@article {Brazelton2010,
	title = {{Archaea and bacteria with surprising microdiversity show shifts in dominance over 1,000-year time scales in hydrothermal chimneys}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1612{\textendash}1617},
	abstract = {The Lost City Hydrothermal Field, an ultramafic-hosted system located 15 km west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has experienced at least 30,000 years of hydrothermal activity. Previous studies have shown that its carbonate chimneys form by mixing of \~{}90 {\textdegree}C, pH 9{\textendash}11 hydrothermal fluids and cold seawater. Flow of methane and hydrogen-rich hydrothermal fluids in the porous interior chimney walls supports archaeal biofilm communities dominated by a single phylotype of Methanosarcinales. In this study, we have extensively sampled the carbonate-hosted archaeal and bacterial communities by obtaining sequences of {\textgreater}200,000 amplicons of the 16S rRNA V6 region and correlated the results with isotopic (230Th) ages of the chimneys over a 1,200-year period. Rare sequences in young chimneys were commonly more abundant in older chimneys, indicating that members of the rare biosphere can become dominant members of the ecosystem when environmental conditions change. These results suggest that a long history of selection over many cycles of chimney growth has resulted in numerous closely related species at Lost City, each of which is preadapted to a particular set of reoccurring environmental conditions. Because of the unique characteristics of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, these data offer an unprecedented opportunity to study the dynamics of a microbial ecosystem{\textquoteright}s rare biosphere over a thousand-year time scale.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0905369107},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905369107},
	author = {Brazelton, W J and Ludwig, K A and Sogin, M L and Andreishcheva, E N and Kelley, D S and Shen, C C and Edwards, R L and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Brazelton2010a,
	title = {{Multiple scales of diversification within natural populations of archaea in hydrothermal chimney biofilms}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports},
	volume = {2},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {236{\textendash}242},
	abstract = {Corroborative data collected from 16S rRNA clone libraries, intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region clone libraries, and 16S rRNA hypervariable region tag pyrosequencing demonstrate microdiversity within single-species archaeal biofilms of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field. Both 16S rRNA clone libraries and pyrosequencing of the V6 hypervariable region show that Lost City Methanosarcinales (LCMS) biofilms are dominated by a single sequence, but the pyrosequencing data set also reveals the presence of an additional 1654 rare sequences. Clone libraries constructed with DNA spanning the V6 hypervariable region and ITS show that multiple ITS sequences are associated with the same dominant V6 sequence. Furthermore, ITS variability differed among three chimney samples, and the sample with the highest ITS diversity also contained the highest V6 diversity as measured by clone libraries as well as tag pyrosequencing. These results indicate that the extensive microdiversity detected in V6 tag sequences is an underestimate of genetic diversity within the archaeal biofilms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00097.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00097.x},
	author = {Brazelton, W J and Sogin, M L and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Podar2002,
	title = {{Bacterial group II introns in a deep sea hydrothermal vent environment.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {68},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {6392{\textendash}6398},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.12.6392-6398.2002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.12.6392-6398.2002},
	author = {Podar, M and Mullineaux, L S and Huang, H -R and Perlman, P S and Sogin, M L}
}
