@article {Mottl2011,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1013{\textendash}1038},
	abstract = {The Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) is the southernmost part of the back-arc spreading axis in the Lau Basin, west of the Tonga trench and the active Tofua volcanic arc. Over its 397-km length it exhibits large and systematic changes in spreading rate, magmatic/tectonic processes, and proximity to the volcanic arc. In 2005, we collected 81 samples of vent water from six hydrothermal fields along the ELSC. The chemistry of these waters varies both within and between vent fields, in response to changes in substrate composition, temperature and pressure, pH, water/rock ratio, and input from magmatic gases and subducted sediment. Hot-spring temperatures range from 229{\textdegree} to 363~{\textdegree}C at the five northernmost fields, with a general decrease to the south that is reversed at the Mariner field. The southernmost field, Vai Lili, emitted water at up to 334~{\textdegree}C in 1989 but had a maximum venting temperature of only 121~{\textdegree}C in 2005, due to waning activity and admixture of bottom seawater into the subseafloor plumbing system. Chloride varies both within fields and from one field to another, from a low of 528~mmol/kg to a high of 656~mmol/kg, and may be enriched by phase separation and/or leaching of Cl from the rock. Concentrations of the soluble elements K, Rb, Cs, and B likewise increase southward as the volcanic substrate becomes more silica-rich, especially on the Valu Fa Ridge. Iodine and $δ$7Li increase southward, and $δ$11B decreases as B increases, apparently in response to increased input from subducted sediment as the arc is approached. Species that decrease southward as temperature falls are Si, H2S, Li, Na/Cl, Fe, Mn, and 87Sr/86Sr, whereas pH, alkalinity, Ca, and Sr increase. Oxygen isotopes indicate a higher water/rock ratio in the three systems on Valu Fa Ridge, consistent with higher porosity in more felsic volcanic rocks. Vent waters at the Mariner vent field on the Valu Fa Ridge are significantly hotter, more acid and metal-rich, less saline, and richer in dissolved gases and other volatiles, including H2S, CO2, and F, than the other vent fields, consistent with input of magmatic gases. The large variations in geologic and geophysical parameters produced by back-arc spreading along the ELSC, which exceed those along mid-ocean ridge spreading axes, produce similar large variations in the composition of vent waters, and thus provide new insights into the processes that control the chemistry of submarine hot springs.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Seewald, J S and Wheat, C G and Tivey, M K and Michael, P J and Proskurowski, G and McCollom, T M and Reeves, E and Sharkey, J and You, C F and Chan, L H and Pichler, T}
}
@article {Hulme2010,
	title = {{Pore water chemistry of the Mariana serpentinite mud volcanoes: A window to the seismogenic zone}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q01X09},
	abstract = {In 2003, we conducted a survey of 11 serpentinite mud volcanoes in the Mariana fore arc. Here we report sediment pore water data from navigated gravity and piston cores and from push cores collected by the ROV system Jason2-Medea. Systematic variations in profiles of pore water chemical compositions from these mud volcanoes are consistent with models that include active upflow of pore water relative to the surrounding serpentinite matrix. The speed of upwelling, based on fits of an advection-diffusion model to observed data (K, Na, Rb, and Cs), reaches a maximum of 36 cm/yr at Big Blue Seamount. Results from these simulations constrain the pore water composition at depth and the degree of additional alteration as the pore water ascends through the sampled section. For example, the transition metals (e.g., Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Mo) are mobilized under conditions of low upwelling speeds and microbial activity. Similarly, the rare earth elements (REE) show evidence of near-surface alteration. In addition to these surficial reactions, distinctive pore water compositional patterns exist as a function of the distance from the trench axis, which is a proxy for the depths of water generation from the downgoing plate below each seamount. Systematic trends in the chemical composition of these slab-sourced fluids are consistent with increasing temperature and pressure at depth west of the trench. These trends include an increase in K, sulfate, carbonate alkalinity, Na/Cl, B, Mn, Fe, Co, Rb, Cs, Gd/Tb, Eu, and light REE (LREE) and a decrease in Ca, Sr, and Y with increasing distance from the trench. Mg and U are universally depleted in the upwelling water. We constrain the thermal conditions along the d{\'e}collement using concentrations of fluid mobile elements (K, B, Cs, and Rb) and the mobilization of LREE relative to heavy REE (HREE). The 80{\textdegree}C isotherm is estimated at a depth of 15 km between Blue Moon Seamount and Cerulean Springs. At slab depths of 17 to 24 km, pore waters lack significant Rb and K enrichments relative to seawater, suggesting an upper bound near 150{\textdegree}C. There is an observed enrichment in LREE relative to HREE at Big Blue Seamount (slab depth 25 km) indicating that the d{\'e}collement at this site is \~{}200{\textdegree}C. The relative mobilization of Cs outpaced that of Rb at all seamounts sampled in this survey. On the basis of laboratory experiments, this observation sets an upper limit of \~{}350{\textdegree}C at a depth of 30 km below the seafloor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002674},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002674},
	author = {Hulme, S M and Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Wheat2008,
	title = {{Borehole observations of fluid flow from South Chamorro Seamount, an active serpentinite mud volcano in the Mariana forearc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {267},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {401{\textendash}409},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.057},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.057},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Fisher, A T and Hulme, S and Jannasch, H W and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Fryer2006,
	title = {{Variability in serpentinite mudflow mechanisms and sources: ODP drilling results on Mariana forearc seamounts}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q08014},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001201},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001201},
	author = {Fryer, P and Gharib, J and Ross, K and Savov, I and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Wheat2004a,
	title = {{Heat flow through a basaltic outcrop on a sedimented young ridge flank}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q12006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000700},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Fisher, A T and Kadko, D and Davis, E E and Baker, E T and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Wheat2002,
	title = {{Trace element and REE composition of a low-temperature ridge flank hydrothermal spring}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {21},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3693{\textendash}3705},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00894-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00894-3},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Rudniki, M}
}
@article {Butterfield2001,
	title = {{Evidence for basaltic Sr in midocean ridge-flank hydrothermal systems and implications for the global oceanic Sr isotope balance}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	number = {22},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4141{\textendash}4153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Nelson, B K and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Roe, K K}
}
@article {Wheat2000,
	title = {{Composition of pore and spring waters from Baby Bare: Global implications of geochemical fluxes from a ridge flank hydrothermal system}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {629{\textendash}642},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00347-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00347-6},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Becker2000a,
	title = {{A geological and geophysical investigation of Baby Bare, locus of a ridge-flank hydrothermal system in the Cascadia Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23,523{\textendash}557,568},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900204},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900204},
	author = {Becker, N C and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Karsten, J L and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Mottl1998,
	title = {{Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0051:WSDOMO>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026{\%}3C0051:WSDOMO{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Wheat, G and Baker, E and Davis, E and Feely, R and Grehan, A and Kadko, D and Lilley, M and Massoth, G and Moyer, C and Sansone, F}
}
@article {Ginster1994,
	title = {{Heat flux from black smokers on the Endeavour and Cleft segments, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4937{\textendash}4950},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02800},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02800},
	author = {Ginster, U and Mottl, M J and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Lupton1993,
	title = {{Chemical and physical diversity of hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8 degrees 45{\textquoteright} N to 11 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {24},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2913{\textendash}2916},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00906},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00906},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Baker, E T and Mottl, M J and Sansone, F J and Wheat, C G and Resing, J A and Massoth, G J and Measures, C I and Feely, R A}
}
@article {Bemis1993,
	title = {{Geothermal heat flux from hydrothermal plumes on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {6351{\textendash}6365},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB02273},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB02273},
	author = {Bemis, K G and Von Herzen, R P and Mottl, M J}
}
@inbook {Mottl1991,
	title = {{Sampling and analysis of particles from buoyant hydrothermal plumes}},
	booktitle = {Marine Particles: Analysis and Characterization},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {63},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {281{\textendash}283},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-028-3},
	author = {Mottl, M J},
	editor = {Hurd, D C}
}
@article {Mottl1990,
	title = {{Chemical processes in buoyant hydrothermal plumes of the East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {54},
	number = {7},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1911{\textendash}1927},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(90)90261-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90261-I},
	author = {Mottl, M J and McConachy, T F}
}
@article {Delaney1987,
	title = {{Quartz-cemented breccias from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Samples of a high-salinity hydrothermal upflow zone}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {9175{\textendash}9192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB09p09175},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB09p09175},
	author = {Delaney, J R and Mogk, D W and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Palmer1986,
	title = {{Acoustic imaging of high-temperature hydrothermal plumes at seafloor spreading centers}},
	journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
	volume = {80},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {888{\textendash}898},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	doi = {10.1121/1.393912},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393912},
	author = {Palmer, D R and Rona, P A and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {McConachy1986,
	title = {{Geologic form and setting of a hydrothermal vent field at lat 10 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise; a detailed study using Angus and Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {295{\textendash}298},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<295:GFASOA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C295:GFASOA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {McConachy, T F and Ballard, R D and Mottl, M J and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Jannasch1985d,
	title = {{Geomicrobiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {229},
	number = {4715},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {717{\textendash}725},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.229.4715.717},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.229.4715.717},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Thompson1985,
	title = {{Morphology, mineralogy and chemistry of hydrothermal deposits from the TAG area, 26 degrees N Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {243{\textendash}257},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/0009-2541(85)90159-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(85)90159-7},
	author = {Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Rona, P A}
}
@article {Rona1984,
	title = {{Hydrothermal activity at the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest at 26 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {89},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}365,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	author = {Rona, P A and Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Karson, J A and Jenkins, W J and Graham, D and Mallette, M and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M}
}
@article {Mottl1980,
	title = {{Submarine hydrothermal ore deposits}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {18{\textendash}27},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Mottl, M J}
}
