@article {Burkett2016,
	title = {{Colonization of over a thousand Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (foraminifera: Schwager, 1866) on artificial substrates in seep and adjacent off-seep locations in dysoxic, deep-sea environments}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {39{\textendash}50},
	abstract = {After {\~{}}1 yr on the seafloor at water depths of {\~{}}700 m on Hydrate Ridge in the Pacific, eight colonization experiments composed primarily of a plastic mesh cube (from here on refered to as SEA3, for Seafloor Epibenthic Attachment Cubes) were colonized by 1076 Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi on {\~{}}1841 cm2 of experimental substrate. This species is typically considered an indicator of well-oxygenated conditions, and recruitment of such large numbers in bottom waters with low dissolved oxygen availability (0.24{\textendash}0.37 mL/L) indicate that this taxon may not be as limited by oxygen as previously thought. Clues about substrate preferences were evident from the distribution, or lack thereof, of individuals among plastic mesh, coated steel frame, wooden dowels and reflective tape. Abundance, individual size distributions within cage populations and isotopic biogeochemistry of living foraminifera colonizing experimental substrates were compared between active seep and adjacent off-seep experiment locations, revealing potential differences between these environments. Few studies have examined foraminiferal colonization of hard substrates in the deep-sea and to our knowledge no previous study has compared foraminiferal colonization of active seep and off-seep substrates from the same region. This study provides initial results of recruitment, colonization, geochemical and morphological aspects of the paleoceanographically significant species, C. wuellerstorfi, from dynamic deep-sea environments. Further experimental deployments of SEA3s will provide a means to assess relatively unknown ecologic dynamics of important foraminiferal deep-sea species.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.08.011},
	author = {Burkett, A M and Rathburn, A E and Perez, Elena M and Levin, L A and Martin, J B}
}
@article {Gieskes2011,
	title = {{Cold seeps in Monterey Bay, California: Geochemistry of pore waters and relationship to benthic foraminiferal calcite}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {738{\textendash}746},
	abstract = {An extensive geochemical and biogeochemical examination of CH4 seeps in the Clam Flats area of Monterey Bay provides insight into the character of relationships between seep geochemistry and benthic foraminiferal geochemistry. The area is characterized by sulfide-rich fluids. Sulfide increases are associated with large increases in alkalinity, as well as small decreases in dissolved Ca and Mg. In addition, only small increases in NH4 are observed, but values of $δ$13C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (4, which is transported upward by slow seepage of pore fluids. The geochemistry of the pore fluids should be relevant to the geochemistry of the carbonate tests of living and dead foraminifera. However, a profound disequilibrium of approximately an order of magnitude occurs between the $δ$13C values of stained (cytoplasm-containing) foraminiferal carbonate and the C isotope values of ambient pore water dissolved inorganic C. Reasons are unclear for this isotopic disequilibrium, but have important implications for interpretations of foraminiferal carbonate as a paleoenvironmental proxy. Much fine scale work is needed to fully understand the relationships between the biogeochemistry of benthic foraminifera and the geochemistry of the pore waters where they live.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	author = {Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Mahn, C and Bernhard, J M and Day, S}
}
@article {Martin2010,
	title = {{Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera: Method description}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {PA2211},
	abstract = {Carbon isotopes of foraminiferal tests provide a widely used proxy for past oceanographic environmental conditions. This proxy can be calibrated using live specimens, which are reliably identified with observations of cell ultrastructure. Observations of ultrastructures can also be used for studies of biological characteristics such as diet and presence of symbionts. Combining biological and isotopic studies on individual foraminifera could provide novel information, but standard isotopic methods destroy ultrastructures by desiccating specimens and observations of ultrastructure require removal of carbonate tests, preventing isotope measurements. The approach described here preserves cellular ultrastructure during isotopic analyses by keeping the foraminifera in an aqueous buffer (Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)). The technique was developed and standardized with 36 aliquots of NBS-19 standard of similar weight to foraminiferal tests (5 to 123 $μ$g). Standard errors ranged from {\textpm} 0.06 to {\textpm} 0.85{\textperthousand} and were caused by CO2 contaminants dissolved in the PBS. The technique was used to measure $δ$13C values of 96 foraminifera, 10 of which do not precipitate carbonate tests. Calcareous foraminiferal tests had corrected carbon isotope ratios of -8.5 to +3.2{\textperthousand}. This new technique allows comparisons of isotopic compositions of tests made by foraminifera known to be alive at the time of collection with their biological characteristics such as prey composition and presence or absence of putative symbionts. The approach may be applied to additional biomineralizing organisms such as planktonic foraminifera, pteropods, corals, and coccolithophores to elucidate certain biological controls on their paleoceanographic proxy signatures.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2009PA001846},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001846},
	author = {Martin, J B and Bernhard, J M and Curtis, J and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Bernhard2010,
	title = {{Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera : 2. Toward an understanding of apparent disequilibrium in hydrocarbon seeps}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {PA4206},
	abstract = {Numerous previous studies show disequilibrium between stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal calcite and pore water dissolved inorganic carbon in hydrocarbon seeps, calling into question the utility of this widely used paleoceanographic tracer as a proxy. We use a recently developed method to compare stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal carbonate with cell ultrastructural observations from individual benthic foraminifera from seep (under chemosynthetic bivalves) and nonseep habitats in Monterey Bay, California, to better understand control(s) of benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope ratios. Two attributes previously proposed to cause the isotopic offsets are diet and symbionts. Ultrastructural analysis shows that positive staining with Rose Bengal indicates presence of foraminiferal cytoplasm, bacterial biomass, or a combination of both and, thus, is not an unequivocal indicator of viability. We also show for the first time that some living seep foraminifera have endobionts. Results from our unique, yet limited, data set are consistent with suggestions that, in our sites, several foraminiferal species collected from seep clam beds may not survive there, diet and symbiont presence do not appear to be major contributors to disequilibrium, little calcification of seep-tolerant foraminiferal species occurs while seep conditions prevail, and microscale variability in habitats could influence $δ$13C of benthic foraminiferal carbonate. Results further suggest that our knowledge of benthic foraminiferal ecology and biomineralization, especially in extreme habitats such as seeps, must be bolstered before we fully understand the fidelity of paleoenvironmental records derived from benthic foraminiferal test $δ$13C data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2010PA001930},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001930},
	author = {Bernhard, J M and Martin, J B and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Basak2009,
	title = {{Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of live (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Aleutian Margin and the Southern Australian Margin}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {89{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	author = {Basak, C and Rathburn, A E and Perez, M E and Martin, J B and Kluesner, J W and Levin, L A and De Deckker, P and Gieskes, J M and Abriani, M}
}
