@article {RN2486,
	title = {Carbonate-hosted microbial communities are prolific and pervasive methane oxidizers at geologically diverse marine methane seep sites},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {118},
	number = {25},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2006857118},
	author = {Marlow, J. J. and Hoer, D. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Reynard, L. M. and Gartman, A. and Chavez, M. S. and El-Naggar, M. Y. and Tuross, N. and Orphan, V. J. and Girguis, P. R.}
}
@article {RN2453,
	title = {Chalcopyrite-dissolved Cu isotope exchange at hydrothermal conditions: Experimental constraints at 350{\textdegree}C and 50 MPa},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2021.02.005},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135286149},
	author = {Syverson, Drew D. and Borrok, David M. and Niebuhr, Spencer and Seyfried, William E.}
}
@article {RN2468,
	title = {Chalcopyrite-dissolved Cu isotope exchange at hydrothermal conditions: Experimental constraints at 350 degrees C and 50 MPa},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {298},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {191-206},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2021.02.005},
	author = {Syverson, D. D. and Borrok, D. M. and Niebuhr, S. and Seyfried, W. E.}
}
@article {RN2466,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone{\textemdash}{\textquotedblleft}chemotone{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136778362},
	author = {Ashford, Oliver S. and Guan, Shuzhe and Capone, Dante and Rigney, Katherine and Rowley, Katelynn and Orphan, Victoria and Mullin, Sean W. and Dawson, Kat S. and Cortes, Jorge and Rouse, Greg W. and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2477,
	title = {A chemosynthetic ecotone-"chemotone"-in the sediments surrounding deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.11713},
	author = {Ashford, O. S. and Guan, S. Z. and Capone, D. and Rigney, K. and Rowley, K. and Orphan, V. and Mullin, S. W. and Dawson, K. S. and Cortes, J. and Rouse, G. W. and Mendoza, G. F. and Lee, R. W. and Cordes, E. E. and Levin, L. A.}
}
@article {RN2470,
	title = {Coherent pathways for subduction from the surface mixed layer at ocean fronts},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2020jc017042},
	author = {Freilich, M. and Mahadevan, A.}
}
@article {RN2472,
	title = {Copepod assemblages along a hydrothermal stress gradient at diffuse flow habitats within the ABE vent site (Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Southwest Pacific)},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {103532},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103532},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1137332865},
	author = {Lorenzo, Coral Diaz-Recio and Bruggen, Daisy ter and Luther, George W. and Gartman, Amy and Gollner, Sabine}
}
@article {RN2422,
	title = {Calcium isotopic signatures of depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts from the northeastern Pacific},
	journal = {Journal of Oceanology and Limnology},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-12},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s00343-020-0045-2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128295972},
	author = {Zhu, Hongli and Du, Long and Zhang, Zhaofeng and Sun, Weidong}
}
@article {RN2414,
	title = {"Candidatus Ethanoperedens," a Thermophilic Genus of Archaea Mediating the Anaerobic Oxidation of Ethane},
	journal = {Mbio},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.00600-20},
	author = {Hahn, C. J. and Laso-Perez, R. and Vulcano, F. and Vaziourakis, K. M. and Stokke, R. and Steen, I. H. and Teske, A. and Boetius, A. and Liebeke, M. and Amann, R. and Knittel, K. and Wegener, G.}
}
@article {RN2408,
	title = {Classical and computed tomographic anatomical analyses in a not-so-cryptic Alviniconcha species complex from hydrothermal vents in the SW Pacific},
	journal = {Frontiers in Zoology},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {12},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1186/s12983-020-00357-x},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1127450967 https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12983-020-00357-x},
	author = {Laming, Sven R. and Hourdez, Stephane and Cambon-Bonavita, Marie-Anne and Pradillon, Florence}
}
@article {RN2403,
	title = {Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {649-656},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6},
	author = {Ponnudurai, R. and Heiden, S. E. and Sayavedra, L. and Hinzke, T. and Kleiner, M. and Hentschker, C. and Felbeck, H. and Sievert, S. M. and Schluter, R. and Becher, D. and Schweder, T. and Markert, S.}
}
@article {RN2445,
	title = {Complex subsurface hydrothermal fluid mixing at a submarine arc volcano supports distinct and highly diverse microbial communities},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {117},
	number = {51},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {32627-32638},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2019021117},
	author = {Reysenbach, A. L. and St John, E. and Meneghin, J. and Flores, G. E. and Podar, M. and Dombrowski, N. and Spang, A. and L{\textquoteright}Haridon, S. and Humphris, S. E. and de Ronde, C. E. J. and Tontini, F. C. and Tivey, M. and Stucker, V. K. and Stewart, L. C. and Diehl, A. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2386,
	title = {Carbon cycling in low temperature hydrothermal systems: The Dorado Outcrop},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {264},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1-12},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2019.08.010},
	author = {McManus, J. and Wheat, C. G. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2381,
	title = {Carbon fixation and energy metabolisms of a subseafloor olivine biofilm},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1737-1749},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0385-0},
	author = {Smith, A. R. and Kieft, B. and Mueller, R. and Fisk, M. R. and Mason, O. U. and Popa, R. and Colwell, F. S.}
}
@article {RN2389,
	title = {Characteristics and Evolution of sill-driven off-axis hydrothermalism in Guaymas Basin - the Ringvent site},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {9},
	number = {ARTN 13847},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50200-5},
	author = {Teske, A. and McKay, L. J. and Ravelo, A. C. and Aiello, I. and Mortera, C. and Nunez-Useche, F. and Canet, C. and Chanton, J. P. and Brunner, B. and Hensen, C. and Ramirez, G. A. and Sibert, R. J. and Turner, T. and White, D. and Chambers, C. R. and Buckley, A. and Joye, S. B. and Soule, S. A. and Lizarralde, D.}
}
@article {2493,
	title = {Characterization of benthic biogeochemistry and ecology at three methane seep sites on the Northern US Atlantic margin},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {41 - 56},
	isbn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.03.001},
	author = {McVeigh, D. and Skarke, A. and Dekas, A. E. and Borrelli, C. and Hong, W. -L and Marlow, J. J. and Pasulka, A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Barco, R. A. and Djurhuus, A.}
}
@article {RN2337,
	title = {Chemical Variations in the 1998, 2011, and 2015 Lava Flows From Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Cooling During Ascent, Lateral Transport, and Flow},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {19},
	number = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2915-2933},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007708},
	author = {Clague, D. A. and Paduan, J. B. and Dreyer, B. M. and Chadwick, W. W. and Rubin, K. R. and Perfit, M. R. and Fundis, A. T.}
}
@article {2492,
	title = {Clumped isotopologue constraints on the origin of methane at seafloor hot springs},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {223},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {141 - 158},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2017.11.030},
	author = {Wang, David T. and Reeves, Eoghan P. and McDermott, Jill M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Ono, Shuhei}
}
@article {RN2347,
	title = {Clusters of deep-sea egg-brooding octopods associated with warm fluid discharge: An ill-fated fragment of a larger, discrete population?},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {135},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1-8},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.03.011},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096706371730256X},
	author = {Hartwell, Anne M. and Voight, Janet R. and Wheat, C. Geoffrey}
}
@article {RN2361,
	title = {Comparative mitochondrial genomic analyses of three chemosynthetic vesicomyid clams from deep-sea habitats},
	volume = {8},
	number = {15},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {7261-7272},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.4153},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.4153},
	author = {Liu, Helu and Cai, Shanya and Liu, Jun and Zhang, Haibin}
}
@article {2491,
	title = {Comparison of microbiomes of cold-water corals Primnoa pacifica and Primnoa resedaeformis, with possible link between microbiome composition and host genotype},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {12383 - 12383},
	abstract = {Cold-water corals provide critical habitats for a multitude of marine species, but are understudied relative to tropical corals. Primnoa pacifica is a cold-water coral prevalent throughout Alaskan waters, while another species in the genus, Primnoa resedaeformis, is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. This study examined the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene after amplifying and pyrosequencing bacterial DNA from samples of these species. Key differences between the two species{\textquoteright} microbiomes included a robust presence of bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiales order in most of the P. pacifica samples, whereas no more than 2\% of any microbial community from P. resedaeformis comprised these bacteria. Microbiomes of P. resedaeformis exhibited higher diversity than those of P. pacifica, and the two species largely clustered separately in a principal coordinate analysis. Comparison of P. resedaeformis microbiomes from samples collected in two submarine canyons revealed a significant difference between locations. This finding mirrored significant genetic differences among the P. resedaeformis from the two canyons based upon population genetic analysis of microsatellite loci. This study presents the first report of microbiomes associated with these two coral species.},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-30901-z},
	author = {Goldsmith, Dawn B. and Kellogg, Christina A. and Morrison, Cheryl L. and Gray, Michael A. and Stone, Robert P. and Waller, Rhian G. and Brooke, Sandra D. and Ross, Steve W.}
}
@article {RN2353,
	title = {Cool, alkaline serpentinite formation fluid regime with scarce microbial habitability and possible abiotic synthesis beneath the South Chamorro Seamount},
	journal = {Progress in Earth and Planetary Science},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {74},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2197-4284},
	doi = {10.1186/s40645-018-0232-3},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-018-0232-3},
	author = {Kawagucci, Shinsuke and Miyazaki, Junichi and Morono, Yuki and Seewald, Jeff S. and Wheat, C. Geoff and Takai, Ken}
}
@article {Krukenberg2016,
	title = {{Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {9},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3073{\textendash}3091},
	abstract = {The anaerobic oxidation ofmethane (AOM) ismediated by consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and their specific partner bacteria. In thermophilic AOM consortia enriched from Guaymas Basin, members of the ANME-1 clade are associated with bacteria of the HotSeep-1 cluster, which likely perform direct electron exchange via nanowires. The partner bacterium was enriched with hydrogen as sole electron donor and sulfate as electron acceptor. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic characteristics we propose to name this chemolithoautotrophic sulfate reducer Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii. Ca.D. auxilii grows on hydrogen at temperatures between 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C with an activity optimum at 60 degrees C and doubling time of 4-6 days. Its genome draft encodes for canonical sulfate reduction, periplasmic and soluble hydrogenases and autotrophic carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. The presence of genes for pili formation and cytochromes, and their similarity to genes of Geobacter spp., indicate a potential for syntrophic growth via direct interspecies electron transfer when the organism grows in consortia with ANME. This first ANME-free enrichment of an AOM partner bacterium and its characterization opens the perspective for a deeper understanding of syntrophy in anaerobic methane oxidation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13283},
	author = {Krukenberg, V and Harding, K and Richter, M and Gloeckner, F O and Gruber-Vodicka, H R and Adam, B and Berg, J S and Knittel, K and Tegetmeyer, H E and Boetius, A and Wegener, G}
}
@article {Burkett2016,
	title = {{Colonization of over a thousand Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (foraminifera: Schwager, 1866) on artificial substrates in seep and adjacent off-seep locations in dysoxic, deep-sea environments}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {39{\textendash}50},
	abstract = {After {\~{}}1 yr on the seafloor at water depths of {\~{}}700 m on Hydrate Ridge in the Pacific, eight colonization experiments composed primarily of a plastic mesh cube (from here on refered to as SEA3, for Seafloor Epibenthic Attachment Cubes) were colonized by 1076 Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi on {\~{}}1841 cm2 of experimental substrate. This species is typically considered an indicator of well-oxygenated conditions, and recruitment of such large numbers in bottom waters with low dissolved oxygen availability (0.24{\textendash}0.37 mL/L) indicate that this taxon may not be as limited by oxygen as previously thought. Clues about substrate preferences were evident from the distribution, or lack thereof, of individuals among plastic mesh, coated steel frame, wooden dowels and reflective tape. Abundance, individual size distributions within cage populations and isotopic biogeochemistry of living foraminifera colonizing experimental substrates were compared between active seep and adjacent off-seep experiment locations, revealing potential differences between these environments. Few studies have examined foraminiferal colonization of hard substrates in the deep-sea and to our knowledge no previous study has compared foraminiferal colonization of active seep and off-seep substrates from the same region. This study provides initial results of recruitment, colonization, geochemical and morphological aspects of the paleoceanographically significant species, C. wuellerstorfi, from dynamic deep-sea environments. Further experimental deployments of SEA3s will provide a means to assess relatively unknown ecologic dynamics of important foraminiferal deep-sea species.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.08.011},
	author = {Burkett, A M and Rathburn, A E and Perez, Elena M and Levin, L A and Martin, J B}
}
@article {Gueguen2016,
	title = {{Comparative geochemistry of four ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Ocean and significance for the use of Ni isotopes as paleoceanographic tracers}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {189},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {214{\textendash}235},
	abstract = {{Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts are potential archive of the Ni isotope composition of seawater through time. In this study we aim at (1) understanding Ni isotope fractionation mechanisms and metal enrichment processes in Fe-Mn deposits, (2) addressing global vs. local control of Ni isotope composition of these deposits. Two Fe-Mn crusts from the North Pacific Ocean (Apuupuu Seamount, Hawaii) and two Fe-Mn crusts from the South Pacific Ocean (near Rurutu Island, Austral archipelago of French Polynesia) were characterized for their elemental geochemistry and Ni isotope composition. Geochemical analyses were performed at millimeter intervals in order to provide time-resolved record of Ni isotopes. Chronology and growth rates were determined using cosmogenic 10Be isotope abundances. The results show that, despite different growth rates, textures and geochemical patterns, Fe-Mn crusts from both North and South Pacific Oceans have fairly homogenous Ni isotope compositions over the last \~{}17 Ma, yielding average $δ$60/58Ni values of 1.79 {\textpm} 0.21{\textperthousand} (2sd},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.005},
	author = {Gueguen, B and Rouxel, O J and Rouget, M-L and Bollinger, C and Ponzevera, E and Germain, Y and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Thresher2016,
	title = {{A {\textquotedblleft}core-top{\textquotedblright} screen for trace element proxies of environmental conditions and growth rates in the calcite skeletons of bamboo corals (Isididae)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {193},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {75{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {We test for trace element proxies in the high-magnesium calcite fraction of bamboo coral internodes by comparing environmental conditions and growth rates to the specimen-mean compositions of 73 corals that were live-caught at depths ranging from 3 to 3950 m and collected from habitats ranging from tropical coral reefs to the Antarctic slope. Comparisons were done at a large geographic scale (LGS) and for a well sampled area south of Australia, across depths at a single site, in order to help separate the effects of environmental variables that co-vary at one spatial scale, but not the other. Thirty-seven trace elements were measured using solution-based Sector Field ICP-MS, of which seventeen were significantly detected in more than a third of the specimens. Only eight element/calcium ratios correlated significantly with any environmental variable at the large geographic scale, and only four did so at the local level. At the LGS, the highest correlation was between ambient temperature and Mg/Ca, which accounted for 89{\%} of the variance across specimens, spanned all four Isidid sub-families and was independently significant in the two best sampled sub-families. The predictive (geometric mean) relationship is View the MathML sourceT({\textdegree}C)=-23.9({\textpm}2.46)+0.34({\textpm}0.25)Mg/Ca(mmol/mol) Turn MathJax on spanning a temperature range of -1.9 to 26.8 {\textdegree}C, Mg/Ca ratios from 58.6 to 155.1 mmol/mol, and an uncertainty (RMS) of 2.78 {\textdegree}C. The numbers in parentheses are 95{\%} CIs. The slope of the regression does not differ significantly from that of abiotic high-Mg calcites, which suggests that the temperature-dependent incorporation of Mg into the carbonate results from kinetic reactions at the crystal surface. Analysis at the SH scale for the sub-set of specimens for which we had data suggests is also affected by growth rates. There were no obvious trace element correlates at either spatial scale of salinity or oxygen levels that could not be accounted for by covariance between these environmental parameters and, in most cases, temperature. Single and multiple correlation analyses also confirm previous suggestions that Ba/Ca in bamboo coral calcite is a proxy for seawater barium and hence refractory nutrients, suggest that Sr/Ca is influenced by specimen-mean Mg/Ca ratios and water temperature as well as possibly seawater Sr/Ca, and falsify for bamboo corals P/Ca (as well as P/Cd and Cd/Ca) as a proxy for seawater phosphate levels. The predictive relationship between Isidid skeletal-mean Ba/Ca and seawater silicate concentrations appears to be linear, and is given by View the MathML sourcesilicate($μ$molkg-1)=-56.7({\textpm}20.8)+9217({\textpm}1632)Ba/Ca(mmol/mol) Turn MathJax on spanning a silicate range of 0.5 to 120 $μ$mol kg-1, a Ba/Ca range of 0.0042 to 0.0195 mmol/mol, and with an uncertainty (RMS) of 33.1 $μ$mol kg-1. Mn/Ca differences among specimens and sites are highly significant and appear to reflect seawater Mn, suggesting a proxy for this micronutrient. The compilation of growth rate data across 34 specimens indicates a wide range of growth rates even among con-familial specimens from within a single habitat, and suggests both ambient temperature and food availability underlie at least part of this variability.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.07.033},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Fallon, S J and Townsend, A T}
}
@article {Neira2016,
	title = {{Cross-hole tracer experiment reveals rapid fluid flow and low effective porosity in the upper oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {450},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {355{\textendash}365},
	abstract = {Numerous field, laboratory, and modeling studies have explored the flows of fluid, heat, and solutes during seafloor hydrothermal circulation, but it has been challenging to determine transport rates and flow directions within natural systems. Here we present results from the first cross-hole tracer experiment in the upper oceanic crust, using four subseafloor borehole observatories equipped with autonomous samplers to track the transport of a dissolved tracer (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) injected into a ridge-flank hydrothermal system. During the first three years after tracer injection, SF6 was transported both north and south through the basaltic aquifer. The observed tracer transport rate of \~{}2{\textendash}3 m/day is orders of magnitude greater than bulk rates of flow inferred from thermal and chemical observations and calculated with coupled fluid-heat flow simulations. Taken together, these results suggest that the effective porosity of the upper volcanic crust through which much tracer was transported is {\textless}1{\%}, with fluid flowing rapidly along a few well-connected channels. This is consistent with the heterogeneous (layered, faulted, and/or fractured) nature of the volcanic upper oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.048},
	author = {Neira, N M and Clark, J F and Fisher, A T and Wheat, C G and Haymon, R M and Becker, K}
}
@article {Tontini2016,
	title = {{Crustal magnetization and the subseafloor structure of the ASHES vent field, Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for the investigation of hydrothermal sites}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {6205{\textendash}6211},
	abstract = {High-resolution geophysical data have been collected using the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Sentry over the ASHES (Axial Seamount Hydrothermal Emission Study) high-temperature ({\~{}}348{\textdegree}C) vent field at Axial Seamount, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Multiple surveys were performed on a 3-D grid at different altitudes above the seafloor, providing an unprecedented view of magnetic data resolution as a function of altitude above the seafloor. Magnetic data derived near the seafloor show that the ASHES field is characterized by a zone of low magnetization, which can be explained by hydrothermal alteration of the host volcanic rocks. Surface manifestations of hydrothermal activity at the ASHES vent field are likely controlled by a combination of local faults and fractures and different lava morphologies near the seafloor. Three-dimensional inversion of the magnetic data provides evidence of a vertical, pipe-like upflow zone of the hydrothermal fluids with a vertical extent of {\~{}}100 m.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL069430},
	author = {Tontini, F C and Crone, T J and de Ronde, C E J and Fornari, D J and Kinsey, J C and Mittelstaedt, E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {ISI:000360888000001,
	title = {{Carbon fixation by basalt-hosted microbial communities}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Oceanic crust is a massive potential habitat for microbial life on Earth, yet our understanding of this ecosystem is limited due to difficulty in access. In particular, measurements of rates of microbial activity are sparse. We used stable carbon isotope incubations of crustal samples, coupled with functional gene analyses, to examine the potential for carbon fixation on oceanic crust. Both seafloor-exposed and subseafloor basalts were recovered from different mid-ocean ridge and hot spot environments (i.e., the Juan de Fuca Ridge, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Loihi Seamount) and incubated with C-13-labeled bicarbonate. Seafloor-exposed basalts revealed incorporation of C-13-label into organic matter over time, though the degree of incorporation was heterogeneous. The incorporation of C-13 into biomass was inconclusive in subseafloor basalts. Translating these measurements into potential rates of carbon fixation indicated that 0.1-10 nmol C g(-1) rock d(-1) could be fixed by seafloor-exposed rocks. When scaled to the global production of oceanic crust, this suggests carbon fixation rates of 10(9)-10(12) g C year(-1), which matches earlier predictions based on thermodynamic calculations. Functional gene analyses indicate that the Calvin cycle is likely the dominant biochemical mechanism for carbon fixation in basalt-hosted biofilms, although the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway and reverse TCA cycle likely play some role in net carbon fixation. These results provide empirical evidence for autotrophy in oceanic crust, suggesting that basalt-hosted autotrophy could be a significant contributor of organic matter in this remote and vast environment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.90400904},
	author = {Orcutt, Beth N and Sylvan, Jason B and Rogers, Daniel R and Delaney, Jennifer and Lee, Raymond W and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {1115,
	title = {{Centuries-old shipwreck discovered off North Carolina}},
	journal = {Ocean News {\&} Technology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {7},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {16},
	abstract = {Scanning sonar from a scientific expedition has revealed the remains of a previously unknown shipwreck more than a mile deep off the North Carolina coast. Artifacts on the wreck indicate it might date to the American Revolution. Marine scientists from Duke University, North Carolina State University and the University of Oregon discovered the wreck on 12 July during a research expedition aboard the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) research ship Atlantis. They spotted the wreck while using WHOI{\textquoteright}s AUV Sentry and the manned submersible Alvin. The team had been searching for a mooring that was deployed on a previous research trip in the area in 2012.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)}
}
@article {ISI:000356841900006,
	title = {{Cetia pacifica gen. nov., sp nov., a chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {65},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {1144{\textendash}1150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A thermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, strain TB-6(T), was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent located on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees N. The cells were Gram-staining-negative and rod-shaped with one or more polar flagella. Cell size was approximately 1-1.5 mu m in length and 0.5 mu m in width. Strain TB-6(T) grew between 45 and 70 degrees C (optimum 55-60 degrees C), 0 and 35 g NaCl l(-1) (optimum 20-30 gl(-1)) and pH 4.5 and 7.5 (optimum pH 5.5-6.0). Generation time under optimal conditions was 2 h. Growth of strain TB-6(T) occurred with H-2 as the energy source, CO2 as the carbon source and nitrate or sulfur as electron acceptors, with formation of ammonium or hydrogen sulfide, respectively. Acetate, (+)-n-glucose, Casamino acids, sucrose and yeast extract were not used as carbon and energy sources. Inhibition of growth occurred in the presence of lactate, peptone and tryptone under a H-2/CO2 (80 :20; 200 kPa) gas phase. Thiosulfate, sulfite, arsenate, selenate and oxygen were not used as electron acceptors. The G +C content of the genomic DNA was 36.8 molo/o. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of strain TB-6(T) showed that this organism branched separately from the three most closely related genera, Caminibacter, Nautilia and Lebetimonas, within the family Nautiliaceae. Strain TB-6(T) contained several unique fatty acids in comparison with other members of the family Nautiliaceae. Based on experimental evidence, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel species and genus within the family Nautiliaceae, Cetia pacifica, gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is TB-6(T) (=DSM 27783T=JCM 19563(T)).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1466-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.000070},
	author = {Grosche, Ashley and Sekaran, Hema and Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Starovoytov, Valentin and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000358290000012,
	title = {{Characterization of a novel thermostable patatin-like protein from a Guaymas basin metagenomic library}},
	journal = {EXTREMOPHILES},
	volume = {19},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {829{\textendash}840},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are a natural habitat for thermophiles, in which contain plenty of enzymes that can function at high temperatures. In this work, we constructed a fosmid library in Escherichia coli using metagenomic DNA isolated from a chimney sample collected in the hydrothermal vents in Guaymas Basin. The library was screened for lipolytic activity and positive clones were subjected to subcloning. A novel patatin-like protein (PLP) that exhibited less than 45 {\%} identity in amino acid sequence to known enzymes was obtained. Common features of the patatin-like proteins, such as four conserved blocks, were detected. Interestingly, there was an Ala at site 42 in PLP instead of the first Gly-residue in the consensus sequence Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly found in other PLP homologs. The active sites of PLP were Ser44 and Asp160. Spectrophotometric assays with different p-nitrophenyl esters demonstrated a preference for p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C4) and p-nitrophenyl decanoate (C10). Moreover, PLP demonstrated optimal activity at 70 A degrees C and at pH 9.0 (Tris-HCl). The activation energy from the linear Arrhenius plot was found to be 38.3 +/- A 0.9 kJ/mol. The K (m) and V (max) of PLP for C4 were 304 +/- A 38 mu M and 14 +/- A 0.38 mu mol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. Gene-mining of the metagenome dataset that was generated by pyrosequencing the same chimney sample resulted in identification of 20 PLP homolog gene fragments, which could represent promising examples of this category of thermostable proteins.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-015-0758-x},
	author = {Fu, Ling and He, Ying and Xu, Fangdi and Ma, Qun and Wang, Fengping and Xu, Jun}
}
@article {ISI:000350088800011,
	title = {{Characterization of vent fauna at the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {124{\textendash}133},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents in the deep sea have a global distribution on mid-ocean ridges and comprise at least six biogeographic provinces. A geographically isolated vent system was recently discovered on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center (MCSC). Here, we describe the faunal assemblages associated with this system and their relationship to known biogeographic provinces. Taxa from MCSC vents were sorted based on morphology and barcoded using the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) genes for identification. Distinct faunal assemblages were recognized around vent chimneys at two hydrothermal vent fields (Von Damm and Beebe) separated by a distance of similar to 13 km and {\textgreater} 2.5-km depth along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center. These results suggest that depth and/or local conditions structure faunal assemblages in this region. COI and microsatellite markers were then used to explore the genetic structure of the shrimp Rimicaris hybisae, the only abundant species shared between the shallow Von Damm and the deep Beebe vent fields. R. hybisae was not genetically differentiated between the Von Damm Spire and Beebe chimneys, suggesting this species is better adapted for bathymetric dispersal and the differences in local conditions than other MCSC species. In addition, a third faunal assemblage dominated by two species of tubeworms was identified at Von Damm in association with weakly diffuse flow sites (including the site known as {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Marker X18{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}). The Marker X18 assemblage shares species with seeps in the region. Fauna shared with both vents and seeps at the MCSC reinforces the need for a global biogeographic study of deep-sea chemosynthetic fauna that is not focused on specific habitats. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2014.11.011},
	author = {Plouviez, Sophie and Jacobson, Alixandra and Wu, Mengyou and Van Dover, Cindy L}
}
@article {ISI:000361984700015,
	title = {{Comparison of Archaeal and Bacterial Diversity in Methane Seep Carbonate Nodules and Host Sediments, Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge, USA}},
	journal = {MICROBIAL ECOLOGY},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {766{\textendash}784},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) impacts carbon cycling by acting as a methane sink and by sequestering inorganic carbon via AOM-induced carbonate precipitation. These precipitates commonly take the form of carbonate nodules that form within methane seep sediments. The timing and sequence of nodule formation within methane seep sediments are not well understood. Further, the microbial diversity associated with sediment-hosted nodules has not been well characterized and the degree to which nodules reflect the microbial assemblage in surrounding sediments is unknown. Here, we conducted a comparative study of microbial assemblages in methane-derived authigenic carbonate nodules and their host sediments using molecular, mineralogical, and geochemical methods. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity from paired carbonate nodules and sediments revealed that both sample types contained methanotrophic archaea (ANME-1 and ANME-2) and syntrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfobacteraceae and Desulfobulbaceae), as well as other microbial community members. The combination of geochemical and molecular data from Eel River Basin and Hydrate Ridge suggested that some nodules formed in situ and captured the local sediment-hosted microbial community, while other nodules may have been translocated or may represent a record of conditions prior to the contemporary environment. Taken together, this comparative analysis offers clues to the formation regimes and mechanisms of sediment-hosted carbonate nodules.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0095-3628},
	doi = {10.1007/s00248-015-0615-6},
	author = {Mason, Olivia U and Case, David H and Naehr, Thomas H and Lee, Raymond W and Thomas, Randal B and Bailey, Jake V and Orphan, Victoria J}
}
@article {ISI:000349424900014,
	title = {{Constraints from melt inclusions on depths of magma residence at intermediate magma supply along the Galapagos Spreading Center}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {412},
	year = {2015},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {122{\textendash}131},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Shallow, seismically imaged melt lenses are a ubiquitous feature of mid-ocean ridges with high magma supply; melt lenses deepen and become less continuous along axis as the rate of magma supply decreases. Despite compelling petrologic evidence for evolution of magma within the crust prior to eruption at lower magma supply, melt lenses are rarely detected along ridge segments with rates of magma supply less than 0.3 x 10(6) m(3)/yr/km, and the depths of sub-axial magma reservoirs are therefore poorly known. We use ion microprobe measurements of H2O and CO2 concentrations of olivine-hosted melt inclusions to calculate vapor saturation pressures that constrain crystallization depths at two locations along the Galapagos Spreading Center (94.2 degrees W and 95 degrees W). These sites were chosen to examine crystallization pressures in the presence (94.2 degrees W) and absence (95 degrees W) of a seismically imaged melt lens. At 95 degrees W, where magma supply is too low to sustain a seismically resolvable melt lens, samples were selected from each of the three most recent eruptive units, allowing us to document temporal variations in vapor saturation pressures and the depth of magma residence at this location. Clusters in melt inclusion entrapment depths for these eruptions range from 3.0 to 3.4 km below the seafloor, indicating that magmas at 95 degrees W resided at a narrow range of mid-crustal depths prior to eruption, generally consistent with the global trend of increasing melt lens depth with decreasing rate of magma supply. A discrepancy between seismic data and the peak in melt inclusion entrapment depths at 94.2 degrees W may reflect temporal variability of magmatic systems at this location. This study demonstrates the potential for using measurements of the concentrations of H2O and CO2 in olivine-hosted melt inclusions to determine the depths of crustal magmatic systems that feed mid-ocean ridge eruptions, even in locations where seismic studies have not detected melt lenses. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.007},
	author = {Colman, Alice and Sinton, John M and Wanless, V Dorsey}
}
@article {Escoube2015,
	title = {{Coupled Ge/Si and Ge isotope ratios as geochemical tracers of seafloor hydrothermal systems: Case studies at Loihi Seamount and East Pacific Rise 9{\textdegree}50'N}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {167},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {93{\textendash}112},
	abstract = {Germanium (Ge) and Silicon (Si) exhibit similar geochemical behavior in marine environments but are variably enriched in seafloor hydrothermal fluids relative to seawater. In this study, Ge isotope and Ge/Si ratio systematics were investigated in low temperature hydrothermal vents from Loihi Seamount (Pacific Ocean, 18{\textdegree}54'N, 155{\textdegree}15'W) and results were compared to high-temperature vents from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9{\textdegree}50'N. Loihi offers the opportunity to understand contrasting Ge and Si behavior in low temperature seafloor hydrothermal systems characterized by abundant Fe oxyhydroxide deposition at the seafloor. The results show that both Ge/Si and $δ$74/70Ge in hydrothermal fluids are fractionated relative to the basaltic host rocks. The enrichment in Ge vs. Si relative to fresh basalts, together with Ge isotope fractionation ($Δ$74/70Gefluid-basalt up to 1.15{\textperthousand} at EPR 9{\textdegree}50'N and 1.64{\textperthousand} at Loihi) are best explained by the precipitation of minerals (e.g. quartz and Fe-sulfides) during higher temperature seawater{\textendash}rock reactions in the subsurface. The study of Fe-rich hydrothermal deposits at Loihi, largely composed of Fe-oxyhydroxides, shows that Ge isotopes are also fractionated upon mineral precipitation at the seafloor. We obtained an average Ge isotope fractionation factor between Fe-oxyhydroxide (ferrihydrite) and dissolved Ge in the fluid of -2.0 {\textpm} 0.6{\textperthousand} (2sd), and a maximum value of -3.6 {\textpm} 0.6{\textperthousand} (2sd), which is consistent with recent theoretical and experimental studies. The study of a hydrothermal chimney at Bio 9 vent at EPR 9{\textdegree}50'N also demonstrates that Ge isotopes are fractionated by approximately -5.6 {\textpm} 0.6{\textperthousand} (2sd) during precipitation of metal sulfides under hydrothermal conditions. Using combined Ge/Si and estimated Ge isotope signatures of Ge sinks and sources in seawater, we propose a preliminary oceanic budget of Ge which reveals that an important sink, referred as the {\textquotedblleft}missing Ge sink{\textquotedblright}, may correspond to Ge sequestration into authigenic Fe-oxyhydroxides in marine sediments. This study shows that combining Ge/Si and $δ$74/70Ge systematics provides a useful tool to trace hydrothermal Ge and Si sources in marine environments and to understand formation processes of seafloor hydrothermal deposits.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.025},
	author = {Escoube, R and Rouxel, O J and Edwards, K J and Glazer, B and Donard, O F X}
}
@article {ISI:000338758400018,
	title = {{THE CASCADIA INITIATIVE A Sea Change In Seismological Studies of Subduction Zones}},
	journal = {OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {138{\textendash}150},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Increasing public awareness that the Cascadia subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest is capable of great earthquakes (magnitude 9 and greater) motivates the Cascadia Initiative, an ambitious onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an amphibious array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes, to volcanic arc structure, to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda Plates. Here, we provide an overview of the Cascadia Initiative, including its primary science objectives, its experimental design and implementation, and a preview of how the resulting data are being used by a diverse and growing scientific community. The Cascadia Initiative also exemplifies how new technology and community-based experiments are opening up frontiers for marine science. The new technology shielded ocean bottom seismometers is allowing more routine investigation of the source zone of megathrust earthquakes, which almost exclusively lies offshore and in shallow water. The Cascadia Initiative offers opportunities and accompanying challenges to a rapidly expanding community of those who use ocean bottom seismic data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	author = {Toomey, Douglas R and Allen, Richard M and Barclay, Andrew H and Bell, Samuel W and Bromirski, Peter D and Carlson, Richard L and Chen, Xiaowei and Collins, John A and Dziak, Robert P and Evers, Brent and Forsyth, Donald W and Gerstoft, Peter and Hooft, Emilie E E and Livelybrooks, Dean and Lodewyk, Jessica A and Luther, Douglas S and McGuire, Jeffrey J and Schwartz, Susan Y and Tolstoy, Maya and Trehu, Anne M and Weirathmueller, Michelle and Wilcock, William S D}
}
@article {Edgcomb2014,
	title = {{Ciliates along Oxyclines of Permanently Stratified Marine Water Columns}},
	journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology},
	volume = {61},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {434{\textendash}445},
	abstract = {Studies of microbial communities in areas of the world where permanent marine water column oxyclines exist suggest they are "hotspots" of microbial activity, and that these water features and the anoxic waters below them are inhabited by diverse protist taxa, including ciliates. These communities have minimal taxonomic overlap with those in overlying oxic water columns. Some ciliate taxa have been detected in multiple locations where these stable water column oxyclines exist; however, differences in such factors as hydrochemistry in the habitats that have been studied suggest local selection for distinct communities. We compare published data on ciliate communities from studies of deep marine water column oxyclines in Caricao Basin, Venezuela, and the Black Sea, with data from coastal, shallower oxycline waters in Framvaren and Mariager fjords, and from several deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Putative symbioses between Bacteria, Archaea, and ciliates observed along these oxyclines suggests a strategy of cooperative metabolism for survival that includes chemosynthetic autotrophy and exchanges of metabolic intermediates or end products between hosts and their prokaryotic partners.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1111/jeu.12122},
	author = {Edgcomb, V P and Pachiadaki, M}
}
@article {ISI:000337512000014,
	title = {{Close association of active nitrifiers with Beggiatoa mats covering deep-sea hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {6, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1612{\textendash}1626},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal sediments in the Guaymas Basin are covered by microbial mats that are dominated by nitrate-respiring and sulphide-oxidizing Beggiatoa. The presence of these mats strongly correlates with sulphide- and ammonium-rich fluids venting from the subsurface. Because ammonium and oxygen form opposed gradients at the sediment surface, we hypothesized that nitrification is an active process in these Beggiatoa mats. Using biogeochemical and molecular methods, we measured nitrification and determined the diversity and abundance of nitrifiers. Nitrification rates ranged from 74 to 605molNl-1matday-1, which exceeded those previously measured in hydrothermal plumes and other deep-sea habitats. Diversity and abundance analyses of archaeal and bacterial ammonia monooxygenase subunit A genes, archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA pyrotags and fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were associated with Beggiatoa mats. Intriguingly, we observed cells of bacterial and potential thaumarchaeotal ammonia oxidizers attached to narrow, Beggiatoa-like filaments. Such a close spatial coupling of nitrification and nitrate respiration in mats of large sulphur bacteria is novel and may facilitate mat-internal cycling of nitrogen, thereby reducing loss of bioavailable nitrogen in deep-sea sediments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12316},
	author = {Winkel, Matthias and de Beer, Dirk and Lavik, Gaute and Peplies, Joerg and Mussmann, Marc I}
}
@article {ISI:000342693400001,
	title = {{The Cobb hot spot: HIMU-DMM mixing and melting controlled by a progressively thinning lithospheric lid}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {3107{\textendash}3122},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Cobb Seamount Chain in the northeast Pacific basin records the composition of the Cobb hot spot for the past 33 Myr, as the migrating Juan de Fuca Ridge approached and ultimately overran it ca. 0.5 Myr ago. In this first comprehensive geochemical study of the Cobb chain, major and trace element compositions and Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf isotopic ratios were measured for whole-rock samples from throughout the chain, and He isotopes were acquired for olivine phenocrysts from one seamount. Trace element modeling indicates increased melting along the chain over time, with progressively more depleted lavas as the ridge approached the hot spot. The isotopic data reveal the first evidence of the high mu (mu=U-238/Pb-204) (HIMU) mantle component in the north Pacific basin and are consistent with a progressively decreasing mixing proportion of HIMU melts relative to those from depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt mantle (DMM) in the chain over time. Decreasing lithospheric thickness over the Cobb hot spot due to the approach of the migrating Juan de Fuca ridge allowed adiabatic melting to continue to shallower depths, leading to increased melt fractions of the refractory DMM component in the hot spot and more depleted and MORB-like lavas in the younger Cobb seamounts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005334},
	author = {Chadwick, John and Keller, Randall and Kamenov, George and Yogodzinski, Gene and Lupton, John}
}
@article {Figueroa2014,
	title = {{Complete mitochondrial genomes elucidate phylogenetic relationships of the deep-sea octocoral families Coralliidae and Paragorgiidae}},
	journal = {Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Deep Sea Corals},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {83{\textendash}91},
	abstract = {In the past decade, molecular phylogenetic analyses of octocorals have shown that the current morphological taxonomic classification of these organisms needs to be revised. The latest phylogenetic analyses show that most octocorals can be divided into three main clades. One of these clades contains the families Coralliidae and Paragorgiidae. These families share several taxonomically important characters and it has been suggested that they may not be monophyletic; with the possibility of the Coralliidae being a derived branch of the Paragorgiidae. Uncertainty exists not only in the relationship of these two families, but also in the classification of the two genera that make up the Coralliidae, Corallium and Paracorallium. Molecular analyses suggest that the genus Corallium is paraphyletic, and it can be divided into two main clades, with the Paracorallium as members of one of these clades. In this study we sequenced the whole mitochondrial genome of five species of Paragorgia and of five species of Corallium to use in a phylogenetic analysis to achieve two main objectives; the first to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship between the Paragorgiidae and Coralliidae and the second to determine whether the genera Corallium and Paracorallium are monophyletic. Our results show that other members of the Coralliidae share the two novel mitochondrial gene arrangements found in a previous study in Corallium konojoi and Paracorallium japonicum; and that the Corallium konojoi arrangement is also found in the Paragorgiidae. Our phylogenetic reconstruction based on all the protein coding genes and ribosomal RNAs of the mitochondrial genome suggest that the Coralliidae are not a derived branch of the Paragorgiidae, but rather a monophyletic sister branch to the Paragorgiidae. While our manuscript was in review a study was published using morphological data and several fragments from mitochondrial genes to redefine the taxonomy of the Coralliidae. Paracorallium was subsumed into Corallium and the genus Hemicorallium was resurrected. This left two disjunct clades as Corallium, making that genus paraphyletic. One of the clades includes the type specimens of Corallium, indicating that clade should remain Corallium. For the other clade, we support the resurrection of the genus Pleurocorallium to fix the paraphyly of Corallium. Based on congruent phylogenies in both studies, the genus Pleurocorallium includes the species C. secundum, C. kishinouyei, C. konojoi, C. elatius, and C. niveum.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513002312},
	author = {Figueroa, D F and Baco, A R}
}
@article {Tucholke2013,
	title = {{Cemented mounds and hydrothermal sediments on the detachment surface at Kane Megamullion: A new manifestation of hydrothermal venting}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {3352{\textendash}3378},
	abstract = {Long-lived detachment faults are now known to be important in tectonic evolution of slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges, and there is increasing evidence that fluid flow plays a critical role in development of detachment systems. Here we document a new manifestation of low-temperature hydrothermal venting associated with the detachment fault that formed Kane Megamullion \~{}3.3{\textendash}2.1 m.y. ago in the western rift-valley wall of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Hydrothermal effects on the detachment surface include (1) cemented mounds of igneous rock and chalk debris containing hydrothermal Mn oxides and Fe oxyhydroxides, and (2) layered deposits of similar Fe-Mn minerals {\textpm} interbedded chalks. Mounds are roughly conical, \~{}1{\textendash}10 m high, and contain primarily basalts with lesser gabbro, serpentinite, and polymict breccia. The layered Fe-Mn-rich sediments are flat-bedded to contorted and locally are buckled into low-relief linear or polygonal ridges. We propose that the mounds formed where hydrothermal fluids discharged through the detachment hanging wall near the active fault trace. Hydrothermal precipitates cemented hanging-wall debris and welded it to the footwall, and this debris persisted as mounds as the footwall was exhumed and surrounding unconsolidated material sloughed off the sloping detachment surface. Some of the layered Fe-Mn-rich deposits may have precipitated from fluids discharging from the hanging-wall vents, but they also precipitated from low-temperature fluids venting from the exposed footwall through overlying chalks. Observed natural disturbance and abnormally thin hydrogenous Fe-Mn crusts on some contorted, hydrothermal Fe-Mn-rich chalks on \~{}2.7 Ma crust suggest diffuse venting that is geologically recent. Results of this study imply that there are significant fluid pathways through all parts of detachment systems and that low-temperature venting through fractured detachment footwalls may continue for several million years off-axis.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20186},
	author = {Tucholke, B E and Humphris, S E and Dick, H J B}
}
@article {Jacobson2013a,
	title = {{Characterization of 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Rimicaris hybisae, a shrimp from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {449{\textendash}451},
	abstract = {Rimicaris hybisae is a deep-sea alvinocaridid shrimp found at hydrothermal vents along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center. Eleven selectively neutral and unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for this species and two additional loci were found to cross-amplify from a related species. Nine loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Seven loci cross-amplified with Chorocaris sp. 2, an alvinocaridid shrimp found at vents in the Southwestern Pacific. Microsatellite loci developed for R. hybisae are being deployed to study connectivity and genetic variability of populations along the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-012-9825-0},
	author = {Jacobson, A and Plouviez, S and Thaler, A D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Jacobson2013,
	title = {{Characterization of 9 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Lamellibrachia sp 2, a tubeworm found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	volume = {5},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1005{\textendash}1007},
	abstract = {Lamellibrachia sp. 2 is a deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm found at hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center and at hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of Barbados. Nine selectively neutral and unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for this species. Eight of these loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.14 to 0.92. Microsatellites developed for Lamellibrachia sp. 2 are being deployed to study connectivity and gene flow among populations of this species.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-013-9955-z},
	author = {Jacobson, A and Plouviez, S and Thaler, A D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {ISI:000320852100014,
	title = {{Characterizing the distribution and rates of microbial sulfate reduction at Middle Valley hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {1391{\textendash}1401},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Few studies have directly measured sulfate reduction at hydrothermal vents, and relatively little is known about how environmental or ecological factors influence rates of sulfate reduction in vent environments. A better understanding of microbially mediated sulfate reduction in hydrothermal vent ecosystems may be achieved by integrating ecological and geochemical data with metabolic rate measurements. Here we present rates of microbially mediated sulfate reduction from three distinct hydrothermal vents in the Middle Valley vent field along the Juan de Fuca Ridge, as well as assessments of bacterial and archaeal diversity, estimates of total biomass and the abundance of functional genes related to sulfate reduction, and in situ geochemistry. Maximum rates of sulfate reduction occurred at 90 degrees C in all three deposits. Pyrosequencing and functional gene abundance data revealed differences in both biomass and community composition among sites, including differences in the abundance of known sulfate-reducing bacteria. The abundance of sequences for Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms and higher sulfate reduction rates at elevated temperatures suggests that Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms may have a role in sulfate reduction in warmer environments. The rates of sulfate reduction presented here suggest that-within anaerobic niches of hydrothermal deposits-heterotrophic sulfate reduction may be quite common and might contribute substantially to secondary productivity, underscoring the potential role of this process in both sulfur and carbon cycling at vents.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.17},
	author = {Frank, Kiana L and Rogers, Daniel R and Olins, Heather C and Vidoudez, Charles and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Wagner2013,
	title = {{Cold-seep habitat mapping: High-resolution spatial characterization of the Blake Ridge Diapir seep field}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {183{\textendash}188},
	abstract = {Relationships among seep community biomass, diversity, and physiographic controls such as underlying geology are not well understood. Previous efforts to constrain these relationships at the Blake Ridge Diapir were limited to observations from piloted deep-submergence vehicles. In August 2012, the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Sentry collected geophysical and photographic data over a 0.131~km2 area at the Blake Ridge Diapir seeps. A nested survey approach was used that began with a regional or reconnaissance-style survey using sub-bottom mapping systems to locate and identify seeps and underlying conduits. This survey was followed by AUV-mounted sidescan sonar and multibeam echosounder systems mapping on a mesoscale to characterize the seabed physiography. At the most detailed survey level, digital photographic imaging was used to resolve sub-meter characteristics of the biology. Four pockmarks (25{\textendash}70~m diameter) were documented, each supporting chemosynthetic communities. Concentric zonation of mussels and clams suggests the influence of chemical gradients on megafaunal distribution. Data collection and analytical techniques used here yield high-resolution habitat maps that can serve as baselines to constrain temporal evolution of seafloor seeps, and to inform ecological niche modeling and resource management.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.008},
	author = {Wagner, J K S and McEntee, M H and Brothers, L L and German, C R and Kaiser, C L and Yoerger, D R and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Feng2013,
	title = {{A comparative study of authigenic carbonates from mussel and tubeworm environments: Implications for discriminating the effects of tubeworms}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {110{\textendash}118},
	abstract = {The Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon seeps are often populated by dense mussel beds and tubeworm aggregations, as well as exposed authigenic carbonate outcrops. Previous studies suggest the activity of mussels and tubeworms could influence the sediment geochemistry of their habitats, resulting in variations in the stable carbon isotopes of the associated carbonates. However, this conclusion was based on the analyses of samples from a single site. To better understand whether there are consistent differences in the geochemical environments of mussels and tubeworms, mineralogical and stable isotopic compositions of authigenic carbonates from mussel and tubeworm environments from four seep sites were analyzed. The studied sites span a depth range of 1200~m to 2800~m on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope. We found that carbonate samples from tubeworm environments were more prone to contain aragonite whereas carbonates from mussel environments were more likely to have calcite. This finding supports the hypothesis that vestimentiferans release sulfate across their roots into the pore waters of the surrounding sediments, a process that could generate a locally sulfate-enriched environment that favors the precipitation of aragonite instead of calcite. Moreover, the $δ$13C values of tubeworm carbonates are generally lighter than that of mussel carbonates from the same site, which is consistent with the fact that tubeworms are fueling extra subsurface methane oxidation through the release of sulfate into the sediment. Such a process, consequently, enriches the subsurface dissolved inorganic carbon pool with light carbon derived from the seeping hydrocarbons. Taken together, our data suggest that tubeworms could produce a carbon isotope shift that is sufficient to influence the sediment geochemistry of their immediate area, and that this impact is reflected in the associated authigenic carbonates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2013.02.002},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063713000435},
	author = {Feng, D and Cordes, E E and Roberts, H H and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Luther2012,
	title = {{Chemistry, Temperature, and Faunal Distributions at Diffuse-Flow Hydrothermal Vents Comparison of Two Geologically Distinct Ridge Systems}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {234{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Diffuse-flow, low-temperature areas near hydrothermal vents support life via chemosynthesis: hydrogen sulfide (and other reduced chemical compounds) emanating from the subsurface is oxidized with bottom-water oxygen through bacterial mediation to fix carbon dioxide and produce biomass. This article reviews the in~situ diffuse-flow chemistry (mainly H2S and O2) and temperature data collected in 2006 and 2009 along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC), and from 2004 to 2008 at 9{\textdegree}N along the East Pacific Rise (9 N EPR), predominantly around macrofauna that contain endosymbionts at these two hydrothermal vent regions. More than 48,000 and 20,000 distinct chemical and temperature data points were collected with a multi-analyte electrochemical analyzer in the diffuse-flow waters at 9 N EPR and the ELSC, respectively. Despite their different geological settings and different macrofauna (two different species of snails and mussels at the ELSC versus two different species of tubeworms and mussels at 9 N EPR), there are similarities in the temperature and chemistry data, as well as in the distributions of organisms. The pattern of water chemistry preferred by the provannid snails (Alviniconcha~spp., Ifremeria nautilei) and Bathymodiolus brevior at the ELSC is similar to the water chemistry pattern found for the siboglinid tubeworms (Tevnia jerichonana, Riftia pachyptila) and the Bathymodiolus thermophilus mussels at 9 N EPR. The eruptions at 9 N EPR in 2005 and 2006 resulted in increased H2S concentrations, increased H2S/T ratios, and an initial change in the dominant tubeworm species from Riftia pachyptila to Tevnia jerichonana after the eruption created new vent habitats. In 2005, two sites at 9 N EPR showed major increases in the H2S/T ratio from 2004, which suggested a probable eruption in this basalt-dominated system. At the ELSC, there was a decrease in the H2S/T ratio from northern to southern sites, which reflects the change in geological setting from basalt to andesite and the shallower water depths at the southern sites.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.22},
	author = {Luther, G W and Gartman, A and Yuecel, M and Madison, A S and Moore, T S and Nees, H A and Nuzzio, D B and Sen, A and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000307173100006,
	title = {{Chrysogorgia from the New England and Corner Seamounts: Atlantic-Pacific connections}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM},
	volume = {92},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {911{\textendash}927},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Recent exploration of the New England and Corner Seamounts revealed four new species of Chrysogorgia, described here using a combination of molecular and morphological data. These four species are characterized by a sinistral spiral, a character that, with one known exception, has only been reported for Pacific species. In addition, two species have a sclerite composition typical of the Pacific ({\textquoteright}squamosae typicae{\textquoteright}). This faunal connection between the Atlantic and the Pacific is confirmed by analysis of the mitochondrial msh1 gene. The exceptional preservation of specimens collected with remotely operated vehicles allows us to discuss the effect of growth on some morphological characters.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315411001354},
	author = {Pante, Eric and Watling, Les}
}
@article {Soule2012,
	title = {{CO2 variability in mid-ocean ridge basalts from syn-emplacement degassing: Constraints on eruption dynamics}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {327{\textendash}328},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {39{\textendash}49},
	abstract = {Basaltic glasses produced during mid-ocean ridge (MOR) eruptions display a wide range of dissolved CO2 concentrations with respect to equilibrium saturation at their eruption depth. This variability is thought to reflect the dynamics of magma ascent and emplacement, with rapid ascent and depressurization leading to supersaturated conditions and slower ascent resulting in equilibrium saturation. In this study we examine a suite of samples from the 2005{\textendash}06 eruption of the East Pacific Rise (EPR), collected at {\~{}}~200~m intervals along two well-defined flow pathways within a single seafloor eruption to examine syn-emplacement degassing, using measurements of vesicularity, crystallinity, volatile contents, and helium. This new data set is unique because flow pathways of individual MOR lava flows have rarely been mapped and have never been systematically sampled. Here we show that a large range in dissolved CO2 concentrations exists within this single eruption that nearly spans that observed in tens of flows measured along this portion of the EPR crest. This lava flow experienced equilibrium degassing of dissolved CO2 from supersaturated conditions at the vent (and persisting over the first 750~m of flow) toward equilibrium with seafloor pressures along a {\~{}}~2.5~km-long flow path. This was accompanied by an increase in vesicularity and characteristic bubble radius along the flow, indicating the importance of bubble growth by diffusion for degassing. Nearly constant total helium concentrations (melt~+~vesicles) indicate that no bubbles were lost during emplacement. With a model of diffusion-controlled bubble growth constrained by observations from the samples along the largest flow lobe of the eruption, we calculate minimum ascent rates of 0.15~m/s, and {\textendash} for this portion of the eruption {\textendash} an eruption duration of {\~{}}~30~h and flow rates from 0.02 to 0.12~m/s. This study represents the first quantitative assessment of eruption dynamics using volatiles in a mid-ocean ridge lava flow.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.034},
	author = {Soule, S A and Nakata, D S and Fornari, D J and Fundis, A T and Perfit, M R and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {Guilini2012,
	title = {{Cold seep and oxygen minimum zone associated sources of margin heterogeneity affect benthic assemblages, diversity and nutrition at the Cascadian margin (NE Pacific Ocean)}},
	journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {77{\textendash}92},
	abstract = {Hydrate Ridge (HR), located on the northeastern Pacific margin off Oregon, is characterized by the presence of outcropping hydrates and active methane seepage. Additionally, permanent low oxygen conditions overlay the benthic realm. This study evaluated the relative influence of both seepage and oxygen minima as sources of habitat heterogeneity and potential stress-inducing features on the bathyal metazoan benthos (primarily nematodes) at three different seep and non-seep HR locations, exposed to decreasing bottom-water oxygen concentrations with increasing water depth. The nematode seep communities at HR exhibited low diversity with dominance of only one or two genera (Daptonema and Metadesmolaimus), elevated average individual biomass and $δ$13C evidence for strong dependance on chemosynthesis-derived carbon, resembling deep-sea seeps worldwide. Although the HR seep habitats harbored a distinct nematode community like in other known seep communities, they differed from deep-sea seeps in well-oxygenated waters based on that they shared the dominant genera with the surrounding non-seep sediments overlain by oxygen-deficient bottom water. The homogenizing effect of the oxygen minimum zone on the seep nematode assemblages and surrounding sediments was constant with increasing water depth and concomitant greater oxygen-deficiency, resulting in a loss of habitat heterogeneity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2011.10.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.10.003},
	author = {Guilini, K and Levin, L A and Vanreusel, A}
}
@article {ISI:000311041900011,
	title = {{Community study of tubeworm-associated epizooic meiobenthos from deep-sea cold seeps and hot vents}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {468},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {135{\textendash}148},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The permanent metazoan meiofauna associated with vestimentiferan tubeworm aggregations from hydrocarbon seeps of the upper Louisiana slope in the Green Canyon (similar to 550 m) and the lower slope in Atwater Valley (similar to 2200 m) of the Gulf of Mexico was characterized. Meiofauna abundance, diversity, and community composition at genus level were compared between these seep sites, and with those of tubeworms from hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise (Gollner et al. 2007; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 337: 39-49). The abundance was not significantly different between the 2 seep sites, and was also similar to those found at vents. A total of 150 meiobenthic genera were identified from the cold seep sites. While no significant difference in univariate measurements of diversity was detected, a shift in community composition between the shallow and the deep seep site was found. The hot vent communities included a total of only 17 genera and the diversity measurements were significantly lower at vents than at seeps. Also, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was 97{\%} between the meiobenthic communities from seeps and vents. The genera richness was negatively correlated with maximum temperature and maximum sulfide concentration, and positively correlated with minimum pH value. We conclude that the harsh conditions tubeworms experience at vents compared to the moderate conditions at cold seeps, as well as the longevity of cold seeps surrounded by sedimented deep-sea plains but short-lived vents on basaltic mid-ocean ridges, might explain the contrasting diversity patterns.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps09889},
	author = {Degen, Renate and Riavitz, Laura and Gollner, Sabine and Vanreusel, Ann and Plum, Christoph and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Bernardino2012,
	title = {{Comparative Composition, Diversity and Trophic Ecology of Sediment Macrofauna at Vents, Seeps and Organic Falls}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {e33515},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	abstract = {Sediments associated with hydrothermal venting, methane seepage and large organic falls such as whale, wood and plant detritus create deep-sea networks of soft-sediment habitats fueled, at least in part, by the oxidation of reduced chemicals. Biological studies at deep-sea vents, seeps and organic falls have looked at macrofaunal taxa, but there has yet to be a systematic comparison of the community-level attributes of sediment macrobenthos in various reducing ecosystems. Here we review key similarities and differences in the sediment-dwelling assemblages of each system with the goals of (1) generating a predictive framework for the exploration and study of newly identified reducing habitats, and (2) identifying taxa and communities that overlap across ecosystems. We show that deep-sea seep, vent and organic-fall sediments are highly heterogeneous. They sustain different geochemical and microbial processes that are reflected in a complex mosaic of habitats inhabited by a mixture of specialist (heterotrophic and symbiont-associated) and background fauna. Community-level comparisons reveal that vent, seep and organic-fall macrofauna are very distinct in terms of composition at the family level, although they share many dominant taxa among these highly sulphidic habitats. Stress gradients are good predictors of macrofaunal diversity at some sites, but habitat heterogeneity and facilitation often modify community structure. The biogeochemical differences across ecosystems and within habitats result in wide differences in organic utilization (i.e., food sources) and in the prevalence of chemosynthesis-derived nutrition. In the Pacific, vents, seeps and organic-falls exhibit distinct macrofaunal assemblages at broad-scales contributing to {\~A}{\"Y} diversity. This has important implications for the conservation of reducing ecosystems, which face growing threats from human activities.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0033515},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033515},
	author = {Bernardino, A F and Levin, L A and Thurber, A R and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Ventura2012,
	title = {{The composition, origin and fate of complex mixtures in the maltene fractions of hydrothermal petroleum assessed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {48{\textendash}65},
	abstract = {Sedimentary organic matter in hydrothermal systems can be altered by high temperature fluids to generate petroleum. The saturated and aromatic fractions of these hydrothermal oils are compositionally similar to conventional oil with the exception that they often contain higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as well as substantial mixtures of coeluting organic compounds that produce dramatically rising signal on the baseline of gas chromatograms termed unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs). Little is known about the compounds that compose UCMs and why or how they form. This is in part due to an inability to discriminate between in situ and migrated components that characterize the petroleum generated in hydrothermal systems. However, UCMs are also a product of the limitations imbedded in analytical separation techniques. With the advent of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC~{\texttimes}~GC), a revision of what should constitute molecular complexity needs to be considered. We address these problems by comparing the molecular compositions of the maltene fractions of three previously published hydrothermal petroleum samples using time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}ToF-MS) and 12 hydrothermal petroleum samples in cores from three locales using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}FID). The sediment cores were collected from Middle Valley, located off the axis of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and the Escanaba Trough, along the Gorda Ridge, both in the NE Pacific Ocean, as well as from the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California. We define a UCM in GC~{\texttimes}~GC data to be a condition in which ⩾25{\%} of the detected peaks within a chromatographic area coelute in either the first or second dimension. In turn, complex (CM) and simple mixtures (SM) are defined as having 5{\textendash}24{\%} and and migrated components that characterize the petroleum generated in hydrothermal systems. However, UCMs are also a product of the limitations imbedded in analytical separation techniques. With the advent of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC~{\texttimes}~GC), a revision of what should constitute molecular complexity needs to be considered. We address these problems by comparing the molecular compositions of the maltene fractions of three previously published hydrothermal petroleum samples using time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}ToF-MS) and 12 hydrothermal petroleum samples in cores from three locales using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC~{\texttimes}~GC{\textendash}FID). The sediment cores were collected from Middle Valley, located off the axis of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and the Escanaba Trough, along the Gorda Ridge, both in the NE Pacific Ocean, as well as from the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California. We define a UCM in GC~{\texttimes}~GC data to be a condition in which ⩾25{\%} of the detected peaks within a chromatographic area coelute in either the first or second dimension. In turn, complex (CM) and simple mixtures (SM) are defined as having 5{\textendash}24{\%} and},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.01.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.01.002},
	author = {Ventura, G T and Simoneit, B R T and Nelson, R K and Reddy, C M}
}
@mastersthesis {Lemkau2012,
	title = {{Comprehensive study of a heavy fuel oil spill : modeling and analytical approaches to understanding environmental weathering}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2012},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {Driven by increasingly heavy oil reserves and more efficient refining technologies, use of heavy fuel oils for power generation is rising. Unlike other refined products and crude oils, a large portion of these heavy oils is undetectable using the traditional gas chromatography-based techniques on which oil spill science has been based. In the current study, samples collected after the 2007 M/V Cosco Busan heavy fuel oil spill (San Francisco, CA) were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)-based techniques, numerical modeling and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to examine natural weathering of the oil over a one and a half year period. Traditional GC techniques detected variable evidence of evaporation/ dissolution, biodegradation and photodegradation. Petroleum hydrocarbon compounds smaller than {\~{}}n-C16 were rapidly lost due to evaporation and dissolution. Significant biodegradation was not detected until one month post spill while photodegradation was only observed at one field site. To further examine the processes of evaporation and dissolution, samples were analyzed with comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC{\texttimes}GC) and a physiochemical model developed to approximate quantitative apportionment of compounds lost to the atmosphere and water. Model results suggest temperature is the primary control of evaporation. Finally, to examine the prominent non-GC amenable component of the oil, samples were analyzed with FT-ICR MS. Results showed expected clustering of samples, with those samples collected sooner after the spill having the most compositional similarity to the unweathered oil. Analysis of dominant heteroatom classes within the oil showed losses of high molecular weight species and the formation of stable core structures with time. These results highlight the susceptibility to weathering of these higher molecular weight components, previously believed to be recalcitrant in the environment. Research findings indicate that environmental weathering results in removal or alteration of larger alkylated compounds as well as loss of lower molecular weight species through evaporation/dissolution, biodegradation and photodegradation, with a resultant fraction of stable compounds likely to remain in the environment years after the spill. This research demonstrates the advantages of combining multiple analytical and modeling approaches for a fuller understanding of oil spill chemistry.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/5278},
	author = {Lemkau, K L}
}
@mastersthesis {Stanway2012,
	title = {{Contributions to automated realtime underwater navigation}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2012},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {This dissertation presents three separate{\textendash}but related{\textendash}contributions to the art of underwater navigation. These methods may be used in postprocessing with a human in the loop, but the overarching goal is to enhance vehicle autonomy, so the emphasis is on automated approaches that can be used in realtime. The three research threads are: i) in situ navigation sensor alignment, ii) dead reckoning through the water column, and iii) model-driven delayed measurement fusion. Contributions to each of these areas have been demonstrated in simulation, with laboratory data, or in the field{\textendash}some have been demonstrated in all three arenas. The solution to the in situ navigation sensor alignment problem is an asymptotically stable adaptive identifier formulated using rotors in Geometric Algebra. This identifier is applied to precisely estimate the unknown alignment between a gyrocompass and Doppler velocity log, with the goal of improving realtime dead reckoning navigation. Laboratory and field results show the identifier performs comparably to previously reported methods using rotation matrices, providing an alignment estimate that reduces the position residuals between dead reckoning and an external acoustic positioning system. The Geometric Algebra formulation also encourages a straightforward interpretation of the identifier as a proportional feedback regulator on the observable output error. Future applications of the identifier may include alignment between inertial, visual, and acoustic sensors. The ability to link the Global Positioning System at the surface to precision dead reckoning near the seafloor might enable new kinds of missions for autonomous underwater vehicles. This research introduces a method for dead reckoning through the water column using water current profile data collected by an onboard acoustic Doppler current profiler. Overlapping relative current profiles provide information to simultaneously estimate the vehicle velocity and local ocean current{\textendash}the vehicle velocity is then integrated to estimate position. The method is applied to field data using online bin average, weighted least squares, and recursive least squares implementations. This demonstrates an autonomous navigation link between the surface and the seafloor without any dependence on a ship or external acoustic tracking systems. Finally, in many state estimation applications, delayed measurements present an interesting challenge. Underwater navigation is a particularly compelling case because of the relatively long delays inherent in all available position measurements. This research develops a flexible, model-driven approach to delayed measurement fusion in realtime Kalman filters. Using a priori estimates of delayed measurements as augmented states minimizes the computational cost of the delay treatment. Managing the augmented states with time-varying conditional process and measurement models ensures the approach works within the proven Kalman filter framework{\textendash}without altering the filter structure or requiring any ad-hoc adjustments. The end result is a mathematically principled treatment of the delay that leads to more consistent estimates with lower error and uncertainty. Field results from dead reckoning aided by acoustic positioning systems demonstrate the applicability of this approach to real-world problems in underwater navigation.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/5095},
	author = {Stanway, M J}
}
@article {Birgel2011,
	title = {{Changing redox conditions at cold seeps as revealed by authigenic carbonates from Alaminos Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {285},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {82{\textendash}96},
	abstract = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane in anoxic sediments at cold seeps often leads to formation of authigenic carbonates close to the seafloor along continental margins. Recent work, however, indicated that the redox conditions in sediments may vary to some degree during seepage activity. In order to shed new light on the extent of this variability, authigenic carbonates from Alaminos Canyon lease block 645 of the northern Gulf of Mexico have been characterized by means of inorganic and organic geochemistry. The carbonates were collected from seep deposits representing various seafloor morphologies, including extensive pavements, mounds, fractured carbonate slabs surrounded by dense bivalve shells, and vestimentiferan tubeworm colonies. The deposits almost entirely consist of aragonite. The $δ$18O values of aragonite vary from +~2.6 to +~5.8{\textperthousand} V-PDB, suggesting precipitation in slight disequilibrium with the surrounding pore fluids. The $δ$13C values of aragonite between -~33.9 and -~20.4{\textperthousand} V-PDB agree with variable amounts of carbonate derived from oxidation of thermogenic methane and crude oil. Methane was primarily oxidized in an anaerobic process as revealed by the presence of 13C-depleted molecular fossils of methane-oxidizing archaea ($δ$13C values as negative as -~118{\textperthousand}) and sulfate-reducing bacteria ($δ$13C values as negative as -~97{\textperthousand}), the syntrophic partners in the anaerobic oxidation of methane. The observed inventories of molecular fossils in the authigenic carbonates mirror those of known consortia of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria, namely the ANME-2/Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus (DSS) and ANME-3/Desulfobulbus (DBB) consortia. In contrast, the same carbonates exhibit shale-normalized rare earth elements patterns that all display real negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*~ In contrast, the same carbonates exhibit shale-normalized rare earth elements patterns that all display real negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*~13C values of the biomarkers of aerobic methanotrophs are as negative as -~58{\textperthousand} and are consequently less 13C-depleted than the molecular fossils of the prokaryotes performing anaerobic oxidation of methane, a pattern in accord with culture experiments. Overall, our results suggest that redox conditions at cold seeps are variable. This variability probably reflects changes in seepage flux. The combination of an inorganic and an organic geochemical approach used here is promising to better assess the variability and diversity of past fluid and gas expulsion at seeps.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.03.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.03.004},
	author = {Birgel, D and Feng, D and Roberts, H H and Peckmann, J}
}
@mastersthesis {Grinar2011,
	title = {{A characterization of a hydrothermal vent community from a diffuse flow vertical wall of "The tower" sulfide edifice at the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {48},
	school = {Temple University},
	type = {phd},
	abstract = {The Juan de Fuca Ridge, located 400 km off the coast of Washington State, is home to unstable and unpredictable hydrothermal vent sites where chemosynthetic communities flourish. In 2007 the manned submersible ALVIN retrieved a Ridgeia piscesae tubeworm community in its entirety from the side of the Tower sulfide edifice from the Endeavor segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (47 55.416720 N, 129 6.487020 W, at a depth of 2269 m) using the Bushmaster Jr. collection device. The collection was analyzed for community structure and the data collected were compared to that from several other hydrothermal vent communities. It was determined that substrate composition is a factor that heavily influences community structure. The data were then compared to the community succession model developed by Sarrazin et. al. in 1997 and 1999 (Sarrazin et. al. 1997, Sarrazin and Juniper 1999). The Tower community was found to expand the model as a new community succession classification; that of community iii low flow. The Tower community was then analyzed for diversity, structure and tubeworm morphology in conjunction with two other communities from differing substrata. The Ridgeia piscesae tubeworms were found to be of the "long skinny" morphotype, one that was previously thought to only reside on basaltic substrate. The Tower community has similar species richness and higher species evenness than those from basaltic substrate, but similar richness and lower evenness that those from sulfide. This community type combines the characteristics of those from both substrata, resulting in a community with diversity and structure that is an intermediary between sulfide and basaltic substrates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/204453},
	author = {Grinar, M}
}
@article {Mottl2011,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1013{\textendash}1038},
	abstract = {The Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) is the southernmost part of the back-arc spreading axis in the Lau Basin, west of the Tonga trench and the active Tofua volcanic arc. Over its 397-km length it exhibits large and systematic changes in spreading rate, magmatic/tectonic processes, and proximity to the volcanic arc. In 2005, we collected 81 samples of vent water from six hydrothermal fields along the ELSC. The chemistry of these waters varies both within and between vent fields, in response to changes in substrate composition, temperature and pressure, pH, water/rock ratio, and input from magmatic gases and subducted sediment. Hot-spring temperatures range from 229{\textdegree} to 363~{\textdegree}C at the five northernmost fields, with a general decrease to the south that is reversed at the Mariner field. The southernmost field, Vai Lili, emitted water at up to 334~{\textdegree}C in 1989 but had a maximum venting temperature of only 121~{\textdegree}C in 2005, due to waning activity and admixture of bottom seawater into the subseafloor plumbing system. Chloride varies both within fields and from one field to another, from a low of 528~mmol/kg to a high of 656~mmol/kg, and may be enriched by phase separation and/or leaching of Cl from the rock. Concentrations of the soluble elements K, Rb, Cs, and B likewise increase southward as the volcanic substrate becomes more silica-rich, especially on the Valu Fa Ridge. Iodine and $δ$7Li increase southward, and $δ$11B decreases as B increases, apparently in response to increased input from subducted sediment as the arc is approached. Species that decrease southward as temperature falls are Si, H2S, Li, Na/Cl, Fe, Mn, and 87Sr/86Sr, whereas pH, alkalinity, Ca, and Sr increase. Oxygen isotopes indicate a higher water/rock ratio in the three systems on Valu Fa Ridge, consistent with higher porosity in more felsic volcanic rocks. Vent waters at the Mariner vent field on the Valu Fa Ridge are significantly hotter, more acid and metal-rich, less saline, and richer in dissolved gases and other volatiles, including H2S, CO2, and F, than the other vent fields, consistent with input of magmatic gases. The large variations in geologic and geophysical parameters produced by back-arc spreading along the ELSC, which exceed those along mid-ocean ridge spreading axes, produce similar large variations in the composition of vent waters, and thus provide new insights into the processes that control the chemistry of submarine hot springs.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.008},
	author = {Mottl, M J and Seewald, J S and Wheat, C G and Tivey, M K and Michael, P J and Proskurowski, G and McCollom, T M and Reeves, E and Sharkey, J and You, C F and Chan, L H and Pichler, T}
}
@article {Gieskes2011,
	title = {{Cold seeps in Monterey Bay, California: Geochemistry of pore waters and relationship to benthic foraminiferal calcite}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {738{\textendash}746},
	abstract = {An extensive geochemical and biogeochemical examination of CH4 seeps in the Clam Flats area of Monterey Bay provides insight into the character of relationships between seep geochemistry and benthic foraminiferal geochemistry. The area is characterized by sulfide-rich fluids. Sulfide increases are associated with large increases in alkalinity, as well as small decreases in dissolved Ca and Mg. In addition, only small increases in NH4 are observed, but values of $δ$13C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (C of dissolved inorganic C are as low as -60{\textperthousand} at shallow depths (4, which is transported upward by slow seepage of pore fluids. The geochemistry of the pore fluids should be relevant to the geochemistry of the carbonate tests of living and dead foraminifera. However, a profound disequilibrium of approximately an order of magnitude occurs between the $δ$13C values of stained (cytoplasm-containing) foraminiferal carbonate and the C isotope values of ambient pore water dissolved inorganic C. Reasons are unclear for this isotopic disequilibrium, but have important implications for interpretations of foraminiferal carbonate as a paleoenvironmental proxy. Much fine scale work is needed to fully understand the relationships between the biogeochemistry of benthic foraminifera and the geochemistry of the pore waters where they live.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.032},
	author = {Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Mahn, C and Bernhard, J M and Day, S}
}
@article {ISI:000290021000005,
	title = {{Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys with contrasting chemistries}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {414{\textendash}426},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys harbor a high diversity of largely unknown microorganisms. Although the phylogenetic diversity of these microorganisms has been described previously, the adaptation and metabolic potential of the microbial communities is only beginning to be revealed. A pyrosequencing approach was used to directly obtain sequences from a fosmid library constructed from a black smoker chimney 4143-1 in the Mothra hydrothermal vent field at the Juan de Fuca Ridge. A total of 308 034 reads with an average sequence length of 227 bp were generated. Comparative genomic analyses of metagenomes from a variety of environments by two-way clustering of samples and functional gene categories demonstrated that the 4143-1 metagenome clustered most closely with that from a carbonate chimney from Lost City. Both are highly enriched in genes for mismatch repair and homologous recombination, suggesting that the microbial communities have evolved extensive DNA repair systems to cope with the extreme conditions that have potential deleterious effects on the genomes. As previously reported for the Lost City microbiome, the metagenome of chimney 4143-1 exhibited a high proportion of transposases, implying that horizontal gene transfer may be a common occurrence in the deep-sea vent chimney biosphere. In addition, genes for chemotaxis and flagellar assembly were highly enriched in the chimney metagenomes, reflecting the adaptation of the organisms to the highly dynamic conditions present within the chimney walls. Reconstruction of the metabolic pathways revealed that the microbial community in the wall of chimney 4143-1 was mainly fueled by sulfur oxidation, putatively coupled to nitrate reduction to perform inorganic carbon fixation through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. On the basis of the genomic organization of the key genes of the carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation pathways contained in the large genomic fragments, both obligate and facultative autotrophs appear to be present and contribute to biomass production. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 414-426; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.144; published online 7 October 2010},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2010.144},
	author = {Xie, Wei and Wang, Fengping and Guo, Lei and Chen, Zeling and Sievert, Stefan M and Meng, Jun and Huang, Guangrui and Li, Yuxin and Yan, Qingyu and Wu, Shan and Wang, Xin and Chen, Shangwu and He, Guangyuan and Xiao, Xiang and Xu, Anlong}
}
@article {Fueri2010,
	title = {{Carbon release from submarine seeps at the Costa Rica fore arc: Implications for the volatile cycle at the Central America convergent margin}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q04S21},
	abstract = {We report total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) abundances and isotope ratios, as well as helium isotope ratios (3He/4He), of cold seep fluids sampled at the Costa Rica fore arc in order to evaluate the extent of carbon loss from the submarine segment of the Central America convergent margin. Seep fluids were collected over a 12 month period at Mound 11, Mound 12, and Jaco Scar using copper tubing attached to submarine flux meters operating in continuous pumping mode. The fluids show minimum 3He/4He ratios of 1.3 RA (where RA is air 3He/4He), consistent with a small but discernable contribution of mantle-derived helium. At Mound 11, $δ$13C∑CO2 values between -23.9{\textperthousand} and -11.6{\textperthousand} indicate that DIC is predominantly derived from deep methanogenesis and is carried to the surface by fluids derived from sediments of the subducting slab. In contrast, at Mound 12, most of the ascending dissolved methane is oxidized due to lower flow rates, giving extremely low $δ$13C∑CO2 values ranging from -68.2{\textperthousand} to -60.3{\textperthousand}. We estimate that the carbon flux (CO2 plus methane) through submarine fluid venting at the outer fore arc is 8.0 {\texttimes} 105 g C km-1 yr-1, which is virtually negligible compared to the total sedimentary carbon input to the margin and the output at the volcanic front. Unless there is a significant but hitherto unidentified carbon flux at the inner fore arc, the implication is that most of the carbon being subducted in Costa Rica must be transferred to the (deeper) mantle, i.e., beyond the depth of arc magma generation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002810},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002810},
	author = {Fueri, E and Hilton, D R and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and McMurtry, G M and Brueckmann, W and Wheat, C G}
}
@article {Thaler2010,
	title = {{Characterization of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Ifremeria nautilei, a chemoautotrophic gastropod from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {101{\textendash}103},
	abstract = {{Ifremeria nautilei is deep-sea provannid gastropod endemic to hydrothermal vents at southwest Pacific back-arc spreading centers. Twelve, selectively neutral and unlinked polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for this species. Three loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.719 to 0.906 (mean H-O = 0.547},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-010-9174-9},
	author = {Thaler, A D and Zelnio, K and Jones, R and Carlsson, J and Van Dover, C L and Schultz, T F}
}
@article {Roberts2010a,
	title = {{Cold-seep carbonates of the middle and lower continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2040{\textendash}2054},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonates from cold seeps on the middle and lower continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) exhibit a wide range of mineralogical and stable isotopic compositions. These carbonates consist of concretions and nodules in surface sediments, hardgrounds of crusts and isolated slabs, and mounded buildups of blocks and slabs of up to over 10 meters in relief above the surrounding seafloor. Mineralogically, the carbonates are dominated by high-Mg calcite (HMC) and aragonite. However, low levels ({\textless}5 wt{\%}) of dolomite are present in most samples. Petrographically, Mg-calcite peloidal matrix and acicular to botryoidal aragonitic void-filling cements are the most frequent associations. The carbon isotopic compositions of the carbonates range from -60.8 to 14.0{\textperthousand} PDB, indicating complex carbon sources that include 13C-depleted biogenic and thermogenic methane, biodegraded crude oil, seawater CO2, and 13C-enriched residual CO2 from methanogenesis. A similarly large variability in $δ$18O values (2.5 to 6.7{\textperthousand} PDB) demonstrates the geochemical complexity of the slope, with some samples pointing toward an 18O-enriched oxygen source that is possibly related to advection of 18O-enriched formation water and/or to the decomposition of gas hydrate. A considerable range of mineralogical and isotopic variations in cold-seep carbonate composition was noted even within individual study sites. However, common trends occur across multiple geographic areas. This situation suggests that local controls on fluid and gas flux, types of seep hydrocarbons, the presence or absence of gas hydrate in the near-surface sediment, and chemosynthetic communities, as well as the temporal evolution of the local hydrocarbon reservoir, all may play a part in determining carbonate mineralogy and isotope geochemistry. The carbon isotope data clearly indicate that between-site variation is greater than within-site variation. Seep carbonates formed on the middle and lower continental slope of the GOM do not appear to be substantially different from those found on the upper slope ({\textless}1000-m water depth). The highly variable fluids and gases that leave their geochemical imprints on seep carbonate of the middle and lower continental slope are similar to their outer shelf and upper slope counterparts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.003},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Feng, D and Joye, S B}
}
@article {Martin2010,
	title = {{Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera: Method description}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {PA2211},
	abstract = {Carbon isotopes of foraminiferal tests provide a widely used proxy for past oceanographic environmental conditions. This proxy can be calibrated using live specimens, which are reliably identified with observations of cell ultrastructure. Observations of ultrastructures can also be used for studies of biological characteristics such as diet and presence of symbionts. Combining biological and isotopic studies on individual foraminifera could provide novel information, but standard isotopic methods destroy ultrastructures by desiccating specimens and observations of ultrastructure require removal of carbonate tests, preventing isotope measurements. The approach described here preserves cellular ultrastructure during isotopic analyses by keeping the foraminifera in an aqueous buffer (Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)). The technique was developed and standardized with 36 aliquots of NBS-19 standard of similar weight to foraminiferal tests (5 to 123 $μ$g). Standard errors ranged from {\textpm} 0.06 to {\textpm} 0.85{\textperthousand} and were caused by CO2 contaminants dissolved in the PBS. The technique was used to measure $δ$13C values of 96 foraminifera, 10 of which do not precipitate carbonate tests. Calcareous foraminiferal tests had corrected carbon isotope ratios of -8.5 to +3.2{\textperthousand}. This new technique allows comparisons of isotopic compositions of tests made by foraminifera known to be alive at the time of collection with their biological characteristics such as prey composition and presence or absence of putative symbionts. The approach may be applied to additional biomineralizing organisms such as planktonic foraminifera, pteropods, corals, and coccolithophores to elucidate certain biological controls on their paleoceanographic proxy signatures.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2009PA001846},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001846},
	author = {Martin, J B and Bernhard, J M and Curtis, J and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Bernhard2010,
	title = {{Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera : 2. Toward an understanding of apparent disequilibrium in hydrocarbon seeps}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {PA4206},
	abstract = {Numerous previous studies show disequilibrium between stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal calcite and pore water dissolved inorganic carbon in hydrocarbon seeps, calling into question the utility of this widely used paleoceanographic tracer as a proxy. We use a recently developed method to compare stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal carbonate with cell ultrastructural observations from individual benthic foraminifera from seep (under chemosynthetic bivalves) and nonseep habitats in Monterey Bay, California, to better understand control(s) of benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope ratios. Two attributes previously proposed to cause the isotopic offsets are diet and symbionts. Ultrastructural analysis shows that positive staining with Rose Bengal indicates presence of foraminiferal cytoplasm, bacterial biomass, or a combination of both and, thus, is not an unequivocal indicator of viability. We also show for the first time that some living seep foraminifera have endobionts. Results from our unique, yet limited, data set are consistent with suggestions that, in our sites, several foraminiferal species collected from seep clam beds may not survive there, diet and symbiont presence do not appear to be major contributors to disequilibrium, little calcification of seep-tolerant foraminiferal species occurs while seep conditions prevail, and microscale variability in habitats could influence $δ$13C of benthic foraminiferal carbonate. Results further suggest that our knowledge of benthic foraminiferal ecology and biomineralization, especially in extreme habitats such as seeps, must be bolstered before we fully understand the fidelity of paleoenvironmental records derived from benthic foraminiferal test $δ$13C data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2010PA001930},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001930},
	author = {Bernhard, J M and Martin, J B and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Lessard-Pilon2010,
	title = {{Community composition and temporal change at deep Gulf of Mexico cold seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1891{\textendash}1903},
	abstract = {Specialized cold-seep communities have been known to exist in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) since the mid-1980s, but only recently has extensive research been carried out on sites at depths {\textgreater}1000 m. This study uses a combination of imagery and analyses within a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) framework to examine the composition of mussel and tubeworm communities at depths between 2200 and 2800 m in the Gulf of Mexico, spatial relations among the fauna, and changes in these communities over time. Photomosaics at three discrete seep communities were obtained in 2006 and a video mosaic of another community was obtained in 1992. Each of these communities was re-imaged in 2007. In addition, quantitative physical collections were made within two of the photomosaic sites and used to confirm the identification of megafauna, quantify the occurrence of smaller and cryptic macrofauna, and allow first-order calculations of biomass within the sites. Substrate type had a significant effect on community composition. Significant associations were identified between live mussels with anemones, shrimp, and sea cucumbers, and between tubeworm aggregations and Munidopsis sp. crabs and encrusting fauna, indicating differences in the composition of megafauna associated with adjacent mussel and tubeworm aggregations. Little change was seen in the total area colonized by foundation fauna (tubeworms and mussels) between years at any site. However, significant changes occurred in the positions of mussels, even over periods of a single year, at all sites, and evidence for the establishment of new tubeworm aggregations between 1992 and 2007 was noted at one site. These photomosaics provide data suggesting that environmental conditions can change over small spatial and temporal scales and mussels move in response to these changes. The successional trends are examined and compared to the patterns that have been documented in shallow ({\textless}1000-m depth) Gulf of Mexico seep communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.012},
	author = {Lessard-Pilon, S and Porter, M D and Cordes, E E and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {MacDonald2010,
	title = {{Community structure comparisons of lower slope hydrocarbon seeps, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1904{\textendash}1915},
	abstract = {Photographic sampling collected from ROV JASON III on randomized transects (generally 10 per site) was used to compare seven suspected hydrocarbon seeps on the lower continental slope at depths of 956 to 2330 m. The study design focused on areas containing high-amplitude reflectance patterns in seismic returns from the bottom. Animal samples nested in these areas and high-resolution photographic mosaics permitted fine-scale description of the community components and their associations with each other. The transect results showed three types of chemosynthetic community: carbonate prone, brine pool prone, and low-density. These communities are characterized by, respectively, abundant carbonate rubble and tubeworm clusters, bacterial mats and brine pools, and relatively sparse chemosynthetic fauna that tended to be overlooked by the photographic survey plan. These differences were not clearly related to depth or longitude because the sites are at the opposite eastern and western extents of the project region. Photographic survey is a statistically reliable method for detecting the carbonate rubble and bacterial mat types of community, but may be unreliable for sparse or clustered fauna such as seep mussels. Photographic survey results provided relatively low taxonomic resolution, but were sufficient to distinguish statistical differences in the abundance of characteristic faunal groups, such as the Echinoidea and Gorgonacea, associated with hydrocarbon seeps. Initial studies of statistical power indicate that future photographic surveys of suspected seep communities, if conducted with an equivalent level of effort, might detect the presence of more abundant habitat, including carbonate rubble, bacterial mats, and tubeworms, but could miss less abundant indicators.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.002},
	author = {MacDonald, I R and Smith, M and Huffer, F W}
}
@article {Bernardino2010,
	title = {{Community structure of infaunal macrobenthos around vestimentiferan thickets at the San Clemente cold seep, NE Pacific}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {608{\textendash}621},
	abstract = {The San Clemente cold seep lies within 100{\textendash}200 km of other reducing habitats in the NE Pacific, offering an opportunity to compare diversity and species overlap among reducing habitats (i.e. whale-, kelp-, and wood-falls) at similar depths within a single region. Video observations from the research submersible Alvin at the San Clemente seep (1800 m depth) indicated clumps ({\textquoteleft}thickets{\textquoteright}) of vestimentiferans distributed as meter-scale patches interspersed with vesicomyid clam beds and black sediments. Sediment-core samples were collected at distances of 0 to 80{\textendash}200 m along randomly oriented transects radiating outward from vestimentiferan thickets to evaluate changes in macrofaunal community structure from thickets into the background community. Macrofaunal abundance was elevated at distances of 0{\textendash}1 m compared to 80{\textendash}200 m (i.e. the {\textquoteleft}background{\textquoteright} community). The tube-building frenulate worms Siboglinum spp., along with peracarid crustaceans, dominated sediments within 1 m of vestimentiferan thickets. Species diversity was depressed within 1 m of thickets but with high rates of species accumulation, suggesting that seep sites greatly increase sediment heterogeneity and facilitate colonization by non-background macrofaunal species. Stable isotope data indicate chemosynthetic nutrition for some dominant macrofaunal species within 1 m of tubeworm thickets. The macrofaunal community near vestimentiferan thickets in San Clemente seep contains intermediate levels of species richness and diversity compared to other deep-sea seep areas in the northeast Pacific. There was low species overlap between the San Clemente seep macrofauna and communities in reducing habitats near wood-, whale-, and kelp-falls at similar depths within the region, suggesting that seeps harbor a distinct infaunal community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00389.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00389.x},
	author = {Bernardino, A F and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Basak2009,
	title = {{Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of live (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Aleutian Margin and the Southern Australian Margin}},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {89{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.002},
	author = {Basak, C and Rathburn, A E and Perez, M E and Martin, J B and Kluesner, J W and Levin, L A and De Deckker, P and Gieskes, J M and Abriani, M}
}
@article {Plouviez2009,
	title = {{Comparative phylogeography among hydrothermal vent species along the East Pacific Rise reveals vicariant processes and population expansion in the South}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {18},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {3903{\textendash}3917},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04325.x},
	author = {Plouviez, S and Shank, T M and Faure, B and Daguin-Thiebaut, C and Viard, F and Lallier, F H and Jollivet, D}
}
@article {Beaulieu2009,
	title = {{Comparison of a sediment trap and plankton pump for time-series sampling of larvae near deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography: Methods},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {235{\textendash}248},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1541-5856},
	doi = {10.4319/lom.2009.7.235},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lomethods/free/2009/0235.pdf},
	author = {Beaulieu, S E and Mullineaux, L S and Adams, D K and Mills, S W}
}
@mastersthesis {Bahr2009,
	title = {{Cooperative localization for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {140},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2852},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2852},
	author = {Bahr, A}
}
@article {Webster2009,
	title = {{Coral reef evolution on rapidly subsiding margins}},
	journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
	volume = {66},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {128{\textendash}148},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0921-8181},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010},
	author = {Webster, J M and Braga, J C and Clague, D A and Gallup, C and Hein, J R and Potts, D C and Renema, W and Riding, R and Riker-Coleman, K and Silver, E A and Wallace, L M}
}
@article {Delacour2008b,
	title = {{Carbon geochemistry of serpentinites in the Lost City Hydrothermal System (30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {15},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3681{\textendash}3702},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.039},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Schaeffer, P and Kelley, D S}
}
@inbook {Pester2008,
	title = {{The chemistry of diffuse-flow vent fluids on the Galapagos Roft (86 degrees W) : temporal vaiability and subseafloor phase equilibria controls}},
	booktitle = {Magma to microbe : modeling hydrothermal processes at ocean spreading centers},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {178},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {123{\textendash}144},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0875904432},
	doi = {10.1029/178GM07},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/178GM07},
	author = {Pester, N J and Butterfield, D A and Foustoukos, D I and Roe, K K and Ding, K and Shank, T M and Seyfried, W E},
	editor = {Lowell, R P}
}
@article {Logan2008,
	title = {{Comparative ultrastructure of digestive diverticulae in bathymodiolin mussels: Discovery of an unknown spherical inclusion (SIX) in digestive cells of a seep mussel}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {97{\textendash}105},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[97:CUODDI]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[97:CUODDI]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Logan, C R and Evans, M T and Ward, M E and Scott, J L and Carnegie, R B and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Cordes2008,
	title = {{Coral communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {777{\textendash}787},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.005},
	author = {Cordes, E E and McGinley, M P and Podowski, E L and Becker, E L and Lessard-Pilon, S and Viada, S T and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Voordeckers2008,
	title = {{Culture dependent and independent analyses of 16S rRNA and ATP citrate lyase genes: a comparison of microbial communities from different black smoker chimneys on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {12},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {627{\textendash}640},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-008-0167-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00792-008-0167-5},
	author = {Voordeckers, J W and Do, M H and Hugler, M and Ko, V and Sievert, S M and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Heyl2007,
	title = {{Characteristics of vesicomyid clams and their environment at the Blake Ridge cold seep, South Carolina, USA}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {339},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {169{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps339169},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps339169},
	author = {Heyl, T P and Gilhooly, W P and Chambers, R M and Gilchrist, G W and Macko, S A and Ruppel, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Rickard2007,
	title = {{Chemistry of iron sulfides}},
	journal = {Chemical Reviews},
	volume = {107},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {514{\textendash}582},
	issn = {0009-2665},
	doi = {10.1021/cr0503658},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr0503658},
	author = {Rickard, D T and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Fisher2007b,
	title = {{Cold Seeps and Associated Communities of the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {118{\textendash}129},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.12},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Roberts, H and Cordes, E and Bernard, B}
}
@article {Levin2007,
	title = {{Community structure and nutrition of deep methane-seep macrobenthos from the North Pacific (Aleutian) Margin and the Gulf of Mexico (Florida Escarpment)}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {131{\textendash}151},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00131.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00131.x},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F}
}
@article {Houghton2007,
	title = {{Continuous enrichment culturing of thermophiles under sulfate and nitrate-reducing conditions and at deep-sea hydrostatic pressures}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {371{\textendash}382},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1431-0651},
	doi = {10.1007/s00792-006-0049-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00792-006-0049-7},
	author = {Houghton, J L and Seyfried, W E and Banta, A B and Reysenbach, A -L}
}
@article {McCliment2006,
	title = {{Colonization of nascent, deep-sea hydrothermal vents by a novel Archaeal and Nanoarchaeal assemblage}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {114{\textendash}125},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00874.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00874.x},
	author = {McCliment, E A and Voglesonger, K M and O{\textquoteright}Day, P A and Dunn, E E and Holloway, J R and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Casanova2005,
	title = {{Calispadella alata n. gen., n. sp., the first chaetognath recorded from a hydrothermal vent site (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)}},
	journal = {Journal of Plankton Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {221{\textendash}225},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0142-7873},
	doi = {10.1093/plankt/fbh163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbh163},
	author = {Casanova, J P and Moreau, X}
}
@article {Voordeckers2005,
	title = {{Caminibacter mediiatlanticus sp. nov.: A thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate ammonifying bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {773{\textendash}779},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1456-5026},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.63430-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63430-0},
	author = {Voordeckers, J W and Starovoytov, V and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Soule2005,
	title = {{Channelized lava flows at the East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees-10 degrees N: The importance of off-axis lava transport in developing the architecture of young oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {Q08005},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc000912},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc000912},
	author = {Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Tivey, M A and Ridley, W I and Schouten, H}
}
@article {Salerno2005,
	title = {{Characterization of symbiont populations in life-history stages of mussels from chemosynthetic environments}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {208},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {145{\textendash}155},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/208/2/145},
	author = {Salerno, J L and Macko, S A and Hallam, S J and Bright, M and Won, Y -J and McKiness, Z and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Pradillon2005,
	title = {{Colonisation of newly-opened habitat by a pioneer species, Alvinella pompejana (Polychaeta : Alvinellidae), at East Pacific Rise vent sites}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {147{\textendash}157},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps302147},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps302147},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Zbinden, M and Mullineaux, L S and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Pflugfelder2005,
	title = {{The color of the trophosome: elemental sulfur distribution in the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera; Siboglinidae)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {146},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {895{\textendash}901},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-004-1500-x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1500-x},
	author = {Pflugfelder, B and Fisher, C R and Bright, M}
}
@article {VanDover2005,
	title = {{Community structure in mussel beds at Logatchev hydrothermal vents and a comparison of macrofaunal species richness on slow- and fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {110{\textendash}120},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2005.00047.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2005.00047.x},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Doerries, M B}
}
@article {Kurz2005,
	title = {{Correlated helium, neon, and melt production on the super-fast spreading East Pacific Rise near 17 degrees S}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {232},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {125{\textendash}142},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.005},
	author = {Kurz, M D and Moreira, M and Curtice, J and Lott, D E and Mahoney, J J and Sinton, J M}
}
@article {Hornbach2005,
	title = {{Coupled geophysical constraints on heat flow and fluid flux at a salt diapir}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {32},
	number = {24},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {L24617},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GL024862},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024862},
	author = {Hornbach, M J and Ruppel, C and Saffer, D M and Van Dover, C L and Holbrook, W S}
}
@article {Kicklighter2004,
	title = {{Chemical defense of hydrothermal vent and hydrocarbon seep organisms: a preliminary assessment using shallow-water consumers}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {275},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {11{\textendash}19},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3354/meps275011},
	author = {Kicklighter, C E and Fisher, C R and Hay, M E}
}
@article {Mottl2004,
	title = {{Chemistry of springs across the Mariana forearc shows progressive devolatilization of the subducting plate}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {68},
	number = {23},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {4915{\textendash}4933},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.037},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.037},
	author = {Mottl, M A and Wheat, C G and Fryer, P and Gharib, J and Martin, J B}
}
@article {Turnipseed2004,
	title = {{Community structure in Florida Escarpment seep and Snake Pit (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) vent mussel beds}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {145},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {121{\textendash}132},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-004-1304-z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1304-z},
	author = {Turnipseed, M and Jenkins, C D and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Govenar2004,
	title = {{Composition of a One-Year-Old Riftia pachyptila Community Following a Clearance Experiment: Insight to Succession Patterns at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {207},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {177{\textendash}182},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1543204},
	author = {Govenar, B and Freeman, M and Bergquist, D C and Johnson, G A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Gallager2004,
	title = {{Contribution of fine-scale vertical structure and swimming behavior to formation of plankton layers on Georges Bank}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {267},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {27{\textendash}43},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps267027},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps267027},
	author = {Gallager, S M and Yamazaki, H and Davis, C S}
}
@article {Davis2004,
	title = {{Costa Rica Rift revisited: Constraints on shallow and deep hydrothermal circulation in young oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {222},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {863{\textendash}879},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.032},
	author = {Davis, E E and Becker, K and He, J}
}
@article {Seyfried2003,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geochemical controls in the aftermath of June 1999 seismic events}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2429},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JB001957},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001957},
	author = {Seyfried, W E and Seewald, J S and Berndt, M E and Ding, K and Foustoukos, D}
}
@inbook {Karson2003,
	title = {{Comparison of geologic and seismic structure of uppermost fast-spread oceanic crust: Insights from a crustal cross section at the Hess Deep Rift}},
	booktitle = {Heterogeneity in the Crust and Upper Mantle: Nature, Scaling, and Seismic Properties},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {99{\textendash}129},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic/Plenum},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic/Plenum},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0306474476},
	author = {Karson, J A and Christeson, G L},
	editor = {Goff, J A}
}
@article {Hurtado2003,
	title = {{Coupling of bacterial endosymbiont and host mitochondrial genomes in the hydrothermal vent clam Calyptogena magnifica}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {2058{\textendash}2064},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.4.2058-2064.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.4.2058-2064.2003},
	author = {Hurtado, L A and Mateos, M and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Won2003a,
	title = {{Cytonuclear disequilibrium in a hybrid zone involving deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {3185{\textendash}3190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01974.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01974.x},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Hallam, S J and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Sims2002,
	title = {{Chemical and isotopic constraints on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {19},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3481{\textendash}3504},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00909-2},
	author = {Sims, K W W and Goldstein, S J and Blichert-Toft, J and Perfit, M R and Kelemen, P and Fornari, D J and Michael, P J and Murrell, M T and Hart, S R and DePaolo, D J and Layne, G D and Ball, L A and Jull, M and Bender, J}
}
@article {Fox2002,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophy as a possible nutritional source in the hydrothermal vent limpet Lepetodrilus fucensis}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {371{\textendash}376},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-371-376.pdf},
	author = {Fox, M and Juniper, S K and Vali, H}
}
@article {VanDover2002b,
	title = {{Community structure of mussel beds at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {230},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {137{\textendash}158},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps230137},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps230137},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@inbook {Luther2002,
	title = {{A continuous flow electrochemical cell for analysis of chemical species and ions at high pressure: Laboratory, shipboard and hydrothermal vent results.}},
	booktitle = {Environmental electrochemistry: Analyses of trace element biogeochemistry},
	series = {ACS symposium series},
	number = {811},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {54{\textendash}73},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	organization = {American Chemical Society},
	address = {Washington, D. C.},
	isbn = {0841237743},
	author = {Luther, G W and Bono, A and Taillefert, M and Cary, S C},
	editor = {Taillefert, M}
}
@article {White2002,
	title = {{Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: Evidence from volcanic structures and lava flow morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees -10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000571},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000571},
	author = {White, S M and Haymon, R M and Fornari, D J and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Tivey2002,
	title = {{Crustal magnetization reveals subsurface structure of Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal fields}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {11},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {979{\textendash}982},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0979:CMRSSO>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030{\%}3C0979:CMRSSO{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Johnson, H P}
}
@article {Sakimoto2001,
	title = {{Channeled flow: Analytic solutions, laboratory experiments, and applications to lava flows}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {8629{\textendash}8644},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900384},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900384},
	author = {Sakimoto, S E H and Gregg, T K P}
}
@article {Tsurumi2001,
	title = {{Characteristics of a hydrothermal vent assemblage on a volcanically active segment of Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {58},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {530{\textendash}542},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1205-7553},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfas-58-3-530},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-58-3-530},
	author = {Tsurumi, M and Tunnicliffe, V}
}
@article {Luther2001,
	title = {{Chemical speciation drives hydrothermal vent ecology}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {410},
	number = {6830},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {813{\textendash}816},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35071069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35071069},
	author = {Luther, G W and Rozan, T F and Taillefert, M and Nuzzio, D B and Di Meo, C A and Shank, T M and Lutz, R A and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Tryon2001,
	title = {{Complex flow patterns through hydrate ridge and their impact on Seep Biota}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {28},
	number = {14},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2863{\textendash}2866},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2000GL012566},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012566},
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}
@article {Kolber2001,
	title = {{Contribution of aerobic photoheterotrophic bacteria to the carbon cycle in the ocean}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {292},
	number = {5526},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2492{\textendash}2495},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1059707},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1059707},
	author = {Kolber, Z S and Plumley, F G and Lang, A S and Beatty, J T and Blankenship, R E and Van Dover, C L and Vetriani, C and Koblizek, M and Rathgeber, C and Falkowski, P G}
}
@article {VanDover2001a,
	title = {{Corralling of larvae in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {81},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {823{\textendash}826},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0125-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315401004659},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401004659},
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}
@article {VonDamm2000,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from 9 degrees -10 degrees N, East Pacific Rise: {\textquoteright}Time zero,{\textquoteright} the immediate posteruptive period}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {11,203{\textendash}211,222},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/1999JB900414},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900414},
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}
@article {Robison2000,
	title = {{The coevolution of undersea vehicles and deep-sea research}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {33},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {65{\textendash}73},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Robison, B H}
}
@article {Charlou2000,
	title = {{Compared geochemical signatures and the evolution of Menez Gwen (37 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N) and Lucky Strike (37 degrees17{\textquoteright}N) hydrothermal fluids, south of the Azores triple junction on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {171},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00244-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00244-8},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Douville, E and Jean-Baptiste, P and Radford-Knoery, J and Fouquet, Y and Dapoigny, A and Stievenard, M}
}
@article {Revillon2000,
	title = {{A complex history for the Caribbean Plateau; petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the Beata Ridge, South Hispaniola}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {108},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {641{\textendash}661},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	doi = {10.1086/317953},
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}
@article {Wheat2000,
	title = {{Composition of pore and spring waters from Baby Bare: Global implications of geochemical fluxes from a ridge flank hydrothermal system}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {629{\textendash}642},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00347-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00347-6},
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}
@article {Humphris2000,
	title = {{Constraints on the energy and chemical balances of the modern TAG and ancient Cyprus seafloor sulfide deposits}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B12},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {28,428{\textendash}477,488},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900289},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900289},
	author = {Humphris, S E and Cann, J R}
}
@article {Yang2000,
	title = {{Controlled source time-domain electromagnetic methods for seafloor electric conductivity mapping}},
	journal = {Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {270{\textendash}274},
	issn = {1003-6326},
	author = {Yang, J -W and Edwards, R N}
}
@article {Kennish1999,
	title = {{Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in deep-sea bivalve shells on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: results of an 8- year in-situ experiment}},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {154},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {293{\textendash}299},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00102-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00102-9},
	author = {Kennish, M J and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Scott1999,
	title = {{Carbon dioxide use by chemoautotrophic endosymbionts of hydrothermal vent vestimentiferans: affinities for carbon dioxide, absence of carboxysomes, and delta C-13 values}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {135},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {25{\textendash}34},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270050597},
	author = {Scott, K M and Bright, M and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Schouten1999,
	title = {{Central anomaly magnetization high; constraints on the volcanic construction and architecture of seismic Layer 2A at a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge, the EPR at 9 degrees 30{\textquoteright}-50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {169},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {37{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00063-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00063-1},
	author = {Schouten, H and Tivey, M A and Fornari, D J and Cochran, J R}
}
@article {Yanagibayashi1999,
	title = {{Changes in bacterial community in Japan Trench sediment during cultivation without decompression}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {553{\textendash}560},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}47.pdf},
	author = {Yanagibayashi, M and Kato, C and Li, L and Nogi, Y and Inada, T and Taira, K and Kikuma, T and Suzuki, K and Horikoshi, K}
}
@article {Matsumoto1999,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic communities and surface ruptures discovered on the Kuroshima Knoll south of Yaeyama Islands (NT97-14 Cruise)}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {477{\textendash}491},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}39.pdf},
	author = {Matsumoto, T and Kimura, M and Nishida, S and Nakamura, T and Ono, T}
}
@article {Fujioka1999,
	title = {{Cnidarian Communities on the rocky bottom of upper bathyal zone off Kikai Island, southern Japan}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {285{\textendash}304},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/11{\_}27(1).pdf},
	author = {Fujioka, Y}
}
@article {Cochran1999,
	title = {{Continuous near-bottom gravity measurements made with a BGM-3 gravimeter in DSV Alvin on the East Pacific Rise crest near 9 degrees 31 degrees N and 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {104},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {10,810{\textendash}841,861},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/1999JB900049},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900049},
	author = {Cochran, J R and Fornari, D J and Coakley, B J and Herr, R and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Toyokawa1998,
	title = {{Cnidarians and ctenophores observed from the manned submersible Shinkai 2000 in the midwater of Sagami Bay, Pacific coast of Japan}},
	journal = {Plankton Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {61{\textendash}74},
	issn = {1343-0874},
	url = {http://www.plankton.jp/PBE/issue/vol45{\_}1/vol45{\_}1{\_}061.html},
	author = {Toyokawa, M and Toda, T and Kikuchi, T and Nishida, S}
}
@article {Gao1998,
	title = {{Computer-aided interpretation of side-looking sonar images from the eastern intersection of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge with the Kane Transform}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B9},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {14,20,921{\textendash}997},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/98JB00165},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JB00165},
	author = {Gao, D and Hurst, S D and Karson, J A and Delaney, J R and Speiss, F N}
}
@article {Sample1998,
	title = {{Contrasting hydrogeologic regimes along strike-slip and thrust faults on the Oregon convergent margin: Evidence from the chemistry of syntectonic carbonate cements and veins}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {110},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {48{\textendash}59},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0048:CHRASS>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110{\%}3C0048:CHRASS{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Sample, J C and Reid, M R}
}
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	title = {{Critical boundaries in earth{\textquoteright}s history - and the K-T boundary}},
	journal = {JOIDES Journal},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1{\textendash}3,10},
	issn = {0734-5615},
	url = {http://odp.pangaea.de/publications/citations/joides{\_}j/joides{\_}j{\_}23{\_}1.pdf{\#}page=14},
	author = {Karson, J A and Cannat, M and Miller, J and Party, O D P Leg 153 Shipboard Scientific}
}
@article {Becker1996a,
	title = {{Conductive heat flow at the TAG active hydrothermal mound: results from the 1993-1995 submersible surveys}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3463{\textendash}3466},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00969},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00969},
	author = {Becker, K and Von Herzen, R and Kirklin, J and Evans, R and Kadko, D and Kinoshita, M and Matsubayashi, O and Mills, R and Schultz, A and Rona, P}
}
@inbook {Lilley1995,
	title = {{Chemical and biochemical transformations in hydrothermal plumes}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {369{\textendash}391},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Lilley, M D and Feely, R A and Trefry, J H},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Batiza1995,
	title = {{Chemistry of Deep (3500-5600m) Pacific MORB- Why is the Pacific anomalous?}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {22},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {3067{\textendash}3070},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/95GL01997},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95GL01997},
	author = {Batiza, R and Hekinian, R and Bideau, D and Francheteau, J}
}
@inbook {Nelson1995a,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbiotic bacteria at deep-sea vents and seeps}},
	booktitle = {Microbiology of Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {125{\textendash}167},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	address = {Boca Raton, Fla.},
	isbn = {0-8493-8860-0},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Fisher, C R},
	editor = {Karl, D M}
}
@article {Shillito1995,
	title = {{Chitin localization in the secretion system of a deep-sea tube worm}},
	journal = {Journal of Structural Biology},
	volume = {114},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {67{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1047-8477},
	doi = {10.1006/jsbi.1995.1006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.1995.1006},
	author = {Shillito, B and L{\"u}bbering, B and Lechaire, J P and Childress, J and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Felbeck1995,
	title = {{CO2 transport in catheterized hydrothermal vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology},
	volume = {272},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {95{\textendash}102},
	issn = {1097-010X},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.1402720203},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402720203},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Turner, P J}
}
@article {Popov1995,
	title = {{Comparative analysis of magnetic properties of basalts from Juan de Fuca Ridge and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {451{\textendash}462},
	issn = {0030-1574},
	author = {Popov, K V and Gapeev, A K and Shcherbakov, V P and Gorshkov, A G}
}
@inbook {Whitcomb1995,
	title = {{Comparative experiments in the dynamics and model-based control of marine thrusters}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}95 : "Challenges of our changing global environment" : conference proceedings, October 9-12, 1995, San Diego, California},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {1019{\textendash}1028},
	publisher = {Oceans {\textquoteright}95 MTS/IEEE Conference Committee},
	organization = {Oceans {\textquoteright}95 MTS/IEEE Conference Committee},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	isbn = {0-9339571-4-9},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1995.528561},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1995.528561},
	author = {Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@inbook {VonDamm1995a,
	title = {{Controls on the chemistry and temporal variability of seafloor hydrothermal fluids}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {222{\textendash}247},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Von Damm, K L},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Lutz1994a,
	title = {{Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in hydrothermal vent fields of the Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {52},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {969{\textendash}982},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/0022240943076894},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/0022240943076894},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Kennish, M J and Pooley, A S and Fritz, L W}
}
@article {Hover1994,
	title = {{Calculations of dynamic motions and tensions of towed underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {19},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {449{\textendash}457},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.312921},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.312921},
	author = {Hover, F and Grosenbaugh, M A and Triantafyllou, M}
}
@article {Geistdoerfer1994,
	title = {{Careproctus hyaleius, a new cyclopterid fish (Liparinae) from the hydrothermal ecosystem of the East Pacific Ridge (13 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Cybium},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {325{\textendash}333},
	issn = {0399-0974},
	author = {Geistdoerfer, P}
}
@article {Laue1994,
	title = {{Characterization of the gene encoding the autotrophic ATP sulfurylase from the bacterial endosymbiont of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {176},
	number = {12},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {3723{\textendash}3729},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	url = {http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/176/12/3723},
	author = {Laue, B E and Nelson, D C}
}
@article {VonDamm1994,
	title = {{Chemical evolution of hydrothermal fluids at 9-10N EPR since the 1991 eruption: 1994 results}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {Fall Meeting Supplement},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {618},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Oosting, S E and Buttermore, L G}
}
@inbook {Campbell1994,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {201{\textendash}221},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Campbell, A C and German, C R and Palmer, M R and Gamo, T and Edmond, J M},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Lutz1994,
	title = {{Close encounter in the deep}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {371},
	number = {6498},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {563},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/371563a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/371563a0},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Voight, J R}
}
@inbook {Koski1994,
	title = {{Composition and growth history of hydrothermal deposits in Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {293{\textendash}324.},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Koski, R A and Benninger, L M and Zierenberg, R A and Jonasson, I R},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@inbook {Board1994,
	title = {{Crosscutting issues; platforms for observation and collection}},
	booktitle = {Ocean{\textquoteright}s role in global change: progress of major research programs},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {57{\textendash}60},
	publisher = {National Academy Press},
	organization = {National Academy Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0585143110},
	url = {http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record{\_}id=2354{\&}page=57},
	editor = {Board, National Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Studies}
}
@article {Sample1993,
	title = {{Carbonate cements indicate channeled fluid flow along a zone of vertical faults at the deformation front of the Cascadia accretionary wedge (Northwest U.S. coast)}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {507{\textendash}510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0507:CCICFF>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021{\%}3C0507:CCICFF{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Sample, J C and Reid, M R and Tobin, H J and Moore, J C}
}
@article {Turner1993,
	title = {{Character of active hydrothermal mounds and near by altered hemipelagic sediments in the hydrothermal areas of Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: data on shallow cores}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {973{\textendash}996},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Turner, R J W and Ames, D E and Franklin, J M and Goodfellow, W D and Leitch, C H B and H{\"o}y, T}
}
@article {Lupton1993,
	title = {{Chemical and physical diversity of hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8 degrees 45{\textquoteright} N to 11 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {20},
	number = {24},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2913{\textendash}2916},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/93GL00906},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93GL00906},
	author = {Lupton, J E and Baker, E T and Mottl, M J and Sansone, F J and Wheat, C G and Resing, J A and Massoth, G J and Measures, C I and Feely, R A}
}
@article {Colodner1993,
	title = {{Chemistry of Lucky Strike fluids: Initial results}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {99},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Colodner, D J and Lin, J and VonDamm, K and Buttermore, L G and Kozlowski, R and Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Wilson, C}
}
@article {Wirsen1993,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic microbial activity at Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9693{\textendash}9703},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01556},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W and Molyneaux, S J}
}
@article {Percival1993,
	title = {{Clay mineralogy of active hydrothermal chimneys and an associated mound, Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {957{\textendash}971},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Percival, J B and Ames, D E}
}
@article {Fisher1993a,
	title = {{The co-occurrence of methanotrophic and chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in a deep-sea mussel}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {277{\textendash}289},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.1993.tb00001.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1993.tb00001.x},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Brooks, J M and Vodenichar, J S and Zande, J M and Childress, J J and Burke, R A}
}
@article {Hurst1993,
	title = {{Crack Structure of Seafloor Outcrops Based on Analysis of Digital Images: A New Approach to the Study of the Structure and Acoustic Properties of the Uppermost Oceanic Crust}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {16 (Spring Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {306},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Hurst, S D and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Edwards1992,
	title = {{CCD camera maps recent volcanic eruption on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {31},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {329{\textendash}330},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/91EO00254},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91EO00254},
	author = {Edwards, M H and Smith, M and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Casanova1992,
	title = {{Chaetognaths from Alvin dives in the Santa Catalina Basin (California), with description of two new Heterokrohnia species}},
	journal = {Journal of Natural History},
	volume = {26},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {663{\textendash}674},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2933},
	doi = {10.1080/00222939200770411},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939200770411},
	author = {Casanova, J P}
}
@article {Jannasch1992a,
	title = {{Comparative physiological studies on hyperthermophilic Archaea isolated from deep sea hot vents with emphasis on Pyrococcus Strain GB-D}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {11},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3472{\textendash}3481},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=183131{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Molyneaux, S J and Langworthy, T A}
}
@article {McHugh1992,
	title = {{Contemporary sedimentary processes in the Monterey Canyon-fan system}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {107},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {35{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(92)90067-R},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(92)90067-R},
	author = {McHugh, C M and Ryan, W B F and Hecker, B}
}
@conference {Elder1992,
	title = {{Converting Jason Junior, a small ROV, to fiber optics}},
	booktitle = {Intervention/ROV {\textquoteright}92 conference {\&} exposition: a decade of achievement},
	volume = {San Diego,},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {479{\textendash}484},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Elder, R L}
}
@article {Casanova1991,
	title = {{Chaetognaths from the Alvin dives on the Seamount Volcano 7 (east tropical Pacific)}},
	journal = {Journal of Plankton Research},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {539{\textendash}548},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0142-7873},
	doi = {10.1093/plankt/13.3.539},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/13.3.539},
	author = {Casanova, J P}
}
@article {Grimaud1991,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 17 degrees S active site on the North Fiji Basin Ridge (SW Pacific)}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {93},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {209{\textendash}218},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/0009-2541(91)90114-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90114-7},
	author = {Grimaud, D and Ishibashi, J I and Lagabrielle, Y and Auzende, J M and Urabe, T}
}
@inbook {VonDamm1991,
	title = {{A comparison of the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal solutions to other sedimented systems and experimental results}},
	booktitle = {Gulf and Peninsular Province of the Californias},
	series = {AAPG Memoirs},
	number = {47},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {743{\textendash}751},
	publisher = {American Association of Petroleum Geologists},
	organization = {American Association of Petroleum Geologists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	isbn = {0-89181-325-X},
	author = {Von Damm, K L},
	editor = {Dauphin, J P}
}
@article {Wheatcroft1991,
	title = {{Conservative tracer study of horizontal sediment mixing rates in a bathyal basin, California borderland}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {565{\textendash}588},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224091784995792},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224091784995792},
	author = {Wheatcroft, R A}
}
@book {Sullivan1991,
	title = {{Continents in motion: The new earth debate}},
	volume = {2nd},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {441},
	publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
	organization = {American Institute of Physics},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0883187035},
	author = {Sullivan, W}
}
@article {Levin1991,
	title = {{Control of deep-sea benthic community structure by oxygen and organic-matter gradients in the easter Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {49},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {763{\textendash}800},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224091784995756},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224091784995756},
	author = {Levin, L A and Huggett, C L and Wishner, K F}
}
@book {Triantafyllou1990,
	title = {{Cable dynamics for tethered underwater vehicles}},
	series = {MITSG},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {32},
	publisher = {Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	organization = {Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/mit/mitt90001.pdf},
	author = {Triantafyllou, M S and Hover, F}
}
@article {Schoell1990,
	title = {{Carbon isotope composition of hydrothermal petroleums from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {65{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90036-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90036-5},
	author = {Schoell, M and Hwang, R J and Simoneit, B R T}
}
@article {DeBevoise1990,
	title = {{Carotenoids indicate differences in diet of hydrothermal vent crab, Bythograea Thermydron}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {105},
	number = {1},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {109{\textendash}115},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01344276},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01344276},
	author = {DeBevoise, A and Childress, J J and Withers, N}
}
@article {Mottl1990,
	title = {{Chemical processes in buoyant hydrothermal plumes of the East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {54},
	number = {7},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1911{\textendash}1927},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(90)90261-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90261-I},
	author = {Mottl, M J and McConachy, T F}
}
@article {Fisher1990,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbioses in marine invertebrates}},
	journal = {Reviews in Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {2},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {399{\textendash}436},
	issn = {0891-4117},
	author = {Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Corell1990,
	title = {{Commentary {\textendash} A critical need}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {42},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Corell, R W}
}
@inbook {Fryer1990,
	title = {{Conical seamount: SeaMARC II, Alvin submersible, and seismic-reflection studies}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Part A. Initial Report},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.125.104.1990},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.125.104.1990},
	author = {Fryer, P and Saboda, K L and Johnson, L E and Mackay, M E and Moore, G F and Stoffers, P},
	editor = {Stewart, S K}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1990,
	title = {{Control capabilities of Jason and its manipulator}},
	booktitle = {Subsea Work Systems and Technologies},
	series = {Ocean Resources},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {19{\textendash}29},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers.},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers.},
	address = {Boston},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7923-0953-7},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and DiPietro, D M},
	editor = {Ardus, D A}
}
@mastersthesis {Coston1989,
	title = {{Carbonate diagenesis associated with abyssal brine seeps and chemosynthetic communities, Florida Escarpment, Gulf of Mexico}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {210},
	school = {University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Chapel Hill},
	author = {Coston, J A}
}
@article {Nelson1989,
	title = {{Characterization of large, autotrophic Beggiatoa spp. abundant at hydrothermal vents of the Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {11},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {2909{\textendash}2917},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=203190{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1989,
	title = {{Chemolithotrophic productivity at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Recent advances in microbial ecology: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Microbiology and Ecology},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {23{\textendash}27},
	publisher = {Japan Scientific Societies Press},
	organization = {Japan Scientific Societies Press},
	address = {Tokyo},
	isbn = {4-76223-612-8},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Hattori, T}
}
@mastersthesis {VanDover1989,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic communities in the deep sea: ecological studies}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {271},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1359},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1359},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1989b,
	title = {{Chemosynthetically sustained ecosystems in the deep sea}},
	booktitle = {Autotrophic Bacteria},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {147{\textendash}166.},
	publisher = {Science Tech Publ. and Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Science Tech Publ. and Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Madison, Wis., and Berlin},
	isbn = {0-910239-22-3},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Schlegel, H G}
}
@article {Segall1989,
	title = {{Clay-size minerals as indicators of modern sedimentary processes in submarine canyons: Application to the Wilmington canyon system}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {90},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {175{\textendash}192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(89)90040-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(89)90040-6},
	author = {Segall, M P and Kuehl, S A and Gipson, M}
}
@article {Jones1989,
	title = {{Comparison of thermophilic methanogens from submarine hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {151},
	number = {4},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {314{\textendash}318.},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00406557},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406557},
	author = {Jones, W J and Stugard, C E and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Ortega-Osorio1989,
	title = {{Composicion geoquimica y mineralogica de los depositos hidrotermales de la Dorsal del Pacifico mexicano (21 grados N) y la Cuenca de Guaymas}},
	journal = {Geofisica Internacional},
	volume = {28},
	number = {4},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {737{\textendash}762},
	issn = {0016-7169},
	author = {Ortega-Osorio, A and Paez-Osuna, F}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1989,
	title = {{Control of remotely operated vehicles for precise survey}},
	booktitle = {Intervention {\textquoteright}89 conference and exposition},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {123{\textendash}127},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Newman, J B}
}
@article {Johnson1988a,
	title = {{Chemical and biological interactions in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field, Galapagos spreading center}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1723{\textendash}1744.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90046-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90046-5},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Beehler, C L}
}
@article {Alt1988,
	title = {{The chemistry and sulfur isotope composition of massive sulfide and associated deposits on Green Seamount, eastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1026{\textendash}1033},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.83.5.1026},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.83.5.1026},
	author = {Alt, J C}
}
@article {Campbell1988,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {335},
	number = {6190},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {514{\textendash}519},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/335514a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335514a0},
	author = {Campbell, A C and Palmer, M R and Klinkhammer, G P and Bowers, T S and Edmond, J M and Lawrence, J R and Casey, J F and Thompson, G and Humphris, S E and Rona, P A and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Stein1988,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic symbiosis in a hydrothermal vent gastropod}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {174},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {373{\textendash}378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/174/3/373},
	author = {Stein, J L and Cary, S C and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Ohta, S and Vetter, R D and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Allan1988,
	title = {{Cr-rich spinels as petrogenetic indicators: MORB-type lavas from the Lamont Seamount Chain}},
	journal = {American Mineralogist},
	volume = {73},
	number = {7-8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {741{\textendash}753},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-004X},
	url = {http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM73/AM73{\_}741.pdf},
	author = {Allan, J F and Sack, R O and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Prince1988,
	title = {{The cytochromes of a marine Beggiatoa}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {150},
	number = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {193{\textendash}196},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00425161},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425161},
	author = {Prince, R C and Stokley, K E and Haith, C E and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Commeau1987,
	title = {{Chemistry and mineralogy of pyrite-enriched sediments at a passive margin sulfide brine seep: abyssal Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {82},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {62{\textendash}74},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(87)90107-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90107-5},
	author = {Commeau, R F and Paull, C K and Commeau, J A and Poppe, L J}
}
@article {VonDamm1987,
	title = {{Chemistry of hydrothermal solutions from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}334,346},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11334},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11334},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Bischoff, J L}
}
@article {Feely1987,
	title = {{Composition and dissolution of black smoker particulates from active vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11347{\textendash}11363},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11347},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11347},
	author = {Feely, R A and Lewison, M and Massoth, G J and Robert-Baldo, G and Lavelle, J W and Byrne, R H and Von Damm, K L and Curl, H C}
}
@article {Booda1986,
	title = {{Camera advances set for July Titanic expedition}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {60},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Booda, L L}
}
@inbook {Edmond1985,
	title = {{Chemistry of ridge crest hot springs}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {43{\textendash}47},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Edmond, J M and Von Damm, K L},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {VonDamm1985a,
	title = {{Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21 degrees N, East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {2197{\textendash}2220},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90222-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90222-4},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M and Grant, B and Measures, C I and Walden, B and Weiss, R F}
}
@article {VonDamm1985,
	title = {{Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {2221{\textendash}2237},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90223-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90223-6},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M and Measures, C I and Grant, B}
}
@article {Jannasch1985c,
	title = {{The chemosynthetic support of life and the microbial diversity at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Proceedings Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences},
	volume = {225},
	number = {1240},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {277{\textendash}297},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0080-4649},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Felbeck1985,
	title = {{CO2 fixation in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila (Jones)}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {272{\textendash}281},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Ballard1985a,
	title = {{Comment nous avons retrouve le Titanic}},
	journal = {GEO},
	number = {82},
	year = {1985},
	issn = {0220-8245},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Jannasch1984,
	title = {{Chemosynthesis: The nutritional basis for life at deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {73{\textendash}78},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1984c,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic microbial mats of deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Microbial Mats, Stromatolites: Based on the Proceedings of the Integrated Approach to the Study of Microbial Mats, July 26-31, 1982, Sponsored by Microbial Ecology and Marine Ecology Courses, and the Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods},
	series = {MBL Lectures in Biology},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {121{\textendash}131},
	publisher = {A.R. Liss},
	organization = {A.R. Liss},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0845122029},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Cohen, Y}
}
@article {Batiza1984,
	title = {{Craters, calderas, and hyaloclastites on young Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {89},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {8371{\textendash}8390},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB089iB10p08371},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB10p08371},
	author = {Batiza, R and Fornari, D J and Vanko, D A and Lonsdale, P}
}
@book {Observatory1983,
	title = {{Canyon and slope processes study}},
	year = {1983},
	publisher = {Minerals Management Service},
	organization = {Minerals Management Service},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	author = {Observatory, Lamont-Doherty Geological}
}
@article {Bowers1983,
	title = {{Chemical evolution of mid-ocean ridge hot springs}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {2239{\textendash}2252},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(85)90224-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90224-8},
	author = {Bowers, T S and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J M}
}
@mastersthesis {VonDamm1983,
	title = {{Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21 degrees North, East Pacific Rise and Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {240},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29851},
	author = {Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Anderson1982,
	title = {{Call Alvin for hot science}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {300},
	number = {5889},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {215{\textendash}216},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/300215a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/300215a0},
	author = {Anderson, R N}
}
@article {Edmond1982,
	title = {{Chemistry of hot springs on the East Pacific Rise and their effluent dispersal}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {297},
	number = {5863},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {187{\textendash}191},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/297187a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/297187a0},
	author = {Edmond, J M and Von Damm, K L and McDuff, R E and Measures, C I}
}
@book {Kazerooni1982,
	title = {{Computer simulation and control of underwater vehicles}},
	series = {MITSG},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {150},
	publisher = {Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	organization = {Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	author = {Kazerooni, H and Sheridan, T B}
}
@inbook {Wimbush1982,
	title = {{Current-induced sediment movement in the deep Florida Straits Observations}},
	booktitle = {Dynamic environment of the ocean floor},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {77{\textendash}94},
	publisher = {Lexington Books},
	organization = {Lexington Books},
	address = {Lexington, Mass.},
	isbn = {0669028096},
	author = {Wimbush, M and Nemeth, L and Birdsall, B},
	editor = {Fanning, K A}
}
@article {Felbeck1981a,
	title = {{Calvin-Benson cycle and sulphide oxidation enzymes in animals from sulphide-rich habitats}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {293},
	number = {5830},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {291{\textendash}293},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/293291a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/293291a0},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Childress, J J and Somero, G N}
}
@article {Felbeck1981,
	title = {{Chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm, Riftia pachyptila Jones (Vestimentifera)}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4505},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {336{\textendash}338},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4505.336},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4505.336},
	author = {Felbeck, H}
}
@inbook {Malahoff1981,
	title = {{Comparison between Galapagos and Gorda spreading centers}},
	booktitle = {Thirteenth Annual Offshore Technology Conference, 1981, Houston, Texas: Proceedings},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {115{\textendash}121},
	publisher = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	organization = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	address = {Dallas, Tex.},
	author = {Malahoff, A}
}
@article {Bryan1981,
	title = {{Compositional variation in normal MORB from 22 degrees -25 degrees N: Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Kane fracture zone}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {86},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {11,811{\textendash}815,836},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB086iB12p11815},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB12p11815},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G and Ludden, J N}
}
@article {Macdonald1981,
	title = {{The crest of the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {244},
	number = {5},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {100{\textendash}108,110,112{\textendash}114,116},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Luyendyk, B P}
}
@article {Group1981,
	title = {{Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4503},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {31{\textendash}40},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4503.31},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.31},
	author = {Group, East Pacific Rise Study and Ballard, R D and Craig, H and Edmond, J and Einaudi, M and Holcomb, R and Holland, H D and Hopson, C and Luyendyk, B P and Macdonald, K and Morton, J and Orcutt, J and Sleep, N}
}
@article {Stanley1981,
	title = {{Current-influenced depositional provinces, continental margin off Cape Hatteras, identified by petrologic method}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {215{\textendash}235},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90141-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90141-9},
	author = {Stanley, D J and Sheng, H and Lambert, D N and Rona, P A and McGrail, D W and Jenkyns, J S}
}
@article {Mullins1980,
	title = {{Carbonate sediment drifts in northern Straits of Florida}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {64},
	number = {10},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1701{\textendash}1717},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C and Wilber, R J and Hine, A C and Chinburg, S J}
}
@inbook {Koons1979,
	title = {{C15+ hydrocarbons in the sediments of the New York Bight}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings: 1979 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 19-22, 1979, Los Angeles, California},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {625{\textendash}628},
	publisher = {American Petroleum Institute},
	organization = {American Petroleum Institute},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Koons, C B and Thomas, J P}
}
@article {Jannasch1979b,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic primary production at East Pacific sea floor spreading centers}},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {592{\textendash}598},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3568},
	doi = {10.2307/1307765},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1307765},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Jannasch1979c,
	title = {{Chemosynthetic production of biomass: An idea from a recent oceanographic discovery}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {22},
	number = {4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {59{\textendash}63},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Wells1979,
	title = {{Comparative morphology of ancient and modern pillow lavas}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {87},
	number = {4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {427{\textendash}440},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30059326},
	author = {Wells, G and Bryan, W B and Pearce, T H}
}
@article {Bryan1979,
	title = {{Compositional variation in a steady-state zoned magma chamber: Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {63{\textendash}85},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(79)90335-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90335-4},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Thompson, G and Michael, P J}
}
@article {Wimbush1979,
	title = {{Current-induced sediment movement in the deep Florida Straits; Critical parameters}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {C5},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2495{\textendash}2502},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JC084iC05p02495},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC084iC05p02495},
	author = {Wimbush, H and Lesht, B}
}
@article {Mullins1978,
	title = {{Characteristics of deep Bahama channels in relation to hydrocarbon potential}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {62},
	number = {4},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {693{\textendash}704},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	doi = {10.1306/C1EA4E37-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/C1EA4E37-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Lynts, G W and Neumann, A C and Ball, M M}
}
@book {Sharp1978a,
	title = {{The coefficient of static friction of monel K-500 on phosphor bronze}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {78-77},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {6},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Sharp, A G}
}
@inbook {Keller1978,
	title = {{Currents and sedimentary processes in submarine canyons off the northeast United States}},
	booktitle = {Sedimentation in Submarine Canyons, Fans, and Trenches},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {15{\textendash}31},
	publisher = {Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross},
	organization = {Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross},
	address = {Stroudsburg, Penn.},
	isbn = {0879333138},
	author = {Keller, G H and Shepard, F P},
	editor = {Stanley, D J}
}
@article {Bryan1977,
	title = {{Compositional variations of young basalts in the Mid-Atlantic ridge rift near lat 36 degrees 49{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {556{\textendash}570},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<556:CVOYBI>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C556:CVOYBI{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Bryan, W B and Moore, J G}
}
@article {Uchupi1977,
	title = {{Continental slope and upper rise off western Nova Scotia and Georges Bank}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {61},
	number = {9},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {1483{\textendash}1492},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	doi = {10.1306/C1EA45B8-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/C1EA45B8-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Ballard, R D and Ellis, J P}
}
@article {Ballard1972,
	title = {{Carboniferous and Triassic rifting: A preliminary outline of the tectonic history of the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {83},
	number = {8},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {2285{\textendash}2302},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2285:CATRAP]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2285:CATRAP]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E}
}
@book {Backus1968,
	title = {{Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Pecular sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {68-58},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Backus, R H and Craddock, J E and Haedrich, R L and Shores, D L and Teal, J M and Wing, A S and Clarke, W D}
}
@article {Backus1968a,
	title = {{Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Peculiar sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3831},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {991{\textendash}993},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.160.3831.991},
	author = {Backus, R H and Craddock, J E and Haedrich, R L and Shores, D L and Teal, J M and Wing, A S and Mead, G W and Clarke, W D}
}
@book {Leiby1968,
	title = {{Constant tension submersibles handling system}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {68-34},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Leiby, J}
}
@book {Bland1968,
	title = {{Criteria for the selection, training and qualification of pilots for the deep submergence engineering and operations section}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {18},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bland, E L}
}
@book {Hays1968,
	title = {{Cruise plan for joint cruise of Alvin-Lulu {\#}27 and Gosnold {\#}136: 15-24 October 1968}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {4},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hays, E E and Hoskins, H}
}
@book {Booth1967,
	title = {{A comparative study of the heave and pitch motions of the deep submersible Alvin and her support catamaran during surface operations}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {101},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Booth, K J}
}
@book {1412,
	title = {{Comments of the WHOI DSRVG on the {\textquoteright}Specifications for building a research submarine AUTEC I{\textquoteright}, of 27 May 1965}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
