@article {Baker2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal Discharge During Submarine Eruptions THE IMPORTANCE OF DETECTION, RESPONSE, AND NEW TECHNOLOGY}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {128{\textendash}141},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Submarine volcanic eruptions and intrusions construct new oceanic crust and build long chains of volcanic islands and vast submarine plateaus. Magmatic events are a primary agent for the transfer of heat, chemicals, and even microbes from the crust to the ocean, but the processes that control these transfers are poorly understood. The 1980s discovery that mid-ocean ridge eruptions are often associated with brief releases of immense volumes of hot fluids ("event plumes") spurred interest in methods for detecting the onset of eruptions or intrusions and for rapidly organizing seagoing response efforts. Since then, some 35 magmatic events have been recognized and responded to on mid-ocean ridges and at seamounts in both volcanic arc and intraplate settings. Field responses at mid-ocean ridges have found that event plumes occur over a wide range of eruption styles and sizes, and thus may be a common consequence of ridge eruptions. The source(s) of event plume fluids are still debated. Eruptions detected at ridges generally have high effusion rates and short durations (hours to days), whereas field responses at arc volcanic cones have found eruptions with very low effusion rates and durations on the scale of years. New approaches to the study of submarine magmatic events include the development of autonomous vehicles for detection and response, and the establishment of permanent seafloor observatories at likely future eruption sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.11},
	author = {Baker, E T and Chadwick, W W and Cowen, J P and Dziak, R P and Rubin, K H and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Chadwick2012,
	title = {{Seafloor deformation and forecasts of the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {474{\textendash}477},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is an active submarine volcano located at the intersection between the Cobb hotspot and the Juan de Fuca spreading centre in the northeast Pacific Ocean1, 2. The volcano has been closely monitored since it erupted in 1998 (refs~3, 4). Since then, Axial Seamount seemed to exhibit a similar inflation{\textendash}deflation cycle to basaltic volcanoes on land and, on that basis, was expected to erupt again sometime before 2014 or 2020 (refs~5, 6). In April 2011 Axial Seamount erupted. Here we report continuous measurements of ocean bottom pressure that document the deflation{\textendash}inflation cycle of Axial Seamount between 1998 and 2011. We find that the volcano inflation rate, caused by the intrusion of magma, gradually increased in the months leading up to the 2011 eruption. Sudden uplift occurred 40{\textendash}55 min before the eruption onset, which we interpret as a precursor event. Based on our measurements of ground deformation through the entire eruption cycle at Axial Seamount, we suggest that another eruption could occur as early as 2018. We propose that the long-term eruptive cycle of Axial Seamount could be more predictable compared with its subaerial counterparts because the volcano receives a relatively steady supply of magma through the Cobb hotspot and because it is located on thin oceanic crust at a spreading plate boundary.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1464},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Butterfield, D A and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Dziak2012,
	title = {{Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {478{\textendash}482},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Volcanoes at spreading centres on land often exhibit seismicity and ground inflation months to years before an eruption, caused by a gradual influx of magma to the source reservoir1, 2, 3, 4. Deflation and seismicity can occur on time scales of hours to days, and result from the injection of magma into adjacent rift zones5, 6, 7, 8. Volcanoes at submarine rift zones, such as Axial Seamount in the northeast Pacific Ocean, have exhibited similar behaviour9, 10, 11, 12, but a direct link between seismicity, seafloor deformation and magma intrusion has never been demonstrated. Here we present recordings from ocean-bottom hydrophones and an established array of bottom-pressure recorders that reveal patterns of both microearthquakes and seafloor deformation at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, before it erupted in April 2011. Our observations show that the rate of seismicity increased steadily during a period of several years, leading up to an intrusion and eruption of magma that began on 6 April 2011. We also detected a sudden increase in seismo-acoustic energy about 2.6 h before the eruption began. Our data indicate that access to real-time seismic data, projected to be available in the near future, might facilitate short-term forecasting and provide sufficient lead-time to prepare in situ instrumentation before future intrusion and eruption events.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1490},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Fowler, M J and Matsumoto, H and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Rubin2012,
	title = {{Volcanic Eruptions in the Deep Sea}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {142{\textendash}157},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions are important events in Earth{\textquoteright}s cycle of magma generation and crustal construction. Over durations of hours to years, eruptions produce new deposits of lava and/or fragmentary ejecta, transfer heat and magmatic volatiles from Earth{\textquoteright}s interior to the overlying air or seawater, and significantly modify the landscape and perturb local ecosystems. Today and through most of geological history, the greatest number and volume of volcanic eruptions on Earth have occurred in the deep ocean along mid-ocean ridges, near subduction zones, on oceanic plateaus, and on thousands of mid-plate seamounts. However, deep-sea eruptions ({\textgreater} 500~m depth) are much more difficult to detect and observe than subaerial eruptions, so comparatively little is known about them. Great strides have been made in eruption detection, response speed, and observational detail since the first recognition of a deep submarine eruption at a mid-ocean ridge 25 years ago. Studies of ongoing or recent deep submarine eruptions reveal information about their sizes, durations, frequencies, styles, and environmental impacts. Ultimately, magma formation and accumulation in the upper mantle and crust, plus local tectonic stress fields, dictate when, where, and how often submarine eruptions occur, whereas eruption depth, magma composition, conditions of volatile segregation, and tectonic setting determine submarine eruption style.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.12},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Soule, S A and Chadwick, W W and Fornari, D J and Clague, D A and Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Perfit, M R and Caress, D W and Dziak, R P}
}
@article {Embley2007,
	title = {{Exploring the submarine ring of fire: Mariana Arc-Western Pacific}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.07},
	author = {Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Chadwick, W W and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and de Ronde, C E J and Nakamura, K I and Tunnicliffe, V and Dower, J F and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Embley2006,
	title = {{Long-term eruptive activity at a submarine arc volcano}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {441},
	number = {7092},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {494{\textendash}497},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature04762},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04762},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Resing, J A}
}
@article {Chadwick2001,
	title = {{High-resolution bathymetric surveys using scanning sonars: Lava flow morphology, hydrothermal vent and geologic structure at recent eruption sites on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {16,16{\textendash}75,100},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000297},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000297},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Schreirer, D S and Embley, R W and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Embley2000,
	title = {{Recent eruptions on the CoAxial segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for mid-ocean ridge accretion processes}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {16,501{\textendash}516,525},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900030},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Perfit, M R and Smith, M C and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Embley1999,
	title = {{1998 eruption of Axial Volcano: multibeam anomalies and sea-floor observations}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {26},
	number = {23},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {3425{\textendash}3428},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL002328},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL002328},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Clague, D A and Stakes, D}
}
@article {Chadwick1999,
	title = {{Submarine lineated sheet flows: a unique lava morphology formed on subsiding lava ponds}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {61},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {194{\textendash}206},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/s004450050271},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050271},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Gregg, T K P and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Chadwick1998,
	title = {{Graben formation associated with recent dike intrusions and volcanic eruptions on the mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9807{\textendash}9825},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB02485},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB02485},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Gregg1996,
	title = {{Submarine lava-flow inflation: A model for the formation of lava pillars}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {11},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {981{\textendash}984},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0981:SLFIAM>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024{\%}3C0981:SLFIAM{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Gregg, T K P and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Chadwick1995,
	title = {{SeaBeam depth changes associated with recent lava flows, CoAxial segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Evidence for multiple eruptions between 1981-1993}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {167{\textendash}170},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL01895},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL01895},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Emblew, R W}
}
@article {Chadwick1994,
	title = {{Lava flows from a mid-1980s submarine eruption on the Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4761{\textendash}4776},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02041},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02041},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Emblew, R W}
}
@article {Embley1994,
	title = {{Volcanic and hydrothermal processes associated with a recent phase of seafloor spreading at the northern Cleft segment: Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4741{\textendash}4760},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02038},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02038},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Fox1992,
	title = {{Detection of changes in ridge-crest morphology using repeated multibeam sonar surveys}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	number = {7},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {11,111{\textendash}149,162},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB00601},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB00601},
	author = {Fox, C G and Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Embley1991,
	title = {{Geology of the northern Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: recent eruptions, seafloor spreading, and the formation of megaplumes}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {8},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {771{\textendash}775},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0771:GOTNCS>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019{\%}3C0771:GOTNCS{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Perfit, M R and Baker, E T}
}
