@article {ISI:000394193000005,
	title = {{Magnetic exploration of a low-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal site (Lost City, 30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {461},
	year = {2017},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {40{\textendash}45},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A 2003 high-resolution magnetic survey conducted by the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ABE over the low-temperature, ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal field Lost City reveals a weak positive magnetic anomaly. This observation is in direct contrast to recent observations of strong positive magnetic anomalies documented over the high-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vents fields Rainbow and Ashadze, which indicates that temperature may control the production of magnetization at these sites. The Lost City survey provides a unique opportunity to study a field that is, to date, one of a kind, and is an end member of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems. Our results highlight the key contribution of temperature on magnetite production resulting from serpentinization reactions. Whereas high temperature promotes significant production and partitioning of iron into magnetite, low temperature favors iron partitioning into various alteration phases, resulting in a magnetite-poor rock. Moreover, the distribution of magnetic anomalies confirms results of a previous geological survey indicating the progressive migration of hydrothermal activity upslope. These discoveries contribute to the results of 25 yrs of magnetic exploration of a wide range of hydrothermal sites, from low- to high temperature and from basalt- to ultramafic-hosted, and thereby validate using high-resolution magnetics as a crucial parameter for locating and characterizing hydrothermal sites hosting unique chemosynthetic-based ecosystems and potentially mineral-rich deposits. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.033},
	author = {Szitkar, Florent and Tivey, Maurice A and Kelley, Deborah S and Karson, Jeffrey A and Fruh-Green, Gretchen L and Denny, Alden R}
}
@article {Thal2016,
	title = {{Subaqueous cryptodome eruption, hydrothermal activity and related seafloor morphologies on the andesitic North Su volcano}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {323},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {80{\textendash}96},
	abstract = {North Su is a double-peaked active andesite submarine volcano located in the eastern Manus Basin of the Bismarck Sea that reaches a depth of 1154 m. It hosts a vigorous and varied hydrothermal system with black and white smoker vents along with several areas of diffuse venting and deposits of native sulfur. Geologic mapping based on ROV observations from 2006 and 2011 combined with morphologic features identified from repeated bathymetric surveys in 2002 and 2011 documents the emplacement of a volcanic cryptodome between 2006 and 2011. We use our observations and rock analyses to interpret an eruption scenario where highly viscous, crystal-rich andesitic magma erupted slowly into the water-saturated, gravel-dominated slope of North Su. An intense fragmentation process produced abundant blocky clasts of a heterogeneous magma (olivine crystals within a rhyolitic groundmass) that only rarely breached through the clastic cover onto the seafloor. Phreatic and phreatomagmatic explosions beneath the seafloor cause mixing of juvenile and pre-existing lithic clasts and produce a volcaniclastic deposit. This volcaniclastic deposit consists of blocky, non-altered clasts next, variably (1{\textendash}100{\%}) altered clasts, hydrothermal precipitates and crystal fragments. The usually applied parameters to identify juvenile subaqueous lava fragments, i.e. fluidal shape or chilled margin, were not applicable to distinguish between pre-existing non-altered clasts and juvenile clasts. This deposit is updomed during further injection of magma and mechanical disruption. Gas-propelled turbulent clast-recycling causes clasts to develop variably rounded shapes. An abundance of blocky clasts and the lack of clasts typical for the contact of liquid lava with water is interpreted to be the result of a cooled, high-viscosity, crystal-rich magma that failed as a brittle solid upon stress. The high viscosity allows the lava to form blocky and short lobes. The pervasive volcaniclastic cover on North Su is partly cemented by hydrothermal precipitates. These hydrothermally-cemented breccias, crusts and single pillars show that hydrothermal circulation through a thick layer of volcaniclastic deposits can temporarily increase slope stability through precipitation and cementation.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.041},
	author = {Thal, J and Tivey, M A and Yoerger, D R and Bach, W}
}
@article {Larson2015,
	title = {{Stealth export of hydrogen and methane from a low temperature serpentinization system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {233{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Chemical input to the deep sea from hydrothermal systems is a globally distributed phenomenon. Hydrothermal discharge is one of the primary mechanisms by which the Earth{\textquoteright}s interior processes manifest themselves at the Earth{\textquoteright}s surface, and it provides a source of energy for autotrophic processes by microbes that are too deep to capitalize on sunlight. Much is known about the water-column signature of this discharge from high-temperature mid-ocean Ridge (MOR) environments and their neighboring low-temperature counterparts. Hydrothermal discharge farther away from the ridge, however, has garnered less attention, owing in part to the difficulty in finding this style of venting, which eludes methods of detection that work well for high-temperature {\textquoteleft}black smoker{\textquoteright}-type venting. Here we present a case study of the plume from one such {\textquoteleft}invisible{\textquoteright} off-axis environment, The Lost City, with an emphasis on the dissolved volatile content of the hydrothermal plume. Serpentinization and abiotic organic synthesis generate significant concentrations of H2 and CH4 in vent fluid, but these species are unevenly transported to the overlying plume, which itself appears to be a composite of two different sources. A concentrated vent cluster on the talus slope channels fluid through at least eight chimneys, producing a water-column plume with the highest observed concentrations of CH4 in the field. In contrast, a saddle in the topography leading up to a carbonate cap hosts broadly distributed, nearly invisible venting apparent only in its water-column signals of redox potential and dissolved gas content, including the highest observed plume H2. After normalizing H2 and CH4 to the 3He background-corrected anomaly (3He$Δ$) to account for mixing and relative amount of mantle input, it appears that, while a minimum of 60{\%} of CH4 is transported out of the system, greater than 90{\%} of the H2 is consumed in the subsurface prior to venting. The exception to this pattern occurs in the plume originating from the area dubbed Chaff Beach, in which somewhat more than 10{\%} of the original H2 remains, indicating that this otherwise unremarkable plume, and others like it, may represent a significant source of H2 to the deep sea.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.007},
	author = {Larson, B I and Lang, S Q and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J and Lupton, J E and Nakamura, K and Buck, N J}
}
@article {ISI:000345545100011,
	title = {{The Anatomy of a Buried Submarine Hydrothermal System, Clark Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand}},
	journal = {ECONOMIC GEOLOGY},
	volume = {109},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {2261{\textendash}2292},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Clark volcano of the Kermadec arc, northeast of New Zealand, is a large stratovolcano comprised of two coalescing volcanic cones; an apparently younger, more coherent, twin-peaked edifice to the northwest and a relatively older, more degraded and tectonized cone to the southeast. High-resolution water column surveys show an active hydrothermal system at the summit of the NW cone largely along a ridge spur connecting the two peaks, with activity also noted at the head of scarps related to sector collapse. Clark is the only known cone volcano along the Kermadec arc to host sulfide mineralization. Volcano-scale gravity and magnetic surveys over Clark show that it is highly magnetized, and that a strong gravity gradient exists between the two edifices. Modeling suggests that a crustal-scale fault lies between these two edifices, with thinner crust beneath the NW cone. Locations of regional earthquake epicenters show a southwest-northeast trend bisecting the two Clark cones, striking northeastward into Tangaroa volcano. Detailed mapping of magnetics above the NW cone summit shows a highly magnetized ring structure 350 m below the summit that is not apparent in the bathymetry; we believe this structure represents the top of a caldera. Oblate zones of low (weak) magnetization caused by hydrothermal fluid upflow, here termed burn holes, form a pattern in the regional magnetization resembling Swiss cheese. Presumably older burn holes occupy the inner margin of the ring structure and show no signs of hydrothermal activity, while younger burn holes are coincident with active venting on the summit. A combination of mineralogy, geochemistry, and seafloor mapping of the NW cone shows that hydrothermal activity today is largely manifest by widespread diffuse venting, with temperatures ranging between 56 degrees and 106 degrees C. Numerous, small ({\textless}= 30 cm high) chimneys populate the summit area, with one site host to the similar to 7-m-tall {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Twin Towers{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} chimneys with maximum vent fluid temperatures of 221 degrees C (pH 4.9), consistent with delta S-34(anhydrite-pyrite) values indicating formation temperatures of similar to 228 degrees to 249 degrees C. Mineralization is dominated by pyrite-marcasite-barite-anhydrite. Radiometric dating using the Ra-228/Ra-226 and Ra-226/Ba methods shows active chimneys to be {\textless}20 with most {\textless}2 years old. However, the chimneys at Clark show evidence for mixing with, and remobilizing of, barite as old as 19,000 years. This is consistent with Nd and Sr isotope compositions of Clark chimney and sulfate crust samples that indicate mixing of similar to 40{\%} seawater with a vent fluid derived from low K lavas. Similarly, REE data show the hydrothermal fluids have interacted with a plagioclase-rich source rock. A holistic approach to the study of the Clark hydrothermal system has revealed a two-stage process whereby a caldera-forming volcanic event preceded a later cone-building event. This ensured a protracted (at least 20 ka yrs) history of hydrothermal activity and associated mineral deposition. If we assume at least 200-m-high walls for the postulated (buried) caldera, then hydrothermal fluids would have exited the seafloor 20 ka years ago at least 550 m deeper than they do today, with fluid discharge temperatures potentially much hotter (similar to 350 degrees C). Subsequent to caldera infilling, relatively porous volcaniclastic and other units making up the cone acted as largescale filters, enabling ascending hydrothermal fluids to boil and mix with seawater subseafloor, effectively removing the metals (including remobilized Cu) in solution before they reached the seafloor. This has implications for estimates for the metal inventory of seafloor hydrothermal systems pertaining to arc hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Walker, S L and Ditchburn, R G and Tontini, F Caratori and Hannington, M D and Merle, S G and Timm, C and Handler, M R and Wysoczanski, R J and Dekov, V M and Kamenov, G D and Baker, E T and Embley, R W and Lupton, J E and Stoffers, P}
}
@article {Clague2014,
	title = {{Eruptive and tectonic history of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, based on AUV mapping data and lava flow ages}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3364{\textendash}3391},
	abstract = {High-resolution bathymetric surveys from autonomous underwater vehicles ABE and D. Allan B. were merged to create a coregistered map of 71.7 km(2) of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Radiocarbon dating of foraminifera in cores from three dives of remotely operated vehicle Doc Ricketts provide minimum eruption ages for 40 lava flows that are combined with the bathymetric data to outline the eruptive and tectonic history. The ages range from Modern to 10,700 marine-calibrated years before present (yr BP). During a robust magmatic phase from {\textgreater}10,700 yr BP to approximate to 4300 yr BP, flows erupted from an axial high and many flowed {\textgreater}5 km down the flanks; some partly buried adjacent valleys. Axial magma chambers (AMCs) may have been wider than today to supply dike intrusions over a 2 km wide axial zone. Summit Seamount formed by approximate to 4770 yr BP and was subsequently dismembered during a period of extension with little volcanism starting approximate to 4300 yr BP. This tectonic phase with only rare volcanic eruptions lasted until approximate to 2300 yr BP and may have resulted in near-solidification of the AMCs. The axial graben formed by crustal extension during this period of low magmatic activity. Infrequent eruptions occurred on the flanks between 2620-1760 yr BP and within the axial graben since approximate to 1750 yr BP. This most recent phase of limited volcanic and intense hydrothermal activity that began approximate to 2300 yr BP defines a hydrothermal phase of ridge development that coincides with the present-day 1 km wide AMCs and overlying hydrothermal vent fields.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005415},
	author = {Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Caress, D W and Gill, J B and Kelley, D S and Thomas, H and Portner, R A and Delaney, J R and Guilderson, T P and McGann, M L}
}
@article {Thal2014,
	title = {{Geologic setting of PACManus hydrothermal area - High resolution mapping and in situ observations}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {355},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {98{\textendash}114},
	abstract = {This study presents a systematic analysis and interpretation of autonomous underwater vehicle-based microbathymetry combined with remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video recordings, rock analyses and temperature measurements within the PACManus hydrothermal area located on Pual Ridge in the Bismarck Sea of eastern Manus Basin. The data obtained during research cruise Magellan-06 and So-216 provides a framework for understanding the relationship between the volcanism, tectonism and hydrothermal activity. PACManus is a submarine felsic vocanically-hosted hydrothermal area that hosts multiple vent fields located within several hundred meters of one another but with different fluid chemistries, vent temperatures and morphologies. The total area of hydrothermal activity is estimated to be 20,279 m(2). The microbathymetry maps combined with the ROV video observations allow for precise high-resolution mapping estimates of the areal extents of hydrothermal activity. We find the distribution of hydrothermal fields in the PACManus area is primarily controlled by volcanic features that include lava domes, thick and massive blocky lava flows, breccias and feeder dykes. Spatial variation in the permeability of local volcanic facies appears to control the distribution of venting within a field. We define a three-stage chronological sequence for the volcanic evolution of the PACManus based on lava flow morphology, sediment cover and lava SiO2 concentration. In Stage-1, sparsely to moderately porphyritic dacite lavas (68-69.8 wt.{\%} SiO2) erupted to form domes or cryptodomes. In Stage-2, aphyric lava with slightly lower SiO2 concentrations (67.2-67.9 wt.{\%} SiO2) formed jumbled and pillowed lava flows. In the most recent phase Stage-3, massive blocky lavas with 69 to 72.5 wt{\%} SiO2 were erupted through multiple vents constructing a volcanic ridge identified as the PACManus neovolcanic zone. The transition between these stages may be gradual and related to progressive heating of a silicic magma following a recharge event of hot, mantle-derived melts.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.05.011},
	author = {Thal, Janis and Tivey, Maurice and Yoerger, Dana and Joens, Niels and Bach, Wolfgang}
}
@article {Jamieson2014,
	title = {{Hydrothermal sulfide accumulation along the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {395},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {136{\textendash}148},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal sulfide deposits that form on the seafloor are often located by the detection of hydrothermal plumes in the water column, followed by exploration with deep-towed cameras, side-scan sonar imaging, and finally by visual surveys using remotely-operated vehicle or occupied submersible. Hydrothermal plume detection, however, is ineffective for finding hydrothermally-inactive sulfide deposits, which may represent a significant amount of the total sulfide accumulation on the seafloor, even in hydrothermally active settings. Here, we present results from recent high-resolution, autonomous underwater vehicle-based mapping of the hydrothermally-active Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Analysis of the ridge bathymetry resulted in the location of 581 individual sulfide deposits along 24 km of ridge length. Hydrothermal deposits were distinguished from volcanic and tectonic features based on the characteristics of their surface morphology, such as shape and slope angles. Volume calculations for each deposit results in a total volume of 372,500 m3 of hydrothermal sulfide{\textendash}sulfate{\textendash}silica material, for an equivalent mass of \~{}1.2 Mt of hydrothermal material on the seafloor within the ridge{\textquoteright}s axial valley, assuming a density of 3.1 g/cm3. Much of this total volume is from previously undocumented inactive deposits outside the main active vent fields. Based on minimum ages of sulfide deposition, the deposits accumulated at a maximum rate of \~{}400 t/yr, with a depositional efficiency (proportion of hydrothermal material that accumulates on the seafloor to the total amount hydrothermally mobilized and transported to the seafloor) of \~{}5{\%}. The calculated sulfide tonnage represents a four-fold increase over previous sulfide estimates for the Endeavour Segment that were based largely on accumulations from within the active fields. These results suggest that recent global seafloor sulfide resource estimates, which were based mostly on the sizes and distribution of hydrothermally-active deposits, may be similarly underestimating the amount of sulfide along the global submarine neovolcanic zones.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.035},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14001873},
	author = {Jamieson, J W and Clague, D A and Hannington, M D}
}
@article {Thresher2014,
	title = {{Strong Depth-Related Zonation of Megabenthos on a Rocky Continental Margin ( similar to 700-4000 m) off Southern Tasmania, Australia: e85872}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.},
	address = {United Kingdom},
	abstract = {Assemblages of megabenthos are structured in seven depth-related zones between {\~{}}700 and 4000 m on the rocky and topographically complex continental margin south of Tasmania, southeastern Australia. These patterns emerge from analysis of imagery and specimen collections taken from a suite of surveys using photographic and in situ sampling by epibenthic sleds, towed video cameras, an autonomous underwater vehicle and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Seamount peaks in shallow zones had relatively low biomass and low diversity assemblages, which may be in part natural and in part due to effects of bottom trawl fishing. Species richness was highest at intermediate depths (1000-1300 m) as a result of an extensive coral reef community based on the bioherm-forming scleractinian Solenosmilia variabilis. However, megabenthos abundance peaked in a deeper, low diversity assemblage at 2000-2500 m. The S. variabilis reef and the deep biomass zone were separated by an extensive dead, sub-fossil S. variabilis reef and a relatively low biomass stratum on volcanic rock roughly coincident with the oxygen minimum layer. Below 2400 m, megabenthos was increasingly sparse, though punctuated by occasional small pockets of relatively high diversity and biomass. Nonetheless, megabenthic organisms were observed in the vast majority of photographs on all seabed habitats and to the maximum depths observed - a sandy plain below 3950 m. Taxonomic studies in progress suggest that the observed depth zonation is based in part on changing species mixes with depth, but also an underlying commonality to much of the seamount and rocky substrate biota across all depths. Although the mechanisms supporting the extraordinarily high biomass in 2000-2500 m depths remains obscure, plausible explanations include equatorwards lateral transport of polar production and/or a response to depth-stratified oxygen availability.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0085872},
	url = {http://norton.whoi.edu/sfx{\_}local?url{\_}ver=Z39.88-2004{\&}rft{\_}val{\_}fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal{\&}genre=article{\&}sid=ProQ:ProQ{\%}253Apqdibs{\&}atitle=Strong+Depth-Related+Zonation+of+Megabenthos+on+a+Rocky+Continental+Margin+{\%}2528+similar+to},
	author = {Thresher, R and Althaus, F and Adkins, J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Alderslade, Phil and Dowdney, Jo and Cho, W and Gagnon, A and Staples, D and McEnnulty, F}
}
@article {Tucholke2013,
	title = {{Cemented mounds and hydrothermal sediments on the detachment surface at Kane Megamullion: A new manifestation of hydrothermal venting}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {3352{\textendash}3378},
	abstract = {Long-lived detachment faults are now known to be important in tectonic evolution of slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges, and there is increasing evidence that fluid flow plays a critical role in development of detachment systems. Here we document a new manifestation of low-temperature hydrothermal venting associated with the detachment fault that formed Kane Megamullion \~{}3.3{\textendash}2.1 m.y. ago in the western rift-valley wall of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Hydrothermal effects on the detachment surface include (1) cemented mounds of igneous rock and chalk debris containing hydrothermal Mn oxides and Fe oxyhydroxides, and (2) layered deposits of similar Fe-Mn minerals {\textpm} interbedded chalks. Mounds are roughly conical, \~{}1{\textendash}10 m high, and contain primarily basalts with lesser gabbro, serpentinite, and polymict breccia. The layered Fe-Mn-rich sediments are flat-bedded to contorted and locally are buckled into low-relief linear or polygonal ridges. We propose that the mounds formed where hydrothermal fluids discharged through the detachment hanging wall near the active fault trace. Hydrothermal precipitates cemented hanging-wall debris and welded it to the footwall, and this debris persisted as mounds as the footwall was exhumed and surrounding unconsolidated material sloughed off the sloping detachment surface. Some of the layered Fe-Mn-rich deposits may have precipitated from fluids discharging from the hanging-wall vents, but they also precipitated from low-temperature fluids venting from the exposed footwall through overlying chalks. Observed natural disturbance and abnormally thin hydrogenous Fe-Mn crusts on some contorted, hydrothermal Fe-Mn-rich chalks on \~{}2.7 Ma crust suggest diffuse venting that is geologically recent. Results of this study imply that there are significant fluid pathways through all parts of detachment systems and that low-temperature venting through fractured detachment footwalls may continue for several million years off-axis.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20186},
	author = {Tucholke, B E and Humphris, S E and Dick, H J B}
}
@article {Hansen2013,
	title = {{Mylonitic deformation at the Kane oceanic core complex: Implications for the rheological behavior of oceanic detachment faults}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {3085{\textendash}3108},
	abstract = {The depth extent, strength, and composition of oceanic detachment faults remain poorly understood because the grade of deformation-related fabrics varies widely among sampled oceanic core complexes (OCCs). We address this issue by analyzing fault rocks collected from the Kane oceanic core complex at 23{\textdegree}30'N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A portion of the sample suite was collected from a younger fault scarp that cuts the detachment surface and exposes the interior of the most prominent dome. The style of deformation was assessed as a function of proximity to the detachment surface, revealing a \~{}450 m thick zone of high-temperature mylonitization overprinted by a \~{}200 m thick zone of brittle deformation. Geothermometry of deformed gabbros demonstrates that crystal-plastic deformation occurred at temperatures {\textgreater}700{\textdegree}C. Analysis of the morphology of the complex in conjunction with recent thermochronology suggests that deformation initiated at depths of \~{}7 km. Thus we suggest the detachment system extended into or below the brittle-plastic transition (BPT). Microstructural evidence suggests that gabbros and peridotites with high-temperature fabrics were dominantly deforming by dislocation-accommodated processes and diffusion creep. Recrystallized grain size piezometry yields differential stresses consistent with those predicted by dry-plagioclase flow laws. The temperature and stress at the BPT determined from laboratory-derived constitutive models agree well with the lowest temperatures and highest stresses estimated from gabbro mylonites. We suggest that the variation in abundance of mylonites among oceanic core complexes can be explained by variation in the depth of the BPT, which depends to a first order on the thermal structure and water content of newly forming oceanic lithosphere.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20184},
	author = {Hansen, L N and Cheadle, M J and John, B E and Swapp, S M and Dick, H J B and Tucholke, B E and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Deschamps2013,
	title = {{Waning magmatic activity along the Southern Explorer Ridge revealed through fault restoration of rift topography}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1609{\textendash}1625},
	abstract = {We combine high-resolution bathymetry acquired using the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ABE with digital seafloor imagery collected using the remotely operated vehicle ROPOS across the axial valley of the Southern Explorer Ridge (SER) to infer the recent volcanic and tectonic processes. The SER is an intermediate spreading ridge located in the northeast Pacific. It hosts the Magic Mountain hydrothermal vent. We reconstruct the unfaulted seafloor terrain at SER based on calculations of the vertical displacement field and fault parameters. The vertical changes between the initial and the restored topographies reflect the integrated effects of volcanism and tectonism on relief-forming processes over the last 11,000{\textendash}14,000 years. The restored topography indicates that the axial morphology evolved from a smooth constructional dome {\textgreater}500 m in diameter, to a fault-bounded graben, {\~{}}500 m wide and 30{\textendash}70 m deep. This evolution has been accompanied by changes in eruptive rate, with deposition of voluminous lobate and sheet flows when the SER had a domed morphology, and limited-extent low-effusion rate pillow eruptions during graben development. Most of the faults shaping the present axial valley postdate the construction of the dome. Our study supports a model of cyclic volcanism at the SER with periods of effusive eruptions flooding the axial rift, centered on the broad plateau at the summit of the ridge, followed by a decrease in eruptive activity and a subsequent dominance of tectonic processes, with minor low-effusion rate eruptions confined to the axial graben. The asymmetric shape of the axial graben supports an increasing role of extensional processes, with a component of simple shear in the spreading processes.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20110},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20110},
	author = {Deschamps, A and Tivey, M A and Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Tivey2012,
	title = {{Links from Mantle to Microbe at the Lau Integrated Study Site:Insights from a Back-Arc Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {62{\textendash}77},
	abstract = {The Lau Integrated Study Site (ISS) has provided unique opportunities for study of ridge processes because of its back-arc setting in the southwestern Pacific. Its location allows study of a biogeographical province distinct from those of eastern Pacific and mid-Atlantic ridges, and crustal compositions along the ridge lie outside the range of mid-ocean ridge crustal compositions. The Lau ISS is located above a subduction zone, at an oblique angle. The underlying mantle receives water and other elements derived from the downgoing lithospheric slab, with an increase in slab influence from north to south. Water lowers the mantle melting temperature and leads to greater melt production where the water flux is greater, and to distinctive regional-scale gradients along the ridge. There are deeper faulted axial valleys with basaltic volcanism in the north and inflated axial highs with andesites in the south. Differences in igneous rock composition and release of magmatic volatiles affect compositions of vent fluids and deposits. Differences in vent fluid compositions and small-scale diffuse-flow regimes correlate with regional-scale patterns in microbial and megafaunal distributions. The interdisciplinary research effort at the Lau ISS has successfully identified linkages between subsurface processes and deep-sea biological communities, from mantle to microbe to megafauna.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.04},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Becker, E and Beinart, R and Fisher, C R and Girguis, P R and Langmuir, C H and Michael, P J and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@article {Wang2012,
	title = {{Reviews of power systems and environmental energy conversion for unmanned underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	volume = {16},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1958{\textendash}1970},
	abstract = {The power supply for unmanned underwater vehicles has been an important research point since the vehicles were invented. The power systems and environmental energy conversions for the vehicles are reviewed in the paper. Several topics are represented: problems and general solutions for unmanned underwater vehicles power supplies; the mechanisms and structures of tether power system; characteristics of several batteries; the characterization of potential environmental energy, and energy conversion for unmanned underwater vehicles. Docking stations for underwater vehicles continuation are also represented in the paper. Some typical vehicles powered by the power systems and their performances are listed and analyzed.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1364-0321},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.016},
	author = {Wang, X -M and Shang, J -H and Luo, Zirong and Tang, Li and Zhang, X and Li, J}
}
@article {ISI:000298301200007,
	title = {{Effects of chronic low carbonate saturation levels on the distribution, growth and skeletal chemistry of deep-sea corals and other seamount megabenthos}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {442},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {87{\textendash}99},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Ocean acidification has been predicted to reduce the ability of marine organisms to produce carbonate skeletons, threatening their long-term viability and severely impacting marine ecosystems. Corals, as ecosystem engineers, have been identified as particularly vulnerable and important. To determine the sensitivity of corals and allied taxa to long-term exposure to very low carbonate concentrations, we examined the distribution and skeletal characteristics of coral taxa along a natural deep-sea concentration gradient on seamounts of SW Australia. Carbonate under-saturation had little evident effect on the depth distribution, growth or skeletal composition of live scleractinians or gorgonians, with corals growing, often abundantly, in waters as much as 20 to 30{\%} under-saturated. Developmental anomalies in the deepest skeleton-forming anthozoan collected (an isidid gorgonian, at nearly 4 km depth) suggest an absolute low tolerance limit of about 40{\%} under-saturation. Evidence for an effect of acidification on the accumulation of reef structure is ambiguous, with clear indications of dissolution of high-magnesium calcite (HMC) gorgonian skeletons at depths below 2300 m, but also abundant, old scleractinian skeletons well below the aragonite saturation horizon. The latter might be the result of ferromanganese deposition on exposed skeletons, which, however, may render them inhospitable for benthic organisms.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps09400},
	author = {Thresher, Ronald E and Tilbrook, Bronte and Fallon, Stewart and Wilson, Nick C and Adkins, Jess}
}
@article {ISI:000296056300001,
	title = {{Extraordinarily high biomass benthic community on Southern Ocean seamounts}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We describe a previously unknown assemblage of seamount-associated megabenthos that has by far the highest peak biomass reported in the deep-sea outside of vent communities. The assemblage was found at depths of 2-2.5 km on rocky geomorphic features off the southeast coast of Australia, in an area near the Sub-Antarctic Zone characterised by high rates of surface productivity and carbon export to the deep-ocean. These conditions, and the taxa in the assemblage, are widely distributed around the Southern mid-latitudes, suggesting the high-biomass assemblage is also likely to be widespread. The role of this assemblage in regional ecosystem and carbon dynamics and its sensitivities to anthropogenic impacts are unknown. The discovery highlights the lack of information on deep-sea biota worldwide and the potential for unanticipated impacts of deep-sea exploitation.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep00119},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Adkins, J and Fallon, S J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Althaus, F and Williams, A}
}
@article {ISI:000296085300022,
	title = {{Modal analysis of the deep-water solitary scleractinian, Desmophyllum dianthus, on SW Pacific seamounts: inferred recruitment periodicity, growth, and mortality rates}},
	journal = {CORAL REEFS},
	volume = {30},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1063{\textendash}1070},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about the demography of corals inhabiting deep-sea features due to the logistical difficulties of working at the extreme depths they inhabit. To obtain basic information about growth, mortality, and recruitment dynamics for such a coral, we applied modal analysis to the size frequency distributions of live-caught and sub-fossil specimens of the widely distributed solitary cup coral, Desmophyllum dianthus, collected on SW Pacific seamounts. Comparison of live-caught material collected in 1997 and 2007-2009 indicated modal progression over time and an implied maximum age of approximately 190 years, which is similar to ages determined previously for D. dianthus using radiometric techniques. A log-linear decline in the number of individuals with increasing size further implies a constant adult mortality rate, of 15.1{\%} per annum in 1997 and 9.2{\%} per annum in 2007-2009. The spacing of size modes in the 2007-2009 samples suggests regularly episodic recruitment events, at 22- to 32-year intervals, which may relate to periodic variability in large-scale Southern Ocean circulation. Preliminary analyses of size frequency distributions of the sub-fossil material suggest that the trophodynamics, growth, and adult mortality schedules of D. dianthus in the SW Pacific have remained basically similar throughout the Holocene.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0722-4028},
	doi = {10.1007/s00338-011-0806-7},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Adkins, J and Thiagarajan, N}
}
@article {Roman2010,
	title = {{Autonomous underwater vehicles as tools for deep-submergence archaeology}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment},
	volume = {224},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {327{\textendash}340},
	abstract = {Marine archaeology beyond the capabilities of scuba divers is a technologically enabled field. The tool suite includes ship-based systems such as towed side-scan sonars and remotely operated vehicles, and more recently free-swimming autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Each of these platforms has various imaging and mapping capabilities appropriate for specific scales and tasks. Broadly speaking, AUVs are becoming effective tools for locating, identifying, and surveying archaeological sites. This paper discusses the role of AUVs in this suite of tools, outlines some specific design criteria necessary to maximize their utility in the field, and presents directions for future developments. Results are presented for a recent joint AUV{\textemdash}towed system survey and a demonstration of current mine-hunting technologies applied to archaeology.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1475-0902},
	url = {http://pim.sagepub.com/content/224/4/327.abstract},
	author = {Roman, C and Mather, R}
}
@article {Yeats2010,
	title = {{Mapping elemental distributions in submarine hydrothermal sulfide smokers using proton induced X-ray emission}},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {268},
	number = {11-12},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2129{\textendash}2132},
	abstract = {PIXE analysis using a 3 MeV proton beam on the CSIRO Nuclear Microprobe was carried out on samples of four typical undersea sulfide chimneys from the Rogers Ruins and Fenway hydrothermal sites, PACMANUS field, Eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. The ability of PIXE to map the spatial association of trace elements within the sulfides across multiple mineralogical zones provides important insights into the mode of formation of structures and the nature of interaction between \~{}250 and 350 {\textdegree}C hydrothermal fluids and 3{\textendash}4 {\textdegree}C ambient seawater within the chimney walls.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.034},
	author = {Yeats, C and Belton, D and Laird, J S and Ryan, C G}
}
@article {Ferri2010,
	title = {{A novel trigger-based method for hydrothermal vents prospecting using an autonomous underwater robot}},
	journal = {Autonomous Robots},
	volume = {29},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {67{\textendash}83},
	abstract = {In this paper we address the problem of localizing active hydrothermal vents on the seafloor using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). The plumes emitted by hydrothermal vents are the result of thermal and chemical inputs from submarine hot spring systems into the overlying ocean. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution{\textquoteright}s Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) AUV has successfully localized previously undiscovered hydrothermal vent fields in several recent vent prospecting expeditions. These expeditions utilized the AUV for a three-stage, nested survey strategy approach (German et al. in Deep Sea Res. I 55:203{\textendash}219, 2008). Each stage consists of a survey flown at successively deeper depths through easier to detect but spatially more constrained vent fluids. Ideally this sequence of surveys culminates in photographic evidence of the vent fields themselves. In this work we introduce a new adaptive strategy for an AUV{\textquoteright}s movement during the first, highest-altitude survey: the AUV initially moves along pre-designed tracklines but certain conditions can trigger an adaptive movement that is likely to acquire additional high value data for vent localization. The trigger threshold is changed during the mission, adapting the method to the different survey profiles the robot may find. The proposed algorithm is vetted on data from previous ABE missions and measures of efficiency presented.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0929-5593},
	doi = {10.1007/s10514-010-9187-y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-010-9187-y},
	author = {Ferri, G and Jakuba, M V and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Walter2010,
	title = {{Rapid dispersal of a hydrothermal plume by turbulent mixing}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {57},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {931{\textendash}945},
	abstract = {The water column imprint of the hydrothermal plume observed at the Nibelungen field (8{\textdegree}18'S 13{\textdegree}30'W) is highly variable in space and time. The off-axis location of the site, along the southern boundary of a non-transform ridge offset at the joint between two segments of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is characterized by complex, rugged topography, and thus favorable for the generation of internal tides, subsequent internal wave breaking, and associated vertical mixing in the water column. We have used towed transects and vertical profiles of stratification, turbidity, and direct current measurements to investigate the strength of turbulent mixing in the vicinity of the vent site and the adjacent rift valley, and its temporal and spatial variability in relation to the plume dispersal. Turbulent diffusivities K$\rho$K$\rho$ were calculated from temperature inversions via Thorpe scales. Heightened mixing (compared to open ocean values) was observed in the whole rift valley within an order of K$\rho$K$\rho$ around 10-3 m2 s-1. The mixing close to the vent site was even more elevated, with an average of View the MathML sourceK$\rho$=4{\texttimes}10-2m2s-1. The mixing, as well as the flow field, exhibited a strong tidal cycle, with strong currents and mixing at the non-buoyant plume level during ebb flow. Periods of strong mixing were associated with increased internal wave activity and frequent occurrence of turbulent overturns. Additional effects of mixing on plume dispersal include bifurcation of the particle plume, likely as a result of the interplay between the modulated mixing strength and current speed, as well as high frequency internal waves in the effluent plume layer, possibly triggered by the buoyant plume via nonlinear interaction with the elevated background turbulence or penetrative convection.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	author = {Walter, M and Mertens, C and Stober, U and German, C R and Yoerger, D R and Sultemfub, J and Rhein, M and Melchert, B and Baker, E T}
}
@mastersthesis {Waters2010,
	title = {{Temporal and petrogenetic constraints on volcanic accretionary processes at 9-10 degrees north East Pacific Rise}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {258},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {Volcanic accretion at the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) occurs over a {\~{}}2-4 km wide neo-volcanic zone on either side of the axial summit trough (AST). Eruption ages are critical for understanding the distribution and timing of volcanic and magmatic activity. Uranium series nuclides are susceptible to fractionation by magmatic processes that occur beneath mid-ocean ridges, and the half-lives of 226Ra (1.6 kyrs) and 230Th (75 kyrs) make them ideally suited for determining eruption ages and placing constraints on eruption frequency and temporal changes in magma chemistry. Accordingly, major and trace element, and long-lived radiogenic and 238U-230Th-226Ra isotope compositions were measured in basalts from 9{\textordmasculine}-10{\textordmasculine}N EPR to determine eruption ages and to place temporal constraints on volcanic and magmatic processes. At 9{\textordmasculine}30{\textquoteright}N EPR, 238U-230Th-226Ra compositions indicate that trace elementally and isotopically enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) collected off-axis erupted {\textgreater}8 ka and that E-MORB magmatism is interspersed with normal, depleted MORB magmatism. Lava ages are consistent with eruption from the AST and flow down the ridge flanks, which is in contrast to previous studies that suggested E-MORB erupted from off-axis vents. At 9{\textordmasculine}50{\textquoteright}N EPR, discrete eruptive units are distinguished by high precision 238U, 232Th, and 226Ra sample concentrations, but because the resolution of the 230Th-226Ra model age dating technique is {\~{}}{\textpm}1 kyrs, the surprisingly young ages of these lavas prohibit the construction of an explicit, time-constrained lava stratigraphy. Nonetheless, seven different flows identified within 0.8-2.0 km west of the AST imply greater frequency of flows to these distances than previously recognized. Model age dating of ferrobasalts, basaltic andesites, andesites, and dacites sampled from the east limb of the overlapping spreading center at 9{\textordmasculine}03{\textquoteright}N EPR is difficult due to uncertainties in magma residence times. However, (226Ra/230Th) disequilibria indicate recent basaltic volcanism ({\textless}{\textless}8 ka) up to {\~{}}4 km off-axis. The axial graben at the rise crest sources the most recent volcanic activity and is the dominant location for eruption of high-silica magmas. Major element, trace element, 87Sr/86Sr, and (234U/238U) isotope compositions are consistent with the formation of dacite magmas by extensive crystallization, and 238U-230Th-226Ra systematics imply crustal residence times of {\~{}}8 kyrs.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3750},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3750},
	author = {Waters, C L}
}
@article {Stevenson2009,
	title = {{AUV design: shape, drag and practical issues}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {41{\textendash}44},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Stevenson, P and Furlong, M and Dormer, D}
}
@mastersthesis {Bahr2009,
	title = {{Cooperative localization for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {140},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2852},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2852},
	author = {Bahr, A}
}
@article {Haase2009,
	title = {{Diking, young volcanism and diffuse hydrothermal activity on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Lilliput field at 9 degrees 33'S}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {266},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {52{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	author = {Haase, K M and Koschinsky, A and Petersen, S and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Melchert, B and Seifert, R and Borowski, C and Giere, O and Paulick, H}
}
@article {Katsioloudis2009,
	title = {{Discovery of the depths: the world{\textquoteright}s oceans have been almost impenetrable to human exploration because of obstacles associated with underwater exploration{\textendash}until the very recent development of remote underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Technology Teacher},
	volume = {68},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {12{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0746-3537},
	author = {Katsioloudis, P J}
}
@mastersthesis {LaPointe2009,
	title = {{A parallel hypothesis method of autonomous underwater vehicle navigation}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {284},
	school = {Massachusetts Institutte of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2853},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2853},
	author = {LaPointe, C E G}
}
@article {Delacour2008b,
	title = {{Carbon geochemistry of serpentinites in the Lost City Hydrothermal System (30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {15},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3681{\textendash}3702},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Schaeffer, P and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Moore2008,
	title = {{False boarfish Neocyttus helgae in the Western North Atlantic}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {31{\textendash}41},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-032X},
	doi = {10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[31:FBNHIT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[31:FBNHIT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Moore, J A and Auster, P J and Calini, D and Heinonen, K and Barber, K and Hecker, B}
}
@article {Melchert2008,
	title = {{First evidence for high-temperature off-axis venting of deep crustal/mantle heat: The Nibelungen hydrothermal field, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {61{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.010},
	author = {Melchert, B and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Seifert, R and Walter, M and Mertens, C and Yoerger, D R and Baker, E T and Paulick, H and Nakamura, K}
}
@article {German2008,
	title = {{Hydrothermal exploration with the Autonomous Benthic Explorer}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {203{\textendash}219},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.004},
	author = {German, C R and Yoerger, D R and Jakuba, M V and Shank, T M and Langmuir, C H and Nakamura, K I}
}
@inbook {Bellingham2008,
	title = {{Platforms: autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of ocean sciences},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {San DIego, CA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	isbn = {978012374473-9},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00730-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00730-X},
	author = {Bellingham, J G},
	editor = {Steele, J H}
}
@article {Delacour2008a,
	title = {{Sr- and Nd-isotope geochemistry of the Atlantis Massif (30 degress N, MAR): Implications for fluid fluxes and lithospheric heterogeneity}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Frank, M and Gutjahr, M and Kelley, D S}
}
@inbook {Humphris2008,
	title = {{Vehicles for deep-sea exploration}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of ocean sciences},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {4647{\textendash}4659},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {San Diego, CA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {9780123744739},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00734-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00734-7},
	author = {Humphris, S E},
	editor = {Steele, J H}
}
@article {Yoerger2007b,
	title = {{Autonomous and remotely operated vehicle technology for hydrothermal vent discovery, exploration, and sampling}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {152{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.89},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Jakuba, M V and German, C R and Shank, T M and Tivey, M}
}
@mastersthesis {Shah2007,
	title = {{Design considerations for engineering autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {89},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1883},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1883},
	author = {Shah, V P}
}
@article {Glickson2007,
	title = {{Geology and hydrothermal evolution of the Mothra Hydrothermal Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06010},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001588},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001588},
	author = {Glickson, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Escartin2007,
	title = {{Interplay between faults and lava flows in construction of the upper oceanic crust: The East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 25 {\textquoteright}-9 degrees 58 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06005},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gc001399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001399},
	author = {Escartin, J and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Kelley2007,
	title = {{The Lost City Hydrothermal Field revisited}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {90{\textendash}99},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.09},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Fruh-Green, G L and Karson, J A and Ludwig, K A}
}
@article {Yoerger2007,
	title = {{Mid-ocean ridge exploration with an autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {52{\textendash}61},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.05},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Jakuba, M V and Tivey, M A and German, C R and Shank, T M and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Deschamps2007,
	title = {{Quantitative study of the deformation at Southern Explorer Ridge using high-resolution bathymetric data}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {259},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1{\textendash}17},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.007},
	author = {Deschamps, A and Tivey, M A and Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W}
}
@mastersthesis {Jakuba2007,
	title = {{Stochastic mapping for chemical plume source localization with application to autonomous hydrothermal vent discovery}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {325},
	school = {Massachusetts Institutte of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1583},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1583},
	author = {Jakuba, M V}
}
@article {Yoerger2007a,
	title = {{Techniques for deep sea near bottom survey using an autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {International Journal of Robotics Research},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {41{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0278-3649},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-48113-3_36},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48113-3{\_}36},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Bingham, B}
}
@article {Lippsett2006,
	title = {{ABE the autonomous benthic explorer}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {28{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=12335{\&}archives=true},
	author = {Lippsett, L}
}
@mastersthesis {Eickstedt2006,
	title = {{Adaptive sampling in autonomous marine sensor networks}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {213},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1395},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1395},
	author = {Eickstedt, D P}
}
@article {Karson2006,
	title = {{Detachment shear zone of the Atlantis Massif core complex, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q06016},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001109},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001109},
	author = {Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Bingham2006,
	title = {{Hypothesis grids: Improving long baseline navigation for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {209{\textendash}218},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/joe.2006.872220},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2006.872220},
	author = {Bingham, B and Seering, W}
}
@article {Proskurowski2006,
	title = {{Low temperature volatile production at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field: evidence from a hydrogen stable isotope geothermometer}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {229},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {331{\textendash}343},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005},
	author = {Proskurowski, G and Lilley, M D and Kelley, D S and Olson, E J}
}
@article {Boschi2006,
	title = {{Mass transfer and fluid flow during detachment faulting and development of an oceanic core complex, Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q01004},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001074},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001074},
	author = {Boschi, C and Fruh-Green, G L and Delacour, A and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S}
}
@book {German2006,
	title = {{RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 169, 17 Feb - 19 Mar 2005: Hydrothermal exploration of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	series = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton Cruise Report},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {92},
	publisher = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton},
	organization = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton},
	address = {Southampton, UK},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	url = {http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/41274/},
	author = {German, C R and Parson, L M}
}
@mastersthesis {Eustice2005,
	title = {{Large-area visually augmented navigation for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {187},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1414},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1414},
	author = {Eustice, R M}
}
@article {Kelley2005,
	title = {{The Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {32{\textendash}45},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2005.23},
	author = {Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Fornari2004a,
	title = {{Realizing the dreams of da Vinci and Verne: a diverse fleet of innovative deep-submergence vehicles heralds a new era of ocean exploration}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {20{\textendash}24},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Fornari, D J}
}
@mastersthesis {Veirs2003,
	title = {{Heat flux and hydrography at a submarine volcano: Observations and models of the Main Endeavour vent field in the northeast Pacific}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {222},
	school = {University of Washington},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Seattle, Wash.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.econscience.org/scott/pubs/thesis.pdf},
	author = {Veirs, S R}
}
@article {Carbotte2003,
	title = {{Magmatic subsidence of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 18 degrees14{\textquoteright}S revealed through fault restoration of ridge crest bathymetry}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000337},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000337},
	author = {Carbotte, S M and Ryan, W B and Cormier, M -H and Jin, W and Bergmanis, E C and Sinton, J and White, S}
}
@inbook {Board2003a,
	title = {{Ocean research technologies}},
	booktitle = {Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {97{\textendash}127},
	publisher = {National Academies Press},
	organization = {National Academies Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0309089271},
	url = {http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record{\_}id=10844{\&}page=97},
	editor = {Board, Ocean Studies}
}
@mastersthesis {Bingham2003,
	title = {{Precision autonomous underwater navigation}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {185},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29629},
	author = {Bingham, B S}
}
@inbook {Board2003,
	title = {{Related facility needs for an ocean observatories network}},
	booktitle = {Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century: Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {138{\textendash}156},
	publisher = {National Academies Press},
	organization = {National Academies Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0309089905},
	url = {http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record{\_}id=10775{\&}page=138},
	editor = {Board, Ocean Studies}
}
@article {Cormier2003,
	title = {{Waxing and waning volcanism along the East Pacific Rise on the millennium time scale}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {7},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {633{\textendash}636},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0633:WAWVAT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031{\%}3C0633:WAWVAT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Cormier, M -H and Ryan, W B F and Shah, A K and Lin, W A and Bradley, A M and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Singh2000a,
	title = {{Optical imaging from the ABE AUV}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {39{\textendash}43},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Singh, H and Pizarro, O and Duester, A and Howland, J C}
}
@inbook {Singh1999,
	title = {{Quantitative stereo imaging from the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE)}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}99 MTS/IEEE: Riding the crest into the 21st century},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {52{\textendash}57},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	isbn = {0-7803-5629-2},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1999.799706},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1999.799706},
	author = {Singh, H and Weyer, F and Howland, J and Duester, A and Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A}
}
@article {Yoerger1998,
	title = {{Surveying a subsea lava flow using the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE)}},
	journal = {International Journal of Systems Science},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1031{\textendash}1044},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0020-7721},
	doi = {10.1080/00207729808929596},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207729808929596},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Walden, M B and Singh, H and Bachmayer, R}
}
@article {Tivey1998a,
	title = {{Thickness of a submarine lava flow determined from near-bottom magnetic field mapping by autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {25},
	number = {6},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {805{\textendash}808},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/98GL00442},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL00442},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, P H and Bradley, A and Yoerger, D R}
}
@book {Bowen1998a,
	title = {{Ultimate ocean depth packaging for a digital ring laser gyroscope}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {98-15},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {24},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/323},
	author = {Bowen, M F}
}
@mastersthesis {Singh1995,
	title = {{An entropic framework for AUV sensor modelling}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {132},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11449},
	author = {Singh, H}
}
@article {Yoerger1992,
	title = {{Autonomous benthic explorer - deep ocean scientific AUV for seafloor exploration: untethered, on station one year without support ship}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {50{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Walden, B B}
}
@mastersthesis {Woodford1991,
	title = {{Propulsion optimization for ABE, an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {103},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	author = {Woodford, T J}
}
@article {Yoerger1991a,
	title = {{Robotic undersea technology}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {32{\textendash}37},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Yoerger, D R}
}
