@article {Neira2016,
	title = {{Cross-hole tracer experiment reveals rapid fluid flow and low effective porosity in the upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {450},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {355{\textendash}365},
	abstract = {Numerous field, laboratory, and modeling studies have explored the flows of fluid, heat, and solutes during seafloor hydrothermal circulation, but it has been challenging to determine transport rates and flow directions within natural systems. Here we present results from the first cross-hole tracer experiment in the upper oceanic crust, using four subseafloor borehole observatories equipped with autonomous samplers to track the transport of a dissolved tracer (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) injected into a ridge-flank hydrothermal system. During the first three years after tracer injection, SF6 was transported both north and south through the basaltic aquifer. The observed tracer transport rate of \~{}2{\textendash}3 m/day is orders of magnitude greater than bulk rates of flow inferred from thermal and chemical observations and calculated with coupled fluid-heat flow simulations. Taken together, these results suggest that the effective porosity of the upper volcanic crust through which much tracer was transported is {\textless}1{\%}, with fluid flowing rapidly along a few well-connected channels. This is consistent with the heterogeneous (layered, faulted, and/or fractured) nature of the volcanic upper oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.048},
	author = {Neira, N M and Clark, J F and Fisher, A T and Wheat, C G and Haymon, R M and Becker, K}
}
@article {Ehrhardt2007,
	title = {{Evidence for hydrothermal Archaea within the basaltic flanks of the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {900{\textendash}912},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01211.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01211.x},
	author = {Ehrhardt, C J and Haymon, R M and Lamontagne, M G and Holden, P A}
}
@article {White2002,
	title = {{Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: Evidence from volcanic structures and lava flow morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000571},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000571},
	author = {White, S M and Haymon, R M and Fornari, D J and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Fornari1998a,
	title = {{Axial summit trough of the east Pacific Rise 9 degrees -10 degrees N: geological characteristics and evolution of the axial zone on fast spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9827{\textendash}9855},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/98JB00028},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JB00028},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Perfit, M R and Gregg, T K P and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Shank1998,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial patterns of biological community development at nascent deep-sea hydrothermal vents (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {465{\textendash}515},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00089-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00089-1},
	author = {Shank, T M and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M D and Haymon, R M and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Fornari1998b,
	title = {{Time-series temperature measurements at high-temperature hydrothermal vents, East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-51{\textquoteright}N; evidence for monitoring a crustal cracking event}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {419{\textendash}431},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Gregg, T K P and Lilley, M and Levai, G and Bray, A and Haymon, R M and Perfit, M R and Lutz, R}
}
@article {Lutz1994b,
	title = {{Rapid growth at deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {371},
	number = {6499},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {663{\textendash}664},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/371663a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/371663a0},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Lilley, M D and Von Damm, K L and Desbruyeres, D}
}
@article {Perfit1994,
	title = {{Small-scale spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge crest magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {375{\textendash}379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0375:SSSATV>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022{\%}3C0375:SSSATV{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Smith, M and Bender, J and Langmuir, C H and Haymon, R M}
}
@article {Fornari1994,
	title = {{Temporal variation in the morphology and structure of the axial summit caldera and young volcanic flows, and relationship to hydrothermal venting on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 30-51{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {Fall meet. suppl.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {618},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Haymon, R M and Edwards, M H and Cochran, J R and Coakely, B and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M}
}
@article {Lutz1992,
	title = {{Biological and geological baseline along the BIOTRANSECT - East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 49.61{\textquoteright} - 50.35{\textquoteright}N: Short-term temporal variations after the 1991 eruption}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Black, M B and Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Nelson, D and Perfit, M R and Shanks, W C and Lilley, M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Haymon1992a,
	title = {{From hot lava to tall spires of "burning rocks": Initiation and first-year growth of chimneys at new vents on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9 degrees 45-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Haymon, R M}
}
@article {Haymon1991,
	title = {{Active eruption seen on East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {72},
	number = {46},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {505,507},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/90EO00362},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90EO00362},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Beedle, N and Johnson, F and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Grebmeier, J and Lilley, M and McLaughlin, E and Olson, E and Edmond, J and Perfit, M R and Smith, M and Shanks, W C and Lutz, R and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D}
}
@article {Haymon1991a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise Crest (9 degrees 09{\textquoteright}-54{\textquoteright}N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast-spreading Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {513{\textendash}534},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(91)90226-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90226-8},
	author = {Haymon, R M and Fornari, D J and Edwards, M H and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Macdonald, K C}
}
