@article {ISI:000351847600028,
	title = {{Long-term explosive degassing and debris flow activity at West Mata submarine volcano}},
	journal = {GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
	volume = {42},
	number = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1480{\textendash}1487},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {West Mata is a 1200m deep submarine volcano where explosive boninite eruptions were observed in 2009. The acoustic signatures from the volcano{\textquoteright}s summit eruptive vents Hades and Prometheus were recorded with an in situ (similar to 25m range) hydrophone during ROV dives in May 2009 and with local (similar to 5km range) moored hydrophones between December 2009 and August 2011. The sensors recorded low frequency (1-40Hz), short duration explosions consistent with magma bubble bursts from Hades, and broadband, 1-5min duration signals associated with episodes of fragmentation degassing from Prometheus. Long-term eruptive degassing signals, recorded through May 2010, preceded a several month period of declining activity. Degassing episodes were not recorded acoustically after early 2011, although quieter effusive eruption activity may have continued. Synchronous optical measurements of turbidity made between December 2009 and April 2010 indicate that turbidity maxima resulted from occasional south flank slope failures triggered by the collapse of accumulated debris during eruption intervals.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL062603},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Baker, E T and Matsumoto, H and Caplan-Auerbach, J and Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Walker, S L and Lau, T-K. and Chadwick Jr., W W}
}
@article {Embley2014,
	title = {{Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996{\textendash}2012}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {10},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4093{\textendash}4115},
	abstract = {We present multiple lines of evidence for years to decade-long changes in the location and character of volcanic activity at West Mata seamount in the NE Lau basin over a 16 year period, and a hiatus in summit eruptions from early 2011 to at least September 2012. Boninite lava and pyroclasts were observed erupting from its summit in 2009, and hydroacoustic data from a succession of hydrophones moored nearby show near-continuous eruptive activity from January 2009 to early 2011. Successive differencing of seven multibeam bathymetric surveys of the volcano made in the 1996{\textendash}2012 period reveals a pattern of extended constructional volcanism on the summit and northwest flank punctuated by eruptions along the volcano{\textquoteright}s WSW rift zone (WSWRZ). Away from the summit, the volumetrically largest eruption during the observational period occurred between May 2010 and November 2011 at \~{}2920 m depth near the base of the WSWRZ. The (nearly) equally long ENE rift zone did not experience any volcanic activity during the 1996{\textendash}2012 period. The cessation of summit volcanism recorded on the moored hydrophone was accompanied or followed by the formation of a small summit crater and a landslide on the eastern flank. Water column sensors, analysis of gas samples in the overlying hydrothermal plume and dives with a remotely operated vehicle in September 2012 confirmed that the summit eruption had ceased. Based on the historical eruption rates calculated using the bathymetric differencing technique, the volcano could be as young as several thousand years.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005387},
	author = {Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Baker, E T and Rubin, K H and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and Dziak, R P and Lilley, M D and Chadwick, W W and Shank, T M and Greene, R and Walker, S L and Haxel, J H and Olson, E J and Baumberger, T}
}
@article {Dziak2012,
	title = {{Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {478{\textendash}482},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Volcanoes at spreading centres on land often exhibit seismicity and ground inflation months to years before an eruption, caused by a gradual influx of magma to the source reservoir1, 2, 3, 4. Deflation and seismicity can occur on time scales of hours to days, and result from the injection of magma into adjacent rift zones5, 6, 7, 8. Volcanoes at submarine rift zones, such as Axial Seamount in the northeast Pacific Ocean, have exhibited similar behaviour9, 10, 11, 12, but a direct link between seismicity, seafloor deformation and magma intrusion has never been demonstrated. Here we present recordings from ocean-bottom hydrophones and an established array of bottom-pressure recorders that reveal patterns of both microearthquakes and seafloor deformation at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, before it erupted in April 2011. Our observations show that the rate of seismicity increased steadily during a period of several years, leading up to an intrusion and eruption of magma that began on 6 April 2011. We also detected a sudden increase in seismo-acoustic energy about 2.6 h before the eruption began. Our data indicate that access to real-time seismic data, projected to be available in the near future, might facilitate short-term forecasting and provide sufficient lead-time to prepare in situ instrumentation before future intrusion and eruption events.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1490},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Fowler, M J and Matsumoto, H and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Chadwick2012a,
	title = {{Submarine landslide triggered by volcanic eruption recorded by in situ hydrophone}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	publisher = {GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC},
	address = {BOULDER; PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA},
	abstract = {NW Rota-1 is a submarine volcano in the Mariana volcanic arc that is notable as the site where underwater explosive eruptions were first witnessed in A.D. 2004. After years of continuous low-level eruptive activity, a major landslide occurred at NW Rota-1 in August 2009, triggered by an unusually large eruption that produced 10 times the acoustic energy of the background level of activity. An anomalous earthquake swarm preceded the eruption, suggesting that the sequence started with a magmatic intrusion and associated faulting beneath the volcano. We quantify the size and extent of the landslide using bathymetric resurveys and interpret the timing of events using data from an in situ hydrophone. This is the first instrumental documentation of an earthquake-eruption-landslide sequence at a submarine volcano, and illustrates the close interaction between magmatic activity and mass wasting events in the growth of undersea arc volcanoes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G32495.1},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Embley, R W and Matsumoto, H}
}
@article {Rubin2012,
	title = {{Volcanic Eruptions in the Deep Sea}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {142{\textendash}157},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions are important events in Earth{\textquoteright}s cycle of magma generation and crustal construction. Over durations of hours to years, eruptions produce new deposits of lava and/or fragmentary ejecta, transfer heat and magmatic volatiles from Earth{\textquoteright}s interior to the overlying air or seawater, and significantly modify the landscape and perturb local ecosystems. Today and through most of geological history, the greatest number and volume of volcanic eruptions on Earth have occurred in the deep ocean along mid-ocean ridges, near subduction zones, on oceanic plateaus, and on thousands of mid-plate seamounts. However, deep-sea eruptions ({\textgreater} 500~m depth) are much more difficult to detect and observe than subaerial eruptions, so comparatively little is known about them. Great strides have been made in eruption detection, response speed, and observational detail since the first recognition of a deep submarine eruption at a mid-ocean ridge 25 years ago. Studies of ongoing or recent deep submarine eruptions reveal information about their sizes, durations, frequencies, styles, and environmental impacts. Ultimately, magma formation and accumulation in the upper mantle and crust, plus local tectonic stress fields, dictate when, where, and how often submarine eruptions occur, whereas eruption depth, magma composition, conditions of volatile segregation, and tectonic setting determine submarine eruption style.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.12},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Soule, S A and Chadwick, W W and Fornari, D J and Clague, D A and Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Perfit, M R and Caress, D W and Dziak, R P}
}
@article {Chadwick2008,
	title = {{Direct video and hydrophone observations of submarine explosive eruptions at NW Rota-1 volcano, Mariana arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {B08S10},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JB005215},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005215},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Cashman, K V and Embley, R W and Matsumoto, H and Dziak, R P and de Ronde, C E J and Lau, T K and Deardorff, N D and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Dziak2003,
	title = {{Hydrothermal temperature changes at the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge associated with MW 6.2 Blanco Transform earthquake}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {119{\textendash}122},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0119:HTCATS>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031{\%}3C0119:HTCATS{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Chadwick, W W and Fox, C G and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Johnson2000,
	title = {{Earthquake-induced changes in a hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {407},
	number = {6801},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {174{\textendash}177},
	publisher = {Macmillian Magazines Ltd},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35025040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025040},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Hutnak, M and Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Urcuyo, I and Cowen, J P and Nabelek, J and Fisher, C R}
}
