@article {Findlay2015,
	title = {{Trace metal concentration and partitioning in the first 1.5 m of hydrothermal vent plumes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: TAG, Snakepit, and Rainbow}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {412},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {117{\textendash}131},
	abstract = {To determine the significance of metal fluxes from hydrothermal vents, understanding the speciation, reactivity, and possible transformations of metals and metal sulfides within the hydrothermal plume is critical. In this study, we measure the concentration and partitioning of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Co, Pb, Ni) and sulfide phases within the first 1.5 m of the rising plume at three vent fields (TAG, Snakepit, and Rainbow) along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A HCl/HNO3 leaching method was used to differentiate metals present in metal mono-sulfides from those in pyrite and chalcopyrite. At all three vent sites, Mn and Fe are primarily in the {\textless} 0.2 $μ$m (filtered) portion, whereas Cu, Co, Cd, and Pb are mainly in the unfiltered fraction. Significant concentrations of HNO3-extractable metals were found in the {\textless} 0.2 $μ$m fraction at all three vent sites, indicating that they likely exist in a recalcitrant nanoparticulate phase such as pyrite or chalcopyrite. At TAG and Snakepit, Cu is correlated with Co, as Co enters into chalcopyrite and other CuFeS phases and Zn is correlated with Cd and Pb as they form discrete metal sulfide phases. At Rainbow, Zn, Cd, and Pb are correlated, but Cu and Co are not correlated. The Rainbow data are consistent with the higher metal to sulfide ratio found at Rainbow. These speciation differences are significant as both mineral type and size will affect the amount of metal transported from the vent site and its availability for biogeochemical processes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.07.021},
	author = {Findlay, A J and Gartman, A and Shaw, T J and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Gartman2014,
	title = {{Nanoparticulate pyrite and other nanoparticles are a widespread component of hydrothermal vent black smoker emissions}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {366},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {32{\textendash}41},
	abstract = {The presence of nanoparticulate pyrite is reported in hydrothermal emissions from Rainbow, TAG and Snakepit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). When coupled with previously collected data from East Pacific Rise 9{\textdegree}N (EPR) and Lau Basin, these data demonstrate that pyrite nanoparticles are a widespread component of black smoker emissions from hydrothermal vents and are found in significant concentrations at a fast spreading mid-ocean Ridge (EPR), a back-arc basin (Lau Basin), and a slow spreading mid-ocean Ridge (MAR). The maximum percentage of filtered iron emitted as nanoparticulate pyrite was found to be as high as 25{\%}, 10{\%}, and 5{\%}, respectively. As a widespread component of hydrothermal vent emissions, these nanoparticles may be an important source of iron to the world{\textquoteright}s oceans. Metals such as Cu and Zn are detected in pyrite-containing aggregates at all sites, and chalcopyrite was a component of nanoparticle aggregates at MAR. Iron containing silicate nanoparticles are also identified, and indicate that nanoparticles other than sulfides should also be considered when determining transport implications of hydrothermal vent emissions. The varied morphologies and the presence of different minerals within these nanoparticles provide insight into their formation and stability.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541; 1878-5999},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.12.013},
	author = {Gartman, A and Findlay, A J and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Luther2011,
	title = {{Thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfide oxidation by oxygen: a look at inorganically controlled reactions and biologically mediated processes in the environment}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {62},
	publisher = {FRONTIERS RESEARCH FOUNDATION},
	address = {LAUSANNE; PO BOX 110, LAUSANNE, 1015, SWITZERLAND},
	abstract = {The thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen indicates that the reaction is unfavorable as unstable superoxide and bisulfide radical ions would need to be produced. However, a two-electron transfer is favorable as stable S(0) and peroxide would be formed, but the partially filled orbitals in oxygen that accept electrons prevent rapid kinetics. Abiotic sulfide oxidation kinetics improve when reduced iron and/or manganese are oxidized by oxygen to form oxidized metals which in turn oxidize sulfide. Biological sulfur oxidation relies on enzymes that have evolved to overcome these kinetic constraints to affect rapid sulfide oxidation. Here we review the available thermodynamic and kinetic data for H2S and HS center dot as well as O-2, reactive oxygen species, nitrate, nitrite, and NOx species. We also present new kinetic data for abiotic sulfide oxidation with oxygen in trace metal clean solutions that constrain abiotic rates of sulfide oxidation in metal free solution and agree with the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, we present experimental data that give insight on rates of chemolithotrophic and photolithotrophic sulfide oxidation in the environment. We demonstrate that both anaerobic photolithotrophic and aerobic chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation rates are three or more orders of magnitude higher than abiotic rates suggesting that in most environments biotic sulfide oxidation rates will far exceed abiotic rates due to the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints discussed in the first section of the paper. Such data reshape our thinking about the biotic and abiotic contributions to sulfide oxidation in the environment.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00062},
	author = {Luther, G W and Findlay, A J and MacDonald, D J and Owings, S M and Hanson, T E and Beinart, R A and Girguis, P R}
}
