoelastic investigation of deep submergence windows}},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {54},
	publisher = {Allied Research Associates, Inc.},
	organization = {Allied Research Associates, Inc.},
	address = {Concord, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD634403},
	author = {Winter, R and Becker, H}
}
@book {Walsh1966,
	title = {{Strength of the Alvin hulls}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {66-16},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {34},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walsh, J B and Mavor, J W}
}
@inbook {Walsh1965,
	title = {{Economic and logistic aspects of deep vehicle operations}},
	booktitle = {Ocean science and ocean engineering: Transactions of the Joint Conference and Exhibit, 14-17 June, 1965, Washington, D.C.},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {858{\textendash}863},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walsh, D}
}
@article {Walsh1964,
	title = {{Alvin, ocean research submarine}},
	journal = {Mechanical Engineering},
	volume = {86},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {22{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-6501},
	author = {Walsh, J B and Rainnie, W O}
}
