@article {Neira2016,
	title = {{Cross-hole tracer experiment reveals rapid fluid flow and low effective porosity in the upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {450},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {355{\textendash}365},
	abstract = {Numerous field, laboratory, and modeling studies have explored the flows of fluid, heat, and solutes during seafloor hydrothermal circulation, but it has been challenging to determine transport rates and flow directions within natural systems. Here we present results from the first cross-hole tracer experiment in the upper oceanic crust, using four subseafloor borehole observatories equipped with autonomous samplers to track the transport of a dissolved tracer (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) injected into a ridge-flank hydrothermal system. During the first three years after tracer injection, SF6 was transported both north and south through the basaltic aquifer. The observed tracer transport rate of \~{}2{\textendash}3 m/day is orders of magnitude greater than bulk rates of flow inferred from thermal and chemical observations and calculated with coupled fluid-heat flow simulations. Taken together, these results suggest that the effective porosity of the upper volcanic crust through which much tracer was transported is {\textless}1{\%}, with fluid flowing rapidly along a few well-connected channels. This is consistent with the heterogeneous (layered, faulted, and/or fractured) nature of the volcanic upper oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.048},
	author = {Neira, N M and Clark, J F and Fisher, A T and Wheat, C G and Haymon, R M and Becker, K}
}
@article {Smith2011,
	title = {{In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {Q06007},
	abstract = {The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge was used in the first long-term deployment of microbial enrichment flow cells using osmotically driven pumps in a subseafloor borehole. Three novel osmotically driven colonization systems with unidirectional flow were deployed in the borehole and incubated for 4 years to determine the microbial colonization preferences for 12 minerals and glasses present in igneous rocks. Following recovery of the colonization systems, we measured cell density on the minerals and glasses by fluorescent staining and direct counting and found some significant differences between mineral samples. We also determined the abundance of mesophilic and thermophilic culturable organotrophs grown on marine R2A medium and identified isolates by partial 16S or 18S rDNA sequencing. We found that nine distinct phylotypes of culturable mesophilic oligotrophs were present on the minerals and glasses and that eight of the nine can reduce nitrate and oxidize iron. Fe(II)-rich olivine minerals had the highest density of total countable cells and culturable organotrophic mesophiles, as well as the only culturable organotrophic thermophiles. These results suggest that olivine (a common igneous mineral) in seawater-recharged ocean crust is capable of supporting microbial communities, that iron oxidation and nitrate reduction may be important physiological characteristics of ocean crust microbes, and that heterogeneously distributed minerals in marine igneous rocks likely influence the distribution of microbial communities in the ocean crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003424},
	author = {Smith, A and Popa, R and Fisk, M and Nielsen, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Fisher, A T and Becker, K and Sievert, S M and Flores, G}
}
@article {Davis2004,
	title = {{Costa Rica Rift revisited: Constraints on shallow and deep hydrothermal circulation in young oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {222},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {863{\textendash}879},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.032},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K and He, J}
}
@article {Becker2004,
	title = {{Temperature and video logs from the upper oceanic crust, Holes 504B and 896A, Costa Rica Rift flank: implications for the permeability of upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {222},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {881{\textendash}896},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.033},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.033},
	author = {Becker, K and Davis, E E and Spiess, F N and DeMoustier, C P}
}
@article {Davis2002,
	title = {{Observations of natural-state fluid pressures and temperatures in young oceanic crust and inferences regarding hydrothermal circulation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {204},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {231{\textendash}248},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00982-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00982-2},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K}
}
@article {Davis2001,
	title = {{An episode of seafloor spreading and associated plate deformation inferred from crustal fluid pressure transients}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {21,921{\textendash}953,964},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000040},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Thomson, R E and Becker, K and Cassidy, J F}
}
@article {Davis2000,
	title = {{Formation-scale hydraulic and mechanical properties of oceanic crust inferred from pore pressure response to periodic seafloor loading}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13,413{\textendash}423,435},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900084},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900084},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Becker, K and Thomson, R E}
}
@article {Becker2000,
	title = {{Plugging the seafloor with CORKs}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {14{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/dfino/2005/4/v42n1-becker-davis{\_}2258.pdf},
	author = {Becker, K and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Becker1996a,
	title = {{Conductive heat flow at the TAG active hydrothermal mound: results from the 1993-1995 submersible surveys}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3463{\textendash}3466},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00969},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00969},
	author = {Becker, K and Von Herzen, R and Kirklin, J and Evans, R and Kadko, D and Kinoshita, M and Matsubayashi, O and Mills, R and Schultz, A and Rona, P}
}
@article {VonHerzen1996,
	title = {{Geoelectrical measurements at the TAG hydrothermal mound}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3451{\textendash}3454},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL02077},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL02077},
	author = {Von Herzen, R P and Kirklin, J and Becker, K}
}
@article {Rona1996,
	title = {{Heat flow and mineralogy of TAG relict high-temperature hydrothermal zones: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26 degrees N, 45 degrees W}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3507{\textendash}3510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL03257},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL03257},
	author = {Rona, P A and Petersen, S and Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P and Hannington, M D and Herzig, P M and Naka, J and Lalou, C and Thompson, G}
}
@inbook {Becker1996,
	title = {{Pre-drilling observations of conductive heat flow at the TAG active mound using Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {23{\textendash}29},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.103.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.103.1996},
	author = {Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@article {Johnson1993a,
	title = {{Near-axis heat flow measurements on the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: implications for fluid circulation in oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {17},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1875{\textendash}1878},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00734},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00734},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Lonsdale1985,
	title = {{Hydrothermal plumes, hot springs, and conductive heat flow in the southern trough of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {73},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {211{\textendash}225},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(85)90070-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90070-6},
	author = {Lonsdale, P and Becker, K}
}
@article {Macdonald1980,
	title = {{Hydrothermal heat flux of the "black smoker" vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {48},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1{\textendash}7},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(80)90163-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90163-6},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Becker, K and Spiess, F N and Ballard, R D}
}
