@article {Soule2012,
	title = {{CO2 variability in mid-ocean ridge basalts from syn-emplacement degassing: Constraints on eruption dynamics}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {327{\textendash}328},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {39{\textendash}49},
	abstract = {Basaltic glasses produced during mid-ocean ridge (MOR) eruptions display a wide range of dissolved CO2 concentrations with respect to equilibrium saturation at their eruption depth. This variability is thought to reflect the dynamics of magma ascent and emplacement, with rapid ascent and depressurization leading to supersaturated conditions and slower ascent resulting in equilibrium saturation. In this study we examine a suite of samples from the 2005{\textendash}06 eruption of the East Pacific Rise (EPR), collected at {\~{}}~200~m intervals along two well-defined flow pathways within a single seafloor eruption to examine syn-emplacement degassing, using measurements of vesicularity, crystallinity, volatile contents, and helium. This new data set is unique because flow pathways of individual MOR lava flows have rarely been mapped and have never been systematically sampled. Here we show that a large range in dissolved CO2 concentrations exists within this single eruption that nearly spans that observed in tens of flows measured along this portion of the EPR crest. This lava flow experienced equilibrium degassing of dissolved CO2 from supersaturated conditions at the vent (and persisting over the first 750~m of flow) toward equilibrium with seafloor pressures along a {\~{}}~2.5~km-long flow path. This was accompanied by an increase in vesicularity and characteristic bubble radius along the flow, indicating the importance of bubble growth by diffusion for degassing. Nearly constant total helium concentrations (melt~+~vesicles) indicate that no bubbles were lost during emplacement. With a model of diffusion-controlled bubble growth constrained by observations from the samples along the largest flow lobe of the eruption, we calculate minimum ascent rates of 0.15~m/s, and {\textendash} for this portion of the eruption {\textendash} an eruption duration of {\~{}}~30~h and flow rates from 0.02 to 0.12~m/s. This study represents the first quantitative assessment of eruption dynamics using volatiles in a mid-ocean ridge lava flow.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	author = {Soule, S A and Nakata, D S and Fornari, D J and Fundis, A T and Perfit, M R and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {Fornari2012,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise Between 9 degrees N and 10 degrees N: Twenty-Five Years of Integrated, Multidisciplinary Oceanic Spreading Center Studies}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {18{\textendash}43},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {The East Pacific Rise from {\~{}}~9{\textendash}10{\textdegree}N is an archetype for a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. In particular, the segment near 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N has been the focus of multidisciplinary research for over two decades, making it one of the best-studied areas of the global ridge system. It is also one of only two sites along the global ridge where two historical volcanic eruptions have been observed. This volcanically active segment has thus offered unparalleled opportunities to investigate a range of complex interactions among magmatic, volcanic, hydrothermal, and biological processes associated with crustal accretion over a full magmatic cycle. At this 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N site, comprehensive physical oceanographic measurements and modeling have also shed light on linkages between hydrodynamic transport of larvae and other materials and biological dynamics influenced by magmatic processes. Integrated results of high-resolution mapping, and both in~situ and laboratory-based geophysical, oceanographic, geochemical, and biological observations and sampling, reveal how magmatic events perturb the hydrothermal system and the biological communities it hosts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.02},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Bryce, Julia G and Cowen, J P and Ferrini, Vicki and Fundis, A and Lilley, M D and Luther, G W and Mullineaux, L S and Perfit, M R and Meana-Prado, M F and Rubin, K H and Seyfried, W E and Shank, T M and Soule, S A and Tolstoy, M and White, S M}
}
@article {Rubin2012,
	title = {{Volcanic Eruptions in the Deep Sea}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {142{\textendash}157},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions are important events in Earth{\textquoteright}s cycle of magma generation and crustal construction. Over durations of hours to years, eruptions produce new deposits of lava and/or fragmentary ejecta, transfer heat and magmatic volatiles from Earth{\textquoteright}s interior to the overlying air or seawater, and significantly modify the landscape and perturb local ecosystems. Today and through most of geological history, the greatest number and volume of volcanic eruptions on Earth have occurred in the deep ocean along mid-ocean ridges, near subduction zones, on oceanic plateaus, and on thousands of mid-plate seamounts. However, deep-sea eruptions ({\textgreater} 500~m depth) are much more difficult to detect and observe than subaerial eruptions, so comparatively little is known about them. Great strides have been made in eruption detection, response speed, and observational detail since the first recognition of a deep submarine eruption at a mid-ocean ridge 25 years ago. Studies of ongoing or recent deep submarine eruptions reveal information about their sizes, durations, frequencies, styles, and environmental impacts. Ultimately, magma formation and accumulation in the upper mantle and crust, plus local tectonic stress fields, dictate when, where, and how often submarine eruptions occur, whereas eruption depth, magma composition, conditions of volatile segregation, and tectonic setting determine submarine eruption style.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.12},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Soule, S A and Chadwick, W W and Fornari, D J and Clague, D A and Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Perfit, M R and Caress, D W and Dziak, R P}
}
@article {Goss2010,
	title = {{Geochemistry of lavas from the 2005-2006 eruption at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright}N-9 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N: Implications for ridge crest plumbing and decadal changes in magma chamber compositions}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q05T09},
	abstract = {Detailed mapping, sampling, and geochemical analyses of lava flows erupted from an \~{}18 km long section of the northern East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 9{\textdegree}46'N to 9{\textdegree}56'N during 2005{\textendash}2006 provide unique data pertaining to the short-term thermochemical changes in a mid-ocean ridge magmatic system. The 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas are typical normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt with strongly depleted incompatible trace element patterns with marked negative Sr and Eu/Eu* anomalies and are slightly more evolved than lavas erupted in 1991{\textendash}1992 at the same location on the EPR. Spatial geochemical differences show that lavas from the northern and southern limits of the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are more evolved than those erupted in the central portion of the fissure system. Similar spatial patterns observed in 1991{\textendash}1992 lavas suggest geochemical gradients are preserved over decadal time scales. Products of northern axial and off-axis fissure eruptions are consistent with the eruption of cooler, more fractionated lavas that also record a parental melt component not observed in the main suite of 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas. Radiogenic isotopic ratios for 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas fall within larger isotopic fields defined for young axial lavas from 9{\textdegree}N to 10{\textdegree}N EPR, including those from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption. Geochemical data from the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are consistent with an invariable mantle source over the spatial extent of the eruption and petrogenetic processes (e.g., fractional crystallization and magma mixing) operating within the crystal mush zone and axial magma chamber (AMC) before and during the 13 year repose period. Geochemical modeling suggests that the 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas represent differentiated residual liquids from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption that were modified by melts added from deeper within the crust and that the eruption was not initiated by the injection of hotter, more primitive basalt directly into the AMC. Rather, the eruption was driven by AMC pressurization from persistent or episodic addition of more evolved magma from the crystal mush zone into the overlying subridge AMC during the period between the two eruptions. Heat balance calculations of a hydrothermally cooled AMC support this model and show that continual addition of melt from the mush zone was required to maintain a sizable AMC over this time interval.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002977},
	author = {Goss, A R and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Rubin, K H and Kamenov, G D and Soule, S A and Fundis, A and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {ISI:000281572000001,
	title = {{Paving the seafloor: Volcanic emplacement processes during the 2005-2006 eruptions at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteleft} N}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The 2005-2006 eruptions near 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N at the East Pacific Rise (EPR) marked the first observed repeat eruption at a mid-ocean ridge and provided a unique opportunity to deduce the emplacement dynamics of submarine lava flows. Since these new flows were documented in April 2006, a total of 40 deep-towed imaging surveys have been conducted with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution{\textquoteright}s (WHOI) TowCam system. More than 60,000 digital color images and high-resolution bathymetric profiles of the 2005-2006 flows from the TowCam surveys were analyzed for lava flow morphology and for the presence of kipukas, collapse features, faults and fissures. We use these data to quantify the spatial distributions of lava flow surface morphologies and to investigate how they relate to the physical characteristics of the ridge crest, such as seafloor slope, and inferred dynamics of flow emplacement. We conclude that lava effusion rate was the dominant factor controlling the observed morphological variations in the 2005-2006 flows. We also show that effusion rates were higher than in previously studied eruptions at this site and varied systematically along the length of the eruptive fissure. This is the first well-documented study in which variations in seafloor lava morphology can be directly related to a well documented ridge-crest eruption where effusion rate varied significantly.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003058},
	author = {Fundis, A T and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Escartin2007,
	title = {{Interplay between faults and lava flows in construction of the upper oceanic crust: The East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 25 {\textquoteright}-9 degrees 58 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06005},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gc001399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001399},
	author = {Escartin, J and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Soule2007,
	title = {{New insights into mid-ocean ridge volcanic processes from the 2005-2006 eruption of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright} N-9 degrees 56{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {12},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1079{\textendash}1082},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G23924A.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G23924A.1},
	author = {Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Rubin, K H}
}
@article {Ferrini2007,
	title = {{Submeter bathymetric mapping of volcanic and hydrothermal features on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q01006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006GC001333},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001333},
	author = {Ferrini, V L and Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Kinsey, J C and Tivey, M A and Soule, S A and Carbotte, S M and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R and Howland, J}
}
@article {Garry2006,
	title = {{Formation of submarine lava channel textures: Insights from laboratory simulations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {111},
	number = {B3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {B03104},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2005jb003796},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003796},
	author = {Garry, W B and Gregg, T K P and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Tolstoy2006,
	title = {{A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {314},
	number = {5807},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1920{\textendash}1922},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1133950},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133950},
	author = {Tolstoy, M and Cowen, J P and Baker, E T and Fornari, D J and Rubin, K H and Shank, T M and Waldhauser, F and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Forsyth, D W and Holmes, R C and Love, B and Perfit, M R and Weekly, R T and Soule, S A and Glazer, B}
}
@article {Soule2005,
	title = {{Channelized lava flows at the East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees-10 degrees N: The importance of off-axis lava transport in developing the architecture of young oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {Q08005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc000912},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc000912},
	author = {Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tivey, M A and Ridley, W I and Schouten, H}
}
