@article {Bernardino2012,
	title = {{Comparative Composition, Diversity and Trophic Ecology of Sediment Macrofauna at Vents, Seeps and Organic Falls}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {e33515},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	abstract = {Sediments associated with hydrothermal venting, methane seepage and large organic falls such as whale, wood and plant detritus create deep-sea networks of soft-sediment habitats fueled, at least in part, by the oxidation of reduced chemicals. Biological studies at deep-sea vents, seeps and organic falls have looked at macrofaunal taxa, but there has yet to be a systematic comparison of the community-level attributes of sediment macrobenthos in various reducing ecosystems. Here we review key similarities and differences in the sediment-dwelling assemblages of each system with the goals of (1) generating a predictive framework for the exploration and study of newly identified reducing habitats, and (2) identifying taxa and communities that overlap across ecosystems. We show that deep-sea seep, vent and organic-fall sediments are highly heterogeneous. They sustain different geochemical and microbial processes that are reflected in a complex mosaic of habitats inhabited by a mixture of specialist (heterotrophic and symbiont-associated) and background fauna. Community-level comparisons reveal that vent, seep and organic-fall macrofauna are very distinct in terms of composition at the family level, although they share many dominant taxa among these highly sulphidic habitats. Stress gradients are good predictors of macrofaunal diversity at some sites, but habitat heterogeneity and facilitation often modify community structure. The biogeochemical differences across ecosystems and within habitats result in wide differences in organic utilization (i.e., food sources) and in the prevalence of chemosynthesis-derived nutrition. In the Pacific, vents, seeps and organic-falls exhibit distinct macrofaunal assemblages at broad-scales contributing to {\~A}{\"Y} diversity. This has important implications for the conservation of reducing ecosystems, which face growing threats from human activities.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0033515},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033515},
	author = {Bernardino, A F and Levin, L A and Thurber, A R and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Bernardino2010,
	title = {{Community structure of infaunal macrobenthos around vestimentiferan thickets at the San Clemente cold seep, NE Pacific}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {608{\textendash}621},
	abstract = {The San Clemente cold seep lies within 100{\textendash}200 km of other reducing habitats in the NE Pacific, offering an opportunity to compare diversity and species overlap among reducing habitats (i.e. whale-, kelp-, and wood-falls) at similar depths within a single region. Video observations from the research submersible Alvin at the San Clemente seep (1800 m depth) indicated clumps ({\textquoteleft}thickets{\textquoteright}) of vestimentiferans distributed as meter-scale patches interspersed with vesicomyid clam beds and black sediments. Sediment-core samples were collected at distances of 0 to 80{\textendash}200 m along randomly oriented transects radiating outward from vestimentiferan thickets to evaluate changes in macrofaunal community structure from thickets into the background community. Macrofaunal abundance was elevated at distances of 0{\textendash}1 m compared to 80{\textendash}200 m (i.e. the {\textquoteleft}background{\textquoteright} community). The tube-building frenulate worms Siboglinum spp., along with peracarid crustaceans, dominated sediments within 1 m of vestimentiferan thickets. Species diversity was depressed within 1 m of thickets but with high rates of species accumulation, suggesting that seep sites greatly increase sediment heterogeneity and facilitate colonization by non-background macrofaunal species. Stable isotope data indicate chemosynthetic nutrition for some dominant macrofaunal species within 1 m of tubeworm thickets. The macrofaunal community near vestimentiferan thickets in San Clemente seep contains intermediate levels of species richness and diversity compared to other deep-sea seep areas in the northeast Pacific. There was low species overlap between the San Clemente seep macrofauna and communities in reducing habitats near wood-, whale-, and kelp-falls at similar depths within the region, suggesting that seeps harbor a distinct infaunal community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00389.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00389.x},
	author = {Bernardino, A F and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Tyler2009,
	title = {{Protandric hermaphroditism in the whale-fall bivalve mollusc Idas washingtonia}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1689{\textendash}1699},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.014},
	author = {Tyler, P A and Marsh, L and Baco-Taylor, A and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Dahlgren2004,
	title = {{Fauna of whale falls: Systematics and ecology of a new polychaete (Annelida: Chrysopetalidae) from the deep Pacific Ocean.}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {12},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1873{\textendash}1887},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.07.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.07.017},
	author = {Dahlgren, T and Glover, A G and Baco, A R and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Debenham2004,
	title = {{The impact of whale falls on nematode abundance in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {701{\textendash}706},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.02.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.02.004},
	author = {Debenham, N J and Lambshead, P J D and Ferrero, T J and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Schuller2004,
	title = {{Use of 210Pb/226Ra disequilibria in the dating of deep-sea whale falls}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {218},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {277{\textendash}289},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00690-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00690-3},
	author = {Schuller, D and Kadko, D and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Glover2003,
	title = {{The deep-sea floor ecosystem: Current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025}},
	journal = {Environmental Conservation},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {219{\textendash}241},
	issn = {0376-8929},
	doi = {10.1017/S0376892903000225},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000225},
	author = {Glover, A G and Smith, C R}
}
@inbook {Smith2003a,
	title = {{Ecology of the deep Pacific Ocean floor}},
	booktitle = {Ecosystems of the deep ocean},
	series = {Ecosystems of the world},
	number = {28},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {179{\textendash}218},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {044482619X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Demopoulos, A W J},
	editor = {Tyler, P A}
}
@inbook {Smith2003,
	title = {{The ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {311{\textendash}354},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0415254639},
	author = {Smith, C R and Baco, A R and Gibson, R N and Atkinson, R J A},
	editor = {Gibson, R N}
}
@article {Demopoulos2003,
	title = {{Evaluation of excess 234Th activity in sediments as an indicator of food quality for deep-sea deposit feeders}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {61},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {267{\textendash}284},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224003322005096},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224003322005096},
	author = {Demopoulos, A W J and Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L}
}
@article {Baco2003,
	title = {{High species richness in deep-sea chemoautotrophic whale skeleton communities}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {260},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {109{\textendash}114},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps260109},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps260109},
	author = {Baco, A R and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Smith2002,
	title = {{Faunal succession on replicate deep-sea whale falls:time scales and vent-seep affinities}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {293{\textendash}297},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-293-297.pdf},
	author = {Smith, C R and Baco, A R and Glover, A G}
}
@inbook {Snelgrove2002,
	title = {{A riot of species in an environmental calm: The paradox of the species-rich deep-sea floor}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {311{\textendash}342},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0415254620},
	author = {Snelgrove, P V R and Smith, C R},
	editor = {Gibson, R N}
}
@article {Levin2001a,
	title = {{Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {51{\textendash}93},
	issn = {1543-592X},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002},
	author = {Levin, L A and Etter, R J and Rex, M A and Gooday, A J and Smith, C R and Pineda, J and Stuart, C T and Hessler, R R and Pawson, D}
}
@inbook {Smith2001a,
	title = {{Mechanisms of age-dependent mixing on the bathyal California margin: The young and the restless}},
	booktitle = {Organism-sediment interactions},
	series = {Belle W. Baruch library in marine science},
	number = {21},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {263{\textendash}278},
	publisher = {University of South Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of South Carolina Press},
	address = {Columbia, S.C.},
	isbn = {1570034311},
	author = {Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L},
	editor = {Aller, J Y}
}
@article {Fornes2001,
	title = {{A particle introduction experiment in Santa Catalina Basin sediments: Testing the age-dependent mixing hypothesis}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {59},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {97{\textendash}112},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224001321237380},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224001321237380},
	author = {Fornes, W L and DeMaster, D J and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Distel2000,
	title = {{Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents?}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {403},
	number = {6771},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {725{\textendash}726},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35001667},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001667},
	author = {Distel, D L and Baco, A R and Chuang, E and Morrill, W and Cavanaugh, C and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Miller2000,
	title = {{Feeding selectivity and rapid particle processing by deep-sea megafaunal deposit feeders: A super(234)Th tracer approach}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {58},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {653{\textendash}673},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224000321511061},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224000321511061},
	author = {Miller, R J and Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L}
}
@article {Williams2000a,
	title = {{New species of the genus Paralomis (Decapoda, Anomura, Lithodidae) from a sunken whale carcass in the San Clemente Basin off southern California}},
	journal = {Journal of Crustacean Biology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {Special no. 2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {281{\textendash}285},
	issn = {0278-0372},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1549506},
	author = {Williams, A B and Smith, C R and Baco, A R}
}
@article {Baco1999,
	title = {{The phylogenetic relationships of whale-fall vesicomyid clams based on mitochondrial COI DNA sequences}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {182},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {137{\textendash}147},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps182137},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps182137},
	author = {Baco, A R and Smith, C R and Peek, A S and Roderick, G K and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Smith1998a,
	title = {{Sediment community structure around a whale skeleton in the deep Northeast Pacific: Macrofaunal, microbial and bioturbation effects}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {335{\textendash}364},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Maybaum, H L and Baco, A R and Pope, R H and Carpenter, S D and Yager, P L and Macko, S A and Deming, J W}
}
@article {Bennett1994,
	title = {{Faunal community structure of a chemoautotrophic assemblage on whale bones in the deep Northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {205{\textendash}223},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps108205},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps108205},
	author = {Bennett, B A and Smith, C R and Glaser, B and Maybaum, H L}
}
@article {Smith1992,
	title = {{Whale falls: Chemosynthesis on the deep seafloor}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {74{\textendash}78},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Smith, C R}
}
@article {Smith1986,
	title = {{Nekton falls, low-intensity disturbance and community structure of infaunal benthos in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {44},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {567{\textendash}600},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	author = {Smith, C R}
}
@article {Smith1985,
	title = {{Food for the deep sea: utilization, dispersal, and flux of nekton falls at the Santa Catalina Basin floor}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {32},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {417{\textendash}442},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(85)90089-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(85)90089-5},
	author = {Smith, C R}
}
@mastersthesis {Smith1983a,
	title = {{Enrichment, disturbance and deep-sea community structure: The significance of large organic falls to bathyal benthos in Santa Catalina Basin}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {310},
	school = {University of California, San Diego},
	type = {phd},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Smith, C R}
}
@article {Smith1983,
	title = {{Epibenthic megafauna of a bathyal basin off southern California: Patterns of abundance, biomass, and dispersion}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {30},
	number = {9},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {907{\textendash}928},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(83)90048-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(83)90048-1},
	author = {Smith, C R and Hamilton, S C}
}
