@article {Syverson2017,
	title = {{Fe isotope fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe during hydrothermal recrystallization: An experimental study at 350 {\textdegree}C and 500 bars}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {200},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {87{\textendash}109},
	abstract = {Equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe was determined in acidic chloride-bearing fluid at 350 {\textdegree}C and 500 bars. The study utilized deformable gold-cell technology, which allowed time-series sampling of solution during chalcopyrite recrystallization and isotope exchange. A key element of the experimental design involved the addition of anomalous dissolved 57Fe to an on-going experiment as a means of determining the degree and rate of isotope exchange. Taking explicit account of imposed chemical and isotopic mass balance constraints of Fe in fluid and mineral (chalcopyrite) reservoirs, these data indicate that no more than 1000 h is required for the isotopically anomalous dissolved Fe reservoir to exchange completely with the coexisting chalcopyrite. The experimental calibration of the rate of Fe isotope exchange for the $δ$57Fe-spiked experiment provides critical insight for the time necessary to achieve Fe isotope exchange in two non-spiked, but otherwise identical experiments. The Fe isotope data indicate that the equilibrium fractionation between chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe, $Δ$56FeCpy-Fe (aq), at 350 {\textdegree}C is small, 0.09 {\textpm} 0.17{\textperthousand} (2$\sigma$), and is in good agreement with recent theoretical equilibrium predictions. Owing to the apparent rate of Fe isotope exchange at 350 {\textdegree}C, it is likely that chalcopyrite formed at high temperature deep-sea vents (black smoker systems) achieves isotopic equilibrium, and effectively records the Fe isotopic composition of the coexisting end-member hydrothermal fluid. Comparison of the experimental mineral{\textendash}fluid equilibrium fractionation factors with conjugate chalcopyrite and dissolved Fe pairs sampled from high temperature hydrothermal vent systems at Axial Caldera and Main Endeavour Field (Juan de Fuca Ridge) are in agreement with this inference. The experimental data were further used to determine the mineral{\textendash}mineral equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between pyrite-chalcopyrite, $Δ$56FePyr-Cpy, at 350 {\textdegree}C by combining previously determined pyrite-Fe2+(aq) equilibrium fractionation data with chalcopyrite-Fe2+(aq) from this study. The empirically determined $Δ$56FePyr-Cpy value, 0.90 {\textpm} 0.34{\textperthousand} (2$\sigma$), is consistent with theoretical predictions, and when coupled with mineral{\textendash}fluid Fe isotope fractionation systematics and experimentally determined exchange rates, helps to delineate processes of sulfide mineralization in hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.12.002},
	author = {Syverson, D D and Luhmann, A J and Tan, C Y and Borrok, D M and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {LaBella2017,
	title = {{Gene flow between Atlantic and Pacific Ocean basins in three lineages of deep-sea clams (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae: Pliocardiinae) and subsequent limited gene flow within the Atlantic}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {307{\textendash}317},
	abstract = {Pliocardiin (vesicomyid) clams rely on microbial symbionts for nutrition and are obligate inhabitants of deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. Unlike many other invertebrate hosts of chemosynthetic microbes, pliocardiin clams are found in every ocean in a variety of reducing habitats, including hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, organic falls and deep-sea fans. The global distribution of pliocardiin clams suggests historical gene flow between ocean basins. We focus on 3 pliocardiin genera{\textemdash}{\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} I, Calyptogena and Abyssogena{\textemdash}each of which has a pair of sister clades in the Atlantic and Pacific. Our work tests the hypothesis that historical gene flow between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans within these genera was interrupted by the closure of the Panamanian seaway and tests whether isolation between the ocean basins is the result of vicariance or past colonization. These questions are investigated in the context of fossil evidence, biogeography and phylogenetics. This study revealed a set of substitution rates consistent with other invertebrate studies ($μ$=0.8{\%}/My/lineage), and a set consistent with much lower rates often attributed to deep-sea organisms ($μ$=0.3{\%}/My/lineage). Among the Pacific/Atlantic sister pairs, {\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} I COI divergence per lineage is intermediate (2.5{\%}), Calyptogena is the highest (6.1{\%}) and Abyssogena the lowest (0.8{\%}). The substitution rates suggest that {\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} I and Calyptogena have histories of at least 2.8 My in the Atlantic, with Calyptogena likely older. The slower rate, however, is inconsistent with both the maximum age of the family and several well studied fossils: leaving the faster rate preferred. With the faster rate, the Abyssogena southwardae clade diverged from its Pacific sister clade around 1 Mya, which likely post-dates the closure of the Isthmus of Panama and the opening of the Bering Strait. In light of this recent divergence, we test the previously proposed hypothesis that there is a high level of ongoing gene flow between Atlantic populations of A. southwardae. A. southwardae has colonized a broad geographic range of seep sites including the West Florida Escarpment, the Barbados Accretionary Prism, the Lobes of Congo, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north and south of the Romanche Transform Fault. Coalescent methods detect gene flow between Barbados and the Mid-Atlantic ridge; and between the West Florida Escarpment and the Lobes of Congo. All other comparisons failed to detect gene flow, contrary to prevailing interpretations of connectivity across the entire Atlantic Basin.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.08.013},
	author = {LaBella, A L and Van Dover, C L and Jollivet, D and Cunningham, C W}
}
@article {Hansman2017,
	title = {{Methane fates in the benthos and water column at cold seep sites along the continental margin of Central and North America}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {120},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {122{\textendash}131},
	abstract = {The potential influence of methane seeps on carbon cycling is a key question for global assessments, but the study of carbon cycling in surface sediments and the water column of cold seep environments is complicated by the high temporal and spatial variability of fluid and gas fluxes at these sites. In this study we directly examined carbon sources supporting benthic and planktonic food webs at venting methane seeps using isotopic and molecular approaches that integrate this variability. At four seep environments located along North and Central America, microorganisms from two size fractions were collected over several days from 2800 to 9050 l of seawater to provide a time-integrated measure of key microbial groups and the carbon sources supporting the overall planktonic microbial community. In addition to water column measurements, the extent of seafloor methane release was estimated at two of the sites by examining the stable carbon isotopic signature ($δ$13C) of benthic metazoan infauna. This signature reveals carbon sources fueling the base of the food chain and thus provides a metric that represents a time-integrated view of the dominant microbial processes within the sediment. The stable carbon isotopic composition of microbial DNA ($δ$13C-DNA), which had values between -17.0 and -19.5{\textperthousand}, indicated that bulk planktonic microbial production was not ultimately linked to methane or other 13C-depleted seep-derived carbon sources. Instead these data support the importance of organic carbon derived from either photo- or chemoautotrophic CO2 fixation to the planktonic food web. Results of qPCR of microbial DNA sequences coding for a subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase gene (pmoA) showed that only a small percentage of the planktonic microbial community were potential methane oxidizers possessing pmoA ({\textless}5{\%} of 16S rRNA gene copies). There was an overall decrease of 13C-depleted carbon fueling the benthic metazoan community from 3 to 5 cm below the seafloor to the sediment surface, reflecting limited use of isotopically depleted carbon at the sediment surface. Rare methane emission as indicated by limited aerobic methane oxidation acts to corroborate our findings for the planktonic microbial community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.12.016},
	author = {Hansman, R L and Thurber, A R and Levin, L A and Aluwihare, L I}
}
@article {Levin2017,
	title = {{Methane seepage effects on biodiversity and biological traits of macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {26{\textendash}41},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate rocks at methane seeps are recognized as hosting diverse and abundant invertebrate assemblages, with potential forcing from fluid seepage and hydrography. Mensurative studies of carbonate macrofauna ({\textgreater}0.3 mm) at Hydrate Ridge, OR revealed little effect of water depth and overlying oxygenation (at 600 m and 800 m) but a large influence of seepage activity on density, taxonomic composition, diversity, and biological traits (feeding, lifestyle, motility, size and calcification). Rocks exposed to active seepage had 3{\textendash}4{\texttimes} higher total macrofaunal densities than under inactive conditions. Assemblages exhibited higher species richness and reduced evenness (greater dominance) under active seepage than inactive conditions, but no difference in H' or rarefaction diversity. Actively seeping sites were characterized by errant (motile), bacterial grazing, small- and medium-sized, heavily calcified species, whereas inactive sites exhibited a greater diversity of feeding modes and more burrowers, sessile, large and lightly calcified species. Active rocks supported more exogonid (Syllidae), ampharetid, and cirratulid polychaetes, provannid snails, pyropeltid limpets, nemerteans, and sponges; whereas inactive rocks supported higher densities of ophiuroids, isopods, gammarid amphipods, hydroids, Typosyllis (Syllidae) and tanaids. Transplant experiments, in which rocks were transferred between active and inactive sites at Hydrate Ridge North (600 m), revealed that assemblages respond within 13 months to increase or cessation of seepage, taking on the feeding, size and calcification characteristics of the background fauna at the new site. Lifestyles and motility patterns shifted more slowly as the sessile, attached species did not track seepage as quickly. Provannid snails and pyropeltid limpets rapidly colonized rocks transplanted to active sites and disappeared when transplanted to inactive sites. Given the known variability of fluid fluxes and rapid community response, a mosaic of communities changing in space and time is hypothesized to generate the relatively high species diversity at methane seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.021},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Grupe, B M}
}
@article {Love2017,
	title = {{Rapid variations in fluid chemistry constrain hydrothermal phase separation at the Main Endeavour Field}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {Previous work at the Main Endeavour Field (MEF) has shown that chloride concentration in high-temperature vent fluids has not exceeded 510 mmol/kg (94{\%} of seawater), which is consistent with brine condensation and loss at depth, followed by upward flow of a vapor phase toward the seafloor. Magmatic and seismic events have been shown to affect fluid temperature and composition and these effects help narrow the possibilities for sub-surface processes. However, chloride-temperature data alone are insufficient to determine details of phase separation in the upflow zone. Here we use variation in chloride and gas content in a set of fluid samples collected over several days from one sulfide chimney structure in the MEF to constrain processes of mixing and phase separation. The combination of gas (primarily magmatic CO2 and seawater-derived Ar) and chloride data, indicate that neither variation in the amount of brine lost, nor mixing of the vapor phase produced at depth with variable quantities of (i) brine or (ii) altered gas rich seawater that has not undergone phase separation, can explain the co-variation of gas and chloride content. The gas-chloride data require additional phase separation of the ascending vapor-like fluid. Mixing and gas partitioning calculations show that near-critical temperature and pressure conditions can produce the fluid compositions observed at Sully vent as a vapor-liquid conjugate pair or as vapor-liquid pair with some remixing, and that the gas partition coefficients implied agree with theoretically predicted values.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GC006550},
	author = {Love, B and Lilley, M and Butterfield, D and Olson, E and Larson, B}
}
@article {ISI:000400818400021,
	title = {{Telepresence is a potentially transformative tool for field science}},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
	volume = {114},
	number = {19},
	year = {2017},
	month = {may},
	pages = {4841{\textendash}4844},
	publisher = {NATL ACAD SCIENCES},
	address = {2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1703514114},
	author = {Marlow, Jeffrey and Borrelli, Chiara and Jungbluth, Sean P and Hoffman, Colleen and Marlow, Jennifer and Girguis, Peter R and Team, AT-36}
}
@article {Johansen2017,
	title = {{Time series video analysis of bubble release processes at natural hydrocarbon seeps in the Northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {21{\textendash}34},
	abstract = {This research quantifies the rate and volume of oil and gas released from two natural seep sites in the Gulf of Mexico: lease blocks GC600 (1200 m depth) and MC118 (850 m depth). Our objectives were to determine variability in release rates and bubble size at five individual vents and to investigate the effects of tidal fluctuations on bubble release. Observations with autonomous video cameras captured the formation of individual bubbles as they were released through partially exposed deposits of gas hydrate. Image processing techniques determined bubble type (oily, gaseous, and mixed: oily and gaseous), size distribution, release rate, and temporal variations (observation intervals ranged from 3 h to 26 d). A semi-automatic bubble counting algorithm was developed to analyze bubble count and release rates from video data. This method is suitable for discrete vents with small bubble streams commonly seen at seeps and is adaptable to multiple in situ set-ups. Two vents at GC600 (Birthday Candles 1 and Birthday Candles 2) were analyzed. They released oily bubbles with an average diameter of 5.0 mm at a rate of 4.7 bubbles s-1, and 1.3 bubbles s-1, respectively. Approximately 1 km away, within the GC600 seep site, two more vents (Mega Plume 1 and Mega Plume 2) were analyzed. These vents released a mixture of oily and gaseous bubbles with an average diameter of 3.9 mm at a rate of 49 bubbles s-1, and 81 bubbles s-1, respectively. The fifth vent at MC118 (Rudyville) released gaseous bubbles with an average diameter of 3.0 mm at a rate of 127 bubbles s-1. Pressure records at Mega Plume and Rudyville showed a diurnal tidal cycle (24.5 h). Rudyville was the only vent that demonstrated any positive correlation ($\rho$ = 0.60) to the 24.5 h diurnal tidal cycle. However, these observations were not conclusive regarding tidal effects on bubble release.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.01.014},
	author = {Johansen, C and Todd, A C and MacDonald, I R}
}
@article {Lee2017,
	title = {{The transfer of bomb radiocarbon and anthropogenic lead to the deep North Atlantic Ocean observed from a deep sea coral}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {458},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {223{\textendash}232},
	abstract = {Deep-ocean, View the MathML source$Δ$C14, Pb concentrations, and Pb isotopes were reconstructed from a deep-sea coral Enallopsammia rostrata from 1410 m depth off of Bermuda. Our high-resolution time series is created from closely spaced radial cross sections, with samples taken from the center of concentric coral growth bands that we show to be the oldest portion of the section. Prebomb radiocarbon ages from the coral demonstrate that the vertical growth rate of the coral is linear, and the age of the coral is estimated to be 560{\textendash}630 yr old based on the growth rate. Using this age model to reconstruct View the MathML source$Δ$C14 in deep seawater, we first detect bomb radiocarbon at the coral growth site around 1980, and show that View the MathML source$Δ$C14 increased from -80{\textpm}1{\textperthousand}-80{\textpm}1{\textperthousand} (average 1930{\textendash}1979) to a plateau at -39{\textpm}3{\textperthousand}-39{\textpm}3{\textperthousand} (1999{\textendash}2001). Pb/Ca of the coral ranges between 1.1{\textendash}4.5 nmol/mol during the 16th and 17th centuries, and Pb isotope ratios (206Pb/207Pb = 1.21, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.495) in this period agree with pre-anthropogenic values found in the pelagic sediments of the North Atlantic Ocean basin. Coral Pb/Ca is slightly elevated to 6.2{\textpm}0.9 nmol/mol6.2{\textpm}0.9 nmol/mol between the 1740s and the 1850s and then increases to 25.1{\textpm}0.2 nmol/mol25.1{\textpm}0.2 nmol/mol in the 1990s. The increase in coral Pb/Ca is accompanied by a decrease in coral 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb, indicating that the increase was caused by the infiltration of anthropogenic Pb to the coral growth site. Comparing our data to the surface coral View the MathML source$Δ$C14 and Pb records from Bermuda reveals a time scale of tracer transport from the surface ocean to the coral growth site. Some characteristic features, e.g., the bomb-derived View the MathML source$Δ$C14 increase, appear in the deep ocean approximately 25 yr later than the surface, but the overall increase of View the MathML source$Δ$C14 and Pb in the deep ocean is smaller and slower than the surface, showing the importance of mixing during the transport of these tracers.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.049},
	author = {Lee, J M and Eltgroth, S F and Boyle, E A and Adkins, J F}
}
@article {Maher2016,
	title = {{Arsenic concentrations and species in three hydrothermal vent worms, Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulficola and Paralvinella palmiformis}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {41{\textendash}48},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents are surficial expressions of subsurface geological and hydrological processes. Fluids emitting from active vents are chemically distinct from bottom seawater, and are enriched in dissolved metals and metalloids, including arsenic. Vent organisms accumulate arsenic but the arsenic speciation in these non-photosynthetic organisms is largely unknown. Here, arsenic concentrations and chemical species were measured in three deep sea hydrothermal vent worms (Ridgeia piscesae, Paralvinella sulfincola and Paralvinella palmiformis ) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Northwest pacific. R. piscesae has similar arsenic concentrations (3.8{\textendash}35 {\textmu}g g-1) to shallow water polychaetes while P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis have significantly higher arsenic concentrations (420{\textendash}1417 and 125{\textendash}321 {\textmu}g g-1 respectively). R. piscesae contains appreciable quantities of inorganic arsenic (36{\textpm}14{\%}), monomethyl arsenic (2{\textpm}2{\%}), dimethyl arsenic (34{\textpm}21{\%}), an unknown methyl arsenical (7{\textpm}16{\%}), OSO3-arsenosugar (5{\textpm}9{\%}), TETRA (4{\textpm}5{\%}), ThioPO4/ThioDMAE (1{\textpm}2{\%}) and an unknown thio-arsenical (12{\textpm}14{\%}). These results suggests that host and symbionts are either involved in the methylation of arsenic, or are bathed in fluids enriched in methylated arsenic as a result of free-living microbial activity. The host carrying out methylation, however, cannot be ruled out. In contrast, 96{\textendash}97{\%} of the arsenic in P. sulfincola and P. palmiformis is inorganic arsenic, likely the result of arsenic precipitation within and upon the mucus they ingest while feeding. While all worms have oxo- and thio arsenosugars (2{\textendash}30{\%}), Paralvinella also have small amounts of arsenobetaine ({\textless}0.001{\textendash}0.21{\%}). The presence of arsenosugars, arsenobetaine and other minor arsenic species in the absence of photosynthesising algae/bacteria indicates that they may be formed by vent animals in the absence of sunlight, but at this time their formation cannot be explained.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.07.009},
	author = {Maher, W A and Duncan, E and Dilly, G and Foster, S and Krikowa, F and Lombi, E and Scheckel, K and Girguis, P}
}
@article {Krukenberg2016,
	title = {{Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {9},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3073{\textendash}3091},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation ofmethane (AOM) ismediated by consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and their specific partner bacteria. In thermophilic AOM consortia enriched from Guaymas Basin, members of the ANME-1 clade are associated with bacteria of the HotSeep-1 cluster, which likely perform direct electron exchange via nanowires. The partner bacterium was enriched with hydrogen as sole electron donor and sulfate as electron acceptor. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic characteristics we propose to name this chemolithoautotrophic sulfate reducer Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii. Ca.D. auxilii grows on hydrogen at temperatures between 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C with an activity optimum at 60 degrees C and doubling time of 4-6 days. Its genome draft encodes for canonical sulfate reduction, periplasmic and soluble hydrogenases and autotrophic carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. The presence of genes for pili formation and cytochromes, and their similarity to genes of Geobacter spp., indicate a potential for syntrophic growth via direct interspecies electron transfer when the organism grows in consortia with ANME. This first ANME-free enrichment of an AOM partner bacterium and its characterization opens the perspective for a deeper understanding of syntrophy in anaerobic methane oxidation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13283},
	author = {Krukenberg, V and Harding, K and Richter, M and Gloeckner, F O and Gruber-Vodicka, H R and Adam, B and Berg, J S and Knittel, K and Tegetmeyer, H E and Boetius, A and Wegener, G}
}
@article {Burkett2016,
	title = {{Colonization of over a thousand Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (foraminifera: Schwager, 1866) on artificial substrates in seep and adjacent off-seep locations in dysoxic, deep-sea environments}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {39{\textendash}50},
	abstract = {After {\~{}}1 yr on the seafloor at water depths of {\~{}}700 m on Hydrate Ridge in the Pacific, eight colonization experiments composed primarily of a plastic mesh cube (from here on refered to as SEA3, for Seafloor Epibenthic Attachment Cubes) were colonized by 1076 Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi on {\~{}}1841 cm2 of experimental substrate. This species is typically considered an indicator of well-oxygenated conditions, and recruitment of such large numbers in bottom waters with low dissolved oxygen availability (0.24{\textendash}0.37 mL/L) indicate that this taxon may not be as limited by oxygen as previously thought. Clues about substrate preferences were evident from the distribution, or lack thereof, of individuals among plastic mesh, coated steel frame, wooden dowels and reflective tape. Abundance, individual size distributions within cage populations and isotopic biogeochemistry of living foraminifera colonizing experimental substrates were compared between active seep and adjacent off-seep experiment locations, revealing potential differences between these environments. Few studies have examined foraminiferal colonization of hard substrates in the deep-sea and to our knowledge no previous study has compared foraminiferal colonization of active seep and off-seep substrates from the same region. This study provides initial results of recruitment, colonization, geochemical and morphological aspects of the paleoceanographically significant species, C. wuellerstorfi, from dynamic deep-sea environments. Further experimental deployments of SEA3s will provide a means to assess relatively unknown ecologic dynamics of important foraminiferal deep-sea species.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.08.011},
	author = {Burkett, A M and Rathburn, A E and Perez, Elena M and Levin, L A and Martin, J B}
}
@article {Neira2016,
	title = {{Cross-hole tracer experiment reveals rapid fluid flow and low effective porosity in the upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {450},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {355{\textendash}365},
	abstract = {Numerous field, laboratory, and modeling studies have explored the flows of fluid, heat, and solutes during seafloor hydrothermal circulation, but it has been challenging to determine transport rates and flow directions within natural systems. Here we present results from the first cross-hole tracer experiment in the upper oceanic crust, using four subseafloor borehole observatories equipped with autonomous samplers to track the transport of a dissolved tracer (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) injected into a ridge-flank hydrothermal system. During the first three years after tracer injection, SF6 was transported both north and south through the basaltic aquifer. The observed tracer transport rate of \~{}2{\textendash}3 m/day is orders of magnitude greater than bulk rates of flow inferred from thermal and chemical observations and calculated with coupled fluid-heat flow simulations. Taken together, these results suggest that the effective porosity of the upper volcanic crust through which much tracer was transported is {\textless}1{\%}, with fluid flowing rapidly along a few well-connected channels. This is consistent with the heterogeneous (layered, faulted, and/or fractured) nature of the volcanic upper oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.048},
	author = {Neira, N M and Clark, J F and Fisher, A T and Wheat, C G and Haymon, R M and Becker, K}
}
@article {Martin2016,
	title = {{Deep-sea coral $δ$13C: A tool to reconstruct the difference between seawater pH and $δ$11B-derived calcifying fluid pH}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {299{\textendash}308},
	abstract = {{The boron isotopic composition ($δ$11B) of coral skeleton is a proxy for seawater pH. However, $δ$11B-based pH estimates must account for the pH difference between seawater and the coral calcifying fluid, $Δ$pH. We report that skeletal $δ$11B and $Δ$pH are related to the skeletal carbon isotopic composition ($δ$13C) in four genera of deep-sea corals collected across a natural pH range of 7.89{\textendash}8.09, with $Δ$pH related to $δ$13C by $Δ$pH = 0.029 {\texttimes} $δ$13C + 0.929},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GL066494},
	author = {Martin, P and Goodkin, N F and Stewart, J A and Foster, G L and Sikes, E L and White, H K and Hennige, S and Roberts, J M}
}
@article {Tan2016,
	title = {{Development and Application of a New Mobile pH Calibrator for Real-Time Monitoring of pH in Diffuse Flow Hydrothermal Vent Fluids}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {37{\textendash}47},
	abstract = {In situ measurement of pH in diffuse flow hydrothermal vent fluids is necessary to investigate the feedback between geochemical and biochemical processes. Accurate pH determination has been unusually challenging owing to temperature and pressure effects that place severe constraints on the performance of a wide variety of pH sensor systems. In this paper, we describe a newly developed mobile pH calibrator (MpHC), which makes use of In situ calibration protocols that enhance the accuracy of pH measurement and monitoring on the ocean floor at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The MpHC combines the physically robust and highly sensitive iridium solid-state pH electrode with a flow control system to perform 2-point calibration with on-board pH buffer solutions. The small size and novel design of the sensor probe allow more effective access to seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids and their associated sulfide structures and biological communities. The MpHC is capable of In situ deployment by submersible via ICL (inductively couple link) communication around hydrothermal vents at pressures and temperatures up to 45 MPa and 100 degrees C, respectively. In this paper, we also present results of In situ calibration methods used to correct the standard potential and slope (mV/pH) of the solid-state electrode for temperature effects. The MpHC has been deployed most recently using the submersible Alvin during cruise AT26-17 to Axial Seamount and Main Endeavour Field, Juan De Fuca Ridge in the NE Pacific. With In situ calibration functionality, the MpHC offers the prospect of more successful longer-term measurements in keeping with power availability provided by cabled seafloor observatories coming online in the NE Pacific.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Tan, C Y and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Mittelstaedt2016,
	title = {{Diffuse venting at the ASHES hydrothermal field: Heat flux and tidally modulated flow variability derived from in situ time-series measurements}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1435{\textendash}1453},
	abstract = {Time-series measurements of diffuse exit-fluid temperature and velocity collected with a new, deep-sea camera, and temperature measurement system, the Diffuse Effluent Measurement System (DEMS), were examined from a fracture network within the ASHES hydrothermal field located in the caldera of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. The DEMS was installed using the HOV Alvin above a fracture near the Phoenix vent. The system collected 20 s of 20 Hz video imagery and 24 s of 1 Hz temperature measurements each hour between 22 July and 2 August 2014. Fluid velocities were calculated using the Diffuse Fluid Velocimetry (DFV) technique. Over the similar to 12 day deployment, median upwelling rates and mean fluid temperature anomalies ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm/s and 0 degrees C to similar to 6.5 degrees C above ambient, yielding a heat flux of 0.29 +/- 0.22 MW M-2 and heat output of 3.1 +/- 2.5 kW. Using a photo mosaic to measure fracture dimensions, the total diffuse heat output from cracks across ASHES field is estimated to be 2.05 +/- 1.95 MW. Variability in temperatures and velocities are strongest at semidiurnal periods and show significant coherence with tidal height variations. These data indicate that periodic variability near Phoenix vent is modulated both by tidally controlled bottom currents and seafloor pressure, with seafloor pressures being the dominant influence. These results emphasize the importance of local permeability on diffuse hydrothermal venting at mid-ocean ridges and the need to better quantify heat flux associated with young oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GC006144},
	author = {Mittelstaedt, E and Fornari, D J and Crone, T J and Kinsey, J C and Kelley, D S and Elend, M J}
}
@article {Simister2016,
	title = {{Examining the diversity of microbes in a deep-sea coral community impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {157{\textendash}166},
	abstract = {Deep-sea surface sediments and flocculent material (floc) associated with corals containing oil originating from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill were examined to determine the diversity of microbes and the presence of functional genes involved in oil degradation. For all samples, 16S rRNA clone libraries were constructed to obtain full-length sequences and Illumina amplicon sequencing was used to further probe the diversity of the microbial community. The 16S rRNA gene data obtained by Illumina amplicon sequencing revealed Proteobacteria (55{\textendash}64{\%}) as the dominant bacteria in both sediment and floc samples. The floc samples were comprised of mostly aerobic or facultative aerobic phylotypes including Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, Sphingomonadales, Rickettsiales, Alteromonadales, Pseudomonadales, whereas mixtures of the aforementioned aerobic species and anaerobic phylotypes such as Desulfobacterales, Desulfuromonadales and Desulfarculales were present in the sediment samples. Genera affiliated with oil-degrading bacteria were identified in both sediment and floc samples. To evaluate the potential of the microbial community to degrade oil, clone libraries were constructed for the alkB gene (one of the structural genes of alkane hydroxylase involved in the aerobic degradation of n-alkanes of chain length {\textgreater}C5{\textendash}C16) and the alkylsuccinate synthase/benzylsuccinate synthases (assA/bssA) gene (involved in the anaerobic degradation of n-alkanes [via assA] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs; via bssA]). The alkB gene was present in all samples with the majority of sequences clustering to members of the Proteobacteria closely aligned to environmental sequences from hydrocarbon seep environments. The assA/bssA genes were only detected in sediment samples and were closely affiliated with $δ$-Proteobacteria previously detected in oil-contaminated sediments and oil-enrichment cultures. These data provide insight into the differences between environments impacted by the DWH oil spill and highlight the functional diversity of oil-degrading microbes associated with a deep-sea coral community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.01.010},
	author = {Simister, R L and Antzis, E W and White, H K}
}
@article {Rouxel2016,
	title = {{Geochemistry and iron isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume fall-out at East Pacific Rise 9{\textdegree}50'N}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {441},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {212{\textendash}234},
	abstract = {While gross hydrothermal fluxes entering the ocean are known to be significant, much remains unknown about the fate of this material as it disperses through the oceans, and its impact upon ocean biogeochemistry. Mineral precipitation within hydrothermal plumes removes hydrothermally-sourced metals from solution and also acts to scavenge trace elements from the surrounding water column. Here, we investigate the fate of particulate Fe released from high-temperature hydrothermal venting at EPR 9{\textdegree}50'N and its potential impact on local deep-ocean Fe-isotopic and geochemical budgets. We measured the geochemical composition, mineralogy and Fe isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume products in order to determine whether mineral precipitation imposes characteristic Fe-isotope {\textquotedblleft}fingerprints{\textquotedblright} for hydrothermally sourced Fe in the deep ocean. Our sampling includes sediment trap deployments after the eruptive event of Jan. 2006, allowing the examination of temporal changes of hydrothermal fluxes over a 160 day period. Results show that Fe isotope composition in the high-temperature vent fluids is rather constant over the sampling period 2004{\textendash}2008, and that secular variations of $δ$56Fe values of plume particles from - 0.03 to - 0.91{\textperthousand} (relative to IRMM-14 standard) could be explained by local processes leading to variable mixing extents of hydrothermal, biogenic and lithogenic particles. Through geochemical modeling, we have calculated the relative abundances of hydrothermal plume components such as sulfides, Fe oxyhydroxides, organic matter, biogenic and lithogenic phases. We demonstrate that Fe isotope fractionation in the hydrothermal plume occurs during the formation and rapid settling of Fe-sulfides that are characterized by $δ$56Fe values ranging from - 0.73 {\textpm} 0.13{\textperthousand} to - 0.86 {\textpm} 0.13{\textperthousand}, which is systematically lower than the end-member hydrothermal fluids ($δ$56Fe = - 0.4{\textperthousand}). This study suggests that both the initial Fe isotope composition of the high-temperature vent fluids and its initial Fe/H2S ratio (i.e. Fe-sulfide precipitation versus Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation) should impose characteristic Fe isotope {\textquotedblleft}fingerprints{\textquotedblright} for hydrothermally derived Fe in the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.08.027},
	author = {Rouxel, O J and Toner, B M and Manganini, S J and German, C R}
}
@article {Prouty2016a,
	title = {{Growth rates and ages of deep-sea corals impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {196{\textendash}212},
	abstract = {The impact of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill on deep-sea coral communities in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is still under investigation, as is the potential for these communities to recover. Impacts from the spill include observation of corals covered with flocculent material, with bare skeleton, excessive mucous production, sloughing tissue, and subsequent colonization of damaged areas by hydrozoans. Information on growth rates and life spans of deep-sea corals is important for understanding the vulnerability of these ecosystems to both natural and anthropogenic perturbations, as well as the likely duration of any observed adverse impacts. We report radiocarbon ages and radial and linear growth rates based on octocorals (Paramuricea spp. and Chrysogorgia sp.) collected in 2010 and 2011 from areas of the DWH impact. The oldest coral radiocarbon ages were measured on specimens collected 11 km to the SW of the oil spill from the Mississippi Canyon (MC) 344 site: 599 and 55 cal yr BP, suggesting continuous life spans of over 600 years for Paramuricea biscaya, the dominant coral species in the region. Calculated radial growth rates, between 0.34 $μ$m yr-1 and 14.20 $μ$m yr-1, are consistent with previously reported proteinaceous corals from the GoM. Anomalously low radiocarbon ($Δ$14C) values for soft tissue from some corals indicate that these corals were feeding on particulate organic carbon derived from an admixture of modern surface carbon and a low 14C carbon source. Results from this work indicate fossil carbon could contribute 5{\textendash}10{\%} to the coral soft tissue $Δ$14C signal within the area of the spill impact. The influence of a low 14C carbon source (e.g., petro-carbon) on the particulate organic carbon pool was observed at all sites within 30 km of the spill site, with the exception of MC118, which may have been outside of the dominant northeast{\textendash}southwest zone of impact. The quantitatively assessed extreme longevity and slow growth rates documented here highlight the vulnerability of these long-lived deep sea coral species to disturbance.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.10.021},
	author = {Prouty, N G and Fisher, C R and Demopoulos, A W J and Druffel, E R M}
}
@article {Teske2016,
	title = {{The Guaymas Basin Hiking Guide to Hydrothermal Mounds, Chimneys, and Microbial Mats: Complex Seafloor Expressions of Subsurface Hydrothermal Circulation}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {75},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal mats, mounds, and chimneys of the southern Guaymas Basin are the surface expression of complex subsurface hydrothermal circulation patterns. In this overview, we document the most frequently visited features of this hydrothermal area with photographs, temperature measurements, and selected geochemical data; many of these distinct habitats await characterization of their microbial communities and activities. Microprofiler deployments on microbial mats and hydrothermal sediments show their steep geochemical and thermal gradients at millimeter-scale vertical resolution. Mapping these hydrothermal features and sampling locations within the southern Guaymas Basin suggest linkages to underlying shallow sills and heat flow gradients. Recognizing the inherent spatial limitations of much current Guaymas Basin sampling calls for comprehensive surveys of the wider spreading region.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00075},
	author = {Teske, A P and de Beer, D and McKay, L J and Tivey, M K and Biddle, J F and Hoer, D R and Lloyd, K G and Lever, M A and Roy, H and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and MacGregor, B J}
}
@article {Salman-Carvalho2016,
	title = {{How Clonal Is Clonal? Genome Plasticity across Multicellular Segments of a "Candidatus Marithrix sp." Filament from Sulfidic, Briny Seafloor Sediments in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1173},
	abstract = {"Candidatus Marithrix" is a recently described lineage within the group of large sulfur bacteria (Beggiatoaceae, Gammaproteobacteria). This genus of bacteria comprises vacuolated, attached-living filaments that inhabit the sediment surface around vent and seep sites in the marine environment. A single filament is ca. 100 mu m in diameter, several millimeters long, and consists of hundreds of clonal cells, which are considered highly polyploid. Based on these characteristics, "Candidatus Marithrix" was used as a model organism for the assessment of genomic plasticity along segments of a single filament using next generation sequencing to possibly identify hotspots of microevolution. Using six consecutive segments of a single filament sampled from a mud volcano in the Gulf of Mexico, we recovered ca. 90{\%} of the "Candidatus Marithrix" genome in each segment. There was a high level of genome conservation along the filament with average nucleotide identities between 99.98 and 100{\%}. Different approaches to assemble all reads into a complete consensus genome could not fill the gaps. Each of the six segment datasets encoded merely a few hundred unique nucleotides and 5 or less unique genes the residual content was redundant in all datasets. Besides the overall high genomic identity, we identified a similar number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the clonal segments, which are comparable to numbers reported for other clonal organisms. An increase of SNPs with greater distance of filament segments was not observed. The polyploidy of the cells was apparent when analyzing the heterogeneity of reads within a segment. Here, a strong increase in single nucleotide variants, or "intrasegmental sequence heterogeneity" (ISH) events, was observed. These sites may represent hotspots for genome plasticity, and possibly microevolution, since two thirds of these variants were not co-localized across the genome copies of the multicellular filament.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.01173},
	author = {Salman-Carvalho, V and Fadeev, E and Joye, S B and Teske, A P}
}
@article {Beaudoin2016,
	title = {{Impact of protists on a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial community from deep-sea Gulf of Mexico sediments: A microcosm study}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {350{\textendash}359},
	abstract = {In spite of significant advancements towards understanding the dynamics of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading microbial consortia, the impacts (direct or indirect via grazing activities) of bacterivorous protists remain largely unknown. Microcosm experiments were used to examine whether protistan grazing affects the petroleum hydrocarbon degradation capacity of a deep-sea sediment microbial community from an active Gulf of Mexico cold seep. Differences in n-alkane content between native sediment microcosms and those treated with inhibitors of eukaryotes were assessed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography following 30{\textendash}90 day incubations and analysis of shifts in microbial community composition using small subunit ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries. More biodegradation was observed in microcosms supplemented with eukaryotic inhibitors. SSU rRNA gene clone libraries from oil-amended treatments revealed an increase in the number of proteobacterial clones (particularly $\gamma$-proteobacteria) after spiking sediments with diesel oil. Bacterial community composition shifted, and degradation rates increased, in treatments where protists were inhibited, suggesting protists affect the hydrocarbon degrading capacity of microbial communities in sediments collected at this Gulf of Mexico site.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.01.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064514000216},
	author = {Beaudoin, D J and Carmichael, C A and Nelson, R K and Reddy, C M and Teske, A P and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {Lin2016,
	title = {{Linkages between mineralogy, fluid chemistry, and microbial communities within hydrothermal chimneys from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {300{\textendash}323},
	abstract = {Rock and fluid samples were collected from three hydrothermal chimneys at the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge to evaluate linkages among mineralogy, fluid chemistry, and microbial community composition within the chimneys. M{\"o}ssbauer, midinfrared thermal emission, and visible-near infrared spectroscopies were utilized for the first time to characterize vent mineralogy, in addition to thin-section petrography, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analyses. A 282{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Bastille edifice was composed primarily of sulfide minerals such as chalcopyrite, marcasite, and sphalerite. In contrast, samples from a 300{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Dante edifice and a 321{\textdegree}C venting chimney from the Hot Harold edifice contained a high abundance of the sulfate mineral anhydrite. Geochemical modeling of mixed vent fluids suggested the oxic-anoxic transition zone was above 100{\textdegree}C at all three vents, and that the thermodynamic energy available for autotrophic microbial redox reactions favored aerobic sulfide and methane oxidation. As predicted, microbes within the Dante and Hot Harold chimneys were most closely related to mesophilic and thermophilic aerobes of the Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria and sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria. However, most of the microbes within the Bastille chimney were most closely related to mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobes of the Deltaproteobacteria, especially sulfate reducers, and anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaea. The predominance of anaerobes in the Bastille chimney indicated that other environmental factors promote anoxic conditions. Possibilities include the maturity or fluid flow characteristics of the chimney, abiotic Fe2+ and S2- oxidation in the vent fluids, or O2 depletion by aerobic respiration on the chimney outer wall.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GC006091},
	author = {Lin, T J and Ver Eecke, H C and Breves, E A and Dyar, M D and Jamieson, J W and Hannington, M D and Dahle, H and Bishop, J L and Lane, M D and Butterfield, D A and Kelley, D S and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Holden, J F}
}
@article {Macelloni2016,
	title = {{Mesoscale biogeophysical characterization of Woolsey Mound (northern Gulf of Mexico), a new attribute of natural marine hydrocarbon seeps architecture}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {380},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {330{\textendash}344},
	abstract = {Located on the continental slope in 900 m of water, Woolsey Mound dominates seafloor morphology at Mississippi Canyon 118. The carbonate-hydrate mound is the site of the Gulf of Mexico Hydrates Research Consortium{\textquoteright}s seafloor observatory to investigate and monitor hydrographic, geophysical, geological, geochemical and biological processes of the hydrocarbon system, northern Gulf of Mexico. Innovative survey and monitoring systems, sensors, and tools have been developed to extract samples and data to unravel the history, character and composition of the site. Many hours of visual data have been collected to investigate benthic communities thriving at the cold seep site associated with the mound. These communities{\textquoteright} habitats are described here, for the first time, in terms of faunal assemblage, substrate nature, and presence/absence of chemosynthetic species. Based on these factors, we grouped them into four benthic meso-habitats. We speculate that the spatial distribution of these meso-habitats is large enough to make this characteristic comparable to the geophysical response of the seismo-acoustic systems. We have tested this hypothesis carefully analyzing the relationship between benthic habitats zonation and the geophysical response of Side Scan Sonar, Chirp Subbottom, Surface Source Deep Receiver (SSDR) vertical incidence profiler and 3-D oil industry multichannel data. We observe that the geophysical response is not unique, a single habitat may correlate with many geophysical attributes, or a single geophysical attribute may span many habitats. However, we find that geophysical data can predict seep locations. They can also convey some information concerning community composition and complexity that function as proxies for seep duration/age while specific community components are believed to reflect composition of seep fluids. Although preliminary, this approach represents a novel classification/characterization for seafloor hydrocarbon seeps, one that reflects a historical component.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2016.03.016},
	author = {Macelloni, L and Lutken, C B and Ingrassia, M and D{\textquoteright} Emidio, M and Pizzi, M}
}
@article {ISI:000368893500001,
	title = {{Microbial Communities in Methane- and Short Chain Alkane-Rich Hydrothermal Sediments of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, an active spreading center in the Gulf of California (Mexico), are rich in porewater methane, short-chain alkanes, sulfate and sulfide, and provide a model system to explore habitat preferences of microorganisms, including sulfate-dependent, methane- and short chain alkane-oxidizing microbial communities. In this study, hot sediments (above 60 degrees C) covered with sulfur-oxidizing microbial mats surrounding a hydrothermal mound (termed {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Mat Mound{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) were characterized by porewater geochemistry of methane, C-2-C-6 short-chain alkanes, sulfate, sulfide, sulfate reduction rate measurements, in situ temperature gradients, bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and V6 tag pyrosequencing. The most abundantly detected groups in the Mat mound sediments include anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea of the ANME-1 lineage and its sister Glade ANME-1Guaymas, the uncultured bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 within the Deltaproteobacteria and the separately branching HotSeep-1 Group; these uncultured bacteria are candidates for sulfate-reducing alkane oxidation and for sulfate-reducing syntrophy with ANME archaea. The archaeal dataset indicates distinct habitat preferences for ANME-1, ANME-1-Guaymas, and ANME-2 archaea in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. The bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 and HotSeep-1 co-occur with ANME-1 and ANME-1Guaymas in hydrothermally active sediments underneath microbial mats in Guaymas Basin. We propose the working hypothesis that this mixed bacterial and archaeal community catalyzes the oxidation of both methane and short-chain alkanes, and constitutes a microbial community signature that is characteristic for hydrothermal and/or cold seep sediments containing both substrates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00017},
	author = {Dowell, Frederick and Cardman, Zena and Dasarathy, Srishti and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Lipp, Julius S and Ruff, S Emil and Biddle, Jennifer F and McKay, Luke J and MacGregor, Barbara J and Lloyd, Karen G and Albert, Daniel B and Mendlovitz, Howard and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Jungbluth2016,
	title = {{Novel microbial assemblages inhabiting crustal fluids within mid-ocean ridge flank subsurface basalt}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {2033{\textendash}2047},
	abstract = {Although little is known regarding microbial life within our planet{\textquoteright}s rock-hosted deep subseafloor biosphere, boreholes drilled through deep ocean sediment and into the underlying basaltic crust provide invaluable windows of access that have been used previously to document the presence of microorganisms within fluids percolating through the deep ocean crust. In this study, the analysis of 1.7 million small subunit ribosomal RNA genes amplified and sequenced from marine sediment, bottom seawater and basalt-hosted deep subseafloor fluids that span multiple years and locations on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank was used to quantitatively delineate a subseafloor microbiome comprised of distinct bacteria and archaea. Hot, anoxic crustal fluids tapped by newly installed seafloor sampling observatories at boreholes U1362A and U1362B contained abundant bacterial lineages of phylogenetically unique Nitrospirae, Aminicenantes, Calescamantes and Chloroflexi. Although less abundant, the domain Archaea was dominated by unique, uncultivated lineages of marine benthic group E, the Terrestrial Hot Spring Crenarchaeotic Group, the Bathyarchaeota and relatives of cultivated, sulfate-reducing Archaeoglobi. Consistent with recent geochemical measurements and bioenergetic predictions, the potential importance of methane cycling and sulfate reduction were imprinted within the basalt-hosted deep subseafloor crustal fluid microbial community. This unique window of access to the deep ocean subsurface basement reveals a microbial landscape that exhibits previously undetected spatial heterogeneity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.248},
	author = {Jungbluth, S P and Bowers, R M and Lin, H-T and Cowen, J P and Rappe, M S}
}
@article {ISI:000372166500012,
	title = {{Oceanographic patterns and carbonate chemistry in the vicinity of cold-water coral reefs in the Gulf of Mexico: Implications for resilience in a changing ocean}},
	journal = {LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {61},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {648{\textendash}665},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {To accurately assess the threat that global climate change poses to marine systems, a detailed baseline of the current carbonate chemistry and other oceanographic conditions is required. Despite the heightened vulnerability of deep-sea communities to ocean acidification, there have been relatively few studies investigating the carbonate chemistry immediately above cold-water coral reefs. Here, we present data collected during five cruises from 2010 to 2014 in the northern Gulf of Mexico and quantify the carbonate system and other oceanographic parameters in offshore surface-waters, the water column, and at deep benthic sites. Benthic sites containing the scleractinian cold-water coral L. pertusa occurred in waters with a relatively wide temperature range (6.8-13.6 degrees C), low potential density (sigma(theta)=26.9 +/- 0.3 kg m(-3)), low dissolved oxygen concentration (111.3 +/- 2.0 mu mol kg(-1)), low pH(T) (7.87 +/- 0.04), low Omega(ARAG) (1.31 +/- 0.14), and a low availability of carbonate ions (94.4 +/- 9.2 mu mol kg(-1)) compared with L. pertusa habitats in other regions. Based on previous modelling and experimental results, these values place L. pertusa at the edge of its viable niche in the deep Gulf of Mexico. However, significantly elevated total alkalinity (+139-44 mu mol kg(-1)) was detected above large L. pertusa mounds, suggesting that carbonate dissolution within the mounds may be partially ameliorating the direct effects of ocean acidification. Together, these results provide an important baseline for assessing future oceanographic changes in the Gulf of Mexico and for predicting the resilience of cold-water coral reefs to global climate and ocean change.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.10242},
	author = {Georgian, Samuel E and DeLeo, Danielle and Durkin, Alanna and Gomez, Carlos E and Kurman, Melissa and Lunden, Jay J and Cordes, Erik E}
}
@article {ISI:000371481100019,
	title = {{Thermal and geochemical influences on microbial biogeography in the hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {150{\textendash}161},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Extreme thermal gradients and compressed metabolic zones limit the depth range of microbial colonization in hydrothermally active sediments at Guaymas Basin. We investigated the physicochemical characteristics of this ecosystem and their influence on microbial community structure. Temperature-related trends of C-13 values of methane and dissolved inorganic carbon from 36 sediment cores suggest in situ thermal limits for microbial anaerobic methane oxidation and organic carbon re-mineralization near 80 degrees C and 100 degrees C respectively. Temperature logging probes deposited in hydrothermal sediments for 8 days demonstrate substantial thermal fluctuations of up to 25 degrees C. Putative anaerobic methanotroph (ANME) populations dominate the archaeal community, transitioning from ANME-1 archaea in warm surficial sediments towards ANME-1 Guaymas archaea as temperatures increase downcore. Since ANME archaea performing anaerobic oxidation of methane double on longer time scales (months) compared with relatively rapid in situ temperature fluctuations (hours to days), we conclude that ANME archaea possess a high tolerance for short-term shifts in the thermal regime.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12365},
	author = {McKay, Luke and Klokman, Vincent W and Mendlovitz, Howard P and LaRowe, Douglas E and Hoer, Daniel R and Albert, Daniel and Amend, Jan P and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {ISI:000372952900002,
	title = {{Tracing the production and fate of individual archaeal intact polar lipids using stable isotope probing}},
	journal = {ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2016},
	month = {may},
	pages = {13{\textendash}20},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Analysis of cellular membrane lipids has been widely applied to describe the microbial community composition in natural systems. When combined with stable isotope probing (SIP) experiments, deuterium label (D2O) uptake into lipids enables assessment of microbial biomass production. We performed SIP on methane-rich, hydrothermally-heated sediments to examine the de novo production of individual archaeal intact polar lipids (IPLs) by mesophilic anaerobic methane oxidizing group-1 archaea (ANME-1). The greatest extent of label uptake was by phosphatidyl glycerol archaeol (PG-AR), reaching 50{\%} of the medium{\textquoteright}s label concentration in only 10 days. This indicates PG-AR as an important cell membrane lipid during the active growth phase of mesophilic ANME-1. Much less label uptake was into intact polar glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), especially for those bound to diglycosidic head groups. The low production of these GDGTs contrasts with their predominance in ANME-1-dominated natural samples. We attribute the differential label uptake among individual IPLs to the ANME-1 tetraether biosynthetic pathway. This mechanism likely involves head-to-head condensation of two molecules of PG-AR and progressive substitution of PG by glycosidic head groups. The observation that ANME-1 invest in the synthesis of diethers during optimum growth suggests intact ARs and/or phosphate-bearing tetraethers as important biomarkers for actively growing populations in natural environments, while the diglycosidic GDGTs appear to signal stationary ANME-1 communities. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.02.004},
	author = {Kellermann, Matthias Y and Yoshinaga, Marcos Y and Wegener, Gunter and Krukenberg, Viola and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe}
}
@article {Garcia-Pineda2016,
	title = {{Transience and persistence of natural hydrocarbon seepage in Mississippi Canyon, Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {119{\textendash}129},
	abstract = {Analysis of the magnitude of oil discharged from natural hydrocarbon seeps can improve understanding of the carbon cycle and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) ecosystem. With use of a large archive of remote sensing data, in combination with geophysical and multibeam data, we identified, mapped, and characterized natural hydrocarbon seeps in the Macondo prospect region near the wreck site of the drill-rig Deepwater Horizon (DWH). Satellite image processing and the cluster analysis revealed locations of previously undetected seep zones. Including duplicate detections, a total of 562 individual gas plumes were also observed in multibeam surveys. In total, SAR imagery confirmed 52 oil-producing seep zones in the study area. In almost all cases gas plumes were associated with oil-producing seep zones. The cluster of seeps in the vicinity of lease block MC302 appeared to host the most persistent and prolific oil vents. Oil slicks and gas plumes observed over the DWH site were consistent with discharges of residual oil from the wreckage. In contrast with highly persistent oil seeps observed in the Green Canyon and Garden Banks lease areas, the seeps in the vicinity of Macondo Prospect were intermittent. The difference in the number of seeps and the quantity of surface oil detected in Green Canyon was almost two orders of magnitude greater than in Mississippi Canyon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.011},
	author = {Garcia-Pineda, O and MacDonald, I and Silva, M and Shedd, W and Daneshgar Asl, S and Schumaker, B}
}
@article {Radice2016,
	title = {{Vertical water mass structure in the North Atlantic influences the bathymetric distribution of species in the deep-sea coral genus Paramuricea}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {253{\textendash}263},
	abstract = {Deep-sea corals are the structural foundation of their ecosystems along continental margins worldwide, yet the factors driving their broad distribution are poorly understood. Environmental factors, especially depth-related variables including water mass properties, are thought to considerably affect the realized distribution of deep-sea corals. These factors are governed by local and regional oceanographic conditions that directly influence the dispersal of larvae, and therefore affect the ultimate distribution of adult corals. We used molecular barcoding of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences to identify species of octocorals in the genus Paramuricea collected from the Labrador Sea to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada at depths of 150{\textendash}1500 m. The results of this study revealed overlapping bathymetric distributions of the Paramuricea species present off the eastern Canadian coast, including the presence of a few cryptic species previously designated as Paramuricea placomus. The distribution of Paramuricea species in the western North Atlantic differs from the Gulf of Mexico, where five Paramuricea species exhibit strong segregation by depth. The different patterns of Paramuricea species in these contrasting biogeographic regions provide insight into how water mass structure may shape species distribution. Investigating Paramuricea prevalence and distribution in conjunction with oceanographic conditions can help demonstrate the factors that generate and maintain deep-sea biodiversity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.08.014},
	author = {Radice, V Z and Quattrini, A M and Wareham, V E and Edinger, E N and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {Gulmann2015,
	title = {{Bacterial diversity and successional patterns during biofilm formation on freshly exposed basalt surfaces at diffuse-flow deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {901},
	abstract = {Many deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems are regularly impacted by volcanic eruptions, leaving fresh basalt where abundant animal and microbial communities once thrived. After an eruption, microbial biofilms are often the first visible evidence of biotic re-colonization. The present study is the first to investigate microbial colonization of newly exposed basalt surfaces in the context of vent fluid chemistry over an extended period of time (4{\textendash}293 days) by deploying basalt blocks within an established diffuse-flow vent at the 9{\textdegree}50' N vent field on the East Pacific Rise. Additionally, samples obtained after a recent eruption at the same vent field allowed for comparison between experimental results and those from natural microbial re-colonization. Over 9 months, the community changed from being composed almost exclusively of Epsilonproteobacteria to a more diverse assemblage, corresponding with a potential expansion of metabolic capabilities. The process of biofilm formation appears to generate similar surface-associated communities within and across sites by selecting for a subset of fluid-associated microbes, via species sorting. Furthermore, the high incidence of shared operational taxonomic units over time and across different vent sites suggests that the microbial communities colonizing new surfaces at diffuse-flow vent sites might follow a predictable successional pattern.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.00901},
	author = {Gulmann, L K and Beaulieu, S E and Shank, T M and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Sievert, S M}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300015,
	title = {{Bathymodiolus growth dynamics in relation to environmental fluctuations in vent habitats}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {183{\textendash}193},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep-sea mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus is a dominant species in the East Pacific Rise (EPR) hydrothermal vent fields. On the EPR volcanically unstable area, this late colonizer reaches high biomass within 4-5 years on new habitats created. by lava flows. The environmental conditions and growth rates characterizing the reestablishment of B. thermophilus populations are however largely unknown, leaving unconstrained the role of this foundation species in the ecosystem dynamics. A typical example from the vent field at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N that was affected by the last massive eruption was the Bio-9 hydrothermal vent site. Here, six years later, a large mussel population had reestablished. The von Bertalanffy growth model estimates the oldest B. thermophilus specimens to be 1.3 year-old in March 2012, consistent with the observation of scarce juveniles among tubeworms in 2010. Younger cohorts were also observed in 2012 but the low number of individuals, relatively to older cohorts, suggests limited survival or growth of new recruits at this site, that could reflect unsuitable habitat conditions. To further explore this asumption, we investigated the relationships between mussel growth dynamics and habitat properties. The approach combined sclerochronology analyses of daily shell growth with continuous habitat monitoring for two mussel assemblages; one from the Bio-9 new settlement and a second from the V-vent site unreached by the lava flow. At both vent sites, semi-diurnal fluctuations of abiotic conditions were recorded using sensors deployed in the mussel bed over 5 to 10 days. These data depict steep transitions from well oxygenated to oxygen-depleted conditions and from alkaline to acidic pH, combined with intermittent sulfide exposure. These semi-diurnal fluctuations exhibited marked changes in amplitude over time, exposing mussels to distinct regimes of abiotic constraints. The V-vent samples allowed growth patterns to be examined at the scale of individual life and compared to long-term records of habitat temperature and oceanographic mooring data in the years following the eruption. Both shell growth and habitat temperature at V-vent varied over the spring-neap tidal cycle and over longer periods of c.a. 60 days. The correlation of growth rate with temperature and, for some individuals, with current velocities supports the idea that tidal forcing impacts growth. Its influence on habitat conditions includes the spring-neap cycle, which is not reflected in current velocities but influences the venting rate. Additionally, it is expected that mesoscale eddies periodically passing across the ridge imprint shell growth through the influence of bottom current on the decimeter-thick mixing interface where mussels thrive. We conclude that diurnal-semidiurnal tidal fluctuations exert major abiotic constraints on B. thermophilus mussels and that low-frequency fluctuations act as significant determinants on growth. Finally, we postulate that the modulation of tidal fluctuations by large-scale hydrodynamic forcing ultimately constrains the capacity of this mussel species to form high biomass aggregations. This study indeed shows that the absence of these strong hydrodynamic drivers would limit the alternance of oxic and sulfidic conditions and significantly affect the growth rate of this species over time. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.003},
	author = {Nedoncelle, K and Lartaud, F and Pereira, L Contreira and Yuecel, M and Thurnherr, A M and Mullineaux, L and Le Bris, N}
}
@article {ISI:000360888000001,
	title = {{Carbon fixation by basalt-hosted microbial communities}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Oceanic crust is a massive potential habitat for microbial life on Earth, yet our understanding of this ecosystem is limited due to difficulty in access. In particular, measurements of rates of microbial activity are sparse. We used stable carbon isotope incubations of crustal samples, coupled with functional gene analyses, to examine the potential for carbon fixation on oceanic crust. Both seafloor-exposed and subseafloor basalts were recovered from different mid-ocean ridge and hot spot environments (i.e., the Juan de Fuca Ridge, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Loihi Seamount) and incubated with C-13-labeled bicarbonate. Seafloor-exposed basalts revealed incorporation of C-13-label into organic matter over time, though the degree of incorporation was heterogeneous. The incorporation of C-13 into biomass was inconclusive in subseafloor basalts. Translating these measurements into potential rates of carbon fixation indicated that 0.1-10 nmol C g(-1) rock d(-1) could be fixed by seafloor-exposed rocks. When scaled to the global production of oceanic crust, this suggests carbon fixation rates of 10(9)-10(12) g C year(-1), which matches earlier predictions based on thermodynamic calculations. Functional gene analyses indicate that the Calvin cycle is likely the dominant biochemical mechanism for carbon fixation in basalt-hosted biofilms, although the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway and reverse TCA cycle likely play some role in net carbon fixation. These results provide empirical evidence for autotrophy in oceanic crust, suggesting that basalt-hosted autotrophy could be a significant contributor of organic matter in this remote and vast environment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.90400904},
	author = {Orcutt, Beth N and Sylvan, Jason B and Rogers, Daniel R and Delaney, Jennifer and Lee, Raymond W and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000356841900006,
	title = {{Cetia pacifica gen. nov., sp nov., a chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {65},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {1144{\textendash}1150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A thermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, strain TB-6(T), was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent located on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees N. The cells were Gram-staining-negative and rod-shaped with one or more polar flagella. Cell size was approximately 1-1.5 mu m in length and 0.5 mu m in width. Strain TB-6(T) grew between 45 and 70 degrees C (optimum 55-60 degrees C), 0 and 35 g NaCl l(-1) (optimum 20-30 gl(-1)) and pH 4.5 and 7.5 (optimum pH 5.5-6.0). Generation time under optimal conditions was 2 h. Growth of strain TB-6(T) occurred with H-2 as the energy source, CO2 as the carbon source and nitrate or sulfur as electron acceptors, with formation of ammonium or hydrogen sulfide, respectively. Acetate, (+)-n-glucose, Casamino acids, sucrose and yeast extract were not used as carbon and energy sources. Inhibition of growth occurred in the presence of lactate, peptone and tryptone under a H-2/CO2 (80 :20; 200 kPa) gas phase. Thiosulfate, sulfite, arsenate, selenate and oxygen were not used as electron acceptors. The G +C content of the genomic DNA was 36.8 molo/o. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of strain TB-6(T) showed that this organism branched separately from the three most closely related genera, Caminibacter, Nautilia and Lebetimonas, within the family Nautiliaceae. Strain TB-6(T) contained several unique fatty acids in comparison with other members of the family Nautiliaceae. Based on experimental evidence, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel species and genus within the family Nautiliaceae, Cetia pacifica, gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is TB-6(T) (=DSM 27783T=JCM 19563(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.000070},
	author = {Grosche, Ashley and Sekaran, Hema and Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Starovoytov, Valentin and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000358290000012,
	title = {{Characterization of a novel thermostable patatin-like protein from a Guaymas basin metagenomic library}},
	journal = {EXTREMOPHILES},
	volume = {19},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {829{\textendash}840},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are a natural habitat for thermophiles, in which contain plenty of enzymes that can function at high temperatures. In this work, we constructed a fosmid library in Escherichia coli using metagenomic DNA isolated from a chimney sample collected in the hydrothermal vents in Guaymas Basin. The library was screened for lipolytic activity and positive clones were subjected to subcloning. A novel patatin-like protein (PLP) that exhibited less than 45 {\%} identity in amino acid sequence to known enzymes was obtained. Common features of the patatin-like proteins, such as four conserved blocks, were detected. Interestingly, there was an Ala at site 42 in PLP instead of the first Gly-residue in the consensus sequence Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly found in other PLP homologs. The active sites of PLP were Ser44 and Asp160. Spectrophotometric assays with different p-nitrophenyl esters demonstrated a preference for p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C4) and p-nitrophenyl decanoate (C10). Moreover, PLP demonstrated optimal activity at 70 A degrees C and at pH 9.0 (Tris-HCl). The activation energy from the linear Arrhenius plot was found to be 38.3 +/- A 0.9 kJ/mol. The K (m) and V (max) of PLP for C4 were 304 +/- A 38 mu M and 14 +/- A 0.38 mu mol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. Gene-mining of the metagenome dataset that was generated by pyrosequencing the same chimney sample resulted in identification of 20 PLP homolog gene fragments, which could represent promising examples of this category of thermostable proteins.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-015-0758-x},
	author = {Fu, Ling and He, Ying and Xu, Fangdi and Ma, Qun and Wang, Fengping and Xu, Jun}
}
@article {ISI:000361984700015,
	title = {{Comparison of Archaeal and Bacterial Diversity in Methane Seep Carbonate Nodules and Host Sediments, Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge, USA}},
	journal = {MICROBIAL ECOLOGY},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {766{\textendash}784},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) impacts carbon cycling by acting as a methane sink and by sequestering inorganic carbon via AOM-induced carbonate precipitation. These precipitates commonly take the form of carbonate nodules that form within methane seep sediments. The timing and sequence of nodule formation within methane seep sediments are not well understood. Further, the microbial diversity associated with sediment-hosted nodules has not been well characterized and the degree to which nodules reflect the microbial assemblage in surrounding sediments is unknown. Here, we conducted a comparative study of microbial assemblages in methane-derived authigenic carbonate nodules and their host sediments using molecular, mineralogical, and geochemical methods. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity from paired carbonate nodules and sediments revealed that both sample types contained methanotrophic archaea (ANME-1 and ANME-2) and syntrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfobacteraceae and Desulfobulbaceae), as well as other microbial community members. The combination of geochemical and molecular data from Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge suggested that some nodules formed in situ and captured the local sediment-hosted microbial community, while other nodules may have been translocated or may represent a record of conditions prior to the contemporary environment. Taken together, this comparative analysis offers clues to the formation regimes and mechanisms of sediment-hosted carbonate nodules.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0095-3628},
	doi = {10.1007/s00248-015-0615-6},
	author = {Mason, Olivia U and Case, David H and Naehr, Thomas H and Lee, Raymond W and Thomas, Randal B and Bailey, Jake V and Orphan, Victoria J}
}
@article {ISI:000349424900014,
	title = {{Constraints from melt inclusions on depths of magma residence at intermediate magma supply along the Galapagos Spreading Center}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {412},
	year = {2015},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {122{\textendash}131},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Shallow, seismically imaged melt lenses are a ubiquitous feature of mid-ocean ridges with high magma supply; melt lenses deepen and become less continuous along axis as the rate of magma supply decreases. Despite compelling petrologic evidence for evolution of magma within the crust prior to eruption at lower magma supply, melt lenses are rarely detected along ridge segments with rates of magma supply less than 0.3 x 10(6) m(3)/yr/km, and the depths of sub-axial magma reservoirs are therefore poorly known. We use ion microprobe measurements of H2O and CO2 concentrations of olivine-hosted melt inclusions to calculate vapor saturation pressures that constrain crystallization depths at two locations along the Galapagos Spreading Center (94.2 degrees W and 95 degrees W). These sites were chosen to examine crystallization pressures in the presence (94.2 degrees W) and absence (95 degrees W) of a seismically imaged melt lens. At 95 degrees W, where magma supply is too low to sustain a seismically resolvable melt lens, samples were selected from each of the three most recent eruptive units, allowing us to document temporal variations in vapor saturation pressures and the depth of magma residence at this location. Clusters in melt inclusion entrapment depths for these eruptions range from 3.0 to 3.4 km below the seafloor, indicating that magmas at 95 degrees W resided at a narrow range of mid-crustal depths prior to eruption, generally consistent with the global trend of increasing melt lens depth with decreasing rate of magma supply. A discrepancy between seismic data and the peak in melt inclusion entrapment depths at 94.2 degrees W may reflect temporal variability of magmatic systems at this location. This study demonstrates the potential for using measurements of the concentrations of H2O and CO2 in olivine-hosted melt inclusions to determine the depths of crustal magmatic systems that feed mid-ocean ridge eruptions, even in locations where seismic studies have not detected melt lenses. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.007},
	author = {Colman, Alice and Sinton, John M and Wanless, V Dorsey}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300014,
	title = {{Differences in recovery between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and vent-proximate communities after a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {167{\textendash}182},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and the surrounding basalt seafloor are subject to major natural disturbance events such as volcanic eruptions. In the near future, anthropogenic disturbance in the form of deep-sea mining could also significantly affect the faunal communities of hydrothermal vents. In this study, we monitor and compare the recovery of insular, highly productive vent communities and vent-proximate basalt communities following a volcanic eruption that destroyed almost all existing communities at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N in 2006. To study the recovery patterns of the benthic communities, we placed settlement substrates at vent sites and their proximate basalt areas and measured the prokaryotic abundance and compared the meio- and macrofaunal species richness and composition at one, two and four years after the eruption. In addition, we collected samples from the overlying water column with a pelagic pump, at one and two years after the volcanic eruption, to determine the abundance of potential meiofauna colonisers. One year after eruption, mean meio- and macrofaunal abundances were not significantly different from pre-eruption values in vent habitats (meio: 8-1838 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 3-6246 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02; macro: 95-1600 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 205-4577 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02) and on non-vent basalt habitats (meio: 10-1922 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 8328 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04; macro: 14-3351 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 2-63 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04), but species recovery patterns differed between the two habitat types. In the vent habitat, the initial community recovery was relatively quick but incomplete four years after eruption, which may be due to the good dispersal capabilities of vent endemic macrofauna and vent endemic dirivultid copepods. At vents, 42{\%} of the pre-eruption meio- and 39{\%} of macrofaunal species had returned. In addition, some new species not evident prior to the eruption were found. At the tubeworm site Tica, a total of 26 meio- and 19 macrofaunal species were found in 2009, which contrasts with the 24 meio- and 29 macrofauna species detected at the site in 2001/01 In the basalt habitat, community recovery of meiofauna was slower with only 28{\%} of the original 64 species present four years after eruption. The more limited dispersal capabilities of meiofauna basalt specialists such as nematodes or harpacticoid copepods probably caused this pattern. In contrast, 67{\%} of the original 27 macrofaunal species had recolonized the basalt by 2009. Our results suggest that not only vent communities, but also species-rich communities of vent-proximate habitats require attention in conservation efforts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.008},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Arbizu, Pedro Martinez and Mills, Susan and Le Bris, Nadine and Weinbauer, Markus and Shank, Timothy M and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Lin2015,
	title = {{Dissolved amino acids in oceanic basaltic basement fluids}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {164},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {175{\textendash}190},
	abstract = {The oceanic basaltic basement contains the largest aquifer on Earth and potentially plays an important role in the global carbon cycle as a net sink for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). However, few details of the organic matter cycling in the subsurface are known because great water depths and thick sediments typically hinder direct access to this environment. In an effort to examine the role of water{\textendash}rock{\textendash}microorganism interaction on organic matter cycling in the oceanic basaltic crust, basement fluid samples collected from three borehole observatories installed on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge were analyzed for dissolved amino acids. Our data show that dissolved free amino acids (1{\textendash}13 nM) and dissolved hydrolyzable amino acids (43{\textendash}89 nM) are present in the basement. The amino acid concentrations in the ridge-flank basement fluids are at the low end of all submarine hydrothermal fluids reported in the literature and are similar to those in deep seawater. Amino acids in recharging deep seawater, in situ amino acid production, and diffusional input from overlying sediments are potential sources of amino acids in the basement fluids. Thermodynamic modeling shows that amino acid synthesis in the basement can be sustained by energy supplied from inorganic substrates via chemolithotrophic metabolisms. Furthermore, an analysis of amino acid concentrations and compositions in basement fluids support the notion that heterotrophic activity is ongoing. Similarly, the enrichment of acidic amino acids and depletion of hydrophobic ones relative to sedimentary particulate organic matter suggests that surface sorption and desorption also alters amino acids in the basaltic basement. In summary, although the oceanic basement aquifer is a net sink for deep seawater DOC, similar amino acid concentrations in basement aquifer and deep seawater suggest that DOC is preferentially removed in the basement over dissolved amino acids. Our data also suggest that organic carbon cycling occurs in the oceanic basaltic basement, where an active subsurface biosphere is likely responsible for amino acid synthesis and degradation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.044},
	author = {Lin, H-T and Amend, J P and LaRowe, D E and Bingham, J-P and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {ISI:000361755600008,
	title = {{Diversity and composition of the copepod communities associated with megafauna around a cold seep in the Gulf of Mexico with remarks on species biogeography}},
	journal = {MARINE BIODIVERSITY},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {419{\textendash}432},
	type = {Article; Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {In order to characterize the copepod communities associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations around a hydrocarbon seep in the Green Canyon of the Gulf of Mexico, diversity, abundance, and community composition were analyzed. Also analyzed were species biogeography and the potential connectivity to other chemosynthesis-based habitats. Copepod abundance and biomass were very low among tubeworms and mussels, with 0.22 to 6.08 individuals per 10 cm(2) sampled area and 9.02 to 42.43 mu g wet weight 10 cm(2) sampled area, respectively; but, abundance was significantly higher among the mussels. Fifty-five copepod species were identified, of which most were newly discovered and primarily belonging to the Harpacticoida order. Four copepod species were previously recorded from other food-rich and hard-substrata environments, such as hydrothermal vents or wood falls. Another four species showed close morphological proximity to species described from cold seeps, hydrothermal vents, and wood falls. Copepod diversity and community composition showed no significant differences between the foundation species. However, differences in the relative abundance and dominance of single species indicate a rather homogeneous community in mussel beds and a more heterogeneous community among tubeworms, indicating that foundation species may shape the abundance and community composition of associated copepods at cold seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1867-1616},
	doi = {10.1007/s12526-014-0310-8},
	author = {Plum, Christoph and Gollner, Sabine and Martinez-Arbizu, Pedro and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000366805800006,
	title = {{{\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Fingerprinting{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} tectono-magmatic provenance using trace elements in igneous zircon}},
	journal = {CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY},
	volume = {170},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over 5300 recent SHRIMP-RG analyses of trace elements (TE) in igneous zircon have been compiled and classified based on their original tectono-magmatic setting to empirically evaluate {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}geochemical fingerprints{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} unique to those settings. Immobile element geochemical fingerprints used for lavas are applied with the same rational to zircon, including consideration of mineral competition on zircon TE ratios, and new criteria for distinguishing mid-ocean ridge (MOR), magmatic arc, and ocean island (and other plume-influenced) settings are proposed. The elemental ratios in zircon effective for fingerprinting tectono-magmatic provenance are systematically related to lava composition from equivalent settings. Existing discrimination diagrams using zircon U/Yb versus Hf or Y do not distinguish TE-enriched ocean island settings (i.e., Iceland, Hawaii) from magmatic arc settings. However, bivariate diagrams with combined cation ratios involving U-Nb-Sc-Yb-Gd-Ce provide a more complete distinction of zircon from these settings. On diagrams of U/Yb versus Nb/Yb, most MOR, ocean island, and kimberlite zircon define a broad {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}mantle-zircon array{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}; arc zircon defines a parallel array offset to higher U/Yb. Distinctly low U/Yb ratios of MOR zircon (typically {\textless}0.1) mirror their parental magmas and long-term incompatible element depletion of the MORB mantle. Plume-influenced sources are distinguished from MOR by higher U/Yb, U/Nb, Nb/Yb, and Nb/Sc. For zircon with U/Yb {\textgreater}0.1, high Sc/Yb separates arc settings from low-Sc/Yb plume-influenced sources. The slope of scandium enrichment trends in zircon differ between MOR and continental arc settings, likely reflecting the involvement of amphibole during melt differentiation. Scandium is thus also critical for discriminating provenance, but its behavior in zircon probably reflects contrasting melt fractionation trends between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline systems more than compositional differences in primitive magmas sourced at each tectono-magmatic source.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-015-1199-3},
	author = {Grimes, C B and Wooden, J L and Cheadle, M J and John, B E}
}
@article {ISI:000353354100014,
	title = {{From deep-sea volcanoes to human pathogens: a conserved quorum-sensing signal in Epsilonproteobacteria}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {9},
	number = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1222{\textendash}1234},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Chemosynthetic Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents colonize substrates exposed to steep thermal and redox gradients. In many bacteria, substrate attachment, biofilm formation, expression of virulence genes and host colonization are partly controlled via a cell density-dependent mechanism involving signal molecules, known as quorum sensing. Within the Epsilonproteobacteria, quorum sensing has been investigated only in human pathogens that use the luxS/autoinducer-2 (AI-2) mechanism to control the expression of some of these functions. In this study we showed that luxS is conserved in Epsilonproteobacteria and that pathogenic and mesophilic members of this class inherited this gene from a thermophilic ancestor. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the luxS gene is expressed-and a quorum-sensing signal is produced-during growth of Sulfurovum lithotrophicum and Caminibacter mediatlanticus, two Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Finally, we detected luxS transcripts in Epsilonproteobacteria-dominated biofilm communities collected from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Taken together, our findings indicate that the epsiloproteobacterial lineage of the LuxS enzyme originated in high-temperature geothermal environments and that, in vent Epsilonproteobacteria, luxS expression is linked to the production of AI-2 signals, which are likely produced in situ at deep-sea vents. We conclude that the luxS gene is part of the ancestral epsilonproteobacterial genome and represents an evolutionary link that connects thermophiles to human pathogens.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2014.214},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Bolognini, Marie and Ricci, Jessica and Bini, Elisabetta and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {Greene2015,
	title = {{Geologic implications of seafloor character and carbonate lithification imaged on the domal core of Atlantis Massif}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {246{\textendash}255},
	abstract = {We document the seafloor character on Atlantis Massif, an ocean core complex located at 30{\textdegree}N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, with an emphasis on the distribution of carbonate features. Seafloor imagery, near-bottom backscatter, and bathymetry were analyzed on the Central Dome and the Western Shoulder of the exposed footwall to the detachment, and on the Eastern Block, a hanging wall to the fault. We merged Argo II still images to produce photo-mosaics and evaluated these together with video imagery, acoustic reflectivity, and basic rock composition. The seafloor was classified as unconsolidated sediment, lithified carbonate crust, consolidated carbonate cap, exposed basement, or rubble, and the spatial distribution of each type was assessed. Unconsolidated sediment, exposed basement, and rubble were documented in all three regions studied. Lithified carbonate crust was also present on the Western Shoulder and eastern Central Dome. Consolidated carbonate cap was found on the Eastern Block. The formation of the carbonate rock is interpreted to reflect precipitation and/or sediment cementation via fluids derived from serpentinization. Both processes occur at the nearby Lost City Hydrothermal Field. The newly documented locations of seafloor carbonate lithification therefore mark pathways of past, possibly recent, fluid flux from subsurface water-rock reaction zones and represent an additional constituent of the carbon cycling hosted by oceanic lithosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.020},
	author = {Greene, J A and Tominaga, M and Blackman, D K}
}
@article {McDermott2015,
	title = {{Identification of sulfur sources and isotopic equilibria in submarine hot-springs using multiple sulfur isotopes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {160},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {169{\textendash}187},
	abstract = {Multiple sulfur isotopes were measured in metal sulfide deposits, elemental sulfur, and aqueous hydrogen sulfide to constrain sulfur sources and the isotopic systematics of precipitation in seafloor hydrothermal vents. Areas studied include the Eastern Manus Basin and Lau Basin back-arc spreading centers and the unsedimented basalt-hosted Southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR) and sediment-hosted Guaymas Basin mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Chalcopyrite and dissolved hydrogen sulfide (H2S) $δ$34S values range from -5.5{\textperthousand} to +5.6{\textperthousand} in Manus Basin samples, +2.4{\textperthousand} to +6.1{\textperthousand} in Lau Basin samples, and +3.7{\textperthousand} to +5.7{\textperthousand} in SEPR samples. Values of $δ$34S for cubic cubanite and H2S range from -1.4{\textperthousand} to +4.7{\textperthousand} in Guaymas Basin samples. Multiple sulfur isotope systematics in fluid-mineral pairs from the SEPR and Lau Basin show that crustal host rock and thermochemical reduction of seawater-derived dissolved sulfate (SO4) are the primary sources of sulfur in mid-ocean ridge and some back-arc systems. At PACMANUS and SuSu Knolls hydrothermal systems in the Eastern Manus Basin, a significant contribution of sulfur is derived from disproportionation of magmatic sulfur dioxide (SO2), while the remaining sulfur is derived from crustal host rocks and SO4 reduction. At the sedimented Guaymas Basin hydrothermal system, sulfur sources include crustal host rock, reduced seawater SO4, and biogenic sulfide. Vent fluid flow through fresher, less-mature sediment supplies an increased quantity of reactant organic compounds that may reduce 34S-enriched SO4, while fluid interaction with more highly-altered sediments results in H2S characterized by a small, but isotopically-significant input of 34S-depleted biogenic sulfides. Near-zero $Δ$33S values in all samples implicate the abiotic processes of SO4 reduction and leaching of host rock as the major contributors to sulfur content at a high temperature unsedimented mid-ocean ridge and at a back-arc system. $Δ$33S values indicate that SO2 disproportionation is an additional process that contributes sulfur to a different back-arc system and to acid spring-type hydrothermal fluid circulation. At the sedimented Guaymus Basin, near-zero $Δ$33S values are also observed, despite negative $δ$34S values that indicate inputs of biogenic pyrite for some samples. In contrast with previous studies reporting isotope disequilibrium between H2S and chalcopyrite, the $δ$34S values of chalcopyrite sampled from the inner 1{\textendash}2 mm of a chimney wall are within {\textpm}1{\textperthousand} of $δ$34S values for H2S in the paired vent fluid, suggesting equilibrium fluid-mineral sulfur isotope exchange at 300{\textendash}400 {\textdegree}C. Isotopic equilibrium between hydrothermal fluid H2S and precipitating chalcopyrite implies that sulfur isotopes in the chalcopyrite lining across a chimney wall may accurately record past hydrothermal activity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.016},
	author = {McDermott, J M and Ono, S and Tivey, M K and Seewald, J S and Shanks, W C}
}
@article {Zhang2015,
	title = {{Intergradation between discrete lineages of Tevnia jerichonana, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {53{\textendash}61},
	abstract = {We describe a broad zone of intergradation between genetically differentiated, northern and southern lineages of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm, Tevnia jerichonana. DNA sequences from four genes, nuclear HSP and ATPs$\alpha$ and mitochondrial COI and Cytb were examined in samples from eastern Pacific vent localities between 13{\textdegree}N and 38{\textdegree}S latitude. Allelic frequencies at these loci exhibited concordant latitudinal clines, and genetic differentiation (pairwise $\Phi$ST{\textquoteright}s) increased with geographical distances between sample localities. Though this pattern of differentiation suggested isolation-by-distance (IBD), it appeared to result from hierarchical population structure. Genotypic assignment tests identified two population clusters comprised of samples from the northern East Pacific Rise (NEPR: 9{\textendash}13{\textdegree}N) and an extension of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR: 31{\textendash}32{\textdegree}S) with a zone of intergradation along the southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR: 7{\textendash}17{\textdegree}S). The overall degrees of DNA sequence divergence between the NEPR and PAR populations were slight and not indicative of lengthy isolation. Bayesian assignment methods suggested that the SEPR populations constitute intergrades that connect the NEPR and PAR populations. Though it typically is difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary intergradation, our results were consistent with parallel studies of vent-restricted species that suggest a high degree of demographic instability along the superfast-spreading SEPR axis. Frequent local extinctions and immigration from NEPR and PAR refugia probably shaped the observed pattern of intergradation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.04.028},
	author = {Zhang, H and Johnson, S B and Flores, V R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Seyfried2015,
	title = {{The Lost City hydrothermal system: Constraints imposed by vent fluid chemistry and reaction path models on subseafloor heat and mass transfer processes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {163},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {59{\textendash}79},
	abstract = {Since the first reported discovery of the Lost City hydrothermal system in 2001, it was recognized that seawater alteration of ultramafic rocks plays a key role in the composition of the coexisting vent fluids. The unusually high pH and high concentrations of H2 and CH4 provide compelling evidence for this. Here we report the chemistry of hydrothermal fluids sampled from two vent structures (Beehive: \~{}90{\textendash}116 {\textdegree}C, and M6: \~{}75 {\textdegree}C) at Lost City in 2008 during cruise KNOX18RR using ROV Jason 2 and R/V Revelle assets. The vent fluid chemistry at both sites reveals considerable overlap in concentrations of dissolved gases (H2, CH4), trace elements (Cs, Rb, Li, B and Sr), and major elements (SO4, Ca, K, Na, Cl), including a surprising decrease in dissolved Cl, suggesting a common source fluid is feeding both sites. The absence of Mg and relatively high concentrations of Ca and sulfate suggest solubility control by serpentine{\textendash}diopside{\textendash}anhydrite, while trace alkali concentrations, especially Rb and Cs, are high, assuming a depleted mantle protolith. In both cases, but especially for Beehive vent fluid, the silica concentrations are well in excess of those expected for peridotite alteration and the coexistence of serpentine{\textendash}brucite at all reasonable temperatures. However, both the measured pH and silica values are in better agreement with serpentine{\textendash}diopside{\textendash}tremolite-equilibria. Geochemical modeling demonstrates that reaction of plagioclase with serpentinized peridotite can shift the chemical system away from brucite and into the tremolite stability field. This is consistent with the complex intermingling of peridotite and gabbroic bodies commonly observed within the Atlantis Massif. We speculate the existence of such plagioclase bearing peridotite may also account for the highly enriched trace alkali (Cs, Rb) concentrations in the Lost City vent fluids. Additionally, reactive transport modeling taking explicit account of temperature dependent rates of mineral dissolution and precipitation clarifies the feedback between permeability, heat loss, and changes in the dissolved Si of the vent fluids. Assuming both the Beehive and M6 vent fluids were sourced at similar subseafloor conditions (tremolite buffered at 200 {\textdegree}C), model results indicate loss of approximately 30{\%} Si upon cooling to \~{}150 {\textdegree}C during upflow. However, Si concentrations remained largely conservative with continued cooling to lower temperatures owing to unfavorable reaction kinetics. While consistent with the Beehive endmember composition, these results fail to explain the relative Si depletion in the lower temperature M6 fluids. Thus, it may be that more robust kinetic models for silicates are needed to accurately account for the mechanism and rate of silica removal in the unusually high pH of the Lost City vent fluids.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.040},
	author = {Seyfried, W E and Pester, N J and Tutolo, B M and Ding, K}
}
@article {OBrien2015,
	title = {{Microbial biofilms associated with fluid chemistry and megafaunal colonization at post-eruptive deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {31{\textendash}40},
	abstract = {At deep-sea hydrothermal vents, reduced, super-heated hydrothermal fluids mix with cold, oxygenated seawater. This creates temperature and chemical gradients that support chemosynthetic primary production and a biomass-rich community of invertebrates. In late 2005/early 2006 an eruption occurred on the East Pacific Rise at 9{\textdegree}50'N, 104{\textdegree}17'W. Direct observations of the post-eruptive diffuse-flow vents indicated that the earliest colonizers were microbial biofilms. Two cruises in 2006 and 2007 allowed us to monitor and sample the early steps of ecosystem recovery. The main objective of this work was to characterize the composition of microbial biofilms in relation to the temperature and chemistry of the hydrothermal fluids and the observed patterns of megafaunal colonization. The area selected for this study had local seafloor habitats of active diffuse flow (in-flow) interrupted by adjacent habitats with no apparent expulsion of hydrothermal fluids (no-flow). The in-flow habitats were characterized by higher temperatures (1.6{\textendash}25.2 {\textdegree}C) and H2S concentrations (up to 67.3 {\textmu}M) than the no-flow habitats, and the microbial biofilms were dominated by chemosynthetic Epsilonproteobacteria. The no-flow habitats had much lower temperatures (1.2{\textendash}5.2 {\textdegree}C) and H2S concentrations (0.3{\textendash}2.9 {\textmu}M), and Gammaproteobacteria dominated the biofilms. Siboglinid tubeworms colonized only in-flow habitats, while they were absent at the no-flow areas, suggesting a correlation between siboglinid tubeworm colonization, active hydrothermal flow, and the composition of chemosynthetic microbial biofilms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.07.020},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, C E and Giovannelli, D and Govenar, B W and Luther, G W and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {ISI:000360368300003,
	title = {{Molecular study of bacterial diversity within the trophosome of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY-AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1, SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A large proportion of the faunal biomass in hydrothermal vent ecosystems relies on symbiotic relationships, with bacteria as a source of nutrition. Whereas multiple symbioses have been observed in diverse vent hosts, siboglinid tubeworms have been thought to harbour a single endosymbiont phylotype affiliated to the Gammaproteobacteria. In the case of the Northeast Pacific vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae, two previous studies suggested the presence of more than one symbiont. The possibility of multiple, and possibly habitat-specific, symbionts in R. piscesae provided a potential explanation for the tube-worm{\textquoteright}s broad ecological niche, compared with other hydrothermal vent siboglinids. This study further explored the diversity of trophosome bacteria in R. piscesae using two methodological approaches not yet applied to this symbiosis. We carried out 454-pyrosequencing on trophosome samples from 46 individual worms and used catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) to verify the presence of the major groups detected in the pyrotag data. Both methods yielded inconsistent and sometimes contradictory results between sampling sites, and neither provided irrefutable evidence for the presence of symbionts other than the expected Gammaproteobacteria. We therefore conclude that the other adaptive mechanisms must be considered to explain the broad physico-chemical niche occupied by the different growth forms of R. piscesae.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/maec.12169},
	author = {Forget, Nathalie L and Perez, Maeva and Juniper, S Kim}
}
@article {Faak2015,
	title = {{Near conductive cooling rates in the upper-plutonic section of crust formed at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {423},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {36{\textendash}47},
	abstract = {A new geospeedometer, based on diffusion modeling of Mg in plagioclase, is used to determine cooling rates of the upper section of the lower oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges. The investigated natural sample suites include gabbroic rocks formed at three different locations along the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise. These samples cover a depth interval of 0{\textendash}840 m below the sheeted dike/gabbro boundary and therefore allow the variation of cooling rate as a function of depth within the upper plutonic sequence to be determined. We demonstrate that the cooling rates we obtained are robust (reproducible and consistent across different vertical sections at fast spreading ridges) and decrease significantly with increasing sample depth (covering almost 4 orders of magnitude, ranging from \~{}1 {\textdegree}C y-1 for the shallowest samples to 0.0003 {\textdegree}C y-1 for the deepest samples). Both the absolute cooling rates, and the rate of decrease of cooling rate with depth, are consistent with conductive thermal models. In contrast, the absolute cooling rates determined from the deeper samples ({\textgreater}300 m below DGB), and the large decrease in cooling rate with depth are inconsistent with thermal models that include substantial cooling by off-axis hydrothermal circulation within the upper plutonic section of the crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2015.04.025},
	author = {Faak, K and Coogan, L A and Chakraborty, S}
}
@article {Mavor2015,
	title = {{Observation windows of the deep submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {49},
	number = {6},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {17{\textendash}31},
	abstract = {The basis of the design of ALVIN plexiglas windows is presented. Results of several tests of plexiglas windows are presented and discussed. It is concluded that the lapping of windows into their seats is unnecessary and that a close fit is not required. ALVIN windows are conservative in design for the operating depth of 6000 feet. The use of a test window seat which does not simulate the hull strains is satisfactory for window test. It is recommended that the conical window seat be extended inward beyond the window to allow for normal elastic extrusion. Plexiglas windows are susceptible to collision damage due to brittleness and low strength of the material. An external rubber gasket is required to prevent low pressure leakage.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@article {Bemis2015,
	title = {{The path to COVIS: A review of acoustic imaging of hydrothermal flow regimes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {159{\textendash}176},
	abstract = {Acoustic imaging of hydrothermal flow regimes started with the incidental recognition of a plume on a routine sonar scan for obstacles in the path of the human-occupied submersible ALVIN. Developments in sonar engineering, acoustic data processing and scientific visualization have been combined to develop technology which can effectively capture the behavior of focused and diffuse hydrothermal discharge. This paper traces the development of these acoustic imaging techniques for hydrothermal flow regimes from their conception through to the development of the Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS). COVIS has monitored such flow eight times a day for several years. Successful acoustic techniques for estimating plume entrainment, bending, vertical rise, volume flux, and heat flux are presented as is the state-of-the-art in diffuse flow detection.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.002},
	author = {Bemis, K G and Silver, D and Xu, G and Light, R and Jackson, D R and Jones, C D and Ozer, S and Liu, L}
}
@article {ISI:000349302600004,
	title = {{Size matters at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: different diversity and habitat fidelity patterns of meio- and macrofauna}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {520},
	year = {2015},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {57{\textendash}66},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Species with markedly different sizes interact when sharing the same habitat. Unravelling mechanisms that control diversity thus requires consideration of a range of size classes. We compared patterns of diversity and community structure for meio-and macrofaunal communities sampled along a gradient of environmental stress at deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N) and neighboring basalt habitats. Both meio-and macrofaunal species richnesses were lowest in the high-stress vent habitat, but macrofaunal richness was highest among intermediate-stress vent habitats. Meiofaunal species richness was negatively correlated with stress, and highest on the basalt. In these deep-sea basalt habitats surrounding hydrothermal vents, meiofaunal species richness was consistently higher than that of macrofauna. Consideration of the physiological capabilities and life history traits of different-sized animals suggests that different patterns of diversity may be caused by different capabilities to deal with environmental stress in the 2 size classes. In contrast to meiofauna, adaptations of macrofauna may have evolved to allow them to maintain their physiological homeostasis in a variety of hydrothermal vent habitats and exploit this food-rich deep-sea environment in high abundances. The habitat fidelity patterns also differed: macrofaunal species occurred primarily at vents and were generally restricted to this habitat, but meiofaunal species were distributed more evenly across proximate and distant basalt habitats and were thus not restricted to vent habitats. Over evolutionary time scales these contrasting patterns are likely driven by distinct reproduction strategies and food demands inherent to fauna of different sizes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps11078},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Fisher, Charles R and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Larson2015,
	title = {{Stealth export of hydrogen and methane from a low temperature serpentinization system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {233{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Chemical input to the deep sea from hydrothermal systems is a globally distributed phenomenon. Hydrothermal discharge is one of the primary mechanisms by which the Earth{\textquoteright}s interior processes manifest themselves at the Earth{\textquoteright}s surface, and it provides a source of energy for autotrophic processes by microbes that are too deep to capitalize on sunlight. Much is known about the water-column signature of this discharge from high-temperature mid-ocean Ridge (MOR) environments and their neighboring low-temperature counterparts. Hydrothermal discharge farther away from the ridge, however, has garnered less attention, owing in part to the difficulty in finding this style of venting, which eludes methods of detection that work well for high-temperature {\textquoteleft}black smoker{\textquoteright}-type venting. Here we present a case study of the plume from one such {\textquoteleft}invisible{\textquoteright} off-axis environment, The Lost City, with an emphasis on the dissolved volatile content of the hydrothermal plume. Serpentinization and abiotic organic synthesis generate significant concentrations of H2 and CH4 in vent fluid, but these species are unevenly transported to the overlying plume, which itself appears to be a composite of two different sources. A concentrated vent cluster on the talus slope channels fluid through at least eight chimneys, producing a water-column plume with the highest observed concentrations of CH4 in the field. In contrast, a saddle in the topography leading up to a carbonate cap hosts broadly distributed, nearly invisible venting apparent only in its water-column signals of redox potential and dissolved gas content, including the highest observed plume H2. After normalizing H2 and CH4 to the 3He background-corrected anomaly (3He$Δ$) to account for mixing and relative amount of mantle input, it appears that, while a minimum of 60{\%} of CH4 is transported out of the system, greater than 90{\%} of the H2 is consumed in the subsurface prior to venting. The exception to this pattern occurs in the plume originating from the area dubbed Chaff Beach, in which somewhat more than 10{\%} of the original H2 remains, indicating that this otherwise unremarkable plume, and others like it, may represent a significant source of H2 to the deep sea.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.007},
	author = {Larson, B I and Lang, S Q and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J and Lupton, J E and Nakamura, K and Buck, N J}
}
@article {Quattrini2015,
	title = {{Testing the depth-differentiation hypothesis in a deepwater octocoral}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {282},
	number = {1807},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {20150008},
	abstract = {The depth-differentiation hypothesis proposes that the bathyal region is a source of genetic diversity and an area where there is a high rate of species formation. Genetic differentiation should thus occur over relatively small vertical distances, particularly along the upper continental slope (200-1000 m) where oceanography varies greatly over small differences in depth. To test whether genetic differentiation within deepwater octocorals is greater over vertical rather than geographical distances, Callogorgia delta was targeted. This species commonly occurs throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico at depths ranging from 400 to 900 m. We found significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.042) across seven sites spanning 400 km of distance and 400 m of depth. A pattern of isolation by depth emerged, but geographical distance between sites may further limit gene flow. Water mass boundaries may serve to isolate populations across depth; however, adaptive divergence with depth is also a possible scenario. Microsatellite markers also revealed significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.434) between C. delta and a closely related species, Callogorgia americana, demonstrating the utility of microsatellites in species delimitation of octocorals. Results provided support for the depth-differentiation hypothesis, strengthening the notion that factors covarying with depth serve as isolation mechanisms in deep-sea populations.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2015.0008},
	author = {Quattrini, A M and Baums, I B and Shank, T M and Morrison, C and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {Govenar2015,
	title = {{Variation in the diets of hydrothermal vent gastropods}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {193{\textendash}201},
	abstract = {A prevailing paradigm of hydrothermal vent ecology is that primary consumers feed on chemoautotrophic bacteria. However, for the purposes of reconstructing vent food webs and for tracking energy flow from the generation of rock and fluid chemistry through primary/ secondary productivity and consumption to the overlying water column, it remains unclear which consumers feed on which bacteria. In paired analyses of carbon and nitrogen tissue stable isotope values with unique 16S rRNA sequences from the stomach contents, we determined that two species of gastropod grazers appear to feed on epsilon-proteobacteria, while two other species have more diverse diets, including one species that consumes alpha-proteobacteria, planctomycetes, and non-green sulfur bacteria. Different carbon fixation pathways used by epsilon- and alpha-proteobacteria may account for the variation in the carbon stable isotope values among the consumers. Furthermore, our results indicate that trophic specialization and niche partitioning may contribute to the distribution and abundance of vent-endemic gastropods and support the hypothesis that consumers in the warmer habitats commonly feed on epsilon-proteobacteria that use the rTCA cycle, while in the cooler habitats they feed on additional bacteria that use the CBB cycle. These results suggest that the phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of free-living bacteria may play an important and previously overlooked role in facilitating species coexistence among primary consumers at hydrothermal vents and other chemosynthesis-based ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.021},
	author = {Govenar, B W and Fisher, C R and Shank, T M}
}
@article {1072,
	title = {{Alvin Cleared to Return to Service}},
	journal = {Ocean News {\&} Technology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {13},
	abstract = {After a 3-year overhaul and major upgrade, the US{\textquoteright} deepest-diving research submersible, Alvin, has been cleared to return to work exploring the ocean{\textquoteright}s depths. The sub has been out of service since December 2010, undergoing a major upgrade that included the replacement of its personnel sphere with a newly fabricated, larger, more capable hull. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution operates the Navy-owned sub for the National Deep Submergence Facility on behalf of a consortium of universities and research organizations conducting deep ocean research. The Navy certified Alvin using its Deep Submergence Scope of Certification process, reviewing the design, construction, and materials used to ensure the vehicle performs as expected.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {Walsh2014,
	title = {{Alvin: Ocean Research Submarine}},
	journal = {Mechanical Engineering},
	volume = {136},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {28},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walsh, Joseph B. and Rainnie, William D.}
}
@article {943,
	title = {{Alvin takes first science dive since overhaul}},
	journal = {Ocean News {\&} Technology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {28},
	abstract = {Alvin, the nation{\textquoteright}s only deep-sea research submarine, took its first scientific dive Mar 15, 2014 after a 39- month hiatus and a major overhaul that dramatically upgraded the sub. Because the first dive site was only 320 m deep, the sub was on the bottom about 12 mm later, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution scientist Susan Humphris, Alvin pilot Bob Waters, and pilot-in-training Nathan Brown spent the next 5 hrs doing the undersea equivalent of a road test. Humphris described the tests of the Alvin{\textquoteright}s new command-and-control features that automatically maintain the sub{\textquoteright}s position, attitude, or heading.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {Madin2014,
	title = {{Alvin{\textquoteright}s animals: scientists in the sub have discovered hundreds of previously unknown species}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {51},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Madin, K}
}
@article {Winner2014,
	title = {{Bringing Alvin back on board: {\textquoteright}swimmers{\textquoteright} are key links between sub and ship}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {51},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Winner, C and Lippsett, L}
}
@article {ISI:000337512000014,
	title = {{Close association of active nitrifiers with Beggiatoa mats covering deep-sea hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {6, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1612{\textendash}1626},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal sediments in the Guaymas Basin are covered by microbial mats that are dominated by nitrate-respiring and sulphide-oxidizing Beggiatoa. The presence of these mats strongly correlates with sulphide- and ammonium-rich fluids venting from the subsurface. Because ammonium and oxygen form opposed gradients at the sediment surface, we hypothesized that nitrification is an active process in these Beggiatoa mats. Using biogeochemical and molecular methods, we measured nitrification and determined the diversity and abundance of nitrifiers. Nitrification rates ranged from 74 to 605molNl-1matday-1, which exceeded those previously measured in hydrothermal plumes and other deep-sea habitats. Diversity and abundance analyses of archaeal and bacterial ammonia monooxygenase subunit A genes, archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA pyrotags and fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were associated with Beggiatoa mats. Intriguingly, we observed cells of bacterial and potential thaumarchaeotal ammonia oxidizers attached to narrow, Beggiatoa-like filaments. Such a close spatial coupling of nitrification and nitrate respiration in mats of large sulphur bacteria is novel and may facilitate mat-internal cycling of nitrogen, thereby reducing loss of bioavailable nitrogen in deep-sea sediments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12316},
	author = {Winkel, Matthias and de Beer, Dirk and Lavik, Gaute and Peplies, Joerg and Mussmann, Marc I}
}
@article {ISI:000342693400001,
	title = {{The Cobb hot spot: HIMU-DMM mixing and melting controlled by a progressively thinning lithospheric lid}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {3107{\textendash}3122},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Cobb Seamount Chain in the northeast Pacific basin records the composition of the Cobb hot spot for the past 33 Myr, as the migrating Juan de Fuca Ridge approached and ultimately overran it ca. 0.5 Myr ago. In this first comprehensive geochemical study of the Cobb chain, major and trace element compositions and Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf isotopic ratios were measured for whole-rock samples from throughout the chain, and He isotopes were acquired for olivine phenocrysts from one seamount. Trace element modeling indicates increased melting along the chain over time, with progressively more depleted lavas as the ridge approached the hot spot. The isotopic data reveal the first evidence of the high mu (mu=U-238/Pb-204) (HIMU) mantle component in the north Pacific basin and are consistent with a progressively decreasing mixing proportion of HIMU melts relative to those from depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt mantle (DMM) in the chain over time. Decreasing lithospheric thickness over the Cobb hot spot due to the approach of the migrating Juan de Fuca ridge allowed adiabatic melting to continue to shallower depths, leading to increased melt fractions of the refractory DMM component in the hot spot and more depleted and MORB-like lavas in the younger Cobb seamounts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005334},
	author = {Chadwick, John and Keller, Randall and Kamenov, George and Yogodzinski, Gene and Lupton, John}
}
@article {Figueroa2014,
	title = {{Complete mitochondrial genomes elucidate phylogenetic relationships of the deep-sea octocoral families Coralliidae and Paragorgiidae}},
	journal = {Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Deep Sea Corals},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {83{\textendash}91},
	abstract = {In the past decade, molecular phylogenetic analyses of octocorals have shown that the current morphological taxonomic classification of these organisms needs to be revised. The latest phylogenetic analyses show that most octocorals can be divided into three main clades. One of these clades contains the families Coralliidae and Paragorgiidae. These families share several taxonomically important characters and it has been suggested that they may not be monophyletic; with the possibility of the Coralliidae being a derived branch of the Paragorgiidae. Uncertainty exists not only in the relationship of these two families, but also in the classification of the two genera that make up the Coralliidae, Corallium and Paracorallium. Molecular analyses suggest that the genus Corallium is paraphyletic, and it can be divided into two main clades, with the Paracorallium as members of one of these clades. In this study we sequenced the whole mitochondrial genome of five species of Paragorgia and of five species of Corallium to use in a phylogenetic analysis to achieve two main objectives; the first to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship between the Paragorgiidae and Coralliidae and the second to determine whether the genera Corallium and Paracorallium are monophyletic. Our results show that other members of the Coralliidae share the two novel mitochondrial gene arrangements found in a previous study in Corallium konojoi and Paracorallium japonicum; and that the Corallium konojoi arrangement is also found in the Paragorgiidae. Our phylogenetic reconstruction based on all the protein coding genes and ribosomal RNAs of the mitochondrial genome suggest that the Coralliidae are not a derived branch of the Paragorgiidae, but rather a monophyletic sister branch to the Paragorgiidae. While our manuscript was in review a study was published using morphological data and several fragments from mitochondrial genes to redefine the taxonomy of the Coralliidae. Paracorallium was subsumed into Corallium and the genus Hemicorallium was resurrected. This left two disjunct clades as Corallium, making that genus paraphyletic. One of the clades includes the type specimens of Corallium, indicating that clade should remain Corallium. For the other clade, we support the resurrection of the genus Pleurocorallium to fix the paraphyly of Corallium. Based on congruent phylogenies in both studies, the genus Pleurocorallium includes the species C. secundum, C. kishinouyei, C. konojoi, C. elatius, and C. niveum.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513002312},
	author = {Figueroa, D F and Baco, A R}
}
@article {ISI:000338213900015,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria encode a conserved and widespread nitrate reduction pathway (Nap)}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {8},
	number = {7},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {1510{\textendash}1521},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite the frequent isolation of nitrate-respiring Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, the genes coding for the nitrate reduction pathway in these organisms have not been investigated in depth. In this study we have shown that the gene cluster coding for the periplasmic nitrate reductase complex (nap) is highly conserved in chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Furthermore, we have shown that the napA gene is expressed in pure cultures of vent Epsilonproteobacteria and it is highly conserved in microbial communities collected from deep-sea vents characterized by different temperature and redox regimes. The diversity of nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria was found to be higher in moderate temperature, diffuse flow vents than in high temperature black smokers or in low temperatures, substrate-associated communities. As NapA has a high affinity for nitrate compared with the membrane-bound enzyme, its occurrence in vent Epsilonproteobacteria may represent an adaptation of these organisms to the low nitrate concentrations typically found in vent fluids. Taken together, our findings indicate that nitrate reduction is widespread in vent Epsilonproteobacteria and provide insight on alternative energy metabolism in vent microorganisms. The occurrence of the nap cluster in vent, commensal and pathogenic Epsilonproteobacteria suggests that the ability of these bacteria to respire nitrate is important in habitats as different as the deep-sea vents and the human body.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.246},
	author = {Vetriani, Costantino and Voordeckers, James W and Crespo-Medina, Melitza and O{\textquoteright}Brien, Charles E and Giovannelli, Donato and Lutz, Richard A}
}
@article {ISI:000338027700011,
	title = {{Depth-dependent gene flow in Gulf of Mexico cold seep Lamellibrachia tubeworms (Annelida, Siboglinidae)}},
	journal = {HYDROBIOLOGIA},
	volume = {736},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {139{\textendash}154},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Lamellibrachia vestimentiferan tubeworms form aggregations at hydrocarbon cold seeps in the deep Gulf of Mexico (GoM), creating structures that provide living space for other fauna. In the GoM, three Lamellibrachia taxa vary in morphology and depth ranges: Lamellibrachia luymesi (300-950 m), Lamellibrachia sp. 1 (950-2,604 m), and Lamellibrachia sp. 2 (1,175-3,304 m). While Lamellibrachia sp. 2 is consistently identified as a separate species, L. luymesi and sp. 1 cannot be discriminated using barcoding markers cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and large ribosomal subunit rDNA (16S). To determine if limited gene flow was a factor in the formation of these taxa, we employed more quickly evolving markers, including mitochondrial cytochrome B (CYTB), hemoglobin subunit B2 intron (HbB2i), and six polymorphic microsatellites; microsatellites were amplified across 45 L. luymesi and sp. 1 individuals. Additionally, we used microsatellites to ask whether populations of Lamellibrachia sp. 1 and sp. 2 show evidence of significant structure. Despite a lack of resolution seen with CYTB and HbB2i, L. luymesi and sp. 1 form genetically differentiated clusters at the cross-amplified microsatellites. Furthermore, we find no evidence for population structure for either Lamellibrachia sp. 1 or sp. 2 across the GoM.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0018-8158},
	doi = {10.1007/s10750-014-1900-y},
	author = {Cowart, Dominique A and Halanych, Kenneth M and Schaeffer, Stephen W and Fisher, Charles R}
}
@article {ISI:000346944000013,
	title = {{Diverse magma flow directions during construction of sheeted dike complexes at fast- to superfast-spreading centers}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {408},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {119{\textendash}131},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Dike intrusion is a fundamental process during upper oceanic crustal accretion at fast- to superfast-spreading ridges. Based on the distribution of magma along fast-spreading centers inferred from marine geophysical data, models predict systematic steep flow at magmatically robust segment centers and shallow magma flow toward distal segment ends. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) fabrics from 48 fully-oriented block samples of dikes from upper oceanic crust exposed at Hess Deep Rift and Pito Deep Rift reveal a wide range of magma flow directions that are not consistent with such simple magma supply models. The AMS is interpreted to arise from distribution anisotropy of titanomagnetite crystals based on weak shape-preferred orientation of opaque oxide and plagioclase crystals generally parallel to AMS maximum eigenvectors. Most dike samples show normal AMS fabrics with maximum eigenvector directions ranging from subvertical to subhorizontal. The distributions of inferred magma flow lineations from maximum eigenvectors show no preferred flow pattern, even after structural correction. We use a Kolmogorov Smirnov test (KS-test) to show that the distribution of bootstrapped flow lineation rakes from Pito Deep are not statistically distinct from Hess Deep, and neither are distinguishable from Oman and Troodos Ophiolite AMS data. Magma flow directions in sheeted dikes from these two seafloor escarpments also do not correlate with available geochemistry in any systematic way as previously predicted. These results indicate distinct compositional sources feed melt that is injected into dikes at fast- to superfast-spreading ridges with no preference for subhorizontal or subvertical magma flow. Collectively, results imply ephemeral melt lenses at different along-axis locations within the continuous axial magma chamber and either direct injection or intermingling of melt from other deeper ridge-centered or off-axis sources. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.022},
	author = {Horst, A J and Varga, R J and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {ISI:000345292900023,
	title = {{Diversity and abundance of Bacteria and nirS-encoding denitrifiers associated with the Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal system}},
	journal = {ANNALS OF MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1691{\textendash}1705},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Denitrification, which results in the loss of bioavailable nitrogen-an essential macronutrient for all living organisms-may potentially affect chemosynthetic primary production in hydrothermal vent ecosystems where sub-oxic conditions favorable to denitrification are common. Here we describe the diversity and abundance of denitrifying bacteria in the subsurface biosphere at Axial Volcano and the Endeavour Segment on the Juan de Fuca Ridge using a combination of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU or 16S rRNA) pyrotag and nitrite reductase (nirS) clone library sequencing methods. Bacterial communities were diverse and dominated by members of the epsilon- and gamma-proteobacteria, including taxonomic groups containing known denitrifiers. Assemblages of denitrifiers that could be evaluated by nirS gene sequence comparisons showed low diversity. The single nirS sequence shared by the two locations, affiliated with a gamma-proteobacteria isolated from estuarine sediments (Pseudomonas sp. BA2), represented more than half of all sequences recovered when clustered at 97 {\%} identity. All other nirS sequences clustered into different taxonomic groups, indicating important differences in denitrifier community membership between the two sites. Total nirS gene abundance was at least two orders of magnitude lower than 16S rRNA abundance. Overall, our results demonstrate that the diversity and abundance of the nirS gene-containing bacterial community are rather low, as might be expected under the extreme conditions encountered in the subsurface biosphere of hydrothermal vent systems, and do not correlate clearly with any environmental variables investigated (i.e., pH, temperature, and H2S, NO3-, NH4+ concentrations).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1590-4261},
	doi = {10.1007/s13213-014-0813-3},
	author = {Bourbonnais, Annie and Juniper, S Kim and Butterfield, David A and Anderson, Rika E and Lehmann, Moritz F}
}
@article {ISI:000340362500008,
	title = {{Eruptive timing and 200 year episodicity at 92 degrees W on the hot spot-influenced Galapagos Spreading Center derived from geomagnetic paleointensity}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {2211{\textendash}2224},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Eruptive timing in mid-ocean ridge systems is relatively poorly constrained, despite being an important variable in our understanding of many mid-ocean ridge processes, including volcanic construction; magma recharge, flux, and storage; and the stability of hydrothermal systems and biological communities. Only a handful of absolute eruption chronologies exist, yet they are essential in understanding how eruptive timing varies with important controlling variables. To construct an eruptive history at one location on the Galapagos Spreading Center, we present age determinations derived from geomagnetic paleointensity. To aid interpretation of the paleointensity data, we also present results from on-bottom magnetic anomaly measurements and forward modeling of topographic-induced magnetic anomalies. Anomalies may lead to a 1-2 mu T bias in flow-mean paleointensities, which does not significantly affect the overall interpretation. Paleointensity results for the three youngest sampled units are indistinguishable, consistent with the flows being emplaced in relatively rapid succession. Comparisons with models of geomagnetic field behavior suggest these flows were erupted sometime in the past 100-200 years. The fourth sampled unit has a significantly higher paleointensity, consistent with an age of roughly 400 years. The possible bias in paleointensity data allows for ages as young as similar to 50 years for the youngest three flows and 200-400 years for the oldest flow. This age distribution demonstrates an episodicity in the emplacement of the largest flows at this location, with a 200-300 year period of relative quiescence between emplacement of the oldest unit and the three youngest units.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005315},
	author = {Bowles, Julie A and Colman, Alice and McClinton, J Timothy and Sinton, John M and White, Scott M and Rubin, Kenneth H}
}
@article {ISI:000348463100008,
	title = {{Forever competent: deep-sea bivalves are colonized by their chemosynthetic symbionts throughout their lifetime}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {12, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {3699{\textendash}3713},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Symbiotic bivalves at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps host chemosynthetic bacteria intracellularly in gill cells. In bivalves, the gills grow continuously throughout their lifetime by forming new filaments. We examined how newly developed gill tissues are colonized in bivalves with horizontal and vertical symbiont transmission (Bathymodiolus mussels versus a vesicoymid clam) using fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy. Symbiont colonization was similar in mussels and clams and was independent of the transmission modes. Symbionts were absent in the growth zones of the gills, indicating that symbionts colonize newly formed gill filaments de novo after they are formed and that gill colonization is a continuous process throughout the host{\textquoteright}s lifetime. Symbiont abundance and distribution suggested that colonization is shaped by the developmental stage of host cells. Self-infection, in which new gill cells are colonized by symbionts from ontogenetically older gill tissues, may also play a role. In mussels, symbiont infection led to changes in gill cell structure similar to those described from other epithelial cells infected by intracellular pathogens, such as the loss of microvilli. A better understanding of the factors that affect symbiont colonization of bivalve gills could provide new insights into interactions between intracellular bacteria and epithelial tissues.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12597},
	author = {Wentrup, Cecilia and Wendeberg, Annelie and Schimak, Mario and Borowski, Christian and Dubilier, Nicole}
}
@article {Jamieson2014,
	title = {{Hydrothermal sulfide accumulation along the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {395},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {136{\textendash}148},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal sulfide deposits that form on the seafloor are often located by the detection of hydrothermal plumes in the water column, followed by exploration with deep-towed cameras, side-scan sonar imaging, and finally by visual surveys using remotely-operated vehicle or occupied submersible. Hydrothermal plume detection, however, is ineffective for finding hydrothermally-inactive sulfide deposits, which may represent a significant amount of the total sulfide accumulation on the seafloor, even in hydrothermally active settings. Here, we present results from recent high-resolution, autonomous underwater vehicle-based mapping of the hydrothermally-active Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Analysis of the ridge bathymetry resulted in the location of 581 individual sulfide deposits along 24 km of ridge length. Hydrothermal deposits were distinguished from volcanic and tectonic features based on the characteristics of their surface morphology, such as shape and slope angles. Volume calculations for each deposit results in a total volume of 372,500 m3 of hydrothermal sulfide{\textendash}sulfate{\textendash}silica material, for an equivalent mass of \~{}1.2 Mt of hydrothermal material on the seafloor within the ridge{\textquoteright}s axial valley, assuming a density of 3.1 g/cm3. Much of this total volume is from previously undocumented inactive deposits outside the main active vent fields. Based on minimum ages of sulfide deposition, the deposits accumulated at a maximum rate of \~{}400 t/yr, with a depositional efficiency (proportion of hydrothermal material that accumulates on the seafloor to the total amount hydrothermally mobilized and transported to the seafloor) of \~{}5{\%}. The calculated sulfide tonnage represents a four-fold increase over previous sulfide estimates for the Endeavour Segment that were based largely on accumulations from within the active fields. These results suggest that recent global seafloor sulfide resource estimates, which were based mostly on the sizes and distribution of hydrothermally-active deposits, may be similarly underestimating the amount of sulfide along the global submarine neovolcanic zones.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.035},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14001873},
	author = {Jamieson, J W and Clague, D A and Hannington, M D}
}
@article {Doughty2014,
	title = {{Insights into the population dynamics of the deep-sea coral genus Paramuricea in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Deep Sea Corals},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {71{\textendash}82},
	abstract = {Species in the genus Paramuricea are among the most common corals in deep waters ({\textgreater}200~m) of the Gulf of Mexico. Paramuricea spp. increase habitat heterogeneity and provide substrate for numerous faunal associates, including ophiuroids that occur on the majority of coral colonies. In light of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, it has become apparent that there is a critical need for data on population dynamics within this genus. To date, at least one species of Paramuricea (P. biscaya) is known to be negatively impacted by the spill. Using remotely operated vehicles from 2009 to 2011, we documented the density and size frequency distributions of Paramuricea across 21 sites at depths of 250{\textendash}2500~m. Molecular barcoding (mtCOI+igr+MutS) was used to delineate species boundaries among the specimens collected. Results suggested that seven haplotypes are present in the Gulf, and appear to be partially segregated by depth [(type H: was used to delineate species boundaries among the specimens collected. Results suggested that seven haplotypes are present in the Gulf, and appear to be partially segregated by depth [(type H: Paramuricea spp. determined by ROV surveys were mapped onto high-resolution bathymetric data, which confirmed the corals{\textquoteright} preference for topographic highs composed of hard substrata. At any one site, densities ranged from 0.043{\textpm}0.01 (VK906, 380~m) to 1.18{\textpm}0.81~colonies/m2 (GC852, 1410~m). Mortality and recruitment rates were estimated from size-frequency data combined with estimated growth rates. Mortality rate decreased with size, from approximately 20{\%} and 70{\%} in new recruits of Paramuricea B3 and P. biscaya respectively, to less than 10{\%} in colonies over 40~cm in both species. Recruitment rates were estimated from less than one to over 30 individuals per year per site, but patterns in size-frequency histograms suggest that this process is highly variable at the different sites and at different times. These data illustrate that populations of the slow-growing Paramuricea species are sparsely distributed and exhibit low recruitment rates, making them highly susceptible to anthropogenic threats.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.05.023},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513002142},
	author = {Doughty, C L and Quattrini, A M and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {Panieri2014,
	title = {{Late Holocene Foraminifera of Blake Ridge Diapir: Assemblage Variation and Stable-Isotope Record in gas-hydrate bearing sediments}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {353},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {99{\textendash}107},
	abstract = {The presence of gas hydrates on the Blake Ridge diapir, northeastern Atlantic Ocean, offers an opportunity to study the impact of methane seepage on the ecology and geochemistry of benthic foraminifera in the late Holocene. Three push cores, covering a time span of {\~{}}~1000~yrs, were retrieved from three distinct microhabitats at the top of the diapir at a water depth of {\~{}}~2150~m: (i) sediments away from seepage (control core), (ii) sediments overlain by clusters of methanotrophic and thiotrophic bivalves, and (iii) chemoautotrophic microbial mats. The foraminiferal assemblages at the two seep sites are marked by a reduction in benthic foraminiferal species diversity, coupled with a near-absence of agglutinated species. However, an opportunistic population rise in CH4- or H2S-tolerant calcareous species (e.g., Globocassidulina subglobosa and Cassidulina laevigata) that utilize the abundant trophic resources at the seeps has led to an increase in the overall assemblage density there. The $δ$18O and $δ$13C values of three species of benthic foraminifera - Gyroidinoides laevigatus, Globocassidulina subglobosa, and Uvigerina peregrina - and the planktonic species Globorotalia menardii were acquired from all three cores. The benthic species from methane seeps yield $δ$13C values of 0.1 to {\textendash}4.2 ({\textperthousand}VPDB), that are distinctly more 13C-depleted relative to the $δ$13C of 0.4 to {\textendash}1.0 ({\textperthousand}VPDB) at the control (off seep) site. The species from a mussel-bed site exhibit more negative $δ$13C values than those from microbial mats, possibly reflecting different food sources and higher rate of anaerobic oxidation of methane. The positive $δ$13C values in the paired planktonic species suggest that authigenic carbonate precipitation did not overprint the observed 13C depletions. Hence the probable cause of negative $δ$13C of benthic foraminifera is primary calcification from Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) containing mixed carbon fractions from (a) highly 13C-depleted, microbially-oxidized methane and (b) a seawater source.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.03.020},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322714000826},
	author = {Panieri, G and Aharon, Paul and Sen Gupta, B K and Camerlenghi, A and Ferrer, F P and Cacho, I}
}
@article {ISI:000345631900005,
	title = {{Microbial consumption of zero-valence sulfur in marine benthic habitats}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {11, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {3416{\textendash}3430},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Zero-valence sulfur (S-0) is a central intermediate in the marine sulfur cycle and forms conspicuous accumulations at sediment surfaces, hydrothermal vents and in oxygen minimum zones. Diverse microorganisms can utilize S-0, but those consuming S-0 in the environment are largely unknown. We identified possible key players in S-0 turnover on native or introduced S-0 in benthic coastal and deep-sea habitats using the 16S ribosomal RNA approach, (in situ) growth experiments and activity measurements. In all habitats, the epsilonproteobacterial Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group accounted for a substantial fraction of the microbial community. Deltaproteobacterial Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfuromonadales were also frequently detected, indicating S-0 disproportionation and S-0 respiration under anoxic conditions. Sulfate production from S-0 particles colonized in situ with Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum suggested that this group oxidized S-0. We also show that the type strain Sulfurimonas denitrificans is able to access cyclooctasulfur (S-8), a metabolic feature not yet demonstrated for sulfur oxidizers. The ability to oxidize S-0, in particular S-8, likely facilitates niche partitioning among sulfur oxidizers in habitats with intense microbial sulfur cycling such as sulfidic sediment surfaces. Our results underscore the previously overlooked but central role of Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group for conversion of free S-0 at the seafloor surface.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12410},
	author = {Pjevac, Petra and Kamyshny Jr., Alexey and Dyksma, Stefan and Mussmann, Marc}
}
@article {ISI:000341168300005,
	title = {{Microbial distribution in different spatial positions within the walls of a black sulfide hydrothermal chimney}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {508},
	year = {2014},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {67{\textendash}85},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal chimneys encompass diverse niches for different microbial communities with steep environmental gradients. An active sulfide hydrothermal structure was recovered from the Dudley site of the Main Endeavour Field in the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Subsamples were taken from different spatial positions within the chimney wall and analyzed for mineral composition and microbial biomass and community structure to illustrate the characteristics of microbial distribution and environmental constraints. Mineral analysis showed that the chimney was mainly composed of various Fe-, Zn-, and Cu-rich sulfides, with mineral composition and abundance varying with spatial position. Microbial populations in the chimney predominantly consisted of archaeal members affiliated with the deep-sea hydrothermal vent Euryarchaeota group, Thermococcales, and Desulfurococcales, as well as bacterial members of the Gamma-, Epsilon-, and Deltaproteobacteria. Microbial biomass and composition shifted dramatically and formed different microbial zones within the chimney walls, from predominantly mesophilic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterial communities at the outer surfaces to thermophilic or hyperthermophilic, archaeal sulfur-reducers in the inner layers of the chimney. Based on microbial physiological characteristics and their distribution profiles, we inferred that temperature, fluid geochemistry, and organic compounds probably play an important role in selecting for and sustaining microbial communities. Furthermore, in situ temperature regimes within the chimney walls were roughly estimated based on the temperatures supporting the growth of the dominant microbial groups.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10841},
	author = {Li, Jiangtao and Zhou, Huaiyang and Fang, Jiasong and Sun, Yannan and Dasgupta, Shamik}
}
@article {ISI:000331788900001,
	title = {{Microsporidia-nematode associations in methane seeps reveal basal fungal parasitism in the deep sea}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	month = {feb},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep sea is Earth{\textquoteright}s largest habitat but little is known about the nature of deep-sea parasitism. In contrast to a few characterized cases of bacterial and protistan parasites, the existence and biological significance of deep-sea parasitic fungi is yet to be understood. Here we report the discovery of a fungus-related parasitic microsporidium, Nematocenator marisprofundi n. gen. n. sp. that infects benthic nematodes at methane seeps on the Pacific Ocean floor. This infection is species-specific and has been temporally and spatially stable over 2 years of sampling, indicating an ecologically consistent host-parasite interaction. A high distribution of spores in the reproductive tracts of infected males and females and their absence from host nematodes{\textquoteright} intestines suggests a sexual transmission strategy in contrast to the fecal-oral transmission of most microsporidia. N. mansprofundi targets the host{\textquoteright}s body wall muscles causing cell lysis, and in severe infection even muscle filament degradation. Phylogenetic analyses placed N. marisprofundi in a novel and basal clade not closely related to any described microsporidia clade, suggesting either that microsporidia-nematode parasitism occurred early in microsporidia evolution or that host specialization occurred late in an ancient deep-sea microsporidian lineage. Our findings reveal that methane seeps support complex ecosystems involving interkingdom interactions between bacteria, nematodes, and parasitic fungi and that microsporidia parasitism exists also in the deep-sea biosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00043},
	author = {Sapir, Amir and Dillman, Adler R and Connon, Stephanie A and Grupe, Benjamin M and Ingels, Jeroen and Mundo-Ocampo, Manuel and Levin, Lisa A and Baldwin, James G and Orphan, Victoria J and Sternberg, Paul W}
}
@article {ISI:000343852900015,
	title = {{Molluscan species diversity at North Pacific hydrothermal vents: What we know and what it may mean}},
	journal = {AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN},
	volume = {32},
	number = {2},
	year = {2014},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {267{\textendash}277},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents in the deep sea are harsh, temporally unpredictable habitats with what appears to be a distinct fauna. Decades of subsea research with crewed and remote vehicles have generated a list of known species; is the species list complete? Evidence derived from mollusks sampled at hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise (EPR), and Gorda and Juan de Fuca ridges suggests that the answer is yes. A 2006 compilation of hydrothermal vent species based on decades of research is updated and compared to specimens from these three active ridges in collections of the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH) that resulted from limited collecting activity. Only three dives at each of the two Gorda Ridge vents collected all named species; 90{\%} of the 20 species known from Juan de Fuca Ridge were collected in nine cruises. At the EPR, only 81{\%} of the 43 known species were collected, but differences among the ridges were not significant. The limited FMNH collections increased the known ranges of six species from Juan de Fuca to Gorda Ridge and of nine species on the EPR. In addition, the EPR appears to host more rare species, potentially due to the frequent temporal changes at these vents. Mollusks currently known from each ridge, with their expanded ranges, are listed; the implications of these results for recent discoveries of slow-spreading vent fields are discussed.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0740-2783},
	author = {Voight, Janet R}
}
@article {Hu2014,
	title = {{New insights into cerium anomalies and mechanisms of trace metal enrichment in authigenic carbonate from hydrocarbon seeps}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {381},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {55{\textendash}66},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonates that form at marine hydrocarbon seeps provide a unique geological archive of past local environmental conditions and pore fluid geochemistry. Recent work on such carbonates revealed variable cerium (Ce) anomalies and anomalous enrichments of certain trace metals. However, the mechanisms accounting for such anomalies remain poorly constrained. Here, we characterize the rare earth element (REE) patterns of carbonate phases and the trace metal patterns of bulk carbonate rocks sampled at three hydrocarbon seeps located at Congo Fan pockmarks (CF) and the Gulf of Mexico sites AC645 and GB425. The analyzed CF, GB425, and AC645 carbonates yielded different REE patterns, displaying positive, no, as well as negative Ce anomalies. The covariation of molybdenum (Mo) with uranium (U), including authigenic Mo (Moauth) and U (Uauth) enrichments as well as (Mo/U)auth ratios proved useful to obtain new insight into the applicability of Ce anomalies to constrain past redox conditions. Trace element patterns suggest that (1) CF carbonates formed in a restricted sulfidic environment, while (2) the AC645 site experienced intermittent oxygenation causing negative Ce anomalies, and (3) environmental conditions were variable at the GB425 mud volcano site. Interestingly, GB425 carbonates show significant Mo, arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb) enrichments with the enrichment factor of As (AsEF) correlating well with the authigenic Fe fraction. These results suggest that iron oxyhydroxides played an important role in the adsorption of Mo, As, and Sb in the water column and their transfer to the sediment. The combination of trace metal and REE geochemistry of authigenic carbonates used here is a promising tool to better assess past variability of redox conditions and biogeochemical processes at marine hydrocarbon seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.014},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254114002538},
	author = {Hu, Y and Feng, D and Peckmann, J and Roberts, H H and Chen, D}
}
@article {ISI:000328605200015,
	title = {{Nitrate-based niche differentiation by distinct sulfate-reducing bacteria involved in the anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {150{\textendash}163},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Diverse associations between methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacterial groups (SRB) often co-occur in marine methane seeps; however, the ecophysiology of these different symbiotic associations has not been examined. Here, we applied a combination of molecular, geochemical and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) coupled to nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (FISH-NanoSIMS) analyses of in situ seep sediments and methane-amended sediment incubations from diverse locations (Eel River Basin, Hydrate Ridge and Costa Rican Margin seeps) to investigate the distribution and physiology of a newly identified subgroup of the Desulfobulbaceae (seepDBB) found in consortia with ANME-2c archaea, and compared these with the more commonly observed associations between the same ANME partner and the Desulfobacteraceae (DSS). FISH analyses revealed aggregates of seepDBB cells in association with ANME-2 from both environmental samples and laboratory incubations that are distinct in their structure relative to co-occurring ANME/DSS consortia. ANME/seepDBB aggregates were most abundant in shallow sediment depths below sulfide-oxidizing microbial mats. Depth profiles of ANME/seepDBB aggregate abundance revealed a positive correlation with elevated porewater nitrate relative to ANME/DSS aggregates in all seep sites examined. This relationship with nitrate was supported by sediment microcosm experiments, in which the abundance of ANME/seepDBB was greater in nitrate-amended incubations relative to the unamended control. FISH-NanoSIMS additionally revealed significantly higher N-15-nitrate incorporation levels in individual aggregates of ANME/seepDBB relative to ANME/DSS aggregates from the same incubation. These combined results suggest that nitrate is a geochemical effector of ANME/seepDBB aggregate distribution, and provides a unique niche for these consortia through their utilization of a greater range of nitrogen substrates than the ANME/DSS.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.147},
	author = {Green-Saxena, A and Dekas, A E and Dalleska, N F and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Kimball2014,
	title = {{Oxygen and carbon isotope fractionation in calcitic deep-sea corals: Implications for paleotemperature reconstruction}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {381},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {223{\textendash}233},
	abstract = {Inhabiting areas of the ocean where paleoenvironmental records are sparse, deep-sea corals represent valuable yet largely untapped Holocene records of intermediate and deep ocean variability. $δ$18O and $δ$13C were analyzed in nine live-collected deep-sea gorgonian corals (Isididae and Coralliidae) in order to further develop the {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} paleotemperature method. Least squares linear regression analysis for full lifespan $δ$18O vs. $δ$13C (corrected for $δ$18Owater and $δ$13CDIC) was utilized to yield equations of the form y = mx + b. $δ$18O and intercept values were found to be a function of temperature, and to approximate calcite $δ$18O equilibrium. The corals in this study extend the previously reported calibration (Hill et al., 2011) over a broader range of temperatures from 5 {\textdegree}C to 11.2 {\textdegree}C. When combined with the data from Hill et al. (2011), a new expression for the relationship between the $δ$18Ointercept value and temperature is proposed: T ({\textdegree}C) = -4.12 {\textpm} 0.38 ($δ$18Ointercept) + 12.32 {\textpm} 0.75(R2 = 0.90, p value {\textless} 0.0001) Error estimates are {\textpm} 0.7 {\textdegree}C for corals living at cold temperatures (2 {\textdegree}C), {\textpm} 1.4 {\textdegree}C in warmer waters (11 {\textdegree}C), and {\textpm} 0.5 {\textdegree}C at the mean water temperature of the data set (4.6 {\textdegree}C). The first multi-specimen verification of the {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} method was performed on three co-located bamboo (Isididae) corals and found to give nearly coincident $δ$18O intercepts. Detailed intraspecimen sampling reveals $δ$18O and $δ$13C isotopic variability within coeval portions of the skeleton. In one specimen, {\textquotedblleft}lines{\textquotedblright} method analysis was utilized on multiple samples taken from the same temporal increment of the skeleton, yielding multiple $δ$18O intercepts. Calculated temperatures using the calibration proposed here describe a temperature range of 7.9 to 10.3 {\textdegree}C, which approaches the temperature range of 11.1 {\textpm} 0.7 {\textdegree}C at the coral collection location.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254114002460},
	author = {Kimball, J B and Dunbar, R B and Guilderson, T P}
}
@article {Quattrini2014,
	title = {{A phylogenetic approach to octocoral community structure in the deep Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Deep Sea Corals},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {92{\textendash}102},
	abstract = {{Deep-sea communities are becoming increasingly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances, as fishing, hydrocarbon exploration and extraction, and mining activities extend into deeper water. Negative impacts from such activities were recently documented in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), where the Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused substantial damage to a deep-water octocoral community. Although a faunal checklist and numerous museum records are currently available for the entire GoM, local-scale diversity and assemblage structure of octocoral communities remains unknown, particularly in deep water. On a series of recent cruises (2008{\textendash}2011) using remotely operated vehicles, 435 octocorals were collected from 33 deep-water sites (250{\textendash}2500~m) in the northern GoM. To elucidate species boundaries, the extended mitochondrial barcode (COI+igr1+msh) was successfully amplified and sequenced for 422 of these specimens, yielding a total of 64 haplotypes representing at least 52 species. Further, at least 29{\%} of the species collected were either previously not known to occur in the GoM (12 species) or represent new species (at least three species). Overall, species richness at each site was fairly low (1{\textendash}12 spp.). The greatest species richness occurred at the shallowest () was successfully amplified and sequenced for 422 of these specimens, yielding a total of 64 haplotypes representing at least 52 species. Further, at least 29{\%} of the species collected were either previously not known to occur in the GoM (12 species) or represent new species (at least three species). Overall, species richness at each site was fairly low (1{\textendash}12 spp.). The greatest species richness occurred at the shallowest (n=8 spp.) and the deepest (2100{\textendash}2500~m: DC673},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.05.027},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096706451300218X},
	author = {Quattrini, A M and Etnoyer, P J and Doughty, C and English, Lisa and Falco, R and Remon, N and Rittinghouse, M and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {Nooner2014,
	title = {{Post Eruption inflation of the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {2676{\textendash}2688},
	abstract = {In June 2008, we installed a geodetic network at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N on the East Pacific Rise to track the long-term movement of magma following the 2005/6 eruption. This network consists of 10 concrete benchmarks stretching from the ridge to 9 km off-axis. During three campaign-style surveys, measurements of vertical seafloor motions were made at each of these benchmarks by precisely recording ambient seawater pressure as a proxy for seafloor depth with a mobile pressure recorder (MPR). The MPR was deployed using the manned submersible Alvin in 2008 and 2009 and the remotely operated vehicle Jason in 2011. The MPR observations are supplemented with data from a multiyear deployment of continuously recording bottom pressure recorders (BPRs) extending along this segment of the ridge that can record rapid changes in seafloor depth from seafloor eruptions and/or dike intrusions. These measurements show no diking events and up to 12 cm of volcanic inflation that occurred from December 2009 to October 2011 in the area of the 2005/6 eruption. These observations are fit with an inflating point source at a depth of 2.7 km and volume change of 2.3 x 10(6) m(3)/yr located on the ridge axis at approximately 9 degrees 51.166{\textquoteright} N, 407 m from our northernmost benchmark, suggesting that the magma chamber underlying this segment of the ridge is being recharged from a deeper source at a rate that is about half the long-term inflation rate observed at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. These data represent the second location that active volcanic uplift has been measured on a mid-ocean ridge segment, and the first on a nonhotspot influenced segment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005389},
	author = {Nooner, S L and Webb, S C and Buck, W R and Cormier, M H}
}
@article {Moore2014,
	title = {{Primitive melt replenishment and crystal-mush disaggregation in the weeks preceding the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption 9{\textdegree}50'N9{\textdegree}50'N, EPR}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {403},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {15{\textendash}26},
	abstract = {The 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption at \~{}9{\textdegree}50'N, East Pacific Rise provides an exceptional opportunity to investigate the magma plumbing system beneath a well-studied ridge system. The eruption was preceded by two years of increasingly intense seismicity and occurred from the same location as a previous and well-characterized eruption in 1991{\textendash}1992. Here we use the crystal cargo of samples from this eruption to investigate magma reservoir processes in the lead-up to the eruption, as well as their temporal relationship to the seismicity that preceded it. Compositional zoning in some plagioclase crystals indicates primitive melt replenishment occurred roughly six weeks or less before the eruption. This replenishing event is seen only in the crystals from the central region of the eruption (9{\textdegree}50'{\textendash}9{\textdegree}52'N). This is also the area where the most primitive lava compositions are observed and together these observations support models of replenishment being spatially focused. The short time between the input of a more primitive melt and eruption onto the seafloor suggests replenishment likely contributed to triggering the eruption. Rare resorbed plagioclase crystals, and glomerocrysts of plagioclase and olivine, some of which have rims far from equilibrium with their host melt, suggest that disaggregation of a crystal mush occurred within a few days prior to eruption. Interstitial melt from within this mush zone must have been mixed back into the erupted lava{\textemdash}a form of in situ crystallization. Thus, the erupted magmas evolved in a replenished-tapped magma reservoir in which at least a part of the crystallization occurred in situ.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.015},
	author = {Moore, A and Coogan, L A and Costa, F and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {ISI:000345703500011,
	title = {{Seven-year enrichment: macrofaunal succession in deep-sea sediments around a 30 tonne whale fall in the Northeast Pacific}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {515},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133{\textendash}149},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Whale falls cause massive organic and sulfide enrichment of underlying sediments, yielding energy-rich conditions in oligotrophic deep-sea ecosystems. While the fauna colonizing whale skeletons has received substantial study, sediment macrofaunal community response to the geochemical impacts of deep-sea whale falls remains poorly evaluated. We present a 7 yr case study of geochemical impacts, macrofaunal community succession, and chemoautotrophic community persistence in sediments around a 30 t gray-whale carcass implanted at 1675 m in the well-oxygenated Santa Cruz Basin on the California margin. The whale fall yielded intense, patchy organic-carbon enrichment ({\textgreater}15{\%} organic carbon) and pore-water sulfide enhancement ({\textgreater}5 mM) in nearby sediments for 6 to 7 yr, supporting a dense assemblage of enrichment opportunists and chemosymbiotic vesicomyid clams. Faunal succession in the whale-fall sediments resembled the scavenger-opportunist-sulfophile sequence previously described for epifaunal communities on sunken whale skeletons. The intense response of enrichment opportunists functionally resembles responses to organic loading in shallow-water ecosystems, such as at sewer outfalls and fish farms. Of 100 macrofaunal species in the whale-fall sediments, 10 abundant species were unique to whale falls; 6 species were shared with cold seeps, 5 with hydrothermal vents, and 12 with nearby kelp and wood falls. Thus, whale-fall sediments may provide dispersal stepping stones for some generalized reducing-habitat species but also support distinct macrofaunal assemblages and contribute significantly to beta diversity in deep-sea ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10955},
	author = {Smith, Craig R and Bernardino, Angelo F and Baco, Amy and Hannides, Angelos and Altamira, Iris}
}
@article {ISI:000332225300011,
	title = {{Spatial patterns of tissue stable isotope contents give insight into the nutritional sources for seep communities on the Gulf of Mexico lower slope}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {498},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133{\textendash}U481},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In this study, we present the first thorough trophic characterization of cold seep macrofaunal communities on the Gulf of Mexico lower continental slope ({\textgreater} 1000 m depth). We analyzed tissue delta C-13, delta N-15, and delta S-34 of vestimentiferan tubeworms, bathymodiolin mussels, vesicomyid clams, and their associated macrofaunal communities from discrete collections made across the entire lower slope. Over half of macrofauna associated with mussels and about half associated with vestimentiferans had delta C-13 values below -45{\%}. We also observed high spatial variability in the delta C-13 values of entire local communities, and the delta C-13 of associated fauna were significantly correlated with the delta C-13 compositions of the symbiotic species from the same location. These data indicate widespread incorporation of methane-derived carbon in mussel and vestimentiferan communities. This finding was particularly surprising in communities associated with older vestimentiferans, given the low rates of seepage observed in similar communities on the upper slope. On average, delta N-13 values in mussels and their associates were significantly more depleted and more variable than vestimentiferans, clams, and their associates, and there was a significant linear relationship between tissue delta N-15 values of mussels and their associated communities. The tissue delta S-34 values in macrofauna associated with vestimentiferans were more variable and significantly more depleted than mussel associates (delta S-34 = -16.8 to + 19.1{\%} for vestimentiferan associates and delta S-34 = -3.1 to + 20.8{\%} for mussel associates), consistent with higher isotopic fractionation during sulfate reduction in vestimentiferan habitats and a potentially higher nutritional contribution of sulfide-derived organic sulfur in vestimentiferan communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10598},
	author = {Becker, Erin L and Cordes, Erik E and Macko, Stephen A and Lee, Raymond W and Fisher, Charles R}
}
@article {Feng2014,
	title = {{Time integrated variation of sources of fluids and seepage dynamics archived in authigenic carbonates from Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {385},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {129{\textendash}139},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate rocks recovered from the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory in Mississippi Canyon block 118 (MC118) at approximately 900 m water depth were studied using mineralogical, bulk geochemical, and lipid biomarker analyses. Carbonate rocks occurred as fractured blocks and nodular masses incorporated in carbonate breccias. The carbonates were comprised mainly of high-Mg-calcite and aragonite. The stable carbon isotope composition ($δ$13C) of authigenic carbonate varied from - 29.8{\textperthousand} to - 18.1{\textperthousand} vs. V-PDB, suggesting a complex mixture of various carbon sources, including dissolved marine inorganic carbon (DIC), oil, as well as methane. Oxygen isotopes ($δ$18O) varied from + 3.4{\textperthousand} to + 5.8{\textperthousand}. The observed 18O-enrichment in relation to calculated equilibrium values in the carbonates probably reflects decomposition of gas hydrates. The most abundant lipid biomarkers in the carbonates were isoprenoidal glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), predominated by GDGT-2 and GDGT-3, which are typically indicators of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea (ANMEs). Mono- and bicyclic biphytanes (derived after ether cleavage of GDGT-2 and GDGT-3) showed strong 13C-depletion, which is characteristic for ANMEs. Interestingly, large differences between the $δ$13C values of the archaeal diether archaeol and acyclic biphytane on the one hand and monocyclic biphytane on the other hand suggest the presence of archaea other than ANMEs. Archaeol and GDGT-0 (containing two acyclic biphytane moieties) are commonly assigned to various methanogenic archaea. Where methane seepage activity is intermediate or low within acoustic wipeout zones at the MC118 gas hydrate site nowadays, microbial communities must have coped with changing conditions as well as longer-term fluctuations in oil and gas seepage or the temporary cessation of hydrocarbon flux in the past. The change from methane seepage to oil seepage or vice versa in addition to flux variability apparently favors the establishment of complex prokaryotic communities dominated by archaea. In addition to anaerobic oxidation of methane, local production of methane is apparently prominent at the study site based on the occurrence of biomarkers of methanogens in the authigenic carbonate. This finding adds to the ongoing multidisciplinary effort to better constrain the environment at the MC118 observatory site and to determine the locally dominant biogeochemical processes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.07.020},
	author = {Feng, D and Birgel, D and Peckmann, J and Roberts, H H and Joye, S B and Sassen, R and Liu, X-L and Hinrichs, K -U and Chen, D}
}
@article {ISI:000321177000006,
	title = {{Active positioning of vent larvae at a mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {92},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {46{\textendash}57},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The vertical position of larvae of vent species above a mid-ocean ridge potentially has a strong effect on their dispersal. Larvae may be advected upward in the buoyant vent plume, or move as a consequence of their buoyancy or by active swimming. Alternatively, they may be retained near the bottom by the topography of the axial trough, or by downward swimming. At vents near 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N on the axis of the East Pacific Rise, evidence for active larval positioning was detected in a comparison between field observations of larvae in the plankton in 2006 and 2007 and distributions of non-swimming larvae in a two-dimensional bio-physical model. In the field, few vent larvae were collected at the level of the neutrally buoyant plume (similar to 75 m above the bottom); their relative abundances at that height were much lower than those of simulated larvae from a near-bottom release in the model. This discrepancy was observed for many vent species, particularly gastropods, suggesting that they may actively remain near the bottom by sinking or swimming downward. Near the seafloor, larval abundance decreased from the ridge axis to 1000 m off axis much more strongly in the observations than in the simulations, again pointing to behavior as a potential regulator of larval transport. We suspect that transport off axis was reduced by downward-moving behavior, which positioned larvae into locations where they were isolated from cross-ridge currents by seafloor topography, such as the walls of the axial valley which are not resolved in the model. Cross-ridge gradients in larval abundance varied between gastropods and polychaetes, indicating that behavior may vary between taxonomic groups, and possibly between species. These results suggest that behaviorally mediated retention of vent larvae may be common, even for species that have a long planktonic larval duration and are capable of long-distance dispersal. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.032},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and McGillicuddy Jr., D J and Mills, S W and Kosnyrev, V K and Thurnherr, A M and Ledwell, J R and Lavelle, J W}
}
@article {ISI:000326430500019,
	title = {{Activity and positioning of eurythermal hydrothermal vent sulphide worms in a variable thermal environment}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY},
	volume = {448},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {149{\textendash}155},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Here we investigate behavioral responses to fine-scale spatial and temporal temperature gradients in a heat tolerant hydrothermal vent worm (Paralvinella sulfincola). While this species has been a model organism for understanding physiological adaptations to extreme environments, lacking are corroborative in situ experiments and characterization of temperature-related behaviors representing the lower thermal tolerance range of this species. To address this knowledge gap, we first quantified the upper thermal limit for this species using a rapid heating protocol executed remotely on the seafloor. Second, we used a combination of in situ observations and shipboard experiments to test for temperature-dependent patterns in activity and behavior. We confirm that P. sulfincola is remarkably eurythermal and demonstrates a thermal niche breadth exceeding 45 degrees C. We further show that the activity and positioning of worms relate to temperatures within its lower preferred range (i.e., between 4 and 20 degrees C). Worms tended to remain closer to their tube openings and held their branchial crown in a consistent location when fluids were relatively warm. By contrast, when fluids were cooler, both the distance worms were observed from their tubes and positioning of their branchial crown were more variable. A Bayesian hidden Markov model classified each worm at each time interval as being in a high or low activity state according to the magnitude of change in their orientation and how far they moved between successive time lapse images. We found that the transition between active and inactive states at any time period is related to fluid temperature. Our observations indicate that the behavior of the worms is temperature-dependent, which may in turn reflect temperature-related variables such as the delivery of food particles, dissolved oxygen concentration, or relative environmental variability. Our findings demonstrate that this species can respond behaviorally to very fine-scale environmental variability in a manner not simply predicted by models of increasing activity with temperature. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2013.06.015},
	author = {Bates, Amanda E and Bird, Tomas J and Robert, Katleen and Onthank, Kirt L and Quinn, Gerry P and Juniper, S Kim and Lee, Raymond W}
}
@article {ISI:000331111400001,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of short-chain alkanes in hydrothermal sediments: potential influences on sulfur cycling and microbial diversity}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {may},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Short-chain alkanes play a substantial role in carbon and sulfur cycling at hydrocarbon-rich environments globally, yet few studies have examined the metabolism of ethane (C-2), propane (C-3), and butane (C-4) in anoxic sediments in contrast to methane (C-1). In hydrothermal vent systems, short-chain alkanes are formed over relatively short geological time scales via thermogenic processes and often exist at high concentrations. The sediment-covered hydrothermal vent systems at Middle Valley (MV Juan de Fuca Ridge) are an ideal site for investigating the anaerobic oxidation of C-1-C-4 alkanes, given the elevated temperatures and dissolved hydrocarbon species characteristic of these metalliferous sediments. We examined whether MV microbial communities oxidized C-1-C-4 alkanes under mesophilic to thermophilic sulfate-reducing conditions. Here we present data from discrete temperature (25, 55, and 75 degrees C) anaerobic batch reactor incubations of MV sediments supplemented with individual alkanes. Co-registered alkane consumption and sulfate reduction (SR) measurements provide clear evidence for C-1-C-4 alkane oxidation linked to SR over time and across temperatures. In these anaerobic batch reactor sediments, 16S ribosomal RNA pyrosequencing revealed that Deltaproteobacteria, particularly a novel sulfate-reducing lineage, were the likely phylotypes mediating the oxidation of C-2-C-4 alkanes. Maximum C-1-C-4 alkane oxidation rates occurred at 55 degrees C, which reflects the mid-core sediment temperature profile and corroborates previous studies of rate maxima for the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Of the alkanes investigated, C-3 was oxidized at the highest rate over time, then C-4, C-2, and C-1, respectively. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to the potential competition between the anaerobic oxidation of C-2-C(4)alkanes with AOM for available oxidants and the influence on the fate of C-1 derived from these hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00110},
	author = {Adams, Melissa M and Hoarfrost, Adrienne L and Bose, Arpita and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000321109400006,
	title = {{Archaeal and bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids in chimneys of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {45{\textendash}53},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We detected archaeal and bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids in carbonate chimneys of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, an alkaline system near the mid-Atlantic Ridge. Isoprenoidal, archaeal tetraethers from this site include {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}H-shaped{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} GDGTs, crenarchaeol and GDGTs with 0-3 cyclopentane moieties (here referred to as GDGTs 0-3). Concentrations of GDGT-3 do not track those of GDGTs 0-2 across the sample set, suggesting that its biosynthesis may be subject to different controls. Two branched, bacterial GDGTs (brGDGTs) common in terrigenous environments were also detected. Consulting previously published surveys of microbial diversity at Lost City and literature on known precursor-product relationships, we investigated the provenance of these GDGTs. The principal source of GDGTs 0-3 is likely ANME-1 archaea, abundant at Lost City. H-shaped GDGTs are likely derived from thermophilic Methanobacteria and Thermoprotei. Marine Group I Thaumarchaea detected in Lost City chimneys are a potential source of crenarchaeol, but it is unclear whether they are autotrophic nitrifiers or representatives of a hydrothermal ecotype with different physiology. The detection of branched GDGTs, possibly synthesized by Acidobacteria at Lost City, adds to a growing body of evidence that the capacity for their biosynthesis is not restricted to acidophilic soil bacteria and that they cannot strictly be considered indicators of terrigenous contributions to marine sediments. Input of hydrothermally derived lipids has the potential to complicate paleoproxy applications based on GDGTs. We propose that H-GDGTs be viewed as indicators of hydrothermal input and that their detection in sediments warrants caution in proxy application when a hydrothermal origin for co-occurring isoprenoidal and brGDGTs cannot be excluded. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.04.010},
	author = {Lincoln, Sara A and Bradley, Alexander S and Newman, Sharon A and Summons, Roger E}
}
@article {ISI:000320852100014,
	title = {{Characterizing the distribution and rates of microbial sulfate reduction at Middle Valley hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {1391{\textendash}1401},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Few studies have directly measured sulfate reduction at hydrothermal vents, and relatively little is known about how environmental or ecological factors influence rates of sulfate reduction in vent environments. A better understanding of microbially mediated sulfate reduction in hydrothermal vent ecosystems may be achieved by integrating ecological and geochemical data with metabolic rate measurements. Here we present rates of microbially mediated sulfate reduction from three distinct hydrothermal vents in the Middle Valley vent field along the Juan de Fuca Ridge, as well as assessments of bacterial and archaeal diversity, estimates of total biomass and the abundance of functional genes related to sulfate reduction, and in situ geochemistry. Maximum rates of sulfate reduction occurred at 90 degrees C in all three deposits. Pyrosequencing and functional gene abundance data revealed differences in both biomass and community composition among sites, including differences in the abundance of known sulfate-reducing bacteria. The abundance of sequences for Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms and higher sulfate reduction rates at elevated temperatures suggests that Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms may have a role in sulfate reduction in warmer environments. The rates of sulfate reduction presented here suggest that-within anaerobic niches of hydrothermal deposits-heterotrophic sulfate reduction may be quite common and might contribute substantially to secondary productivity, underscoring the potential role of this process in both sulfur and carbon cycling at vents.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.17},
	author = {Frank, Kiana L and Rogers, Daniel R and Olins, Heather C and Vidoudez, Charles and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Feng2013,
	title = {{A comparative study of authigenic carbonates from mussel and tubeworm environments: Implications for discriminating the effects of tubeworms}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {110{\textendash}118},
	abstract = {The Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon seeps are often populated by dense mussel beds and tubeworm aggregations, as well as exposed authigenic carbonate outcrops. Previous studies suggest the activity of mussels and tubeworms could influence the sediment geochemistry of their habitats, resulting in variations in the stable carbon isotopes of the associated carbonates. However, this conclusion was based on the analyses of samples from a single site. To better understand whether there are consistent differences in the geochemical environments of mussels and tubeworms, mineralogical and stable isotopic compositions of authigenic carbonates from mussel and tubeworm environments from four seep sites were analyzed. The studied sites span a depth range of 1200~m to 2800~m on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope. We found that carbonate samples from tubeworm environments were more prone to contain aragonite whereas carbonates from mussel environments were more likely to have calcite. This finding supports the hypothesis that vestimentiferans release sulfate across their roots into the pore waters of the surrounding sediments, a process that could generate a locally sulfate-enriched environment that favors the precipitation of aragonite instead of calcite. Moreover, the $δ$13C values of tubeworm carbonates are generally lighter than that of mussel carbonates from the same site, which is consistent with the fact that tubeworms are fueling extra subsurface methane oxidation through the release of sulfate into the sediment. Such a process, consequently, enriches the subsurface dissolved inorganic carbon pool with light carbon derived from the seeping hydrocarbons. Taken together, our data suggest that tubeworms could produce a carbon isotope shift that is sufficient to influence the sediment geochemistry of their immediate area, and that this impact is reflected in the associated authigenic carbonates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2013.02.002},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063713000435},
	author = {Feng, D and Cordes, E E and Roberts, H H and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000325986500008,
	title = {{Detection and phylogenetic analysis of the membrane-bound nitrate reductase (Nar) in pure cultures and microbial communities from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {86},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {256{\textendash}267},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over the past few years the relevance of nitrate respiration in microorganisms from deep-sea hydrothermal vents has become evident. In this study, we surveyed the membrane-bound nitrate reductase (Nar) encoding gene in three different deep-sea vent microbial communities from the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Additionally, we tested pure cultures of vent strains for their ability to reduce nitrate and for the presence of the NarG-encoding gene in their genomes. By using the narG gene as a diagnostic marker for nitrate-reducing bacteria, we showed that nitrate reductases related to Gammaproteobacteria of the genus Marinobacter were numerically prevalent in the clone libraries derived from a black smoker and a diffuse flow vent. In contrast, NarG sequences retrieved from a community of filamentous bacteria located about 50cm above a diffuse flow vent revealed the presence of a yet to be identified group of enzymes. 16S rRNA gene-inferred community compositions, in accordance with previous studies, showed a shift from Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria to Epsilonproteobacteria as the vent fluids become warmer and more reducing. Based on these findings, we argue that Nar-catalyzed nitrate reduction is likely relevant in temperate and less reducing environments where Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria are more abundant and where nitrate concentrations reflect that of background deep seawater.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/1574-6941.12158},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Bohnert, Kenneth A and Cuebas, Mariola and Keddis, Ramaydalis and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000331366100001,
	title = {{Diffuse flow environments within basalt- and sediment-based hydrothermal vent ecosystems harbor specialized microbial communities}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents differ both in surface input and subsurface geochemistry. The effects of these differences on their microbial communities are not clear. Here, we investigated both alpha and beta diversity of diffuse flow-associated microbial communities emanating from vents at a basalt-based hydrothermal system along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and a sediment-based hydrothermal system, Guaymas Basin. Both Bacteria and Archaea were targeted using high throughput 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing analyses. A unique aspect of this study was the use of a universal set of 16S rRNA gene primers to characterize total and diffuse flow-specific microbial communities from varied deep-sea hydrothermal environments. Both surrounding seawater and diffuse flow water samples contained large numbers of Marine Group I (MGI) Thaumarchaea and Gammaproteobacteria taxa previously observed in deep-sea systems. However, these taxa were geographically distinct and segregated according to type of spreading center. Diffuse flow microbial community profiles were highly differentiated. In particular, EPR dominant diffuse flow taxa were most closely associated with chemolithoautotrophs, and off axis water was dominated by heterotrophic-related taxa, whereas the opposite was true for Guaymas Basin. The diversity and richness of diffuse flow-specific microbial communities were strongly correlated to the relative abundance of Epsilonproteobacteria, proximity to macrofauna, and hydrothermal system type. Archaeal diversity was higher than or equivalent to bacterial diversity in about one third of the samples. Most diffuse flow-specific communities were dominated by OTUs associated with Epsilonproteobacteria, but many of the Guaymas Basin diffuse flow samples were dominated by either OTUs within the Planctomycetes or hyperthermophilic Archaea. This study emphasizes the unique microbial communities associated with geochemically and geographically distinct hydrothermal diffuse flow environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00182},
	author = {Campbell, Barbara J and Polson, Shawn W and Allen, Lisa Zeigler and Williamson, Shannon J and Lee, Charles K and Wommack, K Eric and Cary, S Craig}
}
@article {ISI:000324094600001,
	title = {{Diversity and Distributional Patterns of Ciliates in Guaymas Basin Hydrothermal Vent Sediments}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {60},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {433{\textendash}447},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about protists at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The vent sites at Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California are characterized by dense mats of filamentous pigmented or nonpigmented Beggiatoa that serve as markers of subsurface thermochemical gradients. We constructed 18S rRNA libraries to investigate ciliate assemblages in Beggiatoa mats and from bare sediments at the Guaymas vent site. Results indicated a high diversity of ciliates, with 156 operational taxonomic units identified in 548 sequences. Comparison between mat environments demonstrated that ciliate and bacterial assemblages from pigmented mats, nonpigmented mats, and bare sediments were significantly different and highly correlated with bacterial assemblages. Neither bacterial nor ciliate assemblages were correlated with environmental factors. The most abundant ciliates at Guaymas were more likely to be represented in clone libraries from other hydrothermal, deep-sea, and/or anoxic or microaerophilic environments, supporting the hypothesis that these ciliate species are broadly distributed. The orange mat environment included a higher proportion of ciliate sequences that were more similar to those from other environmental studies than to cultured ciliate species, whereas clone libraries from bare sediments included sequences that were the most highly divergent from all other sequences and may represent species that are endemic to Guaymas.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1066-5234},
	doi = {10.1111/jeu.12051},
	author = {Coyne, Kathryn J and Countway, Peter D and Pilditch, Conrad A and Lee, Charles K and Caron, David A and Cary, Stephen C}
}
@article {Levin2013,
	title = {{Ecological release and niche partitioning under stress:lessons from dorvilleid polychaetes in sulfidic sediments at methane seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {214{\textendash}233},
	abstract = {Organisms inhabiting methane seep sediments are exposed to stress in the form of high levels of hydrogen sulfide, which result mainly from sulfate reduction coupled to anaerobic methane oxidation. Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta) have successfully invaded this ecosystem, and multiple species in divergent genetic clades co-occur at high densities. At methane seeps in the NE Pacific off California and Oregon, the genera Ophryotrocha, Parougia and Exallopus are especially well represented. To test the hypothesis that dorvilleid coexistence is facilitated by niche partitioning through sulfide tolerance and trophic patterns, we examined dorvilleid species-specific patterns of occurrence and nutrition at methane seeps off Eel R. [ER] on the Californian continental slope and at Hydrate Ridge [HR] on the Oregon continental slope, and in two habitats (clam bed and microbial mat) characterized by lower and higher hydrogen sulfide levels, respectively. Microelectrode measurements of hydrogen sulfide enabled characterization of environmental sulfide levels for species sampled in background sediment cores and in colonization trays. Dorvilleids tolerated H2S levels from 10~$μ$M to over 2.6~mM, with the majority of species inhabiting sediments with similar environmental H2S concentrations (median 85{\textendash}100~$μ$M). Dorvilleid species richness was greater at HR than ER, but did not differ between clam bed and microbial mat habitats. Species distribution patterns reflected preferences for ER clam bed (lower sulfide levels), ER mat and HR clam bed (moderate sulfide levels), or HR mat (very high sulfide levels). Nutritional patterns, including trophic diversity and functional similarity, were examined using community stable isotope metrics based on $δ$15N and $δ$13C. Within each region, dorvilleid species exhibited multiple trophic strategies. Co-existing congeners typically exhibited distinct isotope signatures, suggesting trophic partitioning. Trophic diversity and $δ$15N range for whole assemblages (measured by Total Hull Area and Standard Elliptical Area using species averages) and functional redundancy or species packing (measured as distance to nearest neighbor) among species and individuals were generally higher at ER, where sulfide levels were lower than at HR. In contrast, average trophic diversity among individuals within a species was greater at HR than ER. In colonization experiments involving agar-based manipulations of sulfide in tray sediments that mimicked clam bed and mat conditions, dorvilleids comprised 68{\%} and 48{\%} of colonists at ER and HR, respectively. Dorvilleid species richness was higher in trays that were initially more sulfidic. However, habitat exerted stronger influence on the composition of colonizing dorvilleids than did sulfide additions. In the NE Pacific, regional, habitat and vertical (down-core) variation in hydrogen sulfide creates complex environmental heterogeneity at methane seeps, promoting high diversity of stress-tolerant taxa such as dorvilleid polychaetes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000635},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G and Bertics, V J and Washington, T and Gonzalez, J and Thurber, A R and Ebbe, B and Lee, R W}
}
@article {ISI:000331550900001,
	title = {{Geomicrobiological linkages between short-chain alkane consumption and sulfate reduction rates in seep sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Marine hydrocarbon seeps are ecosystems that are rich in methane, and, in some cases, short-chain (C-2-C-5) and longer alkanes. C-2-C-4 alkanes such as ethane, propane, and butane can be significant components of seeping fluids. Some sulfate-reducing microbes oxidize short-chain alkanes anaerobically, and may play an important role in both the competition for sulfate and the local carbon budget. To better understand the anaerobic oxidation of short-chain n-alkanes coupled with sulfate-reduction, hydrocarbon-rich sediments from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) were amended with artificial, sulfate-replete seawater and one of four n-alkanes (C-1-C-4) then incubated under strict anaerobic conditions. Measured rates of alkane oxidation and sulfate reduction closely follow stoichiometric predictions that assume the complete oxidation of alkanes to CO2 (though other sinks for alkane carbon likely exist). Changes in the delta C-13 of all the alkanes in the reactors show enrichment over the course of the incubation, with the C-3 and C-4 incubations showing the greatest enrichment (4.4 and 4.5 parts per thousand, respectively). The concurrent depletion in the delta C-13 of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) implies a transfer of carbon from the alkane to the DIC pool (-3.5 and -6.7 parts per thousand for C-3 and C-4 incubations, respectively). Microbial community analyses reveal that certain members of the class Deltaproteobacteria are selectively enriched as the incubations degrade C-1-C-4 alkanes. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that distinct phylotypes are enriched in the ethane reactors, while phylotypes in the propane and butane reactors align with previously identified C-3-C-4 alkane-oxidizing sulfate-reducers. These data further constrain the potential influence of alkane oxidation on sulfate reduction rates (SRRs) in cold hydrocarbon-rich sediments, provide insight into their contribution to local carbon cycling, and illustrate the extent to which short-chain alkanes can serve as electron donors and govern microbial community composition and density.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00386},
	author = {Bose, Arpita and Rogers, Daniel R and Adams, Melissa M and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000325142700005,
	title = {{Growth kinetics and energetics of a deep-sea hyperthermophilic methanogen under varying environmental conditions}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {5},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {665{\textendash}671},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{A hyperthermophilic deep-sea methanogen, Methanocaldococcus strain JH146, was isolated from 26 degrees C hydrothermal fluid at Axial Volcano to model high temperature methanogenesis in the subseafloor. Emphasis was placed on defining growth kinetics, cell yields and growth energy demand (GE) across a range of conditions. The organism uses H-2 and CO2 as its sole carbon and energy sources. At various temperatures, pHs, and chlorinities, its growth rates and cell yields co-varied while GE remained uniform at 1.69x10(-11) J cell(-1)s(-1)+/- 0.68x10(-11) J cell(-1)s(-1) (s.d.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12065},
	author = {Eecke, Helene C Ver and Akerman, Nancy H and Huber, Julie A and Butterfield, David A and Holden, James F}
}
@article {ISI:000331170400001,
	title = {{Metagenome reveals potential microbial degradation of hydrocarbon coupled with sulfate reduction in an oil-immersed chimney from Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jun},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys contain a high diversity of microorganisms, yet the metabolic activity and the ecological functions of the microbial communities remain largely unexplored. In this study, a metagenomic approach was applied to characterize the metabolic potential in a Guaymas hydrothermal vent chimney and to conduct comparative genomic analysis among a variety of environments with sequenced metagenomes. Complete clustering of functional gene categories with a comparative metagenomic approach showed that this Guaymas chimney metagenome was clustered most closely with a chimney metagenome from Juan de Fuca. All chimney samples were enriched with genes involved in recombination and repair, chemotaxis and flagellar assembly, highlighting their roles in coping with the fluctuating extreme deep-sea environments. A high proportion of transposases was observed in all the metagenomes from deep-sea chimneys, supporting the previous hypothesis that horizontal gene transfer may be common in the deep-sea vent chimney biosphere. In the Guaymas chimney metagenome, thermophilic sulfate reducing microorganisms including bacteria and archaea were found predominant, and genes coding for the degradation of refractory organic compounds such as cellulose, lipid, pullullan, as well as a few hydrocarbons including toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene were identified. Therefore, this oil-immersed chimney supported a thermophilic microbial community capable of oxidizing a range of hydrocarbons that served as electron donors for sulphate reduction under anaerobic conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00148},
	author = {He, Ying and Xiao, Xiang and Wang, Fengping}
}
@article {ISI:000313236000014,
	title = {{Microbial diversity within basement fluids of the sediment-buried Juan de Fuca Ridge flank}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {161{\textendash}172},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite its immense size, logistical and methodological constraints have largely limited microbiological investigations of the subseafloor basement biosphere. In this study, a unique sampling system was used to collect fluids from the subseafloor basaltic crust via a Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit (CORK) observatory at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program borehole 1301A, located at a depth of 2667 m in the Pacific Ocean on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Here, a fluid delivery line directly accesses a 3.5 million years old basalt-hosted basement aquifer, overlaid by 262 m of sediment, which serves as a barrier to direct exchange with bottom seawater. At an average of 1.2 x 10(4) cells ml(-1), microorganisms in borehole fluids were nearly an order of magnitude less abundant than in surrounding bottom seawater. Ribosomal RNA genes were characterized from basement fluids, providing the first snapshots of microbial community structure using a high-integrity fluid delivery line. Interestingly, microbial communities retrieved from different CORKs (1026B and 1301A) nearly a decade apart shared major community members, consistent with hydrogeological connectivity. However, over three sampling years, the dominant gene clone lineage changed from relatives of Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator within the bacterial phylum Firmicutes in 2008 to the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group in 2009 and a lineage within the JTB35 group of Gammaproteobacteria in 2010, and statistically significant variation in microbial community structure was observed. The enumeration of different phylogenetic groups of cells within borehole 1301A fluids supported our observation that the deep subsurface microbial community was temporally dynamic. The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 161-172; doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.73; published online 12 July 2012},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2012.73},
	author = {Jungbluth, Sean P and Grote, Jana and Lin, Huei-Ting and Cowen, James P and Rappe, Michael S}
}
@article {ISI:000331366700001,
	title = {{Microbial habitat connec ivity across spatial scales and hydrothermal temperature gradients at Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) hydrothermal vent area is known as a dynamic and hydrothermally vented sedimentary system, where the advection and production of a variety of different metabolic substrates support a high microbial diversity and activity in the seafloor. The main objective of our study was to explore the role of temperature and other environmental factors on community diversity, such as the presence of microbial mats and seafloor bathymetry within one hydrothermally vented field of 200 x 250 m dimension. In this field, temperature increased strongly with sediment depth reaching the known limit of life within a few decimeters. Potential sulfate reduction rate as a key community activity parameter was strongly affected by in situ temperature and sediment depth, declining from high rates of 1-5 jimol m1-1 d-1 at the surface to the detection limit below 5 cm sediment depth, despite the presence of sulfate and hydrocarbons. Automated Ribosomal lntergenic Spacer Analysis yielded a high-resolution fingerprint of the dominant members of the bacterial community. Our analyses showed strong temperature and sediment depth effects on bacterial cell abundance and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) number, both declining by more than one order of magnitude below the top 5 cm of the sediment surface. Another fraction of the variation in diversity and community structure was explained by differences in the local bathymetry and spatial position within the vent field. Nevertheless, more than 80{\%} of all detected OTUs were shared among the different temperature realms and sediment depths, after being classified as cold (T {\textless} 10 C), medium (10 C {\textless} T {\textless} 40 C) or hot (T {\textgreater} 40 C) temperature conditions, with significant OTU overlap with the richer surface communities. Overall, this indicates a high connectivity of benthic bacterial habitats in this dynamic and heterogeneous marine ecosystem influenced by strong hydrothermalism.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00207},
	author = {Meyer, Stefanie and Wegener, Gunter and Lloyd, Karen G and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Ramette, Alban}
}
@article {Mills2013,
	title = {{Persistent effects of disturbance on larval patterns in the plankton after an eruption on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {491},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {67{\textendash}76},
	abstract = {To predict how benthic communities will respond to disturbance, it is necessary to understand how disturbance affects the planktonic larval supply available to recolonize the area. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) experience frequent local extinctions due to tectonic and magmatic events, but the effects on regional larval abundance and diversity are unknown. We had been monitoring larvae at 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N on the EPR prior to the 2006 eruption and were able to resume collections shortly afterward. We found that many species that were common before the eruption became significantly less so afterward, whereas a few other species experienced a transient spike in abundance. Surprisingly, overall species richness in the plankton was high 9 mo after the eruption, but then decreased sharply after 1~yr and had not returned to pre-eruption levels after 2 yr. These results suggest that recovery from disturbance may continue to be affected by limited larval supply even several years after a disturbance event. This delay in recovery means that larvae of pioneer species may dominate potential colonists, even after benthic habitats have transitioned to conditions that favor later-successional species. Moreover, the combined effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. mining) would be likely to cause more profound and long-lasting changes than either event alone. Our results indicate that we do not have sufficient data to predict the timing of recovery after disturbance in the deep sea, even in a well-studied vent system.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10463},
	author = {Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Beaulieu, S E and Adams, D K}
}
@article {ISI:000324619100004,
	title = {{Rare earth element geochemistry in cold-seep pore waters of Hydrate Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {GEO-MARINE LETTERS},
	volume = {33},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {369{\textendash}379},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), sulphate, hydrogen sulphide, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium and phosphate were measured in shallow ({\textless} 12 cm below seafloor) pore waters from cold-seep sediments on the northern and southern summits of Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon. Downward-decreasing sulphate and coevally increasing sulphide concentrations reveal sulphate reduction as dominant early diagenetic process from similar to 2 cm depth downwards. A strong increase of total dissolved REE (aREE) concentrations is evident immediately below the sediment-water interface, which can be related to early diagenetic release of REEs into pore water resulting from the re-mineralization of particulate organic matter. The highest pore water aREE concentrations were measured close to the sediment-water interface at similar to 2 cm depth. Distinct shale-normalized REE patterns point to particulate organic matter and iron oxides as main REE sources in the upper similar to 2-cm depth interval. In general, the pore waters have shale-normalized patterns reflecting heavy REE (HREE) enrichment, which suggests preferential complexation of HREEs with carbonate ions. Below similar to 2 cm depth, a downward decrease in aREE correlates with a decrease in pore water calcium concentrations. At this depth, the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulphate reduction increases carbonate alkalinity through the production of bicarbonate, which results in the precipitation of carbonate minerals. It seems therefore likely that the REEs and calcium are consumed during vast AOM-induced precipitation of carbonate in shallow Hydrate Ridge sediments. The analysis of pore waters from Hydrate Ridge shed new light on early diagenetic processes at cold seeps, corroborating the great potential of REEs to identify geochemical processes and to constrain environmental conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s00367-013-0334-2},
	author = {Himmler, Tobias and Haley, Brian A and Torres, Marta E and Klinkhammer, Gary P and Bohrmann, Gerhard and Peckmann, Joern}
}
@article {ISI:000326242700011,
	title = {{Reconstructing lava flow emplacement processes at the hot spot-affected Galapagos Spreading Center, 95 degrees W and 92 degrees W}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {2731{\textendash}2756},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions at mid-ocean ridges (MORs) control the permeability, internal structure, and architecture of oceanic crust, thus establishing the foundation for the evolution of the ocean basins. To better understand the emplacement of submarine lava flows at MORs, we have integrated submersible-based geologic mapping with remote sensing techniques to characterize the lava flow morphology within previously mapped lava flow fields produced during single eruptive episodes at the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC). Detailed attributes describing the surface geometry and texture of the lava flows have been extracted from high-resolution sonar data and combined with georeferenced visual observations from submersible dives and camera tows; based on signatures contained in these data, a fuzzy logic-based classification algorithm categorized lava flow morphology as pillows, lobates, or sheets. The resulting digital thematic maps offer an unprecedented view of GSC lava morphology, collectively covering 77 km(2) of ridge axis terrain at a resolution of 2 m x 2 m. Error assessments with independent visual reference data indicate approximately 90{\%} agreement, comparable to subaerial classification studies. The digital lava morphology maps enable quantitative, spatially comprehensive measurements of the abundance and distribution of lava morphologies over large areas of seafloor and within individual eruptive units. A comparison of lava flow fields mapped at lower- and higher-magma-supply settings (95 degrees and 92 degrees W, respectively) indicates that effusion rates increase along with magma supply and independent of spreading rate at the GSC, although a complete range of eruptive behavior exists at each setting.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20157},
	author = {McClinton, Tim and White, Scott M and Colman, Alice and Sinton, John M}
}
@article {Jamieson2013,
	title = {{Sulfide geochronology along the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2084{\textendash}2099},
	abstract = {Forty-nine hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate rock samples from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeastern Pacific Ocean, were dated by measuring the decay of 226Ra (half-life of 1600 years) in hydrothermal barite to provide a history of hydrothermal venting at the site over the past 6000 years. This dating method is effective for samples ranging in age from \~{}200 to 20,000 years old and effectively bridges an age gap between shorter- and longer-lived U-series dating techniques for hydrothermal deposits. Results show that hydrothermal venting at the active High Rise, Sasquatch, and Main Endeavour fields began at least 850, 1450, and 2300 years ago, respectively. Barite ages of other inactive deposits on the axial valley floor are between \~{}1200 and \~{}2200 years old, indicating past widespread hydrothermal venting outside of the currently active vent fields. Samples from the half-graben on the eastern slope of the axial valley range in age from \~{}1700 to \~{}2925 years, and a single sample from outside the axial valley, near the westernmost valley fault scarp is \~{}5850 {\textpm} 205 years old. The spatial relationship between hydrothermal venting and normal faulting suggests a temporal relationship, with progressive younging of sulfide deposits from the edges of the axial valley toward the center of the rift. These relationships are consistent with the inward migration of normal faulting toward the center of the valley over time and a minimum age of onset of hydrothermal activity in this region of 5850 years.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20133},
	author = {Jamieson, J W and Hannington, M D and Clague, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Holden, J F and Tivey, M K and Kimpe, L E}
}
@article {ISI:000326614000008,
	title = {{Sulfide oxidation, nitrate respiration, carbon acquisition, and electron transport pathways suggested by the draft genome of a single orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa (Cand. Maribeggiatoa) sp filament}},
	journal = {MARINE GENOMICS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {53{\textendash}65},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A near-complete draft genome has been obtained for a single vacuolated orange Beggiatoa (Cand. Maribeggiatoa) filament from a Guaymas Basin seafloor microbial mat, the third relatively complete sequence for the Beggiatoaceae. Possible pathways for sulfide oxidation; nitrate respiration; inorganic carbon fixation by both Type II RuBisCO and the reductive tricarboxylic add cycle; acetate and possibly formate uptake; and energy-generating electron transport via both oxidative phosphorylation and the Rnf complex are discussed here. A role in nitrite reduction is suggested for an abundant orange cytochrome produced by the Guaymas strain; this has a possible homolog in Beggiatoa (Cand. Isobeggiatoa) sp. PS, isolated from marine harbor sediment, but not Beggiatoa alba B18LD, isolated from a freshwater rice field ditch. Inferred phylogenies for the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and the reductive (rTCA) and oxidative (TCA) tricarboxylic acid cycles suggest that genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase and enzymes for carboxylation and/or decarboxylation steps (including RuBisCO) may have been introduced to (or exported from) one or more of the three genomes by horizontal transfer, sometimes by different routes. Sequences from the two marine strains are generally more similar to each other than to sequences from the freshwater strain, except in the case of RuBisCO: only the Guaymas strain encodes a Type H enzyme, which (where studied) discriminates less against oxygen than do Type I RuBisCOs. Genes subject to horizontal transfer may represent key steps for adaptation to factors such as oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration, organic carbon availability, and environmental variability. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1874-7787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margen2013.08.001},
	author = {MacGregor, Barbara J and Biddle, Jennifer F and Harbort, Christopher and Matthysse, Ann G and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Yuecel2013,
	title = {{Temporal trends in vent fluid iron and sulfide chemistry following the 2005/2006 eruption at East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {759{\textendash}765},
	abstract = {The chemistry of vent fluids that emanate to the seafloor undergoes dramatic changes after volcanic eruptions. Data on these changes are still limited, but the best studied example is the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9{\textdegree}50'N, where the temporal evolution of the vent fluid chemistry after the 1991/1992 eruption was documented. The area underwent another eruption sequence during late 2005/early 2006, and here we show that a similar evolution is recurring in the iron and sulfide contents of the high-temperature fluids sampled in June 2006, January 2007, and June 2008. The vents have had increasing dissolved iron and decreasing acid-volatile sulfide (free sulfide plus FeS) concentrations with 1 order of magnitude variation. In addition, chromium reducible sulfide (mainly pyrite) also had fivefold decreasing concentrations over the 3 years. Our results confirm a pattern that was noted only once before for 9{\textdegree}50'N EPR and emphasize the dramatic yearly variability in the concentrations of iron-sulfur species emanating from vents.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20088},
	author = {Yuecel, M and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Peterson2013,
	title = {{On the utility of radium isotopes as tracers of hydrocarbon discharge}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {156},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {98{\textendash}107},
	abstract = {Natural seepage of hydrocarbons commonly occurs in the Gulf of Mexico and numerous other locations around the world{\textquoteright}s oceans. In-situ quantification of discharge and transport of these hydrocarbons through the water column is somewhat limited by a lack of available tracers. Here, we consider the utility of using radium isotopes, which are commonly enriched in formation fluids contained within hydrocarbon reservoirs, as tracers of hydrocarbons discharged into the deep ocean. During a cruise in November/December 2010 through the Gulf of Mexico, radium isotopes (224Ra and 226Ra) revealed anomalous concentrations in near-bottom samples associated with the presence of hydrocarbons at several sites where hydrocarbon seepage was known to occur and observed real-time via the human-occupied vehicle Alvin. These tracers also indicated the presence of near-bottom hydrocarbons in the vicinity of the Macondo wellhead where the Deepwater Horizon blowout occurred months earlier. These hydrocarbons are presumed to originate from nearby gas seeps later identified by water column sonar returns. The short half-life of 224Ra (3.66~days) suggests that anomalously high unsupported activities of this isotope must be derived from recent (days to weeks) discharge. Sampling at the sediment{\textendash}water interface confirmed that the source of the water column radium isotope anomalies is likely benthic sources. These results suggest that radium isotopes may serve as useful tracers of hydrocarbons in such an environment, and we outline steps required to quantify discharge rates and transport time scales with these tracers.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2013.02.008},
	author = {Peterson, R N and Viso, R F and MacDonald, I R and Joye, S B}
}
@article {ISI:000314891500014,
	title = {{Why Orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa spp. Are Orange: Single-Filament-Genome-Enabled Identification of an Abundant Octaheme Cytochrome with Hydroxylamine Oxidase, Hydrazine Oxidase, and Nitrite Reductase Activities}},
	journal = {APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {79},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {1183{\textendash}1190},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Orange, white, and yellow vacuolated Beggiatoaceae filaments are visually dominant members of microbial mats found near sea floor hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, with orange filaments typically concentrated toward the mat centers. No marine vacuolate Beggiatoaceae are yet in pure culture, but evidence to date suggests they are nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. The nearly complete genome sequence of a single orange Beggiatoa ({\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}Candidatus Maribeggiatoa{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) filament from a microbial mat sample collected in 2008 at a hydrothermal site in Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California, Mexico) was recently obtained. From this sequence, the gene encoding an abundant soluble orange-pigmented protein in Guaymas Basin mat samples (collected in 2009) was identified by microcapillary reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) nano-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (mu LC-MS-MS) of a pigmented band excised from a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The predicted protein sequence is related to a large group of octaheme cytochromes whose few characterized representatives are hydroxylamine or hydrazine oxidases. The protein was partially purified and shown by in vitro assays to have hydroxylamine oxidase, hydrazine oxidase, and nitrite reductase activities. From what is known of Beggiatoaceae physiology, nitrite reduction is the most likely in vivo role of the octaheme protein, but future experiments are required to confirm this tentative conclusion. Thus, while present-day genomic and proteomic techniques have allowed precise identification of an abundant mat protein, and its potential activities could be assayed, proof of its physiological role remains elusive in the absence of a pure culture that can be genetically manipulated.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.02538-12},
	author = {MacGregor, Barbara J and Biddle, Jennifer F and Siebert, Jason R and Staunton, Eric and Hegg, Eric L and Matthysse, Ann G and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Thornhill2012,
	title = {{Adaptive radiation in extremophilic Dorvilleidae (Annelida): diversification of a single colonizer or multiple independent lineages?}},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	volume = {2},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1958{\textendash}1970},
	abstract = {Metazoan inhabitants of extreme environments typically evolved from forms found in less extreme habitats. Understanding the prevalence with which animals move into and ultimately thrive in extreme environments is critical to elucidating how complex life adapts to extreme conditions. Methane seep sediments along the Oregon and California margins have low oxygen and very high hydrogen sulfide levels, rendering them inhospitable to many life forms. Nonetheless, several closely related lineages of dorvilleid annelids, including members of Ophryotrocha, Parougia, and Exallopus, thrive at these sites in association with bacterial mats and vesicomyid clam beds. These organisms are ideal for examining adaptive radiations in extreme environments. Did dorvilleid annelids invade these extreme environments once and then diversify? Alternatively, did multiple independent lineages adapt to seep conditions? To address these questions, we examined the evolutionary history of methane-seep dorvilleids using 16S and Cyt b genes in an ecological context. Our results indicate that dorvilleids invaded these extreme habitats at least four times, implying preadaptation to life at seeps. Additionally, we recovered considerably more dorvilleid diversity than is currently recognized. A total of 3 major clades (designated {\textquotedblleft} Ophryotrocha,{\textquotedblright} {\textquotedblleft}Mixed Genera{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft} Parougia{\textquotedblright}) and 12 terminal lineages or species were encountered. Two of these lineages represented a known species, Parougia oregonensis, whereas the remaining 10 lineages were newly discovered species. Certain lineages exhibited affinity to geography, habitat, sediment depth, and/or diet, suggesting that dorvilleids at methane seeps radiated via specialization and resource partitioning.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.314},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.314},
	author = {Thornhill, D J and Struck, T H and Ebbe, B and Lee, R W and Mendoza, G F and Levin, L A and Halanych, K M}
}
@article {Cowen2012,
	title = {{Advanced instrument system for real-time and time-series microbial geochemical sampling of the deep (basaltic) crustal biosphere}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {43{\textendash}56},
	abstract = {Integrated Ocean Drilling Program borehole CORK (Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit) observatories provide long-term access to hydrothermal fluids circulating within the basaltic crust (basement), providing invaluable opportunities to study the deep biosphere. We describe the design and application parameters of the GeoMICROBE instrumented sled, an autonomous sensor and fluid sampling system. The GeoMICROBE system couples with CORK fluid delivery lines to draw large volumes of fluids from crustal aquifers to the seafloor. These fluids pass a series of in-line sensors and an in situ filtration and collection system. GeoMICROBE{\textquoteright}s major components include a primary valve manifold system, a positive displacement primary pump, sensors (e.g., fluid flow rate, temperature, dissolved O2, electrochemistry-voltammetry analyzer), a 48-port in situ filtration and fluid collection system, computerized controller, seven 24~V{\textendash}40~A batteries and wet-mateable (ODI) communications with submersibles. This constantly evolving system has been successfully connected to IODP Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Also described here is a mobile pumping system (MPS), which possesses many of the same components as the GeoMICROBE (e.g., pump, sensors, controller), but is directly powered and controlled in real time via submersible operations; the MPS has been employed repeatedly to collect pristine basement fluids for a variety of geochemical and microbial studies.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2011.11.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.11.004},
	author = {Cowen, J P and Copson, D A and Jolly, J and Hsieh, C -C and Lin, H -T and Glazer, B T and Wheat, C G}
}
@article {2365,
	title = {{Alvin Submersible{\textquoteright}s New Sphere Passes Pressure Tests}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {53},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {65},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {ISI:000309446000009,
	title = {{Anaerobic methane oxidation in metalliferous hydrothermal sediments: influence on carbon flux and decoupling from sulfate reduction}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10, SI},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2726{\textendash}2740},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a globally significant sink that regulates methane flux from sediments into the oceans and atmosphere. Here we examine mesophilic to thermophilic AOM in hydrothermal sediments recovered from the Middle Valley vent field, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Using continuous-flow sediment bioreactors and batch incubations, we characterized (i) the degree to which AOM contributes to net dissolved inorganic carbon flux, (ii) AOM and sulfate reduction (SR) rates as a function of temperature and (iii) the distribution and density of known anaerobic methanotrophs (ANMEs). In sediment bioreactors, inorganic carbon stable isotope mass balances results indicated that AOM accounted for between 16{\%} and 86{\%} of the inorganic carbon produced, underscoring the role of AOM in governing inorganic carbon flux from these sediments. At 90 degrees C, AOM occurred in the absence of SR, demonstrating a striking decoupling of AOM from SR. An abundance of Fe(III)-bearing minerals resembling mixed valent Fe oxides, such as green rust, suggests the potential for a coupling of AOM to Fe(III) reduction in these metalliferous sediments. While SR bacteria were only observed in cooler temperature sediments, ANMEs allied to ANME-1 ribotypes, including a putative ANME-1c group, were found across all temperature regimes and represented a substantial proportion of the archaeal community. In concert, these results extend and reshape our understanding of the nature of high temperature methane biogeochemistry, providing insight into the physiology and ecology of thermophilic anaerobic methanotrophy and suggesting that AOM may play a central role in regulating biological dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes to the deep ocean from the organic-poor, metalliferous sediments of the global mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent system.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02825.x},
	author = {Wankel, Scott D and Adams, Melissa M and Johnston, David T and Hansel, Colleen M and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {ISI:000302950700011,
	title = {{Anaerobic oxidation of methane at different temperature regimes in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1018{\textendash}1031},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) was investigated in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin based on delta C-13 signatures of CH4, dissolved inorganic carbon and porewater concentration profiles of CH4 and sulfate. Cool, warm and hot in-situ temperature regimes (15-20 degrees C, 30-35 degrees C and 70-95 degrees C) were selected from hydrothermal locations in Guaymas Basin to compare AOM geochemistry and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), mcrA and dsrAB genes of the microbial communities. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the cool and hot AOM cores yielded similar archaeal types such as Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group, Thermoproteales and anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME)-1; some of the ANME-1 archaea formed a separate 16S rRNA lineage that at present seems to be limited to Guaymas Basin. Congruent results were obtained by mcrA gene analysis. The warm AOM core, chemically distinct by lower porewater sulfide concentrations, hosted a different archaeal community dominated by the two deep subsurface archaeal lineages Marine Benthic Group D and Marine Benthic Group B, and by members of the Methanosarcinales including ANME-2 archaea. This distinct composition of the methane-cycling archaeal community in the warm AOM core was confirmed by mcrA gene analysis. Functional genes of sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea, dsrAB, showed more overlap between all cores, regardless of the core temperature. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries with Euryarchaeota-specific primers detected members of the Archaeoglobus clade in the cool and hot cores. A V6-tag high-throughput sequencing survey generally supported the clone library results while providing high-resolution detail on archaeal and bacterial community structure. These results indicate that AOM and the responsible archaeal communities persist over a wide temperature range. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 1018-1031; doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.164; published online 17 November 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.164},
	author = {Biddle, Jennifer F and Cardman, Zena and Mendlovitz, Howard and Albert, Daniel B and Lloyd, Karen G and Boetius, Antje and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Thurber2012,
	title = {{Archaea in metazoan diets: implications for food webs and biogeochemical cycling}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {6},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1602{\textendash}1612},
	publisher = {International Society for Microbial Ecology},
	abstract = {Although the importance of trophic linkages, including {\textquoteleft}top-down forcing{\textquoteright}, on energy flow and ecosystem productivity is recognized, the influence of metazoan grazing on Archaea and the biogeochemical processes that they mediate is unknown. Here, we test if: (1) Archaea provide a food source sufficient to allow metazoan fauna to complete their life cycle; (2) neutral lipid biomarkers (including crocetane) can be used to identify Archaea consumers; and (3) archaeal aggregates are a dietary source for methane seep metazoans. In the laboratory, we demonstrated that a dorvilleid polychaete, Ophryotrocha labronica, can complete its life cycle on two strains of Euryarchaeota with the same growth rate as when fed bacterial and eukaryotic food. Archaea were therefore confirmed as a digestible and nutritious food source sufficient to sustain metazoan populations. Both strains of Euryarchaeota used as food sources had unique lipids that were not incorporated into O. labronica tissues. At methane seeps, sulfate-reducing bacteria that form aggregations and live syntrophically with anaerobic-methane oxidizing Archaea contain isotopically and structurally unique fatty acids (FAs). These biomarkers were incorporated into tissues of an endolithofaunal dorvilleid polychaete species from Costa Rica (mean bulk $δ$13C=-92{\textpm}4{\textperthousand}; polar lipids -116{\textperthousand}) documenting consumption of archaeal-bacterial aggregates. FA composition of additional soft-sediment methane seep species from Oregon and California provided evidence that consumption of archaeal-bacterial aggregates is widespread at methane seeps. This work is the first to show that Archaea are consumed by heterotrophic metazoans, a trophic process we coin as {\textquoteleft}archivory{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2012.16},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v6/n8/suppinfo/ismej201216s1.html},
	author = {Thurber, A R and Levin, L A and Orphan, V J and Marlow, J J}
}
@article {Luther2012,
	title = {{Chemistry, Temperature, and Faunal Distributions at Diffuse-Flow Hydrothermal Vents Comparison of Two Geologically Distinct Ridge Systems}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {234{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Diffuse-flow, low-temperature areas near hydrothermal vents support life via chemosynthesis: hydrogen sulfide (and other reduced chemical compounds) emanating from the subsurface is oxidized with bottom-water oxygen through bacterial mediation to fix carbon dioxide and produce biomass. This article reviews the in~situ diffuse-flow chemistry (mainly H2S and O2) and temperature data collected in 2006 and 2009 along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC), and from 2004 to 2008 at 9{\textdegree}N along the East Pacific Rise (9 N EPR), predominantly around macrofauna that contain endosymbionts at these two hydrothermal vent regions. More than 48,000 and 20,000 distinct chemical and temperature data points were collected with a multi-analyte electrochemical analyzer in the diffuse-flow waters at 9 N EPR and the ELSC, respectively. Despite their different geological settings and different macrofauna (two different species of snails and mussels at the ELSC versus two different species of tubeworms and mussels at 9 N EPR), there are similarities in the temperature and chemistry data, as well as in the distributions of organisms. The pattern of water chemistry preferred by the provannid snails (Alviniconcha~spp., Ifremeria nautilei) and Bathymodiolus brevior at the ELSC is similar to the water chemistry pattern found for the siboglinid tubeworms (Tevnia jerichonana, Riftia pachyptila) and the Bathymodiolus thermophilus mussels at 9 N EPR. The eruptions at 9 N EPR in 2005 and 2006 resulted in increased H2S concentrations, increased H2S/T ratios, and an initial change in the dominant tubeworm species from Riftia pachyptila to Tevnia jerichonana after the eruption created new vent habitats. In 2005, two sites at 9 N EPR showed major increases in the H2S/T ratio from 2004, which suggested a probable eruption in this basalt-dominated system. At the ELSC, there was a decrease in the H2S/T ratio from northern to southern sites, which reflects the change in geological setting from basalt to andesite and the shallower water depths at the southern sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.22},
	author = {Luther, G W and Gartman, A and Yuecel, M and Madison, A S and Moore, T S and Nees, H A and Nuzzio, D B and Sen, A and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000307173100006,
	title = {{Chrysogorgia from the New England and Corner Seamounts: Atlantic-Pacific connections}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM},
	volume = {92},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {911{\textendash}927},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Recent exploration of the New England and Corner Seamounts revealed four new species of Chrysogorgia, described here using a combination of molecular and morphological data. These four species are characterized by a sinistral spiral, a character that, with one known exception, has only been reported for Pacific species. In addition, two species have a sclerite composition typical of the Pacific ({\textquoteright}squamosae typicae{\textquoteright}). This faunal connection between the Atlantic and the Pacific is confirmed by analysis of the mitochondrial msh1 gene. The exceptional preservation of specimens collected with remotely operated vehicles allows us to discuss the effect of growth on some morphological characters.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315411001354},
	author = {Pante, Eric and Watling, Les}
}
@article {Guilini2012,
	title = {{Cold seep and oxygen minimum zone associated sources of margin heterogeneity affect benthic assemblages, diversity and nutrition at the Cascadian margin (NE Pacific Ocean)}},
	journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {77{\textendash}92},
	abstract = {Hydrate Ridge (HR), located on the northeastern Pacific margin off Oregon, is characterized by the presence of outcropping hydrates and active methane seepage. Additionally, permanent low oxygen conditions overlay the benthic realm. This study evaluated the relative influence of both seepage and oxygen minima as sources of habitat heterogeneity and potential stress-inducing features on the bathyal metazoan benthos (primarily nematodes) at three different seep and non-seep HR locations, exposed to decreasing bottom-water oxygen concentrations with increasing water depth. The nematode seep communities at HR exhibited low diversity with dominance of only one or two genera (Daptonema and Metadesmolaimus), elevated average individual biomass and $δ$13C evidence for strong dependance on chemosynthesis-derived carbon, resembling deep-sea seeps worldwide. Although the HR seep habitats harbored a distinct nematode community like in other known seep communities, they differed from deep-sea seeps in well-oxygenated waters based on that they shared the dominant genera with the surrounding non-seep sediments overlain by oxygen-deficient bottom water. The homogenizing effect of the oxygen minimum zone on the seep nematode assemblages and surrounding sediments was constant with increasing water depth and concomitant greater oxygen-deficiency, resulting in a loss of habitat heterogeneity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2011.10.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.10.003},
	author = {Guilini, K and Levin, L A and Vanreusel, A}
}
@article {Ventura2012,
	title = {{The composition, origin and fate of complex mixtures in the maltene fractions of hydrothermal petroleum assessed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {48{\textendash}65},
	abstract = {Sedimentary organic matter in hydrothermal systems can be altered by high temperature fluids to generate petroleum. The saturated and aromatic fractions of these hydrothermal oils are compositionally similar to conventional oil with the exception that they often contain higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as well as substantial mixtures of coeluting organic compounds that produce dramatically rising signal on the baseline of gas chromatograms termed unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs). Little is known about the compounds that compose UCMs and why or how they form. This is in part due to an inability to discriminate between in situ and migrated components that characterize the petroleum generated in hydrothermal systems. However, UCMs are also a product of the limitations imbedded in analytical separation techniques. With the advent of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC~{\texttimes}~GC), a revision of what should constitute molecular complexity needs to be considered. We address these problems by comparing the molecular compositions of the maltene fractions of three previously published hydrothermal petroleum samples using time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}ToF-MS) and 12 hydrothermal petroleum samples in cores from three locales using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}FID). The sediment cores were collected from Middle Valley, located off the axis of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and the Escanaba Trough, along the Gorda Ridge, both in the NE Pacific Ocean, as well as from the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California. We define a UCM in GC~{\texttimes}~GC data to be a condition in which ⩾25{\%} of the detected peaks within a chromatographic area coelute in either the first or second dimension. In turn, complex (CM) and simple mixtures (SM) are defined as having 5{\textendash}24{\%} and and migrated components that characterize the petroleum generated in hydrothermal systems. However, UCMs are also a product of the limitations imbedded in analytical separation techniques. With the advent of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC~{\texttimes}~GC), a revision of what should constitute molecular complexity needs to be considered. We address these problems by comparing the molecular compositions of the maltene fractions of three previously published hydrothermal petroleum samples using time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}ToF-MS) and 12 hydrothermal petroleum samples in cores from three locales using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}FID). The sediment cores were collected from Middle Valley, located off the axis of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and the Escanaba Trough, along the Gorda Ridge, both in the NE Pacific Ocean, as well as from the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California. We define a UCM in GC~{\texttimes}~GC data to be a condition in which ⩾25{\%} of the detected peaks within a chromatographic area coelute in either the first or second dimension. In turn, complex (CM) and simple mixtures (SM) are defined as having 5{\textendash}24{\%} and},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.01.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.01.002},
	author = {Ventura, G T and Simoneit, B R T and Nelson, R K and Reddy, C M}
}
@mastersthesis {Lemkau2012,
	title = {{Comprehensive study of a heavy fuel oil spill : modeling and analytical approaches to understanding environmental weathering}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2012},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {Driven by increasingly heavy oil reserves and more efficient refining technologies, use of heavy fuel oils for power generation is rising. Unlike other refined products and crude oils, a large portion of these heavy oils is undetectable using the traditional gas chromatography-based techniques on which oil spill science has been based. In the current study, samples collected after the 2007 M/V Cosco Busan heavy fuel oil spill (San Francisco, CA) were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)-based techniques, numerical modeling and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to examine natural weathering of the oil over a one and a half year period. Traditional GC techniques detected variable evidence of evaporation/ dissolution, biodegradation and photodegradation. Petroleum hydrocarbon compounds smaller than {\~{}}n-C16 were rapidly lost due to evaporation and dissolution. Significant biodegradation was not detected until one month post spill while photodegradation was only observed at one field site. To further examine the processes of evaporation and dissolution, samples were analyzed with comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC{\texttimes}GC) and a physiochemical model developed to approximate quantitative apportionment of compounds lost to the atmosphere and water. Model results suggest temperature is the primary control of evaporation. Finally, to examine the prominent non-GC amenable component of the oil, samples were analyzed with FT-ICR MS. Results showed expected clustering of samples, with those samples collected sooner after the spill having the most compositional similarity to the unweathered oil. Analysis of dominant heteroatom classes within the oil showed losses of high molecular weight species and the formation of stable core structures with time. These results highlight the susceptibility to weathering of these higher molecular weight components, previously believed to be recalcitrant in the environment. Research findings indicate that environmental weathering results in removal or alteration of larger alkylated compounds as well as loss of lower molecular weight species through evaporation/dissolution, biodegradation and photodegradation, with a resultant fraction of stable compounds likely to remain in the environment years after the spill. This research demonstrates the advantages of combining multiple analytical and modeling approaches for a fuller understanding of oil spill chemistry.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/5278},
	author = {Lemkau, K L}
}
@mastersthesis {Stanway2012,
	title = {{Contributions to automated realtime underwater navigation}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2012},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {This dissertation presents three separate{\textendash}but related{\textendash}contributions to the art of underwater navigation. These methods may be used in postprocessing with a human in the loop, but the overarching goal is to enhance vehicle autonomy, so the emphasis is on automated approaches that can be used in realtime. The three research threads are: i) in situ navigation sensor alignment, ii) dead reckoning through the water column, and iii) model-driven delayed measurement fusion. Contributions to each of these areas have been demonstrated in simulation, with laboratory data, or in the field{\textendash}some have been demonstrated in all three arenas. The solution to the in situ navigation sensor alignment problem is an asymptotically stable adaptive identifier formulated using rotors in Geometric Algebra. This identifier is applied to precisely estimate the unknown alignment between a gyrocompass and Doppler velocity log, with the goal of improving realtime dead reckoning navigation. Laboratory and field results show the identifier performs comparably to previously reported methods using rotation matrices, providing an alignment estimate that reduces the position residuals between dead reckoning and an external acoustic positioning system. The Geometric Algebra formulation also encourages a straightforward interpretation of the identifier as a proportional feedback regulator on the observable output error. Future applications of the identifier may include alignment between inertial, visual, and acoustic sensors. The ability to link the Global Positioning System at the surface to precision dead reckoning near the seafloor might enable new kinds of missions for autonomous underwater vehicles. This research introduces a method for dead reckoning through the water column using water current profile data collected by an onboard acoustic Doppler current profiler. Overlapping relative current profiles provide information to simultaneously estimate the vehicle velocity and local ocean current{\textendash}the vehicle velocity is then integrated to estimate position. The method is applied to field data using online bin average, weighted least squares, and recursive least squares implementations. This demonstrates an autonomous navigation link between the surface and the seafloor without any dependence on a ship or external acoustic tracking systems. Finally, in many state estimation applications, delayed measurements present an interesting challenge. Underwater navigation is a particularly compelling case because of the relatively long delays inherent in all available position measurements. This research develops a flexible, model-driven approach to delayed measurement fusion in realtime Kalman filters. Using a priori estimates of delayed measurements as augmented states minimizes the computational cost of the delay treatment. Managing the augmented states with time-varying conditional process and measurement models ensures the approach works within the proven Kalman filter framework{\textendash}without altering the filter structure or requiring any ad-hoc adjustments. The end result is a mathematically principled treatment of the delay that leads to more consistent estimates with lower error and uncertainty. Field results from dead reckoning aided by acoustic positioning systems demonstrate the applicability of this approach to real-world problems in underwater navigation.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/5095},
	author = {Stanway, M J}
}
@article {ISI:000308889800003,
	title = {{Deep sea hydrothermal plumes and their interaction with oscillatory flows}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2012},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The acoustic scintillation method is applied to the investigation and monitoring of a vigorous hydrothermal plume from Dante within the Main Endeavour vent field (MEF) in the Endeavour Ridge segment. A 40 day time series of the plume{\textquoteright}s vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations provides a unique opportunity to study deep sea plume dynamics in a tidally varying horizontal cross flow. An integral plume model that takes into account ambient stratification and horizontal cross flows is established from the conservation equations of mass, momentum and density deficit. Using a linear additive entrainment velocity in the model ( E = alpha U-m + beta U-perpendicular to) that is a function of both the plume relative axial velocity (U-m) and the relative ambient flow perpendicular to the plume (U-perpendicular to) gives consistent results to the experimental data, suggesting entrainment coefficients alpha = 0.1 and beta = 0.6. Also from the integral model, the plume height in a horizontal cross flow ( U-a) is shown to scale as 1.8B(1/3)U(a)(-1/3)N(-2/3) for 0.01 {\textless}= U-a {\textless}= 0.1 m/s where B is the initial buoyancy transport and N is the ambient stratification, both of which are assumed constant.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004188},
	author = {Xu, Guangyu and Di Iorio, Daniela}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600378,
	title = {{Denitrification and environmental factors influencing nitrate removal in Guaymas Basin hydrothermally altered sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We measured potential nitrate removal and denitrification rates in hydrothermally altered sediments inhabited by Beggiatoa mats and adjacent brown oil stained sediments from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Sediments with Beggiatoa maintained slightly higher rates of potential denitrification than did brown sediments at 31.2 +/- 12.1 versus 21.9 +/- 1.4 mu M N day-1, respectively. In contrast, the nitrate removal rates in brown sediments were higher than those observed in mat-hosting sediments at 418 +/- 145 versus 174 +/- 74 mu M N day-1, respectively. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the responses of denitrifying communities to environmental factors {\{}[{\}}i.e., nitrate, sulfide, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration)]. The denitrifying community had a high affinity for nitrate (Km = 137 +/- 91 mu M N day-1), in comparison to other environmental communities of denitrifiers, and was capable of high maximum rates of denitrification (Vmax = 1164 +/- 153 mu M N day-1). The presence of sulfide resulted in significantly lower denitrification rates. Microorganisms with the potential to perform denitrification were assessed in these sediments using the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) functional gene libraries. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library was dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (38{\%}), some of which (e.g., Sulfurimonas sp.) have a potential for sulfide-dependent denitrification. The nosZ clone library did not contain clones similar to pure culture denitrifiers; these clones were most closely associated with environmental clones.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00377},
	author = {Bowles, Marshall W and Nigro, Lisa M and Teske, Andreas P and Joye, Samantha B}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600101,
	title = {{Distribution, abundance, and diversity patterns of the thermoacidophilic {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}deep-sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeota 2{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Cultivation-independent studies have shown that taxa belonging to the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}deep-sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeota 2{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} (DHVE2) lineage are widespread at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. While this lineage appears to be a common and important member of the microbial community at vent environments, relatively little is known about their overall distribution and phylogenetic diversity. In this study, we examined the distribution, relative abundance, co-occurrence patterns, and phylogenetic diversity of cultivable thermoacidophilic DHVE2 in deposits from globally distributed vent fields. Results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays with primers specific for the DHVE2 and Archaea demonstrate the ubiquity of the DHVE2 at deep-sea vents and suggest that they are significant members of the archaeal communities of established vent deposit communities. Local similarity analysis of pyrosequencing data revealed that the distribution of the DHVE2 was positively correlated with 10 other Euryarchaeota phylotypes and negatively correlated with mostly Crenarchaeota phylotypes. Targeted cultivation efforts resulted in the isolation of 12 axenic strains from six different vent fields, expanding the cultivable diversity of this lineage to vents along the East Pacific Rise and Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Eleven of these isolates shared greater than 97{\%} 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with one another and the only described isolate of the DHVE2, Aciduliprofundum boonei T469(T). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of five protein-coding loci, atpA, EF-2, radA, rpoB, and secY, revealed clustering of isolates according to geographic region of isolation. Overall, this study increases our understanding of the distribution, abundance, and phylogenetic diversity of the DHVE2.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00047},
	author = {Flores, Gilberto E and Wagner, Isaac D and Liu, Yitai and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {Fornari2012,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise Between 9 degrees N and 10 degrees N: Twenty-Five Years of Integrated, Multidisciplinary Oceanic Spreading Center Studies}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {18{\textendash}43},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {The East Pacific Rise from {\~{}}~9{\textendash}10{\textdegree}N is an archetype for a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. In particular, the segment near 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N has been the focus of multidisciplinary research for over two decades, making it one of the best-studied areas of the global ridge system. It is also one of only two sites along the global ridge where two historical volcanic eruptions have been observed. This volcanically active segment has thus offered unparalleled opportunities to investigate a range of complex interactions among magmatic, volcanic, hydrothermal, and biological processes associated with crustal accretion over a full magmatic cycle. At this 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N site, comprehensive physical oceanographic measurements and modeling have also shed light on linkages between hydrodynamic transport of larvae and other materials and biological dynamics influenced by magmatic processes. Integrated results of high-resolution mapping, and both in~situ and laboratory-based geophysical, oceanographic, geochemical, and biological observations and sampling, reveal how magmatic events perturb the hydrothermal system and the biological communities it hosts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.02},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Bryce, Julia G and Cowen, J P and Ferrini, Vicki and Fundis, A and Lilley, M D and Luther, G W and Mullineaux, L S and Perfit, M R and Meana-Prado, M F and Rubin, K H and Seyfried, W E and Shank, T M and Soule, S A and Tolstoy, M and White, S M}
}
@article {Colman2012,
	title = {{Effects of variable magma supply on mid-ocean ridge eruptions: Constraints from mapped lava flow fields along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {Q08014},
	abstract = {Mapping and sampling of 18 eruptive units in two study areas along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center (GSC) provide insight into how magma supply affects mid-ocean ridge (MOR) volcanic eruptions. The two study areas have similar spreading rates (53 versus 55~mm/yr), but differ by 30{\%} in the time-averaged rate of magma supply (0.3~{\texttimes}~106 versus 0.4~{\texttimes}~106~m3/yr/km). Detailed geologic maps of each study area incorporate observations of flow contacts and sediment thickness, in addition to sample petrology, geomagnetic paleointensity, and inferences from high-resolution bathymetry data. At the lower-magma-supply study area, eruptions typically produce irregularly shaped clusters of pillow mounds with total eruptive volumes ranging from 0.09 to 1.3~km3. At the higher-magma-supply study area, lava morphologies characteristic of higher effusion rates are more common, eruptions typically occur along elongated fissures, and eruptive volumes are an order of magnitude smaller (0.002{\textendash}0.13~km3). At this site, glass MgO contents (2.7{\textendash}8.4 wt. {\%}) and corresponding liquidus temperatures are lower on average, and more variable, than those at the lower-magma-supply study area (6.2{\textendash}9.1 wt. {\%} MgO). The differences in eruptive volume, lava temperature, morphology, and inferred eruption rates observed between the two areas along the GSC are similar to those that have previously been related to variable spreading rates on the global MOR system. Importantly, the documentation of multiple sequences of eruptions at each study area, representing hundreds to thousands of years, provides constraints on the variability in eruptive style at a given magma supply and spreading rate.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004163},
	author = {Colman, A and Sinton, J M and White, S M and McClinton, J T and Bowles, J A and Rubin, K H and Behn, M D and Cushman, B and Eason, D E and Gregg, T K P and Gr{\"o}nvold, Karl and Hidalgo, S and Howell, J and Neill, O and Russo, Chris}
}
@article {ISI:000306502100006,
	title = {{Hippea jasoniae sp nov and Hippea alviniae sp nov., thermoacidophilic members of the class Deltaproteobacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent deposits}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {6},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1252{\textendash}1258},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Thirteen novel, obligately anaerobic, thermoacidophilic bacteria were isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites. Four of the strains, designated EP5-r(T), KM1, Mar08-272r(T) and Mar08-368r, were selected for metabolic and physiological characterization. With the exception of strain EP5-r(T), all strains were short rods that grew between 40 and 72 degrees C, with optimal growth at 60-65 degrees C. Strain EP5-r(T) was more ovoid in shape and grew between 45 and 75 degrees C, with optimum growth at 60 degrees C. The pH range for growth of all the isolates was between pH 3.5 and 5.5 (optimum pH 4.5 to 5.0). Strain Mar08-272r(T) could only grow up to pH 5.0. Elemental sulfur was required for heterotrophic growth on acetate, succinate, Casamino acids and yeast extract. Strains EP5-r(T), Mar08-272r(T) and Mar08-368r could also use fumarate, while strains EP5-r(T), KM1 and Mar08-272r(T) could also use propionate. All isolates were able to grow chemolithotrophically on H-2, CO2, sulfur and vitamins. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed all isolates within the family Desulfurellaceae of the class Deltaproteobacteria, with the closest cultured relative being Hippea maritima MH2T (similar to 95-98{\%} gene sequence similarity). Phylogenetic analysis also identified several isolates with at least one intervening sequence within the 16S rRNA gene. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains EP5-r(T), KM1, Mar08-272r(T) and Mar08-368r were 37.1, 42.0, 35.6 and 37.9 mol{\%}, respectively. The new isolates differed most significantly from H. maritima MH2T in their phylogenetic placement and in that they were obligate thermoacidophiles. Based on these phylogenetic and phenotypic properties, the following two novel species are proposed: Hippea jasoniae sp. nov. (type strain Mar08-272r(T)=DSM 24585(T)=OCM 985(T)) and Hippea alviniae sp. nov. (type strain EP5-r(T)=DSM 24586(T)=OCM 986(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.033001-0},
	author = {Flores, Gilberto E and Hunter, Ryan C and Liu, Yitai and Mets, Anchelique and Schouten, Stefan and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {Baker2012,
	title = {{Hydrothermal Discharge During Submarine Eruptions THE IMPORTANCE OF DETECTION, RESPONSE, AND NEW TECHNOLOGY}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {128{\textendash}141},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Submarine volcanic eruptions and intrusions construct new oceanic crust and build long chains of volcanic islands and vast submarine plateaus. Magmatic events are a primary agent for the transfer of heat, chemicals, and even microbes from the crust to the ocean, but the processes that control these transfers are poorly understood. The 1980s discovery that mid-ocean ridge eruptions are often associated with brief releases of immense volumes of hot fluids ("event plumes") spurred interest in methods for detecting the onset of eruptions or intrusions and for rapidly organizing seagoing response efforts. Since then, some 35 magmatic events have been recognized and responded to on mid-ocean ridges and at seamounts in both volcanic arc and intraplate settings. Field responses at mid-ocean ridges have found that event plumes occur over a wide range of eruption styles and sizes, and thus may be a common consequence of ridge eruptions. The source(s) of event plume fluids are still debated. Eruptions detected at ridges generally have high effusion rates and short durations (hours to days), whereas field responses at arc volcanic cones have found eruptions with very low effusion rates and durations on the scale of years. New approaches to the study of submarine magmatic events include the development of autonomous vehicles for detection and response, and the establishment of permanent seafloor observatories at likely future eruption sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.11},
	author = {Baker, E T and Chadwick, W W and Cowen, J P and Dziak, R P and Rubin, K H and Fornari, D J}
}
@booklet {Levin2012,
	title = {{A hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margin: middle ground in a continuum of reducing ecosystems}},
	howpublished = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {279},
	number = {1738},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {2580{\textendash}2588},
	abstract = {Upon their initial discovery, hydrothermal vents and methane seeps were considered to be related but distinct ecosystems, with different distributions, geomorphology, temperatures, geochemical properties and mostly different species. However, subsequently discovered vents and seep systems have blurred this distinction. Here, we report on a composite, hydrothermal seep ecosystem at a subducting seamount on the convergent Costa Rica margin that represents an intermediate between vent and seep ecosystems. Diffuse flow of shimmering, warm fluids with high methane concentrations supports a mixture of microbes, animal species, assemblages and trophic pathways with vent and seep affinities. Their coexistence reinforces the continuity of reducing environments and exemplifies a setting conducive to interactive evolution of vent and seep biota.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.0205},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1738/2580.abstract},
	author = {Levin, L A and Orphan, V J and Rouse, G W and Rathburn, A E and Ussler, W and Cook, G S and Goffredi, S K and Perez, Elena M and Waren, A and Grupe, B M and Chadwick, G and Strickrott, B}
}
@article {White2012,
	title = {{Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {50},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {20303{\textendash}20308},
	abstract = {To assess the potential impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on offshore ecosystems, 11 sites hosting deep-water coral communities were examined 3 to 4 mo after the well was capped. Healthy coral communities were observed at all sites {\textgreater}20 km from the Macondo well, including seven sites previously visited in September 2009, where the corals and communities appeared unchanged. However, at one site 11 km southwest of the Macondo well, coral colonies presented widespread signs of stress, including varying degrees of tissue loss, sclerite enlargement, excess mucous production, bleached commensal ophiuroids, and covering by brown flocculent material (floc). On the basis of these criteria the level of impact to individual colonies was ranked from 0 (least impact) to 4 (greatest impact). Of the 43 corals imaged at that site, 46{\%} exhibited evidence of impact on more than half of the colony, whereas nearly a quarter of all of the corals showed impact to {\textgreater}90{\%} of the colony. Additionally, 53{\%} of these corals{\textquoteright} ophiuroid associates displayed abnormal color and/or attachment posture. Analysis of hopanoid petroleum biomarkers isolated from the floc provides strong evidence that this material contained oil from the Macondo well. The presence of recently damaged and deceased corals beneath the path of a previously documented plume emanating from the Macondo well provides compelling evidence that the oil impacted deep-water ecosystems. Our findings underscore the unprecedented nature of the spill in terms of its magnitude, release at depth, and impact to deep-water ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118029109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Lin2012,
	title = {{Inorganic chemistry, gas compositions and dissolved organic carbon in fluids from sedimented young basaltic crust on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flanks}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {213{\textendash}227},
	abstract = {The permeable upper oceanic basement serves as a plausible habitat for a variety of microbial communities. There is growing evidence suggesting a substantial subseafloor biosphere. Here new time series data are presented on key inorganic species, methane, hydrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in ridge flank fluids obtained from subseafloor observatory CORKs (Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kits) at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) boreholes 1301A and 1026B. These data show that the new sampling methods (Cowen et al., 2012) employed at 1301A result in lower contamination than earlier studies. Furthermore, sample collection methods permitted most chemical analyses to be performed from aliquots of single large volume samples, thereby allowing more direct comparison of the data. The low phosphate concentrations (0.06{\textendash}0.2~$μ$M) suggest that relative to carbon and nitrogen, phosphorus could be a limiting nutrient in the basement biosphere. Coexisting sulfate (17{\textendash}18~mM), hydrogen sulfide (\~{}0.1~$μ$M), hydrogen (0.3{\textendash}0.7~$μ$M) and methane (1.5{\textendash}2~$μ$M) indicates that the basement aquifer at 1301A either draws fluids from multiple flow paths with different redox histories or is a complex environment that is not thermodynamically controlled and may allow co-occurring metabolic pathways including sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. The low DOC concentrations (11{\textendash}18~$μ$M) confirm that ridge flank basement is a net DOC sink and ultimately a net carbon sink. Based on the net amounts of DOC, oxygen, nitrate and sulfate removed (\~{}30~$μ$M, \~{}80~$μ$M, \~{}40~$μ$M and \~{}10~mM, respectively) from entrained bottom seawater, organic carbon may be aerobically or anaerobically oxidized in biotic and/or abiotic processes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.017},
	author = {Lin, H -T and Cowen, J P and Olson, E J and Amend, J P and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {ISI:000299931800014,
	title = {{Meristic variation in males of the hydrothermal vent octopus, Muusoctopus hydrothermalis (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM},
	volume = {92},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {361{\textendash}366},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Intraspecific variation in characters such as arm sucker and gill lamellae counts in octopodids is yet to be thoroughly investigated, potentially hampering our ability to recognize species. In this study, data from 13 specimens of Muusoctopus hydrothermalis collected at four hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise between 8 degrees 38{\textquoteright}N and 12 degrees 48{\textquoteright}N are considered. Although the northern and southern octopuses differ minimally in size, mean sucker count by arm in the northern group is 11.7 to 22.8{\%} higher than it is in the southern group; in addition these octopuses typically have an additional gill lamella and bulkier funnel organs. The arms of each individual carry a different number of suckers. The difference is significant on nonadjacent arms, a pattern that merits examination in a broader taxonomic context. Why these differences exist among conspecifics remains unknown, the incidence of parasitic copepods is not different between the groups and the between-group variation in arm suckers seen here compares well with a previous report of variation among 18 specimens from the type locality. Increases in meristic characters (counts) in fish are attributed to lower temperatures during embryonic development following Jordan{\textquoteright}s rule. Northern and southern vents offer the octopuses a wide temperature range, but vent fluid chemistry differs. Northern vent fluids may be more toxic; if so, developing octopus embryos may survive only minimal vent fluid exposure and therefore develop at low temperatures. At the less toxic southern vents, eggs may survive greater exposure to vent fluids and thus develop at higher temperatures.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315411000993},
	author = {Voight, Janet R}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600280,
	title = {{Microbial communities at the borehole observatory on the Costa Rica Rift flank (Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A)}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The microbiology of subsurface, hydrothermally influenced basaltic crust flanking midocean ridges has remained understudied, due to the difficulty in accessing the subsurface environment. The instrumented boreholes resulting from scientific ocean drilling offer access to samples of the formation fluids circulating through oceanic crust. We analyzed the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities of fluid and microbial mat samples collected in situ from the observatory at Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A, drilled into similar to 6.5 million-year-old basaltic crust on the flank of the Costa Rica Rift in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences recovered from borehole fluid and from a microbial mat coating the outer surface of the fluid port revealed both unique and shared phylotypes. The dominant bacterial clones from both samples were related to the autotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing genus Thiomicrospira. Both samples yielded diverse gamma- and alphaproteobacterial phylotypes, as well as members of the Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia. Analysis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) genes (cbbL and cbbM) from the sampling port mat and from the borehole fluid demonstrated autotrophic carbon assimilation potential for in situ microbial communities; most cbbL genes were related to those of the sulfur-oxidizing genera Thioalkalivibrio and Thiomicrospira, and cbbM genes were affiliated with uncultured phylotypes from hydrothermal vent plumes and marine sediments. Several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes from the 896A observatory grouped with phylotypes recovered from seawater-exposed basalts and sulfide deposits at inactive hydrothermal vents, but there is little overlap with hydrothermally influenced basaltic boreholes 1026B and U1301A on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank, suggesting that site-specific characteristics of Hole 896A (i.e., seawater mixing into borehole fluids) affect the microbial community composition.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00232},
	author = {Nigro, Lisa M and Harris, Kate and Orcutt, Beth N and Hyde, Andrew and Clayton-Luce, Samuel and Becker, Keir and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Lang2012,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of abiogenic carbon and hydrogen in a serpentinite-hosted system}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {82{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {Mantle rocks exposed on the seafloor constitute a highly reactive chemical and thermal system, in which interaction with seawater to produce serpentinite has major consequences for lithospheric cooling, global geochemical cycles, and microbial activity. Serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal activity is exemplified by the Lost City Hydrothermal Field (30{\textdegree}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) where fluid{\textendash}rock reactions in the underlying ultramafic rocks result in high concentrations of abiotic hydrogen, methane, C2+ alkanes, and formate. Such systems have been proposed as possible analogs to the Early Earth environments that gave rise to the first biochemical pathways. Thus, characterizing the local microbial communities and their potential link with abiogenic compounds is of particular significance. Here we demonstrate that in active carbonate chimneys where microbial sulfate reduction is important, up to 50{\%} of the microbial biomass is synthesized from mantle carbon. Conversely, mantle carbon contributes only \~{}10{\%} of the biomass in areas with minimal sulfate reduction. We attribute this difference to greater incorporation of formate or methane by the dominant microbial species, the Lost City Methanosarcinales, in locations where sulfate reducers are able to facilitate this assimilation. The ability of autotrophic communities at Lost City to capitalize on the steady stream of chemical products resulting from serpentinization reactions and to utilize abiogenic mantle carbon lend credence to the hypothesis that early biosynthetic pathways could have developed in similar environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Proskurowski, G and Mehay, S and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {ISI:000305233800008,
	title = {{Mineralogical and strontium isotopic record of hydrothermal processes in the lower ocean crust at and near the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY},
	volume = {164},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {123{\textendash}141},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Tectonic exposures of upper plutonics ({\textgreater} 800 m) that are part of a contiguous section of young East Pacific Rise (EPR) crust at the Hess Deep Rift provide the first regional-scale constraints on hydrothermal processes in the upper plutonic crust formed at a fast-spreading ridge. Submersible-collected samples recovered over a 4-km-wide region show that the sheeted dike complex is largely underlain by a 150- to 200-m-thick gabbro unit, followed by a more primitive gabbronorite unit. Gabbroic samples are variably altered by pervasive fluid flow along fracture networks to amphibole-dominated assemblages. The gabbroic rocks are significantly less altered (average 11{\%} hydrous phases) than the overlying sheeted dike complex (average 24{\%}), and the percentage of hydrous alteration diminishes with depth. Incipient, pervasive fluid flow occurred at amphibolite facies conditions (average 720A degrees C), with slightly higher temperatures in the lower 500 m of the section. The extent of subsequent lower-temperature alteration is generally low and regionally variable. The gabbroic samples are slightly elevated in Sr-87/Sr-86 relative to fresh rock values (0.7024) and less enriched than the overlying sheeted dike complex. Sr-87/Sr-86 for the pervasively altered gabbroic samples ranges from 0.70244 to 0.70273 (mean 0.70257), tonalites is 0.7038, and pyroxene hornfels ranges from 0.70259 to 0.70271. Sr-87/Sr-86 does not vary with depth, and there is a strong positive correlation with the percentage of hydrous phases. Strontium contents of igneous and hydrothermal minerals, combined with bulk rock Sr-87/Sr-86, indicate that Sr-isotopic exchange is largely controlled by the uptake of fluid Sr-87/Sr-86 in hydrous minerals and does not require Sr gain or loss. The minimum, time-integrated fluid-rock ratio for the sheeted dike complex and upper plutonics is 0.55-0.66, and the fluid flux calculated by mass balance is similar to 2.1 to 2.5 x 10(6) kg m(-2), 30-60{\%} higher than fluid fluxes calculated in the same manner for sheeted dike complexes on their own at Hess and Pito Deeps, and Ocean Drilling Program Hole 504B. Alteration patterns within the upper plutonics evolved in response to axial magma chamber (AMC) dynamics at the EPR, such that magma replenishment led to assimilation and thermal metamorphism of the country rock, and the position of the hydrothermal root-zone tracked the vertical migration of the AMC. The freshness of the lowermost gabbroic rocks suggests that pervasive fluid flow does not lead to significant fluid and heat fluxes at and near fast-spreading ridges.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-012-0729-5},
	author = {Kirchner, Timo M and Gillis, Kathryn M}
}
@article {Corbari2012,
	title = {{New digestive symbiosis in the hydrothermal vent amphipoda Ventiella sulfuris}},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus Biologies},
	volume = {335},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {142{\textendash}154},
	abstract = {Ventiella sulfuris Barnard and Ingram, 1990 is the most abundant amphipod species inhabiting the Eastern Pacific Rise (EPR 9{\textdegree}N) vent fields. This vent-endemic species is frequently encountered near colonies of Pompeii worms Alvinella pompejana. V.~sulfuris specimens were collected during the oceanographic cruise LADDER II at the Bio9 (9{\textdegree}50.3'~N, 2508~m depth) hydrothermal vent site. Main objectives were to highlight the occurrence of bacterial symbiosis in V.~sulfuris and to hypothesise their implications in nutrition. Observations in light and electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) showed that the outer body surface and appendages are free of microorganisms. In contrast, the digestive system revealed two major microbial communities settled in the midgut and in the hindgut. Gut contents showed bacterial traces together with abundant fragments of Alvinellid cuticle and setae, from A.~pompejana, suggesting that V.~sulfuris could directly feed on Alvinellids and/or on their bacterial epibionts. Molecular analyses based on the 16S rRNA genes revealed the diversity of bacterial communities in the digestive system, of which, the Epsilonproteobacteria phylum, could be considered as one of the major bacterial group. Hypotheses were proposed on their symbiotic features and their implications in V.~sulfuris nutrition.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1631-0691},
	doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2011.12.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2011.12.005},
	author = {Corbari, L and Durand, L and Cambon-Bonavita, M -A and Gaill, F and Comp{\`e}re, P}
}
@article {ISI:000315070000017,
	title = {{Parvibaculum hydrocarboniclasticum sp. nov., a mesophilic, alkane-oxidizing alphaproteobacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {12},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {2921{\textendash}2926},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An aerobic, alkane-oxidizing bacterium, designated strain EPR92(T), was isolated from hydrothermal fluids that had been collected from a deep-sea vent on the East Pacific Rise (at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N 104 degrees 17{\textquoteright} W). The cells of the novel strain were Gram-staining-negative rods that measured approximately 1.4 mu m in length and 0.4 mu m in width. Strain EPR92T grew at 20-40 degrees C (optimum 35 degrees C), with 1.0-5.0{\%} (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.5{\%}), and at pH 4.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.5). The generation time under optimal conditions was 63 min. Strain EPR92(T) grew aerobically in artificial seawater minimal medium with n-alkanes as sole carbon and energy sources, and also in artificial seawater medium supplemented with peptone and yeast extract. The predominant fatty acids were C-18:1 omega 7c, C-19:0 cyclo omega 8c, 11-methyl C-18:1 omega 7c and a putative C-12:0 aldehyde. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and four unidentified aminolipids. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the genomic DNA G+C content was 60.7 mol{\%}. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain EPR92(T) belongs in the class Alphaproteobacteria and the recognized species that were most closely related to the novel strain were identified as Parvibaculum indicum P-31(T) (98.7{\%} sequence similarity) and Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS-1(T) (95.8{\%}). In DNA-DNA hybridizations, the level of DNA-DNA relatedness observed between strain EPR92(T) and P. indicum P-31(T) was 47.7{\%}, indicating that the two strains do not belong to the same species. Based on the phylogenetic, physiological, chemotaxonomic and genetic evidence, strain EPR92(T) represents a novel species within the genus Parvibaculum, for which the name Parvibaculum hydrocarboniclasticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EPR92(T) (=DSM 23209=JCM 16666(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.039594-0},
	author = {Rosario-Passapera, Richard and Keddis, Ramaydalis and Wong, Ronald and Lutz, Richard A and Staroyoytov, Valentin and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000311587800012,
	title = {{Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila gen. nov., sp nov., a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {62},
	number = {10},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {2388{\textendash}2394},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A novel hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, designated strain HB-8(T), was isolated from the tube of Alvinella pompejana tubeworms collected from the wall of an actively venting sulfide structure on the East Pacific Rise at 13 degrees N. The cells were Gram-negative rods, approximately 1.0-1.5 mu m long and 0.5 mu m wide. Strain HB-8(T) grew between 65 and 80 degrees C (optimum 75 degrees C), 15 and 35 g NaCl l(-1) (optimum 30 gl(-1)) and pH 4.5 and 8.5 (optimum pH 6.0). Generation time under optimal conditions was 26 min. Growth occurred under chemolithoautotrophic conditions with H-2 as the energy source and CO2 as the carbon source. Nitrate and sulfur were used as electron acceptors, with concomitant formation of ammonium or hydrogen sulfide, respectively. The presence of lactate, formate, acetate or tryptone in the culture medium inhibited growth. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 47.8 mol{\%}. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and of the alpha subunit of the ATP citrate lyase of strain HB-8(T) indicated that this organism formed a novel lineage within the class Aquificae, equally distant from the type strains of the type species of the three genera that represent the family Desulfurobacteriaceae: Thermovibrio ruber ED11/3LLK8(T), Balnearium lithotrophicum 17S(T) and Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum BSA(T). The polar lipids of strain HB-8(T) differed substantially from those of other members of the Desulfurobacteriaceae, and this bacterium produced novel quinones. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel genus and species within the family Desulfurobacteriaceae, Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila is HB-8(T) (=DSM 24425(T) =JCM 17384(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.035642-0},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Grosche, Ashley and Massenburg, Lynnicia and Starovoytov, Valentin and Lutz, Richard A and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000301945500007,
	title = {{Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {766{\textendash}776},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of the endosymbionts coupled with an in situ characterization of the geochemical environment was performed to investigate their roles and expression profiles in the two respective hosts. The metagenomes indicated that the endosymbionts are genotypically highly homogeneous. Gene sequences coding for enzymes of selected key metabolic functions were found to be 99.9{\%} identical. On the proteomic level, the symbionts showed very consistent metabolic profiles, despite distinctly different geochemical conditions at the plume level of the respective hosts. Only a few minor variations were observed in the expression of symbiont enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, carbon fixation and in the response to oxidative stress. Although these changes correspond to the prevailing environmental situation experienced by each host, our data strongly suggest that the two tubeworm species are able to effectively attenuate differences in habitat conditions, and thus to provide their symbionts with similar micro-environments. The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 766-776; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.137; published online 20 October 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.137},
	author = {Gardebrecht, Antje and Markert, Stephanie and Sievert, Stefan M and Felbeck, Horst and Thuermer, Andrea and Albrecht, Dirk and Wollherr, Antje and Kabisch, Johannes and Le Bris, Nadine and Lehmann, Ruediger and Daniel, Rolf and Liesegang, Heiko and Hecker, Michael and Schweder, Thomas}
}
@article {ISI:000307173100024,
	title = {{{\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} krylovata, a new species of vesicomyid clam from cold seeps along the Costa Rica Margin}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM},
	volume = {92},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1127{\textendash}1137},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} krylovata, sp. nov. (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae: Pliocardiinae) is described from cold seeps off the coast of the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica (700-1000 m depth). The phylogenetic position of {\textquoteleft}P.{\textquoteright} krylovata was assessed by both morphological comparisons as well as nucleotide data from the cytochrome c oxidase I gene. Within the vesicomyids, {\textquoteleft}P.{\textquoteright} krylovata belongs to the Pliocardiinae and its closest relative is {\textquoteleft}Calyptogena{\textquoteright} ponderosa, which also bears some morphological resemblance to the genus Pliocardia, perhaps suggesting a need for reanalysis of not only its generic designation, but also the entire Pliocardiinae subfamily. {\textquoteleft}P.{\textquoteright} krylovata has morphological similarities to {\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} bowdeniana and {\textquoteleft}Vesicomya{\textquoteright} crenulomarginata, recently reassigned to the genus Pliocardia, including a thick shell, obvious rostrum, pointed posterior end, and a sculptured shell with concentric ribs on the outer surface, to name a few. It is morphologically distinguished, however, by having a complex pallial sinus and remarkably deep escutcheon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315411000713},
	author = {Martin, Alanna M and Goffredi, Shana K}
}
@article {ISI:000301095200023,
	title = {{On the Potential for Bioenergy and Biofuels from Hydrothermal Vent Microbes}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1, SI},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {213{\textendash}217},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Girguis, Peter R and Holden, James F}
}
@article {ISI:000299199000017,
	title = {{Response of hydrothermal vent vestimentiferan Riftia pachyptila to differences in habitat chemistry}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {159},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {435{\textendash}442},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Vestimentiferan tubeworms, which rely on intracellular sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria for organic carbon, flourish at deep-sea hydrothermal vents despite the erratic nature of their habitat. To assess the degree to which differences in habitat chemistry (sulfide, pH/CO(2)) might impact host and symbiont metabolic activity, Riftia pachyptila tubeworms were collected from habitats with low (H(2)S {\textless} 0.0001 mM) and high (up to 0.7 mM) sulfide concentrations. The elemental sulfur content of the symbiont-containing trophosome organ was lower in specimens collected from the low-sulfide site. Symbiont abundance, RubisCO activity, and trophosome carbon fixation rates were not significantly different for individuals collected from low- versus high-sulfide habitats. Carbonic anhydrase activities were higher in the anterior gas exchange organs of R. pachyptila from the low-sulfide habitat. Despite large differences in habitat chemistry, symbiont abundance and autotrophic potential were consistent, while the host appears to tailor carbonic anhydrase activity to environmental CO(2) availability.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-011-1821-5},
	author = {Scott, Kathleen M and Boller, Amanda J and Dobrinski, Kimberly P and Le Bris, Nadine}
}
@article {Voight2012,
	title = {{Scientific Gear as a Vector for Non-Native Species at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {938{\textendash}942},
	abstract = {The fauna of deep-sea hydrothermal vents are among the most isolated and inaccessible biological communities on Earth. Most vent sites can only be visited by subsea vehicles, which can and do move freely among these communities. Researchers assume individuals of the regionally homogeneous vent fauna are killed by the change in hydrostatic pressure the animals experience when the subsea vehicles, which collected them, rise to the surface. After an Alvin dive, we found 38 apparently healthy individuals of a vent limpet in a sample from a hydrothermally inactive area. Prompted by our identification of these specimens as Lepetodrilus gordensis, a species restricted to vents 635 km to the south of our dive site, we tested whether they were from a novel population or were contaminants from the dive made 36 h earlier. The 16S gene sequences, morphology, sex ratio, bacterial colonies, and stable isotopes uniformly indicated the specimens came from the previous dive. We cleaned the sampler, but assumed pressure changes would kill any organisms we did not remove and that the faunas of the 2 areas were nearly identical and disease-free. Our failure to completely clean the gear on the subsea vehicle meant we could have introduced the species and any diseases it carried to a novel location. Our findings suggest that the nearly inaccessible biological communities at deep-sea vents may be vulnerable to anthropogenic alteration, despite their extreme physical conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0888-8892},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01864.x},
	author = {Voight, J R and Lee, R W and Reft, A J and Bates, A E}
}
@article {Chadwick2012,
	title = {{Seafloor deformation and forecasts of the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {474{\textendash}477},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is an active submarine volcano located at the intersection between the Cobb hotspot and the Juan de Fuca spreading centre in the northeast Pacific Ocean1, 2. The volcano has been closely monitored since it erupted in 1998 (refs~3, 4). Since then, Axial Seamount seemed to exhibit a similar inflation{\textendash}deflation cycle to basaltic volcanoes on land and, on that basis, was expected to erupt again sometime before 2014 or 2020 (refs~5, 6). In April 2011 Axial Seamount erupted. Here we report continuous measurements of ocean bottom pressure that document the deflation{\textendash}inflation cycle of Axial Seamount between 1998 and 2011. We find that the volcano inflation rate, caused by the intrusion of magma, gradually increased in the months leading up to the 2011 eruption. Sudden uplift occurred 40{\textendash}55 min before the eruption onset, which we interpret as a precursor event. Based on our measurements of ground deformation through the entire eruption cycle at Axial Seamount, we suggest that another eruption could occur as early as 2018. We propose that the long-term eruptive cycle of Axial Seamount could be more predictable compared with its subaerial counterparts because the volcano receives a relatively steady supply of magma through the Cobb hotspot and because it is located on thin oceanic crust at a spreading plate boundary.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1464},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Butterfield, D A and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Dziak2012,
	title = {{Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {478{\textendash}482},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Volcanoes at spreading centres on land often exhibit seismicity and ground inflation months to years before an eruption, caused by a gradual influx of magma to the source reservoir1, 2, 3, 4. Deflation and seismicity can occur on time scales of hours to days, and result from the injection of magma into adjacent rift zones5, 6, 7, 8. Volcanoes at submarine rift zones, such as Axial Seamount in the northeast Pacific Ocean, have exhibited similar behaviour9, 10, 11, 12, but a direct link between seismicity, seafloor deformation and magma intrusion has never been demonstrated. Here we present recordings from ocean-bottom hydrophones and an established array of bottom-pressure recorders that reveal patterns of both microearthquakes and seafloor deformation at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, before it erupted in April 2011. Our observations show that the rate of seismicity increased steadily during a period of several years, leading up to an intrusion and eruption of magma that began on 6 April 2011. We also detected a sudden increase in seismo-acoustic energy about 2.6 h before the eruption began. Our data indicate that access to real-time seismic data, projected to be available in the near future, might facilitate short-term forecasting and provide sufficient lead-time to prepare in situ instrumentation before future intrusion and eruption events.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1490},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Fowler, M J and Matsumoto, H and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Schimak2012,
	title = {{Simultaneous 16S and 18S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on LR White sections demonstrated in Vestimentifera (Siboglinidae) tubeworms}},
	journal = {Acta Histochemica},
	volume = {114},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {122{\textendash}130},
	abstract = {Traditional morphological identification of invertebrate marine species is limited in early life history stages for many taxa. In this study, we demonstrate, by example of Vestimentiferan tubeworms (Siboglinidae, Polychaeta), that the simultaneous fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of both eukaryotic host and bacterial symbiont cells is possible on a single semi-thin (1~$μ$m) section. This allows the identification of host specimens to species level as well as offering visualization of bacteria distributed within the host tissue. Previously published 18S rRNA host-specific oligonucleotide probes for Riftia pachyptila, Tevnia jerichonana and a newly designed Oasisia alvinae probe, as well as a 16S rRNA probe targeting symbionts found in all host species, were applied. A number of standard fixation and hybridization parameters were tested and optimized for the best possible signal intensity and cellular resolution. Ethanol conserved samples embedded in LR White low viscosity resin yielded the best results with regard to both signal intensity and resolution. We show that extended storage times of specimens does not affect the quality of signals attained by FISH and use our protocol to identify morphologically unidentifiable tubeworm individuals from a small data set, conforming to previous findings in succession studies of the Siboglinidae family.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0065-1281},
	doi = {10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.008},
	author = {Schimak, M P and Toenshoff, E R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Robert2012,
	title = {{Small-scale thermal responses of hydrothermal vent polynoid polychaetes: Preliminary in situ experiments and methodological development}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {420-421},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {69{\textendash}76},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent systems represent a unique marine environment where high spatial variability allows the study of habitat selection with respect to small-scale temperature gradients. An autonomous time-lapse camera with a temperature logger array was deployed on four occasions to examine the thermal responses of two vent endemic polynoid polychaete taxa: Branchinotogluma sp. and Lepidonotopodium piscesae. Over a total deployment time of 52~h, we collected over 3,400 frames, in which 1,700 individuals were observed and monitored. Automated image processing and particle tracking routines were used to quickly process the imagery acquired in situ. Kriging interpolation was employed to create temperature maps (2.5{\textendash}67~{\textdegree}C) of the field of view within which individual polynoids were tracked over time. Using the individual trajectories, we examined whether organisms selected for a narrower range of temperature than available in the environment and whether past information regarding the temperature encountered influenced subsequent movement decisions. A two state hidden Markov model was applied to predict behaviour based on movement patterns and examine whether areas characterized by different movement patterns differed in temperature. We found polynoids to be active over a wide range of temperatures and areas where different movement patterns were observed did not differ in temperature. Within their tolerated range of temperature, polynoids appear to thermoconform to the highly spatially variable thermal environment. Based on these preliminary deployments, we make suggestions for future studies over broader thermal regimes and longer time scales.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.019},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.019},
	author = {Robert, K and Onthank, K L and Juniper, S K and Lee, R W}
}
@article {Gaudron2012,
	title = {{Spatial And Temporal Variations In Food Web Structure From Newly-Opened Habitat At Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Marine Environmental Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {129{\textendash}140},
	abstract = {To highlight the spatio-temporal variability of the food web structure of hydrothermal vent fauna from newly-opened habitat, a series of Titanium Ring for Alvinellid Colonization devices (TRACs) was deployed at TICA site on the East Pacific Rise in 2006. This experiment was conducted for periods of 4 days, 13 days and one month and deployments were aligned along a gradient from the basaltic bottom to the vent openings. $δ$13C values of colonists revealed a narrower range of carbon sources in proximity to vent openings in Alvinella pompejana habitat than in Tevnia jerichonana habitat, separated by a distance of four meters. This was possibly due to a spatial change in available food sources with a possible higher contribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to the siboglinid habitat compared to a higher contribution of microbial primary producers such as Epsilonproteobacteria in the alvinellid habitat. Temporal variability was also observed during experimentation in the form of a shift in either $δ$13C and/or $δ$15N values for A. pompejana, Lepetodrilus elevatus, dirivultid copepods and polynoid polychaetes within a one-month window showing first of all, fast tissues turnover and secondly, a possible switch in feeding strategy or food sources. Lepidonotopodium riftense and Branchinotogluma sandersi may have to alternate between detritivorous and predatory feeding strategies. In addition, through the analysis of stable isotope composition of A.~pompejana and its episymbionts, we provided evidence that these attached bacteria formed part of the worms{\textquoteright} diet during the course of these colonization experiments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0141-1136},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.005},
	author = {Gaudron, S M and Lefebvre, S and Jorge, A N and Gaill, F and Pradillon, F}
}
@article {McKay2012,
	title = {{Spatial heterogeneity and underlying geochemistry of phylogenetically diverse orange and white Beggiatoa mats in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21{\textendash}31},
	abstract = {Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Beggiatoa are found in conspicuous, colorful mats on the seafloor above active hydrothermal seeps at Guaymas Basin. Guaymas Beggiatoa filaments fall into discrete size classes representing at least five separate 16S rRNA phylotypes, and appear either white, yellow, or orange. During two R/V Atlantis cruises to Guaymas Basin, 78 temperature profiles were taken near and within 15 different orange and white Beggiatoa mats by the Alvin submersible to investigate spatial relationships between mat color and hydrothermal fluid seeps, as indicated by elevated temperatures. The surface temperatures from 78 profiles are similar to each other (on average 8{\textendash}12~{\textdegree}C, warmer than bare sediments at 3{\textendash}4~{\textdegree}C), indicating that Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa spp., although relying on the hydrothermal system for energy and carbon sources, live within a relatively cool temperature range. Temperatures from 40~cm below orange Beggiatoa versus white Beggiatoa are the same, at 84~{\textdegree}C averaged across all mat systems. However, within a single mat system, temperatures are higher beneath the predominantly orange center of the mat than beneath the white mat periphery. Push core transects across the orange-to-white color change of three Beggiatoa mats showed stronger upward compression of isotherms and metabolic zones beneath the orange mat center than beneath white mat periphery. Hydrothermal temperature gradients push the microbial processes generating carbon and energy sources for Beggiatoa mats towards the sediment surface. The resulting steep gradients of hydrothermal electron donors and carbon sources to the sediment surface, rather than the in situ temperature by itself, control the relative positioning of orange and white filaments within a Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa mat. Given the wide spectrum of temperature and hydrothermal flux regimes between different mats, the orange/white pattern represents a relative preference or even a competitive balance among different Beggiatoa types that establishes itself within each hydrothermal hot spot.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	author = {McKay, L J and MacGregor, B J and Biddle, J F and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and Hoer, D R and Lipp, J S and Lloyd, K G and Teske, A P}
}
@article {ISI:000299990700001,
	title = {{Subseafloor nitrogen transformations in diffuse hydrothermal vent fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge evidenced by the isotopic composition of nitrate and ammonium}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) transformations in hydrothermal vent (HV) fluids. Here, we present the first isotopic measurements of nitrate (delta N-15 and delta O-18) and ammonium (delta N-15) from three HV fields on the Juan de Fuca ridge (NE-Pacific). The dominant process that drives DIN concentration variations in low-T diffuse fluids is water mass mixing below the seafloor, with no effect on the DIN isotope ratios. Strong inter-site variations in the concentration and delta N-15 of NH4+ in high-T fluids suggest different subsurface nitrogen (N) sources (deep-sea nitrate versus organic sediments) for hydrothermally discharged ammonium. Low NH4+ community N isotope effects ({\textless}3 parts per thousand) for net NH4+ consumption suggest an important contribution from gross ammonium regeneration in low-T fluids. Elevation of HV nitrate N-15/N-14 and O-18/O-16 over deep-sea mean isotope values at some sites, concomitant with decreased nitrate concentrations, indicate assimilatory or dissimilatory nitrate consumption by bacteria in the subsurface, with relatively low community N isotope effects ((15)epsilon(k) {\textless} 3 parts per thousand). The low N isotope effects suggest that nitrate assimilation or denitrification occur in bacterial mats, and/or in situ production of low delta N-15 nitrate. A significantly stronger relative increase for nitrate delta O-18 than for delta N-15 was observed at many sites, resulting in marked deviations from the 1:1 relationship for nitrate delta N-15 versus delta O-18 that is expected for nitrate reduction in marine settings. Simple box-model calculation show that the observed un-coupling of N and O nitrate isotope ratios is consistent with nitrate regeneration by either nitrite reoxidation and/or partial nitrification of hydrothermal ammonium (possibly originating from N-2 fixation). Our isotope data confirm the role of subsurface microbial communities in modulating hydrothermal fluxes to the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003863},
	author = {Bourbonnais, Annie and Lehmann, Moritz F and Butterfield, David A and Juniper, S Kim}
}
@article {Kellermann2012,
	title = {{Symbiont{\textendash}host relationships in chemosynthetic mussels: A comprehensive lipid biomarker study}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {112{\textendash}124},
	abstract = {Symbiosis with chemosynthetic microorganisms allows invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, such as mussels, snails and tubeworms, to gain nutrition independently of organic input from photosynthetic communities. Lipid biomarkers and their compound specific stable carbon isotopes ($δ$13C) have greatly aided the elucidation of chemosynthetic symbiosis. Due to recent methodological advances in liquid chromatography it is now possible to obtain a more holistic view of lipid biomarkers, including the analysis of intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs) and bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs). This study provides an extensive examination of polar and apolar lipids in combination with stable carbon isotope analysis of three Bathymodiolus mussels (Bathymodiolus childressi, Bathymodiolus cf. thermophilus, Bathymodiolus brooksi) hosting different types of bacterial symbiont (methane-oxidizing, sulfur-oxidizing and a dual symbiosis with methane- and sulfur-oxidizing symbionts, respectively). We propose that IPLs with C16:1 acyl side chains, and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) head groups, which were only detected in the gill tissue, can be used as symbiont-characteristic biomarkers. These putative symbiont-specific IPLs provide the opportunity to detect and quantify the methanotrophic and thiotrophic symbionts within the gill tissue. Additional characteristic markers for methanotrophic symbionts were found in B. childressi and B. brooksi, including the BHP derivatives aminotriol and aminotetrol, 4-methyl sterols and diagnostic fatty acids (FAs), such as C16:1${\o}mega$9, C16:1${\o}mega$8, and C18:1${\o}mega$8. In general, the $δ$13C values of FAs, alcohols and BHP-derived hopanols were in accordance with carbon assimilation pathways of the respective methanotrophic or thiotrophic symbionts in all three Bathymodiolus mussels. Differences in BHP distribution as well as $δ$13C values in the two mussels hosting a methanotrophic symbiont may indicate the presence of different methanotrophic symbionts and/or changes in the nutritional status. In all three mussel species the $δ$13C values of lipid biomarkers assigned to the symbionts were similar to those of the hosts, indicating the importance of the bacterial symbionts as the main carbon source for the mussel tissue.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	author = {Kellermann, M Y and Schubotz, F and Elvert, M and Lipp, J S and Birgel, D and Prieto-Mollar, X and Dubilier, N and Hinrichs, K -U}
}
@article {Rubin2012,
	title = {{Volcanic Eruptions in the Deep Sea}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {142{\textendash}157},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions are important events in Earth{\textquoteright}s cycle of magma generation and crustal construction. Over durations of hours to years, eruptions produce new deposits of lava and/or fragmentary ejecta, transfer heat and magmatic volatiles from Earth{\textquoteright}s interior to the overlying air or seawater, and significantly modify the landscape and perturb local ecosystems. Today and through most of geological history, the greatest number and volume of volcanic eruptions on Earth have occurred in the deep ocean along mid-ocean ridges, near subduction zones, on oceanic plateaus, and on thousands of mid-plate seamounts. However, deep-sea eruptions ({\textgreater} 500~m depth) are much more difficult to detect and observe than subaerial eruptions, so comparatively little is known about them. Great strides have been made in eruption detection, response speed, and observational detail since the first recognition of a deep submarine eruption at a mid-ocean ridge 25 years ago. Studies of ongoing or recent deep submarine eruptions reveal information about their sizes, durations, frequencies, styles, and environmental impacts. Ultimately, magma formation and accumulation in the upper mantle and crust, plus local tectonic stress fields, dictate when, where, and how often submarine eruptions occur, whereas eruption depth, magma composition, conditions of volatile segregation, and tectonic setting determine submarine eruption style.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.12},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Soule, S A and Chadwick, W W and Fornari, D J and Clague, D A and Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Perfit, M R and Caress, D W and Dziak, R P}
}
@article {Brandl2012,
	title = {{Volcanism on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise: Quantitative constraints on mantle heterogeneity and melting processes}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {298{\textendash}299},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {41{\textendash}56},
	abstract = {We present major and trace element and Sr, Nd and triple-spike Pb isotope data for 17 fresh volcanic glasses from Seamount 6, a 10-km diameter seamount located 140~km east of the East Pacific Rise at 12{\textdegree}45'N. Geological and geochronological evidence show that magma compositions evolved from tholeiitic basalts to alkalic basalts and basaltic trachyandesites during the 1{\textendash}2~Ma active lifetime of the seamount. Major and trace element compositions in Seamount 6 lavas vary systematically with isotope ratios; the youngest lavas with the highest incompatible trace element concentrations have the highest La/Yb, Nb/Zr, K2O/TiO2, 87Sr/86Sr, 206Pb/204Pb and the lowest 143Nd/144Nd, MgO and CaO. The range in element concentrations, incompatible element ratios, and isotope compositions in Seamount 6 lavas exceeds that observed in lavas erupted at the adjacent ridge axis, and is comparable to the range in lava compositions reported from all near-ridge seamounts studied to date. The observed range in lava compositions is consistent with mixing between enriched and depleted melts at shallow levels in the crust. The inferred difference in composition between these mixing endmembers cannot be explained by variable degrees of melting of a single source composition, and requires that the upper mantle is extremely heterogeneous on the scale of the melting region beneath a single seamount. We can show that the range in composition of EPR seamount lavas cannot be generated by melting of variably heterogeneous mantle in which enriched and depleted materials contribute equally to melting (source mixing). Instead, the trace element and isotope compositions of seamount lavas can be reproduced by melting models in which more enriched, fertile mantle lithologies are preferentially melted during mantle upwelling. At progressively lower degrees of melting, erupted lavas are thus more enriched in incompatible trace elements, have higher La/Yb, K/Ti, 87Sr/86Sr ratios and lower 143Nd/144Nd. If this is a common process, then mantle-derived magmas are unlikely to inherit the average incompatible trace element and isotope composition of their mantle source, which is likely to be significantly more depleted, nor will they display the full range of compositions present in the mantle melting region. These results have implications for the way in which oceanic basalts can be used to infer the composition of the upper mantle.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.015},
	author = {Brandl, P A and Beier, C and Regelous, M and Abouchami, W and Haase, K M and Garbe-Schonberg, D and Galer, S J G}
}
@article {Li2011,
	title = {{Abundance and distribution of fatty acids within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Journal of Sea Research},
	volume = {65},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {333{\textendash}339},
	abstract = {Abundance and distribution of total fatty acids (TFAs) were examined along the physicochemical gradient within an active hydrothermal chimney collected from the Main Endeavour segment of Juan de Fuca Ridge. Approximately 27 fatty acids are identified with a chain-length ranging from C12 to C22. From the exterior to the interior of the chimney walls, the total concentrations of TFAs (∑~TFAs) show a trend of evident decrease. The observed compositions of TFAs are rich in bacterial biomarkers especially monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and minor branched and cyclopropyl FAs. On the basis of the species-specific FAs and bacterial 16SrRNA gene analysis (Li et al., unpublished data), sulfur-based metabolism appears to be the essential metabolic process in the chimney. Furthermore, the sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) are identified as a basic component of microbial communities at the exterior of the hydrothermal chimney, and its proportion shows an inward decrease while the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) have an inverse distribution.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1385-1101},
	doi = {10.1016/j.seares.2011.01.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2011.01.005},
	author = {Li, J and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Fu, M and Chen, Z Q and Yao, H Q}
}
@article {Quistad2011,
	title = {{Anaerobic propane oxidation in marine hydrocarbon seep sediments}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {8},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {2159{\textendash}2169},
	abstract = {Propane (C3H8) is an abundant hydrocarbon in subsurface reservoirs with significance to atmospheric chemistry and to marine biogeochemistry. The anaerobic oxidation of propane coupled to sulfate reduction may prevent sub-seafloor accumulations of propane from entering the ocean and atmosphere. Anaerobic oxidation of propane has recently been demonstrated in cultures of novel sulfate-reducing bacteria, but has not been directly demonstrated or quantified in nature. In this work we describe a method involving incubation with 13C-propane to quantify rates of anaerobic oxidation of propane in anoxic sediment, and we conclusively demonstrate the oxidation of propane under sulfidic conditions in fresh sediments of a marine hydrocarbon seep. Observed rates of anaerobic oxidation of propane adhere to first-order kinetic behavior, enabling the modification of this method for whole core rate determinations. Whole core rates in nine cores from two hydrocarbon seeps measured 0.04{\textendash}2100~nmoles C3H8~cm-3~day-1 by this method. The seep persistently supplied with more propane displayed substantially higher rates of anaerobic oxidation of propane, by 1{\textendash}2 orders of magnitude when averaged over the top 10-cm, suggesting the development of the microbial community is strongly modulated by the availability of propane. This work is the first to estimate rates for anaerobic oxidation of propane in any environment, and demonstrates the potential importance of the process as a filter for preventing propane from entering the ocean and atmosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.001},
	author = {Quistad, S D and Valentine, D L}
}
@mastersthesis {Grinar2011,
	title = {{A characterization of a hydrothermal vent community from a diffuse flow vertical wall of "The tower" sulfide edifice at the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {48},
	school = {Temple University},
	type = {phd},
	abstract = {The Juan de Fuca Ridge, located 400 km off the coast of Washington State, is home to unstable and unpredictable hydrothermal vent sites where chemosynthetic communities flourish. In 2007 the manned submersible ALVIN retrieved a Ridgeia piscesae tubeworm community in its entirety from the side of the Tower sulfide edifice from the Endeavor segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (47 55.416720 N, 129 6.487020 W, at a depth of 2269 m) using the Bushmaster Jr. collection device. The collection was analyzed for community structure and the data collected were compared to that from several other hydrothermal vent communities. It was determined that substrate composition is a factor that heavily influences community structure. The data were then compared to the community succession model developed by Sarrazin et. al. in 1997 and 1999 (Sarrazin et. al. 1997, Sarrazin and Juniper 1999). The Tower community was found to expand the model as a new community succession classification; that of community iii low flow. The Tower community was then analyzed for diversity, structure and tubeworm morphology in conjunction with two other communities from differing substrata. The Ridgeia piscesae tubeworms were found to be of the "long skinny" morphotype, one that was previously thought to only reside on basaltic substrate. The Tower community has similar species richness and higher species evenness than those from basaltic substrate, but similar richness and lower evenness that those from sulfide. This community type combines the characteristics of those from both substrata, resulting in a community with diversity and structure that is an intermediary between sulfide and basaltic substrates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/204453},
	author = {Grinar, M}
}
@article {ISI:000290021000005,
	title = {{Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys with contrasting chemistries}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {414{\textendash}426},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys harbor a high diversity of largely unknown microorganisms. Although the phylogenetic diversity of these microorganisms has been described previously, the adaptation and metabolic potential of the microbial communities is only beginning to be revealed. A pyrosequencing approach was used to directly obtain sequences from a fosmid library constructed from a black smoker chimney 4143-1 in the Mothra hydrothermal vent field at the Juan de Fuca Ridge. A total of 308 034 reads with an average sequence length of 227 bp were generated. Comparative genomic analyses of metagenomes from a variety of environments by two-way clustering of samples and functional gene categories demonstrated that the 4143-1 metagenome clustered most closely with that from a carbonate chimney from Lost City. Both are highly enriched in genes for mismatch repair and homologous recombination, suggesting that the microbial communities have evolved extensive DNA repair systems to cope with the extreme conditions that have potential deleterious effects on the genomes. As previously reported for the Lost City microbiome, the metagenome of chimney 4143-1 exhibited a high proportion of transposases, implying that horizontal gene transfer may be a common occurrence in the deep-sea vent chimney biosphere. In addition, genes for chemotaxis and flagellar assembly were highly enriched in the chimney metagenomes, reflecting the adaptation of the organisms to the highly dynamic conditions present within the chimney walls. Reconstruction of the metabolic pathways revealed that the microbial community in the wall of chimney 4143-1 was mainly fueled by sulfur oxidation, putatively coupled to nitrate reduction to perform inorganic carbon fixation through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. On the basis of the genomic organization of the key genes of the carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation pathways contained in the large genomic fragments, both obligate and facultative autotrophs appear to be present and contribute to biomass production. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 414-426; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.144; published online 7 October 2010},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2010.144},
	author = {Xie, Wei and Wang, Fengping and Guo, Lei and Chen, Zeling and Sievert, Stefan M and Meng, Jun and Huang, Guangrui and Li, Yuxin and Yan, Qingyu and Wu, Shan and Wang, Xin and Chen, Shangwu and He, Guangyuan and Xiao, Xiang and Xu, Anlong}
}
@article {Bailey2011,
	title = {{Dimorphism in methane seep-dwelling ecotypes of the largest known bacteria}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {5},
	number = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1926{\textendash}1935},
	publisher = {International Society for Microbial Ecology},
	abstract = {We present evidence for a dimorphic life cycle in the vacuolate sulfide-oxidizing bacteria that appears to involve the attachment of a spherical Thiomargarita-like cell to the exteriors of invertebrate integuments and other benthic substrates at methane seeps. The attached cell elongates to produce a stalk-like form before budding off spherical daughter cells resembling free-living Thiomargarita that are abundant in surrounding sulfidic seep sediments. The relationship between the attached parent cell and free-living daughter cell is reminiscent of the dimorphic life modes of the prosthecate Alphaproteobacteria, but on a grand scale, with individual elongate cells reaching nearly a millimeter in length. Abundant growth of attached Thiomargarita-like bacteria on the integuments of gastropods and other seep fauna provides not only a novel ecological niche for these giant bacteria, but also for animals that may benefit from epibiont colonization.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.66},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v5/n12/suppinfo/ismej201166s1.html 10.1038/ismej.2011.66},
	author = {Bailey, J V and Salman, V and Rouse, G W and Schulz-Vogt, H and Levin, L A and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Bennett2011,
	title = {{Dissolved and particulate organic carbon in hydrothermal plumes from the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50'N}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {58},
	number = {9},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {922{\textendash}931},
	abstract = {Chemoautotrophic production in seafloor hydrothermal systems has the potential to provide an important source of organic carbon that is exported to the surrounding deep-ocean. While hydrothermal plumes may export carbon, entrained from chimney walls and biologically rich diffuse flow areas, away from sites of venting they also have the potential to provide an environment for in-situ carbon fixation. In this study, we have followed the fate of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) as it is dispersed through and settles beneath a hydrothermal plume system at 9{\textdegree}50'N on the East Pacific Rise. Concentrations of both DOC and POC are elevated in buoyant plume samples that were collected directly above sites of active venting using both DSV Alvin and a CTD-rosette. Similar levels of POC enrichment are also observed in the dispersing non-buoyant plume, \~{}500~m downstream from the vent-site. Further, sediment-trap samples collected beneath the same dispersing plume system, show evidence for a close coupling between organic carbon and Fe oxyhydroxide fluxes. We propose, therefore, a process that concentrates POC into hydrothermal plumes as they disperse through the deep-ocean. This is most probably the result of some combination of preferential adsorption of organic carbon onto Fe-oxyhydroxides and/or microbial activity that preferentially concentrates organic carbon in association with Fe-oxyhydroxides (e.g. through the microbial oxidation of Fe(II) and Fe sulfides). This potential for biological production and consumption within hydrothermal plumes highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the role of the carbon cycle in deep-sea hydrothermal systems as well as the role that hydrothermal systems may play in regulating global deep-ocean carbon budgets.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Statham, P J and Green, D R H and Le Bris, N and McDermott, J M and Prado, F and Rouxel, O J and Von Damm, K L and German, C R}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {Barr2011,
	title = {{Early to Middle Devonian granitic and volcanic rocks from the central Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {126},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {455{\textendash}465},
	abstract = {Cashes Ledge igneous suite in the central Gulf of Maine is represented by 10 granitic and two felsic tuff samples collected from bedrock outcrops using the submersible Alvin in 1971{\textendash}1972 and archived at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of zircon grains yielded crystallization ages of 414.9~{\textpm}~1.1~Ma and 399.7~{\textpm}~1.5~Ma for two alkali feldspar granite samples, 407.0~{\textpm}~1.9~Ma for a syenogranite sample, and 384.4~{\textpm}~2.3~Ma and 383.9~{\textpm}~1.6~Ma for two felsic tuff samples. The samples contain iron-rich mafic minerals, including aegirine-augite, grunerite/ferroedenite, and annite. Most of the samples are alkaline to slightly peralkaline, with high concentrations of SiO2, Y, Zr, Nb, and REE, strong negative Eu anomalies, and positive epsilon Nd values (1.8 to 3.7). The suite resembles part of a belt of similar Silurian{\textendash}Devonian rocks with ages between 426 and 370~Ma now recognized in the central part of Avalonia in southeastern New England. They formed in a long-lived, likely extensional regime linked to subduction and subsequent complex transcurrent motions among Ganderia, Avalonia, and Meguma, culminating in the closure of the Rheic Ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	author = {Barr, S M and Mortensen, J K and Thompson, M D and Hermes, O D and White, C E}
}
@article {Davis2011,
	title = {{Evidence for episodic aseismic slip across the subduction seismogenic zone off Costa Rica: CORK borehole pressure observations at the subduction prism toe}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {306},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {299{\textendash}305},
	abstract = {Slow slip events, or {\textquotedblleft}silent{\textquotedblright} earthquakes, may relieve a significant amount of stress at many subduction plate boundaries, both downdip of the limit of seismogenesis, and within the seismogenic zone itself in cases where seismic energy release accounts for only a fraction of the plate tectonic displacement rate (Schwartz and Rokosky, 2007). Slow slip has been identified in several instances downdip of the landward limit of the seismogenic zone and is often accompanied by seismic tremor or low-frequency earthquake activity along and above the plate interface (referred to as {\textquotedblleft}episodic tremor and slip{\textquotedblright}, or ETS). Little is known, however, about the spatial distribution and history of slip between great earthquakes along the seismogenic thrust interface itself which lies mostly offshore. In this article we present formation pressure transients observed in two deep-sea boreholes near the toe of the subduction prism off Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, which followed ETS events observed on shore by 1{\textendash}2~weeks. The signatures of the transients are consistent with local slip on the shallow part of the thrust interface, with the underthrusting plate experiencing relaxation and the outer prism experiencing contraction. The delay between the tremor activity and the pressure transients observed c. 100~km seaward at the prism toe suggests either slow propagation across the seismogenic zone or delayed deformation at the outer part of the prism triggered by the slip beneath Nicoya. Such slip may serve generally to relieve stress at subduction zones, but also to increase stress in parts of the plate boundary where interseismic slip does not occur.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.017},
	author = {Davis, E and Heesemann, M and Wang, K}
}
@article {Pietruszka2011,
	title = {{Excesses of seawater-derived 234U in volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount due to crustal contamination}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {304},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {280{\textendash}289},
	abstract = {The effects of crustal contamination on the chemistry of oceanic basalts are commonly assumed to be negligible due to the compositional similarity between the erupted basalt and the underlying oceanic crust or volcanic edifice. Here we evaluate this assumption with high-precision measurements of the 234U{\textendash}238U and 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria, Cl/K2O ratios, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount, a submarine Hawaiian volcano with an active hydrothermal system. The samples, including one from the volcano{\textquoteright}s 1996 eruption, have small to moderate amounts of excess 234U ({\~{}}~0.2{\textendash}1.0{\%}) and variable, elevated Cl/K2O ratios. These excesses of 234U and enrichments in Cl are thought to result from contamination with seawater-derived U and Cl, but neither of these signatures can be explained by syn- or post-eruptive interaction between lava and seawater. Instead, mantle-derived magmas at Loihi appear to be variably contaminated with two distinct crustal materials: hydrothermal brines (which create enrichments in Cl) and U-enriched hydrothermally altered rocks (which create excesses of 234U). Both of these materials are expected to be found within the volcanic edifice as complementary parts of the volcano{\textquoteright}s hydrothermal system. The Loihi glasses display a wide measured range in the amount of excess 230Th from {\~{}}1 to 7{\%} (due to the addition of seawater-derived U) that overlaps with lavas from Kilauea Volcano ({\~{}}~2{\%} excess 230Th). We correct the 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria of the Loihi glasses back to their original pre-contamination values using their 234U{\textendash}238U disequilibria and a simple mass-balance calculation. This correction suggests that mantle-derived magmas at Loihi have a narrow range of {\~{}}~6{\textendash}9{\%} excess 230Th, which is significantly larger than observed for lavas from the neighboring volcano, Kilauea. This difference is consistent with the idea that Loihi is tapping mantle that is upwelling slowly ({\~{}}~5{\textendash}6~cm/yr) on the margin of the Hawaiian plume.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	author = {Pietruszka, A J and Keyes, M J and Duncan, J A and Hauri, E H and Carlson, R W and Garcia, M O}
}
@article {Yucel2011,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents as a kinetically stable source of iron-sulphide-bearing nanoparticles to the ocean}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {4},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {367{\textendash}371},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents emit sulphur and metals to the ocean(1). Particular attention has been paid to hydrothermal fluxes of iron(2-4), a limiting micronutrient of marine primary production(5). Vent-derived iron was previously thought to rapidly oxidize and precipitate around vents(6). However, organic matter can bind to and stabilize dissolved and particulate iron in hydrothermal plumes(7-9), facilitating its dispersion into the open ocean(10). Here, we report measurements of the chemical speciation of sulphide and iron in high-temperature fluids emanating from vents in the East Pacific Rise and the Eastern Lau Spreading Center. We show that pyrite nanoparticles-composed of iron and sulphur-account for up to 10{\%} of the filterable iron (less than 200nm in size) in these fluids. We suggest that these particles form before the discharge of the vent fluid. We estimate that pyrite nanoparticles sink more slowly than larger plume particles, and are more resistant to oxidation than dissolved Fe(II) and FeS. We suggest that the discharge of iron in the form of pyrite nanoparticles increases the probability that vent-derived iron will be transported over long distances in the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/NGEO1148},
	author = {Yucel, M and Gartman, A and Chan, Clara S and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Smith2011,
	title = {{In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {Q06007},
	abstract = {The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge was used in the first long-term deployment of microbial enrichment flow cells using osmotically driven pumps in a subseafloor borehole. Three novel osmotically driven colonization systems with unidirectional flow were deployed in the borehole and incubated for 4 years to determine the microbial colonization preferences for 12 minerals and glasses present in igneous rocks. Following recovery of the colonization systems, we measured cell density on the minerals and glasses by fluorescent staining and direct counting and found some significant differences between mineral samples. We also determined the abundance of mesophilic and thermophilic culturable organotrophs grown on marine R2A medium and identified isolates by partial 16S or 18S rDNA sequencing. We found that nine distinct phylotypes of culturable mesophilic oligotrophs were present on the minerals and glasses and that eight of the nine can reduce nitrate and oxidize iron. Fe(II)-rich olivine minerals had the highest density of total countable cells and culturable organotrophic mesophiles, as well as the only culturable organotrophic thermophiles. These results suggest that olivine (a common igneous mineral) in seawater-recharged ocean crust is capable of supporting microbial communities, that iron oxidation and nitrate reduction may be important physiological characteristics of ocean crust microbes, and that heterogeneously distributed minerals in marine igneous rocks likely influence the distribution of microbial communities in the ocean crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003424},
	author = {Smith, A and Popa, R and Fisk, M and Nielsen, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Fisher, A T and Becker, K and Sievert, S M and Flores, G}
}
@article {Orcutt2011,
	title = {{Microbial Ecology of the Dark Ocean above, at, and below the Seafloor }},
	journal = {Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews},
	volume = {75},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {361{\textendash}422},
	abstract = {The majority of life on Earth{\textemdash}notably, microbial life{\textemdash}occurs in places that do not receive sunlight, with the habitats of the oceans being the largest of these reservoirs. Sunlight penetrates only a few tens to hundreds of meters into the ocean, resulting in large-scale microbial ecosystems that function in the dark. Our knowledge of microbial processes in the dark ocean{\textemdash}the aphotic pelagic ocean, sediments, oceanic crust, hydrothermal vents, etc.{\textemdash}has increased substantially in recent decades. Studies that try to decipher the activity of microorganisms in the dark ocean, where we cannot easily observe them, are yielding paradigm-shifting discoveries that are fundamentally changing our understanding of the role of the dark ocean in the global Earth system and its biogeochemical cycles. New generations of researchers and experimental tools have emerged, in the last decade in particular, owing to dedicated research programs to explore the dark ocean biosphere. This review focuses on our current understanding of microbiology in the dark ocean, outlining salient features of various habitats and discussing known and still unexplored types of microbial metabolism and their consequences in global biogeochemical cycling. We also focus on patterns of microbial diversity in the dark ocean and on processes and communities that are characteristic of the different habitats.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1092-2172},
	doi = {10.1128/MMBR.00039-10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/​MMBR.00039-10},
	author = {Orcutt, B N and Sylvan, J B and Knab, N J and Edwards, K J}
}
@article {Mansour2011,
	title = {{Mineralogical and stable isotopic characterization of authigenic carbonate from a hydrocarbon seep site, Gulf of Mexico slope: Possible relation to crude oil degradation}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {281},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {59{\textendash}69},
	abstract = {One of the characteristic features on the cold deep seafloor on Atwater Valley (AT) Block 425 (1930~m water depth) in the Gulf of Mexico is the occurrence of seepage of crude oil and hydrocarbon gases associated with thermogenic gas hydrate and authigenic carbonate deposits. Mineralogical, petrographic and isotopic analyses revealed that the precipitation of these carbonates was related to the microbial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Carbonate deposits are composed of heavily oil-stained, small nodules to large cobbles of dense limestones of fine-grained textures. Other carbonate fragments are composed of small intraclasts, pellets and some bivalve shell fragments cemented together by aragonite cement. XRD analysis and petrographic investigations revealed that the authigenic carbonate is predominantly composed of aragonite that occurs as microcrystalline matrix and cement. Microcrystalline, sparitic and botryoidal acicular aragonite crystals are observed as void-filling cement. The $δ$18O values of the authigenic carbonate (3.80 to 4.16{\textperthousand} V-PDB) suggest that the precipitating fluid has equilibrated with the cold bottom seawater. The calculated $δ$18O values (0.18 to 0.54{\textperthousand} SMOW) of the precipitating fluid show subtle deviation from the values reported for the present bottom seawater. This is attributed possibly to the precipitation from pore water with temperature ranged from 3.3 to 1.7~{\textdegree}C, which is less than the measured bottom seawater (4~{\textdegree}C). However, the mixing of the marine pore water with some deep hydrocarbon-rich brines or hydrate-water would provide a source of 18O-enrichment fluid for the precipitation of the authigenic carbonates. Based on the predominance of aragonite with botryoidal and clotted fabric, the occurrence of pyrite and from the oxygen isotopic data, it is plausible that the authigenic carbonates may have formed near the sediment/water interface in an oxygen-depleted environment with low temperature. The narrow range of the $δ$13C values of the authigenic carbonate (-~23.88 to -~28.62{\textperthousand} V-PDB) suggests that a single source of carbon is predominant. Based on the moderately low $δ$13C values and the occurrence of spots of crude oil coatings of the carbonate samples, in addition to the application of a carbon isotope mass balance model, the carbon involving in the formation of the carbonates of the AT 425 seep site could be mainly derived from microbial degradation of crude oil. Microbial oxidation of non-methane thermogenic hydrocarbon gases such as ethane, propane and isobutane would play some role as a source of carbonate-carbon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2011.02.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.02.004},
	author = {Mansour, A S and Sassen, R}
}
@article {Pester2011,
	title = {{A new Fe/Mn geothermometer for hydrothermal systems: Implications for high-salinity fluids at 13{\textdegree}N on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {24},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {7881{\textendash}7892},
	abstract = {Field and experimental investigations demonstrate the chemistry of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent fluids reflects fluid{\textendash}mineral reaction at higher temperatures than those typically measured at the seafloor. To account for this and, in turn, be able to better constrain sub-seafloor hydrothermal processes, we have developed an empirical geothermometer based on the dissolved Fe/Mn ratio in high-temperature fluids. Using data from basalt alteration experiments, the relationship; T ({\textdegree}C)~=~331.24~+~112.41*log[Fe/Mn] has been calibrated between 350 and 450~{\textdegree}C. The apparent Fe{\textendash}Mn equilibrium demonstrated by the experimental data is in good agreement with natural vent fluids, suggesting broad applicability. When used in conjunction with constraints imposed by quartz solubility, associated sub-seafloor pressures can be estimated for basalt-hosted systems. As an example, this methodology is used to interpret new data from 13{\textdegree}N on the East Pacific Rise, where high-temperature fluids both enriched and depleted in chloride (339{\textendash}646~mmol/kg), relative to seawater, are actively venting within a close proximity. Accounting for these variable salinities, active phase separation is clearly taking place at 13{\textdegree}N, yet the fluid Fe/Mn ratios and the silica concentrations suggest equilibration at temperatures less than those coinciding with the two-phase region. These data show the chloride-enriched fluid reflects the highest temperature and pressure (\~{}432~{\textdegree}C, 400~bars) of equilibration, consistent with circulation near the top of the inferred magma chamber. This is in agreement with the elevated CO2 concentration relative to the chloride-depleted fluids. The noted temperature derived from the Fe/Mn geothermometer is higher than the critical temperature for a fluid of equivalent salinity. This carries the important implication that, despite being chloride-enriched relative to seawater, these fluids evolved as the vapor component of even higher salinity brine.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2011.08.043},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.08.043},
	author = {Pester, N J and Rough, M and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {ISI:000287940400009,
	title = {{Precious corals (Coralliidae) from north-western Atlantic Seamounts}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM},
	volume = {91},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2011},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {369{\textendash}382},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Two new species belonging to the precious coral genus Corallium were collected during a series of exploratory cruises to the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts in 2003-2005. One red species, Corallium bathyrubrum sp. nov., and one white species, C. bayeri sp. nov., are described. Corallium bathyrubrum is the first red Corallium to be reported from the western Atlantic. An additional species, C. niobe Bayer, 1964 originally described from the Straits of Florida, was also collected and its description augmented.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S002531541000086X},
	author = {Simpson, Anne and Watling, Les}
}
@mastersthesis {Bayer2011,
	title = {{Reproductive traits of pioneer gastropod species colonizing deepsea hydrothermal vents after an eruption}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {49},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {The colonization dynamics and life histories of pioneer species are vital components in understanding the early succession of nascent hydrothermal vents. The reproductive ecology of pioneer species at deep-sea hydrothermal vents may provide insight into their dispersal, population connectivity, and ability to colonize after disturbance. An opportunity to study the reproductive traits of two pioneer gastropod species, Ctenopelta porifera and Lepetodrilus tevnianus, presented itself in 2006 after an eruption on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) eliminated vent communities near 9{\textdegree}50''N. Standard histological techniques were used to determine whether reproductive characteristics, such as timing of gamete release, fecundity, or time to maturation, differed from other vent gastropods in ways that might explain arrival of these two species as early colonizers. Both species exhibited two-component oocyte size frequency distributions that indicated they were quasi-continuous reproducers with high fecundity. In C. porifera, the oocyte size distributions differed slightly between two collection dates, suggesting that environmental cues may introduce some variability in gamete release. In samples collected within one year of the estimated eruption date, individuals in populations of both C. porifera and L. tevnianus were reproductively mature. The smallest reproducing C. porifera were 4.2 mm (males) and 5.4 mm (females) in shell length, whereas reproductive L. tevnianus were smaller (2.3 and 2.4 mm in males and females respectively). Most C porifera in the population were large ({\textgreater} 6.0 mm) compared to their settlement size and reproductively mature. In contrast, most L tevnianus were small (},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/4733},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/4733},
	author = {Bayer, S}
}
@article {Gross2011,
	title = {{Seabed search boost}},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {R94{\textendash}R95},
	abstract = {Oceanography{\textquoteright}s newest deep-sea research submersible is also its oldest.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.021},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.021},
	author = {Gross, M G}
}
@article {Becker2011,
	title = {{Stable isotopes provide new insights into vestimentiferan physiological ecology at Gulf of Mexico cold seeps}},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {98},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {169{\textendash}174},
	abstract = {On the otherwise low-biomass seafloor of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) continental slope, natural oil and gas seeps are oases of local primary production that support lush animal communities. Hundreds of seep communities have been documented on the continental slope, and nutrition derived from seeps could be an important link in the overall GoM food web. Here, we present a uniquely large and cohesive data set of $δ$13C, $δ$15N, and $δ$34S compositions of the vestimentiferan tubeworms Escarpia laminata and Lamellibrachia sp. 1, which dominate biomass at GoM seeps and provide habitat for hundreds of other species. Our sampling design encompassed an entire region of the GoM lower slope, allowing us for the first time to assess spatial variability in isotope compositions and to robustly address long-standing hypotheses about how vestimentiferans acquire and cycle nutrients over their long lifespan (200+~years). Tissue $δ$13C values provided strong evidence that larger adult vestimentiferans use their buried roots to take up dissolved inorganic carbon from sediment pore water, while very small individuals use their plume to take up carbon dioxide from the seawater. $δ$34S values were extremely variable among individuals of the same species within one location (S values were extremely variable among individuals of the same species within one location (2 area), indicating high variability in the inorganic sulfur pools on a very small spatial scale. This finding supports the hypothesis that vestimentiferans use their roots to cycle sulfate and sulfide between their symbionts and free-living consortia of sulfate-reducing archaea in the sediment. Finally, consistent differences in $δ$15N between two cooccurring vestimentiferan species provided the first strong evidence for partitioning of inorganic resources, which has significant implications for the ecology and evolution of this taxonomic group.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1042},
	doi = {10.1007/s00114-010-0754-z},
	author = {Becker, E L and Macko, S A and Lee, R W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Adams2011,
	title = {{Surface-generated mesoscale eddies transport deep-sea products from hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {332},
	number = {6029},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {580{\textendash}583},
	abstract = {Atmospheric forcing, which is known to have a strong influence on surface ocean dynamics and production, is typically not considered in studies of the deep sea. Our observations and models demonstrate an unexpected influence of surface-generated mesoscale eddies in the transport of hydrothermal vent efflux and of vent larvae away from the northern East Pacific Rise. Transport by these deep-reaching eddies provides a mechanism for spreading the hydrothermal chemical and heat flux into the deep-ocean interior and for dispersing propagules hundreds of kilometers between isolated and ephemeral communities. Because the eddies interacting with the East Pacific Rise are formed seasonally and are sensitive to phenomena such as El Ni{\~n}o, they have the potential to introduce seasonal to interannual atmospheric variations into the deep sea.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1201066},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1201066},
	author = {Adams, D K and McGillicuddy, D J and Zamudio, L and Thurnherr, A M and Liang, X and Rouxel, O J and German, C R and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {ISI:000299052400011,
	title = {{Thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane by marine microbial consortia}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {5},
	number = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1946{\textendash}1956},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate controls the emission of the greenhouse gas methane from the ocean floor. AOM is performed by microbial consortia of archaea (ANME) associated with partners related to sulfate-reducing bacteria. In vitro enrichments of AOM were so far only successful at temperatures {\textless}= 25 degrees C; however, energy gain for growth by AOM with sulfate is in principle also possible at higher temperatures. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes and core lipids characteristic for ANME as well as hints of in situ AOM activity were indeed reported for geothermally heated marine environments, yet no direct evidence for thermophilic growth of marine ANME consortia was obtained to date. To study possible thermophilic AOM, we investigated hydrothermally influenced sediment from the Guaymas Basin. In vitro incubations showed activity of sulfate-dependent methane oxidation between 5 and 70 degrees C with an apparent optimum between 45 and 60 degrees C. AOM was absent at temperatures {\textgreater}= 75 degrees C. Long-term enrichment of AOM was fastest at 50 degrees C, yielding a 13-fold increase of methane-dependent sulfate reduction within 250 days, equivalent to an apparent doubling time of 68 days. The enrichments were dominated by novel ANME-1 consortia, mostly associated with bacterial partners of the deltaproteobacterial HotSeep-1 cluster, a deeply branching phylogenetic group previously found in a butane-amended 60 degrees C-enrichment culture of Guaymas sediments. The closest relatives (Desulfurella spp.; Hippea maritima) are moderately thermophilic sulfur reducers. Results indicate that AOM and ANME archaea could be of biogeochemical relevance not only in cold to moderate but also in hot marine habitats. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 1946-1956; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.77; published online 23 June 2011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.77},
	author = {Holler, Thomas and Widdel, Friedrich and Knittel, Katrin and Amann, Rudolf and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Wegener, Gunter}
}
@article {ISI:000291312500011,
	title = {{Using CRISPRs as a metagenomic tool to identify microbial hosts of a diffuse flow hydrothermal vent viral assemblage}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {77},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {120{\textendash}133},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Metagenomic analyses of viruses have revealed widespread diversity in the viriosphere, but it remains a challenge to identify specific hosts for a viral assemblage. To address this problem, we analyze the viral metagenome of a northeast Pacific hydrothermal vent with a comprehensive database of spacers derived from the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) putative immune system. CRISPR spacer matches to the marine vent virome suggest that viruses infecting hosts from diverse taxonomic groups are present in this vent environment. Comparative virome analyses show that CRISPR spacers from vent isolates and from thermophiles in general have a higher percentage of matches to the vent virome than to other marine or terrestrial hot spring viromes. However, a high percentage of hits to spacers from mesophilic hosts, combined with a moderately high modeled alpha diversity, suggest that the marine vent virome is comprised of viruses that have the potential to infect diverse taxonomic groups of multiple thermal regimes in both the bacterial and the archaeal domains.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01090.x},
	author = {Anderson, Rika E and Brazelton, William J and Baross, John A}
}
@article {Ludwig2011,
	title = {{U-Th systematics and ages of carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {7},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1869{\textendash}1888},
	abstract = {The Lost City Hydrothermal Field (LCHF) is a serpentinite-hosted vent field located 15~km west of the spreading axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In this study, uranium{\textendash}thorium (U{\textendash}Th) geochronological techniques have been used to examine the U{\textendash}Th systematics of hydrothermal fluids and the 230Th ages of hydrothermally-precipitated carbonate chimneys at the LCHF. Fluid sample analyses indicate that endmember fluids likely contain only 0.0073~ng/g U or less compared to 3.28~{\textpm}~0.03~ng/g of U in ambient seawater. For fluid samples containing only 2{\textendash}21{\%} ambient seawater (1.1{\textendash}11~mmol/kg~Mg), Th concentration is 0.11{\textendash}0.13~pg/g and surrounding seawater concentrations average 0.133~{\textpm}~0.016~pg/g. The 230Th/232Th atomic ratios of the vent fluids range from 1 ({\textpm}10)~{\texttimes}~10-6 to 11 ({\textpm}5)~{\texttimes}~10-6, are less than those of seawater, and indicate that the vent fluids may contribute a minor amount of non-radiogenic 230Th to the LCHF carbonate chimney deposits. Chimney 238U concentrations range from 1 to 10~$μ$g/g and the average chimney corrected initial $δ$234U is 147.2~{\textpm}~0.8, which is not significantly different from the ambient seawater value of 146.5~{\textpm}~0.6. Carbonate 232Th concentrations range broadly from 0.0038~{\textpm}~0.0003 to 125~{\textpm}~16~ng/g and 230Th/232Th atomic ratios vary from near seawater values of 43 ({\textpm}8)~{\texttimes}~10-6 up to 530 ({\textpm}25)~{\texttimes}~10-3. Chimney ages, corrected for initial 230Th, range from 17~{\textpm}~6~yrs to 120~{\textpm}~13~kyrs. The youngest chimneys are at the intersection of two active, steeply-dipping normal faults that cut the Atlantis Massif; the oldest chimneys are located in the southwest portion of the field. Vent deposits on a steep, fault-bounded wall on the east side of the field are all Th, range from 17~{\textpm}~6~yrs to 120~{\textpm}~13~kyrs. The youngest chimneys are at the intersection of two active, steeply-dipping normal faults that cut the Atlantis Massif; the oldest chimneys are located in the southwest portion of the field. Vent deposits on a steep, fault-bounded wall on the east side of the field are all},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2011.01.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.01.008},
	author = {Ludwig, K A and Shen, C C and Kelley, D S and Cheng, H and Edwards, R L}
}
@article {ISI:000277238700001,
	title = {{Abyssogena: a new genus of the family Vesicomyidae (Bivalvia) from deep-water vents and seeps}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF MOLLUSCAN STUDIES},
	volume = {76},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {may},
	pages = {107{\textendash}132},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A new genus Abyssogena is established for A. phaseoliformis ( Metivier, Okutani {\&} Ohta, 1986) and A. kaikoi ( Okutani {\&} Metivier, 1986), which were previously assigned to the genus Calyptogena Dall, 1891, and also for two new species, A. southwardae and A. novacula. The most characteristic features of Abyssogena are an elongate shell up to about 280 mm in length; a pallial line starting from the ventral margin of the anterior adductor scar; secondary pallial attachment scars developed dorsal to the pallial line; radially arranged hinge teeth with a reduced anterior cardinal tooth in the right valve; and presence of an inner ctenidial demibranch only. Abyssogena occurs in deep water from 2,985 to 6,400 m and is distributed in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans at cold seeps along continental margins and hydrothermal vents at mid-oceanic ridges. Some species have a remarkably wide geographic distribution; A. southwardae is present throughout the Atlantic and A. phaseoliformis is present in Japan, Kuril-Kamchatka, as well as Aleutian Trenches. No fossils of Abyssogena are known.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0260-1230},
	doi = {10.1093/mollus/eyp052},
	author = {Krylova, Elena M and Sahling, Heiko and Janssen, Ronald}
}
@article {Nevala2010a,
	title = {{Alvin gets an interior re-design: sub{\textquoteright}s new sphere will provide a little more room and comfort}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {48},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {16{\textendash}17},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Nevala, A E}
}
@article {Brazelton2010,
	title = {{Archaea and bacteria with surprising microdiversity show shifts in dominance over 1,000-year time scales in hydrothermal chimneys}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1612{\textendash}1617},
	abstract = {The Lost City Hydrothermal Field, an ultramafic-hosted system located 15 km west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has experienced at least 30,000 years of hydrothermal activity. Previous studies have shown that its carbonate chimneys form by mixing of \~{}90 {\textdegree}C, pH 9{\textendash}11 hydrothermal fluids and cold seawater. Flow of methane and hydrogen-rich hydrothermal fluids in the porous interior chimney walls supports archaeal biofilm communities dominated by a single phylotype of Methanosarcinales. In this study, we have extensively sampled the carbonate-hosted archaeal and bacterial communities by obtaining sequences of {\textgreater}200,000 amplicons of the 16S rRNA V6 region and correlated the results with isotopic (230Th) ages of the chimneys over a 1,200-year period. Rare sequences in young chimneys were commonly more abundant in older chimneys, indicating that members of the rare biosphere can become dominant members of the ecosystem when environmental conditions change. These results suggest that a long history of selection over many cycles of chimney growth has resulted in numerous closely related species at Lost City, each of which is preadapted to a particular set of reoccurring environmental conditions. Because of the unique characteristics of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, these data offer an unprecedented opportunity to study the dynamics of a microbial ecosystem{\textquoteright}s rare biosphere over a thousand-year time scale.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0905369107},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905369107},
	author = {Brazelton, W J and Ludwig, K A and Sogin, M L and Andreishcheva, E N and Kelley, D S and Shen, C C and Edwards, R L and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Valentine2010,
	title = {{Asphalt volcanoes as a potential source of methane to late Pleistocene coastal waters}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {3},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {345{\textendash}348},
	abstract = {Every year, natural petroleum seepage emits 0.2{\textendash}2 Tg of oil to the ocean1. Significant oil seepage can build large underwater mounds, consisting of tar deposits with morphologies similar to volcanic lava flows, known as asphalt volcanoes2, 3. Such events are typically accompanied by large fluxes of the greenhouse gas methane4, 5. Marine sediments from the Santa Barbara basin, California, contain a record of elevated methane concentrations6, anoxia and tar deposition7 during the Pleistocene epoch that had been attributed to dissolution of methane hydrates. However, the region is known to have exhibited oil seepage in the past7. Here, we document the discovery of seven extinct asphalt volcanoes off the coast of southern California. The morphology of the deposits and geochemistry of samples taken from the two largest structures supports their classification as asphalt volcanoes, derived from a common source. We estimate that the two structures resulted from seepage of 0.07{\textendash}0.4 Tg of oil, accompanied by the emission of 0.35{\textendash}1.8 Tg of methane. Radiocarbon dating of carbonate deposits entrained with the asphalt indicates formation of the volcanoes between 44 and 31 kyr ago. The timing and volume of erupted hydrocarbons from the asphalt structures can explain some or all of the documented methane release and tar accumulation in the Santa Barbara basin during the Pleistocene.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo848},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo848},
	author = {Valentine, D L and Reddy, C M and Farwell, C and Hill, T M and Pizarro, O and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and Nelson, R K and Peacock, E E and Bagby, S C and Clarke, B A and Roman, C N and Soloway, M}
}
@article {ISI:000273167300016,
	title = {{Beaked whale foraging areas inferred by gouges in the seafloor}},
	journal = {MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {226{\textendash}233},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0824-0469},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00325.x},
	author = {Auster, Peter J and Watling, Les}
}
@article {Joye2010,
	title = {{Biogeochemical signatures and microbial activity of different cold-seep habitats along the Gulf of Mexico deep slope}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1990{\textendash}2001},
	abstract = {Microorganisms and the processes they mediate serve as the metabolic foundation of cold seeps. We characterized a suite of biogeochemical constituents and quantified rates of two key microbial processes, Sulfate Reduction (SR) and Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM), to assess variability between habitats at water depths exceeding 1000 m in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Rates of SR were highest in sediments beneath microbial mats, lower in brine-influenced and oil-influenced sediments, and lowest in animal habitats. Sediments collected near tubeworms had the highest SR rates for animal habitats. Rates of AOM generally were low, but higher rates were associated with brine-influenced, oil-influenced, tubeworm- and urchin-inhabited sediments. Rates of both SR and AOM were orders of magnitude lower at deep-slope sites compared to upper-slope sites examined previously. As observed at upper-slope sites, SR and AOM rates were often loosely coupled. At one site, AOM rates exceeded SR rates, suggesting that an alternate electron acceptor for AOM is possible. Extremely depleted $δ$13C values in methane illustrated the broad significance of biogenic methane production at deep-slope sites. Brine-influenced habitats were characterized by extremely high concentrations of ammonium and dissolved organic carbon, serving as important focused sources of these chemicals to adjacent environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.06.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.06.001},
	author = {Joye, S B and Bowles, M W and Samarkin, V A and Hunter, K S and Niemann, H}
}
@article {Nevala2010,
	title = {{Building the next-generation Alvin: plan offers a roadmap to extend sub{\textquoteright}s diving capacity to 6,500 meters}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {48},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {12{\textendash}15},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Nevala, A E}
}
@article {Fueri2010,
	title = {{Carbon release from submarine seeps at the Costa Rica fore arc: Implications for the volatile cycle at the Central America convergent margin}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q04S21},
	abstract = {We report total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) abundances and isotope ratios, as well as helium isotope ratios (3He/4He), of cold seep fluids sampled at the Costa Rica fore arc in order to evaluate the extent of carbon loss from the submarine segment of the Central America convergent margin. Seep fluids were collected over a 12 month period at Mound 11, Mound 12, and Jaco Scar using copper tubing attached to submarine flux meters operating in continuous pumping mode. The fluids show minimum 3He/4He ratios of 1.3 RA (where RA is air 3He/4He), consistent with a small but discernable contribution of mantle-derived helium. At Mound 11, $δ$13C∑CO2 values between -23.9{\textperthousand} and -11.6{\textperthousand} indicate that DIC is predominantly derived from deep methanogenesis and is carried to the surface by fluids derived from sediments of the subducting slab. In contrast, at Mound 12, most of the ascending dissolved methane is oxidized due to lower flow rates, giving extremely low $δ$13C∑CO2 values ranging from -68.2{\textperthousand} to -60.3{\textperthousand}. We estimate that the carbon flux (CO2 plus methane) through submarine fluid venting at the outer fore arc is 8.0 {\texttimes} 105 g C km-1 yr-1, which is virtually negligible compared to the total sedimentary carbon input to the margin and the output at the volcanic front. Unless there is a significant but hitherto unidentified carbon flux at the inner fore arc, the implication is that most of the carbon being subducted in Costa Rica must be transferred to the (deeper) mantle, i.e., beyond the depth of arc magma generation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002810},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002810},
	author = {Fueri, E and Hilton, D R and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and McMurtry, G M and Brueckmann, W and Wheat, C G}
}
@article {Roberts2010a,
	title = {{Cold-seep carbonates of the middle and lower continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2040{\textendash}2054},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonates from cold seeps on the middle and lower continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) exhibit a wide range of mineralogical and stable isotopic compositions. These carbonates consist of concretions and nodules in surface sediments, hardgrounds of crusts and isolated slabs, and mounded buildups of blocks and slabs of up to over 10 meters in relief above the surrounding seafloor. Mineralogically, the carbonates are dominated by high-Mg calcite (HMC) and aragonite. However, low levels ({\textless}5 wt{\%}) of dolomite are present in most samples. Petrographically, Mg-calcite peloidal matrix and acicular to botryoidal aragonitic void-filling cements are the most frequent associations. The carbon isotopic compositions of the carbonates range from -60.8 to 14.0{\textperthousand} PDB, indicating complex carbon sources that include 13C-depleted biogenic and thermogenic methane, biodegraded crude oil, seawater CO2, and 13C-enriched residual CO2 from methanogenesis. A similarly large variability in $δ$18O values (2.5 to 6.7{\textperthousand} PDB) demonstrates the geochemical complexity of the slope, with some samples pointing toward an 18O-enriched oxygen source that is possibly related to advection of 18O-enriched formation water and/or to the decomposition of gas hydrate. A considerable range of mineralogical and isotopic variations in cold-seep carbonate composition was noted even within individual study sites. However, common trends occur across multiple geographic areas. This situation suggests that local controls on fluid and gas flux, types of seep hydrocarbons, the presence or absence of gas hydrate in the near-surface sediment, and chemosynthetic communities, as well as the temporal evolution of the local hydrocarbon reservoir, all may play a part in determining carbonate mineralogy and isotope geochemistry. The carbon isotope data clearly indicate that between-site variation is greater than within-site variation. Seep carbonates formed on the middle and lower continental slope of the GOM do not appear to be substantially different from those found on the upper slope ({\textless}1000-m water depth). The highly variable fluids and gases that leave their geochemical imprints on seep carbonate of the middle and lower continental slope are similar to their outer shelf and upper slope counterparts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.003},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Feng, D and Joye, S B}
}
@article {Lessard-Pilon2010,
	title = {{Community composition and temporal change at deep Gulf of Mexico cold seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1891{\textendash}1903},
	abstract = {Specialized cold-seep communities have been known to exist in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) since the mid-1980s, but only recently has extensive research been carried out on sites at depths {\textgreater}1000 m. This study uses a combination of imagery and analyses within a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) framework to examine the composition of mussel and tubeworm communities at depths between 2200 and 2800 m in the Gulf of Mexico, spatial relations among the fauna, and changes in these communities over time. Photomosaics at three discrete seep communities were obtained in 2006 and a video mosaic of another community was obtained in 1992. Each of these communities was re-imaged in 2007. In addition, quantitative physical collections were made within two of the photomosaic sites and used to confirm the identification of megafauna, quantify the occurrence of smaller and cryptic macrofauna, and allow first-order calculations of biomass within the sites. Substrate type had a significant effect on community composition. Significant associations were identified between live mussels with anemones, shrimp, and sea cucumbers, and between tubeworm aggregations and Munidopsis sp. crabs and encrusting fauna, indicating differences in the composition of megafauna associated with adjacent mussel and tubeworm aggregations. Little change was seen in the total area colonized by foundation fauna (tubeworms and mussels) between years at any site. However, significant changes occurred in the positions of mussels, even over periods of a single year, at all sites, and evidence for the establishment of new tubeworm aggregations between 1992 and 2007 was noted at one site. These photomosaics provide data suggesting that environmental conditions can change over small spatial and temporal scales and mussels move in response to these changes. The successional trends are examined and compared to the patterns that have been documented in shallow ({\textless}1000-m depth) Gulf of Mexico seep communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.012},
	author = {Lessard-Pilon, S and Porter, M D and Cordes, E E and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Bernardino2010,
	title = {{Community structure of infaunal macrobenthos around vestimentiferan thickets at the San Clemente cold seep, NE Pacific}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {608{\textendash}621},
	abstract = {The San Clemente cold seep lies within 100{\textendash}200 km of other reducing habitats in the NE Pacific, offering an opportunity to compare diversity and species overlap among reducing habitats (i.e. whale-, kelp-, and wood-falls) at similar depths within a single region. Video observations from the research submersible Alvin at the San Clemente seep (1800 m depth) indicated clumps ({\textquoteleft}thickets{\textquoteright}) of vestimentiferans distributed as meter-scale patches interspersed with vesicomyid clam beds and black sediments. Sediment-core samples were collected at distances of 0 to 80{\textendash}200 m along randomly oriented transects radiating outward from vestimentiferan thickets to evaluate changes in macrofaunal community structure from thickets into the background community. Macrofaunal abundance was elevated at distances of 0{\textendash}1 m compared to 80{\textendash}200 m (i.e. the {\textquoteleft}background{\textquoteright} community). The tube-building frenulate worms Siboglinum spp., along with peracarid crustaceans, dominated sediments within 1 m of vestimentiferan thickets. Species diversity was depressed within 1 m of thickets but with high rates of species accumulation, suggesting that seep sites greatly increase sediment heterogeneity and facilitate colonization by non-background macrofaunal species. Stable isotope data indicate chemosynthetic nutrition for some dominant macrofaunal species within 1 m of tubeworm thickets. The macrofaunal community near vestimentiferan thickets in San Clemente seep contains intermediate levels of species richness and diversity compared to other deep-sea seep areas in the northeast Pacific. There was low species overlap between the San Clemente seep macrofauna and communities in reducing habitats near wood-, whale-, and kelp-falls at similar depths within the region, suggesting that seeps harbor a distinct infaunal community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00389.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00389.x},
	author = {Bernardino, A F and Smith, C R}
}
@article {VandeFlierdt2010,
	title = {{Deep-sea coral aragonite as a recorder for the neodymium isotopic composition of seawater}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {21},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {6014{\textendash}6032},
	abstract = {Deep-sea corals have been shown to be useful archives of rapid changes in ocean chemistry during the last glacial cycle. Their aragonitic skeleton can be absolutely dated by U{\textendash}Th data, freeing radiocarbon to be used as a water-mass proxy. For certain species of deep-sea corals, the growth rate allows time resolution that is comparable to ice cores. An additional proxy is needed to exploit this opportunity and turn radiocarbon data into rates of ocean overturning in the past. Neodymium isotopes in seawater can serve as a quasi-conservative water-mass tracer and initial results indicate that deep-sea corals may be reliable archives of seawater Nd isotopes. Here we present a systematic study exploring Nd isotopes as a water-mass proxy in deep-sea coral aragonite. We investigated five different genera of modern deep-sea corals (Caryophyllia, Desmophyllum, Enallopsamia, Flabellum, Lophelia), from global locations covering a large potential range of Nd isotopic compositions. Comparison with ambient seawater measurements yields excellent agreement and suggests that deep-sea corals are reliable archives for seawater Nd isotopes. A parallel study of Nd concentrations in these corals yields distribution coefficients for Nd between seawater and coral aragonite of 1{\textendash}10, omitting one particular genus (Enallopsamia). The corals and seawater did however not come from exactly the same location, and further investigations are needed to reach robust conclusions on the incorporation of Nd into deep-sea coral aragonite. Lastly, we studied the viability of extracting the Nd isotope signal from fossil deep-sea corals by carrying out stepwise cleaning experiments. Our results show that physical removal of the ferromanganese coating and chemical pre-cleaning have the highest impact on Nd concentrations, but that oxidative/reductive cleaning is also needed to acquire a seawater Nd isotope signal.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.08.001},
	url = {http://dx/doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.08.001},
	author = {van de Flierdt, T and Robinson, L F and Adkins, J F}
}
@article {Jackson2010,
	title = {{Dispersion of a tracer on the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees N{\textendash}10 degrees N), including the influence of hydrothermal plumes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {57},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {37{\textendash}52},
	abstract = {On 12 November 2006, 3 kg of sulfur hexafluoride were released in a 1.2 km long streak in the axial summit trough of the East Pacific Rise at 9{\textdegree}30'N to study how circulation and mixing affect larval dispersion. The first half of a tracer survey performed approximately 40 days after the injection found a small percentage of the tracer on the ridge axis between 9{\textdegree}30'N and 10{\textdegree}10'N, with the main concentration near 9{\textdegree}50'N, a site of many active hydrothermal vents. These observations provide evidence of larval connectivity between vent sites on the ridge. The latter half of the survey detected the primary patch of tracer west of the ridge and just south of the Lamont Seamounts, as a majority of the tracer had been transported off the ridge. However, by the end of the survey, the eastern edge of this patch was transported back to within 10 km of the ridge crest at 9{\textdegree}50'N by a reversal in the subinertial flow, suggesting another pathway for larvae between points along the ridge. Both the horizontal and vertical distributions of the tracer were complex and were likely heavily influenced by topography and vents in the area. Elevated tracer concentrations within the axial summit trough and an adjacent depression on the upper ridge flank suggest that tracers may be detained in such depressions. Correlated tracer/turbidity profiles provide direct evidence of entrainment of the tracer into vent plumes from 9{\textdegree}30'N to 10{\textdegree}N. A comparison of the vertical tracer inventory with neutral density vent-plume observations suggests that on the order of 10{\%} of the tracer injected was entrained into vent plumes near the injection site. The results imply that effluent from diffuse hydrothermal sources and larvae of hydrothermal vent fauna can be entrained in significant quantities into plumes from discrete sources and dispersed in the neutrally buoyant plumes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.011},
	author = {Jackson, P R and Ledwell, J R and Thurnherr, A M}
}
@article {Roberts2010,
	title = {{Dive site geology: DSV ALVIN (2006) and ROV JASON II (2007) dives to the middle-lower continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1837{\textendash}1858},
	abstract = {Use of DSV ALVIN (2006) and ROV JASON II (2007) provided access to never observed or sampled sites of fluid-gas expulsion from the little-studied middle and lower continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico (below water depths of 1000 m). Dives were focused on 15 locations selected by 3-D seismic surface attributes and shallow subsurface geologic analyses. The linkage between highly positive seafloor reflectivity and hard bottoms proved to be an efficient indicator of potential sites of interest. Through observation and sampling of reflective sites, starting in the mid-1980s, it has become apparent that most hard bottoms on the northern Gulf{\textquoteright}s continental slope are created by the precipitation of authigenic carbonates at hydrocarbon seep sites. Access to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement{\textquoteright}s extraordinary archive of slope-wide 3-D seismic data made efficient site selection possible. From thousands of sites that display the characteristics of fluid-gas expulsion, 15 were observed and sampled during the 2006 and 2007 cruises. Water depths in which these 15 sites were located ranged from \~{}2750 to \~{}970 m. All sites exhibited evidence of hydrocarbon seepage or more rapid venting. Chemosynthetic organisms, authigenic carbonates, barite, gas hydrates, highly anoxic surface sediments, brine pools, and hydrocarbon-laced brine flows were identified and sampled. High-resolution acoustic Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) data, including multibeam bathymetry, side-scan sonar swaths, and chirp sonar subbottom profiles, were collected at four locations (AC601, WR269, GC852, and AT340). Data sets from the 2006 and 2007 dives resulted in a greatly improved understanding of both cross-slope and along-slope variability in the characteristics of fluid-gas expulsion sites and associated habitats. Our studies confirmed the importance of fluid-gas expulsion processes for sustaining chemosynthetic communities and impacting seabed geology on the middle and lower continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.001},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Hunt, J}
}
@article {German2010,
	title = {{Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {14020{\textendash}14025},
	abstract = {Thirty years after the first discovery of high-temperature submarine venting, the vast majority of the global mid-ocean ridge remains unexplored for hydrothermal activity. Of particular interest are the world{\textquoteright}s ultraslow spreading ridges that were the last to be demonstrated to host high-temperature venting but may host systems particularly relevant to prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life. Here we report evidence for previously unknown, diverse, and very deep hydrothermal vents along the similar to 110 km long, ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise (MCR). Our data indicate that the MCR hosts at least three discrete hydrothermal sites, each representing a different type of water-rock interaction, including both mafic and ultramafic systems and, at similar to 5,000 m, the deepest known hydrothermal vent. Although submarine hydrothermal circulation, in which seawater percolates through and reacts with host lithologies, occurs on all mid-ocean ridges, the diversity of vent types identified here and their relative geographic isolation make the MCR unique in the oceans. These new sites offer prospects for an expanded range of vent-fluid compositions, varieties of abiotic organic chemical synthesis and extremophile microorganisms, and unparalleled faunal biodiversity-all in close proximity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1009205107},
	author = {German, C R and Bowen, A and Coleman, M L and Honig, D L and Huber, J A and Jakuba, M V and Kinsey, J C and Kurz, M D and Leroy, S and McDermott, J M and de Lepinay, B M and Nakamura, K and Seewald, J S and Smith, J L and Sylva, S P and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Levin2010,
	title = {{Diversity of bathyal macrofauna on the northeastern Pacific margin: the influence of methane seeps and oxygen minimum zones}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {94{\textendash}110},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {The upper continental slope in the northeastern Pacific Ocean is intercepted by a deep oxygen minimum zone (OMZ; 650{\textendash}1100 m) and punctuated by conduits of methane seepage. We examined the effects of these two dominant sources of heterogeneity on the density, composition and diversity of heterotrophic macrofauna off Hydrate Ridge, Oregon (OR; 800 m water depth), where the seeps co-occur within an OMZ, and off the Eel River, Northern California (CA; 500 m), where seeps are overlain by better oxygenated waters. We hypothesized that seeps (containing clam beds and microbial mats) should contribute a suite of distinct species to the regional margin species pool but that OMZ-associated hypoxia would dampen seep-related heterogeneity. Macrofaunal densities were highest (23,000{\textendash}33,510 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2) in the CA seep sediments and in the OR near-seep samples, intermediate in the OR seep, CA near seep and CA and OR 500-m margin sediments (10,054{\textendash}19,777 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2), and lowest in the CA and OR OMZ habitats at 800 m (4269{\textendash}7847 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2). Annelids constituted over 50{\%} of the taxa in all but the CA clam bed and OR microbial mat sediments, where mollusks were abundant. Approximately 50{\%} of seep species appeared to be habitat endemic; species present in microbial mats largely formed a subset of those present in the clam beds. Dorvilleid and ampharetid polychaetes were dominant in the seep sediments; non-seep margin sediments at 500 and 800 m were populated heavily by branchiate polychaetes including cossurids and paraonids. Alpha diversity (Es[20] calculated per core) was lowest and rank 1 dominance was highest in the CA and OR microbial mat habitats. Pooled analyses of Es[100] revealed highest species richness in the CA clam bed and near-seep habitats (30.3 and 29.6, respectively), and lowest species richness in the OR microbial mat and near-seep habitats (16.5 and 17.9, respectively). Non-seep sediments (500 and 800 m) off both CA and OR were more homogeneous (55{\textendash}57{\%} within-habitat similarity) than clam bed and microbial mat sediments (only 32{\textendash}37{\%} within-habitat similarity). CA sediment macrofauna generally exhibit higher alpha diversity, and as habitats are combined, a higher rate of increase in the slope of the species accumulation curves than do OR margin macrofauna. Methane seeps in the NE Pacific introduce significant heterogeneity that increases margin biodiversity at multiple spatial scales. However, our hypothesis that the OMZ would lessen the seep contributions to diversity was not supported. The better oxygenated CA seeps at 500 m shared more of the background margin fauna (at 500 m) than did the OR seeps at 800 m (with OMZ fauna at 800 m). Geographical differences in the fluxes of methane-rich fluids and the increased reliance on chemosynthetic food sources with increased depth could explain these results.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1439-0485},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00335.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00335.x},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Gonzalez, J P and Thurber, A R and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {Lang2010,
	title = {{Elevated concentrations of formate, acetate and dissolved organic carbon found at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {941{\textendash}942},
	abstract = {Fluids from the ultramafic-hosted Lost City hydrothermal field were analyzed for total dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic acids. Formate (36{\textendash}158 $μ$mol/kg) and acetate (1{\textendash}35 $μ$mol/kg) concentrations are higher than in other fluids from unsedimented hydrothermal vents, and are a higher ratio of the total dissolved organic carbon than has been found in most marine geothermal systems. Isotopic evidence is consistent with an abiotic formation mechanism for formate, perhaps during serpentinization processes in the sub-surface. Further support comes from previous studies where the abiological formation of low molecular weight organic acids has been shown to be thermodynamically favorable during hydrothermal alteration of olivine, and laboratory studies in which the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate has been confirmed. As the second most prevalent carbon species after methane, formate may be an important substrate to microbial communities in an environment where dissolved inorganic carbon is limited. Acetate is found in locations where sulfate reduction is believed to be important and is likely to be a microbial by-product, formed either directly by autotrophic metabolic activity or indirectly during the fermentative degradation of larger organic molecules. Given the common occurrence of exposed ultramafic rocks and active serpentinization within the worlds ocean basins, the abiotic formation of formate may be an important process supporting life in these high pH environments and may have critical implications to understanding the organic precursors from which life evolved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2009.10.045},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.10.045},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Butterfield, D A and Schulte, M and Kelley, D S and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Bright2010,
	title = {{Epizooic metazoan meiobenthos associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations from cold seeps of the northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1982{\textendash}1989},
	abstract = {The abundance and higher taxonomic composition of epizooic metazoan meiobenthic communities associated with mussel and tubeworm aggregations of hydrocarbon seeps at Green Canyon, Atwater Valley, and Alaminos Canyon in depths between 1400 and 2800 m were studied and compared to the infaunal community of non-seep sediments nearby. Epizooic meiofaunal abundances of associated meiobenthos living in tubeworm bushes and mussel beds at seeps were extremely low (usually {\textless}100 ind. 10 cm-2), similar to epizooic meiofauna at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and the communities were composed primarily of nematodes, copepods, ostracods, and halacarids. In contrast, epizooic meiobenthic abundance is lower than previous studies have reported for infauna from seep sediments. Interestingly, non-seep sediments contained higher abundances and higher taxonomic diversity than epizooic seep communities, although in situ primary production is restricted to seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	author = {Bright, M and Plum, C and Riavitz, L A and Arbizu, P M and Cordes, E E and Gollner, S}
}
@article {ISI:000276610000012,
	title = {{Expanding dispersal studies at hydrothermal vents through species identification of cryptic larval forms}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {157},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1049{\textendash}1062},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The rapid identification of hydrothermal vent-endemic larvae to the species level is a key limitation to understanding the dynamic processes that control the abundance and distribution of fauna in such a patchy and ephemeral environment. Many larval forms collected near vents, even those in groups such as gastropods that often form a morphologically distinct larval shell, have not been identified to species. We present a staged approach that combines morphological and molecular identification to optimize the capability, efficiency, and economy of identifying vent gastropod larvae from the northern East Pacific Rise (NEPR). With this approach, 15 new larval forms can be identified to species. A total of 33 of the 41 gastropod species inhabiting the NEPR, and 26 of the 27 gastropod species known to occur specifically in the 9A degrees 50{\textquoteright} N region, can be identified to species. Morphological identification efforts are improved by new protoconch descriptions for Gorgoleptis spiralis, Lepetodrilus pustulosus, Nodopelta subnoda, and Echinopelta fistulosa. Even with these new morphological descriptions, the majority of lepetodrilids and peltospirids require molecular identification. Restriction fragment length polymorphism digests are presented as an economical method for identification of five species of Lepetodrilus and six species of peltospirids. The remaining unidentifiable specimens can be assigned to species by comparison to an expanded database of 18S ribosomal DNA. The broad utility of the staged approach was exemplified by the revelation of species-level variation in daily planktonic samples and the identification and characterization of egg capsules belonging to a conid gastropod Gymnobela sp. A. The improved molecular and morphological capabilities nearly double the number of species amenable to field studies of dispersal and population connectivity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-009-1386-8},
	author = {Adams, D K and Mills, S W and Shank, T M and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {ISI:000276024300001,
	title = {{Flow rate perturbations in a black smoker hydrothermal vent in response to a mid-ocean ridge earthquake swarm}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Although there is indirect evidence for strong connections between tectonic processes and mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal flow, there are no direct observations of these links, primarily because measuring flow in these systems is difficult. Here we use an optical analysis technique to obtain a 44 day record of flow rate changes in a black smoker vent in the Main Endeavour field of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. We show that variations in the flow rate coincide with an earthquake swarm observed using an ocean bottom seismometer array. These observations indicate that connections between tectonics and flow are indeed strong, that hydraulic connections within this hydrothermal system are long ranging, and that enhanced tidal pumping of fluids may be initiated by earthquake activity. Because the effects of the swarm cross over an intervening vent field, we infer that the upflow zones feeding this field are narrow. Using the time lag between the swarm onset and the flow rate changes we estimate that the bulk permeability of the crust on the Endeavour segment ranges from 3.0 x 10(-13) m(2) to 6.0 x 10(-12) m(2).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002926},
	author = {Crone, Timothy J and Wilcock, William S D and McDuff, Russell E}
}
@article {ISI:000276314000001,
	title = {{Fluid sources and pathways of the Costa Rica erosional convergent margin}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The margins community has only relatively recently begun to examine the tectonics and associated hydrologic systems of erosive convergent margins, which are substantially different as compared with accretionary margins. In this respect, the type example erosive margin is the Costa Rica system, which has been the subject of numerous recent large-scale investigations. Here pore fluids expelled at the wedge toe and at midslope mounds and mud volcanoes have been interpreted to have a common deep source of dehydrating clays, analogous to that at accretionary margins. However, we report unusually high B/Li molar ratios in pore fluids from a recent mudflow on Mound 11, offshore Costa Rica, which, together with unusually low B/Li ratios previously reported at the wedge toe, reveal that alternative fluid sources and/or processes must be operating at the Costa Rica margin. As serpentine formation is the only subduction zone process that significantly fractionates B and Li, we propose that the difference in fluid chemical composition is the result of erosion of upper plate serpentinites, ongoing serpentinization, and serpentine mineral phase transitions in the subduction channel. These processes provide both a source of fluids and fluid pathways that lead to the unique geochemical signature observed at this erosional margin. This conclusion is compatible with, and supported by, the current view of the tectonics, geology, and hydrogeology of the Costa Rica margin and the similarity of the pore fluid to that of two other convergent margins, both with known fluid/serpentinite interactions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002818},
	author = {Tryon, Michael D and Wheat, C Geoffrey and Hilton, David R}
}
@article {ISI:000284431900008,
	title = {{Genetic and anatomic relationships among three morphotypes of the echinoid Echinocrepis rostrata}},
	journal = {INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {129},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {368{\textendash}375},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Three morphotypes-purple, tan, and white-of an irregular echinoid of the genus Echinocrepis are commonly observed in the deep North Pacific Ocean. Mitochondrial (mt) 16S DNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA sequences were amplified from gonadal tissue samples from specimens of each morphotype. These portions of the mitochondrial genome are commonly used in species barcoding, and their similarities were compared and placed in 95{\%} connection limit parsimony networks. All three morphotypes have similar 16S mtDNA and COI mtDNA sequences, and are thus likely representatives of the same species, Echinocrepis rostrata. Specimens of the white morphotype were smaller than the specimens of the other two morphotypes, had less gonad tissue, and had a different body shape, suggesting that it represents the juvenile form of E. rostrata. Resolving the three morphotypes into one species simplifies the identification of E. rostrata from photographs and leads to a greater understanding of the life history and reproductive cycle of a species vital to deep-sea bioturbation and carbon sequestration.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00205.x},
	author = {Vardaro, Michael F}
}
@article {Goss2010,
	title = {{Geochemistry of lavas from the 2005-2006 eruption at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright}N-9 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N: Implications for ridge crest plumbing and decadal changes in magma chamber compositions}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q05T09},
	abstract = {Detailed mapping, sampling, and geochemical analyses of lava flows erupted from an \~{}18 km long section of the northern East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 9{\textdegree}46'N to 9{\textdegree}56'N during 2005{\textendash}2006 provide unique data pertaining to the short-term thermochemical changes in a mid-ocean ridge magmatic system. The 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas are typical normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt with strongly depleted incompatible trace element patterns with marked negative Sr and Eu/Eu* anomalies and are slightly more evolved than lavas erupted in 1991{\textendash}1992 at the same location on the EPR. Spatial geochemical differences show that lavas from the northern and southern limits of the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are more evolved than those erupted in the central portion of the fissure system. Similar spatial patterns observed in 1991{\textendash}1992 lavas suggest geochemical gradients are preserved over decadal time scales. Products of northern axial and off-axis fissure eruptions are consistent with the eruption of cooler, more fractionated lavas that also record a parental melt component not observed in the main suite of 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas. Radiogenic isotopic ratios for 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas fall within larger isotopic fields defined for young axial lavas from 9{\textdegree}N to 10{\textdegree}N EPR, including those from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption. Geochemical data from the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are consistent with an invariable mantle source over the spatial extent of the eruption and petrogenetic processes (e.g., fractional crystallization and magma mixing) operating within the crystal mush zone and axial magma chamber (AMC) before and during the 13 year repose period. Geochemical modeling suggests that the 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas represent differentiated residual liquids from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption that were modified by melts added from deeper within the crust and that the eruption was not initiated by the injection of hotter, more primitive basalt directly into the AMC. Rather, the eruption was driven by AMC pressurization from persistent or episodic addition of more evolved magma from the crystal mush zone into the overlying subridge AMC during the period between the two eruptions. Heat balance calculations of a hydrothermally cooled AMC support this model and show that continual addition of melt from the mush zone was required to maintain a sizable AMC over this time interval.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002977},
	author = {Goss, A R and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Rubin, K H and Kamenov, G D and Soule, S A and Fundis, A and Fornari, D J}
}
@mastersthesis {Richberg2010,
	title = {{Identification of chemoautotrophic microorganisms from a diffuse flow hydrothermal vent at EPR 9 degrees North using 13C DNA Stable Isotope Probing and Catalyzed Activated Reporter Deposition-Fluorescence in situ Hybridization}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {54},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {At deep-sea hydrothermal vents chemolithoautotrophic microbes mediate the transfer of geothermal chemical energy to higher trophic levels. To better understand these underlying processes and the organisms catalyzing them, this research used DNA Stable Isotope Probing (SIP) combined with Catalyzed Activated Reporter Deposition-Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (CARD-FISH) to identify the microorganisms chemoautotrophically supporting the food web at a diffuse flow hydrothermal vent. Both anaerobic and aerobic shipboard incubations containing various augmented electron donor and acceptor species showed that Epsilonproteobacteria were the dominant chemoautotrophs with greater than 70{\%} of the cells counted within the first 24 hours. 13C DNA SIP identified unique organisms not previously characterized from low temperature diffuse flow venting: green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobi-like organisms) possibly utilizing photoautotrophy, aerobic Lutibacter litoralis-like organisms growing under anaerobic conditions, and Epsilonproteobacterial Thioreductor sp. at temperatures above maximum known tolerances. This research illustrates both the promise and pitfalls of the SIP technique applied to hydrothermal systems, concluding that timing of the incubation experiments is the critical step in eliminating undesired 13C labeling. These results set the stage for a more thorough future examination of diffuse flow microorganisms by presenting interesting questions that second generation experiments could be designed to answer.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/4078},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/4078},
	author = {Richberg, K P}
}
@article {Cho2010,
	title = {{Incongruent patterns of genetic connectivity among four ophiuroid species with differing coral host specificity on North Atlantic seamounts}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {S1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {121{\textendash}143},
	abstract = {Seamounts are considered to play a defining role in the evolution and diversity of marine fauna, acting as {\textquoteleft}stepping-stones{\textquoteright} for dispersal, regional centers of genetic isolation and speciation, and refugia for deep-sea populations. This study focused on the patterns of dispersal and genetic connectivity of four seamount ophiuroid species (Asteroschema clavigera, Ophiocreas oedipus, Ophioplinthaca abyssalis, and Ophioplinthaca chelys) displaying differing levels of associative (epifaunal) specificity to cold-water coral hosts inhabiting the New England and Corner Rise Seamount chains, and Muir Seamount in the Northwestern Atlantic. Analyses of mt16S and mtCOI revealed evidence for recent population expansion and high gene flow for all four species. However, species-specific genetic differentiation was significant based on seamount region and depth. Significant differences were found among regional seamount groups for A. clavigera, within seamount regions and seamounts for O. chelys, among 250-m depth intervals for A. clavigera, among 100-m depth intervals for O. oedipus, and there were indications of isolation by distance for A. clavigera and O. oedipus. In addition, A. clavigera and O. oedipus, broadcast spawners with high fidelity to specific coral hosts, displayed predominantly westward historical migration, whereas the ophioplinthacids, with lower host-specificity, displayed predominantly eastward migration. No congruent patterns of historical migration were evident among species and seamounts, yet these patterns can be correlated with species-specific host specificity, specific depth strata, and dispersal strategies. Conservation efforts to protect seamount ecosystems should promote multi-species approaches to genetic connectivity, and consider the impact of the {\textquoteleft}dependence{\textquoteright} of biodiversity on host fauna in these vulnerable marine ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00395.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00395.x},
	author = {Cho, W W and Shank, T M}
}
@article {ISI:000279984900002,
	title = {{Indigenous ectosymbiotic bacteria associated with diverse hydrothermal vent invertebrates}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {2},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {479{\textendash}488},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {P{\textgreater}Symbioses involving bacteria and invertebrates contribute to the biological diversity and high productivity of both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Well-known examples from chemosynthetic deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments involve ectosymbiotic microbes associated with the external surfaces of marine invertebrates. Some of these ectosymbioses confer protection or defence from predators or the environment itself, some are nutritional in nature, and many still are of unknown function. Several recently discovered hydrothermal vent invertebrates, including two populations of yeti crab (Kiwa spp.), a limpet (Symmetromphalus aff. hageni), and the scaly-foot snail (as yet undescribed), support a consortium of diverse bacteria. Comparisons of these ectosymbioses to those previously described revealed similarities among the associated microorganisms, suggesting that certain microbes are indigenous to the surfaces of marine invertebrates. In particular, members of the Thiovulgaceae (epsilonproteobacteria) and Thiotrichaceae (gammaproteobacteria) appear to preferentially form ectosymbioses with vent crustaceans and gastropods. Interactions between specific Proteobacteria and the surfaces of many marine invertebrates likely have ecological and evolutionary significance at these chemically challenging habitats.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00136.x},
	author = {Goffredi, Shana K}
}
@article {Cordes2010,
	title = {{Influence of foundation species, depth, and location on diversity and community composition at Gulf of Mexico lower-slope cold seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1870{\textendash}1881},
	abstract = {Efforts to understand and preserve the seep communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico (GOM) begin with a comprehensive survey of the biodiversity of these communities. Previous studies have provided a conceptual model of the physiology, population, and community ecology of upper continental slope seeps. However, seeps at water depths below 1000 m in the Gulf of Mexico remain relatively unknown. In this study, data from 47 samples of tubeworm- and mussel-associated communities at depths of 1005{\textendash}2750 m are examined. Other than tubeworms and mussels, 66 taxa of macro- and megafauna were collected, 43 of which appear to be restricted to water depths of over 1000 m, and 39 that have not been reported previously from the Gulf of Mexico. Diversity in mussel beds was highest at mid-slope depths, but tubeworm-associated communities did not show clear bathymetric trends in diversity. Diversity was higher in tubeworm aggregations at the alpha level (per sample), but higher in mussel beds at the beta level (species turnover among collections). Although both community types were often numerically dominated by the endemic shrimp Alvinocaris muricola, broad differences in the communities hosted by tubeworm aggregations and mussel beds were apparent. The most important factors explaining community similarity within community type were the depth, relative abundance of different mussel species in a bed, and the average size of tubeworms in an aggregation. The high proportion of deep-seep species that were found for the first time in the Gulf of Mexico emphasizes the importance of conservation efforts for these patchy communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.010},
	author = {Cordes, E E and Becker, E L and Hourdez, S and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Feng2010,
	title = {{Initial results of comparing cold-seep carbonates from mussel- and tubeworm-associated environments at Atwater Valley 340, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2030{\textendash}2039},
	abstract = {Chemosymbiotic macrofauna (such as mussels and tubeworms) and authigenic carbonates are typical of many hydrocarbon seeps. To address whether mussels and tubeworms could impact the sediment geochemistry of their habitat where authigenic carbonates are precipitated, a comparative study of petrographic and geochemical features of the authigenic carbonates from mussel- and tubeworm-associated environments at hydrocarbon seeps in Atwater Valley lease area block 340 (AT340) of the Gulf of Mexico was undertaken. Both mussel- and tubeworm-associated carbonates are dominated by high-magnesium calcite (HMC) and aragonite, and two tubeworm-associated carbonate samples have minor amounts of dolomite. The $δ$13C values of all carbonates are low, ranging from -60.8{\textperthousand} to -35.5{\textperthousand} PDB. Although there is much overlap, surprisingly the $δ$13C values of mussel-associated carbonates are generally higher than those of tubeworm-associated carbonates (-51.8{\textperthousand} vs. -54.8{\textperthousand} for an average of over 60 subsamples). It is suggested that (1) carbon isotopic vital effect of seep mussels and tubeworms, (2) fluid physical pumping of mussels, and (3) release of sulfate by tubeworm roots may be responsible for the relatively lower $δ$13C values of tubeworm-associated carbonates. It has been suggested that the heterogeneities in mineralogy and stable carbon isotope geochemistry of the seep carbonates may be attributed to the activity of macrofauna (mussels and tubeworms) and associated microbes. Our observations also suggest that at AT340 the geochemical evolution of seep macrofauna is from a mussel-dominated environment to a mixed mussel-tubeworm environment, and finally to a mostly tubeworm-dominated environment. This evolution is controlled mainly by the habitat, e.g., hydrocarbon seep flux.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.004},
	author = {Feng, D and Roberts, H H}
}
@article {Barker2010,
	title = {{Insights into the behaviour of sulphur in mid-ocean ridge axial hydrothermal systems from the composition of the sheeted dyke complex at Pito Deep}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {105{\textendash}115},
	abstract = {The behaviour of seawater sulphate in hydrothermal systems at intermediate- to fast-spreading ridges is investigated using new analyses of the $δ$34S, sulphur concentration and Fe2O3/Fe2O3total, combined with existing 87Sr/86Sr, of sheeted dykes from the Pito Deep tectonic window. The Pito Deep sheeted dyke complex has a similar composition to the sheeted dykes drilled at ODP Hole 504B suggesting that the measured compositions are representative of sheeted dyke complexes at intermediate- to fast-spreading ridges. The dykes show only small increases in $δ$34S which, combined with the rock dominated $δ$34S of vent fluids, requires the majority of seawater sulphate to be precipitated as anhydrite before the fluid reacts with the sheeted dyke complex. This loss of sulphate from the fluid means that a much higher Fe2O3 in the sheeted dyke complex than in fresh MORB glasses cannot be explained by oxidation due to seawater sulphate reduction during fluid{\textendash}rock reaction. Instead, oxidation probably occurs due to degassing of reduced species, largely H2, during dyke emplacement and solidification. A mass balance model that accounts for anhydrite precipitation and Sr partitioning into the anhydrite, as well as fitting the concentration and isotopic ratios of S and Sr in the sheeted dykes and vent fluids, suggests water/rock ratios of \~{} 1. For a 1 km thick sheeted dyke complex this is equivalent to a fluid flux of \~{} 3 {\texttimes} 106 kg m- 2, sufficient to remove \~{} 60{\%} of the latent heat of crystallization from the lower crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.05.003},
	author = {Barker, A K and Coogan, L A and Gillis, K M}
}
@article {Cruse2010,
	title = {{Low-molecular weight hydrocarbons in vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {21},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {6126{\textendash}6140},
	abstract = {Despite its location on sediment-free basalt, vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field (MEF) contain chemical species that indicate fluids have interacted with sediments during circulation. We report on the distribution and isotopic abundances of organic compounds (C1{\textendash}C3 alkanes and alkenes, benzene and toluene) in fluids collected from the Main Endeavour Field (MEF) in July, 2000, to understand the processes that regulate their abundances and characterize fluid sources. Aqueous organic compounds are derived from the thermal alteration of sedimentary organic matter and subsequently undergo further oxidation reactions during fluid flow. Fluid:sediment mass ratios calculated using $Σ$NH4 concentrations indicate that the sediments are distal to the MEF, resulting in a common reservoir of fluids for all of the vents. Following the generation from sediment alteration, aqueous organic compounds undergo secondary alteration reactions via a stepwise oxidation reaction mechanism. Alkane distributions and isotopic compositions indicate that organic compounds in MEF fluids have undergone a greater extent of alteration as compared to Middle Valley fluids, either due to differences in subsurface redox conditions or the residence time of fluids at subsurface conditions. The distributions of the aromatic compounds benzene and toluene are qualitatively consistent with the subsurface conditions indicated by equilibration of aqueous alkanes and alkanes. However, benzene and toluene do not achieve chemical equilibrium in the subsurface. Methane and CO2 also do not equilibrate chemically or isotopically at reaction zone temperatures, a likely result of an insufficient reaction time after addition of CO2 from magmatic sources during upflow. The organic geochemistry supports the assumption that the sediments with which MEF fluids interact has the same composition as sediments present in Middle Valley itself, and highlight differences in subsurface reaction zone conditions and fluid flow pathways at these two sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.013},
	author = {Cruse, A M and Seewald, J S}
}
@article {Brazelton2010a,
	title = {{Multiple scales of diversification within natural populations of archaea in hydrothermal chimney biofilms}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports},
	volume = {2},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {236{\textendash}242},
	abstract = {Corroborative data collected from 16S rRNA clone libraries, intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region clone libraries, and 16S rRNA hypervariable region tag pyrosequencing demonstrate microdiversity within single-species archaeal biofilms of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field. Both 16S rRNA clone libraries and pyrosequencing of the V6 hypervariable region show that Lost City Methanosarcinales (LCMS) biofilms are dominated by a single sequence, but the pyrosequencing data set also reveals the presence of an additional 1654 rare sequences. Clone libraries constructed with DNA spanning the V6 hypervariable region and ITS show that multiple ITS sequences are associated with the same dominant V6 sequence. Furthermore, ITS variability differed among three chimney samples, and the sample with the highest ITS diversity also contained the highest V6 diversity as measured by clone libraries as well as tag pyrosequencing. These results indicate that the extensive microdiversity detected in V6 tag sequences is an underestimate of genetic diversity within the archaeal biofilms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00097.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00097.x},
	author = {Brazelton, W J and Sogin, M L and Baross, J A}
}
@article {ISI:000278233400031,
	title = {{Nautilia nitratireducens sp nov., a thermophilic, anaerobic, chemosynthetic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {60},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1182{\textendash}1186},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A thermophilic, anaerobic, chemosynthetic bacterium, designated strain MB-1(T), was isolated from the walls of an active deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N 10 degrees 17{\textquoteright} W. The cells were Gram-negative-staining rods, approximately 1-1.5 mu m long and 0.3-0.5 mu m wide. Strain MB-1(T) grew at 25-65 degrees C (optimum 55 degrees C), with 10-35 g NaCl l(-1) (optimum 20 g l(-1)) and at pH 4.5-8.5 (optimum pH 7.0). Generation time under optimal conditions was 45.6 min. Growth occurred under chemolithoautotrophic conditions with H(2) as the energy source and CO(2) as the carbon source. Nitrate was used as the electron acceptor, with resulting production of ammonium. Thiosulfate, sulfur and selenate were also used as electron acceptors. No growth was observed in the presence of lactate, peptone or tryptone. Chemo-organotrophic growth occurred in the presence of acetate, formate, Casamino acids, sucrose, galactose and yeast extract under a N(2)/CO(2) gas phase. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 36.0 mol{\%}. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that this organism is closely related to Nautilia profundicola AmH(T), Nautilia abyssi PH1209(T) and Nautilia lithotrophica 525(T) (95, 94 and 93{\%} sequence identity, respectively). On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and genetic considerations, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel species within the genus Nautilia, Nautilia nitratireducens sp. nov. The type strain is MB-1(T) (=DSM 22087(T) =JCM 15746(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.013904-0},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Ricci, Jessica and Voordeckers, James W and Starovoytov, Valentin and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {Wankel2010,
	title = {{New constraints on methane fluxes and rates of anaerobic methane oxidation in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool via in situ mass spectrometry}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2022{\textendash}2029},
	abstract = {Deep-sea biogeochemical cycles are, in general, poorly understood owing to the difficulties of making measurements in situ, recovering samples with minimal perturbation, and, in many cases, coping with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In particular, biogeochemical fluxes of volatiles such as methane remain largely unconstrained because of the difficulties with accurate quantification in situ and the patchiness of point sources such as seeps and brine pools. To better constrain biogeochemical fluxes and cycling, we have developed a deep-sea in situ mass spectrometer (ISMS) to enable high-resolution quantification of volatiles in situ. Here we report direct measurements of methane concentrations made in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool located at a depth of over 2300 m. Concentrations of up to 33 mM methane were observed within the brine pool, whereas concentrations in the water directly above were three orders of magnitude lower. These direct measurements enabled us to make the first accurate estimates of the diffusive flux from a brine pool, calculated to be 1.1{\textpm}0.2 mol m-2 yr-1. Integrated rate measurements of aerobic methane oxidation in the water column overlying the brine pool were \~{}320 $μ$mol m-2 yr-1, accounting at most for just 0.03{\%} of the diffusive methane flux from the brine pool. Calculated rates of anaerobic methane oxidation were 600{\textendash}1200 $μ$M yr-1, one to two orders of magnitude higher than previously published values of AOM in anoxic fluids. These findings suggest that brine pools are enormous point sources of methane in the deep sea, and may, in aggregate, have a pronounced impact on the global marine methane cycle.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.009},
	author = {Wankel, S D and Joye, S B and Samarkin, V A and Shah, S R and Friederich, G and Melas-Kyriazi, J and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {ISI:000281572000001,
	title = {{Paving the seafloor: Volcanic emplacement processes during the 2005-2006 eruptions at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteleft} N}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The 2005-2006 eruptions near 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N at the East Pacific Rise (EPR) marked the first observed repeat eruption at a mid-ocean ridge and provided a unique opportunity to deduce the emplacement dynamics of submarine lava flows. Since these new flows were documented in April 2006, a total of 40 deep-towed imaging surveys have been conducted with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution{\textquoteright}s (WHOI) TowCam system. More than 60,000 digital color images and high-resolution bathymetric profiles of the 2005-2006 flows from the TowCam surveys were analyzed for lava flow morphology and for the presence of kipukas, collapse features, faults and fissures. We use these data to quantify the spatial distributions of lava flow surface morphologies and to investigate how they relate to the physical characteristics of the ridge crest, such as seafloor slope, and inferred dynamics of flow emplacement. We conclude that lava effusion rate was the dominant factor controlling the observed morphological variations in the 2005-2006 flows. We also show that effusion rates were higher than in previously studied eruptions at this site and varied systematically along the length of the eruptive fissure. This is the first well-documented study in which variations in seafloor lava morphology can be directly related to a well documented ridge-crest eruption where effusion rate varied significantly.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003058},
	author = {Fundis, A T and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {ISI:000283642100005,
	title = {{Phylogenetic diversity of sediment bacteria from the deep Northeastern Pacific Ocean: a comparison with the deep Eastern Mediterranean Sea}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {143{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The variability of bacterial community composition and diversity was studied by comparative analysis of five 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from deep-sea sediments (water column depth: 4000 m) of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Eastern Mediterranean Sea. This is the first comparison of the bacterial communities living in these deep-sea ecosystems. The estimated chlorophyll a, organic carbon, and C/N ratio provided evidence of significant differences in the trophic state of the sediments between the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and the much warmer Eastern Mediterranean Sea. A diverse range of 16S rRNA gene phylotypes was found in the sediments of both regions. These were represented by 11 different taxonomic groups, with Gammaproteobacteria predominating in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean sediments and Acidobacteria in the Eastern Mediterranean microbial community. In addition, several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes only distantly related to any of the previously identified sequences (non-affiliated rRNA genes) represented a significant fraction of the total sequences. The potential diversity at the two sites differs but remains largely unexplored and remains of continuing scientific interest. {\{}[{\}}Int Microbiol 2010; 13(3):143-150]},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1139-6709},
	doi = {10.2436/20.1501.01.119},
	author = {Kouridaki, Ioanna and Polymenakou, Paraskevi N and Tselepides, Anastasios and Mandalakis, Manolis and Smith Jr., Kenneth L}
}
@article {Bailey2010,
	title = {{Pseudofossils in relict methane seep carbonates resemble endemic microbial consortia}},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {285},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {131{\textendash}142},
	abstract = {Pleistocene-age methane seep carbonates from the Eel River Basin, California contain aggregate-like structures composed of tightly-packed hollow spheres that morphologically resemble syntrophic archaeal{\textendash}bacterial consortia known to catalyze the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Tetragonal microstructures also present in the carbonates resemble seep-endemic Methanosarcinales cell clusters. Despite morphological similarities to the seep-endemic microbes that likely mediated the authigenesis of Eel River Basin carbonates and sulfides, detailed petrographic, SEM, and magnetic microscopic imaging, remanence rock magnetism, laser Raman, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, suggest that these microstructures are not microfossils, but rather mineral structures that result from the diagenetic alteration of euhedral Fe-sulfide framboids. Electron microscopy shows that during diagenesis, reaction rims composed of Fe oxide form around framboid microcrystalites. Subsequent dissolution of greigite or pyrite crystals leaves behind hollow cell-like casings (external molds) {\textemdash} a transformation that occurs on timescales of \~{}100 kyr or less. Despite their superficial resemblance to morphologically-distinctive extant microbes in local sediments, the presence of acellular precursor grains, as well as of partially-altered transitional forms, complicate the interpretation of these and other framboidal microstructures that have been reported from the rock record.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.002},
	author = {Bailey, J V and Raub, T D and Meckler, A N and Harrison, B K and Raub, T M D and Green, A M and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Garcia-Pineda2010,
	title = {{Remote-sensing evaluation of geophysical anomaly sites in the outer continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1859{\textendash}1869},
	abstract = {Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images obtained from satellites are a reliable tool for localizing natural hydrocarbon seeps. For this study, we used the Texture Classifier Neural Network Algorithm (TCNNA) to interpret SAR data from the RADARSAT satellite and a geostatistical clustering analysis to compare seeps detected in 579 SAR images covering the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Geostatistical analysis results indicate that, in a typical active seep formation, oil vents would be found within a seep formation \~{}2.5 km in diameter. Repeated observations of slicks at a given seep formation indicate that advection of rising oil in the water column causes an offset from the vent depending on water depth. At 500 m, the radial offset is up to 1400 m; at 2000 m, it is up to 3270 m. Observations with submersibles showed that, in 100{\%} of the cases, the calculated seep formations that are matched with active oil seeps correspond to anomalies interpreted from surface amplitude maps and migration pathways in the seismic data. However, episodically, larger releases from persistent seeps occurred, and also some other seep formations showed intermittent releases. Our analysis indicates that active oil seeps detected with SAR represent a subset of the total array of geophysical features generated by hydrocarbon migration on the northern continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.005},
	author = {Garcia-Pineda, O and MacDonald, I R and Zimmer, B and Shedd, B and Roberts, H}
}
@article {Miglietta2010,
	title = {{Species boundaries of Gulf of Mexico vestimentiferans (Polychaeta, Siboglinidae) inferred from mitochondrial genes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1916{\textendash}1925},
	abstract = {At least six morphospecies of vestimentiferan tubeworms are associated with cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The physiology and ecology of the two best-studied species from depths above 1000 m in the upper Louisiana slope (Lamellibrachia luymesi and Seepiophila jonesi) are relatively well understood. The biology of one rare species from the upper slope (escarpiid sp. nov.) and three morphospecies found at greater depths in the GOM (Lamellibrachia sp. 1, L. sp. 2, and Escarpia laminata) are not as well understood. Here we address species distributions and boundaries of cold-seep tubeworms using phylogenetic hypotheses based on two mitochondrial genes. Fragments of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit rDNA (16S) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were sequenced for 167 vestimentiferans collected from the GOM and analyzed in the context of other seep vestimentiferans for which sequence data were available. The analysis supported five monophyletic clades of vestimentiferans in the GOM. Intra-clade variation in both genes was very low, and there was no apparent correlation between the within-clade diversity and collection depth or location. Two of the morphospecies of Lamellibrachia from different depths in the GOM could not be distinguished by either mitochondrial gene. Similarly, E. laminata could not be distinguished from other described species of Escarpia from either the west coast of Africa or the eastern Pacific using COI. We suggest that the mitochondrial COI and 16S genes have little utility as barcoding markers for seep vestimentiferan tubeworms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.007},
	author = {Miglietta, M P and Hourdez, S and Cowart, D A and Schaeffer, S W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Becker2010,
	title = {{Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of hydrocarbon-seep bivalves on the Gulf of Mexico lower continental slope}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1957{\textendash}1964},
	abstract = {Stable isotope compositions of cold-seep bivalves can illuminate processes that affect the chemical and isotopic compositions of seeping fluids along the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico as well as provide insight into the physiological ecology of these species. Carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions were analyzed in mussels and clams from 14 seep sites spanning a depth range of 1000 to 2800 m along the lower Louisiana slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Mussels of three species found on the lower slope, Bathymodiolus childressi, B. brooksi, and B. heckerae, showed site-specific differences in tissue $δ$13C, reflecting differences in the local methane pool. Mussels from sites on the lower slope sitting atop the contiguous salt sheet generally had tissue $δ$13C values that reflected a stronger biogenic methane signal (-70.8 to -58.8{\textperthousand}) than mussels on the upper slope or seaward of the Sigsbee Escarpment (-67.3 to -40.4{\textperthousand}). Clams (Calyptogena ponderosa and Calyptogena sp. nov.) had a narrow range of $δ$13C values between -37.0 and -34.4{\textperthousand}, indicating that their thiotrophic symbionts are fixing primarily seawater-dissolved organic carbon. The most depleted tissue $δ$15N values yet published for both mussels and clams are reported in this study at -23.7 and -9.2{\textperthousand}, respectively. These depleted values have implications for the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen by these symbioses and the concentrations of particular inorganic nitrogen sources in the local environment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.002},
	author = {Becker, E L and Lee, R W and Macko, S A and Faure, B M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000280324500002,
	title = {{Subseafloor seawater-basalt-microbe reactions: Continuous sampling of borehole fluids in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A was drilled, cased, and instrumented with a long-term, subseafloor observatory (CORK) on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in summer 2004. This borehole is located 1 km south of ODP Hole 1026B and 5 km north of Baby Bare outcrop. Hole 1301A penetrates 262 m of sediment and 108 m of the uppermost 3.5 Ma basaltic basement in an area of warm (64 degrees C) hydrothermal circulation. The borehole was instrumented, and those instruments were recovered 4 years later. Here we report chemical data from two continuous fluid samplers (OsmoSamplers) and temperature recording tools that monitored changes in the state of borehole (formation) fluids. These changes document the effects of drilling, fluid overpressure and flow, seawater-basalt interactions, and microbial metababolic activity. Initially, bottom seawater flowed into the borehole through a leak between concentric CORK casing strings. Eventually, the direction of flow reversed, and warm, altered formation fluid flowed into the borehole and discharged at the seafloor. This reversal occurred during 1 week in September 2007, 3 years after drilling operations ceased. The composition of the formation fluid around Hole 1301A generally lies within bounds defined by springs on Baby Bare outcrop (to the south) and fluids that discharged from Hole 1026B (to the north); deviations likely result from reactions with drilling products. Simple conservative mixing of two end-member fluids reveals reactions occurring within the crust, including nitrate reduction presumably by denitrifying microbes. The observed changes in borehole fluid composition provide the foundation for a conceptual model of chemical and microbial change during recharge of a warm ridge-flank hydrothermal system. This model can be tested through future scientific ocean drilling experiments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003057},
	author = {Wheat, C Geoffrey and Jannasch, Hans W and Fisher, Andrew T and Becker, Keir and Sharkey, Jessica and Hulme, Samuel}
}
@mastersthesis {Nakata2010,
	title = {{Syn-eruptive degassing of a single submarine lava flow : constraints on MORB CO2 variability, vesiculation, and eruption dynamics}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {63},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) exhibit a wide range of CO2 concentrations, reflecting saturation to supersaturation (and rarely undersaturation) relative to their emplacement depths. In this study, we explore the mechanisms of CO2 degassing and the implications this has for estimating the advance rates and durations of seafloor eruptions. We present dissolved volatile concentrations (mainly of CO2 and H2O) and vesicle size distributions (VSDs) for a unique suite of MORB glasses collected at the East Pacific Rise, {\~{}}9{\textdegree} 50' N. These MORB glasses were collected at {\~{}}200 m intervals along an across-axis track over a single flow pathway within the recently emplaced 2005-06 eruption boundaries; systematic sample collection provides one of the first opportunities to characterize intra-flow geochemical and physical evolution during a single eruption at a fast-spreading ridge. Compared to measurements of MORB volatiles globally, dissolved H2O concentrations are relatively uniform (0.10 - 0.16 weight percent), whereas dissolved CO2 contents exhibit a range of concentrations (154 - 278 ppm) and decrease with distance from the EPR axis (i.e., eruptive vent). Ion microprobe analyses of dissolved volatiles within the MORB glasses suggest that the magma erupted supersaturated (pressure equilibrium with 920 - 1224 mbsf) and in near-equilibrium with the melt lens of the axial magma chamber ({\~{}}1250 - 1500 mbsf), and degassed to near equilibrium (299 - 447 mbsf) with seafloor depths over the length of the flow. The decrease in CO2 concentrations spans nearly the full range of dissolved CO2 contents observed at the EPR and shows that the varying degrees of volatile saturation that have been observed in other MORB sample suites may be explained by degassing during emplacement. Vesicularity (0.1 - 1.2{\%}) increases with decreasing dissolved CO2 concentrations. We use vesicle size distributions (VSDs){\textemdash}vesicle sizes and number densities{\textemdash}to quantify the physical evolution of the CO2 degassing process. VSDs suggest that diffusion of CO2 into preexisting vesicles, and not nucleation of new vesicles, is the dominant mechanism of increasing CO2 in the vapor phase. We also use VSDs, along with estimates of vesicle growth rates, to constrain emplacement time of the 2005-06 eruption to {\textless}{\~{}}24 hours and to resolve variations in advance rate with downflow distance.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3933},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3933},
	author = {Nakata, D S}
}
@mastersthesis {Waters2010,
	title = {{Temporal and petrogenetic constraints on volcanic accretionary processes at 9-10 degrees north East Pacific Rise}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {258},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {Volcanic accretion at the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) occurs over a {\~{}}2-4 km wide neo-volcanic zone on either side of the axial summit trough (AST). Eruption ages are critical for understanding the distribution and timing of volcanic and magmatic activity. Uranium series nuclides are susceptible to fractionation by magmatic processes that occur beneath mid-ocean ridges, and the half-lives of 226Ra (1.6 kyrs) and 230Th (75 kyrs) make them ideally suited for determining eruption ages and placing constraints on eruption frequency and temporal changes in magma chemistry. Accordingly, major and trace element, and long-lived radiogenic and 238U-230Th-226Ra isotope compositions were measured in basalts from 9{\textordmasculine}-10{\textordmasculine}N EPR to determine eruption ages and to place temporal constraints on volcanic and magmatic processes. At 9{\textordmasculine}30{\textquoteright}N EPR, 238U-230Th-226Ra compositions indicate that trace elementally and isotopically enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) collected off-axis erupted {\textgreater}8 ka and that E-MORB magmatism is interspersed with normal, depleted MORB magmatism. Lava ages are consistent with eruption from the AST and flow down the ridge flanks, which is in contrast to previous studies that suggested E-MORB erupted from off-axis vents. At 9{\textordmasculine}50{\textquoteright}N EPR, discrete eruptive units are distinguished by high precision 238U, 232Th, and 226Ra sample concentrations, but because the resolution of the 230Th-226Ra model age dating technique is {\~{}}{\textpm}1 kyrs, the surprisingly young ages of these lavas prohibit the construction of an explicit, time-constrained lava stratigraphy. Nonetheless, seven different flows identified within 0.8-2.0 km west of the AST imply greater frequency of flows to these distances than previously recognized. Model age dating of ferrobasalts, basaltic andesites, andesites, and dacites sampled from the east limb of the overlapping spreading center at 9{\textordmasculine}03{\textquoteright}N EPR is difficult due to uncertainties in magma residence times. However, (226Ra/230Th) disequilibria indicate recent basaltic volcanism ({\textless}{\textless}8 ka) up to {\~{}}4 km off-axis. The axial graben at the rise crest sources the most recent volcanic activity and is the dominant location for eruption of high-silica magmas. Major element, trace element, 87Sr/86Sr, and (234U/238U) isotope compositions are consistent with the formation of dacite magmas by extensive crystallization, and 238U-230Th-226Ra systematics imply crustal residence times of {\~{}}8 kyrs.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3750},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3750},
	author = {Waters, C L}
}
@article {ISI:000280049400003,
	title = {{Thermally stimulated {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}runaway{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} downhole flow in a superhydrostatic ocean crustal borehole: Observations, simulations, and inferences regarding crustal permeability}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An array of boreholes, drilled through a regionally continuous hydrologically confining layer of sediments into extrusive igneous basement rocks of the Juan de Fuca Ridge eastern flank, has been instrumented with CORK hydrologic observatories for long-term monitoring and fluid sampling. Omission of seals between nested casing strings reaching into basement at one site created a low-resistance connection between basement and the overlying water column, and despite the natural superhydrostatic state of basement water at that location, a {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}runaway{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} condition of cold seawater downhole flow into the crust was established, which persisted for more than 4 years. The existence of this condition, along with perturbations generated by it and by initial drilling operations observed at a properly sealed hole 2.4 km away, have been used with analytic and finite element model solutions to constrain formation permeability. The minimum threshold permeability allowing stable downhole flow is roughly 4 x 10(-13) m(2). A value of permeability similar to this (3-4 x 10(-13) m(2)) is estimated on the basis of the elapsed time for initial perturbations to propagate between the sites (similar to 2.5 days). The amplitude of the long-term flow perturbation observed at the sealed site (roughly 1.7 kPa) is smaller than that predicted by modeling (5-10 kPa). Models for flow in an anisotropically permeable layer show that this could be the consequence of low vertical permeability (e. g., arising from massive volcanic or sediment interlayering) or high permeability in the direction of the tectonic fabric generated at the ridge axis. Disagreement between the permeabilities estimated here with previous large-scale estimates appropriate for the cross-strike direction (the primary direction between the borehole sites) (10(-10)-10(-9) m(2)) is difficult to reconcile; it is possible that the holes are poorly connected to zones of high permeability that facilitate the large lateral fluid and heat fluxes previously inferred at this young crustal site.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2009JB006986},
	author = {Davis, Earl E and LaBonte, Alison and He, Jiangheng and Becker, Keir and Fisher, Andrew}
}
@article {ISI:000275658000010,
	title = {{Vacuolate-attached filaments: highly productive Ridgeia piscesae epibionts at the Juan de Fuca hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {157},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {791{\textendash}800},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Vacuolate sulfur bacteria with high morphological similarity to vacuolate-attached filaments previously described from shallow hydrothermal vents (White Point, CA) were found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. These filamentous bacteria grow in dense mats that cover surfaces and potentially provide a significant source of organic carbon where they occur. Vacuolate-attached filaments were collected near vents at the Clam Bed site of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and from the sediment surface at Escanaba Trough on the Gorda Ridge. A phylogenetic analysis comparing their 16S rRNA gene sequences to those collected from the shallow White Point site showed that all vacuolate-attached filament sequences form a monophyletic group within the vacuolate sulfur-oxidizing bacteria clade in the gamma proteobacteria. Abundance of the attached filaments was quantified over the length of the exterior surface of the tubes of Ridgeia piscesae worms collected from the Clam Bed site at Juan de Fuca yielding a per worm average of 0.070 +/- A 0.018 cm(3) (n = 4). In agreement with previous results for White Point filaments, anion measurements by ion chromatography showed no detectable internal nitrate concentrations above ambient seawater (n = 9). For one R. piscesae tube worm {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}bush{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} at the Easter Island vent site, potential gross epibiont productivity is estimated to be 15 to 45x the net productivity of the worms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-009-1362-3},
	author = {Kalanetra, Karen M and Nelson, Douglas C}
}
@article {VerEecke2009,
	title = {{Abundances of hyperthermophilic autotrophic Fe(III) oxide reducers and heterotrophs in deep-sea hydrothermal sulfide chimneys of the northeastern Pacific Ocean.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {75},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {242{\textendash}245},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.01462-08},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01462-08},
	author = {Ver Eecke, H C and Kelley, D S and Holden, J F}
}
@article {Crespo-Medina2009,
	title = {{Adaptation of chemosynthetic microorganisms to elevated mercury concentrations in deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {54},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {41{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0041},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/pdf/vol{\_}54/issue{\_}1/0041.pdf},
	author = {Crespo-Medina, M and Chatziefthimiou, A D and Bloom, N S and Luther, G W and Wright, D D and Reinfelder, J R and Vetriani, C and Barkay, T}
}
@article {Streep2009,
	title = {{Another league under the sea: tomorrow{\textquoteright}s research subs open earth{\textquoteright}s final frontier}},
	journal = {Popular Science},
	volume = {274},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0161-7370},
	url = {http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2009-07/new-generation-submersibles-open-ocean},
	author = {Streep, A}
}
@article {Toner2009,
	title = {{Biogenic iron oxyhydroxide formation at mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents: Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {73},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {388{\textendash}403},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.035},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.035},
	author = {Toner, B M and Santelli, C M and Marcus, M A and Wirth, R and Chan, C S and McCollom, T and Bach, W and Edwards, K J}
}
@mastersthesis {Buckman2009,
	title = {{Biotic and abiotic interactions of deep-sea hydrothermal vent-endemic fish on the East Pacific Rise}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {147},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3079},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3079},
	author = {Buckman, K L}
}
@article {Plouviez2009,
	title = {{Comparative phylogeography among hydrothermal vent species along the East Pacific Rise reveals vicariant processes and population expansion in the South}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {18},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {3903{\textendash}3917},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	author = {Plouviez, S and Shank, T M and Faure, B and Daguin-Thiebaut, C and Viard, F and Lallier, F H and Jollivet, D}
}
@article {Beaulieu2009,
	title = {{Comparison of a sediment trap and plankton pump for time-series sampling of larvae near deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography: Methods},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {235{\textendash}248},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1541-5856},
	doi = {10.4319/lom.2009.7.235},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lomethods/free/2009/0235.pdf},
	author = {Beaulieu, S E and Mullineaux, L S and Adams, D K and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Pradillon2009,
	title = {{Development of assemblages associated with alvinellid colonies on the walls of high-temperature vents at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1622{\textendash}1631},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.009},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Zbinden, M and Le Bris, N and Hourdez, S and Barnay, A S and Gaill, F}
}
@article {VanderHam2009,
	title = {{Exploring the utility of an indel-rich, mitochondrial intergenic region as a molecular barcode for bamboo corals (Octocorallia: Isididae)}},
	journal = {Marine Genomics},
	volume = {2},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {183{\textendash}192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1874-7787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margen.2009.10.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2009.10.002},
	author = {van der Ham, J L and Brugler, M R and France, S C}
}
@article {Bradley2009,
	title = {{Extraordinary C-13 enrichment of diether lipids at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field indicates a carbon-limited ecosystem}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {73},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {102{\textendash}118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.005},
	author = {Bradley, A S}
}
@article {Kohnen2009,
	title = {{Human exploration of the deep seas: fifty years and the inspiration continues}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {43},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {42{\textendash}62},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	doi = {10.4031/MTSJ.43.5.30},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.43.5.30},
	author = {Kohnen, W}
}
@article {Mullineaux2009,
	title = {{Imprint of past environmental regimes on structure and succession of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent community}},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {161},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {387{\textendash}400},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	doi = {10.1007/s00442-009-1390-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1390-1},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Micheli, F and Peterson, C H and Lenihan, H S and Markus, N}
}
@article {White2009,
	title = {{Laser Raman spectroscopy as a technique for identification of seafloor hydrothermal and cold seep minerals}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {259},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {240{\textendash}252},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.11.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.11.008},
	author = {White, S N}
}
@article {Solomon2009,
	title = {{Long-term hydrogeochemical records in the oceanic basement and forearc prism at the Costa Rica subduction zone}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {282},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {240{\textendash}251},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.022},
	author = {Solomon, E A and Kastner, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Robertson, G and Davis, E E and Morris, J D}
}
@article {Leary2009,
	title = {{Marine genetic resources:A review of scientific and commercial interest}},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	volume = {33},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {183{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0308-597X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2008.05.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.05.010},
	author = {Leary, D and Vierros, M and Hamon, G and Arico, S and Monagle, C}
}
@article {Schmitt2009,
	title = {{Mass-dependent cadmium isotopic variations in nature with emphasis on the marine environment}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {277},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {262{\textendash}272},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.025},
	author = {Schmitt, A -D and Galer, S J G and Abouchami, W}
}
@article {Sherman2009,
	title = {{Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {279},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {86{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032},
	author = {Sherman, L S and Blum, J D and Nordstrom, D K and McCleskey, R B and Barkay, T and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Yao2009,
	title = {{Metal sources of black smoker chimneys, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Pb isotope constraints}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {24},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1971{\textendash}1977},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.07.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.07.010},
	author = {Yao, H Q and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Bao, S X and Wu, Z J and Li, J T and Sun, Z L and Chen, Z Q and Li, J W and Chen, G Q}
}
@book {Abrams2009,
	title = {{The N456 Navigator system}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {2009-01},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {52},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2717},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2717},
	author = {Abrams, L J}
}
@article {Boswell2009,
	title = {{Occurrence of gas hydrate in Oligocene Frio sand: Alaminos Canyon Block 818: northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1499{\textendash}1512},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.005},
	author = {Boswell, R and Shelander, D and Lee, M and Latham, T and Collett, T and Geurin, G and Moridis, G and Reagan, M and Goldberg, D}
}
@article {Tremblay2009,
	title = {{Oceanic core complexes and ancient oceanic lithosphere: Insights from Iapetan and Tethyan ophiolites (Canada and Albania)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {473},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {36{\textendash}52},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.003},
	author = {Tremblay, A and Meshi, A and B{\'e}dard, J H}
}
@article {Rona2009,
	title = {{Paleodictyon nodosum: a living fossil on the deep sea floor}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1700{\textendash}1712},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015},
	author = {Rona, P A and Seilacher, A and de Vargas, C and Gooday, A J and Bernhard, J M and Bowser, S and Vetriani, C and Wirsen, C O and Mullineaux, L and Sherrell, R and Grassle, J F and Low, S and Lutz, R A}
}
@book {Mills2009,
	title = {{Photographic identification guide to larvae at hydrothermal vents}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {2009-05},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {104},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2996},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2996},
	author = {Mills, S W and Beaulieu, S E and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Reed2009,
	title = {{Phylogenetic diversity of methanogenic, sulfate-reducing and methanotrophic prokaryotes from deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {1665{\textendash}1674},
	abstract = {Microbial communities of methanogenic, sulfate-reducing and methanotrophic prokaryotes from deep-sea environments were investigated by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the genes encoding for the methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA), dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrAB) and particulate methane monoxygenase (pmoA), respectively. Clone libraries of PCR amplified genes were constructed using DNA extracted from deep-sea vent chimneys (Rainbow and Logatchev hydrothermal vent fields, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Atlantic Ocean; 9 degrees N East Pacific Rise, Pacific Ocean) and from vertically subsampled sediment cores from cold-seep areas (Blake Ridge, western Atlantic Ocean; Florida Escarpment, Gulf of Mexico). Recombinant clones were screened by RFLP and representative dsrAB, mcrA and pmoA genes were sequenced. The dsrAB sequences grouped primarily within the orders Desulfobacterales, Syntrophobacterales and the Gram-positive order Clostridales. Cold-seep mcrA sequences were distributed among the ANME-2c, -2d and -2e groups, which were previously shown to be associated with the anaerobic oxidation of methane. This study also reports the first mcrA sequences from a high-temperature, black smoker chimney (Logatchev) to group within the ANME-2e subgroup. The majority of the remaining hydrothermal vent mcrA sequences were primarily related to thermophilic members of the anaerobic, methanogenic order Methanococcales. A shift in the dominant ANME-2 group with depth in the sediment for both Florida Escarpment and Blake Ridge mcrA libraries was detected. ANME-2d related clones were detected in the top zones of both cores, with the frequency of ANME-2e related clones increasing with depth. All pmoA sequences retrieved from the cold-seep sites were found to be related to Type I methanotrophic members of the gamma-proteobacteria, and were primarily distributed among three major clusters of sequences. No Type II pmoA sequences related to methanotrophic members of the alpha-proteobacteria were detected, suggesting that the methanotrophic communities in these cold-seep areas are dominated by Type I gamma-proteobacteria. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.012},
	author = {Reed, A J and Dorn, Ruth and Van Dover, C L and Lutz, R A and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Nees2009,
	title = {{Pre- and post-eruption diffuse flow variability among tubeworm habitats at 9 degrees 50' north on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1607{\textendash}1615},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.007},
	author = {Nees, H A and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Tyler2009,
	title = {{Protandric hermaphroditism in the whale-fall bivalve mollusc Idas washingtonia}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1689{\textendash}1699},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.014},
	author = {Tyler, P A and Marsh, L and Baco-Taylor, A and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Ondreas2009,
	title = {{Recent volcanic events and the distribution of hydrothermal venting at the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {Q02006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002171},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002171},
	author = {Ondreas, H and Cannat, M and Fouquet, Y and Normand, A and Sarradin, P -M and Sarrazin, J}
}
@article {Soto2009,
	title = {{Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of fauna associated to the deep-sea hydrothermal vent system of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1675{\textendash}1682},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.013},
	author = {Soto, L A}
}
@article {Bradley2009a,
	title = {{Structural diversity of diether lipids in carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {40},
	number = {12},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1169{\textendash}1178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.004},
	author = {Bradley, A S and Fredricks, H and Hinrichs, K -U and Summons, R E}
}
@article {Helmreich2009,
	title = {{Submarine sounds}},
	journal = {Wire},
	number = {302},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {30{\textendash}31},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0952-0686},
	author = {Helmreich, S}
}
@article {Shin2009,
	title = {{Superoxide dismutase from the eukaryotic thermophile Alvinella pompejana: Structures, stability, mechanism, and insights into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
	volume = {385},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1534{\textendash}1555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2836},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	author = {Shin, D S and DiDonato, M and Barondeau, D P and Hura, G L and Hitomi, C and Berglund, J A and Getzoff, E D and Cary, S C and Tainer, J A}
}
@article {Breier2009,
	title = {{A suspended-particle rosette multi-sampler for discrete biogeochemical sampling in low-particle-density waters}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1579{\textendash}1589},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	author = {Breier, J A and Rauch, C G and McCartney, K and Toner, B M and Fakra, S C and White, S N and German, C R}
}
@article {Moore2009,
	title = {{Time-series chemical and temperature habitat characterization of diffuse flow hydrothermal sites at 9 degrees 50'N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1616{\textendash}1621},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.008},
	author = {Moore, T S and Shank, T M and Nuzzio, D B and Luther, G W}
}
@mastersthesis {Jensen2009,
	title = {{Variable buoyancy system metric}},
	volume = {M. S.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {112},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3033},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3033},
	author = {Jensen, H F}
}
@article {Brooke2009,
	title = {{Where do the embryos of Riftia pachyptila develop? Pressure tolerances, temperature tolerances, and buoyancy during prolonged embryonic dispersal}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1599{\textendash}1606},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.003},
	author = {Brooke, S D and Young, C M}
}
@article {Clague2009,
	title = {{Widespread strombolian eruptions of mid-ocean ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {180},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {171{\textendash}188},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.08.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.08.007},
	author = {Clague, D A and Paduan, J B and Davis, A S}
}
@article {Won2008,
	title = {{Absence of cospeciation between deep-sea mytilids and their thiotrophic endosymbionts}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {129{\textendash}138},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[129:AOCBDM]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[129:AOCBDM]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Jones, W J and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Panieri2008,
	title = {{Benthic Foraminifera of the Blake Ridge hydrate mound, Western North Atlantic Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {91{\textendash}102},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.08.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.08.002},
	author = {Panieri, G and Sen Gupta, B K}
}
@article {DitteL2008,
	title = {{Biology of the vent crab Bythograea thermydron: A brief review}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {63{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[63:BOTVCB]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[63:BOTVCB]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {DitteL, A I and Perovich, G and Epifanio, C E}
}
@article {Lenihan2008,
	title = {{Biotic interactions at hydrothermal vents: Recruitment inhibition by the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {12},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1707{\textendash}1717},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.007},
	author = {Lenihan, H S and Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Fisher, C R and Micheli, F}
}
@article {Delacour2008b,
	title = {{Carbon geochemistry of serpentinites in the Lost City Hydrothermal System (30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {15},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3681{\textendash}3702},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Schaeffer, P and Kelley, D S}
}
@inbook {Pester2008,
	title = {{The chemistry of diffuse-flow vent fluids on the Galapagos Roft (86 degrees W) : temporal vaiability and subseafloor phase equilibria controls}},
	booktitle = {Magma to microbe : modeling hydrothermal processes at ocean spreading centers},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {178},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {123{\textendash}144},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0875904432},
	doi = {10.1029/178GM07},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/178GM07},
	author = {Pester, N J and Butterfield, D A and Foustoukos, D I and Roe, K K and Ding, K and Shank, T M and Seyfried, W E},
	editor = {Lowell, R P}
}
@article {Logan2008,
	title = {{Comparative ultrastructure of digestive diverticulae in bathymodiolin mussels: Discovery of an unknown spherical inclusion (SIX) in digestive cells of a seep mussel}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {97{\textendash}105},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[97:CUODDI]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[97:CUODDI]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Logan, C R and Evans, M T and Ward, M E and Scott, J L and Carnegie, R B and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Voordeckers2008,
	title = {{Culture dependent and independent analyses of 16S rRNA and ATP citrate lyase genes: a comparison of microbial communities from different black smoker chimneys on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {12},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {627{\textendash}640},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-008-0167-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00792-008-0167-5},
	author = {Voordeckers, J W and Do, M H and Hugler, M and Ko, V and Sievert, S M and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Fusaro2008,
	title = {{Development and characterization of 12 microsatellite markers from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent siboglinid Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {132{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1755-098X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01897},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01897},
	author = {Fusaro, A J and Baco, A R and Gerlach, G and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Varga2008,
	title = {{Direct evidence from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility for lateral melt migration at superfast spreading centers}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {Q08008},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002075},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002075},
	author = {Varga, R J and Horst, A J and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Ammons2008,
	title = {{Distribution, habitat use and ecology of deepwater Anemones (Actiniaria) in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {55},
	number = {24-26},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2657{\textendash}2666},
	abstract = {The distribution of deepwater Actiniaria is poorly known. Rarely are these organisms identified to family, as this requires both well-preserved specimens and taxonomic expertise. Ecological information is similarly lacking. From the results of a comprehensive surveying program in the deep Gulf of Mexico, we report the occurrence of nine species of Actiniaria. For the most abundant four of these, we plot distributions and discuss habitat use, morphological variation, and feeding strategies. Actiniaria in the Gulf appear to have broad, basin-wide distributions with little depth preference. Faunal biomass is highest in the NE Gulf within submarine canyons or at the base of slope escarpments. Attachment mode is mostly opportunistic on various types of hard substrata, including trash. Sediment-dwelling forms are very abundant at an organically rich site within a large submarine canyon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.015},
	author = {Ammons, A W and Daly, M}
}
@article {Johnson2008,
	title = {{DNA barcoding of Lepetodrilus limpets reveals cryptic species}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {43{\textendash}51},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[43:DBOLLR]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[43:DBOLLR]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Johnson, S B and Waren, A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@mastersthesis {Gregg2008,
	title = {{The dynamics of oceanic transform faults : constraints from geophysical, geochemical, and geodynamical modeling}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {133},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2322},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2322},
	author = {Gregg, P M}
}
@article {Moore2008,
	title = {{False boarfish Neocyttus helgae in the Western North Atlantic}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {31{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-032X},
	doi = {10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[31:FBNHIT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[31:FBNHIT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Moore, J A and Auster, P J and Calini, D and Heinonen, K and Barber, K and Hecker, B}
}
@mastersthesis {Cho2008,
	title = {{Faunal biogeography, community structure, and genetic connectivity of North Atlantic seamounts}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {177},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2633},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2633},
	author = {Cho, W W}
}
@article {Qin2008,
	title = {{The Fe/Mn ratio in MORB and OIB determined by ICP-MS}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1660{\textendash}1677},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.012},
	author = {Qin, L and Humayun, M}
}
@article {Sudarikov2008,
	title = {{Geokhimiya submarinnykh rudoobrazuyushchikh gidroterm severnoy Atlantiki; po dannym distantsionnykh nablyudeniy i oprobovaniya s podvodnykh obitayemykh apparatov.}},
	journal = {Zapiski Gornogo Instituta},
	volume = {176},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0135-3500},
	author = {Sudarikov, S M and Krivitskaya, M V and Kaminskiy, D V}
}
@inbook {Cruse2008,
	title = {{Hydrothermal fluid composition at Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: temporal and spatial variability}},
	booktitle = {Magma to microbe : modeling hydrothermal processes at ocean spreading centers},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {178},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {145{\textendash}166},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0875904432},
	doi = {10.1029/178GM08},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/178GM08},
	author = {Cruse, A M and Seewald, J S and Saccocia, P J and Zierenberg, R},
	editor = {Lowell, R P}
}
@article {Nees2008,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent mussel habitat chemistry, pre- and post-eruption at 9 degrees 50'North on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {169{\textendash}175},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[169:HVMHCP]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[169:HVMHCP]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Nees, H A and Moore, T S and Mullaugh, K M and Holyoke, R R and Janzen, C P and Ma, S and Metzger, E and Waite, T J and Yucel, M and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Vetriani, C and Nuzzio, D B and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Rouxel2008,
	title = {{Integrated Fe- and S-isotope study of seafloor hydrothermal vents at East Pacific Rise 9{\textendash}10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {252},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {214{\textendash}227},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.03.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.03.009},
	author = {Rouxel, O J and Shanks, W C and Bach, W and Edwards, K J}
}
@article {Lutz2008,
	title = {{Interrelationships between vent fluid chemistry, temperature, seismic activity, and biological community structure at a mussel-dominated, deep-sea hydrothermal vent along the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {177{\textendash}190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Luther, G W and Vetriani, C and Tolstoy, M and Nuzzio, D B and Moore, T S and Waldhauser, F and Crespo-Medina, M and Chatziefthimiou, A D and Annis, E R and Reed, A J}
}
@book {Brooks2008,
	title = {{Investigations of chemosynthetic communities on the lower continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico: Interim Report 1}},
	series = {OCS Reports},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {332},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	organization = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/ESPIS/4/4320.pdf},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Fisher, C R and Roberts, H and Bernard, B and MacDonald, I R and Carney, R and Jove, S and Cordes, E E and Wolff, G A and Goehring, E}
}
@article {Boschi2008,
	title = {{Isotopic and element exchange during serpentinization and metasomatism at the Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N): Insights from B and Sr isotope data}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {7},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1801{\textendash}1823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	author = {Boschi, C and Dini, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Thistle2008,
	title = {{Large, motile epifauna interact strongly with harpacticoid copepods and polychaetes at a bathyal site}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {324{\textendash}331},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.008},
	author = {Thistle, D and Eckman, J E and Paterson, G L J}
}
@article {Drazen2008,
	title = {{Lipid, sterols and fatty acid composition of abyssal holothurians and ophiuroids from the North-East Pacific Ocean: Food web implications}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.013},
	author = {Drazen, J C and Phleger, C F and Guest, M A and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {141,
	title = {{Lockheed Martin designs new scientific research mini-sub}},
	journal = {Ocean News {\&} Technology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {20{\textendash}21},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1082-6106},
	url = {http://www.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/?i=2811{\&}p=21}
}
@article {Lam2008,
	title = {{Microbial ammonia oxidation and enhanced nitrogen cycling in the Endeavour hydrothermal plume}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2268{\textendash}2286},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.033},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.033},
	author = {Lam, P and Cowen, J P and Popp, B N and Jones, R D}
}
@article {Southward2008,
	title = {{The morphology of bacterial symbioses in the gills of mussels of the Genera Adipicola and Idas (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {139{\textendash}146},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[139:TMOBSI]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[139:TMOBSI]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Southward, E C}
}
@article {Voight2008,
	title = {{Observations of deep-sea octopodid behavior from undersea vehicles. For the Symposium {\textquoteright}Cephalopods: A behavioral perspective{\textquoteright} volume}},
	journal = {American Malacological Bulletin},
	volume = {24},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {43{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0740-2783},
	doi = {10.4003/0740-2783-24.1.43},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4003/0740-2783-24.1.43},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@article {Tyler2008,
	title = {{Reproduction of gastropods from vents on the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {107{\textendash}118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Tyler, P A and Pendlebury, S and Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Eckelbarger, K J and Baker, M and Young, C M}
}
@mastersthesis {Fusaro2008a,
	title = {{Spatial and temporal population genetics at deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the east Pacific Rise and Galapagos Rift}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {210},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2564},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2564},
	author = {Fusaro, A J}
}
@article {Delacour2008a,
	title = {{Sr- and Nd-isotope geochemistry of the Atlantis Massif (30 degress N, MAR): Implications for fluid fluxes and lithospheric heterogeneity}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Frank, M and Gutjahr, M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Proskurowski2008,
	title = {{Stable isotopic evidence in support of active microbial methane cycling in low-temperature diffuse flow vents at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {8},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2005{\textendash}2023},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.025},
	author = {Proskurowski, G and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J}
}
@article {Delacour2008,
	title = {{Sulfur in peridotites and gabbros at Lost City (30 degrees N, MAR): Implications for hydrothermal alteration and microbial activity during serpentinization}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {20},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {5090{\textendash}5110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Adams2008,
	title = {{Supply of gastropod larvae to hydrothermal vents reflects transport from local larval sources}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {53},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1945{\textendash}1955},
	abstract = {Variation in larval supply to disjunct marine populations can provide insight into larval transport and delivery mechanisms, especially when compared with observations of physical transport. Daily variability in larval supply at two mussel-dominated hydrothermal vents, East Wall and Choo Choo, near 9{\textordmasculine}50{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise, was quantified concurrently with hydrodynamic observations to investigate local dispersal processes. The magnitude and temporal variation in supply differed between the two vent sites despite their close proximity, 1.6 km. Larval supply was relatively high and uninterrupted at East Wall compared to low and episodic at Choo Choo. Observed variation in larval supply was compared to predictions based on advective transport from larval sources at neighboring vents. Variation in larval supply at Choo Choo correlated with along-axis southward currents, consistent with larval transport from a northern larval source. Larval supply to East Wall appeared to be independent of current velocities, suggesting that larvae came from multiple sources north of and south of and possibly including East Wall. Transport of larvae from discrete local sources can explain differences in larval supply to vent communities, even on spatial scales of kilometers.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2008.53.5.1945},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}53/issue{\_}5/1945.pdf},
	author = {Adams, D K and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Komai2008,
	title = {{Taxonomic review of the hydrothermal vent shrimp Genera Rimicaris Williams {\&} Rona and Chorocaris Martin {\&} Hessler (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Alvinocarididae)}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {21{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[21:TROTHV]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[21:TROTHV]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Komai, T and Segonzac, M}
}
@article {McLean2008,
	title = {{Three new species of the family Neolepetopsidae (Patellogastropoda) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the Northeastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {15{\textendash}20},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[15:TNSOTF]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[15:TNSOTF]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {McLean, J H}
}
@article {Luther2008,
	title = {{Use of voltammetric solid-state (micro)electrodes for studying biogeochemical processes: Laboratory measurements to real time measurements with an in situ electrochemical analyzer (ISEA)}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {221{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B T and Ma, S and Trouwborst, R E and Moore, T S and Metzger, E and Kraiya, C and Waite, T J and Druschel, G and Sundby, B and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Shank, T M and Lewis, B L and Brendel, P J}
}
@article {Ferrini2008,
	title = {{Variable morphologic expression of volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes at six hydrothermal vent fields in the Lau back-arc basin}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {Q07022},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002047},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002047},
	author = {Ferrini, V L and Tivey, M K and Carbotte, S M and Martinez, F and Roman, C}
}
@inbook {Humphris2008,
	title = {{Vehicles for deep-sea exploration}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of ocean sciences},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {4647{\textendash}4659},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {San Diego, CA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {9780123744739},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00734-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00734-7},
	author = {Humphris, S E},
	editor = {Steele, J H}
}
@article {John2008,
	title = {{Zinc stable isotopes in seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids and chimneys}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {269},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {17{\textendash}28},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.12.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.12.011},
	author = {John, S G and Rouxel, O J and Craddock, P R and Engwall, A M and Boyle, E A}
}
@article {Roberts2007a,
	title = {{Alvin explores the deep northern Gulf of Mexico Slope}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {88},
	number = {35},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {341{\textendash}342},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/2007EO350001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007EO350001},
	author = {Roberts, H and Carney, R and Kupchik, M and Fisher, C R and Nelson, Kim and Becker, E and Goehring, E and Lessard-Pilon, S and Telesnicki, G and Bernard, B and Brooks, J and Bright, M and Cordes, E and Hourdez, S and Hunt, J and Shedd, W and Boland, G and Joye, S and Samarkin, V and Bernier, M and Bowles, M and MacDonald, I and Niemann, H and Petersen, C and Morrison, C and Potter, J}
}
@article {Olu-LeRoy2007,
	title = {{Amphi-Atlantic cold-seep Bathymodiolus species complexes across the equatorial belt}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {54},
	number = {11},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1890{\textendash}1911},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2007.07.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.07.004},
	author = {Olu-Le Roy, K and von Cosel, R and Hourdez, S and Carney, S L and Jollivet, D}
}
@article {Larsen2007,
	title = {{Amphipoda (Crustacea; Peracarida) from the hydrothermal vent system of the Juan De Fuca Ridge, Escabana trough and Gorda ridge, Northeast Pacific. Part I. Lysianassidae and sebidae}},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1445},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/z01445p026f.pdf},
	author = {Larsen, K}
}
@article {Waller2007,
	title = {{Ancient DNA techniques : applications for deep-water corals}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {81},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {351{\textendash}359},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Waller, R G and Adkins, J F and Robinson, L F and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Helmreich2007,
	title = {{An anthropologist underwater: Immersive soundscapes, submarine cyborgs, and transductive ethnography}},
	journal = {American Ethnologist},
	volume = {34},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {621{\textendash}641},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-0496},
	doi = {10.1525/ae.2007.34.4.621},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.2007.34.4.621},
	author = {Helmreich, S}
}
@article {Heyl2007,
	title = {{Characteristics of vesicomyid clams and their environment at the Blake Ridge cold seep, South Carolina, USA}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {339},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {169{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps339169},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps339169},
	author = {Heyl, T P and Gilhooly, W P and Chambers, R M and Gilchrist, G W and Macko, S A and Ruppel, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Levin2007,
	title = {{Community structure and nutrition of deep methane-seep macrobenthos from the North Pacific (Aleutian) Margin and the Gulf of Mexico (Florida Escarpment)}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {131{\textendash}151},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00131.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00131.x},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F}
}
@article {Houghton2007,
	title = {{Continuous enrichment culturing of thermophiles under sulfate and nitrate-reducing conditions and at deep-sea hydrostatic pressures}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {371{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-006-0049-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00792-006-0049-7},
	author = {Houghton, J L and Seyfried, W E and Banta, A B and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@article {Robinson2007,
	title = {{Deep-sea scleractinian coral age and depth distributions in the northwest Atlantic for the last 225,000 years}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {81},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {371{\textendash}391},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Robinson, L F and Adkins, J F and Scheirer, D S and Fernandez, D P and Gagnon, A C and Waller, R G}
}
@article {Copley2007,
	title = {{Diversity of melofauna and free-living nematodes in hydrothermal vent mussel beds on the northern and southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {87},
	number = {5},
	year = {2007},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {1141{\textendash}1152},
	abstract = {The ecology and biogeography of meiofauna at deep-sea hydrothermal vents have historically received less attention than those of mega- and macrofauna. This study examines the composition of major meiofaunal taxa in beds of the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus at hydrothermal vents on the northern and southern East Pacific Rise (EPR) and presents the first comparison of species assemblages of the dominant taxon, the nematodes, among sites spanning 27 degrees of latitude. Meiofaunal samples were collected by submersible from three mussel beds at 9 degrees N on the EPR and four mussel beds between 17 and 18 degrees S in 1999. Estimated ages of the mussel beds at the time of sampling range from 4 to {\textgreater}20 years, enabling investigation of the influence of mussel bed age on meiofaunal assemblages. Overall, the meiofauna of the mussel beds was dominated by nematodes, with copepods constituting the second most abundant meiofaunal group. There was variation in the ratio of nematodes to copepods between sites, however, with copepods more abundant than nematodes in the youngest mussel beds. Apart from polychaete larvae, other meiofaunal groups were generally present at very low abundance (},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315407055956},
	author = {Copley, J T P and Flint, H C and Ferrero, T J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Duperron2007,
	title = {{Diversity, relative abundance and metabolic potential of bacterial endosymbionts in three Bathymodiolus mussel species from cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Environmental microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1423{\textendash}1438},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01259.x},
	author = {Duperron, S and Sibuet, M and MacGregor, B J and Kuypers, M M M and Fisher, C R and Dubilier, N}
}
@article {Ehrhardt2007,
	title = {{Evidence for hydrothermal Archaea within the basaltic flanks of the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {900{\textendash}912},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01211.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01211.x},
	author = {Ehrhardt, C J and Haymon, R M and Lamontagne, M G and Holden, P A}
}
@article {Govenar2007,
	title = {{Experimental evidence of habitat provision by aggregations of Riftia pachyptila at hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {3{\textendash}14},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1439-0485},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00148.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00148.x},
	author = {Govenar, B and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Embley2007,
	title = {{Exploring the submarine ring of fire: Mariana Arc-Western Pacific}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.07},
	author = {Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Chadwick, W W and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and de Ronde, C E J and Nakamura, K I and Tunnicliffe, V and Dower, J F and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Hayman2007,
	title = {{Faults and damage zones in fast-spread crust exposed on the north wall of the Hess Deep Rift: Conduits and seals in seafloor hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q10002},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001623},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001623},
	author = {Hayman, N W and Karson, J A}
}
@mastersthesis {Canache2007,
	title = {{Fishes of the New England Seamounts}},
	volume = {B.A.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {21},
	school = {Florida Atlantic University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Boca Raton, FL},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://digitool.fcla.edu/R/KMER68Q44RTTS8MLPRJN3FHK5UC743JEHCXVYLG7N6SCUDEUGQ-02078?func=results-full},
	author = {Canache, C}
}
@mastersthesis {Pollock2007,
	title = {{Geochemistry of dikes and lavas from tectonic windows}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {145},
	school = {Duke University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Durham, N.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/388},
	author = {Pollock, M A}
}
@article {Glickson2007,
	title = {{Geology and hydrothermal evolution of the Mothra Hydrothermal Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06010},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001588},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001588},
	author = {Glickson, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R}
}
@mastersthesis {Santelli2007,
	title = {{Geomicrobiology of the ocean crust: the phylogenetic diversity, abundance, and distribution of microbial communities inhabiting basalt and implications for rock alteration processes}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {217},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1735},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1735},
	author = {Santelli, C M}
}
@article {Urcuyo2007,
	title = {{Growth and longevity of the tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae in the variable diffuse flow habitats of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {344},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {143{\textendash}157},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps06710},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps06710},
	author = {Urcuyo, I A and Bergquist, D C and MacDonald, I R and VanHorn, M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Mills2007,
	title = {{Habitat associations in gastropod species at east Pacific rise hydrothermal vents (9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N)}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {212},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {185{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/212/3/185},
	author = {Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Tyler, P A}
}
@article {Tanaka2007,
	title = {{High-resolution bathymetry using Alvin scanning sonar at the Southern East Pacific Rise and its implication to the formation of collapsed lava lakes}},
	journal = {Earth Planets and Space},
	volume = {59},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {245{\textendash}249},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1343-8832},
	url = {http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2007/5904/59040245.pdf},
	author = {Tanaka, A and Rosat, S and Kisimoto, K and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Larson2007,
	title = {{In situ measurement of dissolved chloride in high temperature hydrothermal fluids}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {71},
	number = {10},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {2510{\textendash}2523},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.013},
	author = {Larson, B I and Olson, E J and Lilley, M D}
}
@mastersthesis {Adams2007,
	title = {{Influence of hydrodynamics on the larval supply to hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {164},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {Examination of the scales at which larval supply varies spatially and temporally, and correlation with concurrent physical observations can provide insights into larval transport mechanisms that contribute to structuring marine benthic communities. In order to facilitate field studies, this thesis first provides new morphological and genetic identifications for hydrothermal vent gastropod larvae along the northern East Pacific Rise. Daily and weekly variability in the supply of hydrothermal vent gastropod larvae to two hydrothermal vents, 1.6 km apart on the East Pacific Rise, were quantified concurrently with current velocity observations. The magnitude and temporal pattern of larval supply differed between vent sites, despite their close proximity. A strong correlation between along-axis flow and daily larval supply suggested that larval supply occurred primarily via along-axis transport between local sources 1-2 km apart. However, weekly larval supply appeared to be driven by larger spatial scales through losses associated with cross-axis flows and the passage of mesoscale eddies. Tracer movement within a quasi-geostrophic eddy model was consistent with the observations of decreased larval supply concurrent with an eddy observed via satellite altimetry. The tracer movement also indicated that deep eddy-induced flow could facilitate a long-distance dispersal event, enhancing dispersal between vents 100s km apart.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1779},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1779},
	author = {Adams, D K}
}
@article {Escartin2007,
	title = {{Interplay between faults and lava flows in construction of the upper oceanic crust: The East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 25 {\textquoteright}-9 degrees 58 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06005},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gc001399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001399},
	author = {Escartin, J and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Chan2007,
	title = {{Lithium contents and isotopic compositions of ferromanganese deposits from the global ocean}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {54},
	number = {11-13},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1147{\textendash}1162},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.04.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.04.003},
	author = {Chan, L H and Hein, J R}
}
@article {Kelley2007,
	title = {{The Lost City Hydrothermal Field revisited}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {90{\textendash}99},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.09},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Fruh-Green, G L and Karson, J A and Ludwig, K A}
}
@article {Wu2007,
	title = {{Mechatronic integration and implementation of in situ multipoint temperature measurement for seafloor hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {144{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1006-9321},
	doi = {10.1007/s11431-007-0013-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-007-0013-5},
	author = {Wu, H C and Chen, Y and Yang, C J and Zhang, J F and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Ji, F W}
}
@article {Jones2007,
	title = {{Molecular phylogeny of the East Pacific squat lobsters of the genus Munidopsis (decapoda: galatheidae) with the descriptions of seven new species}},
	journal = {Journal of Crustacean Biology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {477{\textendash}501},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0278-0372},
	doi = {10.1651/S-2791.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1651/S-2791.1},
	author = {Jones, W J and Macpherson, E}
}
@article {Soule2007,
	title = {{New insights into mid-ocean ridge volcanic processes from the 2005-2006 eruption of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright} N-9 degrees 56{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {12},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1079{\textendash}1082},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G23924A.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G23924A.1},
	author = {Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Rubin, K H}
}
@article {Shields2007,
	title = {{New nemertean worms (Carcinonemertidae) on bythograeid crabs (decapoda: brachyura) from Pacific hydrothermal vent sites}},
	journal = {Journal of Crustacean Biology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {681{\textendash}692},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0278-0372},
	doi = {10.1651/S-2794.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1651/S-2794.1},
	author = {Shields, J D and Segonzac, M}
}
@mastersthesis {Williams2007,
	title = {{Oceanic lithosphere magnetization: marine magnetic investigations of crustal accretion and tectonic processes in mid-ocean ridge environments}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {254},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2031},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2031},
	author = {Williams, C M}
}
@article {Perk2007,
	title = {{Petrology and geochemistry of primitive lower oceanic crust from Pito Deep: Implications for the accretion of the lower crust at the Southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {154},
	number = {5},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {575{\textendash}590},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-007-0210-z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-007-0210-z},
	author = {Perk, N W and Coogan, L A and Karson, J A and Klein, E M and Hanna, H D}
}
@article {Nevala2007a,
	title = {{Phone call links inner and outer space}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {38},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=32251{\&}archives=true},
	author = {Nevala, A E}
}
@article {Gilbert2007,
	title = {{Porosity of the upper edifice of Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {49{\textendash}52},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G22892A.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G22892A.1},
	author = {Gilbert, L A and McDuff, R E and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Foustoukos2007,
	title = {{Quartz solubility in the two-phase and critical region of the NaCl-KCl-H2O system: Implications for submarine hydrothermal vent systems at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {71},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {186{\textendash}201},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.038},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.038},
	author = {Foustoukos, D I and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Bergmanis2007,
	title = {{Recent eruptive history and magma reservoir dynamics on the southern East Pacific Rise at 17 degrees 30{\textquoteright} S}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q12O06},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001742},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001742},
	author = {Bergmanis, E C and Sinton, J and Rubin, K H}
}
@article {Gannoun2007,
	title = {{The scale and origin of the osmium isotope variations in mid-ocean ridge basalts}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {259},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {541{\textendash}556},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	author = {Gannoun, A and Burton, K W and Parkinson, I J and Alard, O and Schiano, P and Thomas, L E}
}
@book {Koslow2007,
	title = {{The Silent Deep: The discovery, ecology, and conservation of the deep sea}},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {312},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {9780226451251},
	author = {Koslow, T}
}
@article {Wootton2007,
	title = {{So you wanna be an: Aquanaut}},
	journal = {Popular Science},
	volume = {271},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {59},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0161-7370},
	url = {http://www.popsci.com/physical-endurance/images/2007-08/so-you-wanna-be-aquanaut},
	author = {Wootton, A}
}
@article {Sohn2007,
	title = {{Stochastic analysis of exit fluid temperature records from the active TAG hydrothermal mound (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 26 degrees N); 1, Modes of variability and implications for subsurface flow}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {112},
	number = {B7},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {B07101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2006JB004435},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004435},
	author = {Sohn, R A}
}
@article {Piper2007,
	title = {{Stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence for late Wisconsinan sub-glacial outburst floods to Laurentian Fan}},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {246},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {101{\textendash}119},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.029},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.029},
	author = {Piper, D J W and Shaw, J and Skene, K I}
}
@article {Cairns2007,
	title = {{Studies on Western Atlantic Octocorallia (Gorgonacea: Primnoidae), Part 8: New Records of Primnoidae from the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {120},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {243{\textendash}263},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-324X},
	doi = {10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[243:SOWAOG]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[243:SOWAOG]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Cairns, S D}
}
@article {Ferrini2007,
	title = {{Submeter bathymetric mapping of volcanic and hydrothermal features on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q01006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006GC001333},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001333},
	author = {Ferrini, V L and Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Kinsey, J C and Tivey, M A and Soule, S A and Carbotte, S M and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R and Howland, J}
}
@article {Sheader2007,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variation in the reproductive ecology of the vent-endemic amphipod Ventiella sulfuris in the eastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {331},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {181{\textendash}194},
	abstract = {Populations of the vent-endemic amphipod Ventiella sulfuris were compared from 6 East Pacific Rise (EPR) vent sites of different ages, 3 from the northern EPR and 3 from the southern EPR. Although vent age affected amphipod abundance, with no individuals at the oldest vent, other population/reproductive parameters were found to be site dependent rather than vent age dependent. There was little within-site variation in population structure and reproductive output, probably the result of high within-site motility. However, there were significant between-site and between-field differences, indicating a high degree of population and reproductive variability and a moderate degree of vent fidelity. Since population structure and reproductive output varied between sites, the possibility of their use as biomarkers of vent {\textquoteright}condition{\textquoteright} is discussed. The reproductive ecology of V. sulfuris is described for the first time and compared to that of other vent amphipod species. Unlike other species studied, reproductive output is relatively high. Adults move to the periphery of vents to reproduce and brood; after brooding, they moult again, return to feed at vent habitats (e.g. mussel and tube worm beds), and undergo a new phase of gonad maturation and emigration.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps331181},
	author = {Sheader, M and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Hornbach2007,
	title = {{Three-dimensional structure of fluid conduits sustaining an active deep marine cold seep}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {34},
	number = {5},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {L05601},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gl028859},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028859},
	author = {Hornbach, M J and Ruppel, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Shank2007,
	title = {{Toward a mechanistic understanding of larval dispersal: insights from genomic fingerprinting of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {25{\textendash}35},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00146.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00146.x},
	author = {Shank, T M and Halanych, K M}
}
@article {Prieto2007,
	title = {{Transparent exopolymer particles in a deep-sea hydrothermal system: Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {150},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1093{\textendash}1101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-006-0430-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0430-1},
	author = {Prieto, L and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {Gollner2007,
	title = {{Tubeworm-associated permanent meiobenthic communities from two chemically different hydrothermal vent sites on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {337},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {39{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps337039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps337039},
	author = {Gollner, S and Zekeley, J and Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Nemeschkal, H L and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Olsson2007,
	title = {{Underwater applications of high-power light-emitting diodes: solid-state lighting comes of age in the deep sea as high-power LEDs debut on submersible Alvin dives}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {31{\textendash}34},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Olsson, M and Hardy, K and Sanderson, J}
}
@article {Bergquist2007,
	title = {{Using stable isotopes and quantitative community characteristics to determine a local hydrothermal vent food web}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {330},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {49{\textendash}65},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps330049},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps330049},
	author = {Bergquist, D C and Eckner, J T and Urcuyo, I A and Cordes, E E and Hourdez, S and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Auchtung2006,
	title = {{16S rRNA phylogenetic investigation of the candidate division Korarchaeota}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {72},
	number = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {5077{\textendash}5082},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00052-06},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00052-06},
	author = {Auchtung, T A and Takacs-Vesbach, C D and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {1427,
	title = {{Alvin{\textquoteright}s last ride: Sentry{\textquoteright}s first}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {17},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182}
}
@article {Gollner2006,
	title = {{Benthic copepod communities associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {397{\textendash}402},
	abstract = {Variability in the structure of the meiobenthic copepod communities was studied among three vent sites on the East Pacific Rise. One of the sites was dominated by the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus, and the other two of the sites were dominated by the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. In addition to the differences in the dominant megafauna, the maximum temperatures were much lower at the mussel-dominated sites, and the temperature to sulfide ratio was different between the tubeworm-dominated sites. A total of 22 vent endemic siphonostomatoid copepod species and 5 harpacticoid copepod species were identified among the three sites. Copepod abundance was low at all sites (},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Gollner, S and Zekely, Julia and Van Dover, C L and Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Nemeschkal, H L and Bright, M}
}
@book {VanDover2006,
	title = {{Beyond the edge of the sea: Volcanoes and life in the deep ocean}},
	series = {Flad Lectures on Marine Science},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {32},
	publisher = {Luso-American Foundation},
	organization = {Luso-American Foundation},
	address = {Lisbon, Portugal},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {9728654197},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Daly2006,
	title = {{Boloceroides daphneae, a new species of giant sea anemone (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Boloceroididae) from the deep Pacific}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1241{\textendash}1247},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-005-0170-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0170-7},
	author = {Daly, M}
}
@article {McCliment2006,
	title = {{Colonization of nascent, deep-sea hydrothermal vents by a novel Archaeal and Nanoarchaeal assemblage}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {114{\textendash}125},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00874.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00874.x},
	author = {McCliment, E A and Voglesonger, K M and O{\textquoteright}Day, P A and Dunn, E E and Holloway, J R and Cary, S C}
}
@inbook {Heesemann2006,
	title = {{Data report: Long-term temperature measurements in holes 1253A and 1255A off Costa Rica, ODP Leg 205}},
	booktitle = {Fluid Flow and Subduction Fluxes across the Costa Rica Convergent Margin: Implications for the Seismogenic Zone and Subduction Factory},
	series = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {205},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1{\textendash}20},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1096-7451},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.205.209.2006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.205.209.2006},
	author = {Heesemann, M and Villinger, H and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M},
	editor = {Morris, J D}
}
@article {Eltgroth2006,
	title = {{A deep-sea coral record of North Atlantic radiocarbon through the Younger Dryas: Evidence for Intermediate/Deep Water Reorganization}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {PA4207},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2005PA001192},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001192},
	author = {Eltgroth, S F and Adkins, J F and Robinson, L F and Southon, J and Kashgarian, M}
}
@article {Karson2006,
	title = {{Detachment shear zone of the Atlantis Massif core complex, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q06016},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001109},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001109},
	author = {Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Jones2006,
	title = {{Evolution of habitat use by deep-sea mussels}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {841{\textendash}851},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-005-0115-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0115-1},
	author = {Jones, W J and Won, Y -J and Maas, P A Y and Smith, P J and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Ludwig2006,
	title = {{Formation and evolution of carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {70},
	number = {14},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3625{\textendash}3645},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016},
	author = {Ludwig, K A and Kelley, D S and Butterfield, D A and Nelson, B K and Fruh-Green, G L}
}
@article {Cruse2006,
	title = {{Geochemistry of low-molecular weight hydrocarbons in hydrothermal fluids from Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {70},
	number = {8},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {2073{\textendash}2092},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.01.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.01.015},
	author = {Cruse, A M and Seewald, J S}
}
@article {Nussbaumer2006,
	title = {{Horizontal endosymbiont transmission in hydrothermal vent tubeworms}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {441},
	number = {7091},
	year = {2006},
	month = {may},
	pages = {345{\textendash}348},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature04793},
	author = {Nussbaumer, A D and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Hey2006,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent geology and biology at earth{\textquoteright}s fastest spreading rates}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {137{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/s11001-005-1887-x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11001-005-1887-x},
	author = {Hey, R N and Massoth, G J and Vrijenhoek, R C and Rona, P A and Lupton, J and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Zekely2006,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent meiobenthos associated with mytilid mussel aggregations from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {53},
	number = {8},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1363{\textendash}1378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2006.05.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2006.05.010},
	author = {Zekely, J and Van Dover, C L and Nemeschkal, H L and Bright, M}
}
@article {Embley2006,
	title = {{Long-term eruptive activity at a submarine arc volcano}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {441},
	number = {7092},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {494{\textendash}497},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature04762},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04762},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Resing, J A}
}
@article {Proskurowski2006,
	title = {{Low temperature volatile production at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field: evidence from a hydrogen stable isotope geothermometer}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {229},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {331{\textendash}343},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005},
	author = {Proskurowski, G and Lilley, M D and Kelley, D S and Olson, E J}
}
@article {Boschi2006,
	title = {{Mass transfer and fluid flow during detachment faulting and development of an oceanic core complex, Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q01004},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001074},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001074},
	author = {Boschi, C and Fruh-Green, G L and Delacour, A and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Girguis2006,
	title = {{Metabolite uptake, stoichiometry and chemoautotrophic function of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila: responses to environmental variations in substrate concentrations and temperature}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {209},
	number = {18},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3516{\textendash}3528},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.02404},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02404},
	author = {Girguis, P R and Childress, J J}
}
@book {Yount2006,
	title = {{Modern marine science: Exploring the deep}},
	series = {Milestones in Discovery and Invention},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {223},
	publisher = {Chelsea House},
	organization = {Chelsea House},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0816057478},
	author = {Yount, L}
}
@article {Vacelet2006,
	title = {{New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific}},
	journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {148},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {553{\textendash}584},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4082},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00234.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00234.x},
	author = {Vacelet, J}
}
@article {Mah2006,
	title = {{A new species of Xyloplax (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Concentricycloidea) from the Northeast Pacific: Comparative morphology and a reassessment of phylogeny}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {136{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2006.00048.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2006.00048.x},
	author = {Mah, C L}
}
@booklet {Roberts2006,
	title = {{NOAA Ocean Explorer: Expedition to the deep slope}},
	volume = {2007},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	address = {Silver Spring, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Potter, J M and Wolff, G A}
}
@article {DeChaine2006,
	title = {{Off-axis symbiosis found: characterization and biogeography of bacterial symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from Lost City hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {11},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1902{\textendash}1912},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.01113.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.01113.x},
	author = {DeChaine, E G and Bates, A E and Shank, T M and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {Flint2006,
	title = {{Patterns of nematode diversity at hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {365{\textendash}370},
	abstract = {The diversity and abundance of meiofauna in quasi-quantitative samples collected from Bathymodiolus mussel beds in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) was studied with particular reference to nematodes. Copepods, polychaetes and nematodes were found to be the most abundant meiofaunal taxa at all sites processed so far. Species richness (S = 4 - 6), Shannon-Wiener diversity indices (H{\textquoteright}(log e) = 0.9 - 1.5) and Pielou{\textquoteright}s eveness indices (J{\textquoteright} = 0.5 - 0.8) were similar at all sites. Six different species of nematode were identified, both sites exhibiting a dominance of Monhystrid species. Cluster analysis of Bray-Curtis similarities using group-average linkage on standardised data shows that samples from Train Station and East Wall separate out at around the 45{\%} similarity level. This separation results from the different abundances of nematode species present at both sites and the exclusive presence of Thalassomonhystera sp. B at Train Station and Anticoma sp. A at East Wall. A pot sample from a mussel bed at "Oasis" at 17 25{\textquoteright} S on the EPR exhibits approximately 30{\%} similarity with the NEPR samples as a result of higher abundance and species richness of nematodes. To date, meiofauna have seldom been included in ecological studies at vents and it is therefore not clear to whether patterns of faunal zonation and biogeography similar to those known in megafauna are also present in this size class. Future work may reveal possible large-scale variation in nematode species richness.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Flint, H C and Copley, J T P and Ferrero, T J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Tolstoy2006,
	title = {{A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {314},
	number = {5807},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1920{\textendash}1922},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1133950},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133950},
	author = {Tolstoy, M and Cowen, J P and Baker, E T and Fornari, D J and Rubin, K H and Shank, T M and Waldhauser, F and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Forsyth, D W and Holmes, R C and Love, B and Perfit, M R and Weekly, R T and Soule, S A and Glazer, B}
}
@article {Voight2006,
	title = {{Stauromedusae on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {347{\textendash}352},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb47-4-347-352.pdf},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@article {Lutz2006,
	title = {{Stauromedusan populations inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {409{\textendash}413},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb47-4-409-413.pdf},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Collins, A G and Annis, E R and Reed, A J and Bennett, K F and Halanych, K M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Larsen2006,
	title = {{Tanaidacea (Crustacea; Peracarida) from chemically reduced habitats - the hydrothermal vent system of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Escabana Trough and Gorda Ridge, northeast Pacific}},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	number = {1164},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1{\textendash}33},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006/zt01164p033.pdf},
	author = {Larsen, K}
}
@article {Scheirer2006,
	title = {{Temperature variations at diffuse and focused flow hydrothermal vent sites along the northern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q03002},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001094},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001094},
	author = {Scheirer, D S and Shank, T M and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Davis2006,
	title = {{Transient formation fluid pressures and temperatures in the Costa Rica forearc prism and subducting oceanic basement: CORK monitoring at ODP Sites 1253 and 1255}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {245},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {232{\textendash}244},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.042},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.042},
	author = {Davis, E E and Villinger, H W}
}
@article {Reysenbach2006,
	title = {{A ubiquitous thermoacidophilic archaeon from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {442},
	number = {7101},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {444{\textendash}447},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature04921},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04921},
	author = {Reysenbach, A -L and Liu, Y T and Banta, A B and Beveridge, T J and Kirshtein, J D and Schouten, S and Tivey, M K and Von Damm, K L and Voytek, M A}
}
@article {LeBris2006,
	title = {{Variability of physico-chemical conditions in 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N EPR diffuse flow vent habitats}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {98},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {167{\textendash}182},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2005.08.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.08.008},
	author = {Le Bris, N and Govenar, B and LeGall, C and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Reed2006,
	title = {{Vertical distribution and diversity of bacteria and archaea in sulfide and methane-rich cold seep sediments located at the base of the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {199{\textendash}211},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-005-0488-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00792-005-0488-6},
	author = {Reed, A J and Lutz, R A and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Nevala2006a,
	title = {{What{\textquoteright}s white, long-armed, shaggy-but not abominable?}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {45},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {11},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=12327{\&}archives=true},
	author = {Nevala, A E}
}
@article {Nevala2005,
	title = {{Alvin{\textquoteright}s pilots a tight-knit group with the {\textquoteright}right stuff{\textquoteright} to guide a submersible on the seafloor}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {44},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {26{\textendash}31},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Nevala, A E and Lippsett, L}
}
@article {Lanoil2005,
	title = {{Archaeal diversity in ODP legacy borehole 892b and associated seawater and sediments of the Cascadia Margin}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {167{\textendash}177},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.015},
	author = {Lanoil, B D and La Duc, M T and Wright, M and Kastner, M and Nealson, K H and Bartlett, D H}
}
@article {Valentine2005,
	title = {{Biogeochemical investigations of marine methane seeps, Hydrate Ridge, Oregon}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {110},
	number = {G2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {G02005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2005JG000025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000025},
	author = {Valentine, D L and Kastner, M and Wardlaw, G D and Wang, X C and Purdy, A and Bartlett, D H}
}
@article {Casanova2005,
	title = {{Calispadella alata n. gen., n. sp., the first chaetognath recorded from a hydrothermal vent site (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)}},
	journal = {Journal of Plankton Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {221{\textendash}225},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0142-7873},
	doi = {10.1093/plankt/fbh163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbh163},
	author = {Casanova, J P and Moreau, X}
}
@article {Voordeckers2005,
	title = {{Caminibacter mediiatlanticus sp. nov.: A thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate ammonifying bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {773{\textendash}779},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1456-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.63430-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63430-0},
	author = {Voordeckers, J W and Starovoytov, V and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Soule2005,
	title = {{Channelized lava flows at the East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees-10 degrees N: The importance of off-axis lava transport in developing the architecture of young oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {Q08005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc000912},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc000912},
	author = {Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tivey, M A and Ridley, W I and Schouten, H}
}
@article {Salerno2005,
	title = {{Characterization of symbiont populations in life-history stages of mussels from chemosynthetic environments}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {208},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {145{\textendash}155},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/208/2/145},
	author = {Salerno, J L and Macko, S A and Hallam, S J and Bright, M and Won, Y -J and McKiness, Z and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Pradillon2005,
	title = {{Colonisation of newly-opened habitat by a pioneer species, Alvinella pompejana (Polychaeta : Alvinellidae), at East Pacific Rise vent sites}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {147{\textendash}157},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps302147},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps302147},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Zbinden, M and Mullineaux, L S and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Pflugfelder2005,
	title = {{The color of the trophosome: elemental sulfur distribution in the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera; Siboglinidae)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {146},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {895{\textendash}901},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-004-1500-x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1500-x},
	author = {Pflugfelder, B and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {VanDover2005,
	title = {{Community structure in mussel beds at Logatchev hydrothermal vents and a comparison of macrofaunal species richness on slow- and fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {110{\textendash}120},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2005.00047.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2005.00047.x},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Doerries, M B}
}
@article {Kurz2005,
	title = {{Correlated helium, neon, and melt production on the super-fast spreading East Pacific Rise near 17 degrees S}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {232},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {125{\textendash}142},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.005},
	author = {Kurz, M D and Moreira, M and Curtice, J and Lott, D E and Mahoney, J J and Sinton, J M}
}
@article {Hornbach2005,
	title = {{Coupled geophysical constraints on heat flow and fluid flux at a salt diapir}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {32},
	number = {24},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {L24617},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GL024862},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024862},
	author = {Hornbach, M J and Ruppel, C and Saffer, D M and Van Dover, C L and Holbrook, W S}
}
@article {Marris2005,
	title = {{Deep-sea biology: The life aquatic}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {436},
	number = {7053},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {908{\textendash}909},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/436908a},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/436908a},
	author = {Marris, E}
}
@article {Dreyer2005,
	title = {{Development of macrofaunal community structure in mussel beds on the northern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {121{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps302121},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps302121},
	author = {Dreyer, J C and Knick, K E and Flickinger, W B and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Govenar2005,
	title = {{Epifaunal community structure associated with Riftia pachyptila aggregations in chemically different hydrothermal vent habitats}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {305},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {67{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps305067},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps305067},
	author = {Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Gollner, S and Glanville, J and Aperghis, A B and Hourdez, S and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Voight2005,
	title = {{First report of the enigmatic echinoderm Xyloplax from the North Pacific}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {208},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {77{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/208/2/77},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@article {Stewart2005,
	title = {{Four-dimensional upper crustal construction at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges: A perspective from an upper crustal cross-section at the Hess Deep Rift}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {144},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {287{\textendash}309},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.026},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.026},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Karson, J A and Klein, E M}
}
@mastersthesis {Gier2005,
	title = {{The geological implications of the basalts and sediments of the Lucky Strike segment}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {244},
	school = {Columbia University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/AAI3188739},
	author = {Gier, E J}
}
@article {Peng2005,
	title = {{Growth history of hydrothermal chimneys at EPR 9-10 degrees N: A structural and mineralogical study}},
	journal = {Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences},
	volume = {48},
	number = {11},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1891{\textendash}1899},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1006-9313},
	doi = {10.1360/04yd0029},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/04yd0029},
	author = {Peng, X T and Zhou, H Y}
}
@inbook {Auster2005,
	title = {{A habitat classification scheme for seamount landscapes: assessing the functional role of deepwater corals as fish habitat}},
	booktitle = {Cold-water corals and ecosystems},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {761{\textendash}769},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {3-540-24136-1},
	author = {Auster, P J and Moore, J and Heinonen, K and Watling, L},
	editor = {Freiwald, A}
}
@article {Voight2005a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent octopus, Vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis, feeds on bathypelagic amphipods of Halice}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {85},
	number = {4},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {985{\textendash}988},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0125-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315405011999},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315405011999},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@article {Ding2005,
	title = {{The in situ pH of hydrothermal fluids at mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {237},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {167{\textendash}174},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.041},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.041},
	author = {Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Zhang, Z and Tivey, M K and Von Damm, K L and Bradley, A M}
}
@article {Pradillon2005a,
	title = {{Influence of environmental conditions on early development of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Alvinella pompejana}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {208},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1551{\textendash}1561},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.01567},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01567},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Le Bris, N and Shillito, B and Young, C M and Gaill, F}
}
@mastersthesis {Eustice2005,
	title = {{Large-area visually augmented navigation for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {187},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1414},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1414},
	author = {Eustice, R M}
}
@article {Phleger2005a,
	title = {{Lipid biomarkers of deep-sea hydrothermal vent polychaetes - Alvinella pompejana, A-caudata, Paralvinella grasslei and Hesiolyra bergii}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {12},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2333{\textendash}2352},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2005.08.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.08.001},
	author = {Phleger, C F and Nelson, M M and Groce, A K and Cary, S C and Coyne, K J and Gibson, J A E and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Phleger2005,
	title = {{Lipid composition of deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia packyptila, crabs Munidopsis subsquatnosa and Bythograea thermydron, mussels Bathymodiolus sp and limpets Lepetodrilus spp}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	volume = {141},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {196{\textendash}210},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.03.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.03.001},
	author = {Phleger, C F and Nelson, M M and Groce, A K and Cary, S C and Coyne, K J and Nichols, P D}
}
@article {Kelley2005,
	title = {{The Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {32{\textendash}45},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2005.23},
	author = {Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Chadwick2005,
	title = {{Magmatic effects of the Cobb hot spot on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {110},
	number = {B3},
	year = {2005},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {B03101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2003JB002767},
	author = {Chadwick, J and Perfit, M and Ridley, I and Kamenov, G and Chadwick, W and Embley, R and le Roux, P and Smith, M}
}
@article {Vetriani2005,
	title = {{Mercury adaptation among bacteria from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {71},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {220{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.1.220-226.2005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.1.220-226.2005},
	author = {Vetriani, C and Chew, Y S and Miller, S M and Yagi, J and Coombs, J and Lutz, T A and Barkay, T}
}
@article {Karson2005,
	title = {{Nested-scale investigation of tectonic windows into super-fast spread crust exposed at the Pito Deep Rift}},
	journal = {InterRidge Newsletter},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {5{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.interridge.org/files/interridge/IR{\_}news{\_}14.pdf},
	author = {Karson, J A and Francheteau, J and Gee, J S and Gillis, K M and Hayman, N W and Hekinian, R and Hey, R N and Hurst, S D and Klein, E M and Naar, D P and Varga, R J and Party, Pito Deep 2005 Scientific}
}
@article {McKiness2005,
	title = {{A new bathymodioline mussel symbiosis at the Juan de Fuca hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {109{\textendash}116},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-005-0065-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0065-7},
	author = {McKiness, Z P and McMullin, E R and Fisher, C R and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {Collins2005,
	title = {{A new deepwater species of Stauromedusae, Lucernaria janetae (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Lucernariidae), and a preliminary investigation of Stauromedusan phylogeny based on nuclear and mitchondrial rDNA data}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {208},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {221{\textendash}230},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/208/3/221},
	author = {Collins, A G and Daly, M}
}
@article {Komai2005,
	title = {{A new species of Alvinocaris (Crustacea : Decapoda : Caridea : Alvinocarididae) and a new record of A. muricola from methane seeps on the Blake Ridge Diapir, Northwestern Atlantic}},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	number = {1019},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {27{\textendash}42},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2005/zt01019p042.pdf},
	author = {Komai, T and Shank, T M and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Martin2005,
	title = {{A new species of the shrimp genus Chorocaris (Decapoda : Caridea : Alvinocarididae) from hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {183{\textendash}198},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-324X},
	doi = {10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[183:ANSOTS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[183:ANSOTS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Martin, J W and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Beatty2005,
	title = {{An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {102},
	number = {26},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {9306{\textendash}9310},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0503674102},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503674102},
	author = {Beatty, J T and Overmann, J and Lince, M T and Manske, A K and Lang, A S and Blankenship, R E and Van Dover, C L and Martinson, T A and Plumley, G F}
}
@article {Mills2005,
	title = {{Parasitism as a potential contributor to massive clam mortality at the Blake Ridge Diapir methane-hydrate seep}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {85},
	number = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1489{\textendash}1497},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0125-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315405012683},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315405012683},
	author = {Mills, A M and Ward, M E and Heyl, T P and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Wheat2005,
	title = {{The potential role of ridge-flank hydrothermal systems on oceanic germanium and silicon balances}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {69},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2021{\textendash}2029},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.046},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.046},
	author = {Wheat, C G and McManus, J}
}
@article {Hahlbeck2005,
	title = {{Proposed nitrate binding by hemoglobin in Riftia pachyptila blood}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {10},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1885{\textendash}1895},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.011},
	author = {Hahlbeck, E and Pospesel, M A and Zal, F and Childress, J J and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Fildes2005,
	title = {{The race to revisit the ocean depths}},
	journal = {New Scientist},
	volume = {187},
	number = {2517},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0262-4079},
	url = {http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725171.200-the-race-to-revisit-the-ocean-depths.html},
	author = {Fildes, J}
}
@article {Blake2005,
	title = {{The reproductive biology of Amathys lutzi, an ampharetid polychaete from hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {124},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {254{\textendash}264},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2005.00022.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2005.00022.x},
	author = {Blake, E A and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Sancho2005,
	title = {{Selective predation by the zoarcid fish Thermarces cerberus at hydrothermal vents.}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {837{\textendash}844},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	author = {Sancho, G and Fisher, C R and Mills, S W and Micheli, F and Johnson, G A and Lenihan, H S and Peterson, C H and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Kelley2005a,
	title = {{A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: The lost city hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {307},
	number = {5714},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1428{\textendash}1434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102556},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Yoerger, D R and Shank, T M and Butterfield, D A and Hayes, J M and Schrenk, M O and Olson, E J and Proskurowski, G and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Larson, B I and Ludwig, K A and Glickson, D A and Buckman, K and Bradley, A S and Brazelton, W J and Roe, K and Elend, M J and Delacour, A and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Summons, R T and Sylva, S P}
}
@article {Hilario2005,
	title = {{Sperm storage, internal fertilization, and embryonic dispersal in vent and seep tubeworms (Polychaeta : Siboglinidae : Vestimentifera)}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {208},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {20{\textendash}28},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/208/1/20},
	author = {Hilario, A and Young, C M and Tyler, P A}
}
@article {Henscheid2005,
	title = {{The splicing factor U2AF65 is functionally conserved in the thermotolerant deep-sea worm Alvinella pompejana}},
	journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression},
	volume = {1727},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {197{\textendash}207},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0167-4781},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.01.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.01.008},
	author = {Henscheid, K L and Shin, D S and Cary, S C and Berglund, J A}
}
@article {Flores2005,
	title = {{Sulfide binding is mediated by zinc ions discovered in the crystal structure of a hydrothermal vent tubeworm hemoglobin}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {102},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2713{\textendash}2718},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0407455102},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407455102},
	author = {Flores, J F and Fisher, C R and Carney, S L and Green, B N and Freytag, J K and Schaeffer, S W and Royer, W E}
}
@article {Pollock2005,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variability in the composition of lavas exposed along the Western Blanco Transform Fault}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {Q11009},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001026},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001026},
	author = {Pollock, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Tivey, M A}
}
@mastersthesis {Wichers2005,
	title = {{Verification of numerical models for hydrothermal plume water through field measurements at TAG}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {75},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1640},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1640},
	author = {Wichers, S}
}
@article {Mullineaux2005,
	title = {{Vertical, lateral and temporal structure in larval abundance at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {293},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps293001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps293001},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Mills, S W and Sweetman, A K and Beaudreau, A H and Metaxas, A and Hunt, H L}
}
@article {Kicklighter2004,
	title = {{Chemical defense of hydrothermal vent and hydrocarbon seep organisms: a preliminary assessment using shallow-water consumers}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {275},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {11{\textendash}19},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps275011},
	author = {Kicklighter, C E and Fisher, C R and Hay, M E}
}
@article {Turnipseed2004,
	title = {{Community structure in Florida Escarpment seep and Snake Pit (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) vent mussel beds}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {145},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {121{\textendash}132},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-004-1304-z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1304-z},
	author = {Turnipseed, M and Jenkins, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Govenar2004,
	title = {{Composition of a One-Year-Old Riftia pachyptila Community Following a Clearance Experiment: Insight to Succession Patterns at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {207},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {177{\textendash}182},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1543204},
	author = {Govenar, B and Freeman, M and Bergquist, D C and Johnson, G A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Davis2004,
	title = {{Costa Rica Rift revisited: Constraints on shallow and deep hydrothermal circulation in young oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {222},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {863{\textendash}879},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.032},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K and He, J}
}
@article {Hurtado2004,
	title = {{Distinct patterns of genetic differentiation among annelids of eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {9},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {2603{\textendash}2615},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02287.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02287.x},
	author = {Hurtado, L A and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@book {Mathez2004,
	title = {{The earth machine: The science of a dynamic planet}},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {378},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {023112578X},
	author = {Mathez, E A and Webster, J D}
}
@article {VanDover2004,
	title = {{Experimental ecology at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: a perspective}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {300},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {273{\textendash}307},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.024},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.024},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Dahlgren2004,
	title = {{Fauna of whale falls: Systematics and ecology of a new polychaete (Annelida: Chrysopetalidae) from the deep Pacific Ocean.}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {12},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1873{\textendash}1887},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.07.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.07.017},
	author = {Dahlgren, T and Glover, A G and Baco, A R and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Wilson2004,
	title = {{Going 4 miles underwater: A next-generation {\textquoteright}Alvin{\textquoteright} submersible will take ocean exploration to new depths}},
	journal = {Popular Mechanics},
	volume = {181},
	number = {11},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {30,32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0032-4558},
	url = {http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/1303036.html?page=1},
	author = {Wilson, J}
}
@article {Wheat2004a,
	title = {{Heat flow through a basaltic outcrop on a sedimented young ridge flank}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q12006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000700},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Fisher, A T and Kadko, D and Davis, E E and Baker, E T and Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Debenham2004,
	title = {{The impact of whale falls on nematode abundance in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {701{\textendash}706},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.02.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.02.004},
	author = {Debenham, N J and Lambshead, P J D and Ferrero, T J and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Wirsen2004,
	title = {{Is life thriving deep beneath the seafloor? Recent discoveries hint at a potentially huge and diverse subsurface biosphere}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {72{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Schrenk2004,
	title = {{Low archaeal diversity linked to subseafloor geochemical processes at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {6},
	number = {10},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1086{\textendash}1095},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00650.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00650.x},
	author = {Schrenk, M O and Kelley, D S and Bolton, S A and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Malakoff2004,
	title = {{NSF takes the plung on a bigger, faster research sub}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {305},
	number = {5686},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {926{\textendash}927},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.305.5686.926a},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5686.926a},
	author = {Malakoff, D}
}
@article {Terlizzi2004,
	title = {{Observations on parasitism in deep-sea hydrothermal vent and seep limpets}},
	journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},
	volume = {62},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {17{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0177-5103},
	doi = {10.3354/dao062017},
	url = {http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2004/62/d062p017.pdf},
	author = {Terlizzi, C M and Ward, M E and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Varga2004,
	title = {{Paleomagnetic constraints on deformation models for uppermost oceanic crust exposed at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for axial processes at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {109},
	number = {B2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {B02104},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2003JB002486},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002486},
	author = {Varga, R J and Karson, J A and Gee, J S}
}
@article {Ward2004,
	title = {{Parasitism in species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) mussels from deep-sea seep and hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},
	volume = {62},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0177-5103},
	doi = {10.3354/dao062001},
	url = {http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2004/62/d062p001.pdf},
	author = {Ward, M E and Shields, J D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {DiMeo-Savoie2004,
	title = {{Physicochemical characterization of the microhabitat of the epibionts associated with Alvinella pompejana, a hydrothermal vent annelid}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {68},
	number = {9},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {2055{\textendash}2066},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.039},
	author = {Di Meo-Savoie, C A and Luther, G W and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Tivey2004,
	title = {{The remarkable diversity of seafloor vents: Continuing explorations reveal an increasing variety of hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {60{\textendash}65},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Walden2004,
	title = {{A replacement for the Alvin submersible}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {38},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {85{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	doi = {10.4031/002533204787522721},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533204787522721},
	author = {Walden, B B and Brown, R S}
}
@article {Rona2004,
	title = {{Secret survivor}},
	journal = {Natural History},
	volume = {113},
	number = {7},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {50{\textendash}55},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0712},
	url = {http://nhmag.com/0904/0904{\_}feature.html},
	author = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Hurst2004,
	title = {{Side-scan sonar along the north wall of the Hess Deep Rift: Processing, texture analysis, and geologic ground truth on an oceanic escarpment}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {109},
	number = {B2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {B02107},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JB002116},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002116},
	author = {Hurst, S D and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Schroeder2004,
	title = {{Strain localization on an oceanic detachment fault system, Atlantis Massif, 30 degrees N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q11007},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000728},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000728},
	author = {Schroeder, T J and John, B E}
}
@article {Robinson2004,
	title = {{Surficial hydrocarbon seep infauna from the Blake Ridge (Atlantic Ocean, 2150 m) and the Gulf of Mexico (690{\textendash}2240 m)}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {313{\textendash}336},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2004.00034.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2004.00034.x},
	author = {Robinson, C A and Bernhard, J M and Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Blanks, J K}
}
@article {Becker2004,
	title = {{Temperature and video logs from the upper oceanic crust, Holes 504B and 896A, Costa Rica Rift flank: implications for the permeability of upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {222},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {881{\textendash}896},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.033},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.033},
	author = {Becker, K and Davis, E E and Spiess, F N and DeMoustier, C P}
}
@article {Hunt2004,
	title = {{Testing biological control of colonization by vestimentiferan tubeworms at deep-sea hydrothermal vents (East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {225{\textendash}234},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2003.10.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2003.10.008},
	author = {Hunt, H L and Metaxas, A and Jennings, R L and Halanych, K M and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Vetriani2004,
	title = {{Thermovibrio ammonificans sp. nov.: A thermophilic, chemolithotrophic, nitrate ammonifying bacterium from deep-sea hydrothermal vents.}},
	journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {175{\textendash}181},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1456-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.02781-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02781-0},
	author = {Vetriani, C and Speck, M D and Ellor, S V and Lutz, R A and Starovoytov, V}
}
@article {Raulfs2004,
	title = {{Tissue and symbiont condition of mussels (Bathymodiolus thermophilus) exposed to varying levels of hydrothermal activity}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {84},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {229{\textendash}234},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315404009087h},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315404009087h},
	author = {Raulfs, E C and Macko, S A and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Wheat2004,
	title = {{Venting formation fluids from deep sea boreholes in a ridge flank setting: ODP Sites 1025 and 1026}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q08007},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000710},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000710},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H and Lebon, G}
}
@article {Sims2003,
	title = {{Aberrant youth: Chemical and isotopic constraints on the young off-axis lavas of the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {10},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8621},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000443},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000443},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Blichert-Toft, J and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Goldstein, S J and Johnson, P and DePaolo, D J and Hart, S R and Murrell, M T and Michael, P J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A}
}
@article {Seewald2003,
	title = {{Aqueous volatiles in hydrothermal fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca ridge: Temporal variability following earthquake activity}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {216},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {575{\textendash}590},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00543-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00543-0},
	author = {Seewald, J S and Cruse, A M and Saccocia, P J}
}
@article {VanDover2003a,
	title = {{Blake Ridge methane seeps: Characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {281{\textendash}300},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00162-0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Aharon, P and Bernhard, J M and Caylor, E and Doerries, M B and Flickinger, W and Gilhooly, W and Goffredi, S K and Knick, K E and Macko, S A and Rapoport, S and Raulfs, E C and Ruppel, C and Salerno, J L and Seitz, R D and Sen Gupta, B K and Shank, T M and Turnipseed, M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Seyfried2003,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geochemical controls in the aftermath of June 1999 seismic events}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2429},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JB001957},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001957},
	author = {Seyfried, W E and Seewald, J S and Berndt, M E and Ding, K and Foustoukos, D}
}
@inbook {Karson2003,
	title = {{Comparison of geologic and seismic structure of uppermost fast-spread oceanic crust: Insights from a crustal cross section at the Hess Deep Rift}},
	booktitle = {Heterogeneity in the Crust and Upper Mantle: Nature, Scaling, and Seismic Properties},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {99{\textendash}129},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic/Plenum},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic/Plenum},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0306474476},
	author = {Karson, J A and Christeson, G L},
	editor = {Goff, J A}
}
@article {Hurtado2003,
	title = {{Coupling of bacterial endosymbiont and host mitochondrial genomes in the hydrothermal vent clam Calyptogena magnifica}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {2058{\textendash}2064},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.4.2058-2064.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.4.2058-2064.2003},
	author = {Hurtado, L A and Mateos, M and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Won2003a,
	title = {{Cytonuclear disequilibrium in a hybrid zone involving deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {3185{\textendash}3190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01974.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01974.x},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Hallam, S J and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Lutz2003,
	title = {{Dawn in the deep}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {203},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {92{\textendash}103},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Won2003b,
	title = {{Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {169{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01726.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01726.x},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Turnipseed2003,
	title = {{Diversity in mussel-beds at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {518{\textendash}523},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00465.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00465.x},
	author = {Turnipseed, M and Knick, K E and Lipcius, R N and Dreyer, J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@inbook {Smith2003a,
	title = {{Ecology of the deep Pacific Ocean floor}},
	booktitle = {Ecosystems of the deep ocean},
	series = {Ecosystems of the world},
	number = {28},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {179{\textendash}218},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {044482619X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Demopoulos, A W J},
	editor = {Tyler, P A}
}
@inbook {Smith2003,
	title = {{The ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {311{\textendash}354},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0415254639},
	author = {Smith, C R and Baco, A R and Gibson, R N and Atkinson, R J A},
	editor = {Gibson, R N}
}
@article {Won2003,
	title = {{Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-sea mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {6785{\textendash}6792},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Hallam, S J and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Pan, I L and Buck, K R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Shah2003,
	title = {{Episodic dike swarms inferred from near-bottom magnetic anomaly maps at the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2097},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000564},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000564},
	author = {Shah, A K and Cormier, M -H and Ryan, W B F and Jin, W and Carlut, J and Bergmanis, E C and Bradley, A M and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Goto2003,
	title = {{Estimate of heat flux and its temporal variation at the TAG hydrothermal mound, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26{\textdegree}N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {2434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000703},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000703},
	author = {Goto, S and Kinoshita, M and Schultz, A and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Goffredi2003,
	title = {{Evolutionary relationships of deep-sea vent and cold seep clams (Mollusca: Vesicomyidae) of the "pacifica/lepta" species complex}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {142},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {311{\textendash}320},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-002-0941-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0941-3},
	author = {Goffredi, S K and Hurtado, L A and Hallam, S J and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {VonDamm2003,
	title = {{Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {206},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2003},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {365{\textendash}378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M D and Shanks, W C and Brockington, M and Bray, A M and O{\textquoteright}Grady, K M and Olson, E J and Graham, A and Proskurowski, G and Party, SouEPR Science}
}
@article {Ward2003,
	title = {{Functional morphology and feeding strategy of the hydrothermal-vent polychaete Archinome rosacea (Amphinomidae)}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {81},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {582{\textendash}590},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4301},
	doi = {10.1139/z03-034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-034},
	author = {Ward, M E and Jenkins, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Stewart2003,
	title = {{Geochemical relationships between dikes and lavas at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for magma eruptibility}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Art. no. 2184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB001622},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001622},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Brophy, J G}
}
@mastersthesis {Veirs2003,
	title = {{Heat flux and hydrography at a submarine volcano: Observations and models of the Main Endeavour vent field in the northeast Pacific}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {222},
	school = {University of Washington},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Seattle, Wash.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.econscience.org/scott/pubs/thesis.pdf},
	author = {Veirs, S R}
}
@article {Baco2003,
	title = {{High species richness in deep-sea chemoautotrophic whale skeleton communities}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {260},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {109{\textendash}114},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps260109},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps260109},
	author = {Baco, A R and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Fornari2003,
	title = {{High-T hydrothermal vent monitoring at the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N and a new, improved 64k memory high-T vent fluid temperature logger}},
	journal = {Ridge 2000 Events},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {21{\textendash}25},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0403.pdf},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Gray, R and Olsson, M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@book {Matsen2003,
	title = {{The incredible submersible Alvin discovers a strange deep-sea world}},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Enslow Publishers},
	organization = {Enslow Publishers},
	address = {Berkeley Heights, N.J.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0766021890},
	author = {Matsen, B}
}
@article {Perfit2003,
	title = {{Interaction of sea water and lava during submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {426},
	number = {6962},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {62{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature02032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02032},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Cann, J R and Fornari, D J and Engels, J and Smith, D K and Ridley, W I and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {VanDover2003,
	title = {{Local, regional, and biogeographic variation in community structure within hydrothermal-vent mussel beds of the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {253},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {55{\textendash}56},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps253055},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps253055},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Lilley2003,
	title = {{Magmatic events can produce rapid changes in hydrothermal vent chemistry}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {422},
	number = {6934},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {878{\textendash}881},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature01569},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01569},
	author = {Lilley, M D and Butterfield, D A and Lupton, J E and Olson, E J}
}
@article {Carbotte2003,
	title = {{Magmatic subsidence of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 18 degrees14{\textquoteright}S revealed through fault restoration of ridge crest bathymetry}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000337},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000337},
	author = {Carbotte, S M and Ryan, W B and Cormier, M -H and Jin, W and Bergmanis, E C and Sinton, J and White, S}
}
@book {Martinez2003,
	title = {{Mountains in the Sea 2003, July 11- July 19, 2003}},
	volume = {2007},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/},
	author = {Martinez, C and Watling, L E}
}
@article {Tivey2003,
	title = {{A near-bottom magnetic survey of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at 26 degrees N: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the TAG segment}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B5},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2277},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JB001967},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001967},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Engels2003,
	title = {{A new model for submarine volcanic collapse formation}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1077},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000483},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000483},
	author = {Engels, J and Edwards, M H and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Cann, J R}
}
@inbook {Board2003a,
	title = {{Ocean research technologies}},
	booktitle = {Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {97{\textendash}127},
	publisher = {National Academies Press},
	organization = {National Academies Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0309089271},
	url = {http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record{\_}id=10844{\&}page=97},
	editor = {Board, Ocean Studies}
}
@article {Rona2003,
	title = {{Paleodictyon: A living fossil on the deepsea floor}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {84},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet.Suppl.)},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {F828},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Wheat2003,
	title = {{Seawater transport and reaction in upper oceanic basaltic basement: Chemical data from continuous monitoring of sealed boreholes in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {216},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {549{\textendash}564},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H}
}
@article {Nooner2003,
	title = {{Structure of oceanic core complexes: Constraints from seafloor gravity measurements made at the Atlantis Massif}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {30},
	number = {8},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1446},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GL017126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017126},
	author = {Nooner, S L and Sasagawa, G S and Blackman, D K and Zumberge, M A}
}
@article {Mullineaux2003,
	title = {{Successional mechanism varies along a gradient in hydrothermal fluid flux at deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {73},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {523{\textendash}542},
	publisher = {Ecological Society of America},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-9615},
	doi = {10.1890/02-0674},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/02-0674},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Cormier2003,
	title = {{Waxing and waning volcanism along the East Pacific Rise on the millennium time scale}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {7},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {633{\textendash}636},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0633:WAWVAT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031{\%}3C0633:WAWVAT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Cormier, M -H and Ryan, W B F and Shah, A K and Lin, W A and Bradley, A M and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Pruis2002,
	title = {{Age dependent porosity of young upper oceanic crust: Insights from seafloor gravity studies of recent volcanic eruptions}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {29},
	number = {5},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1076},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GL013977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013977},
	author = {Pruis, M J and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {White2002a,
	title = {{Ambient light emission from hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {29},
	number = {15},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no 1744},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GL014977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014977},
	author = {White, S N and Chave, A D and Reynolds, G T and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Podar2002,
	title = {{Bacterial group II introns in a deep sea hydrothermal vent environment.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {68},
	number = {12},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {6392{\textendash}6398},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.12.6392-6398.2002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.12.6392-6398.2002},
	author = {Podar, M and Mullineaux, L S and Huang, H -R and Perlman, P S and Sogin, M L}
}
@article {Sims2002,
	title = {{Chemical and isotopic constraints on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {19},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3481{\textendash}3504},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Goldstein, S J and Blichert-Toft, J and Perfit, M R and Kelemen, P and Fornari, D J and Michael, P J and Murrell, M T and Hart, S R and DePaolo, D J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A and Jull, M and Bender, J}
}
@article {Fox2002,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophy as a possible nutritional source in the hydrothermal vent limpet Lepetodrilus fucensis}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {371{\textendash}376},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-371-376.pdf},
	author = {Fox, M and Juniper, S K and Vali, H}
}
@article {VanDover2002b,
	title = {{Community structure of mussel beds at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {230},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {137{\textendash}158},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps230137},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps230137},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {White2002,
	title = {{Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: Evidence from volcanic structures and lava flow morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000571},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000571},
	author = {White, S M and Haymon, R M and Fornari, D J and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Colaco2002,
	title = {{Delta 13C signature of hydrothermal mussels is related with the end-member fluid concentrations of H2S and CH4 at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent fields}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {259{\textendash}262},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/cbm/?execution=e1s2{\&}{\_}eventId=viewarticledetails{\&}articleId=3940},
	author = {Colaco, A and Dehairs, F and Desbruyeres, D and Le Bris, N and Sarradin, P -M}
}
@article {Jenkins2002,
	title = {{The digestive system of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Galapagomystides aristata (Phyllodocidae): Evidence for hematophagy?}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {121},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {243{\textendash}254},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00064.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00064.x},
	author = {Jenkins, C D and Ward, M E and Turnipseed, M and Osterberg, J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Smith2002,
	title = {{Faunal succession on replicate deep-sea whale falls:time scales and vent-seep affinities}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {293{\textendash}297},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-293-297.pdf},
	author = {Smith, C R and Baco, A R and Glover, A G}
}
@article {Biscoito2002,
	title = {{Fishes from the hydrothermal vents and cold seeps: An update}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {359{\textendash}362},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-359-362.pdf},
	author = {Biscoito, M and Segonzac, M and Almeida, A J and Desbruyeres, D and Geistdoerfer, P and Turnipseed, M and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Torres2002,
	title = {{Fluid and chemical flux in and out of sediments hosting methane hydrate deposits on Hydrate Ridge, OR, II: Hydrological processes}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {201},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {525{\textendash}540},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00733-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00732-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00733-1},
	author = {Torres, M E and McManus, J and Hammond, D E and De Angelis, M A and Heeschen, K U and Colbert, S L and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Suess, E and Torres, M E}
}
@article {Laubier2002,
	title = {{French contribution to hydrothermal vent and cold-seep biology and ecology}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {225{\textendash}230},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-225-230.pdf},
	author = {Laubier, L}
}
@article {Stewart2002,
	title = {{Geochemistry of dikes and lavas from the north wall of the Hess Deep Rift: Insights into the four-dimensional character of crustal construction at fast spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Art. no. 2238},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000545},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000545},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Karson2002b,
	title = {{Geologic structure of the uppermost oceanic crust created at fast- to intermediate-rate spreading centers}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {347{\textendash}384},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0084-6597},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.earth.30.091201.141132},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.30.091201.141132},
	author = {Karson, J A}
}
@article {Blackman2002,
	title = {{Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {443{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S and Cann, J R and Fruh-Green, G L and Gee, J S and Hurst, S D and John, B E and Morgan, J and Nooner, S L and Ross, D K and Schroeder, T J and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Humphris2002,
	title = {{Geotectonic setting of hydrothermal activity on the summit of Lucky Strike Seamount (37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 1049},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GC000284},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000284},
	author = {Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Schreirer, D S and German, C R and Parson, L M}
}
@article {Won2002,
	title = {{Habitat reversal in vent and seep mussels: seep species, Bathymodiolus heckerae, derived from vent ancestors}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {387{\textendash}390},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-387-390.pdf},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Maas, P A Y and Van Dover, C L and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@mastersthesis {Mares2002,
	title = {{ICP-MS and statistical analysis of major and trace element signatures within the carbonate fraction of marine sediments, Cascadia Subduction Zone, Central Oregon}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {430},
	school = {California State University, Long Beach},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Long Beach, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mares, A E}
}
@inbook {Nuzzio2002,
	title = {{In situ voltammetry at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Environmental electrochemistry: Analyses of trace element biogeochemistry},
	series = {American Chemical Society Symposium Series},
	number = {811},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {40{\textendash}51},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	organization = {American Chemical Society},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0841237743},
	url = {http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/delu/delur02003.pdf},
	author = {Nuzzio, D B and Taillefert, M and Cary, S C and Reysenbach, A -L and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Karson2002a,
	title = {{Internal structure of uppermost oceanic crust along the Western Blanco Transform Scarp: Implications for subaxial accretion and deformation at the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2181},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000051},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000051},
	author = {Karson, J A and Tivey, M A and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Levin2002,
	title = {{Isotopic evidence for chemosynthesis-based nutrition of macrobenthos: The lightness of being at Pacific methane seeps}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {47},
	number = {5},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1336{\textendash}1345},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1336},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}47/issue{\_}5/1336.pdf},
	author = {Levin, L A and Michener, R H}
}
@article {Lawrence2002,
	title = {{Magnetic anisotropy of serpentinized peridotites from the MARK area: Implications for the orientation of mesoscopic structures and major fault zones}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {EPM{\textendash}4{\textendash}1 {\textendash} EPM{\textendash}4{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000007},
	author = {Lawrence, R M and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Hurtado2002,
	title = {{Molecular evidence for multiple species of Oasisia (Annelida: Siboglinidae) at eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {377{\textendash}380},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-377-380.pdf},
	author = {Hurtado, L A and Mateos, M and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Sarrazin2002,
	title = {{Mosaic community dynamics on Juan de Fuca Ridge sulphide edifices: Substratum, temperature and implications for trophic structure}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {275{\textendash}279},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-275-279.pdf},
	author = {Sarrazin, J and Levesque, C and Juniper, S K and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Guinot2002,
	title = {{New genus and species of brachyuran crab from the southern East Pacific Rise (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Bythograeidae)}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus Biologies},
	volume = {325},
	number = {11},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1143{\textendash}1152},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1631-0691},
	doi = {10.1016/S1631-0691(02)01520-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1631-0691(02)01520-2},
	author = {Guinot, D and Hurtado, L A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Davis2002,
	title = {{Observations of natural-state fluid pressures and temperatures in young oceanic crust and inferences regarding hydrothermal circulation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {204},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {231{\textendash}248},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00982-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00982-2},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K}
}
@article {Micheli2002,
	title = {{Predation structures communities at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {72},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {365{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-9615},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0365:PSCADS]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0365:PSCADS]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Micheli, F and Peterson, C H and Mullineaux, L S and Fisher, C R and Mills, S W and Sancho, G and Johnson, G A and Lenihan, H S}
}
@article {Lutz2002,
	title = {{Recent advances in imaging deep-sea hydrothermal vents (Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Biology)}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {267{\textendash}269},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-267-269.pdf},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Rona, P and Reed, A and Lange, W and Low, S and Kristof, E}
}
@article {Malakoff2002,
	title = {{Researchers plunge into debate over new sub}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {297},
	number = {5580},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {326{\textendash}327},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.297.5580.326},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.297.5580.326},
	author = {Malakoff, D}
}
@inbook {Snelgrove2002,
	title = {{A riot of species in an environmental calm: The paradox of the species-rich deep-sea floor}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {311{\textendash}342},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0415254620},
	author = {Snelgrove, P V R and Smith, C R},
	editor = {Gibson, R N}
}
@book {Mayers2002,
	title = {{Structural analysis of Alvin variable ballast piping}},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {57},
	publisher = {Anteon Corporation, Machinery Systems Group},
	organization = {Anteon Corporation, Machinery Systems Group},
	address = {Annapolis, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA403034},
	author = {Mayers, G D and Brown, R S}
}
@article {Karson2002,
	title = {{Structure of uppermost fast-spread oceanic crust exposed at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for subaxial processes at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1002},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GC000155},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000155},
	author = {Karson, J A and Klein, E M and Hurst, S D and Lee, C E and Rivizzigno, P A}
}
@article {Govenar2002,
	title = {{Three Ridgeia piscesae assemblages from a single Juan de Fuca Ridge sulphide edifice: Structurally different and functionally similar}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {247{\textendash}252},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-247-252.pdf},
	author = {Govenar, B W and Bergquist, D C and Urcuyo, I A and Eckner, J T and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Wheat2002,
	title = {{Trace element and REE composition of a low-temperature ridge flank hydrothermal spring}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {21},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3693{\textendash}3705},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00894-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00894-3},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Rudniki, M}
}
@article {Crawford2002,
	title = {{Variations in the distribution of magma in the lower crust and at the Moho beneath the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees-10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {203},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {117{\textendash}130},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00831-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00831-2},
	author = {Crawford, W C and Webb, S C}
}
@article {Sinton2002,
	title = {{Volcanic eruptions on mid-ocean ridges: New evidence from the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 17 degrees-19 degrees S}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000090},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000090},
	author = {Sinton, J and Bergmanis, E and Rubin, K H and Batiza, R and Gregg, T K P and Gronvold, K and Macdonald, K C and White, S M}
}
@article {Meurer2001,
	title = {{Basalt compositions from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at the SMARK area (22 degrees 30{\textquoteright}N to 22 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N) - implications for parental liquid variability at isotopically homogeneous spreading centers}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {186},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {451{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00260-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00260-6},
	author = {Meurer, W P and Sturm, M E and Klein, E M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {VanDover2001,
	title = {{Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {294},
	number = {5543},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {818{\textendash}823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1064574},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1064574},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Cavanaugh, C M and Collier, R and Goffredi, S K and Hashimoto, J and Lilley, M D and Reysenbach, A -L and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Banta, A and Gallant, R M and Gotz, D and Green, D and Hall, J and Harmer, T L and Hurtado, L A and Johnson, P and McKiness, Z P and Meredith, C and Olson, E J and Pan, I L and Turnipseed, M and Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Tsurumi2001,
	title = {{Characteristics of a hydrothermal vent assemblage on a volcanically active segment of Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {58},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {530{\textendash}542},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1205-7553},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfas-58-3-530},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-58-3-530},
	author = {Tsurumi, M and Tunnicliffe, V}
}
@article {Luther2001,
	title = {{Chemical speciation drives hydrothermal vent ecology}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {410},
	number = {6830},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {813{\textendash}816},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35071069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35071069},
	author = {Luther, G W and Rozan, T F and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Di Meo, C A and Shank, T M and Lutz, R A and Cary, S C}
}
@article {VanDover2001a,
	title = {{Corralling of larvae in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {81},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {823{\textendash}826},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0125-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315401004659},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401004659},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Jenkins, C D and Turnipseed, M}
}
@inbook {Fornari2001a,
	title = {{Deep Submergence, Science of}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of ocean sciences},
	volume = {2 (D-H)},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {643{\textendash}658},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {012227430X},
	doi = {10.1006/rwos.2001.0424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rwos.2001.0424},
	author = {Fornari, D J},
	editor = {Steele, J S}
}
@article {Holden2001,
	title = {{Diversity among three novel groups of hyperthermophilic deep-sea Thermococcus species from three sites in the northeastern Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {51{\textendash}60},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00825.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00825.x},
	author = {Holden, J F and Takai, K and Summit, M and Bolton, S A and Zyskowski, J and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Levin2001,
	title = {{Dressing up for the deep: agglutinated protists adorn an irregular urchin}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {81},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {881{\textendash}882},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315401004738},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401004738},
	author = {Levin, L A and Gooday, A J and James, D W}
}
@article {Davis2001,
	title = {{An episode of seafloor spreading and associated plate deformation inferred from crustal fluid pressure transients}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {21,921{\textendash}953,964},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000040},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Thomson, R E and Becker, K and Cassidy, J F}
}
@article {Butterfield2001,
	title = {{Evidence for basaltic Sr in midocean ridge-flank hydrothermal systems and implications for the global oceanic Sr isotope balance}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	number = {22},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4141{\textendash}4153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Nelson, B K and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Roe, K K}
}
@article {Gillis2001,
	title = {{Fluid flow patterns in fast spreading East Pacific Rise crust exposed at Hess Deep}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B11},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {26,311{\textendash}326,329},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000038},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000038},
	author = {Gillis, K M and Muehlenbachs, K and Stewart, M and Gleeson, T and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Rubin2001,
	title = {{Geochemical heterogeneity within mid-ocean ridge lava flows: Insights into eruption, emplacement and global variations in magma generation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {188},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {349{\textendash}367},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00339-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00339-9},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Smith, M C and Bergmanis, E C and Perfit, M R and Sinton, J M and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Kelley2001,
	title = {{Geology and venting characteristics of the Mothra hydrothermal field, Endeavour segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {959{\textendash}962},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0959:GAVCOT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029{\%}3C0959:GAVCOT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Campbell2001,
	title = {{Growth and phylogenetic properties of novel bacteria belonging to the epsilon subdivision of the proteobacteria enriched from Alvinella pompejana and deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {67},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4566{\textendash}4572},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.10.4566-4572.2001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.10.4566-4572.2001},
	author = {Campbell, B J and Jeanthon, C and Kotska, J E and Luther, G W and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Chadwick2001,
	title = {{High-resolution bathymetric surveys using scanning sonars: Lava flow morphology, hydrothermal vent and geologic structure at recent eruption sites on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {16,16{\textendash}75,100},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000297},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000297},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Schreirer, D S and Embley, R W and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {OMullan2001,
	title = {{A hybrid zone between hydrothermal vent mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {12},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2819{\textendash}2831},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01401.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01401.x},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Maas, P A Y and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@inbook {Lutz2001,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent biota}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of ocean sciences},
	volume = {2 (D-H)},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1217{\textendash}1227},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {012227430X},
	doi = {10.1006/rwos.2001.0100},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rwos.2001.0100},
	author = {Lutz, R A},
	editor = {Steele, J H}
}
@inbook {VonDamm2001a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents, Chemistry of}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of ocean sciences},
	volume = {2 (D-H)},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1246{\textendash}1253},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0122274326},
	doi = {10.1006/rwos.2001.0101},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rwos.2001.0101},
	author = {Von Damm, K L},
	editor = {Steele, J H}
}
@article {Ding2001,
	title = {{In situ measurement of dissolved H (sub 2) and H (sub 2) S in high-temperature hydrothermal vent fluids at the Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {186},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {417{\textendash}425},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00257-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00257-6},
	author = {Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Tivey, M K and Bradley, A M}
}
@article {Marsh2001,
	title = {{Larval dispersal potential of the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {411},
	number = {6833},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {77{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35075063},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35075063},
	author = {Marsh, A G and Mullineaux, L S and Young, C M and Manahan, D T}
}
@article {Lutz2001a,
	title = {{Life after death in the deep sea}},
	journal = {American Scientist},
	volume = {89},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {422{\textendash}431},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-0996},
	doi = {10.1511/2001.34.744},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2001.34.744},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Evans, R}
}
@article {Beaulieu2001,
	title = {{Life on glass houses: sponge stalk communities in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {138},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {803{\textendash}817},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270000500},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270000500},
	author = {Beaulieu, S E}
}
@article {VonDamm2001,
	title = {{Lost City found}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {412},
	number = {6843},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {127{\textendash}128},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35084297},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35084297},
	author = {Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Smith2001b,
	title = {{Magmatic processes and segmentation at a fast spreading mid-ocean ridge: Detailed investigation of an axial discontinuity on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 37{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {2},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2000GC000134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2000GC000134},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GC000134},
	author = {Smith, M C and Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Ridley, W I and Edwards, M H and Kurras, G J and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Halanych2001,
	title = {{Molecular evidence that Sclerolinum brattstromi Is closely related to Vestimentiferans, not to Frenulate pogonophorans (Siboglinidae, Annelida)}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {201},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {65{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/201/1/65.pdf},
	author = {Halanych, K M and Feldman, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Voight2001,
	title = {{Morphological deformation in preserved specimens of the deep-sea octopus Graneledone}},
	journal = {Journal of Molluscan Studies},
	volume = {67},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {95{\textendash}102},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0260-1230},
	doi = {10.1093/mollus/67.1.95},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/67.1.95},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@inbook {Stevens2001,
	title = {{A mountain in the sea: exploration of a Gulf of Alaska Seamount with the submersible Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Cold water diving for science : American Academy of Underwater Sciences: proceedings of the 21st Annual Scientific Diving Symposium, September 19-23, 2001, Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, Alaska},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {79{\textendash}83},
	publisher = {University of Alaska Sea Grant},
	organization = {University of Alaska Sea Grant},
	address = {Fairbanks, Alaska},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1-56612-069-1},
	author = {Stevens, B},
	editor = {Jewett, S C}
}
@article {Tryon2001a,
	title = {{A new benthic aqueous flux meter for very low to moderate discharge rates}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {48},
	number = {9},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2121{\textendash}2146},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00002-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00002-4},
	author = {Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Dorman, L and Sauter, A}
}
@article {Kelley2001a,
	title = {{An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {412},
	number = {6843},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {145{\textendash}149},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35084000},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35084000},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Blackman, D K and Fruh-Green, G L and Butterfield, D A and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J and Schrenk, M O and Roe, K K and Lebon, G T and Rivizzigno, P}
}
@book {Flick2001,
	title = {{ONR Share of DSV Avin Major Overhaul - 2001}},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {3},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA406032},
	author = {Flick, L D}
}
@article {Fornes2001,
	title = {{A particle introduction experiment in Santa Catalina Basin sediments: Testing the age-dependent mixing hypothesis}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {59},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {97{\textendash}112},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224001321237380},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224001321237380},
	author = {Fornes, W L and DeMaster, D J and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Reynolds2001,
	title = {{Sources of light in the deep ocean}},
	journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
	volume = {39},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {123{\textendash}136},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {8755-1209},
	doi = {10.1029/1999RG000071},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000071},
	author = {Reynolds, G T and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Ravizza2001,
	title = {{Sr isotope variations in vent fluids from 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright}-9 degrees 54{\textquoteright}N East Pacific Rise: Evidence of a non-zero-Mg fluid component}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {729{\textendash}739},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00590-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00590-1},
	author = {Ravizza, G and Blusztajn, J and Von Damm, K L and Bray, A M and Bach, W and Hart, S R}
}
@article {Luther2001a,
	title = {{Sulfur speciation monitored in situ with solid state gold amalgam voltammetric microelectrodes: Polysulfides as a special case in sediments, microbial mats and hydrothermal vent waters}},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {61{\textendash}66},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1464-0325},
	doi = {10.1039/b006499h},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b006499h},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B Y and Hohmann, L and Popp, J I and Taillefert, M and Rozan, T F and Brendel, P J and Theberge, S M and Nuzzio, D B}
}
@article {Williams2001,
	title = {{Tidal currents at hydrothermal vents, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {6},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {62{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Williams, A J and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Jungclaus2001,
	title = {{A web-based distributive aimulator for the Alvin deep submersible vehicle}},
	journal = {Computer Graphics Topics},
	volume = {13},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {21{\textendash}22},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.inigraphics.net/press/topics/2001/issue4/4{\_}01a08.pdf},
	author = {Jungclaus, J and Barton, R J and Encarnacao, L M}
}
@article {Bright2000,
	title = {{An autoradiographic examination of carbon fixation, transfer and utilization in the Riftia pachyptila symbiosis}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {136},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	month = {may},
	pages = {621{\textendash}632},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270050722},
	author = {Bright, M and Keckeis, H and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Kolber2000,
	title = {{Bacterial photosynthesis in the surface waters of the open ocean}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {407},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {177{\textendash}179},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35025044},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025044},
	author = {Kolber, Z S and Van Dover, C L and Niederman, R A and Falkowski, P G}
}
@article {Pancost2000,
	title = {{Biomarker evidence for widespread anaerobic methane oxidation in Mediterranean sediments by a consortium of methanogenic archaea and bacteria}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1126{\textendash}1132},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.3.1126-1132.2000},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/3/1126},
	author = {Pancost, R D and Damste, J S S and De Lint, S and Van der Maarel, M J and Gottschal, J C}
}
@article {VonDamm2000,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from 9 degrees -10 degrees N, East Pacific Rise: {\textquoteright}Time zero,{\textquoteright} the immediate posteruptive period}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {11,203{\textendash}211,222},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/1999JB900414},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900414},
	author = {Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Charlou2000,
	title = {{Compared geochemical signatures and the evolution of Menez Gwen (37 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N) and Lucky Strike (37 degrees17{\textquoteright}N) hydrothermal fluids, south of the Azores triple junction on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {171},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00244-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00244-8},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Douville, E and Jean-Baptiste, P and Radford-Knoery, J and Fouquet, Y and Dapoigny, A and Stievenard, M}
}
@article {Wheat2000,
	title = {{Composition of pore and spring waters from Baby Bare: Global implications of geochemical fluxes from a ridge flank hydrothermal system}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {629{\textendash}642},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00347-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00347-6},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J}
}
@inbook {Toye2000,
	title = {{Deep Submergence: The beginnings of Alvin as a tool of basic research and introduction of featured speaker Dr. Robert D. Ballard}},
	booktitle = {50 years of ocean discovery: National Science Foundation, 1950-2000},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {65{\textendash}66},
	publisher = {National Academy Press},
	organization = {National Academy Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-309-06398-1},
	author = {Toye, S}
}
@article {Rona2000,
	title = {{Deep-diving manned research submersibles}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {33},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13{\textendash}25},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Gebruk2000,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities of the Logatchev area (14 degrees 45{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Diverse biotypes and high biomass}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {80},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {383{\textendash}393},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315499002088},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315499002088},
	author = {Gebruk, A V and Chevaldonne, P and Shank, T M and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Voight2000,
	title = {{A deep-sea octopus (Graneledone cf. boreopacifica) as a shell-crushing hydrothermal vent predator}},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {252},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {335{\textendash}341},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0952-8369},
	doi = {10.1017/S0952836900000078},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952836900000078},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@article {Lutz2000,
	title = {{Deep-sea vents: Science at the extreme}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {198},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {116{\textendash}127},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Kristof, E}
}
@article {Johnson2000a,
	title = {{Density and porosity of upper oceanic crust from seafloor gravity measurements}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {27},
	number = {7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1053{\textendash}1056},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL011130},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011130},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Pruis, M J and Van Patten, D and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Voight2000b,
	title = {{The distribution of octopuses of Graneledone (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in reference to deep-sea features}},
	journal = {Malacologia},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {63{\textendash}74},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0076-2997},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@book {Kovacs2000,
	title = {{Dive to the deep ocean: Voyages of exploration and discovery}},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {64},
	publisher = {Raintree Steck-Vaughn},
	organization = {Raintree Steck-Vaughn},
	address = {Austin, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0739812351},
	author = {Kovacs, D}
}
@article {VanDover2000,
	title = {{Diversity at deep-sea hydrothermal vent and intertidal mussel beds}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {195},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {169{\textendash}178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps195169},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps195169},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Trask, J L}
}
@article {Johnson2000,
	title = {{Earthquake-induced changes in a hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {407},
	number = {6801},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {174{\textendash}177},
	publisher = {Macmillian Magazines Ltd},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35025040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025040},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Hutnak, M and Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Urcuyo, I and Cowen, J P and Nabelek, J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Voight2000a,
	title = {{Egg brooding by deep-sea octopuses in the North Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {198},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {94{\textendash}100},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/198/1/94},
	author = {Voight, J R and Grehan, A J}
}
@article {Miller2000,
	title = {{Feeding selectivity and rapid particle processing by deep-sea megafaunal deposit feeders: A super(234)Th tracer approach}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {58},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {653{\textendash}673},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224000321511061},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224000321511061},
	author = {Miller, R J and Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L}
}
@article {Gebruk2000a,
	title = {{Food sources, behaviour, and distribution of hydrothermal vent shrimps at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {80},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {485{\textendash}499},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315400002186},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400002186},
	author = {Gebruk, A V and Southward, E C and Kennedy, H and Southward, A J}
}
@article {Davis2000,
	title = {{Formation-scale hydraulic and mechanical properties of oceanic crust inferred from pore pressure response to periodic seafloor loading}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13,413{\textendash}423,435},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900084},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900084},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Becker, K and Thomson, R E}
}
@article {DiMeo2000,
	title = {{Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {651{\textendash}658},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.2.651-658.2000},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/2/651},
	author = {Di Meo, C A and Wilbur, A E and Holben, W E and Feldman, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C and Cary, S C}
}
@mastersthesis {Stewart2000,
	title = {{Geochemistry of dikes and lavas from Hess Deep: Implications for crustal construction processes beneath mid-ocean ridges; and, the stable-chlorine isotope geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {311},
	school = {Duke University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Durham, N.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Stewart, M A}
}
@article {Becker2000a,
	title = {{A geological and geophysical investigation of Baby Bare, locus of a ridge-flank hydrothermal system in the Cascadia Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23,523{\textendash}557,568},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900204},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900204},
	author = {Becker, N C and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Karsten, J L and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Hourdez2000,
	title = {{Hemoglobin from a deep-sea hydrothermal-vent copepod}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {199},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {95{\textendash}99},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	doi = {10.2307/1542868},
	author = {Hourdez, S and Lamontagne, J and Peterson, P and Weber, R E and Fisher, C R}
}
@inbook {Ballard2000,
	title = {{The history of Woods Hole{\textquoteright}s deep submergence program}},
	booktitle = {50 years of ocean discovery: National Science Foundation, 1950-2000},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {67{\textendash}84},
	publisher = {National Academy Press},
	organization = {National Academy Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-309-06398-1},
	url = {http://fermat.nap.edu/openbook/0309063981/html/index.html},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@mastersthesis {White2000a,
	title = {{An investigation into the characteristics and sources of light emission at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {189},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/4053},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/4053},
	author = {White, S N}
}
@article {Sell2000,
	title = {{Life in the extreme environment at a hydrothermal vent: Haemoglobin in a deep-sea copepod}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {267},
	number = {1459},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {2323{\textendash}2326},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2000.1286},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1286},
	author = {Sell, A F}
}
@article {Reysenbach2000,
	title = {{Microbial essentials at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {404},
	number = {6780},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {835},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35009029},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35009029},
	author = {Reysenbach, A -L and Banta, A B and Boone, D R and Cary, S C and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Peek2000,
	title = {{Neutral and nonneutral mitochondrial genetic variation in deep-sea clams from the family Vesicomyidae}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {141{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2844},
	doi = {10.1007/s002399910016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002399910016},
	author = {Peek, A S and Gaut, B S and Feldman, R A and Barry, J P and Kochevar, R E and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Becker2000,
	title = {{Plugging the seafloor with CORKs}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {14{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/dfino/2005/4/v42n1-becker-davis{\_}2258.pdf},
	author = {Becker, K and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Embley2000,
	title = {{Recent eruptions on the CoAxial segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for mid-ocean ridge accretion processes}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {16,501{\textendash}516,525},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900030},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Perfit, M R and Smith, M C and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Mitchell2000,
	title = {{Seafloor slopes at mid-ocean ridges from submersible observations and implications for interpreting geology from seafloor topography}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {183},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {543{\textendash}555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00270-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00270-3},
	author = {Mitchell, N C and Tivey, M A and Gente, P}
}
@article {Maicher2000,
	title = {{Sheet hyaloclastite; density-current deposits of quench and bubble-burst fragments from thin, glassy sheet lava flows, Seamount Six, eastern Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {171},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {75{\textendash}94},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00109-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00109-2},
	author = {Maicher, D and White, J D L and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Sheader2000,
	title = {{Structure and function of Halice hesmonectes (Amphipoda: Pardaliscidae) swarms from hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {136},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {901{\textendash}911},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270000300},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270000300},
	author = {Sheader, M and Van Dover, C L and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Mullineaux2000,
	title = {{Tubeworm succession at hydrothermal vents: Use of biogenic cues to reduce habitat selection error?}},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {123},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {275{\textendash}284},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	doi = {10.1007/s004420051014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420051014},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Fisher, C R and Peterson, C H and Schaeffer, S W}
}
@article {Sturm2000,
	title = {{Uranium-series age constraints on lavas from the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, MARK area}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {181},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {61{\textendash}70},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1},
	author = {Sturm, M E and Goldstein, S J and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Murrell, M T}
}
@article {Gregg2000,
	title = {{Using submarine lava pillars to record mid-ocean ridge eruption dynamics}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {178},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {195{\textendash}214},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00085-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00085-6},
	author = {Gregg, T K P and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {White2000,
	title = {{Variations in ambient light emission from black smokers and flange pools on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {27},
	number = {8},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1151{\textendash}1154},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL011074},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011074},
	author = {White, S N and Chave, A D and Reynolds, G T and Gaidos, E J and Tyson, J A and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Kurras2000,
	title = {{Volcanic morphology of the East Pacific Rise Crest 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-52{\textquoteright}: Implications for volcanic emplacement processes at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {23{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1004792202764},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004792202764},
	author = {Kurras, G J and Fornari, D J and Edwards, M H and Perfit, M R and Smith, M C}
}
@article {Embley1999,
	title = {{1998 eruption of Axial Volcano: multibeam anomalies and sea-floor observations}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {26},
	number = {23},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {3425{\textendash}3428},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL002328},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL002328},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Clague, D A and Stakes, D}
}
@article {Halanych1999,
	title = {{Brief description of biological communities at 7 degrees S on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {InterRidge News},
	volume = {8},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {23{\textendash}27},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://interridge.whoi.edu/files/interridge/IRNewsVol8-2.pdf},
	author = {Halanych, K M and Tieger, M and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Kennish1999,
	title = {{Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in deep-sea bivalve shells on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: results of an 8- year in-situ experiment}},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {154},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {293{\textendash}299},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00102-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00102-9},
	author = {Kennish, M J and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Scott1999,
	title = {{Carbon dioxide use by chemoautotrophic endosymbionts of hydrothermal vent vestimentiferans: affinities for carbon dioxide, absence of carboxysomes, and delta C-13 values}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {135},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {25{\textendash}34},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270050597},
	author = {Scott, K M and Bright, M and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Schouten1999,
	title = {{Central anomaly magnetization high; constraints on the volcanic construction and architecture of seismic Layer 2A at a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge, the EPR at 9 degrees 30{\textquoteright}-50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {169},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {37{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00063-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00063-1},
	author = {Schouten, H and Tivey, M A and Fornari, D J and Cochran, J R}
}
@article {Cochran1999,
	title = {{Continuous near-bottom gravity measurements made with a BGM-3 gravimeter in DSV Alvin on the East Pacific Rise crest near 9 degrees 31 degrees N and 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {104},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {10,810{\textendash}841,861},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/1999JB900049},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900049},
	author = {Cochran, J R and Fornari, D J and Coakley, B J and Herr, R and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Gilbert1999,
	title = {{Direct measurements of oceanic crustal density at the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {26},
	number = {24},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {3633{\textendash}3636},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL008391},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008391},
	author = {Gilbert, L A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Cailliet1999,
	title = {{Fish faunal and habitat analyses using trawls, camera sleds and submersibles in benthic deep-sea habitats off central California}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	volume = {22},
	number = {6},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {579{\textendash}592},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	doi = {10.1016/S0399-1784(00)88949-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(00)88949-5},
	author = {Cailliet, G M and Andrews, A H and Wakefield, W W and Moreno, G and Rhodes, K L}
}
@article {Karson1999a,
	title = {{Large-scale Argo II digital images of upper crustal structures at Hess Deep}},
	journal = {RIDGE Events},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {29{\textendash}32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0699.pdf},
	author = {Karson, J A and Hurst, S D and Klein, E M and Party, Hess Deep {\textquoteright}99 Scientific}
}
@article {Normark1999,
	title = {{Late Pleistocene channel-levee development on Monterey submarine fan, central California}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {179{\textendash}188},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s003670050066},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003670050066},
	author = {Normark, W R}
}
@article {DiMeo1999,
	title = {{A new device for sampling small volumes of water from marine micro-environments}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {46},
	number = {7},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1279{\textendash}1287},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00002-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00002-3},
	author = {Di Meo, C A and Wakefield, J R and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Baco1999,
	title = {{The phylogenetic relationships of whale-fall vesicomyid clams based on mitochondrial COI DNA sequences}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {182},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {137{\textendash}147},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps182137},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps182137},
	author = {Baco, A R and Smith, C R and Peek, A S and Roderick, G K and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Thistle1999,
	title = {{Physical reworking by near-bottom flow alters the metazoan meiofauna of Fieberling Guyot (northeast Pacific)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {46},
	number = {12},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {2041{\textendash}2052},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00040-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00040-0},
	author = {Thistle, D and Levin, L A and Gooday, A J and Pfannkuche, O and Lambshead, P J D}
}
@article {Vetriani1999,
	title = {{Population structure and phylogenetic characterization of marine benthic Archaea in deep-sea sediments}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {65},
	number = {10},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {4375{\textendash}4384},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=91581},
	author = {Vetriani, C and Jannasch, H W and MacGregor, B J and Stahl, D A and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@mastersthesis {McAdoo1999,
	title = {{Submarine geomorphology of the Cascadia accretionary prism}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {152},
	school = {University of California, Santa Cruz},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Santa Cruz, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {McAdoo, B G}
}
@article {Chadwick1999,
	title = {{Submarine lineated sheet flows: a unique lava morphology formed on subsiding lava ponds}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {61},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {194{\textendash}206},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/s004450050271},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050271},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Gregg, T K P and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Slowey1999,
	title = {{Submarine outcrop and acoustic expression of lithified sediment layers in northwest Providence Channel, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {18},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {292{\textendash}296},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s003670050082},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003670050082},
	author = {Slowey, N C and Neumann, A C and Burns, S J}
}
@inbook {Lalou1998,
	title = {{Age of sub-bottom sulfide samples at the TAG active mound}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	number = {158},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {111{\textendash}117},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0884-5891},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.158.214.1998},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.158.214.1998},
	author = {Lalou, C and Reyss, J L and Brichet, E},
	editor = {Riegel, R N}
}
@article {Fornari1998a,
	title = {{Axial summit trough of the east Pacific Rise 9 degrees -10 degrees N: geological characteristics and evolution of the axial zone on fast spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9827{\textendash}9855},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/98JB00028},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JB00028},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Perfit, M R and Gregg, T K P and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Aller1998,
	title = {{Biogeochemical heterogeneity and suboxic diagenesis in hemipelagic sediments of the Panama basin}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {133{\textendash}165},
	abstract = {Early diagenetic processes in hemipelagic sediments of the Panama Basin (\~{}3900 m) are strongly influenced by an active benthic community and intense bioturbation comparable to organic-rich, shallow water deposits. Rapid reworking enhances the role of suboxic decomposition, particularly Mn cycling, and burrow formation increases biogeochemical heterogeneity as reflected in pore-water profiles. Apparent regular patterns in the distribution of some solutes, such as NH+4 and Mn2+, around identifiable burrow structures are consistent with the active irrigation of burrows and a biogenic origin for heterogeneity. The effects of infauna are sufficiently pervasive, relative to the size of normal samples, that similar variations in solute patterns between cores can be observed when samples are separated over wide-ranging spatial scales, from a few centimeters to hundreds of meters. The spatial variation in pore-water solute distributions in samples (cores, passive-equilibration {\textquotedblleft}peepers{\textquotedblright}) taken during a single cruise is comparable to the interannual variability observed between cruises over a 4 yr period. Mineralized tubes and associated burrow complexes are direct visual evidence for biogenic heterogeneity in these deposits and for a significant interaction between macroinfauna and suboxic microbial communities. Comparison of in situ peeper arrays with cores processed on board ship confirms a variety of retrieval and handling artifacts also inferred in other studies. These appear to be largely related to core warming, promoting lysis of biomass, dissolution of biogenic debris, and irreversibly producing subsurface NH+4 maxima and increasing concentration gradients of NO-3, NO-2, and Si(OH)4. Agreements and mismatches between solute fluxes predicted from cores, in situ peeper arrays, and a benthic flux incubation chamber are consistent with various retrieval artifacts and with the enhancement of NO-3 (nitrification) and Si(OH)4 fluxes by burrow irrigation. Unlike organic-poor, deep-sea deposits from oligotrophic regions, where the sediment{\textendash}water interface can be the site of most benthic decomposition, subsurface processes are significant in the Panama Basin, and average reaction rate attenuation with sediment depth, is similar to that in bioturbated shallow-water deposits.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00049-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00049-6},
	author = {Aller, R C and Hall, P O J and Rude, P D and Aller, J Y}
}
@article {Scott1998,
	title = {{The burden of independence: Inorganic carbon utilization strategies of the sulphur chemoautotrophic hydrothermal vent isolate Thiomicrospira crunogena and the symbionts of hydrothermal vent and cold seep vestimentiferans}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {39},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {379{\textendash}381},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Scott, K M and Bright, M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Sample1998,
	title = {{Contrasting hydrogeologic regimes along strike-slip and thrust faults on the Oregon convergent margin: Evidence from the chemistry of syntectonic carbonate cements and veins}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {110},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {48{\textendash}59},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0048:CHRASS>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110{\%}3C0048:CHRASS{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Sample, J C and Reid, M R}
}
@article {Lauerman1998,
	title = {{Deep-sea epibenthic echinoderms and a temporally varying food supply: results from a one year time series in the N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {817{\textendash}842},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00004-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00004-6},
	author = {Lauerman, L M L and Kaufmann, R S}
}
@article {Lutz1998,
	title = {{A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community dominated by Stauromedusae}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {329{\textendash}334},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00047-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00047-7},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Desbruyeres, D and Shank, T M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Smith1998,
	title = {{Detrital aggregates on the sea floor: chemical composition and aerobic decomposition rates at a time-series station in the abyssal N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {843{\textendash}880},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	author = {Smith, K L and Baldwin, R J and Glatts, R C and Kaufmann, R S and Fisher, E C}
}
@article {Lawrence1998,
	title = {{Dike orientations, fault-block rotations, and the construction of slow spreading oceanic crust at 22 degrees 40{\textquoteright} N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {663{\textendash}676},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB02541},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB02541},
	author = {Lawrence, R M and Karson, J A and Hurst, S D}
}
@article {Kim1998,
	title = {{Distribution and near-bottom transport of larvae and other plankton at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {423{\textendash}440},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00042-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00042-8},
	author = {Kim, S L and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Thistle1998a,
	title = {{The effect of experimentally increased near-bottom flow on metazoan meifauna at a deep-sea site, with comparison data on macrofauna}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {625{\textendash}638},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00101-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00101-5},
	author = {Thistle, D and Levin, L A}
}
@article {VonDamm1998,
	title = {{The geochemical controls on vent fluids from the Lucky Strike vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {521{\textendash}536},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00108-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00108-3},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Bray, A M and Buttermore, L G and Oosting, S E}
}
@article {Schlueter1998,
	title = {{Geochemistry of a sealed deep-sea borehole on the Cascadia margin}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9{\textendash}20},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00016-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00016-4},
	author = {Schlueter, M and Linke, P and Suess, E}
}
@article {Nasdala1998,
	title = {{Gordaite [Zn4Na(OH)6(SO4)Cl{\textperiodcentered}6H2O]: Second occurrence in the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and new data}},
	journal = {American Mineralogist},
	volume = {83},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1111{\textendash}1116},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-004X},
	url = {http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/TOC/Articles{\_}Free/1998/Nasdala{\_}p1111-1116{\_}98.pdf},
	author = {Nasdala, L}
}
@article {Chadwick1998,
	title = {{Graben formation associated with recent dike intrusions and volcanic eruptions on the mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9807{\textendash}9825},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB02485},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB02485},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Thistle1998,
	title = {{Harpacticoid copepod diversity at two physically reworked sites in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {13{\textendash}24},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00044-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00044-1},
	author = {Thistle, D}
}
@article {Kurras1998,
	title = {{High-resoluion bathymetry of the East Pacific Rise axial summit trough 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-51{\textquoteright}N: a compilation of Alvin scanning sonar and altimetry data from 1991-1995}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {25},
	number = {8},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1209{\textendash}1212},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/98GL00721},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL00721},
	author = {Kurras, G J and Edwards, M H and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Tivey1998,
	title = {{How to build a black smoker chimney}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {41},
	number = {2},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {22{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Calder1998,
	title = {{Hydroid diversity and species composition along a gradient from shallow waters to deep sea around Bermuda}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {45},
	number = {11},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1843{\textendash}1860},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00044-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00044-2},
	author = {Calder, D R}
}
@mastersthesis {Baron1998,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent precipitates: A study of temporal and geographic variations in black smoker particles and chimneys from 9-10 degrees north, East Pacific Rise}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {175},
	school = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Santa Barbara, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Baron, S R}
}
@article {Wolgast1998,
	title = {{Nitrate respiration associated with detrital aggregates in aerobic bottom waters of the abyssal NE Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {881{\textendash}892},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00006-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00006-X},
	author = {Wolgast, D M and Carlucci, A F and Bauer, J E}
}
@article {Ballard1998,
	title = {{Oceans of Earth and beyond; the JASON Project IX}},
	journal = {Geotimes},
	volume = {43},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {14{\textendash}17},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-8556},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Beaulieu1998a,
	title = {{Phytodetritus entering the benthic boundary layer and aggregated on the sea floor in the abyssal NE Pacific: macro- and microscopic composition}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {781{\textendash}815},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00003-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00003-4},
	author = {Beaulieu, S E and Smith, K L}
}
@article {Black1998,
	title = {{Population genetics and biogeography of vestimentiferan tube worms}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {365{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00076-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00076-3},
	author = {Black, M B and Trivedi, A and Maas, P A Y and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Pruis1998,
	title = {{Porosity of very young oceanic crust from sea floor gravity}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {25},
	number = {11},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1959{\textendash}1962},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/98GL01412},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL01412},
	author = {Pruis, M J and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Mullineaux1998,
	title = {{Recruitment variation during a pilot colonization study of hydrothermal vents (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {441{\textendash}464},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00045-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00045-3},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Mills, S W and Goldman, E}
}
@article {Shaw1998,
	title = {{Scavenging of ex-234-Th, ex-230-Th, and ex-210-Pb by particulate matter in the water column of the California continental margin}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {763{\textendash}779},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00101-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00101-X},
	author = {Shaw, T J and Smoak, J M and Lauerman, L}
}
@article {Drazen1998,
	title = {{Sediment community response to a temporally varying food supply at an abyssal station in the N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {893{\textendash}913},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00007-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00007-1},
	author = {Drazen, J C and Baldwin, R J and Smith, K L}
}
@article {Smith1998a,
	title = {{Sediment community structure around a whale skeleton in the deep Northeast Pacific: Macrofaunal, microbial and bioturbation effects}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {335{\textendash}364},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Maybaum, H L and Baco, A R and Pope, R H and Carpenter, S D and Yager, P L and Macko, S A and Deming, J W}
}
@article {Sohn1998,
	title = {{Seismic and hydrothermal evidence for a cracking event on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {396},
	number = {6707},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {159{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/24146},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/24146},
	author = {Sohn, R A and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Hildebrand, J A and Webb, S C}
}
@article {Shank1998,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial patterns of biological community development at nascent deep-sea hydrothermal vents (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {465{\textendash}515},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00089-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00089-1},
	author = {Shank, T M and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M D and Haymon, R M and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Beaulieu1998,
	title = {{Temporal variability in currents and the benthic boundary layer at an abyssal station off central California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {587{\textendash}615},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00095-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00095-7},
	author = {Beaulieu, S E and Baldwin, R}
}
@article {Holden1998,
	title = {{Thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms in 3{\textendash}30{\textdegree}C hydrothermal fluids following a deep-sea volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {33{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00458.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00458.x},
	author = {Holden, J F and Summit, M and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Fornari1998b,
	title = {{Time-series temperature measurements at high-temperature hydrothermal vents, East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-51{\textquoteright}N; evidence for monitoring a crustal cracking event}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {419{\textendash}431},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00101-0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Von Damm, K L and Gregg, T K P and Lilley, M and Levai, G and Bray, A and Haymon, R M and Perfit, M R and Lutz, R}
}
@book {Bowen1998a,
	title = {{Ultimate ocean depth packaging for a digital ring laser gyroscope}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {98-15},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {24},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/323},
	author = {Bowen, M F}
}
@article {Mottl1998,
	title = {{Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0051:WSDOMO>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026{\%}3C0051:WSDOMO{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Wheat, G and Baker, E and Davis, E and Feely, R and Grehan, A and Kadko, D and Lilley, M and Massoth, G and Moyer, C and Sansone, F}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe1997,
	title = {{Biological colonization of new hydrothermal vents following an eruption on Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {44},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1627{\textendash}1644},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00041-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00041-1},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Embley, R W and Holden, J F and Butterfield, D A and Massoth, G J and Juniper, S K}
}
@book {VanDover1997,
	title = {{Deep-ocean journeys: Discovering new life at the bottom of the sea}},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {197},
	publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
	organization = {Addison-Wesley},
	address = {Reading, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0201154986},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@mastersthesis {Cairns1997,
	title = {{Development of a short-baseline transient EM marine system and its application in the study of the TAG hydrothermal mound}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {174},
	school = {University of Toronto},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Toronto, Ont., Canada},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27616.pdf},
	author = {Cairns, G}
}
@article {Orange1997,
	title = {{Headless submarine canyons and fluid flow on the toe of the Cascadia accretionary complex}},
	journal = {Basin Research},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {303{\textendash}312},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0950-091X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00045.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00045.x},
	author = {Orange, D L and Screaton, E J and Chezar, H and Lee, H and Reid, M and Vail, R and McAdoo, B G and Casey Moore, J and Tobin, H}
}
@article {Langmuir1997,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents near a mantle hot spot: The Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {69{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7},
	author = {Langmuir, C and Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Van Dover, C L and Von Damm, K L and Tivey, M K and Colodner, D and Charlou, J L and Desonie, D and Wilson, D and Fouquet, Y and Klinkhammer, G and Bougault, H}
}
@article {Fornari1997,
	title = {{Inductively coupled link (ICL) temperature probes for hot hydrothermal fluid sampling from ROV Jason and DSV Alvin}},
	journal = {RIDGE Events},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0297.pdf},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Bradley, A and Humphris, S E and Walden, B and Deuster, A}
}
@article {Butterfield1997,
	title = {{Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry}},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {355},
	number = {1723},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {369{\textendash}386},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1364-503X},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Jonasson, I R and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Roe, K K and Embley, R E and Holden, J F and McDuff, R E and Lilley, M D and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Wells1997,
	title = {{Seeking extremophiles Recombinant Biocatalysis, Inc.}},
	journal = {Chemistry {\&} Biology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {401{\textendash}402},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1074-5521},
	doi = {10.1016/S1074-5521(97)90130-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1074-5521(97)90130-7},
	author = {Wells, W A}
}
@article {McAdoo1997,
	title = {{Slope basins, headless canyons, and submarine palaeoseismology of the Cascadia accretionary complex}},
	journal = {Basin Research},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {313{\textendash}324},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0950-091X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00049.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00049.x},
	author = {McAdoo, B G and Kayen, R and Orange, D L and Screaton, E J and Lee, H}
}
@article {Martineu1997,
	title = {{Sulfide binding in the body fluids of hydrothermal vent alvinellid polychaetes}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {578{\textendash}588},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	doi = {10.1086/515864},
	author = {Martineu, P and Juniper, S K and Fisher, C R and Massoth, G J}
}
@inbook {Karson1997a,
	title = {{Tectonic setting of serpentinite exposures on the western median valley wall of the MARK area in the vicinity of Site 920}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {153},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {5{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.001.1997},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.001.1997},
	author = {Karson, J A and Lawrence, R M},
	editor = {Stokking, L}
}
@inbook {Karson1997b,
	title = {{Tectonic synthesis of the MARK Area: Episodic crustal stretching and magmatism on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {153},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {5{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.001.1997},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.001.1997},
	author = {Karson, J A and Cannat, M},
	editor = {Stocking, L}
}
@inbook {Karson1997,
	title = {{Tectonic window into Gabbroic rocks of the middle oceanic crust in the MARK area near sites 921-924}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {153},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {61{\textendash}76},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.005.1997},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.005.1997},
	author = {Karson, J A and Lawrence, R M},
	editor = {Stokking, L}
}
@article {Fryer1997,
	title = {{Volcanologic and tectonic evolution of the Kasuga seamounts, northern Mariana Trough: Alvin submersible investigations}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {79},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {277{\textendash}311},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00013-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00013-9},
	author = {Fryer, P and Gill, G B and Jackson, M C}
}
@article {164,
	title = {{Woods Hole launches new era with R/V Atlantis}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {12},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {69{\textendash}71},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651}
}
@article {Bellan-Santini1996,
	title = {{Amphipoda of the hydrothermal vents along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Natural History},
	volume = {30},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {685{\textendash}702},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2933},
	doi = {10.1080/00222939600770381},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939600770381},
	author = {Bellan-Santini, D and Thurston, M H}
}
@article {Becker1996a,
	title = {{Conductive heat flow at the TAG active hydrothermal mound: results from the 1993-1995 submersible surveys}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3463{\textendash}3466},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00969},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00969},
	author = {Becker, K and Von Herzen, R and Kirklin, J and Evans, R and Kadko, D and Kinoshita, M and Matsubayashi, O and Mills, R and Schultz, A and Rona, P}
}
@article {VonHerzen1996,
	title = {{Geoelectrical measurements at the TAG hydrothermal mound}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3451{\textendash}3454},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL02077},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL02077},
	author = {Von Herzen, R P and Kirklin, J and Becker, K}
}
@article {Rona1996,
	title = {{Heat flow and mineralogy of TAG relict high-temperature hydrothermal zones: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26 degrees N, 45 degrees W}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3507{\textendash}3510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL03257},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL03257},
	author = {Rona, P A and Petersen, S and Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P and Hannington, M D and Herzig, P M and Naka, J and Lalou, C and Thompson, G}
}
@article {McHatton1996,
	title = {{High nitrate concentrations in vacuolate, autotrophic marine Beggiatoa spp.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {62},
	number = {3},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {954{\textendash}958},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/62/3/954},
	author = {McHatton, S C and Barry, J P and Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C}
}
@article {Calder1996,
	title = {{Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) recorded from depths exceeding 3000 m in the abyssal western North Atlantic}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {74},
	number = {9},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {1721{\textendash}1726},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4301},
	doi = {10.1139/z96-190},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-190},
	author = {Calder, D R}
}
@article {Wilson1996,
	title = {{Hydrothermal anomalies in the Lucky Strike segment on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {142},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {467{\textendash}477},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00100-8},
	author = {Wilson, C and Charlou, J L and Ludford, E and Klinkhammer, G and Chin, C and Bougault, H and German, C R and Speer, K and Palmer, M}
}
@article {Zuleger1996,
	title = {{Institial water chemistry of sediments of the Costa Rica accretionary complex off the Nicoya Peninsula}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {899{\textendash}902},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00386},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00386},
	author = {Zuleger, E and Gieskes, J M and You, C F}
}
@article {Batiza1996,
	title = {{New evidence from Alvin for the origin of deep-sea eruptive hyaloclastite on Seamount 6; Cocos Plate, 12 degrees 43{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {77},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {319},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Batiza, R and Becker, N and Bercovici, D and Coleman, T and Gorman, T and Head, J W and Holloway, L and Karsten, J and Kelly, A and Keszthelyi, L P and Maicher, D and Mueller, W and Muller, J and Norby, L and Paduan, J and Parker, G and Prockter, L and Stakes, D and White, J}
}
@book {VanDover1996,
	title = {{Octopus{\textquoteright}s garden: Hydrothermal vents and other mysteries of the deep sea}},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {183},
	publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
	organization = {Addison-Wesley},
	address = {Reading, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0201407701},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@inbook {Becker1996,
	title = {{Pre-drilling observations of conductive heat flow at the TAG active mound using Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {23{\textendash}29},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.103.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.103.1996},
	author = {Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@article {Wright1996,
	title = {{Rumblings on the ocean floor: GIS supports deep-sea research}},
	journal = {Geo Info Systems},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {22{\textendash}29},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1051-9858},
	author = {Wright, D J}
}
@article {Alexander1996,
	title = {{Sea Beam, SeaMARC II and Alvin-based studies of faulting on the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 20{\textquoteright} N-9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {18},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {557{\textendash}587},
	abstract = {A study of Sea Beam bathymetry and SeaMARC II side-scan sonar allows us to make quantitative measures of the contribution of faulting to the creation of abyssal hill topography on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9{\textdegree}15' N{\textendash}9{\textdegree}50' N. We conclude that fault locations and throws can be confidently determined with just Sea Beam and SeaMARC II based on a number of in situ observations made from the ALVIN submersible. A compilation of 1026 fault scarp locations and scarp height measurements shows systematic variations both parallel and perpendicular to the ridge axis. Outward-facing fault scarps (facing away from the ridge axis), begin to develop within \~{}2 km of the ridge and reach their final average height of \~{}60 m at 5{\textendash}7 km. Beyond these distances, outward-dipping faults appear to be locked, although there is some indication of continued lengthening of outward-facing fault scarps out to the edge of the survey area. Inward-facing fault scarps (facing toward the ridge axis), initiate \~{}2 km off axis and increase in height and length out to the edge of our data at 30 km, where the average height of inward fault scarps is 60{\textendash}70 m and the length is \~{}30 km. Continued slip on inward faults at a greater distance off axis is probable, but based on fault lengths, \~{}80{\%} of the lengthening of inward fault scarps occurs within 30 km of the axis ({\textgreater}95{\%} for outward faults). Along-strike propagation and linkage of these faults are common. Outward-dipping faults accommodate more apparent horizontal strain than inward ones within 10 km of the ridge. The net horizontal extension due to faulting at greater distances is estimated as 4.2{\textendash}4.3{\%}, and inward and outward faults contribute comparably. Both inward- and outward-facing fault scarps increase in height from north to south in our study area in the direction of decreasing inferred magma supply. Average fault spacing is \~{}2 km for both inward-dipping and outward-dipping faults. The azimuths of fault scarps document the direction of ridge spreading, but they are sensitive to local changes in least compressive stress direction near discontinuities. Both the ridge trend and fault scarp azimuths show a clockwise change in trend of \~{}3{\textendash}5{\textdegree} from 9{\textdegree}50' N to 9{\textdegree}15' N approaching the 9{\textdegree} N overlapping spreading center.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00310069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310069},
	author = {Alexander, R T and Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {McAdoo1996,
	title = {{Seafloor structural observations, Costa Rica accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {883{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00731},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00731},
	author = {McAdoo, B G and Orange, D L and Silver, E A and McIntosh, K and Abbott, L and Galewsky, J and Kahn, L and Protti, M}
}
@article {Gregg1996,
	title = {{Submarine lava-flow inflation: A model for the formation of lava pillars}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {11},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {981{\textendash}984},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0981:SLFIAM>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024{\%}3C0981:SLFIAM{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Gregg, T K P and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Kahn1996,
	title = {{Surficial evidence of fluid expulsion from the Costa Rica accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {887{\textendash}890},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00732},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00732},
	author = {Kahn, L M and Silver, E A and Orange, D and Kochevar, R and McAdoo, B}
}
@article {Cairns1996,
	title = {{A time domain electromagnetic survey of the TAG hydrothermal mound}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3455{\textendash}3458},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL03233},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL03233},
	author = {Cairns, G W and Evans, R L and Edwards, R N}
}
@article {Hussain1995,
	title = {{210-Po and 210-Pb disequilibrium in the hydrothermal vent fluids and chimney deposits from Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {23},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {3175{\textendash}3178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/95GL03269},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95GL03269},
	author = {Hussain, N and Church, T M and Luther, G W and Moore, W S}
}
@book {Fornari1995a,
	title = {{Alvin - Atlantis II near-bottom gravity cruise (131-12) : April 11-24, 1994, Manzanillo, MX - Manzanillo, MX}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Cochran, J R and Coakley, B J and Herr, R and Gregg, T K P and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Tivey1995b,
	title = {{Alvin magnetic survey of zero-age crust: CoAxial segment eruption, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {171{\textendash}174},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02081},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02081},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Shillito1995,
	title = {{Chitin localization in the secretion system of a deep-sea tube worm}},
	journal = {Journal of Structural Biology},
	volume = {114},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {67{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1047-8477},
	doi = {10.1006/jsbi.1995.1006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.1995.1006},
	author = {Shillito, B and L{\"u}bbering, B and Lechaire, J P and Childress, J and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Tivey1995,
	title = {{Deducing patterns of fluid flow and mixing within the TAG hydrothermal mound using mineralogical and geochemical data}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B7},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {12,512{\textendash}527,555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02081},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02081},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Humphris, S E and Thompson, G and Hannington, M D and Rona, P A}
}
@article {Walden1995,
	title = {{DSV Alvin}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {33{\textendash}36},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Walden, B and Cullen, V}
}
@article {VonDamm1995,
	title = {{Evolution of East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent fluids following a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {375},
	number = {6526},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {47{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/375047a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375047a0},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Oosting, S E and Kozlowski, R and Buttermore, L G and Colodner, D C and Edmonds, H N and Edmond, J M and Grebmeier, J M}
}
@article {Screaton1995a,
	title = {{Hydrogeologic properties of a thrust fault within the Oregon Accretionary Prism}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {20,20{\textendash}25,35},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/95JB02152},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB02152},
	author = {Screaton, E J and Carson, B and Lennon, G P}
}
@article {Childress1995a,
	title = {{Life in sulfidic environments: historical perspective and current research trends}},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	volume = {35},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {83{\textendash}90},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-1569},
	doi = {10.1093/icb/35.2.83},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/35.2.83},
	author = {Childress, J J}
}
@article {Johnson1995,
	title = {{Magnetic properties of zero-age oceanic crust; a new submarine lava flow on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {175{\textendash}178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02053},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02053},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Wheat1995,
	title = {{Mapping the fluid flow of the Mariana Mounds ridge flank hydrothermal system: pore water chemical tracers}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {8115{\textendash}8131},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/95JB00047},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB00047},
	author = {Wheat, C G and McDuff, R E}
}
@article {Auster1995,
	title = {{Patterns of microhabitat utilization by mobile megafauna on the southern New England (USA) continental shelf and slope}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {127},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {77{\textendash}85},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps127077},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps127077},
	author = {Auster, P J and Malatesta, R J and LaRosa, S C}
}
@article {Wishner1995,
	title = {{Pelagic and benthic ecology of the lower interface of the Eastern Tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {93{\textendash}115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J},
	author = {Wishner, K F and Ashjian, C J and Gelfman, C and Gowing, M M and Kann, L and Levin, L A and Mullineaux, L S and Saltzman, J}
}
@article {Chadwick1995,
	title = {{SeaBeam depth changes associated with recent lava flows, CoAxial segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Evidence for multiple eruptions between 1981-1993}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {167{\textendash}170},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL01895},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL01895},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Emblew, R W}
}
@article {Fornari1995,
	title = {{Visualizing the deep sea - vehicles and research techniques yield ever-clearer images of the ocean depths}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {10{\textendash}13},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Bowen, A M and Foster, D B}
}
@mastersthesis {Saltzman1995,
	title = {{Zooplankton ecology in relation to a prominent oxygen minimum zone and a seamount in the eastern tropical Pacific}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {350},
	school = {University of Rhode Island},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Kingston, R.I.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Saltzman, J}
}
@article {Kaartvedt1994,
	title = {{Amphipods on a deep-sea hydrothermal treadmill}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {179{\textendash}195},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90032-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90032-9},
	author = {Kaartvedt, S and Van Dover, C L and Mullineaux, L S and Wiebe, P H and Bollens, S}
}
@article {Lee1994,
	title = {{Assimilation of inorganic nitrogen by marine invertebrates and their chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbionts}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {60},
	number = {6},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1852{\textendash}1858},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=201572{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Lee, R W and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Johnson1994,
	title = {{Biogeochemistry of hydrothermal vent mussel communities: the deep-sea analogue to the intertidal zone}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {993{\textendash}1011},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90015-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90015-9},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Childress, J J and Beehler, C L and Sakamoto, C M}
}
@article {Lutz1994a,
	title = {{Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in hydrothermal vent fields of the Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {52},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {969{\textendash}982},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/0022240943076894},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/0022240943076894},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Kennish, M J and Pooley, A S and Fritz, L W}
}
@article {Laue1994,
	title = {{Characterization of the gene encoding the autotrophic ATP sulfurylase from the bacterial endosymbiont of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {176},
	number = {12},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {3723{\textendash}3729},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	url = {http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/176/12/3723},
	author = {Laue, B E and Nelson, D C}
}
@inbook {Board1994,
	title = {{Crosscutting issues; platforms for observation and collection}},
	booktitle = {Ocean{\textquoteright}s role in global change: progress of major research programs},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {57{\textendash}60},
	publisher = {National Academy Press},
	organization = {National Academy Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0585143110},
	url = {http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record{\_}id=2354{\&}page=57},
	editor = {Board, National Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Studies}
}
@book {Smith1994,
	title = {{Descriptive and chemical data for hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate silica chimneys from the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {21},
	publisher = {US Geological Survey},
	organization = {US Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr9415},
	author = {Smith, V K and Koski, R A}
}
@article {Bennett1994,
	title = {{Faunal community structure of a chemoautotrophic assemblage on whale bones in the deep Northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {108},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {205{\textendash}223},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps108205},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps108205},
	author = {Bennett, B A and Smith, C R and Glaser, B and Maybaum, H L}
}
@article {Tivey1994a,
	title = {{The fine-scale magnetic anomaly field over the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: The axial magnetic low and implications for crustal structure}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4833{\textendash}4855},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02110},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02110},
	author = {Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Saldanha1994,
	title = {{Fishes observed and collected during the Alvin dives at the Lucky Strike thermal vent site (Mid-Atlantic Ridgs -1993)}},
	journal = {Cybium},
	volume = {18},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {460{\textendash}462},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0399-0974},
	author = {Saldanha, L}
}
@inbook {Butterfield1994,
	title = {{Geochemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {139},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {395{\textendash}410},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and McDuff, R E and Franklin, J and Wheat, C G},
	editor = {McQuistion, M K}
}
@article {Ginster1994,
	title = {{Heat flux from black smokers on the Endeavour and Cleft segments, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4937{\textendash}4950},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02800},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02800},
	author = {Ginster, U and Mottl, M J and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@inbook {Tivey1994,
	title = {{High-resolution magnetic surveys over the Middle Valley mounds, Northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {139},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {29{\textendash}35},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.205.1994},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.205.1994},
	author = {Tivey, M A},
	editor = {McQuistion, M K}
}
@article {Airriess1994,
	title = {{Homeoviscous properties implicated by the interactive effects of pressure and temperature on the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {187},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {208{\textendash}214},
	abstract = {Specimens of the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron, collected from 13{\{}deg{\}} N on the East Pacific Rise, were exposed to pressures greater than those in their natural habitat over a range of temperatures to assess how increased hydrostatic pressure affects a species that requires high pressure to survive. We measured heart beat frequency and contraction waveform at pressures ranging from 28 MPa (normal environmental pressure for this species) to 62 MPa at 5{\{}deg{\}}, 10{\{}deg{\}}, and 20{\{}deg{\}}C. At 5{\{}deg{\}}C, increased hydrostatic pressure induced bradycardia or acardia in conjunction with marked disruption of the ventricular contraction waveform. The animals did not survive following decompression. The effects of increased pressure were less pronounced at 10{\{}deg{\}}C and almost negligible at 20{\{}deg{\}}C. Our results support previous findings at subambient pressures which suggest that the lipid bilayers of cell and organelle membranes are the primary sites affected by short-term pressure variation in deep-sea organisms. We also found evidence of an adaptive mechanism of pressure temperature interaction in these animals from the eurythermic habitat of the hydrothermal vents.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/187/2/208},
	author = {Airriess, C and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Ridley1994,
	title = {{Hydrothermal alteration in oceanic ridge volcanics: A detailed study at the Galapagos fossil hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {58},
	number = {11},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {2477{\textendash}2494},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(94)90025-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90025-6},
	author = {Ridley, W I and Perfit, M R and Jonasson, I R and Smith, M F}
}
@article {Koski1994a,
	title = {{Hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate-silica deposits at the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Compositions, growth mechanisms, and implications for fluid flow}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4813{\textendash}4832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02871},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02871},
	author = {Koski, R A and Jonasson, I R and Wong, F L and Smith, V K and Kadko, D C}
}
@article {Linke1994,
	title = {{In situ measurement of fluid flow from cold seeps at active continental margins}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {721{\textendash}739},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90051-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90051-5},
	author = {Linke, P and Suess, E and Torres, M and Martens, V and Rugh, W D and Ziebis, W and Kulm, L D}
}
@article {VanDover1994,
	title = {{In situ spawning of hydrothermal vent tubeworms (Riftia pachyptila)}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {186},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {134{\textendash}135},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/186/1/134?ck=nck},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Chadwick1994,
	title = {{Lava flows from a mid-1980s submarine eruption on the Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4761{\textendash}4776},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02041},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02041},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Emblew, R W}
}
@article {Elsgaard1994,
	title = {{Microbial sulfate reduction in deep-sea sediments at the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal area: Influence of temperature and pressure}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {58},
	number = {16},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {3335{\textendash}3343},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(94)90089-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90089-2},
	author = {Elsgaard, L and Isaksen, M F and Jorgensen, B B and Alayse, A M and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {1616,
	title = {{New theory tells how Earth grows skin}},
	journal = {Science News},
	volume = {145},
	number = {25},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {397},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8423}
}
@article {Fisher1994,
	title = {{Nutritional interactions at Galapagos hydrothermal vents: Inferences from stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {103},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {45{\textendash}55},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps103045},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps103045},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Macko, A and Brooks, J M}
}
@article {Hurst1994,
	title = {{Paleomagnetism of tilted dikes in fast spread oceanic crust exposed in the Hess Deep Rift: implications for spreading and rift propagation}},
	journal = {Tectonics},
	volume = {13},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {789{\textendash}802},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0278-7407},
	doi = {10.1029/94TC00845},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94TC00845},
	author = {Hurst, S D and Karson, J A and Verosub, K L}
}
@article {Smith1994a,
	title = {{Petrology and geochemistry of basalts from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Contols on the spatial and temporal evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4787{\textendash}4812},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02158},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02158},
	author = {Smith, M C and Perfit, M R and Jonasson, I R}
}
@book {Reiss1994,
	title = {{Preliminary report of the 1988 A2-88-NC Gorda Ridge Cruise}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {109},
	publisher = {US Geological Survey},
	organization = {US Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr94711},
	author = {Reiss, C A and Zierenberg, R A}
}
@article {Perfit1994,
	title = {{Small-scale spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge crest magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {375{\textendash}379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0375:SSSATV>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022{\%}3C0375:SSSATV{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Smith, M and Bender, J and Langmuir, C H and Haymon, R M}
}
@article {Massoth1994,
	title = {{Temporal and spatial variability of hydrothermal manganese and iron at Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4905{\textendash}4923},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02799},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02799},
	author = {Massoth, G J and Baker, E T and Lupton, J E and Feely, R A and Butterfield, D A and Von Damm, K L and Roe, K K and Lebon, G T}
}
@article {Toulmond1994,
	title = {{Unusual carbon dioxide-combining properties of body fluids in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {10},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1447{\textendash}1456},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90054-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90054-X},
	author = {Toulmond, A and Lallier, F H and De Frescheville, J and Childress, J J and Lee, R and Sanders, N K and Desbruyeres, D}
}
@article {Embley1994,
	title = {{Volcanic and hydrothermal processes associated with a recent phase of seafloor spreading at the northern Cleft segment: Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {4741{\textendash}4760},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB02038},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB02038},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Kunzig1993,
	title = {{Between home and the abyss}},
	journal = {Discover},
	volume = {14},
	number = {12},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {66{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0274-7529},
	url = {http://discovermagazine.com/1993/dec/betweenhomeandth318},
	author = {Kunzig, R}
}
@article {Sample1993,
	title = {{Carbonate cements indicate channeled fluid flow along a zone of vertical faults at the deformation front of the Cascadia accretionary wedge (Northwest U.S. coast)}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {507{\textendash}510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0507:CCICFF>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021{\%}3C0507:CCICFF{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Sample, J C and Reid, M R and Tobin, H J and Moore, J C}
}
@article {Lupton1993,
	title = {{Chemical and physical diversity of hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8 degrees 45{\textquoteright} N to 11 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {24},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2913{\textendash}2916},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00906},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00906},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Baker, E T and Mottl, M J and Sansone, F J and Wheat, C G and Resing, J A and Massoth, G J and Measures, C I and Feely, R A}
}
@article {Wirsen1993,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic microbial activity at Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9693{\textendash}9703},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01556},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W and Molyneaux, S J}
}
@article {Travis1993,
	title = {{Deep-sea debate pits Alvin against Jason}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {259},
	number = {5101},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1534{\textendash}1536},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.259.5101.1534},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5101.1534},
	author = {Travis, J}
}
@article {VanDover1993,
	title = {{Depths of ignorance}},
	journal = {Discover},
	volume = {14},
	number = {9},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {37{\textendash}39},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0274-7529},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Garcia1993,
	title = {{An evaluation of temporal geochemical evolution of Loihi summit lavas: results from Alvin submersible dives}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {537{\textendash}550},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01707},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01707},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Jorgenson, B A and Mahoney, J J and Ito, E and Irving, A J}
}
@article {German1993,
	title = {{A geochemical study of metalliferous sediment from the TAG bydrothermal mound, 26 degrees 09{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9683{\textendash}9692},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01705},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01705},
	author = {German, C R and Higgs, N C and Thomson, J and Mills, R and Elderfield, H and Blusztajn, J and Fleer, A P and Bacon, M P}
}
@article {Bemis1993,
	title = {{Geothermal heat flux from hydrothermal plumes on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {6351{\textendash}6365},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB02273},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB02273},
	author = {Bemis, K G and Von Herzen, R P and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Robigou1993,
	title = {{Large massive sulphide deposits in a newly discovered active hydrothermal system, the High-Rise Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {17},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1887{\textendash}1890},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL01399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL01399},
	author = {Robigou, V and Delaney, J R and Stakes, D}
}
@article {Baker1993,
	title = {{A method for quantitatively estimating diffuse and discrete hydrothermal discharge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {235{\textendash}249},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90170-E},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90170-E},
	author = {Baker, E T and Massoth, G J and Walker, S L and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Johnson1993a,
	title = {{Near-axis heat flow measurements on the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: implications for fluid circulation in oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {17},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1875{\textendash}1878},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00734},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00734},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Becker, K and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Tivey1993a,
	title = {{Reduced crustal magnetization beneath the active sulfide mound, TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 26N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {115},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {101{\textendash}115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90216-V},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90216-V},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Rona, P A and Schouten, H}
}
@mastersthesis {Gallo1993,
	title = {{The structural character of oceanic transforms: Implications for tectonic processes}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {282},
	school = {University of Rhode Island},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Kingston, R.I.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Gallo, D G}
}
@article {McMurty1993,
	title = {{Unusual geochemistry of hydrothermal vents on submarine arc volcanoes: Kasuga Seamounts, Northern Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {114},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {517{\textendash}528},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90080-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90080-S},
	author = {McMurty, G M and Sedwick, P N and Fryer, P and VonderHaar, D L and Yeh, H W}
}
@article {Holmes1993,
	title = {{Upper crustal densities derived from sea floor gravity measurements: Northern Juan De Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {17},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1871{\textendash}1874},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00909},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00909},
	author = {Holmes, M L and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Tivey1993,
	title = {{Variations in oceanic crustal structure and the implications for the fine-scale magnetic anomaly signal}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {17},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1879{\textendash}1882},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL01485},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL01485},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Gillis1993,
	title = {{A view of the lower crustal component of hydrothermal systems at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {19,519{\textendash}597,619},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/93JB01717},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JB01717},
	author = {Gillis, K M and Thonpson, G and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Haymon1993,
	title = {{Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 45-52{\textquoteright}N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April 1991}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {119},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {85{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Edmond, J and Shanks, W and Lutz, R and Grebmeier, J M and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and McLaughlin, E and Smith, M and Beedle, N and Olson, E}
}
@article {Hey1992,
	title = {{Alvin investigation of an active propagating rift system, Galapagos 95.5 degrees west}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {207{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01270630},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01270630},
	author = {Hey, R N and Sinton, J M and Kleinrock, M C and Yonover, R N and Macdonald, K C and Miller, S P and Searle, R C and Christie, D M and Atwater, T M and Sleep, N H and Johnson, H P and Neal, C A}
}
@article {Jorgensen1992,
	title = {{Bacterial sulfate reduction above 100C in deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {258},
	number = {5089},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1756{\textendash}1757},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.258.5089.1756},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5089.1756},
	author = {Jorgensen, B B and Isaksen, M F and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Casanova1992,
	title = {{Chaetognaths from Alvin dives in the Santa Catalina Basin (California), with description of two new Heterokrohnia species}},
	journal = {Journal of Natural History},
	volume = {26},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {663{\textendash}674},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2933},
	doi = {10.1080/00222939200770411},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939200770411},
	author = {Casanova, J P}
}
@article {Jannasch1992a,
	title = {{Comparative physiological studies on hyperthermophilic Archaea isolated from deep sea hot vents with emphasis on Pyrococcus Strain GB-D}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {11},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3472{\textendash}3481},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=183131{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Molyneaux, S J and Langworthy, T A}
}
@article {McHugh1992,
	title = {{Contemporary sedimentary processes in the Monterey Canyon-fan system}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {107},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {35{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(92)90067-R},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(92)90067-R},
	author = {McHugh, C M and Ryan, W B F and Hecker, B}
}
@article {Fox1992,
	title = {{Detection of changes in ridge-crest morphology using repeated multibeam sonar surveys}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	number = {7},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {11,111{\textendash}149,162},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB00601},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB00601},
	author = {Fox, C G and Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Rona1992,
	title = {{Discrete and diffuse heat transfer at ASHES vent field, Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {109},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {57{\textendash}71},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(92)90074-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(92)90074-6},
	author = {Rona, P A and Trivett, D A}
}
@book {Chandler1992,
	title = {{DSV Alvin dive log 1964-92}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Chandler, R S}
}
@article {Cavanaugh1992,
	title = {{Evidence for methylotrophic symbionts in a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bivalvia Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {12},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3799{\textendash}3803},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=183184{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Cavanaugh, C M and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Delaney1992,
	title = {{Geology of a vigorous hydrothermal system on the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {19,619{\textendash}663,682},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB00174},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB00174},
	author = {Delaney, J R and Robigou, V and McDuff, R E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Radetsky1992,
	title = {{How did life start? (10 great unanswered questions of science)}},
	journal = {Discover},
	volume = {13},
	number = {11},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {74{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0274-7529},
	url = {http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/howdidlifestart153},
	author = {Radetsky, P}
}
@article {Juniper1992,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vents in turbidite sediments on a Northeast Pacific spreading centre: Organisms and substratum at an ocean drilling site}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {9},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1792{\textendash}1809},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4301},
	doi = {10.1139/z92-247},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-247},
	author = {Juniper, S K and Tunnicliffe, V and Southward, E C}
}
@article {Hamner1992,
	title = {{In situ observations of giant appendicularians in Monterey Bay}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {39},
	number = {7-8},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1299{\textendash}1313},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(92)90070-A},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(92)90070-A},
	author = {Hamner, W M and Robison, B H}
}
@article {Tivey1992,
	title = {{Micro-magnetic field measurements near the ocean floor}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {35},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {82{\textendash}88},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Schouten, H}
}
@article {Kleinrock1992,
	title = {{Practical geological comparison of some seafloor survey instruments}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {19},
	number = {13},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1407{\textendash}1410},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/92GL01390},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92GL01390},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Hey, R N and Theberge, A E}
}
@book {Jannasch1992,
	title = {{R/V Atlantis II (voyage 125, legs 22 and 23) and DSR/S Alvin (dive series 2337 to 2349): To conduct microbiological research at the Guaymas Basin and the 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent sites during 6 -24 March 1991}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Appelgate1992,
	title = {{Submarine tumuli and inflated tube-fed lava flows on Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {6},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {447{\textendash}458},
	abstract = {A seafloor lava field was mapped within the summit caldera of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, using SeaMARC I sidescan sonor and submersible observations. By analogy with similar subaerial features, we infer that several volcanic seafloor features here formed by the process of lava flow inflation. Flow inflation occurs within tube-fed lava flows when lava continues to be supplied to the interior of a flow that has ceased advancing, thus uplifting the flow{\textquoteright}s rigid surface and creating a suite of characteristic surface structures. Inflated lavas require a feeder lava tube or tube system connected to a remote lava source, and therefore we infer that inflated submarine lava flows contain lava tubes. Inflated flow features identified from sidescan sonar images elsewhere on Axial Volcano and within the axial valley of the southern Juan de Fuca ridge suggest that flow inflation is a widespread submarine volcanic process.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00301391},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301391},
	author = {Appelgate, B T and Embley, R W}
}
@inbook {Fryer1992,
	title = {{A synthesis of Leg 125 drilling of serpentine seamounts on the Mariana and Izu-Bonin Forearcs}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {593{\textendash}614},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.125.168.1992},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.125.168.1992},
	author = {Fryer, P},
	editor = {Dearmont, L H}
}
@article {Karson1992a,
	title = {{Tectonic rotations of dikes in fast-spread oceanic crust exposed near Hess Deep}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {8},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {685{\textendash}688},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0685:TRODIF>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020{\%}3C0685:TRODIF{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Karson, J A and Hurst, S D and Lonsdale, P}
}
@article {Smith1992,
	title = {{Whale falls: Chemosynthesis on the deep seafloor}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {74{\textendash}78},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Smith, C R}
}
@book {Stachiw1991,
	title = {{Acrylic Windows - Typical Applications in Pressure Housings}},
	series = {Ocean Engineering Studies},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {270},
	publisher = {Naval Ocean Systems Center},
	organization = {Naval Ocean Systems Center},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA246303},
	author = {Stachiw, J D}
}
@article {Lutz1991,
	title = {{The biology of deep-sea vents and seeps: Alvin{\textquoteright}s magical mystery tour}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {34},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {75{\textendash}83},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Casanova1991,
	title = {{Chaetognaths from the Alvin dives on the Seamount Volcano 7 (east tropical Pacific)}},
	journal = {Journal of Plankton Research},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {539{\textendash}548},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0142-7873},
	doi = {10.1093/plankt/13.3.539},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/13.3.539},
	author = {Casanova, J P}
}
@article {Wheatcroft1991,
	title = {{Conservative tracer study of horizontal sediment mixing rates in a bathyal basin, California borderland}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {565{\textendash}588},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224091784995792},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224091784995792},
	author = {Wheatcroft, R A}
}
@article {Levin1991,
	title = {{Control of deep-sea benthic community structure by oxygen and organic-matter gradients in the easter Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {49},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {763{\textendash}800},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224091784995756},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224091784995756},
	author = {Levin, L A and Huggett, C L and Wishner, K F}
}
@mastersthesis {Trivett1991,
	title = {{Diffuse flow from hydrothermal vents}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {216},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3236},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3236},
	author = {Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Edwards1991,
	title = {{DNA-DNA solution hybridization studies of the bacterial symbionts of hydrothermal vent tube worms (Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana)}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {57},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1082{\textendash}1088},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/4/1082},
	author = {Edwards, D B and Nelson, D C}
}
@article {Mevel1991,
	title = {{Emplacement of deep crustal and mantle rocks on the west median valley wall of the MARK area (MAR, 23 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {31{\textendash}53},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	author = {M{\'e}vel, C and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Marion, E and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Stakes1991,
	title = {{Evolution of hydrothermal activity on the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Observations, mineral ages and Ra isotope ratios}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {96},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {21,721{\textendash}739,752},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/91JB02038},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91JB02038},
	author = {Stakes, D and Moore, W S}
}
@mastersthesis {Kinzler1991,
	title = {{Experimental constraints on the generation and evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalts}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {258},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kinzler, R J}
}
@article {Page1991,
	title = {{Experimental evidence for filter-feeding by the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {38},
	number = {12},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1455{\textendash}1461},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(91)90084-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(91)90084-S},
	author = {Page, H M and Fisher, C R and Fiala-Medioni, A and Childress, J J}
}
@article {McLean1991,
	title = {{Four new pseudococculinid limpets collected by the deep-submersible Alvin in the eastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Veliger},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {38{\textendash}47},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0042-3211},
	author = {McLean, J H}
}
@article {Embley1991,
	title = {{Geology of the northern Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: recent eruptions, seafloor spreading, and the formation of megaplumes}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {8},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {771{\textendash}775},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0771:GOTNCS>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019{\%}3C0771:GOTNCS{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Perfit, M R and Baker, E T}
}
@article {Tivey1991,
	title = {{Hydrothermal vent systems}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {34},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {68{\textendash}74},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Kim1991,
	title = {{Radial growth rates and 210-Pb ages of hydrothermal massive sulfides from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {299{\textendash}314},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(91)90211-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90211-Y},
	author = {Kim, H K and McMurty, G M}
}
@book {Fornari1991,
	title = {{Siqueiros - Alvin Diving Cruise, Atlantis-II 125-25 : May 2 to June 2, 1991, Acapulco, Mexico to San Diego}},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {s.n.},
	organization = {s.n.},
	address = {s.l.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Casey, J and Kastens, K and Edwards, M}
}
@article {Childress1991,
	title = {{Sulfide-driven autotrophic balance in the bacterial symbiont-containing hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Jones}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {180},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {135{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/180/1/135},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Favuzzi, J A and Kochevar, R and Sanders, N K and Alayse, A M}
}
@article {Smith1990a,
	title = {{Afterlife of a whale}},
	journal = {Discover},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {46{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0274-7529},
	author = {Smith, S}
}
@article {Taylor1990,
	title = {{Alvin-Seabeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {127{\textendash}147},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90181-V},
	author = {Taylor, B and Brown, G and Fryer, P and Gill, J B and Hochstaedter, A G and Hotta, H and Langmuir, C H and Leinen, M and Nishimura, A and Urabe, T}
}
@article {Johnson1990,
	title = {{Axial Seamount - An active ridge-axis volcano on the central Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {12,612{\textendash}689,696},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB08p12689},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB08p12689},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Urabe1990,
	title = {{Barite-silica chimneys from the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin arc: possible analog to hematitic chert associatied with Kuroko depostis}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {283{\textendash}290},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90191-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90191-Y},
	author = {Urabe, T and Kusakabe, M}
}
@article {Karson1990b,
	title = {{Block-tilting, transfer faults, and structural control of magmatic and hydrothermal processes in the TAG area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {102},
	number = {12},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1635{\textendash}1645},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1635:BTTFAS>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102{\%}3C1635:BTTFAS{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Karson, J A and Rona, P A}
}
@article {Schoell1990,
	title = {{Carbon isotope composition of hydrothermal petroleums from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {65{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90036-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90036-5},
	author = {Schoell, M and Hwang, R J and Simoneit, B R T}
}
@article {Mottl1990,
	title = {{Chemical processes in buoyant hydrothermal plumes of the East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {54},
	number = {7},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1911{\textendash}1927},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(90)90261-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90261-I},
	author = {Mottl, M J and McConachy, T F}
}
@inbook {Fryer1990,
	title = {{Conical seamount: SeaMARC II, Alvin submersible, and seismic-reflection studies}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Part A. Initial Report},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.125.104.1990},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.125.104.1990},
	author = {Fryer, P and Saboda, K L and Johnson, L E and Mackay, M E and Moore, G F and Stoffers, P},
	editor = {Stewart, S K}
}
@article {Fryer1990a,
	title = {{Deep submersibles and potential marine geological research}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {22{\textendash}31},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Fryer, P}
}
@article {Simoneit1990,
	title = {{Deep-water hydrocarbon seeps in Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {41{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90034-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90034-3},
	author = {Simoneit, B R T and Lonsdale, P F and Edmond, J M and Shanks, W C}
}
@article {Rau1990,
	title = {{[delta]13C, [delta]15N and [delta]18O of Calyptogena phaseoliformis (bivalve mollusc) from the Ascension Fan-Valley near Monterey, California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1669{\textendash}1676},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90070-C},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90070-C},
	author = {Rau, G H and McHugh, C M and Harrold, C and Baxter, C and Hecker, B and Embley, R W}
}
@book {Mills1990,
	title = {{Descriptions of W.H.O.I. Rock Dredge Samples, Volume IV}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {90-41},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {163},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1025},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1025},
	author = {Mills, P B and Andrew, P J}
}
@book {Copley1990,
	title = {{Drawings and Descriptions of Some Deep-Sea Copepods Living Above the Guaymas Basin Hydrothermal Vent Field}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {90-15},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {63},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1007},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1007},
	author = {Copley, N J and Wiebe, P H}
}
@book {Chandler1990,
	title = {{DSV Alvin dive log 1964-90}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Chandler, R S}
}
@article {Fisher1990b,
	title = {{Evidence from rare gases for magma-chamber degassing of highly evolved mid-ocean-ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {343},
	number = {6257},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {450{\textendash}452},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/343450a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/343450a0},
	author = {Fisher, D E and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Carson1990,
	title = {{Fluid flow and mass flux determinations at vent sites on the Cascadia margin accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {8891{\textendash}8897},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB06p08891},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB06p08891},
	author = {Carson, B and Suess, E and Strasser, J C}
}
@article {Martens1990,
	title = {{Generation of short chain acid anions in hydrothermally altered sediments of the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {71{\textendash}76},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90037-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90037-6},
	author = {Martens, C S}
}
@article {Carranza-Edwards1990,
	title = {{Geochemical study of hydrothermal core sediments and rocks from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {77{\textendash}82},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90038-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90038-7},
	author = {Carranza-Edwards, A and Rosales-Hoz, L and Aguayo-Camargo, J E and Cruz, R L -S and Hornelas-Orozco, Y}
}
@article {Embley1990,
	title = {{Geological setting of chemosynthetic communities in the Monterey Fan Valley system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {11},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1651{\textendash}1667},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	author = {Embley, R W and Eittreim, S L and McHugh, C H and Normark, W R and Rau, G H and Hecker, B and DeBevoise, A E and Greene, H G and Ryan, W B F and Harrold, C and Baxter, C}
}
@article {Paull1990,
	title = {{Geology of the strata exposed on the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {177{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	author = {Paull, C K and Freeman-Lynde, R and Bralower, T J and Garsemal, J M and Neumann, A C and D{\textquoteright}Argenio, B and Marsella, E}
}
@article {Embley1990a,
	title = {{High resolution studies of the summit of Axial Volcano}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {12,712{\textendash}785,812},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB08p12785},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB08p12785},
	author = {Embley, R W and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G}
}
@article {Simoneit1990a,
	title = {{Hydrocarbons associated with hydrothermal minerals, vent waters and talus on the East Pacific Rise and Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {115{\textendash}124},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90042-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90042-4},
	author = {Simoneit, B R T and Brault, M and Saliot, A}
}
@article {Moore1990,
	title = {{Interrelationship of fluid venting and structural evolution. Alvin observations from the frontal accretionary prism, Oregon}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {8795{\textendash}8808},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/89JB02837},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/89JB02837},
	author = {Moore, J C and Orange, D and Kulm, L V D}
}
@article {Peter1990,
	title = {{Liquid hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions in modern hydrothermal chimmeys and mounds from the southern trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {51{\textendash}63},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90035-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90035-4},
	author = {Peter, J M and Simoneit, B R T and Kawka, O E and Scott, S D}
}
@article {Childress1990,
	title = {{The metabolic rates of deep-sea benthic decapod crustaceans decline with increasing depth primarily due to the decline in temperature}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {929{\textendash}949},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90104-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90104-4},
	author = {Childress, J J and Cowles, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Mickel, T J}
}
@article {Sanford1990,
	title = {{Modern sedimentary processes in the Wilmington Canyon area, U.S. east coast}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {92},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {205{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90004-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90004-4},
	author = {Sanford, M W and Kuehl, S A and Nittrouer, C A}
}
@article {Orem1990,
	title = {{Organic matter in hydrothermal metal ores and hydrothermal fluids}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {125{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90043-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90043-5},
	author = {Orem, W H and Spiker, E C and Kotra, R K}
}
@article {Straube1990,
	title = {{Particulate DNA in smoker fluids: Evidence for existence of microbial populations in hot hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {56},
	number = {5},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1440{\textendash}1447},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=184425{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Straube, W L and Deming, J W and Somerville, C C and Colwell, R R and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Didyk1990,
	title = {{Petroleum characteristics of the oil in a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal chimney}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {29{\textendash}40},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90033-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90033-2},
	author = {Didyk, B M and Simoneit, B R T}
}
@article {Kawka1990,
	title = {{Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in hydrothermal petroleums from the Guaymas Basin spreading center}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {17{\textendash}27},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90032-Z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90032-Z},
	author = {Kawka, O E and Simoneit, B R T}
}
@article {Kulm1990,
	title = {{Relationship between carbonate deposits and fluid venting: Oregon accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {8899{\textendash}8915},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB06p08899},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB06p08899},
	author = {Kulm, L V D and Suess, E}
}
@article {Lewis1990,
	title = {{Relationship between the location of chemosynthetic benthic communities and geologic structure on the Cascadia Subduction Zone}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {8783{\textendash}8793},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB06p08783},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB06p08783},
	author = {Lewis, B T R and Cochrane, G C}
}
@article {Gieskes1990,
	title = {{Retrograde oxidation of hydrothermal precipitates and petroleum in Escanaba Trough sediments}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {93{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90040-C},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90040-C},
	author = {Gieskes, J M and Simoneit, B R T and Magenheim, A J and Leif, R N}
}
@article {Roberts1990,
	title = {{Seafloor responses to hydrocarbon seeps, Louisiana continental slope}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {232{\textendash}243},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02431070},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431070},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Aharon, P and Carney, R and Larkin, J and Sassen, R}
}
@article {Little1990,
	title = {{The sound field near hydrothermal vents on Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {12,912{\textendash}927,945},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB08p12927},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB08p12927},
	author = {Little, S A and Stolzenbach, K D and Purdy, G M}
}
@article {Karsten1990,
	title = {{Spatial and temporal evolution of magmatic systems beneath the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Tectonic and petrologic constraints}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {19,219{\textendash}235,256},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB12p19235},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19235},
	author = {Karsten, J L and Delaney, J R and Rhodes, J M and Liias, R A}
}
@article {Smith1990,
	title = {{Submarine volcanism in the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin arc submersible and deep-tow camera results}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {148{\textendash}160.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90182-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90182-W},
	author = {Smith, J R and Taylor, B and Malahoff, A and Petersen, L}
}
@article {Jorgensen1990,
	title = {{Thermophilic bacterial sulfate reduction in deep-sea sediments at the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site (Gulf of California)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {695{\textendash}710},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90099-H},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90099-H},
	author = {Jorgensen, B B and Zawacki, L X and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Okutani1990,
	title = {{Two new species of Provanna (Gastropoda: Cerithiacea) from snail pit in the hydrothermal vent site at the Mariana Back-Arc Basin}},
	journal = {Venus the Japanese Journal of Malacology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {19{\textendash}24},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0042-3580},
	author = {Okutani, T}
}
@article {Hochstaedter1990a,
	title = {{Volcanism in the Sumisu Rift I: Major element, volatile and stable isotope geochemistry}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {179{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90184-Y},
	author = {Hochstaedter, A G and Gill, J B and Kusakabe, M and Newman, S and Pringle, M and Taylor, B and Fryer, P}
}
@article {Hochstaedter1990,
	title = {{Volcanism in the Sumisu Rift II: Subduction and non-subduction related components}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {195{\textendash}209},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90185-Z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90185-Z},
	author = {Hochstaedter, A G and Gill, J B and Morris, J D}
}
@book {Kaharl1990,
	title = {{Waterbaby: The story of Alvin}},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {400},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York, NY},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-19-506191-8},
	author = {Kaharl, V A}
}
@article {Fisher1989,
	title = {{Autotrophic carbon assimilation by the chemoautotrophic symbionts of Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {177},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {372{\textendash}385},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/177/3/372},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Minnich, E}
}
@article {Barany1989,
	title = {{Basaltic breccias of the Clipperton fracture zone (East Pacific): Sedimentation and tectonics in a fast-slipping oceanic transform}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {101},
	number = {2},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {204{\textendash}220},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0204:BBOTCF>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101{\%}3C0204:BBOTCF{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Barany, I and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Childress1989,
	title = {{Benthopelagic biomass distribution and oxygen consumption in a deep-sea benthic boundary layer dominated by gelatinous organisms}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {34},
	number = {5},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {913{\textendash}930},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}34/issue{\_}5/0913.pdf},
	author = {Childress, J J and Gluck, D L and Carney, R S and Gowing, M M}
}
@article {Nelson1989,
	title = {{Characterization of large, autotrophic Beggiatoa spp. abundant at hydrothermal vents of the Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {11},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {2909{\textendash}2917},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=203190{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@mastersthesis {VanDover1989,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic communities in the deep sea: ecological studies}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {271},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1359},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1359},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Segall1989,
	title = {{Clay-size minerals as indicators of modern sedimentary processes in submarine canyons: Application to the Wilmington canyon system}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {90},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {175{\textendash}192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(89)90040-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(89)90040-6},
	author = {Segall, M P and Kuehl, S A and Gipson, M}
}
@article {Kleinrock1989b,
	title = {{Detailed tectonics near the tip of the Galapagos 95.5 degrees W propagator: How the lithosphere tears and a spreading axis develops}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {94},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {13,801{\textendash}813,838},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB094iB10p13801},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB10p13801},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Hey, R N}
}
@book {Jannasch1989c,
	title = {{Final Report on R/V Atlantis II (voyage No. 118-28) and DSRV Alvin (dive series 3-88) to conduct microbiological research at the Guayman Basin hydrothermal vents During 31 January - 9 February 1988}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Batiza1989,
	title = {{Geological and petrologic evolution of seamounts near the EPR based on submersible and camera study}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {169{\textendash}236},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00340203},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340203},
	author = {Batiza, R and Smith, T L and Niu, Y}
}
@article {Bazylinski1989,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of naturally-occurring hydrocarbons at the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {11},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {2832{\textendash}2836},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/55/11/2832},
	author = {Bazylinski, D A and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Kleinrock1989,
	title = {{Migrating transform zone and lithospheric transfer at the Galapagos 95.5 degrees W propagator}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {94},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {13,813{\textendash}859,878},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB094iB10p13859},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB10p13859},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Hey, R N}
}
@mastersthesis {Barone1989,
	title = {{Morpho-tectonic evolution of subsea volcanoes near the boundary of separating plates: examples from rifting and spreading stages}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {104},
	school = {Columbia University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Barone, A M}
}
@article {Smith1989,
	title = {{New field and laboratory evidence for the origin of hyaloclastite flows on seamount summits}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {51},
	number = {2},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {96{\textendash}114.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01081979},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081979},
	author = {Smith, T L and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Huber1989,
	title = {{A novel group of abyssal methanogenic archaebacteria (Methanopyrus) growing at 110 degrees C}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {342},
	number = {6251},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {833{\textendash}834},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/342833a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/342833a0},
	author = {Huber, R and Kurr, M and Jannasch, H W and Stetter, K O}
}
@book {Eittreim1989,
	title = {{Observations in Monterey Canyon and fan valley using the submersible Alvin and a photographic sled}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {28},
	publisher = {United States Geological Survey},
	organization = {United States Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr89291},
	author = {Eittreim, S L and Embley, R W and Normark, W R and Greene, H G and McHugh, C M and Ryan, W B F}
}
@article {Kleinrock1989a,
	title = {{Tectonics of the failing spreading system associated with the 95.5 degrees W Galapagos propagator}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {94},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {13,813{\textendash}839,857},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB094iB10p13839},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB10p13839},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Searle, R C and Hey, R N}
}
@article {Roth1989,
	title = {{Transport and settling of organic material in a deep-sea hydrothermal plume: evidence from particle flux measurements}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {36},
	number = {8},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1237{\textendash}1254},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(89)90103-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90103-9},
	author = {Roth, S and Dymond, J}
}
@article {Pettibone1989,
	title = {{Two new species of Harmothoinae (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the East Pacific Rise, collected by Alvin dives 2000 and 2003}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {102},
	number = {2},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {305{\textendash}310},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-324X},
	author = {Pettibone, M H}
}
@article {Fox1988,
	title = {{Automated display and statistical analysis of interpreted deep-sea bottom photographs}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {78},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {199{\textendash}216},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(88)90109-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90109-0},
	author = {Fox, C G and Murphy, K M and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Childress1988,
	title = {{Biology and chemistry of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Galapagos Rift; the Rose Garden in 1985. Introduction}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1677{\textendash}1680},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90043-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90043-X},
	author = {Childress, J J}
}
@article {Vine1988,
	title = {{Birth of Alvin}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {10{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Vine, A C}
}
@article {Johnson1988a,
	title = {{Chemical and biological interactions in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field, Galapagos spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1723{\textendash}1744.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90046-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90046-5},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Beehler, C L}
}
@article {Stein1988,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic symbiosis in a hydrothermal vent gastropod}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {174},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {373{\textendash}378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/174/3/373},
	author = {Stein, J L and Cary, S C and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Ohta, S and Vetter, R D and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Allan1988,
	title = {{Cr-rich spinels as petrogenetic indicators: MORB-type lavas from the Lamont Seamount Chain}},
	journal = {American Mineralogist},
	volume = {73},
	number = {7-8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {741{\textendash}753},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-004X},
	url = {http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM73/AM73{\_}741.pdf},
	author = {Allan, J F and Sack, R O and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Mayer1988,
	title = {{Dense biological communities at 3850 m on the Laurentian Fan and their relationship to the deposits of the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1235{\textendash}1246},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90079-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90079-9},
	author = {Mayer, L A and Shor, A N and Clarke, J H and Piper, D J W}
}
@mastersthesis {Kleinrock1988,
	title = {{Detailed structural studies of the propagator system near 95.5 degrees W along the Galapagos spreading axis}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {322},
	school = {University of California, San Diego},
	type = {phd},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C}
}
@book {Chandler1988,
	title = {{DSV Alvin dive log 1964-88}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Chandler, R S}
}
@article {Levin1988,
	title = {{The ecology of xenophyophores (Protista) on Eastern Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {12},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2003{\textendash}2027},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90122-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90122-7},
	author = {Levin, L A and Thomas, C L}
}
@article {Jannasch1988,
	title = {{Extremely thermophilic fermentative archaebacteria of the genus Desulfurococcus from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1203{\textendash}1209},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/5/1203},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Molyneaux, S J and Langworthy, T A}
}
@article {Fornari1988,
	title = {{Geochemical and structural studies of the Lamont seamounts: seamounts as indicators of mantle processes}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {89},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {63{\textendash}67,70{\textendash}83},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R and Haymon, R and Barone, A and Ryan, W B F and Smith, T and Simkin, T and Luckman, M A}
}
@article {Karson1988,
	title = {{Geologic setting of the Snake Pit Hydrothermal Site: An active vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {91{\textendash}107},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02424662},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02424662},
	author = {Karson, J A and Brown, J R}
}
@article {Uchupi1988a,
	title = {{Geology of the Titanic site and vicinity}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {7},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1093{\textendash}1110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90002-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90002-7},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Muck, M T and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Bazylinski1988,
	title = {{Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {12},
	number = {6},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {547{\textendash}558},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/0146-6380(88)90146-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(88)90146-5},
	author = {Bazylinski, D A and Farrington, J W and Jannasch, H W}
}
@mastersthesis {McConachy1988,
	title = {{Hydrothermal plumes over spreading ridges and related deposits in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: the East Pacific Rise near 11 degrees N and 21 degrees N, Explorer Ridge and J. Tuzo Wilson seamounts}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {403},
	school = {University of Toronto},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Toronoto, Ont., Canada},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {McConachy, T F}
}
@article {Karl1988,
	title = {{A microbiological study of Guaymas Basin high temperature hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {777{\textendash}791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	author = {Karl, D M and Taylor, G T and Novitsky, J A and Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Pace, N R and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Fisher1988a,
	title = {{Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at Rose Garden}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1769{\textendash}1791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Felbeck, H and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Kennedy1988,
	title = {{Noble gases in vent water from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {7},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1929{\textendash}1935},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90016-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90016-6},
	author = {Kennedy, B M}
}
@article {Culver1988,
	title = {{Observations of a fast burst of the deep western boundary undercurrent and sediment transport in South Wilmington Canyon from DSRVAlvin}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {159{\textendash}165},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02326092},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02326092},
	author = {Culver, S J and Brunner, C A and Nittrouer, C A}
}
@article {Fisher1988b,
	title = {{Physiology, morphology, and biochemical composition of Riftia pachyptila at Rose Garden in 1985}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1745{\textendash}1758},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90047-7},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D and Favuzzi, J A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Dymond1988,
	title = {{Plume dispersal hydrothermal particles: a time-series record of settling flux from the Endeavour Ridge using moored sensors}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {10},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2525{\textendash}2536},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90310-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90310-9},
	author = {Dymond, J and Roth, S}
}
@article {Kadko1988,
	title = {{Radiochemical constraints on the crustal residence time of submarine hydrothermal fluids: Endeavour Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {659{\textendash}668},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90328-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90328-6},
	author = {Kadko, D and Moore, W}
}
@article {Mullineaux1988,
	title = {{The role of settlement in structuring a hard-substratum community in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {120},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {247{\textendash}261},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/0022-0981(88)90005-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(88)90005-6},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Johnson1988,
	title = {{Short term temperature variability in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field: an unstable deep-sea environment}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1711{\textendash}1722},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90045-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90045-3},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Childress, J J and Beehler, C L}
}
@article {Fornari1988a,
	title = {{Small-scale heterogeneities in depleted mantle sources: near-ridge seamount lava geochemistry and implications for mid-ocean-ridge magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {331},
	number = {6156},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {511{\textendash}513},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/331511a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/331511a0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Distel1988,
	title = {{Sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts: analysis of phylogeny, specificity, and origins by 16S ribosomal RNA sequences}},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {170},
	number = {6},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2506{\textendash}2510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	url = {http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/6/2506},
	author = {Distel, D L and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J and Pace, B and Pace, N R and Stahl, D A and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Hessler1988a,
	title = {{Temporal change in megafauna at the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent (Galapagos Rift; eastern tropical Pacific)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1681{\textendash}1710},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90044-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90044-1},
	author = {Hessler, R R and Smithey, W M and Boudrias, M A and Keller, C H and Lutz, R A and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Fisher1988,
	title = {{Variation in the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica, at Rose Garden vent on the Galapagos Spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1811{\textendash}1832},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90051-9},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Dugan, J A and Felbeck, H and Fritz, L W and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Lutz, R A and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Aggrey1988,
	title = {{Volatile abundances in basaltic glasses from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N and 12 -14 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2115{\textendash}2119},
	abstract = {Volatiles in glasses from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise (EPR) in the vicinity of 21{\textdegree}N and 12{\textendash}14{\textdegree}N were analyzed by high-temperature mass spectrometry. Compared to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) magmas erupted at the spreading axis of the EPR at 21{\textdegree}N, the seamount magmas are commonly enriched in H2O, Cl, F and S (at the same Mg{\#}). Water and Cl abundances range from 0.111 to 1.021 wt.{\%} and 0.003 to 0.226 wt.{\%}, respectively. The wide range in abundances is consistent with the diversity of magmas erupted by these seamounts as indicated previously from major and rare-earth element data. H2O shows a strong linear positive correlation with K2O content [H2O = 0.45 ({\textpm}0.04) K2O + 0.22 ({\textpm}0.03) with RMS error of 0.09]. Based on -ratios and K2O abundances the glasses separate into three distinct groups: highly volatile-enriched alkalic/transitional, enriched tholeiitic, and depleted tholeiitic. Ratio-ratio plots of incompatible elements ( vs. ) indicate that these seamount magmas can all be related by the mixing of enriched and depleted source materials.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90191-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90191-3},
	author = {Aggrey, K E and Muenow, D W and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Karson1987,
	title = {{Along-axis variations in seafloor spreading in the MARK area}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {328},
	number = {6132},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {681{\textendash}685},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/328681a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/328681a0},
	author = {Karson, J A and Thompson, G and Humphris, S E and Edmond, J M and Bryan, W B and Brown, J R and Winters, A T and Pockalny, R A and Casey, J F and Campbell, A C and Klinkhammer, G and Palmer, M R and Kinzler, R J and Sulanowska, M M}
}
@inbook {Hosom1987,
	title = {{Alvin {\textendash} 120 VDC/28 VDC electrical system}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}87 Proceedings: The ocean, an international workplace; Halifax, N.S. (Canada), 28 Sep-1 Oct 1987},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1272{\textendash}1277},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1987.1160638},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1987.1160638},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Forrester, N C and Walden, B B}
}
@article {Borg1987,
	title = {{Birth of an island: Alvin explores the caldera of Loihi}},
	journal = {Oceans},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {26{\textendash}33},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8174},
	author = {Borg, J C}
}
@article {Commeau1987,
	title = {{Chemistry and mineralogy of pyrite-enriched sediments at a passive margin sulfide brine seep: abyssal Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {82},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {62{\textendash}74},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(87)90107-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90107-5},
	author = {Commeau, R F and Paull, C K and Commeau, J A and Poppe, L J}
}
@article {VonDamm1987,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal solutions from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}334,346},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11334},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11334},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Bischoff, J L}
}
@article {Feely1987,
	title = {{Composition and dissolution of black smoker particulates from active vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11347{\textendash}11363},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11347},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11347},
	author = {Feely, R A and Lewison, M and Massoth, G J and Robert-Baldo, G and Lavelle, J W and Byrne, R H and Von Damm, K L and Curl, H C}
}
@book {Holcomb1987,
	title = {{Dive report: Alvin dive No. 1461, September 28, 1984 (JD 272) plume site, southern Juan de Fuca Rift}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {101},
	publisher = {U. S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U. S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Holcomb, R T and Kappel, E S and Ross, S L}
}
@article {Smith1987b,
	title = {{Food energy supply and demand: A discrepancy between particulate organic carbon flux and sediment community oxygen consumption in the deep ocean}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {32},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {201{\textendash}220},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}32/issue{\_}1/0201.pdf},
	author = {Smith, K L}
}
@mastersthesis {Smith1987,
	title = {{Geology and volcanic development of a near-ridge seamount and new evidence for the diversity of origin of seamount hyaloclastites: results from integrated Alvin/Angus and laboratory study}},
	volume = {M.A.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {480},
	school = {Washington University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {St. Louis, Mo.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Smith, T L}
}
@book {U.S.Congress1987,
	title = {{Marine minerals: Exploring our new ocean frontier}},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {349},
	publisher = {U.S. Government Printing Office},
	organization = {U.S. Government Printing Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS27719},
	author = {U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment}
}
@article {Little1987,
	title = {{Measurements of plume flow from a hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {2587{\textendash}2596},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB03p02587},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB03p02587},
	author = {Little, S A and Stolzenbach, K D and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Brett1987,
	title = {{Mineralogical studies of sulfide samples and volatile concentrations of basalt glasses from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}373,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11373},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11373},
	author = {Brett, R and Evans, H T and Gibson, E K and Hedenquist, J W and Wandless, M V and Sommer, M A}
}
@article {Smith1987a,
	title = {{Organic carbon mineralization in the Santa Catalina Basin: benthic boundary layer metabolism}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {185{\textendash}211},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(87)90081-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90081-1},
	author = {Smith, K L and Carlucci, A F and Jahnke, R A and Craven, D B}
}
@article {Hegner1987,
	title = {{Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopes in basalts and sulfides from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}380,386},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11380},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11380},
	author = {Hegner, E and Tatsumoto, M}
}
@inbook {Allan1987,
	title = {{Petrology and chemistry of lavas from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise axis, 21 degrees N: implications concerning the mantle source composition for both seamount and adjacent EPR lavas}},
	booktitle = {Seamounts, islands, and atolls},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {43},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {255{\textendash}282},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-87590-068-2},
	author = {Allan, J F and Batiza, R and Lonsdale, P},
	editor = {Keating, B H}
}
@article {Delaney1987,
	title = {{Quartz-cemented breccias from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Samples of a high-salinity hydrothermal upflow zone}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {9175{\textendash}9192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB09p09175},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB09p09175},
	author = {Delaney, J R and Mogk, D W and Mottl, M J}
}
@book {Walden1987,
	title = {{Recovery of low-level radioactive waste packages from deep ocean disposal sites}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {87-14},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {39},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walden, B B}
}
@article {Normark1987,
	title = {{Submersible observations along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: 1984 Alvin Program}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,211{\textendash}283,290},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11283},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11283},
	author = {Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Ross, S L}
}
@article {Kawka1987,
	title = {{Survey of hydrothermally-generated petroleums from the Guaymas Basin spreading center}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {311{\textendash}328},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/0146-6380(87)90042-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(87)90042-8},
	author = {Kawka, O E and Simoneit, B R T}
}
@article {Philpotts1987,
	title = {{Uniformity and diversity in the composition of mineralizing fluids from hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}327,333},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11327},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11327},
	author = {Philpotts, J A and Aruscavage, P J and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Palmer1986,
	title = {{Acoustic imaging of high-temperature hydrothermal plumes at seafloor spreading centers}},
	journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
	volume = {80},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {888{\textendash}898},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	doi = {10.1121/1.393912},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393912},
	author = {Palmer, D R and Rona, P A and Mottl, M J}
}
@book {Brewer1986,
	title = {{Alvin {\textquoteright}86: A Report on the Program{\textquoteright}s Status, Special Alvin Study Committee}},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {40},
	publisher = {University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS)},
	organization = {University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS)},
	address = {Alexandria, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Brewer, P G}
}
@article {Sakamoto-Arnold1986,
	title = {{Determination of hydrogen sulfide in seawater using flow injection analysis and flow analysis}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {894{\textendash}900},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}31/issue{\_}4/0894.pdf},
	author = {Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Johnson, K S and Beehler, C L}
}
@book {Holcomb1986,
	title = {{Dive Report, Alvin Dive {\#} 1456 : Sept. 17, 1984 (JD 261), Vent 3 Area, Southern Juan de Fuca Rift}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	volume = {86-0560-C},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {65},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr86560C},
	author = {Holcomb, R T and Morton, J L}
}
@article {McConachy1986,
	title = {{Geologic form and setting of a hydrothermal vent field at lat 10 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise; a detailed study using Angus and Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {295{\textendash}298},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<295:GFASOA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C295:GFASOA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {McConachy, T F and Ballard, R D and Mottl, M J and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Karson1986,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Mid-Cayman spreading centre; seismic velocity measurements and implications for the constitution of layer 3}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {85},
	number = {2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {389{\textendash}411},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04520.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04520.x},
	author = {Karson, J A and Fox, P J}
}
@article {Tivey1986,
	title = {{Growth of large sulfide structures on the endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {77},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {303{\textendash}317},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(86)90142-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90142-1},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Delaney, J R}
}
@mastersthesis {Paull1986,
	title = {{I. Florida escarpment: chemosynthetic communities, geochemical processes and geological consequences. II. Stable isotopic signal carriers in fine pelagic carbonates}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {216},
	school = {University of California, San Diego},
	type = {phd},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Paull, C K}
}
@article {Johnson1986,
	title = {{In situ measurements of chemical distributions in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {231},
	number = {4742},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1139{\textendash}1141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.231.4742.1139},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4742.1139},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Beehler, C L and Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Childress, J J}
}
@article {TenHove1986,
	title = {{Laminatubus alvini gen. et sp.n. and Protis hydrothermica sp.n. (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) from the bathyal hydrothermal vent communities in the eastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Zoologica Scripta},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {21{\textendash}31},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0300-3256},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1463-6409.1986.tb00205.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1986.tb00205.x},
	author = {Ten Hove, H A and Zibrowius, H}
}
@inbook {Stubblefield1986,
	title = {{NOAA{\textquoteright}s national undersea research program}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}86 Conference Record},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1447{\textendash}1451},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160314},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160314},
	author = {Stubblefield, W L and Finkle, E A and De Luca, M P}
}
@article {McNutt1986,
	title = {{Nonuniform magnetization of seamounts: A least squares approach}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {91},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {3686{\textendash}3700},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB091iB03p03686},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB03p03686},
	author = {McNutt, M}
}
@article {Kulm1986,
	title = {{Oregon subduction zone: venting, fauna, and carbonates}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {231},
	number = {4738},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {561{\textendash}566},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.231.4738.561},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4738.561},
	author = {Kulm, L D and Suess, E and Moore, J C and Carson, B and Lewis, B T and Ritger, S D and Kadko, D C and Thornburg, T M and Embley, R W and Rugh, W D and Massoth, G J and Langseth, M G and Cochrane, G R and Scamman, R L}
}
@article {Stanley1986,
	title = {{Petrologic and foraminiferal evidence for active downslope transport in Wilmington Canyon}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {207{\textendash}218},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(86)90039-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(86)90039-3},
	author = {Stanley, D J and Culver, S J and Stubblefield, W L}
}
@article {950,
	title = {{Picture perfect return to the R.M.S. Titanic}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {9},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {19{\textendash}22},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651}
}
@article {Group1986,
	title = {{Submarine fissure eruptions and hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge; preliminary observations from the submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {823{\textendash}827},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<823:SFEAHV>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C823:SFEAHV{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Group, U S Geological Survey Juan de Fuca Study and Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Bischoff, J L and Brett, R and Holcomb, R T and Kappel, E S and Koski, R A and Ross, S L and Shanks, W C and Slack, J F and Von Damm, K L and Zierenberg, R A}
}
@article {Belkin1986,
	title = {{Symbiotic assimilation of CO2 in two hydrothermal vent animals, the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus and the tube worm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {170},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {110{\textendash}121},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/1/110},
	author = {Belkin, S and Nelson, D C and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Gowing1986,
	title = {{Trophic relationships of deep-sea calanoid copepods from the benthic boundary layer of the Santa Catalina Basin, California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {33},
	number = {7},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {939{\textendash}961},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(86)90008-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(86)90008-7},
	author = {Gowing, M M and Wishner, K F}
}
@book {1046,
	title = {{Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution management plan for the Submersible Engineering and Operations Group}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@mastersthesis {Asper1985,
	title = {{Accelerated settling of particulate matter by {\textquoteright}marine snow{\textquoteright} aggregates}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {189},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3367},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3367},
	author = {Asper, V L}
}
@book {Akens1985,
	title = {{The Alvin upstream collector}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {49},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Akens, J J}
}
@inbook {Arp1985,
	title = {{Blood gas transport in Riftia pachyptila}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {289{\textendash}300},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {VonDamm1985a,
	title = {{Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21 degrees N, East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {2197{\textendash}2220},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90222-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90222-4},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M and Grant, B and Measures, C I and Walden, B and Weiss, R F}
}
@article {VonDamm1985,
	title = {{Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {2221{\textendash}2237},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90223-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90223-6},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M and Measures, C I and Grant, B}
}
@article {Jannasch1985c,
	title = {{The chemosynthetic support of life and the microbial diversity at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Proceedings Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences},
	volume = {225},
	number = {1240},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {277{\textendash}297},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0080-4649},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Kadko1985,
	title = {{An estimate of hydrothermal fluid residence times and vent chimney growth rates based on 210-Pb/Pb ratios and mineralogic studies of sulfides dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {76},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3},
	author = {Kadko, D and Koski, R A and Tatsumoto, M and Bouse, R M}
}
@article {Smith1985,
	title = {{Food for the deep sea: utilization, dispersal, and flux of nekton falls at the Santa Catalina Basin floor}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {32},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {417{\textendash}442},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(85)90089-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(85)90089-5},
	author = {Smith, C R}
}
@article {Luyendyk1985,
	title = {{A geological transect across the crest of the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N latitude made from the deep submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {467{\textendash}488},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368951},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368951},
	author = {Luyendyk, B P and Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {Fox1985,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The transform domain}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {329{\textendash}358},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316773},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316773},
	author = {Fox, P J and Moody, R H and Karson, J A and Bonatti, E and Kidd, W S F and Crane, K and Gallo, D G and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Lonsdale1985,
	title = {{Hydrothermal plumes, hot springs, and conductive heat flow in the southern trough of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {73},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {211{\textendash}225},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(85)90070-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90070-6},
	author = {Lonsdale, P and Becker, K}
}
@article {Macdonald1985,
	title = {{Investigation of faulting and abyssal hill formation on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise (21 degrees N) using Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {515{\textendash}535},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368953},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368953},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Luyendyk, B P}
}
@article {Smith1985a,
	title = {{Macrozooplankton of a deep sea hydrothermal vent: in situ rates of oxygen consumption}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {30},
	number = {1},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {102{\textendash}110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}30/issue{\_}1/0102.pdf},
	author = {Smith, K L}
}
@article {Thompson1985,
	title = {{Morphology, mineralogy and chemistry of hydrothermal deposits from the TAG area, 26 degrees N Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {243{\textendash}257},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/0009-2541(85)90159-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(85)90159-7},
	author = {Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Rona, P A}
}
@book {Kennedy1985,
	title = {{Observations from DSRV Alvin of Quaternary faulting on the southern California continental margin}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr8539},
	author = {Kennedy, M P and Clarke, S H and Greene, H G and Lonsdale, P F}
}
@inbook {Krafft1985,
	title = {{Preliminary results of an Alvin dive program on active hydrothermal vents at the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge.}},
	booktitle = {USGS Research on Mineral Resources{\textendash}1985: Program and Abstracts: V.E. McKelvey Forum on Mineral and Energy Resources},
	series = {USGS Circular},
	number = {949},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {54{\textendash}55},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/cir/cir949},
	author = {Krafft, K}
}
@article {Fornari1985,
	title = {{Sea-floor lava fields on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {413{\textendash}416},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<413:SLFOTE>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13{\%}3C413:SLFOTE{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Ryan, W B F and Fox, P J}
}
@article {Paull1985,
	title = {{Stable isotope evidence for chemosynthesis in an abyssal seep community}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {317},
	number = {6039},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {709{\textendash}711},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/317709a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317709a0},
	author = {Paull, C K and Jull, A J T and Toolin, L J and Linick, T}
}
@article {Goud1985,
	title = {{Tectonics of short-offset, slow-slipping transform zones in the FAMOUS area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {489{\textendash}514},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368952},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368952},
	author = {Goud, M R and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Johnson1985,
	title = {{Time-series measurements of hydrothermal activity on northern Juan De Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {685{\textendash}688},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/GL012i010p00685},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL012i010p00685},
	author = {Johnson, H and Tunnicliffe, V}
}
@article {Suchanek1985,
	title = {{Utilization of shallow-water seagrass detritus by Caribbean deep-sea macrofauna: delta super(13)C evidence}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {32},
	number = {2},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {201{\textendash}214},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(85)90028-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(85)90028-7},
	author = {Suchanek, T H and Williams, S L and Ogden, J C and Hubbard, D K and Gill, I P}
}
@article {761,
	title = {{Alvin moves to a new berth}},
	journal = {Science News},
	volume = {125},
	number = {Feb. 25},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {125},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8423}
}
@article {Stetten1984,
	title = {{Alvin{\textquoteright}s memory}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {44{\textendash}46},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Stetten, G D}
}
@article {Grassle1984,
	title = {{Animals in the soft sediment near the hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {63{\textendash}66},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F}
}
@inbook {Walden1984,
	title = {{Atlantis II: A new support ship for Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}84: Conference Record: Industry, Government, Education {\textendash} Designs for the Future : Washington, D.C., September 10-12, 1984},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {617{\textendash}622},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1984.1152304},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1984.1152304},
	author = {Walden, B and Sharp, A G}
}
@book {Bland1984,
	title = {{Briefs of Alvin history from June 1964 to the present}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {6},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bland, E L}
}
@article {Messing1984,
	title = {{Brooding and paedomorphosis in the deep-water feather star Comatilia iridometriformis (Echinodermata: Crinoidae)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {83{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00393131},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393131},
	author = {Messing, C G}
}
@article {Batiza1984,
	title = {{Craters, calderas, and hyaloclastites on young Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {89},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {8371{\textendash}8390},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB089iB10p08371},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB10p08371},
	author = {Batiza, R and Fornari, D J and Vanko, D A and Lonsdale, P}
}
@article {Jannasch1984b,
	title = {{Deep sea microbiology}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Microbiology},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {487{\textendash}514},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0066-4227},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.mi.38.100184.002415},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.38.100184.002415},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Taylor, C D}
}
@article {Ballard1984b,
	title = {{The exploits of Alvin and Angus: Exploring the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {7{\textendash}14},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Dymond1984,
	title = {{Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R; control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {48},
	number = {5},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {931{\textendash}949},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8},
	author = {Dymond, J and Lyle, M and Finney, B and Piper, D Z and Murphy, K and Conard, R and Pisias, N}
}
@article {Edmond1984,
	title = {{The geochemistry of ridge crest hot springs}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {15{\textendash}19},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Edmond, J M}
}
@article {Team1984,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The ridge-transform intersection}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {109{\textendash}141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285956},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285956},
	author = {Team, OTTER - Oceanographer Tectonic Research and Karson, J A and Fox, P J and Sloan, H and Crane, K T and Kidd, W S F and Bonatti, E and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Gallo, D G and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Jones1984,
	title = {{The giant tube worms}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {47{\textendash}52},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Turner1984,
	title = {{Growth and distribution of mollusks at deep-sea vents and seeps}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {54{\textendash}62},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Turner, K D and Lutz, K A}
}
@article {Lonsdale1984,
	title = {{Hot vents and hydrocarbon seeps in the Sea of Cortez}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {21{\textendash}24},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Lonsdale, P}
}
@article {Rona1984,
	title = {{Hydrothermal activity at the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest at 26 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {89},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}365,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB13p11365},
	author = {Rona, P A and Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Karson, J A and Jenkins, W J and Graham, D and Mallette, M and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M}
}
@article {Gross1984,
	title = {{Introduction: Deep-sea hot springs and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {2{\textendash}6},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Gross, M G}
}
@inbook {Normark1984,
	title = {{The Juan de Fuca Ridge metallogenesis program}},
	booktitle = {Highlights in Marine Research: U.S. Geological Survey},
	series = {USGS Circular},
	volume = {938},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {49{\textendash}56},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/cir/cir938},
	author = {Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Koski, R A},
	editor = {Clarke, S H}
}
@article {Arp1984,
	title = {{Metabolic and blood gas transport characteristics of the hydrothermal vent bivalve Calyptogena magnifica}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {57},
	number = {6},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {648{\textendash}662},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Koski1984,
	title = {{Mineralogy and chemistry of massive sulfide deposits from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {95},
	number = {8},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {930{\textendash}945},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<930:MACOMS>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95{\%}3C930:MACOMS{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Koski, R A and Clague, D A and Oudin, E}
}
@article {Ryan1984,
	title = {{Odyssey to 11 degrees North}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {34{\textendash}43},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Ryan, P R}
}
@article {Luyendyk1984,
	title = {{On-bottom gravity profile across the East Pacific Rise crest at 21 degrees north}},
	journal = {Geophysics},
	volume = {49},
	number = {12},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {2166{\textendash}2177},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-8033},
	doi = {10.1190/1.1441632},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1441632},
	author = {Luyendyk, B P}
}
@article {Broadus1984,
	title = {{Polymetallic sulfides and policy spheres}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {26{\textendash}31},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Broadus, J M and Bowen, R E}
}
@article {Participants1984,
	title = {{The seeps find at the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {32{\textendash}33},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Participants, Florida Escarpment Cruise and Paull, C K and Hecker, B and Neumann, A C and Sikes, E L and Hook, J and Corso, W and Freeman-Lynde, R and Commeau, R and Golubic, S and Curray, J}
}
@article {Team1984a,
	title = {{Tectonics at the intersection of the East Pacific Rise with Tamayo Transform fault}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {159{\textendash}185},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285958},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285958},
	author = {Team, Tamayo Tectonic and Gallo, D G and Kidd, W S F and Fox, P J and Karson, J A and Macdonald, K and Crane, K T and Choukroune, P and Seguret, M and Moody, R and Kastens, K}
}
@book {Akens1984,
	title = {{Woods Hole FORTH}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {84-46},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {290},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Akens, J J}
}
@book {Hanselman1983,
	title = {{1978 Atlantic 3800-meter radioactive waste disposal site survey: Sedimentary, micromorphologic and geophysical analyses}},
	volume = {rev.},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {42},
	publisher = {Analysis and Support Division, Office of Radiation Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency},
	organization = {Analysis and Support Division, Office of Radiation Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hanselman, D H and Ryan, W B F}
}
@article {Dymond1983,
	title = {{226Ra and 222Rn contents of Galapagos Rift hydrothermal waters: The importance of low-temperature interactions with crustal rocks}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {64},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {417{\textendash}429},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90102-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90102-4},
	author = {Dymond, J and Cobler, K and Gordon, L and Biscayne, P E and Mathieu, G}
}
@article {Bowers1983,
	title = {{Chemical evolution of mid-ocean ridge hot springs}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {2239{\textendash}2252},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90224-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90224-8},
	author = {Bowers, T S and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M}
}
@article {Francheteau1983,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees N, 13 degrees N and 20 degrees S: Inferences for along-strike variability of axial processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {64},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {93{\textendash}116},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90055-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90055-9},
	author = {Francheteau, J and Ballard, R D}
}
@mastersthesis {Smith1983a,
	title = {{Enrichment, disturbance and deep-sea community structure: The significance of large organic falls to bathyal benthos in Santa Catalina Basin}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {310},
	school = {University of California, San Diego},
	type = {phd},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Smith, C R}
}
@article {Smith1983,
	title = {{Epibenthic megafauna of a bathyal basin off southern California: Patterns of abundance, biomass, and dispersion}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {30},
	number = {9},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {907{\textendash}928},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(83)90048-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(83)90048-1},
	author = {Smith, C R and Hamilton, S C}
}
@inbook {Duane1983,
	title = {{Federal program in marine polymetallic sulfide research}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}83: San Francisco, August 29-September 1, 1983: Conference},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {825{\textendash}827},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152108},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152108},
	author = {Duane, D B and Henrichs, D F and Offield, T W}
}
@article {Cohen1983,
	title = {{The fish fauna of the Galapagos thermal vent region}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {30},
	number = {4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {371{\textendash}379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(83)90072-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(83)90072-9},
	author = {Cohen, D M and Haedrich, R L}
}
@article {Robb1983,
	title = {{Furrowed outcrops of Eocene chalk on the lower continental slope offshore New Jersey}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {182{\textendash}186},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<182:FOOECO>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11{\%}3C182:FOOECO{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Robb, J M and Kirby, J R and Hampson, J C and Gibson, P R and Hecker, B}
}
@article {Fornari1983,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos Rift, Inca Transform, and Ecuador Rift: 1, Major element variations in natural glasses and spacial distribution of lavas}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {10,510{\textendash}519,529},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB12p10519},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB12p10519},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Malahoff, A and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Perfit1983,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos Rift, Inca Transform, and Ecuador Rift: 3, Trace element abundances and petrogenesis}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {10,510{\textendash}551,572},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB12p10551},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB12p10551},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Malahoff, A and Embley, R W}
}
@inbook {Hey1983,
	title = {{High-technology investigations of rift propagation and plate tectonics}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}83: San Francisco, August 29-September 1, 1983: Conference},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {791{\textendash}796},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152100},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152100},
	author = {Hey, R N}
}
@article {Lalou1983,
	title = {{Hydrothermal manganese oxide deposits from Galapagos mounds, DSDP Leg 70, Hole 509B and Alvin dives 729 and 721}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {63},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {63{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90022-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90022-5},
	author = {Lalou, C and Brichet, E and Jehanno, C and Perez-Leclaire, H}
}
@article {Hanauer1983,
	title = {{Innerspace shuttle: The peregrinations of Alvin, workhorse of the underwater world}},
	journal = {Oceans},
	volume = {16},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {20{\textendash}25},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8174},
	author = {Hanauer, E}
}
@article {Hekinian1983,
	title = {{Intense hydrothermal activity at the axis of the East Pacific Pise near 13 degrees N: Submersible witnesses the growth of sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1{\textendash}14},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00300395},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300395},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J and Renard, V and Ballard, R D and Choukroune, P and Cheminee, J L and Albarede, F and Minster, J F and Charlou, J L and Man{\textquoteright}y, J C and Boulegue, J}
}
@article {Macdonald1983,
	title = {{Investigation of a Vine-Matthews magnetic lineation from a submersible: The source and character of marine magnetic anomalies}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {3403{\textendash}3418},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB04p03403},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB04p03403},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Miller, S P and Luyendyk, B P and Atwater, T M and Shure, L}
}
@article {VanWagoner1983,
	title = {{Magnetic properties of three segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37 degrees N: FAMOUS, Narrowgate, and AMAR; AMAR 2}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {5065{\textendash}5082},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB06p05065},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB06p05065},
	author = {Van Wagoner, N A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Jones1983,
	title = {{Methanococcus jannaschii sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {136},
	number = {4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {254{\textendash}261},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00425213},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425213},
	author = {Jones, W J and Leigh, J A and Mayer, F and Woese, C R and Wolfe, R S}
}
@article {Smith1983b,
	title = {{Oxygen consumption of pelagic juveniles and demersal adults of the deep-sea fish Sebastolobus altivelis, measured at depth}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {76},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {325{\textendash}332},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00393036},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393036},
	author = {Smith, K L and Brown, N O}
}
@inbook {Stubblefield1983,
	title = {{Reconnaissance in DSRV Alvin of a fluvial-like meander system in Wilmington Canyon and slump features in South Wilmington Canyon}},
	booktitle = {Environmental Geologic Studies on the United States Mid- and North Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Area 1980-1982: Volume I, Executive Summary},
	series = {USGS Open-File Report},
	number = {83-824},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {16{\textendash}19},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr83824},
	author = {Stubblefield, W L and McGregor, B A and Forde, E B and Lambert, D N and Merrill, G F},
	editor = {McGregor, B A}
}
@article {Arp1983,
	title = {{Sulfide binding by the blood of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Ristia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {219},
	number = {4582},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {295{\textendash}297},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.219.4582.295},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.219.4582.295},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Karson1983,
	title = {{Tectonics of ridge-transform intersections at the Kane fracture zone}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {51{\textendash}98},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00300398},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300398},
	author = {Karson, J A and Dick, H J B}
}
@article {Desbruyeres1983,
	title = {{Unusual nutrition of the Pompeii worm Alvinella pompejana (polychaetous annelid) from a hydrothermal vent environment: SEM, TEM, 13C and 15N evidence}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {75},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {201{\textendash}205},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00406003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406003},
	author = {Desbruyeres, D and Gaill, F and Laubier, L and Prieur, D and Rau, G H}
}
@article {Byers1983,
	title = {{Volatiles in basalts and andesites from the Galapagos Spreading Center, 85 degrees to 86 degrees W}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1551{\textendash}1558},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(83)90181-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90181-3},
	author = {Byers, C D and Muenow, D W and Garcia, M O}
}
@article {Lalou1982,
	title = {{Ages and implications of East Pacific Rise sulphide deposits at 21 degrees N}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {300},
	number = {5888},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {169{\textendash}171},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/300169a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/300169a0},
	author = {Lalou, C and Brichet, E}
}
@article {Canale-Parola1982,
	title = {{An anaerobic spirochaete from deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {234{\textendash}237},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/44/1/234},
	author = {Canale-Parola, E and Harwood, C S and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Anderson1982,
	title = {{Call Alvin for hot science}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {300},
	number = {5889},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {215{\textendash}216},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/300215a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/300215a0},
	author = {Anderson, R N}
}
@article {Rowe1982,
	title = {{The deep-sea macrobenthos on the continental margin of the northwest Atlantic Ocean}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {257{\textendash}278},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(82)90113-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(82)90113-3},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Polloni, P T and Haedrich, R L}
}
@book {543,
	title = {{Directions for MIT research in unmanned underwater work systems}},
	series = {Opportunity brief / MIT/Marine Industry Collegium},
	volume = {Rev.},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Marine Industry Advisory Services, Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	organization = {Marine Industry Advisory Services, Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/mit/mitt182002.pdf}
}
@article {Mickel1982,
	title = {{Effects of pressure and temperature on the EKG and heart rate of the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron (Brachyura).}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {162},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {70{\textendash}82},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/162/1/70},
	author = {Mickel, T J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Ballard1982b,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 5, Variations in volcanism, structure, and hydrothermal activity along a 30-kilometer segment of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {87},
	number = {B2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {1149{\textendash}1161},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB087iB02p01149},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB02p01149},
	author = {Ballard, R D and van Andel, T H and Holcomb, R T}
}
@article {Mullins1982,
	title = {{Geology of Great Abaco submarine canyon (Blake Plateau): observations from the research submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {239{\textendash}257},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(82)90099-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(82)90099-8},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Keller, G H and Kofoed, J W and Lambert, D N and Stubblefield, W L and Warme, J E}
}
@inbook {Malahoff1982,
	title = {{Geomorphology of Norfolk and Washington canyons and the surrounding continental slope and upper rise as observed from DSRV Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Ocean Floor: Bruce Heezen Commemorative Volume},
	volume = {1 (text)},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {97{\textendash}111},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0471100919},
	author = {Malahoff, A and Embley, R W and Fornari, D J},
	editor = {Scrutton, R A}
}
@article {2055,
	title = {{Hot vent life forms and sea-floor geology}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {25},
	number = {2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {28{\textendash}29},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182}
}
@article {Smith1982,
	title = {{Metabolism of two dominant epibenthic echinoderms measured at bathyal depths in the Santa Catalina Basin}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {72},
	number = {3},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {249{\textendash}256},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00396830},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396830},
	author = {Smith, K L}
}
@article {Macdonald1982b,
	title = {{Mid-ocean ridges: Fine scale tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal processes within the plate boundary zone}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {155{\textendash}190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0084-6597},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001103},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001103},
	author = {Macdonald, K C}
}
@book {2130,
	title = {{OASIS Expedition: A biological study of deep-sea hydrothermal vents on East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N (April - May 1982)}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {Stubblefield1982,
	title = {{Reconnaissance in DSRV Alvin of a fluvial-like meander system in Wilmington Canyon and slump features in south Wilmington Canyon}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {31{\textendash}36},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<31:RIDAOA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10{\%}3C31:RIDAOA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Stubblefield, W L and McGregor, B A and Forde, E B and Lambert, D N and Merrill, G F}
}
@article {Lambert1982,
	title = {{Submersible mounted in situ geotechnical instrumentation}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {2},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {209{\textendash}214},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02462765},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02462765},
	author = {Lambert, D N}
}
@book {Sharp1982,
	title = {{Weight and Stability of DSRV Alvin: 1981-1982}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G}
}
@article {Smith1982a,
	title = {{Zooplankton of a bathyal benthic boundary layer: in situ rates of oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion Poralia rufescens}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {461{\textendash}471},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}27/issue{\_}3/0461.pdf},
	author = {Smith, K L}
}
@article {Arp1981,
	title = {{Blood function in the hydrothermal vent vestimentiferan tube worm}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4505},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {342{\textendash}344},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4505.342},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4505.342},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Bryan1981,
	title = {{Compositional variation in normal MORB from 22 degrees -25 degrees N: Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Kane fracture zone}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {86},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {11,811{\textendash}815,836},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB086iB12p11815},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB12p11815},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G and Ludden, J N}
}
@article {Stanley1981,
	title = {{Current-influenced depositional provinces, continental margin off Cape Hatteras, identified by petrologic method}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {215{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90141-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90141-9},
	author = {Stanley, D J and Sheng, H and Lambert, D N and Rona, P A and McGrail, D W and Jenkyns, J S}
}
@article {Ballard1981,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: The volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes of the central axis}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J and Juteau, T and Rangan, C and Normark, W}
}
@article {Arnold1981,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at latitude 21 degrees N: Isotopic composition and origin of the hydrothermal sulphur}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {148{\textendash}156},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(81)90122-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90122-9},
	author = {Arnold, M and Sheppard, S M F}
}
@article {Ryan1981,
	title = {{Evidence of a carbonate platform beneath Georges Bank}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {213{\textendash}228},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90119-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90119-5},
	author = {Ryan, W B F and Miller, E L}
}
@article {Arp1981a,
	title = {{Functional characteristics of the blood of the deep sea hydrothermal vent brachyuran crab}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {214},
	number = {4520},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {559{\textendash}561},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.214.4520.559},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.214.4520.559},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Rhoads1981,
	title = {{Growth of bivalves at deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the Galapagos Rift}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {214},
	number = {4523},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {911{\textendash}913},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.214.4523.911},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.214.4523.911},
	author = {Rhoads, D C and Lutz, R A and Revelas, E C and Cerrato, R M}
}
@article {Rhoads1981a,
	title = {{Growth of mussels at deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the Galapagos Rift}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {121},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	author = {Rhoads, D C and Lutz, R A and Cerrato, R M}
}
@article {Freeman-Lynde1981a,
	title = {{Marine geology of the Bahama Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {119{\textendash}156},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90115-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90115-8},
	author = {Freeman-Lynde, R P and Cita, M B and Jadoul, F and Miller, E L and Ryan, W B F}
}
@mastersthesis {Freeman-Lynde1981,
	title = {{The marine geology of the Bahama escarpment}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {292},
	school = {Columbia University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/AAI8204483},
	author = {Freeman-Lynde, R P}
}
@article {Jannasch1981,
	title = {{Morphological survey of microbial mats near deep-sea thermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {528{\textendash}538},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=243726},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Hine1981,
	title = {{Offbank transport of carbonate sands along open, leeward bank margins: Northern Bahamas.}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {327{\textendash}348},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90169-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90169-9},
	author = {Hine, A C and Wilber, R J and Bane, J M and Neumann, A C and Lorenson, K R}
}
@article {Vidal1981,
	title = {{Pb and Sr Isotopic Systematics of Some Basalts and Sulfides From the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N (Project RITA)}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {237{\textendash}246},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(81)90103-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90103-5},
	author = {Vidal, P and Clauer, N}
}
@article {Cavanaugh1981,
	title = {{Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: possible chemoautotrophic symbionts}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4505},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {340{\textendash}341},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4505.340},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4505.340},
	author = {Cavanaugh, C M and Gardiner, S L and Jones, M L and Jannasch, H W and Waterbury, J B}
}
@article {Smith1981,
	title = {{Respiration of the bathypelagic fish Cyclothone acclinidens}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {61},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {261{\textendash}266},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00401564},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401564},
	author = {Smith, K L and Laver, M B}
}
@article {Simon1981,
	title = {{Vent fish: Alvin{\textquoteright}s unexpected catch}},
	journal = {Science News},
	volume = {120},
	number = {December 12},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {374},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8423},
	author = {Simon, C}
}
@article {Crane1981,
	title = {{Volcanics and structure of the FAMOUS Narrowgate Rift: Evidence for cyclic evolution: AMAR 1}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {86},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {5112{\textendash}5124},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB086iB06p05112},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB06p05112},
	author = {Crane, K and Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Sharp1981,
	title = {{Weight and stability of DSRV Alvin: 1980}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	volume = {2-81},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G}
}
@article {Killingley1980,
	title = {{18O/16O variations in deep-sea carbonate shells from the Rise hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {287},
	number = {5779},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {218{\textendash}221},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/287218a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/287218a0},
	author = {Killingley, J S and Berger, W H and Macdonald, K C and Newman, W A}
}
@article {Jannasch1980,
	title = {{An approach for in situ studies of deep-sea amphipods and their microbial gut flora}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {27},
	number = {10},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {867{\textendash}872},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(80)90050-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(80)90050-3},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Cuhel, R L and Wirsen, C O and Taylor, C D}
}
@article {Karl1980,
	title = {{Deep-sea primary production at the Galapagos hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4437},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1345{\textendash}1347},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	author = {Karl, D M and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Spiess1980,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4438},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1421{\textendash}1433},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	author = {Spiess, F N and Macdonald, K C and Atwater, T and Ballard, R D and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Cox, C and Diaz Garcia, V M and Francheteau, J and Guerrero, J and Hawkins, J and Haymon, R and Hessler, R and Juteau, T and Kastner, M and Larson, R and Luyendyk, B and Macdougall, J D and Miller, S and Normark, W and Orcutt, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Crane1980,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 4, Structure and morphology of hydrothermal fields and their relationship to the volcanic and tectonic processes of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {85},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1443{\textendash}1454},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB085iB03p01443},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB085iB03p01443},
	author = {Crane, K and Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Valentine1980,
	title = {{Geologic and biologic observations in Oceanographer Submarine Canyon: Descriptions of dives aboard the research submersibles Alvin (1967, 1978) and Nekton Gamma (1974)}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	volume = {80-76},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {43},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Valentine, P C and Uzmann, J R and Cooper, R A}
}
@article {Valentine1980a,
	title = {{Geology and biology of Oceanographer Submarine Canyon}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {283{\textendash}312},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(80)90004-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(80)90004-3},
	author = {Valentine, P C and Uzmann, J R and Cooper, R A}
}
@article {Austin1980,
	title = {{Geology of the New England passive margin}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {501{\textendash}526},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Austin, J A and Uchupi, E and Shaughnessy, D R and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Hooke1980,
	title = {{Geomorphic evolution of the Tongue of the Ocean and the Providence Channels, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {343{\textendash}366},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(80)90125-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(80)90125-5},
	author = {Hooke, R L and Schlager, W}
}
@mastersthesis {Green1980,
	title = {{Geothermal processes at the Galapagos spreading center}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {232},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1829},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1829},
	author = {Green, K E}
}
@article {Lupton1980,
	title = {{Helium-3 and manganese at the 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal site}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {115{\textendash}127},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(80)90123-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90123-5},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Klinkhammer, G P and Normark, W R and Haymon, R and Macdonald, K C and Weiss, R F and Craig, H}
}
@article {Macdonald1980,
	title = {{Hydrothermal heat flux of the "black smoker" vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {48},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1{\textendash}7},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(80)90163-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90163-6},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Becker, K and Spiess, F N and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Cobler1980,
	title = {{Sediment trap experiment on the Galapagos Spreading Center, Equatorial Pacific}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {209},
	number = {4458},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {801{\textendash}803},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.209.4458.801},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4458.801},
	author = {Cobler, R and Dymond, J}
}
@article {Finkel1980,
	title = {{Sulfide precipitates at 21 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise: 226Ra, 210Pb and 210Po}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {7},
	number = {9},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {685{\textendash}688},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/GL007i009p00685},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL007i009p00685},
	author = {Finkel, R C and Macdougall, J D and Chung, Y C}
}
@inbook {Koons1979,
	title = {{C15+ hydrocarbons in the sediments of the New York Bight}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings: 1979 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 19-22, 1979, Los Angeles, California},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {625{\textendash}628},
	publisher = {American Petroleum Institute},
	organization = {American Petroleum Institute},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Koons, C B and Thomas, J P}
}
@article {Jannasch1979b,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic primary production at East Pacific sea floor spreading centers}},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {592{\textendash}598},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3568},
	doi = {10.2307/1307765},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1307765},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Bryan1979,
	title = {{Compositional variation in a steady-state zoned magma chamber: Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {63{\textendash}85},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(79)90335-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90335-4},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G and Michael, P J}
}
@article {Wimbush1979,
	title = {{Current-induced sediment movement in the deep Florida Straits; Critical parameters}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {C5},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2495{\textendash}2502},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JC084iC05p02495},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC084iC05p02495},
	author = {Wimbush, H and Lesht, B}
}
@article {Rona1979,
	title = {{Diving with Alvin in submarine canyons}},
	journal = {Museum International},
	volume = {10},
	number = {10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {5{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1350-0775},
	author = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Mullins1979,
	title = {{Echo character of off-platform carbonates}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {251{\textendash}268},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90067-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90067-7},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Boardman, M R and Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Harbison1979,
	title = {{Effects of temperature on the swimming of salps (Tunlcata thaliacea) implications for vertical migration}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {24},
	number = {6},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1081{\textendash}1091},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}24/issue{\_}6/1081.pdf},
	author = {Harbison, G R and Campenot, R B}
}
@article {Edmond1979,
	title = {{On the formation of metal-rich deposits at ridge crests}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {46},
	number = {1},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {19{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(79)90062-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(79)90062-1},
	author = {Edmond, J M and Measures, C and Mangum, B and Grant, B and Sclater, F R and Collier, R and Hudson, A and Gordon, L I and Corliss, J B}
}
@article {Grassle1979,
	title = {{Galapagos {\textquoteright}79: Initial findings of a deep-sea biological quest}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Berg, C J and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Jannasch, H W and Karl, D M and Lutz, R A and Mickel, T J and Rhoads, D C and Sanders, H L and Smith, K L and Somero, G N and Turner, R D and Tuttle, J H and Walsh, P J and Williams, A J}
}
@article {VanAndel1979,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 2, Volcanism, structure, and evolution of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {5390{\textendash}5406},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB084iB10p05390},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB10p05390},
	author = {van Andel, T H and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1979b,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 3, Sheet flows, collapse pits, and lava lakes of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {5407{\textendash}5422},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB084iB10p05407},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB10p05407},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Holcomb, R T and van Andel, T H}
}
@article {Mullins1979a,
	title = {{Geology of the Miami Terrace and its paleo-oceanographic implications}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {205{\textendash}232.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90016-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90016-1},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Turekian1979,
	title = {{Growth rate of a clam from the Galapagos Rise hot spring field using natural radionuclide ratios}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {280},
	number = {5721},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {385{\textendash}387},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/280385a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/280385a0},
	author = {Turekian, K K and Cochran, J K and Nozaki, Y}
}
@article {Williams1979,
	title = {{The hydrothermal mounds of the Galapagos Rift: Observations with DSRV Alvin and detailed heat flow studies}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {7467{\textendash}7484},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	author = {Williams, D L and Green, K and van Andel, T H and Von Herzen, R P and Dymond, J R and Crane, K}
}
@article {Jannasch1979,
	title = {{Microbial turnover of organic matter in the deep sea}},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {29},
	number = {4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {228{\textendash}232},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3568},
	doi = {10.2307/1307627},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1307627},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Dayal1979,
	title = {{Radionuclide redistribution mechanisms at the 2800-m Atlantic nuclear waste disposal site}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {26},
	number = {12},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1329{\textendash}1345},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(79)90002-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(79)90002-5},
	author = {Dayal, R and Okubo, A and Duedall, I W and Ramamoorthy, A}
}
@article {Bryan1979a,
	title = {{Regional variation and petrogenesis of basalt glasses from the FAMOUS area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Petrology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {293{\textendash}325},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-3530},
	url = {http://petrology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/2/293},
	author = {Bryan, W B}
}
@article {Edmond1979b,
	title = {{Ridge crest hydrothermal activity and the balances of the major and minor elements in the ocean: The Galapagos data}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {46},
	number = {1},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(79)90061-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(79)90061-X},
	author = {Edmond, J M and Measures, C and McDuff, R E and Chan, L H and Collier, R and Grant, B and Gordon, L I and Corless, J B}
}
@article {Rowe1979a,
	title = {{Sedimentation rates in the slope water of the northwest Atlantic Ocean measured directly with sediment traps}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {37},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {581{\textendash}600},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Gardner, W D}
}
@article {Corliss1979a,
	title = {{Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {203},
	number = {4385},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1073{\textendash}1083},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	author = {Corliss, J B and Dymond, J and Gordon, L I and Edmond, J M and Von Herzen, R P and Ballard, R D and Green, K and Williams, D and Bainbridge, A and Crane, K and van Andel, T H}
}
@book {Houghton1979,
	title = {{Submersible observations of the New England seamounts}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {79-18},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Houghton, R L and Heirtzler, J R and Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Heirtzler1979,
	title = {{A visit to the New England Seamounts}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {79-17},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {7},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Taylor, P T and Ballard, R D and Houghton, R L}
}
@article {Turekian1978,
	title = {{Bioturbation in deep-sea deposits: Rates and consequences}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {34{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Turekian, K K and Cochran, J K and DeMaster, D J}
}
@article {Grassle1978a,
	title = {{Diversity and population dynamics of benthic organisms}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {42{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F}
}
@article {Jenkins1978,
	title = {{Excess 3He and 4He in Galapagos submarine hydrothermal waters}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {272},
	number = {5649},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {156{\textendash}158},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/272156a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/272156a0},
	author = {Jenkins, W J and Edmond, J M and Corliss, J B}
}
@article {Jannasch1978,
	title = {{Experiments in deep-sea microbiology}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {50{\textendash}57},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {2422,
	title = {{French, American scientists to cooperate in oceanography}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {2},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651}
}
@article {Smith1978b,
	title = {{Nutrient exchange and oxygen consumption by deep-sea benthic communities: Preliminary in situ measurements}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {997{\textendash}1005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}23/issue{\_}5/0997.pdf},
	author = {Smith, K L and White, G A and Laver, M B and Haugsness, J A}
}
@book {Hosom1978,
	title = {{A pulsed light command system for the scamp platform and Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {19},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hosom, D S}
}
@book {Rowe1978,
	title = {{Sediment data from short cores taken in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {78-46},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {58},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Clifford, C H}
}
@inbook {Malahoff1978,
	title = {{Submarine landslides - East Coast continental slope and upper rise}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}78: "The Ocean Challenge": Fourth Annual Combined Conference, September 6-8, 1978, Sheration-Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {503{\textendash}509},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151087},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151087},
	author = {Malahoff, A and Embley, R W and Perry, R B}
}
@inbook {Hayward1978,
	title = {{A systems approach to underwater camera data correlation and interpretation}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}78: "The Ocean Challenge": Fourth Annual Combined Conference, September 6-8, 1978, Sheration-Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {678{\textendash}681},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151067},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151067},
	author = {Hayward, G G and McElroy, W D and Hosom, D S and Marquet, W M}
}
@article {Hermes1978,
	title = {{Upper Ordovician peralkalic granites from the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {89},
	number = {12},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {1761{\textendash}1774},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<1761:UOPGFT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89{\%}3C1761:UOPGFT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Hermes, O D and Ballard, R D and Banks, P O}
}
@book {Sharp1978,
	title = {{Weight and stability of DSRV Alvin: 1978}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G}
}
@book {Heirtzler1977c,
	title = {{The 1974 Alvin dives on Corner Rise and New England seamounts}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {77-8},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {53},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Taylor, P T and Ballard, R D and Houghton, R L}
}
@article {Sulak1977,
	title = {{Alvin: Window in the deep}},
	journal = {Sea Frontiers},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {113{\textendash}119},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0897-2249},
	author = {Sulak, K J}
}
@article {Bryan1977a,
	title = {{Basalts from DSDP leg 37 and the FAMOUS area: Compositional and petrogenic comparisons}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {875{\textendash}885},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4077},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G}
}
@article {Bryan1977,
	title = {{Compositional variations of young basalts in the Mid-Atlantic ridge rift near lat 36 degrees 49{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {556{\textendash}570},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<556:CVOYBI>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C556:CVOYBI{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Moore, J G}
}
@article {Fehn1977,
	title = {{Deep-water temperatures in the FAMOUS area}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {488{\textendash}494},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<488:DTITFA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C488:DTITFA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Fehn, U and Siegel, M D and Robinson, G R and Holland, H D and Williams, D L and Erickson, A J and Green, K E}
}
@article {Heirtzler1977d,
	title = {{Detailed structure of Mid-Atlantic Rift valley floor}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {7{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(77)90198-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(77)90198-6},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R}
}
@article {Estabrook1977,
	title = {{Development of deep-ocean work system}},
	journal = {Mechanism and Machine Theory},
	volume = {12},
	number = {5},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {569{\textendash}576},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-114X},
	doi = {10.1016/0094-114X(77)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-114X(77)90049-0},
	author = {Estabrook, N and Wheeler, H and Uhler, D and Hackman, D}
}
@book {Sharp1977,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin: A review of accomplishments}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-114},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {86},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A and Shumaker, L A}
}
@mastersthesis {Gardner1977,
	title = {{Fluxes, dynamics and chemistry of particulates in the ocean}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {405},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1546},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1546},
	author = {Gardner, W D}
}
@article {Neumann1977,
	title = {{Lithotherms in the Straits of Florida}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {4{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<4:LITSOF>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5{\%}3C4:LITSOF{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Neumann, A C and Kofoed, J W and Keller, G H}
}
@inbook {Talkington1977,
	title = {{Manned and remotely operated submersible systems: A comparison}},
	booktitle = {Submersibles and Their Use in Oceanography and Ocean Engineering},
	series = {Elsevier Oceanography Series},
	number = {17},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {77{\textendash}95},
	publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0444415459},
	author = {Talkington, H and Geyer, R A},
	editor = {Geyer, R A}
}
@article {Ballard1977b,
	title = {{Morphology and tectonics of the inner rift valley at lat 36 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {507{\textendash}530},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<507:MATOTI>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C507:MATOTI{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Ballard, R D and van Andel, T H}
}
@article {Ballard1977a,
	title = {{Notes on a major oceanographic find}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Corliss1977,
	title = {{Oasis of life in the cold abyss}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {152},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {441{\textendash}453},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Corliss, J B and Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Cohen1977a,
	title = {{Observations from the DSRV Alvin on populations of benthic fishes and selected larger invertebrates in and near DWD-106}},
	booktitle = {Baseline Report of Environmental Conditions in Deepwater Dumpsite 106},
	series = {NOAA Dumpsite Evaluation Report},
	volume = {2},
	number = {77-1},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {423{\textendash}450},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	address = {Rockville, MD},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Cohen, D M and Pawson, D L}
}
@article {Heirtzler1977e,
	title = {{Project FAMOUS: Its origin, programs, and setting}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {481{\textendash}487},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<481:PFIOPA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C481:PFIOPA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and van Andel, T H}
}
@article {Ballard1977,
	title = {{Project FAMOUS: Operational techniques and American submersible operations}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {495{\textendash}506},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<495:PFOTAA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C495:PFOTAA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Ballard, R D and van Andel, T H}
}
@article {Nozaki1977,
	title = {{Radiocarbon and 210Pb distribution in submersible-taken deep-sea cores from Project FAMOUS}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {167{\textendash}173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(77)90001-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90001-2},
	author = {Nozaki, Y and Cochran, J K and Turekian, K K and Keller, G}
}
@inbook {Heezen1977,
	title = {{Six dives to the lower continental slope and upper continental rise southwest of Hudson Canyon geological aspects}},
	booktitle = {Baseline Report of Environmental Conditions in Deepwater Dumpsite 106},
	series = {NOAA Dumpsite Evaluation Report},
	volume = {1},
	number = {77-1},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {9{\textendash}27},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	address = {Rockville, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Heezen, B C}
}
@article {Grassle1977a,
	title = {{Slow recolonisation of deep-sea sediment}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {265},
	number = {5595},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {618{\textendash}619},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/265618a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/265618a0},
	author = {Grassle, J F}
}
@article {White1977,
	title = {{Sr-isotope, K, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, and rare-earth geochemistry of basalts from the FAMOUS area}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {571{\textendash}576},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<571:SKRCSB>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C571:SKRCSB{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {White, W R and Bryan, W B}
}
@book {Heirtzler1977a,
	title = {{Station locations for Atlantis II-73, Atlantis II-77, and Knorr-42 cruises and Alvin dive tracks in the FAMOUS area}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {77-9},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {24},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Hays, H C}
}
@book {458,
	title = {{A study of hydrothermal processes on the Galapagos Rift: Cruise report, Knorr-Lulu-Alvin diving expedition to the sea floor hot springs of the Galapagos Rift, February-March 1977}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {187},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@inbook {Keller1977,
	title = {{The submersible- a unique tool for marine geology}},
	booktitle = {Submersibles and Their Use in Oceanography and Ocean Engineering},
	series = {Elsevier Oceanography Series},
	number = {17},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {213{\textendash}234},
	publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0444415459},
	author = {Keller, G H},
	editor = {Geyer, R A}
}
@inbook {Heirtzler1977b,
	title = {{Submersible observations at the Hole 332B area}},
	booktitle = {Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project: A Project Planned by and Carried Out with the Advice of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {363{\textendash}365},
	publisher = {National Science Foundation},
	organization = {National Science Foundation},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/dsdp.proc.37.109.1977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.37.109.1977},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Houghton1977,
	title = {{Submersible observations of the New England seamounts}},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {64},
	number = {7},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {348{\textendash}355},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1042},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368733},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368733},
	author = {Houghton, R L and Heirtzler, J R and Ballard, R D and Taylor, P T}
}
@article {Heirtzler1977,
	title = {{A visit to the New England seamounts}},
	journal = {American Scientist},
	volume = {65},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {466{\textendash}472},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-0996},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Taylor, P T and Ballard, R D and Houghton, R L}
}
@article {Marshall1976,
	title = {{Alvin noses nuclear garbage from ocean depths}},
	journal = {Nuclear Engineering International},
	volume = {21},
	number = {248},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {31{\textendash}32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-5507},
	author = {Marshall, P}
}
@article {1709,
	title = {{Alvin participates in retrieval of radioactive waste containers}},
	journal = {Woods Hole Notes},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {3},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1041-8970}
}
@book {Sharp1976b,
	title = {{Alvin titanium electrical penetrator design, manufacture and testing: Interim report}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {68},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/4338},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/4338},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Walden, B B and Hosom, D S}
}
@book {Bland1976,
	title = {{Alvin users manual}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {36},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bland, E L and Donnelly, J D and Shumaker, L A}
}
@inbook {Ballard1976,
	title = {{Application of deepwater mapping techniques in specific geologic programs project FAMOUS Cayman Trench}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}76: Second Annual Combined Conference, September 13-15, 1976, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {87},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154241},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154241},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Wirsen1976,
	title = {{Decomposition of solid organic materials in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {9},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {880{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es60120a002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60120a002},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Barnes1976,
	title = {{Deep-sea macroplanktonic sea cucumbers: suspended sediment feeders captured from deep submergence vehicle}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {194},
	number = {4269},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {1083{\textendash}1085},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.194.4269.1083},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4269.1083},
	author = {Barnes, A T and Quetin, L B and Childress, J J and Pawson, D L}
}
@article {Heirtzler1976,
	title = {{Deep-sea research by manned submersibles}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {194},
	number = {4262},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {294{\textendash}299},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.194.4262.294},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4262.294},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Grassle, J F}
}
@book {Sharp1976,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report: 1976}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G}
}
@inbook {Dyer1976,
	title = {{Environmental surveys of two deepsea radioactive waste disposal sites using submersibles}},
	booktitle = {Management of Radioactive Wastes from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Management of Radioactive Wastes from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle},
	series = {Proceedings Series - International Atomic Energy Agency},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {317{\textendash}338},
	publisher = {International Atomic Energy Agency},
	organization = {International Atomic Energy Agency},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {9200202764},
	author = {Dyer, R S}
}
@article {Schlager1976,
	title = {{Episodic erosion and deposition in the Tongue of the Ocean (Bahamas)}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {87},
	number = {8},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {1115{\textendash}1118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1115:EEADIT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87{\%}3C1115:EEADIT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Schlager, W and Hooke, R L and James, N P}
}
@inbook {Phillips1976,
	title = {{An integrated approach to seafloor geologic mapping on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge - Angus, Alvin and Sonarray}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}76: Second Annual Combined Conference, September 13-15, 1976, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {8C1{\textendash}8C8},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154207},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154207},
	author = {Phillips, J D and Pearl, K R and Marquet, W M}
}
@inbook {Ballard1976a,
	title = {{Marine geophysics in the Caribbean}},
	booktitle = {Geophysics in the Americas: A Symposium of the Geophysics Commission of the Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Ottawa, Canada, September, 1976},
	series = {Publication - Earth Physics Branch},
	number = {46, no. 3},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {102{\textendash}104},
	publisher = {Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Earth Physics Branch},
	organization = {Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Earth Physics Branch},
	address = {Ottawa, Ont.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0660007029},
	author = {Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Tanner, J G}
}
@article {Wiebe1976,
	title = {{Particulate matter sinking to the deep-sea floor at 2000 m in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, with a description of a new sedimentation trap}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {34},
	number = {3},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {341{\textendash}354},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	author = {Wiebe, P H and Boyd, S H and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Wiebe1976a,
	title = {{Particulate matter sinking to the deep-sea floor at 2000 m in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, with a description of a new sedimentation trap}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-85},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {14},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1792},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1792},
	author = {Wiebe, P H and Boyd, S H and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Sharp1976a,
	title = {{A pendulum inclinometer for use with small deep-submersibles}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-82},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {5},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/643},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/643},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Sullivan, J R}
}
@book {Bertsche1976b,
	title = {{Potential design alternatives and analysis of system response variables, characteristic of undersea manipulators with force feedback}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {66},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Rowe1976,
	title = {{Quantitative biological assessment of the benthic fauna in deep basins of the Gulf of Maine}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-62},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {12},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Polloni, P T and Haedrich, R L}
}
@book {Hays1976,
	title = {{Technical report, ARPA Program final report: 1 February 1971-31 December 1975}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-9},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {29},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hays, E E}
}
@article {Hekinian1976,
	title = {{Volcanic rocks and processes of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near 36 degrees 49{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {1},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {83{\textendash}110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00384746},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384746},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Moore, J G and Bryan, W B}
}
@article {Ballard1976b,
	title = {{Window on Earth{\textquoteright}s interior}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {150},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {228{\textendash}249},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Hosom1975b,
	title = {{Alvin battery charging procedures}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {20},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Donnelly, J D and Page, W F}
}
@book {Hosom1975,
	title = {{Alvin gyrocompass performance report: 5 June 1974 to 15 September 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Donnelly, J D}
}
@book {Shumaker1975,
	title = {{Alvin operators manual}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Shumaker, L A}
}
@book {Davis1975,
	title = {{ARPA rock drill report}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {75-28},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {29},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Davis, R E and Williams, D L and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@book {Rowe1975,
	title = {{Benthic fauna of the Gulf of Maine sampled by R/V Gosnold cruise 179 and DSRV Alvin dives 329, 330, 331, and 404: Infaunal species list}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {75-38},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {5},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/5046},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/5046},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Polloni, P T and Haedrich, R L}
}
@book {McElroy1975a,
	title = {{Design features of the submersible modular acoustic system}},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {36},
	publisher = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	organization = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {McElroy, P T}
}
@mastersthesis {Macdonald1975,
	title = {{Detailed studies of the structure, tectonics, near bottom magnetic anomalies and microearthquake seismicity of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 37 degrees N}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {248},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1270},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1270},
	author = {Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {Ballard1975a,
	title = {{Dive into the great rift}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {147},
	number = {5},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {604{\textendash}615},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Sharp1975,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report: 1975}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G}
}
@book {Isett1975,
	title = {{Evaluation of a 6A1-2Cb-ITa-O.8Mo titanium hull for manned submersibles (hull II)}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1975},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Isett, F L}
}
@book {McElroy1975,
	title = {{Experimental applications of the modular acoustic system for the submersible Alvin}},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {108},
	publisher = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	organization = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA016612{\&}Location=U2{\&}doc=GetTRDoc.pdf},
	author = {McElroy, P T}
}
@article {Heirtzler1975a,
	title = {{The floor of the Mid-Atlantic Rift}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {233},
	number = {2},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {79{\textendash}90},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Bryan, W B}
}
@inbook {Pesch1975,
	title = {{Force feedback systems in undersea manipulator applications}},
	booktitle = {Second Conference on Remotely Manned Systems (RMS): Technology and Applications},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {57{\textendash}58},
	publisher = {[s.n.]},
	organization = {[s.n.]},
	address = {[s.l.]},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Pesch, A J and Bertsche, W R and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Ballard1975c,
	title = {{Improving the usefulness of deep-sea photographs with precision tracking}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {40{\textendash}43},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Smith1975,
	title = {{Navigation transponder survey: Design and analysis}},
	booktitle = {Ocean 75: Record},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {563{\textendash}567},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Smith, W K and Marquet, W M and Hunt, M M}
}
@article {Reem1975,
	title = {{New tools for Alvin}},
	journal = {Naval Research Reviews},
	volume = {28},
	number = {12},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {20{\textendash}28},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-145X},
	author = {Reem, G}
}
@book {Hosom1975a,
	title = {{Oil filled electrical cables external to the pressure hull on DSV Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {21},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hosom, D S}
}
@article {Grassle1975,
	title = {{Pattern and zonation: a study of the bathyal megafauna using the research submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	volume = {22},
	number = {7},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {457{\textendash}482},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0011-7471},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(75)90020-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(75)90020-0},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Sanders, H L and Hessler, R R and Rowe, G T and McLellan, T}
}
@article {822,
	title = {{Photography from a submersible during project FAMOUS}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {31{\textendash}39},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182}
}
@article {Ballard1975b,
	title = {{Probing the Mid-Atlantic Rift}},
	journal = {Science Teacher},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {12{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8555},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Heirtzler1975,
	title = {{Project FAMOUS - man{\textquoteright}s first voyages down to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge - where the earth turns inside out}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {147},
	number = {5},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {586{\textendash}603},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R}
}
@article {Rowe1975a,
	title = {{Quantitative biological assessment of the benthic fauna in deep basins of the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada},
	volume = {30},
	number = {10},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {1805{\textendash}1812},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0015-296X},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Polloni, P T and Haedrich, R L}
}
@book {Stachiw1975,
	title = {{Spherical-shell sector windows of acrylic plastic with 12,000-foot operational depth capability for submersible Alvin}},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {97},
	publisher = {Naval Undersea Center},
	organization = {Naval Undersea Center},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Stachiw, J D and Sletten, R}
}
@article {Ballard1975,
	title = {{Triassic rift structure in the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {59},
	number = {7},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {1041{\textendash}1072},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E}
}
@book {1766,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 16 June 1961 through 31 December 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-60},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {Sharp1974,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report: 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G}
}
@article {Heirtzler1974,
	title = {{FAMOUS: A plate tectonic study of the genesis of the lithosphere}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {6},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {273{\textendash}274},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<273:FAPTSO>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2{\%}3C273:FAPTSO{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Le Pichon, X}
}
@article {Ballard1974,
	title = {{Geology of the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {58},
	number = {6},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {1156{\textendash}1158},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E}
}
@article {Bellaiche1974,
	title = {{Inner floor of the Rift Valley: First submersible study}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {250},
	number = {5467},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {558{\textendash}560},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/250558a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/250558a0},
	author = {Bellaiche, G and Cheminee, J L and Francheteau, J and Hekinian, R and Le Pichon, X and Needham, H D and Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1974d,
	title = {{The nature of Triassic continental rift structures in the Gulf of Maine}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-71},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {96},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ford1974,
	title = {{NSRDC (Naval Ship Research and Development Center) and the new Alvin}},
	journal = {Naval Research Reviews},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {9{\textendash}19},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-145X},
	author = {Ford, J M}
}
@book {Ballard1974b,
	title = {{Summary of seismic reflection, refraction, magnetic and dredge station data collected during a geologic study of the Gulf of Maine}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-30},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {87},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Instituion},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Instituion},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1974c,
	title = {{Summary of the geologic dives conducted in the Gulf of Maine during 1971 and 1972 by the research submersible Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-29},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {73},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/877},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/877},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1974a,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1973 - 31 January 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-27},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {44},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Hays, E E and Hess, F R and Marquet, W M and McCamis, M J and McElroy, P T and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Hosom1974,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1974 - 31 July 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-100},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hosom, D S and Hays, E E and Hess, F R and McElroy, P T and Marquet, W M and Porter, R P and Spindel, R C and Winget, C L and Striffler, F L}
}
@book {Rowe1974,
	title = {{Time-lapse photography of the biological reworking of sediments in Hudson Submarine Canyon}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-79},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {552},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Keller, G and Edgerton, H E and Staresinic, N and MacIlvaine, J C}
}
@book {Schneider1973,
	title = {{12,000-ft. sea-water variable ballast system for the submersible Alvin}},
	series = {Papers},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {6},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Schneider, W E}
}
@book {Isett1973,
	title = {{Acceptance tests for the prototype titanium alloy for Alvin - an interim report}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1973},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Berhesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Isett, F L}
}
@article {Jannasch1973,
	title = {{A bacteriological pressure-retaining deep-sea sampler and culture vessel}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	volume = {20},
	number = {7},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {661{\textendash}664},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0011-7471},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(73)90033-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(73)90033-8},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Polloni1973a,
	title = {{Biremis blandi (Polychaeta: Terebellidae), a new genus, new species, caught by D.S.R.V. {\textquoteright}Alvin{\textquoteright} in the Tongue of the Ocean, New Providence, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {170{\textendash}175},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00351456},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351456},
	author = {Polloni, P T and Rowe, G T and Teal, J M}
}
@book {Polloni1973,
	title = {{Biremis blandi (Polychaeta: Terebellidae), new genus, new species, caught by D.S.R.V. Alvin in the Tongue of the Ocean, New Providence, Bahamas}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-60},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {11},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Polloni, P T and Rowe, G T and Teal, J M}
}
@article {Keller1973,
	title = {{Bottom currents in the Hudson Canyon}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {180},
	number = {4082},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {181{\textendash}183},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.180.4082.181},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4082.181},
	author = {Keller, G H and Lambert, D and Rowe, G and Staresinic, N}
}
@article {Jannasch1973a,
	title = {{Deep-sea microorganisms: In situ response to nutrient enrichment}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {180},
	number = {4086},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {641{\textendash}643},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.180.4086.641},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4086.641},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@mastersthesis {OSullivan1973,
	title = {{The design of a surface launch and recovery fender for DSRV "Alvin"}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {72},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1241},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1241},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Sullivan, J F}
}
@book {Sharp1973,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report, 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Doherty, K W}
}
@article {Perlow1973,
	title = {{Geotechnical variability measured in place from a small submersible}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {27{\textendash}32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Perlow, M and Richards, A F}
}
@book {Terry1973,
	title = {{Mechanical engineering, geotechnology and research submersible operations. I}},
	series = {Papers},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Terry, T A}
}
@article {Rowe1973,
	title = {{Modifications of the Birge-Ekman box corer for use with SCUBA or deep submergence research vessels}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {18},
	number = {1},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {172{\textendash}175},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}18/issue{\_}1/0172.pdf},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Clifford, C H}
}
@article {Heirtzler1973,
	title = {{Project FAMOUS planning Mid-Atlantic Ridge investigation}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {14{\textendash}15},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R}
}
@mastersthesis {MacIlvaine1973,
	title = {{Sedimentary processes on the continental slope off New England}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {211},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1227},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1227},
	author = {MacIlvaine, J C}
}
@book {Aldrich1973a,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1972 - 31 January 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-37},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {51},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Ballard, R D and Marquet, W M and Porter, D and McCamis, M J and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Ballard1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1973 - 31 July 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-92},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {82},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Maxwell, A E and Davis, R E and Eliason, A H and Hess, F R and McCamis, M J and McElroy, P T and Marquet, W M and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Aldrich1973,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1972 - 31 July 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {73-20},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Ballard, R D and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and McCamis, M J and Phillips, J D and Porter, D and Vine, A C and Teal, J M and Marquet, W M and Winget, C L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Palermo1973,
	title = {{Titanium sphere for Alvin/Autec pressure design considerations}},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Palermo, P M and Kiernan, T J and Sharp, A G and Ferrara, W}
}
@book {Thomas1973,
	title = {{Training in the underwater terrain navigation and reconnaissance trainer simulator}},
	series = {Technical report},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {51},
	publisher = {Naval Training Equipment Center},
	organization = {Naval Training Equipment Center},
	address = {Orlando, Fla.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Thomas, R C}
}
@article {Turner1973,
	title = {{Wood-boring bivalves, opportunistic species in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {180},
	number = {4093},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {1377{\textendash}1379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.180.4093.1377},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4093.1377},
	author = {Turner, R D}
}
@article {Jannasch1972,
	title = {{Alvin and the sandwich}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {20{\textendash}22},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@book {Schneider1972,
	title = {{Alvin sea-water variable ballast system operation and maintenance manual}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1972},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Schneider, W E and Lebowitz, R K and Sasse, J A and McPherson, S E}
}
@article {Ballard1972,
	title = {{Carboniferous and Triassic rifting: A preliminary outline of the tectonic history of the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {83},
	number = {8},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {2285{\textendash}2302},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2285:CATRAP]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2285:CATRAP]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E}
}
@book {Sharp1972,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report: 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Eliason, A H}
}
@book {Schneider1972a,
	title = {{Evaluation of DSV Alvin 12,000-foot sea-water variable-ballast system}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1972},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Schneider, W E and Lebowitz, R K and Sasse, J A and McPherson, S E}
}
@article {Girice1972,
	title = {{The existence of a bottom-living calanoid copepod fauna in the deep water with descriptions of five new species}},
	journal = {Crustaceana},
	volume = {23},
	number = {3},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {219{\textendash}242},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0011-216X},
	doi = {10.1163/156854072X00138},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854072X00138},
	author = {Girice, C D}
}
@book {Cohen1972a,
	title = {{An experimental analysis of the dynamics of a submerged tethered cradle in a seaway}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-45},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {62},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1224},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1224},
	author = {Cohen, J M}
}
@mastersthesis {Cohen1972,
	title = {{An experimental analysis of the dynamics of a submerged tethered cradle in a seaway}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {62},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1224},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1224},
	author = {Cohen, J M}
}
@book {Perlow1972,
	title = {{In-place geotechnical measurements from submersible Alvin in Gulf of Maine soils}},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Lehigh University},
	organization = {Lehigh University},
	address = {Bethlehem, Pa.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Perlow, M and Richards, A F}
}
@article {Daubin1972,
	title = {{Search tactics for finding lost objects at sea}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {7{\textendash}17},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Daubin, S C}
}
@book {Aldrich1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 August 1971 - 31 January 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-90},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {66},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T C and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Luyendyk, B P and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P and Williams, D L}
}
@book {Bryan1972,
	title = {{Technical progress report: Advanced marine technology 1 February 1971 - 31 July 1971}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-33},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Maxwell, A E and Bowin, C O and Ballard, R D and Phillips, J D and Hess, F R and Vine, A C and Teal, J and Marquet, W M and Uchupi, E and Wiebe, P H and Zafiriou, O C and Rowe, G T and Smith, K L and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@book {Aldrich1971,
	title = {{Design and testing of the deep-submersible hoist system for the catamaran R/V Lulu}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {71-46},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T B and Leiby, J and Sharp, A G}
}
@book {Sharp1971,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report: 1971}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Winget, C L and Eliason, A H}
}
@article {Rainnie1971,
	title = {{Equipment and instrumentation for the navigation of submersibles}},
	journal = {Underwater Journal and Information Bulletin},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {120{\textendash}128},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-6614},
	author = {Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Jannasch1971,
	title = {{Microbial degradation of organic matter in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {171},
	number = {3972},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {672{\textendash}675},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.171.3972.672},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3972.672},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Eimhjellen, K and Wirsen, C O and Farmanfarmaian, A}
}
@book {Rufolo1971,
	title = {{Report on evaluation of syntactic foam used in DRV Alvin. I}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1971},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rufolo, A}
}
@mastersthesis {VanLeer1971,
	title = {{Shear of small vertical scale observed in the permanent oceanic thermocline}},
	volume = {D.S.},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {209},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1248},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1248},
	author = {Van Leer, J C}
}
@book {Walden1971,
	title = {{Torpedo recovery device for DSV Turtle}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {2},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walden, B}
}
@book {Porteous1970,
	title = {{Evaluation of movie lights for use on D.S.R.V. Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {3},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Porteous, J}
}
@book {Berteaux1970,
	title = {{Experimental analysis of the failed wire ropes of the submersible Alvin hoist system}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {37},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Berteaux, H O and Morey, R L}
}
@article {Niblock1970,
	title = {{Expertise, equipment ready for bolder ocean programs}},
	journal = {Undersea Technology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {53{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-6533},
	author = {Niblock, R W}
}
@article {Andrews1970,
	title = {{Great Bahama Canyon}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {81},
	number = {4},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {1061{\textendash}1078},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1061:GBC]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1061:GBC]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Andrews, J E and Shepard, F P and Hurley, R J}
}
@article {Ballard1970,
	title = {{Morphology and Quarternary history of the continental shelf of the Gulf Coast of the United States}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {547{\textendash}559},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E}
}
@article {Grice1970,
	title = {{New species of bottom-living Calanoid copepods collected in deepwater by DSRV Alvin}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College},
	volume = {139},
	number = {4},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {185{\textendash}230},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-4100},
	author = {Grice, G D and Hulsemann, K}
}
@book {Kiernan1970,
	title = {{Proposed test and evaluation program for Project TITANES}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1970},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC)},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC)},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kiernan, T J}
}
@book {Ballard1970a,
	title = {{Research submersibles in oceanography}},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {73},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Emery, K O}
}
@book {Merrifield1970,
	title = {{Results with a deep research vehicle transponder navigation system at the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office}},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Merrifield, R and Delort, R R}
}
@book {2083,
	title = {{Structural design requirements for the fabrication of titanium pressure hulls}},
	series = {Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC)},
	year = {1970},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	address = {Hyattsville, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {Sharp1970,
	title = {{Torque tests of a full size model of the Alvin/Autec emergency sphere release}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {70-60},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Sullivan, J R}
}
@article {1352,
	title = {{Aluminaut and her crew were simply fantastic}},
	journal = {Ocean Science News},
	volume = {11},
	number = {36},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {1{\textendash}3},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8069}
}
@article {1811,
	title = {{Alvin recovery postponed by rough Atlantic weather}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026}
}
@article {2353,
	title = {{Alvin retrieved in 5,000 ft. of water}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {4},
	number = {10},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {44{\textendash}45},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026}
}
@article {217,
	title = {{Alvin salvage important to deep sea exploration}},
	journal = {National Fisherman},
	volume = {49},
	number = {12},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {4{\textendash}A},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9250}
}
@article {1883,
	title = {{Alvin sub looks good at recovery}},
	journal = {Seascope},
	volume = {2},
	number = {40},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {1},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {1782,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 January Through 31 December 1968}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-17},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {Daubin1969,
	title = {{Deep submergence vehicles for ocean research}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-86},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {33},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Daubin, S C}
}
@book {Vandiver1969,
	title = {{Dynamic analysis of a launch and recovery system for a deep submersible}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-88},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {76},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Vandiver, J K}
}
@book {Sharp1969,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis of model of emergency forebody release device used in deep diving research submarines Alvin, Sea Cliff and Turtle}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-68},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Sullivan, J R}
}
@book {1889,
	title = {{Fabrication, welding and inspection of 621/0.8 Mo alloy titanium "Alvin/Autec" submersible hulls}},
	year = {1969},
	publisher = {Naval Applied Science Laboratory},
	organization = {Naval Applied Science Laboratory},
	address = {Brooklyn, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {Winget1969,
	title = {{Hand tools and mechanical accessories for a deep submersible}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-32},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Winget, C L}
}
@book {Busby1969,
	title = {{Hazards of the deep}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-52},
	year = {1969},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Busby, R F and Hunt, L M and Rainnie, W O}
}
@book {Kenny1969,
	title = {{A modeling system for the dynamics of an underwater launch and recovery of a deep submersible}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {65},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kenny, J N}
}
@article {726,
	title = {{Old {\textquoteright}friend{\textquoteright} rescues Alvin from depths}},
	journal = {National Fisherman},
	volume = {50},
	number = {7},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {3{\textendash}C},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9250}
}
@book {Marquet1969,
	title = {{A recoverable deep ocean navigation beacon}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-61},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Marquet, W M and Webb, D C and Fairhurst, K D}
}
@article {Milwee1969,
	title = {{Recovery of Alvin - a practical ocean engineering operation}},
	journal = {Naval Engineers Journal},
	volume = {81},
	number = {6},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {13{\textendash}15,18{\textendash}22},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1425},
	author = {Milwee, W I}
}
@book {988,
	title = {{Recovery of deep research vehicle Alvin}},
	series = {NAVSHIPS},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {145},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Systems Command},
	organization = {Naval Ship Systems Command},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {Rainnie1969a,
	title = {{Recovery of the DSRV Alvin, part 1}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {4},
	number = {11},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {61{\textendash}63},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Rainnie, W O and Buchanan, C L}
}
@article {Rainnie1969,
	title = {{Recovery of the DSRV Alvin, part 2}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {4},
	number = {12},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {69{\textendash}70},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Rainnie, W O and Buchanan, C L}
}
@book {Wakelin1969,
	title = {{Report of the Advisory Committee on the Accidental Sinking of Deep Research Vehicle Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Wakelin, J H and Institution, Woods Hole Oceanographic}
}
@book {Ellinthorpe1969,
	title = {{A visual ocean bottom survey off the island of Santa Maria, Azores}},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {15},
	publisher = {U.S. Navy Underwater Sound Lab},
	organization = {U.S. Navy Underwater Sound Lab},
	address = {New London, Conn.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ellinthorpe, A W and Malone, R G}
}
@article {Donnelly1968,
	title = {{1967 {\textendash} Alvin{\textquoteright}s year of science}},
	journal = {Naval Research Reviews},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {18{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-145X},
	author = {Donnelly, J D}
}
@article {Rainnie1968a,
	title = {{Adventures of Alvin}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {3},
	number = {5},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {22{\textendash}28},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Rainnie, W O}
}
@book {Rainnie1968b,
	title = {{Adventures of Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-48},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {1708,
	title = {{Alvin extracts hard-rock core at 1,246-foot depth}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {3},
	number = {10},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026}
}
@book {Marquet1968,
	title = {{Alvin instruments}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {68-10},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {4},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Marquet, W M}
}
@book {Backus1968,
	title = {{Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Pecular sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {68-58},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Backus, R H and Craddock, J E and Haedrich, R L and Shores, D L and Teal, J M and Wing, A S and Clarke, W D}
}
@article {Backus1968a,
	title = {{Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Peculiar sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3831},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {991{\textendash}993},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	author = {Backus, R H and Craddock, J E and Haedrich, R L and Shores, D L and Teal, J M and Wing, A S and Mead, G W and Clarke, W D}
}
@book {Leiby1968,
	title = {{Constant tension submersibles handling system}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {68-34},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Leiby, J}
}
@book {Bland1968,
	title = {{Criteria for the selection, training and qualification of pilots for the deep submergence engineering and operations section}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {18},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bland, E L}
}
@book {Hays1968,
	title = {{Cruise plan for joint cruise of Alvin-Lulu {\#}27 and Gosnold {\#}136: 15-24 October 1968}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {4},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hays, E E and Hoskins, H}
}
@book {Busby1968,
	title = {{Design and operational performance of manned submersibles}},
	series = {Informal Report},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {30},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Busby, R F}
}
@article {Busby1968c,
	title = {{Hazards of the deep, part 1}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {3},
	number = {7},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {72{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Busby, R F and Hunt, L M and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Busby1968b,
	title = {{Hazards of the deep, part 2}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {3},
	number = {8},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {32{\textendash}39},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Busby, R F and Hunt, L M and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Busby1968a,
	title = {{Hazards of the deep, part 3}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {3},
	number = {9},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {53{\textendash}58},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Busby, R F and Hunt, L M and Rainnie, W O}
}
@book {Briggs1968,
	title = {{Men in the sea}},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {128},
	publisher = {Simon and Schuster},
	organization = {Simon and Schuster},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, P}
}
@article {Wilks1968,
	title = {{Navy DOT plans for fiscal 69-70 include titanium hull for Alvin}},
	journal = {Aerospace Technology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {26},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {39{\textendash}40},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0568-0727},
	author = {Wilks, W F}
}
@book {625,
	title = {{Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research conducted during the period 1 May-31 October 1967}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {68-6},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {Rainnie1968,
	title = {{An operating season with Alvin for science}},
	journal = {Journal of Ocean Technology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {4},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {11{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-4529},
	author = {Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Lill1968,
	title = {{Some recent advances in marine engineering}},
	journal = {Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science},
	volume = {71},
	number = {4},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {385{\textendash}401},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-8443},
	author = {Lill, G G}
}
@book {2077,
	title = {{Submarine escape and rescue, volume I}},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {124},
	publisher = {Defense Documentation Center for Scientific and Technical Information},
	organization = {Defense Documentation Center for Scientific and Technical Information},
	address = {Alexandria, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {Emery1968,
	title = {{Topography and sediments of a small area of the continental slope south of Martha{\textquoteright}s Vineyard}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	volume = {15},
	number = {4},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {415{\textendash}422},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0011-7471},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(68)90049-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(68)90049-1},
	author = {Emery, K O and Ross, D A}
}
@article {903,
	title = {{Underwater drill}},
	journal = {Oceanology International},
	volume = {3},
	number = {6},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {13},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8166}
}
@article {Edwards1968,
	title = {{The view from a storied sub: The Alvin off Norfolk, Va.}},
	journal = {Commercial Fisheries Review},
	volume = {30},
	number = {8-9},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {48{\textendash}55},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-2989},
	author = {Edwards, R L and Emery, K O}
}
@book {Sharp1968,
	title = {{Weight, buoyancy and stabiltiy of DSRV Alvin, 1967}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Boykin1967,
	title = {{1966 - a good year for Alvin}},
	journal = {Naval Research Reviews},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {22{\textendash}25},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-145X},
	author = {Boykin, R}
}
@book {Milliman1967,
	title = {{Alvin dives on the continental margin off the southeastern United States, July 2-13 1967}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-80},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {64},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1521},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1521},
	author = {Milliman, J D and Manheim, F T and Pratt, R M and Zarudski, E F K}
}
@inbook {Marquet1967,
	title = {{Alvin instrumentation}},
	booktitle = {1967 NEREM Record},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {196{\textendash}197},
	publisher = {Boston Section of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers},
	organization = {Boston Section of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers},
	address = {Boston, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Marquet, W M}
}
@book {Booth1967,
	title = {{A comparative study of the heave and pitch motions of the deep submersible Alvin and her support catamaran during surface operations}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {101},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Booth, K J}
}
@book {1225,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 January through 31 December 1966}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-23},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {Morgan1967,
	title = {{Determination of hull efficiency parameters for a deep submergence hull form}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {142},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Morgan, H A and Szczypinski, W S}
}
@inbook {Burke1967,
	title = {{DRV operation and instrumentation}},
	booktitle = {New thrust seaward Transactions of the Third Annual MTS Conference {\&} Exhibit, 5-7 June, 1967, San Diego, California},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {445{\textendash}457},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Burke, F P and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Trumbull1967,
	title = {{Geological exploration in an east coast submarine canyon from a research submersible}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {158},
	number = {3799},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {370{\textendash}372},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.158.3799.370},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3799.370},
	author = {Trumbull, J V A and McCamis, M J}
}
@article {Schlee1967,
	title = {{Geology from a deep-diving submersible}},
	journal = {Geotimes},
	volume = {12},
	number = {4},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {10{\textendash}13},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-8556},
	author = {Schlee, J}
}
@book {Schlee1967a,
	title = {{Geology from a deep-diving submersible}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-50},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {4},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Schlee, J}
}
@book {Waterman1967,
	title = {{Hydrostatic creep tests of a 6A1-4V titanium sphere for Alvin}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {25},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Waterman, R L and Humphries, P E}
}
@book {Dadley1967,
	title = {{Hydrostatic proof test of Autec I (Alvin 3) personnel sphere}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1967},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Dadley, A E}
}
@book {Humphries1967,
	title = {{Hydrostatic tests of a 6A1-4V titanium buoyancy sphere for Alvin}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1967},
	publisher = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	organization = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Humphries, P E}
}
@article {Rucker1967,
	title = {{Sea-floor strength observations from the DRV Alvin in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Southeastern Geology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {1{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0038-3678},
	author = {Rucker, J B and Stiles, N T and Busby, R F}
}
@book {Vine1967,
	title = {{Some underwater observations}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-82},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Vine, A C and Hays, E E and McCamis, J J and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Zarudski1967,
	title = {{Swordfish rams the Alvin}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {13},
	number = {4},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {14{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Zarudski, E F K}
}
@book {Winget1967,
	title = {{A technical guide to the deep submergence research vehicle (DSRV) Alvin for use in planning scientific missions}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-67},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Winget, C L and McCamis, M J}
}
@book {Sharp1967,
	title = {{Tests of propellers for Alvin side propulsion units}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/640},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/640},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Sullivan, J R}
}
@book {Busby1967,
	title = {{Undersea studies with the DSRV Alvin, Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, September 1966}},
	series = {Informal Report},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {62},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Busby, R F and Merrifield, R}
}
@inbook {Rainnie1967,
	title = {{The use of the deep submersible Alvin in oceanography}},
	booktitle = {Selected papers from the Governor{\textquoteright}s Conference on Oceanography, October 11 and 12, 1967 at the Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y.},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {128{\textendash}143},
	publisher = {New York State Science and Technology Foundation},
	organization = {New York State Science and Technology Foundation},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rainnie, W O},
	editor = {Freedgood, S}
}
@book {Breaker1967,
	title = {{The variability of bottom reflected signals using the deep research vehicle Alvin}},
	series = {Informal Report},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD669897},
	author = {Breaker, L C and Winokur, R S}
}
@book {Mavor1966a,
	title = {{Alvin, 6000-ft. submergence research vehicle}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-42},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {32},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W and Froehlich, H E and Marquet, W M and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Rainnie1966,
	title = {{Alvin and the bomb}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {12},
	number = {4},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {8{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Rainnie, W O}
}
@book {Hays1966,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 January Through 31 December 1965}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {66-22},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {31},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hays, E E}
}
@book {Baxter1966,
	title = {{Discussion of various means of improving visibility from the DSRV Alvin or similar vehicles}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {15},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Baxter, L}
}
@book {Vine1966,
	title = {{Handling equipment at sea: Some considerations and ideas}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {6},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Vine, A C}
}
@book {Shultz1966,
	title = {{Long term exposure and cycling tests of syntactic foam buoyancy material used in DSRV Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {21},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Shultz, W S and Omohundro, F P}
}
@article {Mavor1966b,
	title = {{Observation windows of the deep submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Journal of Ocean Technology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {2{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-4529},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Winter1966,
	title = {{A photoelastic investigation of deep submergence windows}},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {54},
	publisher = {Allied Research Associates, Inc.},
	organization = {Allied Research Associates, Inc.},
	address = {Concord, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD634403},
	author = {Winter, R and Becker, H}
}
@inbook {Cobb1966,
	title = {{A remote navigation system for the deep diving research vessel Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings: 2000 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation April 24-28, 2000, San Francisco Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, CaliforniaNational Marine Navigation Meeting, Manned Deep Submergence Vehicles},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {184{\textendash}208},
	publisher = {Institute of Navigation},
	organization = {Institute of Navigation},
	address = {Washinton, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Cobb, A D}
}
@book {Walsh1966,
	title = {{Strength of the Alvin hulls}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {66-16},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {34},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walsh, J B and Mavor, J W}
}
@article {Mavor1966,
	title = {{Ten months with Alvin}},
	journal = {Geomarine Technology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {2},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {8{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0435-4265},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Smith1966,
	title = {{Terrain relief models and operational sketches as used in the Task Force Sixty-Five nuclear weapon recovery effort}},
	series = {Technical note},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {23},
	publisher = {Naval Civil Engineering Lab},
	organization = {Naval Civil Engineering Lab},
	address = {Hueneme, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Smith, R J}
}
@article {649,
	title = {{Alvin}},
	journal = {Geomarine Technology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {8},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {16{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0435-4265}
}
@book {1412,
	title = {{Comments of the WHOI DSRVG on the {\textquoteright}Specifications for building a research submarine AUTEC I{\textquoteright}, of 27 May 1965}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {1480,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 January through 31 December 1964}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {65-11},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {14},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {Park1965,
	title = {{Deep-sea vehicles}},
	journal = {International Science and Technology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {26{\textendash}38},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0097-3777},
	author = {Park, F}
}
@book {Mavor1965d,
	title = {{Design and manufacture of new emergency hull release for Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W and Sharp, A G}
}
@book {723,
	title = {{Design and process control specification, 6 A1-4 V titanium alloy spherical buoyancy vessel, No. 90-000011, Rev. B}},
	year = {1965},
	publisher = {Pressure Systems, Inc},
	organization = {Pressure Systems, Inc},
	address = {Hampton, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@inbook {Walsh1965,
	title = {{Economic and logistic aspects of deep vehicle operations}},
	booktitle = {Ocean science and ocean engineering: Transactions of the Joint Conference and Exhibit, 14-17 June, 1965, Washington, D.C.},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {858{\textendash}863},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walsh, D}
}
@book {McCamis1965,
	title = {{Fuse testing in oil for Alvin batteries}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {9},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {McCamis, M J and Marquet, W M and Broderson, G and Mason, D}
}
@book {Mavor1965c,
	title = {{The mechanical and chemical properties of the HY 100 pressure hulls of the submarine, Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {65-1},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {55},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Fye1965,
	title = {{New frontiers in oceanography}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Fye, P M}
}
@book {Mavor1965a,
	title = {{Observation windows of the deep submersible, Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {65-62},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@article {2366,
	title = {{Research submarine tested at depth of 6000 feet}},
	journal = {Naval Research Reviews},
	volume = {18},
	number = {8},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {22{\textendash}23},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-145X}
}
@book {Mavor1965b,
	title = {{Summary report on fabrication, inspection and test of Alvin fixed and variable buoyancy spheres}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Technology1965,
	title = {{Undersea vehicles for oceanography}},
	series = {ICO Pamphlet},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {81},
	publisher = {U.S. Government Printing Office},
	organization = {U.S. Government Printing Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {and Technology, Federal Council for Science}
}
@article {Galantin1965,
	title = {{Vehicles for deep ocean technology}},
	journal = {Shipmate},
	volume = {28},
	number = {5},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {24{\textendash}29},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0488-6720},
	author = {Galantin, I J}
}
@book {Mavor1965,
	title = {{Weight, buoyancy and stability of the research submarine Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {45},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {1602,
	title = {{WHOI comments on DSRV Alvin design}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {10},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {2254,
	title = {{Alvin buoyancy material test report, August 28, 1964, and supplement}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Litton Systems, Inc., Applied Science Division},
	organization = {Litton Systems, Inc., Applied Science Division},
	address = {Waltham, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {682,
	title = {{Alvin high pressure test report}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Litton Systems, Inc., Applied Science Division},
	organization = {Litton Systems, Inc., Applied Science Division},
	address = {Waltham, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {Briggs1964,
	title = {{Alvin hull penetrator test}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@article {Walsh1964,
	title = {{Alvin, ocean research submarine}},
	journal = {Mechanical Engineering},
	volume = {86},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {22{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-6501},
	author = {Walsh, J B and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Anonal1964,
	title = {{Alvin{\textquoteright}s pressure sphere tested}},
	journal = {Naval Research Reviews},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1964},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-145X},
	author = {Anonal, Research}
}
@book {2305,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period November 1, 1962 - December 31, 1963}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {64-1},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {Learnard1964a,
	title = {{Electrical and pressure tests of Alvin{\textquoteright}s electric through hull penetrators}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {3},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Learnard, H H and McCamis, M J and Swinhart, O L}
}
@book {Briggs1964d,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis for Alvin hull number 1}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964a,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis for Alvin hull number 2}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964c,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis of Alvin buoyancy spheres}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@article {Pritzlaff1964,
	title = {{Manned submersibles of the world}},
	journal = {Undersea Technology},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {20{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-6533},
	author = {Pritzlaff, J A and Munske, R E}
}
@book {Systems1964,
	title = {{Operator and organizational maintenance instructions for Alvin}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Litton Systems Inc., Applied Science Division},
	organization = {Litton Systems Inc., Applied Science Division},
	address = {Waltham, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Systems, Litton}
}
@book {Kiernan1964,
	title = {{Predictions of the collapse strength of three HY-100 steel spherical hulls fabricated for the oceanographic research vehicle Alvin}},
	series = {DTMB-},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {41},
	publisher = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	organization = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kiernan, T J}
}
@book {Mavor1964,
	title = {{Preliminary memorandum on the weight, buoyancy and stability, speed, power, drag and thrust of the research submarine Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {32},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Torda1964a,
	title = {{Proposal for experimental program for drag reduction of the Alvin oceanographic submarine}},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Illinois Institute of Technology},
	organization = {Illinois Institute of Technology},
	address = {Chicago, Ill.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Torda, T P}
}
@book {245,
	title = {{Quality assurance report for Alvin project 6061: Aluminum spheres}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Litton Systems, Inc., Applied Science Division},
	organization = {Litton Systems, Inc., Applied Science Division},
	address = {Waltham, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {1058,
	title = {{Quality assurance report for Alvin project 7178: Aluminum spheres}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Litton Systems, Inc., Applied Science Division},
	organization = {Litton Systems, Inc., Applied Science Division},
	address = {Waltham, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {2290,
	title = {{Reinforced plastics in research submarine}},
	journal = {Plastics World},
	volume = {22},
	number = {12},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {21},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0032-1273}
}
@article {Allen1964,
	title = {{Research submarine Alvin}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute},
	volume = {90},
	number = {4},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {138{\textendash}140},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-798X},
	author = {Allen, E S}
}
@book {Briggs1964b,
	title = {{Stud tension tests of twelve interference fitted studs after compressive failure}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Torda1964,
	title = {{Surface stability and underwater drag investigations on the Alvin oceanographic submarine: Second preliminary report}},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {25},
	publisher = {Illinois Institute of Technology},
	organization = {Illinois Institute of Technology},
	address = {Chicago, Ill.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Torda, T P}
}
@article {Scott1964,
	title = {{A thousand fathoms and beyond}},
	journal = {Sea Frontiers},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {37{\textendash}45},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0897-2249},
	author = {Scott, M K}
}
@book {Learnard1964,
	title = {{Twenty-four (24) man-hour test of Alvin{\textquoteright}s environmental system}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {9},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Learnard, H H and Marquet, W M and McCamis, M J}
}
@article {Eleson1964,
	title = {{Underwater ordnance}},
	journal = {Ordnance},
	volume = {49},
	number = {267},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {234{\textendash}236},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Eleson, P}
}
@article {1540,
	title = {{WHOI commissions Alvin}},
	journal = {Undersea Technology},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {20},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-6533}
}
@book {Briggs1963,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis and leak test for Alvin hull number 1}},
	series = {Final Report},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {47},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Bynum1963,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis of a model of the Alvin hull}},
	series = {Final Report},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {52},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bynum, D J and DeHart, R C}
}
@inbook {Mavor1963,
	title = {{Structural design of a 6000 foot submergence manned oceanographic research vehicle}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of David Taylor Model Basin Deep Submergence Structures Workshop, 3-5 December 1962},
	volume = {Vol. 1},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {Report C{\textendash}1327},
	publisher = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	organization = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {1549,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 November 1961-31 October 1962}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {62-41},
	year = {1962},
	pages = {12},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {1061,
	title = {{Specifications for the design and construction of a research submarine for operation to a depth of 6000 feet}},
	year = {1962},
	pages = {24},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
