@article {RN2530,
	title = {Distributions of microplastics and larger anthropogenic debris in Norfolk Canyon, Baltimore Canyon, and the adjacent continental slope (Western North Atlantic Margin, USA)},
	journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	volume = {174},
	year = {2022},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113047},
	author = {Jones, E. S. and Ross, S. W. and Robertson, C. M. and Young, C. M.}
}
@article {RN2513,
	title = {Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson, 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a world- wide distribution},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {5051},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {443-486},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18},
	author = {Mathiske, A. and Thistle, D. and Gheerardyn, H. and Veit-Kohler, G.}
}
@article {RN2484,
	title = {Degradation of biological macromolecules supports uncultured microbial populations in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-01026-5},
	author = {Castro, S. P. and Borton, M. A. and Regan, K. and de Angelis, I. H. and Wrighton, K. C. and Teske, A. P. and Strous, M. and Ruff, S. E.}
}
@article {RN2462,
	title = {Design and Testing of a Spherical Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Shipwreck Interior Exploration},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Science and Engineering},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {320},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3390/jmse9030320},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136412254 https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/3/320/pdf},
	author = {Eldred, Ross and Lussier, Johnathan and Pollman, Anthony}
}
@article {RN2523,
	title = {Differential patterns of connectivity in Western Pacific hydrothermal vent metapopulations: A comparison of biophysical and genetic models},
	journal = {Evolutionary Applications},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1111/eva.13326},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143048765 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.13326},
	author = {Breusing, Corinna and Johnson, Shannon B. and Mitarai, Satoshi and Beinart, Roxanne A. and Tunnicliffe, Verena}
}
@article {RN2492,
	title = {Distribution of Megabenthic Communities Under Contrasting Settings in Deep-Sea Cold Seeps Near Northwest Atlantic Canyons},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {692851},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.692851},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140520394 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.692851},
	author = {Cleland, Jason and Kazanidis, Georgios and Roberts, J. Murray and Ross, Steve W.}
}
@article {RN2463,
	title = {Distribution of Methane Plumes on Cascadia Margin and Implications for the Landward Limit of Methane Hydrate Stability},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {531714},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2021.531714},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136622263 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.531714/pdf},
	author = {Merle, Susan G. and Embley, Robert W. and Johnson, H. Paul and Lau, T. K. and Phrampus, Benjamin J. and Raineault, Nicole A. and Gee, Lindsay J.}
}
@article {RN2516,
	title = {Diverse Viruses in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fluids Have Restricted Dispersal across Ocean Basins},
	journal = {Msystems},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2379-5077},
	doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00068-21},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Anderson, R. E. and Li, V. and Rogan, L. J. and Huber, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2505,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141690217 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, Ol{\'\i}via S. and Gonzalez, Jennifer and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Le, Jennifer and Coscino, Connor L. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cortes, Jorge and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2507,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141690217 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, Ol{\'\i}via S. and Gonzalez, Jennifer and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Le, Jennifer and Coscino, Connor L. and Lee, Raymond W. and Cortes, Jorge and Cordes, Erik E. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2517,
	title = {The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2150-8925},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3744},
	author = {Pereira, O. S. and Gonzalez, J. and Mendoza, G. F. and Le, J. and Coscino, C. L. and Lee, R. W. and Cortes, J. and Cordes, E. E. and Levin, L. A.}
}
@article {RN2412,
	title = {A depth cline in deep-sea octopods (Cephalopoda: Graneledone) in the northeast Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {96},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {323-339},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	doi = {10.5343/bms.2019.0039},
	author = {Voight, J. R. and Kurth, J. A. and Strauss, R. E. and Strugnell, J. M. and Allcock, A. L.}
}
@article {RN2420,
	title = {Diverse viruses have restricted biogeography in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2020.06.04.125666},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.06.04.125666},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128252592 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/06/04/2020.06.04.125666.full.pdf},
	author = {Thomas, Elaina G. and Anderson, Rika E. and Rogan, Jenni and Li, Viola and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@inbook {RN2455,
	title = {Diversity and Biology of Deep-Water Crustaceans in Costa Rica},
	booktitle = {Deep-Sea Pycnogonids and Crustaceans of the Americas},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {633-658},
	type = {Book Section},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-58410-8_24},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135842727},
	author = {Azofeifa-Solano, J. C. and Cortes, J.}
}
@article {RN2369,
	title = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent metagenome-assembled genomes provide insight into the phylum Nanoarchaeota},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {262-270},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12740},
	author = {St John, E. and Flores, G. E. and Meneghin, J. and Reysenbach, A. L.}
}
@article {RN2373,
	title = {Dissolved organic carbon in basalt-hosted deep subseafloor fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {513},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {156-165},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.008},
	author = {Lin, H. T. and Repeta, D. J. and Xu, L. and Rappe, M. S.}
}
@article {RN2375,
	title = {Divergent methyl-coenzyme M reductase genes in a deep-subseafloor Archaeoglobi},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1269-1279},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-018-0343-2},
	author = {Boyd, J. A. and Jungbluth, S. P. and Leu, A. O. and Evans, P. N. and Woodcroft, B. J. and Chadwick, G. L. and Orphan, V. J. and Amend, J. P. and Rappe, M. S. and Tyson, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2376,
	title = {Diverse anaerobic methane- and multi-carbon alkane-metabolizing archaea coexist and show activity in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {4},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1344-1355},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14568},
	author = {Wang, Y. Z. and Feng, X. Y. and Natarajan, V. P. and Xiao, X. and Wang, F. P.}
}
@article {RN2354,
	title = {Deeply-sourced formate fuels sulfate reducers but not methanogens at Lost City hydrothermal field},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {755},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-19002-5},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-19002-5},
	author = {Lang, Susan Q. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, Gretchen L. and Bernasconi, Stefano M. and Brazelton, William J. and Schrenk, Matthew O. and McGonigle, Julia M.}
}
@article {RN2368,
	title = {Dimensions of Radiocarbon Variability within Sedimentary Organic Matter},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {60},
	number = {3},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {775-790},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2018.22},
	author = {Bao, R. and McNichol, A. P. and McIntyre, C. P. and Xu, L. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@article {RN2360,
	title = {Dispersal of Hydrothermal Vent Larvae at East Pacific Rise 9-10 degrees N Segment},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans},
	volume = {123},
	number = {11},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {7877-7895},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2018JC014290},
	author = {Xu, G. Y. and McGillicuddy, D. J. and Mills, S. W. and Mullineaux, L. S.}
}
@article {RN2333,
	title = {Dissolved organic carbon compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids from the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {41-49},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.08.004},
	author = {Longnecker, K. and Siever, S. M. and Sylva, S. P. and Seewald, J. S. and Kujawinski, E. B.}
}
@article {2490,
	title = {Diversity patterns and isolation of Planctomycetes associated with metalliferous deposits from hydrothermal vent fields along the Valu Fa Ridge (SW Pacific)},
	journal = {Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {841 - 858},
	issn = {0003-6072},
	doi = {10.1007/s10482-018-1026-8},
	author = {Storesund, Julia Endresen and Lanzen, Anders and Garcia-Moyano, Antonio and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise and Ovreas, Lise}
}
@article {2497,
	title = {A dynamic microbial community with high functional redundancy inhabits the cold, oxic subseafloor aquifer},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {1 - 16},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2017.187},
	author = {Tully, Benjamin J. and Wheat, C. Geoff and Glazer, Brain T. and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {2489,
	title = {Dynamics of a powerful deep submarine eruption recorded in H2O contents and speciation in rhyolitic glass: The 2012 Havre eruption},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {494},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {135 - 147},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.053},
	author = {Mitchell, Samuel J. and McIntosh, Iona M. and Houghton, Bruce F. and Carey, Rebecca J. and Shea, Thomas}
}
@article {ISI:000399660300001,
	title = {{A decade of volcanic construction and destruction at the summit of NW Rota-1 seamount: 2004-2014}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH},
	volume = {122},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1558{\textendash}1584},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Arc volcanoes are important to our understanding of submarine volcanism because at some sites frequent eruptions cause them to grow and collapse on human timescales. This makes it possible to document volcanic processes. Active submarine eruptions have been observed at the summit of NW Rota-1 in the Mariana Arc. We use remotely operated vehicle videography and repeat high-resolution bathymetric surveys to construct geologic maps of the summit of NW Rota-1 in 2009 and 2010 and relate them to the geologic evolution of the summit area over a 10year period (2004-2014). We find that 2009 and 2010 were characterized by different eruptive styles, which affected the type and distribution of eruptive deposits at the summit. Year 2009 was characterized by ultraslow extrusion and autobrecciation of lava at a single eruptive vent, producing a large cone of blocky lava debris. In 2010, higher-energy explosive eruptions occurred at multiple closely spaced vents, producing a thin blanket of pebble-sized tephra overlying lava flow outcrops. A landslide that occurred between 2009 and 2010 had a major effect on lithofacies distribution by removing the debris cone and other unconsolidated deposits, revealing steep massive flow cliffs. This relatively rapid alternation between construction and destruction forms one end of a seamount growth and mass wasting spectrum. Intraplate seamounts, which tend to grow larger than arc volcanoes, experience collapse events that are orders of magnitude larger and much less frequent than those occurring at subduction zone settings. Our results highlight the interrelated cyclicity of eruptive activity and mass wasting at submarine arc volcanoes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JB013742},
	author = {Schnur, Susan R and Chadwick Jr., William W and Embley, Robert W and Ferrini, Vicki L and de Ronde, Cornel E J and Cashman, Katharine V and Deardorff, Nicholas D and Merle, Susan G and Dziak, Robert P and Haxel, Joe H and Matsumoto, Haru}
}
@article {Ross2017,
	title = {{Deep-sea coral and hardbottom habitats on the west Florida slope, eastern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {120},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {14{\textendash}28},
	abstract = {Until recently, benthic habitats dominated by deep-sea corals (DSC) appeared to be less extensive on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) than in the northeast Atlantic Ocean or off the southeastern US. There are relatively few bioherms (i.e., coral-built mounds) in the northern GOM, and most DSCs are attached to existing hard substrata (e.g., authigenically formed carbonate). The primary structure-forming, DSC in the GOM is Lophelia pertusa, but structure is also provided by other living and dead scleractinians, antipatharians (black corals), octocorals (gorgonians, soft corals), hydrocorals and sponges, as well as abundant rocky substrata. The best development of DSCs in the GOM was previously documented within Viosca Knoll oil and gas lease blocks 826 and 862/906 (north-central GOM) and on the Campeche Bank (southern GOM in Mexican waters). This paper documents extensive deep reef ecosystems composed of DSC and rocky hard-bottom recently surveyed on the West Florida Slope (WFS, eastern GOM) during six research cruises (2008{\textendash}2012). Using multibeam sonar, CTD casts, and video from underwater vehicles, we describe the physical and oceanographic characteristics of these deep reefs and provide size or area estimates of deep coral and hardground habitats. The multibeam sonar analyses revealed hundreds of mounds and ridges, some of which were subsequently surveyed using underwater vehicles. Mounds and ridges in {\textless}525 m depths were usually capped with living coral colonies, dominated by L. pertusa. An extensive rocky scarp, running roughly north-south for at least 229 km, supported lower abundances of scleractinian corals than the mounds and ridges, despite an abundance of settlement substrata. Areal comparisons suggested that the WFS may exceed other parts of the GOM slope in extent of living deep coral coverage and other deep-reef habitat (dead coral and rock). The complex WFS region warrants additional studies to better understand the influences of oceanography and geology on the occurrence of DSC and associated organisms. Protection measures are being considered to ensure the long-term integrity of this diverse ecosystem.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.12.005},
	author = {Ross, S W and Rhode, M and Brooke, S}
}
@article {Brooke2017,
	title = {{Distributions and habitat associations of deep-water corals in Norfolk and Baltimore Canyons, Mid-Atlantic Bight, USA}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {131{\textendash}147},
	abstract = {A multi-disciplinary study of two major submarine canyons, Baltimore Canyon and Norfolk Canyon, off the US mid-Atlantic coast focused on the ecology and biology of canyon habitats, particularly those supporting deep-sea corals. Historical data on deep-sea corals from these canyons were sparse with less than 750 records for the mid-Atlantic region, with most being soft sediment species. This study substantially increased the number of deep-sea coral records for the target canyons and the region. Large gorgonians were the dominant structure-forming coral taxa on exposed hard substrates, but several species of scleractinians were also documented, including first observations of Lophelia pertusa in the mid-Atlantic Bight region. Coral distribution varied within and between the two canyons, with greater abundance of the octocoral Paragorgia arborea in Baltimore Canyon, and higher occurrence of stony corals in Norfolk Canyon; these observations reflect the differences in environmental conditions, particularly turbidity, between the canyons. Some species have a wide distribution (e.g., P. arborea, Primnoa resedaeformis, Anthothela grandiflora), while others are limited to certain habitat types and/or depth zones (e.g., Paramuricea placomus, L. pertusa, Solenosmilia variabilis). The distribution of a species is driven by a combination of factors, which include availability of appropriate physical structure and environmental conditions. Although the diversity of the structure-forming corals (gorgonians, branching scleractinians and large anemones) was low, many areas of both canyons supported high coral abundance and a diverse coral-associated community. The canyons provide suitable habitat for the development of deep-sea coral communities that is not readily available elsewhere on the sedimented shelf and slope of the Mid-Atlantic Bight.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.008},
	author = {Brooke, S D and Watts, M W and Heil, A D and Rhode, M and Mienis, F and Duineveld, G C A and Davies, A J and Ross, S W}
}
@article {Martin2016,
	title = {{Deep-sea coral $δ$13C: A tool to reconstruct the difference between seawater pH and $δ$11B-derived calcifying fluid pH}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {299{\textendash}308},
	abstract = {{The boron isotopic composition ($δ$11B) of coral skeleton is a proxy for seawater pH. However, $δ$11B-based pH estimates must account for the pH difference between seawater and the coral calcifying fluid, $Δ$pH. We report that skeletal $δ$11B and $Δ$pH are related to the skeletal carbon isotopic composition ($δ$13C) in four genera of deep-sea corals collected across a natural pH range of 7.89{\textendash}8.09, with $Δ$pH related to $δ$13C by $Δ$pH = 0.029 {\texttimes} $δ$13C + 0.929},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GL066494},
	author = {Martin, P and Goodkin, N F and Stewart, J A and Foster, G L and Sikes, E L and White, H K and Hennige, S and Roberts, J M}
}
@article {Tan2016,
	title = {{Development and Application of a New Mobile pH Calibrator for Real-Time Monitoring of pH in Diffuse Flow Hydrothermal Vent Fluids}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {37{\textendash}47},
	abstract = {In situ measurement of pH in diffuse flow hydrothermal vent fluids is necessary to investigate the feedback between geochemical and biochemical processes. Accurate pH determination has been unusually challenging owing to temperature and pressure effects that place severe constraints on the performance of a wide variety of pH sensor systems. In this paper, we describe a newly developed mobile pH calibrator (MpHC), which makes use of In situ calibration protocols that enhance the accuracy of pH measurement and monitoring on the ocean floor at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The MpHC combines the physically robust and highly sensitive iridium solid-state pH electrode with a flow control system to perform 2-point calibration with on-board pH buffer solutions. The small size and novel design of the sensor probe allow more effective access to seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids and their associated sulfide structures and biological communities. The MpHC is capable of In situ deployment by submersible via ICL (inductively couple link) communication around hydrothermal vents at pressures and temperatures up to 45 MPa and 100 degrees C, respectively. In this paper, we also present results of In situ calibration methods used to correct the standard potential and slope (mV/pH) of the solid-state electrode for temperature effects. The MpHC has been deployed most recently using the submersible Alvin during cruise AT26-17 to Axial Seamount and Main Endeavour Field, Juan De Fuca Ridge in the NE Pacific. With In situ calibration functionality, the MpHC offers the prospect of more successful longer-term measurements in keeping with power availability provided by cabled seafloor observatories coming online in the NE Pacific.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Tan, C Y and Ding, K and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Mittelstaedt2016,
	title = {{Diffuse venting at the ASHES hydrothermal field: Heat flux and tidally modulated flow variability derived from in situ time-series measurements}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1435{\textendash}1453},
	abstract = {Time-series measurements of diffuse exit-fluid temperature and velocity collected with a new, deep-sea camera, and temperature measurement system, the Diffuse Effluent Measurement System (DEMS), were examined from a fracture network within the ASHES hydrothermal field located in the caldera of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. The DEMS was installed using the HOV Alvin above a fracture near the Phoenix vent. The system collected 20 s of 20 Hz video imagery and 24 s of 1 Hz temperature measurements each hour between 22 July and 2 August 2014. Fluid velocities were calculated using the Diffuse Fluid Velocimetry (DFV) technique. Over the similar to 12 day deployment, median upwelling rates and mean fluid temperature anomalies ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm/s and 0 degrees C to similar to 6.5 degrees C above ambient, yielding a heat flux of 0.29 +/- 0.22 MW M-2 and heat output of 3.1 +/- 2.5 kW. Using a photo mosaic to measure fracture dimensions, the total diffuse heat output from cracks across ASHES field is estimated to be 2.05 +/- 1.95 MW. Variability in temperatures and velocities are strongest at semidiurnal periods and show significant coherence with tidal height variations. These data indicate that periodic variability near Phoenix vent is modulated both by tidally controlled bottom currents and seafloor pressure, with seafloor pressures being the dominant influence. These results emphasize the importance of local permeability on diffuse hydrothermal venting at mid-ocean ridges and the need to better quantify heat flux associated with young oceanic crust.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GC006144},
	author = {Mittelstaedt, E and Fornari, D J and Crone, T J and Kinsey, J C and Kelley, D S and Elend, M J}
}
@article {ISI:000371206300001,
	title = {{A distinct and active bacterial community in cold oxygenated fluids circulating beneath the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic ridge}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The rock-hosted, oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth, yet little is known about its indigenous microorganisms. Here we provide the first phylogenetic and functional description of an active microbial community residing in the cold oxic crustal aquifer. Using subseafloor observatories, we recovered crustal fluids and found that the geochemical composition is similar to bottom seawater, as are cell abundances. However, based on relative abundances and functional potential of key bacterial groups, the crustal fluid microbial community is heterogeneous and markedly distinct from seawater. Potential rates of autotrophy and heterotrophy in the crust exceeded those of seawater, especially at elevated temperatures (25 degrees C) and deeper in the crust. Together, these results reveal an active, distinct, and diverse bacterial community engaged in both heterotrophy and autotrophy in the oxygenated crustal aquifer, providing key insight into the role of microbial communities in the ubiquitous cold dark subseafloor biosphere.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep22541},
	author = {Meyer, Julie L and Jaekel, Ulrike and Tully, Benjamin J and Glazer, Brian T and Wheat, C Geoffrey and Lin, Huei-Ting and Hsieh, Chih-Chiang and Cowen, James P and Hulme, Samuel M and Girguis, Peter R and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {ISI:000349374800012,
	title = {{A deep-sea community, including Lophelia pertusa, at unusually shallow depths in the western North Atlantic Ocean off northeastern Florida}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {162},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {635{\textendash}648},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Living colonies of the cold-water scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa and other typically deep-water organisms were discovered in unusually shallow depths (180-250 m) off northeastern Florida. Observations of L. pertusa on rocky substrata and coral-built mounds represent the shallowest records of large colonies of this coral in the western Atlantic Ocean. Bioherms up to 30 m tall, extensive areas of eroded L. pertusa rubble, and a well-developed cold-water community indicated that these sites are long-term features, rather than short-term opportunistic responses to temporary shifts in environmental conditions. Species that are commonly observed on deeper reefs off the southeastern USA were abundant at the shallow sites. The most abundant fishes on reef habitats were Helicolenus dactylopterus, Laemonema barbatulum, Dysommina rugosa, and Anthias spp. In addition to L. pertusa, the most common macroinvertebrates on hard substrata were Eumunida picta, Chaceon fenneri, octocorals, cup corals, and glass sponges. Bottom and near-bottom temperatures (7-10 A degrees C) and nutrient concentrations at the shallow sites were similar to those normally encountered at 500-600 m in this region. The shallow reef sites occur in an area known for frequent Gulf Stream-driven upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich water. However, the upwelling must be persistent or permanent in order to maintain deep-sea communities at such shallow depths. Based on these data, this area is under final review by the US Department of Commerce for inclusion in one of the regional Coral Habitat Areas of Particular Concern.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-015-2611-2},
	author = {Ross, Steve W and Brooke, Sandra and Quattrini, Andrea M and Rhode, Mike and Watterson, J Carter}
}
@article {ISI:000366233300014,
	title = {{Differences in recovery between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and vent-proximate communities after a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {167{\textendash}182},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and the surrounding basalt seafloor are subject to major natural disturbance events such as volcanic eruptions. In the near future, anthropogenic disturbance in the form of deep-sea mining could also significantly affect the faunal communities of hydrothermal vents. In this study, we monitor and compare the recovery of insular, highly productive vent communities and vent-proximate basalt communities following a volcanic eruption that destroyed almost all existing communities at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N in 2006. To study the recovery patterns of the benthic communities, we placed settlement substrates at vent sites and their proximate basalt areas and measured the prokaryotic abundance and compared the meio- and macrofaunal species richness and composition at one, two and four years after the eruption. In addition, we collected samples from the overlying water column with a pelagic pump, at one and two years after the volcanic eruption, to determine the abundance of potential meiofauna colonisers. One year after eruption, mean meio- and macrofaunal abundances were not significantly different from pre-eruption values in vent habitats (meio: 8-1838 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 3-6246 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02; macro: 95-1600 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 205-4577 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2001/02) and on non-vent basalt habitats (meio: 10-1922 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 8328 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04; macro: 14-3351 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2006; 2-63 ind. 64 cm(-2) in 2003/04), but species recovery patterns differed between the two habitat types. In the vent habitat, the initial community recovery was relatively quick but incomplete four years after eruption, which may be due to the good dispersal capabilities of vent endemic macrofauna and vent endemic dirivultid copepods. At vents, 42{\%} of the pre-eruption meio- and 39{\%} of macrofaunal species had returned. In addition, some new species not evident prior to the eruption were found. At the tubeworm site Tica, a total of 26 meio- and 19 macrofaunal species were found in 2009, which contrasts with the 24 meio- and 29 macrofauna species detected at the site in 2001/01 In the basalt habitat, community recovery of meiofauna was slower with only 28{\%} of the original 64 species present four years after eruption. The more limited dispersal capabilities of meiofauna basalt specialists such as nematodes or harpacticoid copepods probably caused this pattern. In contrast, 67{\%} of the original 27 macrofaunal species had recolonized the basalt by 2009. Our results suggest that not only vent communities, but also species-rich communities of vent-proximate habitats require attention in conservation efforts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.008},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Arbizu, Pedro Martinez and Mills, Susan and Le Bris, Nadine and Weinbauer, Markus and Shank, Timothy M and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Lin2015,
	title = {{Dissolved amino acids in oceanic basaltic basement fluids}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {164},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {175{\textendash}190},
	abstract = {The oceanic basaltic basement contains the largest aquifer on Earth and potentially plays an important role in the global carbon cycle as a net sink for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). However, few details of the organic matter cycling in the subsurface are known because great water depths and thick sediments typically hinder direct access to this environment. In an effort to examine the role of water{\textendash}rock{\textendash}microorganism interaction on organic matter cycling in the oceanic basaltic crust, basement fluid samples collected from three borehole observatories installed on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge were analyzed for dissolved amino acids. Our data show that dissolved free amino acids (1{\textendash}13 nM) and dissolved hydrolyzable amino acids (43{\textendash}89 nM) are present in the basement. The amino acid concentrations in the ridge-flank basement fluids are at the low end of all submarine hydrothermal fluids reported in the literature and are similar to those in deep seawater. Amino acids in recharging deep seawater, in situ amino acid production, and diffusional input from overlying sediments are potential sources of amino acids in the basement fluids. Thermodynamic modeling shows that amino acid synthesis in the basement can be sustained by energy supplied from inorganic substrates via chemolithotrophic metabolisms. Furthermore, an analysis of amino acid concentrations and compositions in basement fluids support the notion that heterotrophic activity is ongoing. Similarly, the enrichment of acidic amino acids and depletion of hydrophobic ones relative to sedimentary particulate organic matter suggests that surface sorption and desorption also alters amino acids in the basaltic basement. In summary, although the oceanic basement aquifer is a net sink for deep seawater DOC, similar amino acid concentrations in basement aquifer and deep seawater suggest that DOC is preferentially removed in the basement over dissolved amino acids. Our data also suggest that organic carbon cycling occurs in the oceanic basaltic basement, where an active subsurface biosphere is likely responsible for amino acid synthesis and degradation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.044},
	author = {Lin, H-T and Amend, J P and LaRowe, D E and Bingham, J-P and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {ISI:000361755600008,
	title = {{Diversity and composition of the copepod communities associated with megafauna around a cold seep in the Gulf of Mexico with remarks on species biogeography}},
	journal = {MARINE BIODIVERSITY},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {419{\textendash}432},
	type = {Article; Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {In order to characterize the copepod communities associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations around a hydrocarbon seep in the Green Canyon of the Gulf of Mexico, diversity, abundance, and community composition were analyzed. Also analyzed were species biogeography and the potential connectivity to other chemosynthesis-based habitats. Copepod abundance and biomass were very low among tubeworms and mussels, with 0.22 to 6.08 individuals per 10 cm(2) sampled area and 9.02 to 42.43 mu g wet weight 10 cm(2) sampled area, respectively; but, abundance was significantly higher among the mussels. Fifty-five copepod species were identified, of which most were newly discovered and primarily belonging to the Harpacticoida order. Four copepod species were previously recorded from other food-rich and hard-substrata environments, such as hydrothermal vents or wood falls. Another four species showed close morphological proximity to species described from cold seeps, hydrothermal vents, and wood falls. Copepod diversity and community composition showed no significant differences between the foundation species. However, differences in the relative abundance and dominance of single species indicate a rather homogeneous community in mussel beds and a more heterogeneous community among tubeworms, indicating that foundation species may shape the abundance and community composition of associated copepods at cold seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1867-1616},
	doi = {10.1007/s12526-014-0310-8},
	author = {Plum, Christoph and Gollner, Sabine and Martinez-Arbizu, Pedro and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000348129100027,
	title = {{A Dwarf Male Reversal in Bone-Eating Worms}},
	journal = {CURRENT BIOLOGY},
	volume = {25},
	number = {2},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {236{\textendash}241},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Darwin {\{}[{\}}1] hypothesized that sexes in a species should be similar unless sexual selection, fecundity selection, or resource partitioning has driven them apart. Male dwarfism has evolved multiple times in a range of animals, raising questions about factors that drive such extreme size dimorphism {\{}[{\}}2-4]. Ghiselin {\{}[{\}}5] noted that dwarf males are more common among smaller marine animals, and especially among sedentary and sessile species living at low densities, where mates are difficult to find, or in deep-sea environments with limited energy sources. These benefits of male dwarfism apply well to Osedax (Annelida: Siboglinidae), bone-eating marine worms {\{}[{\}}6]. Osedax males, notable for extreme sexual size dimorphism (SSD), are developmentally arrested larvae that produce sperm from yolk reserves. Harems of dwarf males reside in the lumen of the tube surrounding a female. Herein, we describe Osedax priapus n. sp., a species that deviates remarkably by producing males that anchor into, and feed on, bone via symbiont-containing {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}roots,{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} just like female Osedax. Phylogenetic analyses revealed O. priapus n. sp. as a derived species, and the absence of dwarf males represents a character reversal for this genus. Some dwarf male features are retained due to functional and morphological constraints. Since O. priapus n. sp. males are anchored in bone, they possess an extensible trunk that allows them to roam across the bone to contact and inseminate females. Evolutionary and ecological implications of a loss of male dwarfism are discussed.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.032},
	author = {Rouse, Greg W and Wilson, Nerida G and Worsaae, Katrine and Vrijenhoek, Robert C}
}
@article {ISI:000338213900015,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria encode a conserved and widespread nitrate reduction pathway (Nap)}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {8},
	number = {7},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {1510{\textendash}1521},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite the frequent isolation of nitrate-respiring Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, the genes coding for the nitrate reduction pathway in these organisms have not been investigated in depth. In this study we have shown that the gene cluster coding for the periplasmic nitrate reductase complex (nap) is highly conserved in chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Furthermore, we have shown that the napA gene is expressed in pure cultures of vent Epsilonproteobacteria and it is highly conserved in microbial communities collected from deep-sea vents characterized by different temperature and redox regimes. The diversity of nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria was found to be higher in moderate temperature, diffuse flow vents than in high temperature black smokers or in low temperatures, substrate-associated communities. As NapA has a high affinity for nitrate compared with the membrane-bound enzyme, its occurrence in vent Epsilonproteobacteria may represent an adaptation of these organisms to the low nitrate concentrations typically found in vent fluids. Taken together, our findings indicate that nitrate reduction is widespread in vent Epsilonproteobacteria and provide insight on alternative energy metabolism in vent microorganisms. The occurrence of the nap cluster in vent, commensal and pathogenic Epsilonproteobacteria suggests that the ability of these bacteria to respire nitrate is important in habitats as different as the deep-sea vents and the human body.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.246},
	author = {Vetriani, Costantino and Voordeckers, James W and Crespo-Medina, Melitza and O{\textquoteright}Brien, Charles E and Giovannelli, Donato and Lutz, Richard A}
}
@article {ISI:000338027700011,
	title = {{Depth-dependent gene flow in Gulf of Mexico cold seep Lamellibrachia tubeworms (Annelida, Siboglinidae)}},
	journal = {HYDROBIOLOGIA},
	volume = {736},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {139{\textendash}154},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Lamellibrachia vestimentiferan tubeworms form aggregations at hydrocarbon cold seeps in the deep Gulf of Mexico (GoM), creating structures that provide living space for other fauna. In the GoM, three Lamellibrachia taxa vary in morphology and depth ranges: Lamellibrachia luymesi (300-950 m), Lamellibrachia sp. 1 (950-2,604 m), and Lamellibrachia sp. 2 (1,175-3,304 m). While Lamellibrachia sp. 2 is consistently identified as a separate species, L. luymesi and sp. 1 cannot be discriminated using barcoding markers cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and large ribosomal subunit rDNA (16S). To determine if limited gene flow was a factor in the formation of these taxa, we employed more quickly evolving markers, including mitochondrial cytochrome B (CYTB), hemoglobin subunit B2 intron (HbB2i), and six polymorphic microsatellites; microsatellites were amplified across 45 L. luymesi and sp. 1 individuals. Additionally, we used microsatellites to ask whether populations of Lamellibrachia sp. 1 and sp. 2 show evidence of significant structure. Despite a lack of resolution seen with CYTB and HbB2i, L. luymesi and sp. 1 form genetically differentiated clusters at the cross-amplified microsatellites. Furthermore, we find no evidence for population structure for either Lamellibrachia sp. 1 or sp. 2 across the GoM.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0018-8158},
	doi = {10.1007/s10750-014-1900-y},
	author = {Cowart, Dominique A and Halanych, Kenneth M and Schaeffer, Stephen W and Fisher, Charles R}
}
@article {Smith2014,
	title = {{Development and evolution of detachment faulting along 50 km of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 16.5{\textdegree}N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4692{\textendash}4711},
	abstract = {A multifaceted study of the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at 16.5{\textdegree}N provides new insights into detachment faulting and its evolution through time. The survey included regional multibeam bathymetry mapping, high-resolution mapping using AUV Sentry, seafloor imaging using the TowCam system, and an extensive rock-dredging program. At different times, detachment faulting was active along \~{}50 km of the western flank of the study area, and may have dominated spreading on that flank for the last 5 Ma. Detachment morphologies vary and include a classic corrugated massif, noncorrugated massifs, and back-tilted ridges marking detachment breakaways. High-resolution Sentry data reveal a new detachment morphology; a low-angle, irregular surface in the regional bathymetry is shown to be a finely corrugated detachment surface (corrugation wavelength of only tens of meters and relief of just a few meters). Multiscale corrugations are observed 2{\textendash}3 km from the detachment breakaway suggesting that they formed in the brittle layer, perhaps by anastomosing faults. The thin wedge of hanging wall lavas that covers a low-angle (6{\textdegree}) detachment footwall near its termination are intensely faulted and fissured; this deformation may be enhanced by the low angle of the emerging footwall. Active detachment faulting currently is limited to the western side of the rift valley. Nonetheless, detachment fault morphologies also are present over a large portion of the eastern flank on crust {\textgreater}2 Ma, indicating that within the last 5 Ma parts of the ridge axis have experienced periods of two-sided detachment faulting.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005563},
	author = {Smith, D K and Schouten, H and Dick, H J B and Cann, J R and Salters, V and Marschall, H R and Ji, F and Yoerger, D R and Sanfilippo, A and Parnell-Turner, R and Palmiotto, C and Zheleznov, A and Bai, H and Junkin, W and Urann, B and Dick, S and Sulanowska, M and Lemmond, P and Curry, S}
}
@article {ISI:000343625500006,
	title = {{Dissolved hydrogen and methane in the oceanic basaltic biosphere}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {405},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {62{\textendash}73},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The oceanic basaltic crust is the largest aquifer on Earth and has the potential to harbor substantial subsurface microbial ecosystems, which hitherto remains largely uncharacterized and is analogous to extraterrestrial subsurface habitats. Within the sediment-buried 3.5 Myr old basaltic crust of the eastern Juan de Fuca Ridge flank, the circulating basement fluids have moderate temperature (similar to 65 degrees C) and low to undetectable dissolved oxygen and nitrate concentrations. Sulfate, present in high concentrations, is therefore expected to serve as the major electron acceptor in this subsurface environment. This study focused on the availability and potential sources of two important electron donors, methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H-2), for the subseafloor biosphere. High integrity basement fluids were collected via fluid delivery lines associated with Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kits (CORKs) that extend from basement depths to outlet ports at the seafloor. Two new CORKs installed during IODP 327 in 2010, 1362A and 1362B, were sampled in 2011 and 2013. The two CORKs are superior than earlier style CORKs in that they are equipped with coated casing and polytetrafluoroethylene fluid delivery lines, reducing the interaction between casing materials with the environment. Additional samples were collected from an earlier style CORK at Borehole 1301A. The basement fluids are enriched in H-2 (0.05-1.8 mu mol/kg), suggesting that the ocean basaltic aquifer can support H-2-driven metabolism. The basement fluids also contain significant amount of CH4 (5-32 mu mol/kg), revealing CH4 as an available substrate for subseafloor basaltic habitats. The delta C-13 values of CH4 from the three boreholes ranged from -22.5 to -58 parts per thousand, while the delta H-2 values ranged from 316 to 57 parts per thousand. The isotopic compositions of CH4 and the molecular compositions of hydrocarbons suggest that CH4 in the basement fluids is of both biogenic and abiotic origins, varying among sites and sampling times. The delta H-2 values of CH4 in CORK 1301A fluid samples are much more positive than found in all other marine environments investigated to date and are best explained by the partial microbial oxidation of biogenic CH4. In conclusion, our study shows that CH4 and H-2 are persistently available to fuel the deep biosphere and that CH4 is both produced and potentially consumed by microorganisms in the oceanic basement. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.037},
	author = {Lin, Huei-Ting and Cowen, James P and Olson, Eric J and Lilley, Marvin D and Jungbluth, Sean P and Wilson, Samuel T and Rappe, Michael S}
}
@article {ISI:000342622400022,
	title = {{Distribution and size fractionation of elemental sulfur in aqueous environments: The Chesapeake Bay and Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA},
	volume = {142},
	year = {2014},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {334{\textendash}348},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Elemental sulfur is an important intermediate of sulfide oxidation and may be produced via abiotic and biotic pathways. In this study the concentration and size fractionation of elemental sulfur were measured in two different sulfidic marine environments: the Chesapeake Bay and buoyant hydrothermal vent plumes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nanoparticulate sulfur ({\textless}0.2 mu m) was found to comprise up to 90{\%} of the total elemental sulfur in anoxic deep waters of the Chesapeake Bay. These data were compared with previous studies of elemental sulfur, and represent one of the few reports of nanoparticulate elemental sulfur in the environment. Additionally, a strain of phototrophic sulfide oxidizing bacteria isolated from the Chesapeake Bay was shown to produce elemental sulfur as a product of sulfide oxidation. Elemental sulfur concentrations are also presented from buoyant hydrothermal vent plumes located along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plume, S-0 concentrations up to 33 mu M were measured in the first meter of rising plumes at three different vent sites, and nanoparticulate S-0 was up to 44{\%} of total elemental sulfur present. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2014.07.032},
	author = {Findlay, Alyssa J and Gartman, Amy and MacDonald, Daniel J and Hanson, Thomas E and Shaw, Timothy J and Luther III, George W}
}
@article {ISI:000346944000013,
	title = {{Diverse magma flow directions during construction of sheeted dike complexes at fast- to superfast-spreading centers}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {408},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {119{\textendash}131},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Dike intrusion is a fundamental process during upper oceanic crustal accretion at fast- to superfast-spreading ridges. Based on the distribution of magma along fast-spreading centers inferred from marine geophysical data, models predict systematic steep flow at magmatically robust segment centers and shallow magma flow toward distal segment ends. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) fabrics from 48 fully-oriented block samples of dikes from upper oceanic crust exposed at Hess Deep Rift and Pito Deep Rift reveal a wide range of magma flow directions that are not consistent with such simple magma supply models. The AMS is interpreted to arise from distribution anisotropy of titanomagnetite crystals based on weak shape-preferred orientation of opaque oxide and plagioclase crystals generally parallel to AMS maximum eigenvectors. Most dike samples show normal AMS fabrics with maximum eigenvector directions ranging from subvertical to subhorizontal. The distributions of inferred magma flow lineations from maximum eigenvectors show no preferred flow pattern, even after structural correction. We use a Kolmogorov Smirnov test (KS-test) to show that the distribution of bootstrapped flow lineation rakes from Pito Deep are not statistically distinct from Hess Deep, and neither are distinguishable from Oman and Troodos Ophiolite AMS data. Magma flow directions in sheeted dikes from these two seafloor escarpments also do not correlate with available geochemistry in any systematic way as previously predicted. These results indicate distinct compositional sources feed melt that is injected into dikes at fast- to superfast-spreading ridges with no preference for subhorizontal or subvertical magma flow. Collectively, results imply ephemeral melt lenses at different along-axis locations within the continuous axial magma chamber and either direct injection or intermingling of melt from other deeper ridge-centered or off-axis sources. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.022},
	author = {Horst, A J and Varga, R J and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {ISI:000345292900023,
	title = {{Diversity and abundance of Bacteria and nirS-encoding denitrifiers associated with the Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal system}},
	journal = {ANNALS OF MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1691{\textendash}1705},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Denitrification, which results in the loss of bioavailable nitrogen-an essential macronutrient for all living organisms-may potentially affect chemosynthetic primary production in hydrothermal vent ecosystems where sub-oxic conditions favorable to denitrification are common. Here we describe the diversity and abundance of denitrifying bacteria in the subsurface biosphere at Axial Volcano and the Endeavour Segment on the Juan de Fuca Ridge using a combination of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU or 16S rRNA) pyrotag and nitrite reductase (nirS) clone library sequencing methods. Bacterial communities were diverse and dominated by members of the epsilon- and gamma-proteobacteria, including taxonomic groups containing known denitrifiers. Assemblages of denitrifiers that could be evaluated by nirS gene sequence comparisons showed low diversity. The single nirS sequence shared by the two locations, affiliated with a gamma-proteobacteria isolated from estuarine sediments (Pseudomonas sp. BA2), represented more than half of all sequences recovered when clustered at 97 {\%} identity. All other nirS sequences clustered into different taxonomic groups, indicating important differences in denitrifier community membership between the two sites. Total nirS gene abundance was at least two orders of magnitude lower than 16S rRNA abundance. Overall, our results demonstrate that the diversity and abundance of the nirS gene-containing bacterial community are rather low, as might be expected under the extreme conditions encountered in the subsurface biosphere of hydrothermal vent systems, and do not correlate clearly with any environmental variables investigated (i.e., pH, temperature, and H2S, NO3-, NH4+ concentrations).},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1590-4261},
	doi = {10.1007/s13213-014-0813-3},
	author = {Bourbonnais, Annie and Juniper, S Kim and Butterfield, David A and Anderson, Rika E and Lehmann, Moritz F}
}
@article {ISI:000325986500008,
	title = {{Detection and phylogenetic analysis of the membrane-bound nitrate reductase (Nar) in pure cultures and microbial communities from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {86},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {256{\textendash}267},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Over the past few years the relevance of nitrate respiration in microorganisms from deep-sea hydrothermal vents has become evident. In this study, we surveyed the membrane-bound nitrate reductase (Nar) encoding gene in three different deep-sea vent microbial communities from the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Additionally, we tested pure cultures of vent strains for their ability to reduce nitrate and for the presence of the NarG-encoding gene in their genomes. By using the narG gene as a diagnostic marker for nitrate-reducing bacteria, we showed that nitrate reductases related to Gammaproteobacteria of the genus Marinobacter were numerically prevalent in the clone libraries derived from a black smoker and a diffuse flow vent. In contrast, NarG sequences retrieved from a community of filamentous bacteria located about 50cm above a diffuse flow vent revealed the presence of a yet to be identified group of enzymes. 16S rRNA gene-inferred community compositions, in accordance with previous studies, showed a shift from Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria to Epsilonproteobacteria as the vent fluids become warmer and more reducing. Based on these findings, we argue that Nar-catalyzed nitrate reduction is likely relevant in temperate and less reducing environments where Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria are more abundant and where nitrate concentrations reflect that of background deep seawater.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/1574-6941.12158},
	author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ileana and Bohnert, Kenneth A and Cuebas, Mariola and Keddis, Ramaydalis and Vetriani, Costantino}
}
@article {ISI:000331366100001,
	title = {{Diffuse flow environments within basalt- and sediment-based hydrothermal vent ecosystems harbor specialized microbial communities}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents differ both in surface input and subsurface geochemistry. The effects of these differences on their microbial communities are not clear. Here, we investigated both alpha and beta diversity of diffuse flow-associated microbial communities emanating from vents at a basalt-based hydrothermal system along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and a sediment-based hydrothermal system, Guaymas Basin. Both Bacteria and Archaea were targeted using high throughput 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing analyses. A unique aspect of this study was the use of a universal set of 16S rRNA gene primers to characterize total and diffuse flow-specific microbial communities from varied deep-sea hydrothermal environments. Both surrounding seawater and diffuse flow water samples contained large numbers of Marine Group I (MGI) Thaumarchaea and Gammaproteobacteria taxa previously observed in deep-sea systems. However, these taxa were geographically distinct and segregated according to type of spreading center. Diffuse flow microbial community profiles were highly differentiated. In particular, EPR dominant diffuse flow taxa were most closely associated with chemolithoautotrophs, and off axis water was dominated by heterotrophic-related taxa, whereas the opposite was true for Guaymas Basin. The diversity and richness of diffuse flow-specific microbial communities were strongly correlated to the relative abundance of Epsilonproteobacteria, proximity to macrofauna, and hydrothermal system type. Archaeal diversity was higher than or equivalent to bacterial diversity in about one third of the samples. Most diffuse flow-specific communities were dominated by OTUs associated with Epsilonproteobacteria, but many of the Guaymas Basin diffuse flow samples were dominated by either OTUs within the Planctomycetes or hyperthermophilic Archaea. This study emphasizes the unique microbial communities associated with geochemically and geographically distinct hydrothermal diffuse flow environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00182},
	author = {Campbell, Barbara J and Polson, Shawn W and Allen, Lisa Zeigler and Williamson, Shannon J and Lee, Charles K and Wommack, K Eric and Cary, S Craig}
}
@article {Sen2013,
	title = {{Distribution of mega fauna on sulfide edifices on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center and Valu Fa Ridge}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {48{\textendash}60},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent sulfide edifices contain some of the most extreme thermal and chemical conditions in which animals are able to live. As a result, sulfide edifices in the East Pacific Rise, Juan de Fuca Ridge, and Mid Atlantic Ridge vent systems often contain distinct faunal assemblages. In this study, we used high-resolution imagery and in-situ physico-chemical measurements within the context of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to examine community structure and niche differentiation of dominant fauna on sulfide edifices in the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) in the Western Pacific Ocean. Our results show that ELSC and VFR sulfide edifices host two distinct types of communities. One type, that covers the majority of sulfide edifice faces, is overall very similar to nearby lava communities and biomass is dominated by the same chemoautotrophic symbiont-containing molluscs that dominate lava communities, namely the provannid gastropods Alviniconcha spp. and Ifremeria nautilei and the mytilid bivalve Bathymodiolus brevior. The spatial distribution of the dominant molluscs is often a variation of the pattern of concentric rings observed on lavas, with Alviniconcha spp. at the tops of edifices where exposure to vent flow is the highest, and I. nautilei and B. brevior below. Our physico-chemical measurements indicate that because of rapid dispersion of vent fluid, habitable area for symbiont-containing fauna is quite limited on sulfide edifices, and the realized niches of the mollusc groups are narrower on sulfide edifices than on lavas. We suggest that competition plays an important role in determining the realized distributions of the mollusc groups on edifices. The other habitat, present in small patches of presumably hot, new anhydrite, is avoided by the dominant symbiont-containing molluscs and inhabited by crabs, shrimp and polynoids that are likely more heat tolerant. The ratio of sulfide concentration to temperature anomaly of vent fluids was significantly different between sulfide edifice sites and lava sites in the southern vent fields but not in the northern vent fields. We suggest that this is due to increased sulfide consumption by a large microbial consortium associated with the more friable andesitic lava substrates in the south.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.11.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063712002233},
	author = {Sen, A and Becker, E L and Podowski, E L and Wickes, L N and Ma, S and Mullaugh, K M and Hourdez, S and Luther, G W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {ISI:000324094600001,
	title = {{Diversity and Distributional Patterns of Ciliates in Guaymas Basin Hydrothermal Vent Sediments}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {60},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {433{\textendash}447},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about protists at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The vent sites at Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California are characterized by dense mats of filamentous pigmented or nonpigmented Beggiatoa that serve as markers of subsurface thermochemical gradients. We constructed 18S rRNA libraries to investigate ciliate assemblages in Beggiatoa mats and from bare sediments at the Guaymas vent site. Results indicated a high diversity of ciliates, with 156 operational taxonomic units identified in 548 sequences. Comparison between mat environments demonstrated that ciliate and bacterial assemblages from pigmented mats, nonpigmented mats, and bare sediments were significantly different and highly correlated with bacterial assemblages. Neither bacterial nor ciliate assemblages were correlated with environmental factors. The most abundant ciliates at Guaymas were more likely to be represented in clone libraries from other hydrothermal, deep-sea, and/or anoxic or microaerophilic environments, supporting the hypothesis that these ciliate species are broadly distributed. The orange mat environment included a higher proportion of ciliate sequences that were more similar to those from other environmental studies than to cultured ciliate species, whereas clone libraries from bare sediments included sequences that were the most highly divergent from all other sequences and may represent species that are endemic to Guaymas.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1066-5234},
	doi = {10.1111/jeu.12051},
	author = {Coyne, Kathryn J and Countway, Peter D and Pilditch, Conrad A and Lee, Charles K and Caron, David A and Cary, Stephen C}
}
@article {ISI:000308889800003,
	title = {{Deep sea hydrothermal plumes and their interaction with oscillatory flows}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2012},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The acoustic scintillation method is applied to the investigation and monitoring of a vigorous hydrothermal plume from Dante within the Main Endeavour vent field (MEF) in the Endeavour Ridge segment. A 40 day time series of the plume{\textquoteright}s vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations provides a unique opportunity to study deep sea plume dynamics in a tidally varying horizontal cross flow. An integral plume model that takes into account ambient stratification and horizontal cross flows is established from the conservation equations of mass, momentum and density deficit. Using a linear additive entrainment velocity in the model ( E = alpha U-m + beta U-perpendicular to) that is a function of both the plume relative axial velocity (U-m) and the relative ambient flow perpendicular to the plume (U-perpendicular to) gives consistent results to the experimental data, suggesting entrainment coefficients alpha = 0.1 and beta = 0.6. Also from the integral model, the plume height in a horizontal cross flow ( U-a) is shown to scale as 1.8B(1/3)U(a)(-1/3)N(-2/3) for 0.01 {\textless}= U-a {\textless}= 0.1 m/s where B is the initial buoyancy transport and N is the ambient stratification, both of which are assumed constant.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004188},
	author = {Xu, Guangyu and Di Iorio, Daniela}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600378,
	title = {{Denitrification and environmental factors influencing nitrate removal in Guaymas Basin hydrothermally altered sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We measured potential nitrate removal and denitrification rates in hydrothermally altered sediments inhabited by Beggiatoa mats and adjacent brown oil stained sediments from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Sediments with Beggiatoa maintained slightly higher rates of potential denitrification than did brown sediments at 31.2 +/- 12.1 versus 21.9 +/- 1.4 mu M N day-1, respectively. In contrast, the nitrate removal rates in brown sediments were higher than those observed in mat-hosting sediments at 418 +/- 145 versus 174 +/- 74 mu M N day-1, respectively. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the responses of denitrifying communities to environmental factors {\{}[{\}}i.e., nitrate, sulfide, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration)]. The denitrifying community had a high affinity for nitrate (Km = 137 +/- 91 mu M N day-1), in comparison to other environmental communities of denitrifiers, and was capable of high maximum rates of denitrification (Vmax = 1164 +/- 153 mu M N day-1). The presence of sulfide resulted in significantly lower denitrification rates. Microorganisms with the potential to perform denitrification were assessed in these sediments using the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) functional gene libraries. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library was dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (38{\%}), some of which (e.g., Sulfurimonas sp.) have a potential for sulfide-dependent denitrification. The nosZ clone library did not contain clones similar to pure culture denitrifiers; these clones were most closely associated with environmental clones.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00377},
	author = {Bowles, Marshall W and Nigro, Lisa M and Teske, Andreas P and Joye, Samantha B}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600101,
	title = {{Distribution, abundance, and diversity patterns of the thermoacidophilic {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}deep-sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeota 2{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Cultivation-independent studies have shown that taxa belonging to the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}deep-sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeota 2{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} (DHVE2) lineage are widespread at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. While this lineage appears to be a common and important member of the microbial community at vent environments, relatively little is known about their overall distribution and phylogenetic diversity. In this study, we examined the distribution, relative abundance, co-occurrence patterns, and phylogenetic diversity of cultivable thermoacidophilic DHVE2 in deposits from globally distributed vent fields. Results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays with primers specific for the DHVE2 and Archaea demonstrate the ubiquity of the DHVE2 at deep-sea vents and suggest that they are significant members of the archaeal communities of established vent deposit communities. Local similarity analysis of pyrosequencing data revealed that the distribution of the DHVE2 was positively correlated with 10 other Euryarchaeota phylotypes and negatively correlated with mostly Crenarchaeota phylotypes. Targeted cultivation efforts resulted in the isolation of 12 axenic strains from six different vent fields, expanding the cultivable diversity of this lineage to vents along the East Pacific Rise and Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Eleven of these isolates shared greater than 97{\%} 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with one another and the only described isolate of the DHVE2, Aciduliprofundum boonei T469(T). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of five protein-coding loci, atpA, EF-2, radA, rpoB, and secY, revealed clustering of isolates according to geographic region of isolation. Overall, this study increases our understanding of the distribution, abundance, and phylogenetic diversity of the DHVE2.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00047},
	author = {Flores, Gilberto E and Wagner, Isaac D and Liu, Yitai and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {ISI:000292610200001,
	title = {{Deciphering the ocean bottom pressure variation in the Logatchev hydrothermal field at the eastern flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Ocean bottom pressure data from the Logatchev hydrothermal field (LHF) are presented and analyzed. The data were collected with two ocean bottom pressure meters (OBPs), constructed at the University of Bremen, that are capable of recording signals with frequencies up to 0.25 Hz. Over the long-term, a nearly 2.5 kPa (25 cm water column equivalent) pressure variation over 3.7 years is observed, which is consistent with uplift followed by subsidence, but cannot unequivocally be discerned from instrumental drift. Medium-term pressure variations are compared with satellite surface topography, satellite gravity, ocean modeling, and in situ data from an OBP 700 km away. It is shown that fluctuations in the oceanic mass distribution dominate the variations in this frequency range and that oceanic modeling and data from a 700 km distant OBP are positively correlated with the LHF bottom pressure time series. The short-term variations are dominated by microseisms originating from sea surface waves and pressure waves from earthquakes as can be shown by comparison with weather buoy and teleseismic data.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003441},
	author = {Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Villinger, Heinrich}
}
@article {Bailey2011,
	title = {{Dimorphism in methane seep-dwelling ecotypes of the largest known bacteria}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {5},
	number = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1926{\textendash}1935},
	publisher = {International Society for Microbial Ecology},
	abstract = {We present evidence for a dimorphic life cycle in the vacuolate sulfide-oxidizing bacteria that appears to involve the attachment of a spherical Thiomargarita-like cell to the exteriors of invertebrate integuments and other benthic substrates at methane seeps. The attached cell elongates to produce a stalk-like form before budding off spherical daughter cells resembling free-living Thiomargarita that are abundant in surrounding sulfidic seep sediments. The relationship between the attached parent cell and free-living daughter cell is reminiscent of the dimorphic life modes of the prosthecate Alphaproteobacteria, but on a grand scale, with individual elongate cells reaching nearly a millimeter in length. Abundant growth of attached Thiomargarita-like bacteria on the integuments of gastropods and other seep fauna provides not only a novel ecological niche for these giant bacteria, but also for animals that may benefit from epibiont colonization.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2011.66},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v5/n12/suppinfo/ismej201166s1.html 10.1038/ismej.2011.66},
	author = {Bailey, J V and Salman, V and Rouse, G W and Schulz-Vogt, H and Levin, L A and Orphan, V J}
}
@article {Bennett2011,
	title = {{Dissolved and particulate organic carbon in hydrothermal plumes from the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50'N}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {58},
	number = {9},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {922{\textendash}931},
	abstract = {Chemoautotrophic production in seafloor hydrothermal systems has the potential to provide an important source of organic carbon that is exported to the surrounding deep-ocean. While hydrothermal plumes may export carbon, entrained from chimney walls and biologically rich diffuse flow areas, away from sites of venting they also have the potential to provide an environment for in-situ carbon fixation. In this study, we have followed the fate of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) as it is dispersed through and settles beneath a hydrothermal plume system at 9{\textdegree}50'N on the East Pacific Rise. Concentrations of both DOC and POC are elevated in buoyant plume samples that were collected directly above sites of active venting using both DSV Alvin and a CTD-rosette. Similar levels of POC enrichment are also observed in the dispersing non-buoyant plume, \~{}500~m downstream from the vent-site. Further, sediment-trap samples collected beneath the same dispersing plume system, show evidence for a close coupling between organic carbon and Fe oxyhydroxide fluxes. We propose, therefore, a process that concentrates POC into hydrothermal plumes as they disperse through the deep-ocean. This is most probably the result of some combination of preferential adsorption of organic carbon onto Fe-oxyhydroxides and/or microbial activity that preferentially concentrates organic carbon in association with Fe-oxyhydroxides (e.g. through the microbial oxidation of Fe(II) and Fe sulfides). This potential for biological production and consumption within hydrothermal plumes highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the role of the carbon cycle in deep-sea hydrothermal systems as well as the role that hydrothermal systems may play in regulating global deep-ocean carbon budgets.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.010},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Statham, P J and Green, D R H and Le Bris, N and McDermott, J M and Prado, F and Rouxel, O J and Von Damm, K L and German, C R}
}
@article {Blackman2011,
	title = {{Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {B07103{\textendash}B07103},
	publisher = {AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100-220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45 degrees rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises similar to 70{\%} of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007931},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Ildefonse, B and John, B E and Ohara, Y and Miller, D J and Abe, N and Abratis, M and Andal, E S and Andreani, M and Awaji, S and Beard, J S and Brunelli, D and Charney, A B and Christie, D M and Collins, J and Delacour, A G and Delius, H and Drouin, M and Einaudi, F and Escartin, J and Frost, B R and Frueh-Green, G and Fryer, P B and Gee, J S and Godard, M and Grimes, C B and Halfpenny, A and Hansen, H -E and Harris, A C and Tamura, A and Hayman, N W and Hellebrand, E and Hirose, T and Hirth, J G and Ishimaru, S and Johnson, K T M and Karner, G D and Linek, M and MacLeod, C J and Maeda, J and Mason, O U and McCaig, A M and Michibayashi, K and Morris, A and Nakagawa, T and Nozaka, T and Rosner, M and Searle, R C and Suhr, G and Tominaga, M and von der Handt, A and Yamasaki, T and Zhao, X}
}
@article {VandeFlierdt2010,
	title = {{Deep-sea coral aragonite as a recorder for the neodymium isotopic composition of seawater}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {21},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {6014{\textendash}6032},
	abstract = {Deep-sea corals have been shown to be useful archives of rapid changes in ocean chemistry during the last glacial cycle. Their aragonitic skeleton can be absolutely dated by U{\textendash}Th data, freeing radiocarbon to be used as a water-mass proxy. For certain species of deep-sea corals, the growth rate allows time resolution that is comparable to ice cores. An additional proxy is needed to exploit this opportunity and turn radiocarbon data into rates of ocean overturning in the past. Neodymium isotopes in seawater can serve as a quasi-conservative water-mass tracer and initial results indicate that deep-sea corals may be reliable archives of seawater Nd isotopes. Here we present a systematic study exploring Nd isotopes as a water-mass proxy in deep-sea coral aragonite. We investigated five different genera of modern deep-sea corals (Caryophyllia, Desmophyllum, Enallopsamia, Flabellum, Lophelia), from global locations covering a large potential range of Nd isotopic compositions. Comparison with ambient seawater measurements yields excellent agreement and suggests that deep-sea corals are reliable archives for seawater Nd isotopes. A parallel study of Nd concentrations in these corals yields distribution coefficients for Nd between seawater and coral aragonite of 1{\textendash}10, omitting one particular genus (Enallopsamia). The corals and seawater did however not come from exactly the same location, and further investigations are needed to reach robust conclusions on the incorporation of Nd into deep-sea coral aragonite. Lastly, we studied the viability of extracting the Nd isotope signal from fossil deep-sea corals by carrying out stepwise cleaning experiments. Our results show that physical removal of the ferromanganese coating and chemical pre-cleaning have the highest impact on Nd concentrations, but that oxidative/reductive cleaning is also needed to acquire a seawater Nd isotope signal.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.08.001},
	url = {http://dx/doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.08.001},
	author = {van de Flierdt, T and Robinson, L F and Adkins, J F}
}
@article {Jackson2010,
	title = {{Dispersion of a tracer on the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees N{\textendash}10 degrees N), including the influence of hydrothermal plumes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {57},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {37{\textendash}52},
	abstract = {On 12 November 2006, 3 kg of sulfur hexafluoride were released in a 1.2 km long streak in the axial summit trough of the East Pacific Rise at 9{\textdegree}30'N to study how circulation and mixing affect larval dispersion. The first half of a tracer survey performed approximately 40 days after the injection found a small percentage of the tracer on the ridge axis between 9{\textdegree}30'N and 10{\textdegree}10'N, with the main concentration near 9{\textdegree}50'N, a site of many active hydrothermal vents. These observations provide evidence of larval connectivity between vent sites on the ridge. The latter half of the survey detected the primary patch of tracer west of the ridge and just south of the Lamont Seamounts, as a majority of the tracer had been transported off the ridge. However, by the end of the survey, the eastern edge of this patch was transported back to within 10 km of the ridge crest at 9{\textdegree}50'N by a reversal in the subinertial flow, suggesting another pathway for larvae between points along the ridge. Both the horizontal and vertical distributions of the tracer were complex and were likely heavily influenced by topography and vents in the area. Elevated tracer concentrations within the axial summit trough and an adjacent depression on the upper ridge flank suggest that tracers may be detained in such depressions. Correlated tracer/turbidity profiles provide direct evidence of entrainment of the tracer into vent plumes from 9{\textdegree}30'N to 10{\textdegree}N. A comparison of the vertical tracer inventory with neutral density vent-plume observations suggests that on the order of 10{\%} of the tracer injected was entrained into vent plumes near the injection site. The results imply that effluent from diffuse hydrothermal sources and larvae of hydrothermal vent fauna can be entrained in significant quantities into plumes from discrete sources and dispersed in the neutrally buoyant plumes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.011},
	author = {Jackson, P R and Ledwell, J R and Thurnherr, A M}
}
@article {Roberts2010,
	title = {{Dive site geology: DSV ALVIN (2006) and ROV JASON II (2007) dives to the middle-lower continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1837{\textendash}1858},
	abstract = {Use of DSV ALVIN (2006) and ROV JASON II (2007) provided access to never observed or sampled sites of fluid-gas expulsion from the little-studied middle and lower continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico (below water depths of 1000 m). Dives were focused on 15 locations selected by 3-D seismic surface attributes and shallow subsurface geologic analyses. The linkage between highly positive seafloor reflectivity and hard bottoms proved to be an efficient indicator of potential sites of interest. Through observation and sampling of reflective sites, starting in the mid-1980s, it has become apparent that most hard bottoms on the northern Gulf{\textquoteright}s continental slope are created by the precipitation of authigenic carbonates at hydrocarbon seep sites. Access to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement{\textquoteright}s extraordinary archive of slope-wide 3-D seismic data made efficient site selection possible. From thousands of sites that display the characteristics of fluid-gas expulsion, 15 were observed and sampled during the 2006 and 2007 cruises. Water depths in which these 15 sites were located ranged from \~{}2750 to \~{}970 m. All sites exhibited evidence of hydrocarbon seepage or more rapid venting. Chemosynthetic organisms, authigenic carbonates, barite, gas hydrates, highly anoxic surface sediments, brine pools, and hydrocarbon-laced brine flows were identified and sampled. High-resolution acoustic Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) data, including multibeam bathymetry, side-scan sonar swaths, and chirp sonar subbottom profiles, were collected at four locations (AC601, WR269, GC852, and AT340). Data sets from the 2006 and 2007 dives resulted in a greatly improved understanding of both cross-slope and along-slope variability in the characteristics of fluid-gas expulsion sites and associated habitats. Our studies confirmed the importance of fluid-gas expulsion processes for sustaining chemosynthetic communities and impacting seabed geology on the middle and lower continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.001},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Hunt, J}
}
@article {German2010,
	title = {{Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {107},
	number = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {14020{\textendash}14025},
	abstract = {Thirty years after the first discovery of high-temperature submarine venting, the vast majority of the global mid-ocean ridge remains unexplored for hydrothermal activity. Of particular interest are the world{\textquoteright}s ultraslow spreading ridges that were the last to be demonstrated to host high-temperature venting but may host systems particularly relevant to prebiotic chemistry and the origins of life. Here we report evidence for previously unknown, diverse, and very deep hydrothermal vents along the similar to 110 km long, ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise (MCR). Our data indicate that the MCR hosts at least three discrete hydrothermal sites, each representing a different type of water-rock interaction, including both mafic and ultramafic systems and, at similar to 5,000 m, the deepest known hydrothermal vent. Although submarine hydrothermal circulation, in which seawater percolates through and reacts with host lithologies, occurs on all mid-ocean ridges, the diversity of vent types identified here and their relative geographic isolation make the MCR unique in the oceans. These new sites offer prospects for an expanded range of vent-fluid compositions, varieties of abiotic organic chemical synthesis and extremophile microorganisms, and unparalleled faunal biodiversity-all in close proximity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1009205107},
	author = {German, C R and Bowen, A and Coleman, M L and Honig, D L and Huber, J A and Jakuba, M V and Kinsey, J C and Kurz, M D and Leroy, S and McDermott, J M and de Lepinay, B M and Nakamura, K and Seewald, J S and Smith, J L and Sylva, S P and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Levin2010,
	title = {{Diversity of bathyal macrofauna on the northeastern Pacific margin: the influence of methane seeps and oxygen minimum zones}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {94{\textendash}110},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {The upper continental slope in the northeastern Pacific Ocean is intercepted by a deep oxygen minimum zone (OMZ; 650{\textendash}1100 m) and punctuated by conduits of methane seepage. We examined the effects of these two dominant sources of heterogeneity on the density, composition and diversity of heterotrophic macrofauna off Hydrate Ridge, Oregon (OR; 800 m water depth), where the seeps co-occur within an OMZ, and off the Eel River, Northern California (CA; 500 m), where seeps are overlain by better oxygenated waters. We hypothesized that seeps (containing clam beds and microbial mats) should contribute a suite of distinct species to the regional margin species pool but that OMZ-associated hypoxia would dampen seep-related heterogeneity. Macrofaunal densities were highest (23,000{\textendash}33,510 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2) in the CA seep sediments and in the OR near-seep samples, intermediate in the OR seep, CA near seep and CA and OR 500-m margin sediments (10,054{\textendash}19,777 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2), and lowest in the CA and OR OMZ habitats at 800 m (4269{\textendash}7847 ind{\textperiodcentered}m-2). Annelids constituted over 50{\%} of the taxa in all but the CA clam bed and OR microbial mat sediments, where mollusks were abundant. Approximately 50{\%} of seep species appeared to be habitat endemic; species present in microbial mats largely formed a subset of those present in the clam beds. Dorvilleid and ampharetid polychaetes were dominant in the seep sediments; non-seep margin sediments at 500 and 800 m were populated heavily by branchiate polychaetes including cossurids and paraonids. Alpha diversity (Es[20] calculated per core) was lowest and rank 1 dominance was highest in the CA and OR microbial mat habitats. Pooled analyses of Es[100] revealed highest species richness in the CA clam bed and near-seep habitats (30.3 and 29.6, respectively), and lowest species richness in the OR microbial mat and near-seep habitats (16.5 and 17.9, respectively). Non-seep sediments (500 and 800 m) off both CA and OR were more homogeneous (55{\textendash}57{\%} within-habitat similarity) than clam bed and microbial mat sediments (only 32{\textendash}37{\%} within-habitat similarity). CA sediment macrofauna generally exhibit higher alpha diversity, and as habitats are combined, a higher rate of increase in the slope of the species accumulation curves than do OR margin macrofauna. Methane seeps in the NE Pacific introduce significant heterogeneity that increases margin biodiversity at multiple spatial scales. However, our hypothesis that the OMZ would lessen the seep contributions to diversity was not supported. The better oxygenated CA seeps at 500 m shared more of the background margin fauna (at 500 m) than did the OR seeps at 800 m (with OMZ fauna at 800 m). Geographical differences in the fluxes of methane-rich fluids and the increased reliance on chemosynthetic food sources with increased depth could explain these results.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1439-0485},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00335.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00335.x},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Gonzalez, J P and Thurber, A R and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {Pradillon2009,
	title = {{Development of assemblages associated with alvinellid colonies on the walls of high-temperature vents at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1622{\textendash}1631},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.009},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Zbinden, M and Le Bris, N and Hourdez, S and Barnay, A S and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Haase2009,
	title = {{Diking, young volcanism and diffuse hydrothermal activity on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Lilliput field at 9 degrees 33'S}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {266},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {52{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.012},
	author = {Haase, K M and Koschinsky, A and Petersen, S and Devey, C W and German, C R and Lackschewitz, K S and Melchert, B and Seifert, R and Borowski, C and Giere, O and Paulick, H}
}
@article {Katsioloudis2009,
	title = {{Discovery of the depths: the world{\textquoteright}s oceans have been almost impenetrable to human exploration because of obstacles associated with underwater exploration{\textendash}until the very recent development of remote underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Technology Teacher},
	volume = {68},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {12{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0746-3537},
	author = {Katsioloudis, P J}
}
@article {Podowski2009,
	title = {{Distribution of diffuse flow megafauna in two sites on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Tonga}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {56},
	number = {11},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2041{\textendash}2056},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.07.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.07.002},
	author = {Podowski, E L and Moore, T S and Zelnio, K A and Luther, G W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Sarrazin2009,
	title = {{A dual sensor device to estimate fluid flow velocity at diffuse hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {56},
	number = {11},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2065{\textendash}2074},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.06.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.06.008},
	author = {Sarrazin, J and Rodier, P and Tivey, M K and Singh, H and Schultz, A and Sarradin, P -M}
}
@article {Fusaro2008,
	title = {{Development and characterization of 12 microsatellite markers from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent siboglinid Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {132{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1755-098X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01897},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01897},
	author = {Fusaro, A J and Baco, A R and Gerlach, G and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Varga2008,
	title = {{Direct evidence from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility for lateral melt migration at superfast spreading centers}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {Q08008},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002075},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002075},
	author = {Varga, R J and Horst, A J and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Chadwick2008,
	title = {{Direct video and hydrophone observations of submarine explosive eruptions at NW Rota-1 volcano, Mariana arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {B08S10},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JB005215},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005215},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Cashman, K V and Embley, R W and Matsumoto, H and Dziak, R P and de Ronde, C E J and Lau, T K and Deardorff, N D and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Walker2008,
	title = {{Dissolved inorganic carbon isotopic composition of low-temperature axial and ridge-flank hydrothermal fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {108},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {123{\textendash}136},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.002},
	author = {Walker, B D and McCarthy, M D and Fisher, A T and Guilderson, T P}
}
@article {Ammons2008,
	title = {{Distribution, habitat use and ecology of deepwater Anemones (Actiniaria) in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {55},
	number = {24-26},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2657{\textendash}2666},
	abstract = {The distribution of deepwater Actiniaria is poorly known. Rarely are these organisms identified to family, as this requires both well-preserved specimens and taxonomic expertise. Ecological information is similarly lacking. From the results of a comprehensive surveying program in the deep Gulf of Mexico, we report the occurrence of nine species of Actiniaria. For the most abundant four of these, we plot distributions and discuss habitat use, morphological variation, and feeding strategies. Actiniaria in the Gulf appear to have broad, basin-wide distributions with little depth preference. Faunal biomass is highest in the NE Gulf within submarine canyons or at the base of slope escarpments. Attachment mode is mostly opportunistic on various types of hard substrata, including trash. Sediment-dwelling forms are very abundant at an organically rich site within a large submarine canyon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.015},
	author = {Ammons, A W and Daly, M}
}
@article {Johnson2008,
	title = {{DNA barcoding of Lepetodrilus limpets reveals cryptic species}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {43{\textendash}51},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[43:DBOLLR]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[43:DBOLLR]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Johnson, S B and Waren, A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@mastersthesis {Gregg2008,
	title = {{The dynamics of oceanic transform faults : constraints from geophysical, geochemical, and geodynamical modeling}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {133},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2322},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2322},
	author = {Gregg, P M}
}
@article {Robinson2007,
	title = {{Deep-sea scleractinian coral age and depth distributions in the northwest Atlantic for the last 225,000 years}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {81},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {371{\textendash}391},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Robinson, L F and Adkins, J F and Scheirer, D S and Fernandez, D P and Gagnon, A C and Waller, R G}
}
@mastersthesis {Shah2007,
	title = {{Design considerations for engineering autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {89},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1883},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1883},
	author = {Shah, V P}
}
@article {Copley2007,
	title = {{Diversity of melofauna and free-living nematodes in hydrothermal vent mussel beds on the northern and southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {87},
	number = {5},
	year = {2007},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {1141{\textendash}1152},
	abstract = {The ecology and biogeography of meiofauna at deep-sea hydrothermal vents have historically received less attention than those of mega- and macrofauna. This study examines the composition of major meiofaunal taxa in beds of the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus at hydrothermal vents on the northern and southern East Pacific Rise (EPR) and presents the first comparison of species assemblages of the dominant taxon, the nematodes, among sites spanning 27 degrees of latitude. Meiofaunal samples were collected by submersible from three mussel beds at 9 degrees N on the EPR and four mussel beds between 17 and 18 degrees S in 1999. Estimated ages of the mussel beds at the time of sampling range from 4 to {\textgreater}20 years, enabling investigation of the influence of mussel bed age on meiofaunal assemblages. Overall, the meiofauna of the mussel beds was dominated by nematodes, with copepods constituting the second most abundant meiofaunal group. There was variation in the ratio of nematodes to copepods between sites, however, with copepods more abundant than nematodes in the youngest mussel beds. Apart from polychaete larvae, other meiofaunal groups were generally present at very low abundance (},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315407055956},
	author = {Copley, J T P and Flint, H C and Ferrero, T J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Duperron2007,
	title = {{Diversity, relative abundance and metabolic potential of bacterial endosymbionts in three Bathymodiolus mussel species from cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Environmental microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1423{\textendash}1438},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01259.x},
	author = {Duperron, S and Sibuet, M and MacGregor, B J and Kuypers, M M M and Fisher, C R and Dubilier, N}
}
@inbook {Heesemann2006,
	title = {{Data report: Long-term temperature measurements in holes 1253A and 1255A off Costa Rica, ODP Leg 205}},
	booktitle = {Fluid Flow and Subduction Fluxes across the Costa Rica Convergent Margin: Implications for the Seismogenic Zone and Subduction Factory},
	series = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {205},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1{\textendash}20},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1096-7451},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.205.209.2006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.205.209.2006},
	author = {Heesemann, M and Villinger, H and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M},
	editor = {Morris, J D}
}
@article {Eltgroth2006,
	title = {{A deep-sea coral record of North Atlantic radiocarbon through the Younger Dryas: Evidence for Intermediate/Deep Water Reorganization}},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {PA4207},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2005PA001192},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001192},
	author = {Eltgroth, S F and Adkins, J F and Robinson, L F and Southon, J and Kashgarian, M}
}
@article {Karson2006,
	title = {{Detachment shear zone of the Atlantis Massif core complex, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q06016},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001109},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001109},
	author = {Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Lang2006,
	title = {{Dissolved organic carbon in ridge-axis and ridge-flank hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {70},
	number = {15},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3830{\textendash}3842},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.031},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.031},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Butterfield, D A and Lilley, M D and Johnson, H P and Hedges, J I}
}
@article {Marris2005,
	title = {{Deep-sea biology: The life aquatic}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {436},
	number = {7053},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {908{\textendash}909},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/436908a},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/436908a},
	author = {Marris, E}
}
@article {Dreyer2005,
	title = {{Development of macrofaunal community structure in mussel beds on the northern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {121{\textendash}134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps302121},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps302121},
	author = {Dreyer, J C and Knick, K E and Flickinger, W B and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Hurtado2004,
	title = {{Distinct patterns of genetic differentiation among annelids of eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {9},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {2603{\textendash}2615},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02287.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02287.x},
	author = {Hurtado, L A and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Lutz2003,
	title = {{Dawn in the deep}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {203},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {92{\textendash}103},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Davis2003,
	title = {{Deep-ocean temperature variations and implications for errors in seafloor heat flow determinations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2034},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB001695},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001695},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Becker, K and Thomson, R E and Yashayaev, I}
}
@article {Glover2003,
	title = {{The deep-sea floor ecosystem: Current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025}},
	journal = {Environmental Conservation},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {219{\textendash}241},
	issn = {0376-8929},
	doi = {10.1017/S0376892903000225},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000225},
	author = {Glover, A G and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Won2003b,
	title = {{Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {169{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01726.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01726.x},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Young, C R and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Turnipseed2003,
	title = {{Diversity in mussel-beds at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {518{\textendash}523},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00465.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00465.x},
	author = {Turnipseed, M and Knick, K E and Lipcius, R N and Dreyer, J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Chadwick2002,
	title = {{A deep-sea observatory experiment using acoustic extensometers:precise horizontal distance measurements across a mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {193{\textendash}201},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/JOE.2002.1002473},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2002.1002473},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Stapp, M}
}
@article {Colaco2002,
	title = {{Delta 13C signature of hydrothermal mussels is related with the end-member fluid concentrations of H2S and CH4 at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent fields}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {259{\textendash}262},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/cbm/?execution=e1s2{\&}{\_}eventId=viewarticledetails{\&}articleId=3940},
	author = {Colaco, A and Dehairs, F and Desbruyeres, D and Le Bris, N and Sarradin, P -M}
}
@article {Jenkins2002,
	title = {{The digestive system of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Galapagomystides aristata (Phyllodocidae): Evidence for hematophagy?}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {121},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {243{\textendash}254},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00064.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00064.x},
	author = {Jenkins, C D and Ward, M E and Turnipseed, M and Osterberg, J and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Ballard2001,
	title = {{Deep Black Sea}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {199},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {52{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Fornari2001a,
	title = {{Deep Submergence, Science of}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of ocean sciences},
	volume = {2 (D-H)},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {643{\textendash}658},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {012227430X},
	doi = {10.1006/rwos.2001.0424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rwos.2001.0424},
	author = {Fornari, D J},
	editor = {Steele, J S}
}
@inbook {Etter2001,
	title = {{Deep-Sea Communities}},
	booktitle = {Marine Community Ecology},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {367{\textendash}394},
	publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
	organization = {Sinauer Associates},
	address = {Sunderland, Mass.},
	isbn = {0878930574},
	author = {Etter, R J and Mullineaux, L S},
	editor = {Bertness, M D}
}
@article {Klages2001,
	title = {{Deep-sea food falls: first observation of a natural event in the Arctic Ocean}},
	journal = {Polar Biology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {292{\textendash}295},
	issn = {0722-4060},
	doi = {10.1007/s003000000199},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000000199},
	author = {Klages, M and Vopel, K and Bluhm, H and Brey, T and Soltwedel, T and Arntz, W E}
}
@article {Holden2001,
	title = {{Diversity among three novel groups of hyperthermophilic deep-sea Thermococcus species from three sites in the northeastern Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {51{\textendash}60},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00825.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00825.x},
	author = {Holden, J F and Takai, K and Summit, M and Bolton, S A and Zyskowski, J and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Levin2001,
	title = {{Dressing up for the deep: agglutinated protists adorn an irregular urchin}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {81},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {881{\textendash}882},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315401004738},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401004738},
	author = {Levin, L A and Gooday, A J and James, D W}
}
@article {Hekinian2000,
	title = {{Deep sea explosive activity on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 34 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N; magma composition, vesicularity and volatile content}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}77},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00190-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00190-0},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Pineau, F and Shilobreeva, S and Bideau, D and Gracia, E and Javoy, M}
}
@inbook {Toye2000,
	title = {{Deep Submergence: The beginnings of Alvin as a tool of basic research and introduction of featured speaker Dr. Robert D. Ballard}},
	booktitle = {50 years of ocean discovery: National Science Foundation, 1950-2000},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {65{\textendash}66},
	publisher = {National Academy Press},
	organization = {National Academy Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-309-06398-1},
	author = {Toye, S}
}
@article {Griboulard2000,
	title = {{Deep-dive observations and acoustic sonar imagery of an accretionary fold: surficial deformations on the South Barbados Wedge (Atlantic Ocean)}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciences. S{\'e}rie II, M{\'e}canique, physique, chimie, sciences de l{\textquoteright}univers, sciences de la terre},
	volume = {330},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {281{\textendash}287},
	issn = {0764-4450},
	doi = {10.1016/S1251-8050(00)00128-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)00128-2},
	author = {Griboulard, R and Deniaud, Y and Gonthier, E}
}
@article {Rona2000,
	title = {{Deep-diving manned research submersibles}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {33},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13{\textendash}25},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Gebruk2000,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities of the Logatchev area (14 degrees 45{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Diverse biotypes and high biomass}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {80},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {383{\textendash}393},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315499002088},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315499002088},
	author = {Gebruk, A V and Chevaldonne, P and Shank, T M and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Voight2000,
	title = {{A deep-sea octopus (Graneledone cf. boreopacifica) as a shell-crushing hydrothermal vent predator}},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {252},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {335{\textendash}341},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0952-8369},
	doi = {10.1017/S0952836900000078},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952836900000078},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@article {Lutz2000,
	title = {{Deep-sea vents: Science at the extreme}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {198},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {116{\textendash}127},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Kristof, E}
}
@article {Johnson2000a,
	title = {{Density and porosity of upper oceanic crust from seafloor gravity measurements}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {27},
	number = {7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1053{\textendash}1056},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL011130},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011130},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Pruis, M J and Van Patten, D and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {Duplessis2000,
	title = {{Description of a new deep-water calcareous sponge (Porifera: Calcarea) from Northern California}},
	journal = {Pacific Science},
	volume = {54},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {10{\textendash}14},
	issn = {0030-8870},
	url = {http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/1593},
	author = {Duplessis, K and Reiswig, H M}
}
@inbook {Coleman2000,
	title = {{Design and implementation of advanced underwater imaging systems for deep sea marine archaeological surveys}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {661{\textendash}665},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881329},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881329},
	author = {Coleman, D F and Newman, J B and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard2000a,
	title = {{The discovery of ancient history in the deep sea using advanced deep submergence technology}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {47},
	number = {9},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1591{\textendash}1620},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00117-X},
	author = {Ballard, R D and McCann, A M and Yoerger, D R and Whitcomb, L and Mindell, D and Oleson, J and Singh, H and Foley, B and Adams, J and Piechota, D and Giangrande, C}
}
@article {Voight2000b,
	title = {{The distribution of octopuses of Graneledone (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in reference to deep-sea features}},
	journal = {Malacologia},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {63{\textendash}74},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0076-2997},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@article {Watanabe2000,
	title = {{Dive surveys on knolls off the north-east of the Iriomote Island{\textendash}The Iriomote Knoll and the Daiichi and Daini Kohama Knolls}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {19{\textendash}28},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}02{\_}03.pdf},
	author = {Watanabe, K}
}
@book {Kovacs2000,
	title = {{Dive to the deep ocean: Voyages of exploration and discovery}},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {64},
	publisher = {Raintree Steck-Vaughn},
	organization = {Raintree Steck-Vaughn},
	address = {Austin, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0739812351},
	author = {Kovacs, D}
}
@article {VanDover2000,
	title = {{Diversity at deep-sea hydrothermal vent and intertidal mussel beds}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {195},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {169{\textendash}178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps195169},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps195169},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Trask, J L}
}
@article {Distel2000,
	title = {{Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents?}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {403},
	number = {6771},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {725{\textendash}726},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35001667},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001667},
	author = {Distel, D L and Baco, A R and Chuang, E and Morrill, W and Cavanaugh, C and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Kinoshita1999,
	title = {{Detailed mapping of a hydrothermal field using navigation and visual data of submersible Shinkai 6500}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {661{\textendash}669},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}57.pdf},
	author = {Kinoshita, M and Ytow, N and Akashi, A and Takekawa, K}
}
@article {Whitcomb1999a,
	title = {{Development, comparison and preliminary experimental validation of nonlinear dyanmic thruster models}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {481{\textendash}494},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.809270},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.809270},
	author = {Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Howland1999,
	title = {{Digital mosaicking of underwater imagery}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {6},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {65{\textendash}69},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Howland, J C and Singh, H and Marra, M and Potter, D}
}
@article {Gilbert1999,
	title = {{Direct measurements of oceanic crustal density at the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {26},
	number = {24},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {3633{\textendash}3636},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL008391},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008391},
	author = {Gilbert, L A and Johnson, H P}
}
@inbook {Lerner1998,
	title = {{Data monitoring, access, and analysis systems for the M.V. Derbyshire survey, 1997}},
	booktitle = {OCC {\textquoteright}98 proceedings: the Marine Technology Society Annual Conference; Ocean Community Conference {\textquoteright}98, November 16-19 1998, Baltimore Convention Center.},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1109{\textendash}1113},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-933957-21-1},
	author = {Lerner, S}
}
@book {Bowen1998,
	title = {{A deep sea docking station for ODYSSEY class autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {98-11},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {71},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/319},
	author = {Bowen, M F and Peters, D B}
}
@article {Lauerman1998,
	title = {{Deep-sea epibenthic echinoderms and a temporally varying food supply: results from a one year time series in the N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {817{\textendash}842},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00004-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00004-6},
	author = {Lauerman, L M L and Kaufmann, R S}
}
@article {Lutz1998,
	title = {{A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community dominated by Stauromedusae}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {329{\textendash}334},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00047-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00047-7},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Desbruyeres, D and Shank, T M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Smith1998,
	title = {{Detrital aggregates on the sea floor: chemical composition and aerobic decomposition rates at a time-series station in the abyssal N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {843{\textendash}880},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00005-8},
	author = {Smith, K L and Baldwin, R J and Glatts, R C and Kaufmann, R S and Fisher, E C}
}
@article {Lawrence1998,
	title = {{Dike orientations, fault-block rotations, and the construction of slow spreading oceanic crust at 22 degrees 40{\textquoteright} N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {663{\textendash}676},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB02541},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB02541},
	author = {Lawrence, R M and Karson, J A and Hurst, S D}
}
@article {Kim1998,
	title = {{Distribution and near-bottom transport of larvae and other plankton at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {423{\textendash}440},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00042-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00042-8},
	author = {Kim, S L and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@inbook {Prieur1998,
	title = {{Diversity of thermophilic micro-organisms at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Third European marine science and technology conference, Lisbon, 23-27 May 1998: conference proceedings},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Office for Official Publications of the European Communities},
	organization = {Office for Official Publications of the European Communities},
	address = {Luxembourg},
	isbn = {92-82828-96-4},
	author = {Prieur, D}
}
@book {VanDover1997,
	title = {{Deep-ocean journeys: Discovering new life at the bottom of the sea}},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {197},
	publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
	organization = {Addison-Wesley},
	address = {Reading, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0201154986},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@mastersthesis {Cairns1997,
	title = {{Development of a short-baseline transient EM marine system and its application in the study of the TAG hydrothermal mound}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {174},
	school = {University of Toronto},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Toronto, Ont., Canada},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27616.pdf},
	author = {Cairns, G}
}
@inbook {Snow1997,
	title = {{Devising a misalignment tolerant subsea grasping system}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}97 MTS/IEEE : conference proceedings : 6-9 October 1997, World Trade and Convention Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1222{\textendash}1229},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-4108-2},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1997.624170},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1997.624170},
	author = {Snow, E R and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Sulanowska1996,
	title = {{Detailed analysis of the surface morphology of the active TAG hydrothermal mound by mosaicking of digital images}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {77},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {768},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Sulanowska, M M and Humphris, S E and Howland, J C and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@inbook {Kleinrock1996,
	title = {{Detailed structure and morphology of the TAG active hydrothermal mound and its geotectonic environment}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial reports},
	volume = {158},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.158.102.1996},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Humphris, S E and Shaw, P and Bowen, A and Crook, T and Davis, C S and Elder, R and Gleason, D E and Goff, J and Goldstein, L and Handley, W and Howland, J and Hussenoeder, S and Koga, K and Lerner, S and Nakamura, K and Rashid, M and Reiser Wetzel, L and Sellers, W and Sulanowska, M and Van Dover, C L and Whitcomb, L},
	editor = {Maddox, E}
}
@article {Tivey1995,
	title = {{Deducing patterns of fluid flow and mixing within the TAG hydrothermal mound using mineralogical and geochemical data}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B7},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {12,512{\textendash}527,555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02081},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02081},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Humphris, S E and Thompson, G and Hannington, M D and Rona, P A}
}
@inbook {Hessler1995,
	title = {{The Deep-sea hydrothermal vent community: An overview}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {72{\textendash}84},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Hessler, R R and Kaharl, V A},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Boetius1995,
	title = {{Digestive enzymes in marine invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and other reducing environments}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {122},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {105{\textendash}113},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00349283},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349283},
	author = {Boetius, A and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Hussenoeder1995,
	title = {{Direct inversion of potential fields from an uneven track with application to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {23},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {3131{\textendash}3134},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/95GL03326},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95GL03326},
	author = {Hussenoeder, S and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H}
}
@book {Tivey1995a,
	title = {{Direct measurement of a magnetic polarity boundary with depth in oceanic crust}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Tivey, M A}
}
@inbook {Mullineaux1995a,
	title = {{Dispersal mechanisms of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {408{\textendash}424},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and France, S C},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Walden1995,
	title = {{DSV Alvin}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {33{\textendash}36},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Walden, B and Cullen, V}
}
@book {McCann1994,
	title = {{Deep water archaeology: a late Roman ship sailing from Carthage and a trade route northeast of Skerki Bank}},
	series = {Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplements},
	number = {13},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {162},
	publisher = {Journal of Roman Archaeology},
	organization = {Journal of Roman Archaeology},
	address = {Ann Arbor, Mich.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1-887829-13-X},
	author = {McCann, A M and Freed, J}
}
@article {Robigou1994a,
	title = {{Deep-Sea research takes a new approach}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {8},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {81,87{\textendash}88},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/94EO00525},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94EO00525},
	author = {Robigou, V and Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Smith1994,
	title = {{Descriptive and chemical data for hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate silica chimneys from the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {21},
	publisher = {US Geological Survey},
	organization = {US Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr9415},
	author = {Smith, V K and Koski, R A}
}
@inbook {Garzke1993,
	title = {{Deep underwater exploration vehicles {\textendash} past, present and future}},
	booktitle = {Centennial meeting, technical sessions, September 15-17, 1992, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, the New York Hilton and Towers, New York, NY},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {15{\textendash}40},
	publisher = {Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers},
	organization = {Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers},
	address = {Jersey City, N.J.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Garzke, W H and Yoerger, D R and Harris, S and Dulin, R O and Brown, D K}
}
@article {Travis1993,
	title = {{Deep-sea debate pits Alvin against Jason}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {259},
	number = {5101},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1534{\textendash}1536},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.259.5101.1534},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5101.1534},
	author = {Travis, J}
}
@article {VanDover1993,
	title = {{Depths of ignorance}},
	journal = {Discover},
	volume = {14},
	number = {9},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {37{\textendash}39},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0274-7529},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Ballou1993,
	title = {{Design study: 2-person research submersible}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {3{\textendash}14},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Ballou, P J and Hawkes, G S}
}
@inbook {Morrison1993,
	title = {{Determination of the hydrodynamic parameters of an underwater vehicle during small scale nonuniform, 1-dimensional translation}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}93: Engineering in harmony with the ocean: Proceedings},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {II277{\textendash}II282},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0-7803-1385-2},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326105},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326105},
	author = {Morrison, A T and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {VanDover1992,
	title = {{Deep-sea amphipod swarms}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {358},
	number = {6381},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {25{\textendash}26},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/358025a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358025a0},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Kaartvedt, S and Bollens, S M and Wiebe, P H and Martin, J W and France, S C}
}
@article {Fox1992,
	title = {{Detection of changes in ridge-crest morphology using repeated multibeam sonar surveys}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	number = {7},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {11,111{\textendash}149,162},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB00601},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB00601},
	author = {Fox, C G and Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Rona1992,
	title = {{Discrete and diffuse heat transfer at ASHES vent field, Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {109},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {57{\textendash}71},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(92)90074-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(92)90074-6},
	author = {Rona, P A and Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Haymon1992,
	title = {{Dramatic short-term changes observed during March {\textquoteright}92 to April {\textquoteright}91 eruption site on the East Pacific Rise crest 9 45-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Lutz, R and Perfit, M and Macdonald, K and Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M and Shanks, W C and Nelson, D and Edwards, M and Kappus, M and Colodner, D and Wright, D and Scherier, D and Black, M and Edmonds, H and Olson, E and Geiselman, T}
}
@book {Chandler1992,
	title = {{DSV Alvin dive log 1964-92}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Chandler, R S}
}
@article {Stone1991,
	title = {{Deep ocean science and facility needs}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {25},
	number = {2},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {14{\textendash}21},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Stone, G S and Busch, W S}
}
@article {Yoerger1991,
	title = {{Design and performance evaluation of an actively compliant underwater manipulator for full-ocean depth}},
	journal = {Journal of Robotic Systems},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {371{\textendash}392},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0741-2223},
	doi = {10.1002/rob.4620080306},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rob.4620080306},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Schempf, H and DiPietro, D M}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1991,
	title = {{Design methods of improving robot manipulator performance}},
	booktitle = {Advances in Design Automation, 1991},
	series = {DE (American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Design Engineering Division)},
	volume = {2},
	number = {32},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {545{\textendash}550},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-79180-748-4},
	author = {Ulrich, N T and Kumar, V},
	editor = {Gabriele, G A}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1991a,
	title = {{Design optimization of an electric underwater manipulator}},
	booktitle = {Intervention/ROV {\textquoteright}91 Conference {\&} Exposition: May 21-23, 1991, Diplomat Resort and Convention Center, Hollywood, Florida},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {219{\textendash}228},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society ROV Committee},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society ROV Committee},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	author = {Ulrich, N and Yoerger, D R}
}
@mastersthesis {Trivett1991,
	title = {{Diffuse flow from hydrothermal vents}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {216},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3236},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3236},
	author = {Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Edwards1991,
	title = {{DNA-DNA solution hybridization studies of the bacterial symbionts of hydrothermal vent tube worms (Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana)}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {57},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1082{\textendash}1088},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/4/1082},
	author = {Edwards, D B and Nelson, D C}
}
@article {Yoerger1991b,
	title = {{Drag forces and flow-induced vibrations of a long vertical tow cable - Part I: Steady-state towing conditions}},
	journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {113},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {117{\textendash}127},
	issn = {0892-7219},
	doi = {10.1115/1.2919907},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919907},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A and Triantafyllou, M S and Burgess, J J}
}
@article {Grosenbaugh1991,
	title = {{Drag forces and flow-induced vibrations of a long vertical tow cable - Part II: Unsteady towing conditions}},
	journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {113},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {199{\textendash}204},
	issn = {0892-7219},
	doi = {10.1115/1.2919920},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919920},
	author = {Grosenbaugh, M A and Yoerger, D R and Hover, F S and Triantafyllou, M S}
}
@article {Fryer1990a,
	title = {{Deep submersibles and potential marine geological research}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {22{\textendash}31},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Fryer, P}
}
@article {Edmond1990,
	title = {{Deep-sea science needs in marine geochemistry}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {32{\textendash}33},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Edmond, J M}
}
@article {Simoneit1990,
	title = {{Deep-water hydrocarbon seeps in Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {41{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90034-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90034-3},
	author = {Simoneit, B R T and Lonsdale, P F and Edmond, J M and Shanks, W C}
}
@article {Rau1990,
	title = {{[delta]13C, [delta]15N and [delta]18O of Calyptogena phaseoliformis (bivalve mollusc) from the Ascension Fan-Valley near Monterey, California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1669{\textendash}1676},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90070-C},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90070-C},
	author = {Rau, G H and McHugh, C M and Harrold, C and Baxter, C and Hecker, B and Embley, R W}
}
@book {Mills1990,
	title = {{Descriptions of W.H.O.I. Rock Dredge Samples, Volume IV}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {90-41},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {163},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1025},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1025},
	author = {Mills, P B and Andrew, P J}
}
@book {Ballard1990,
	title = {{The Discovery of the Bismarck}},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {231},
	publisher = {Warner Books},
	organization = {Warner Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-44-651386-5},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Archbold, R}
}
@inbook {Morton1990,
	title = {{Distribution and composition of massive sulfide deposits at Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Gorda Ridge: A seafloor spreading center in the United States{\textquoteright} Exclusive Economic Zone: Proceedings of the Gorda Ridge symposium, May 11-13, 1987, Portland, Oregon},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {77{\textendash}92},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0387970347},
	author = {Morton, J L and Koski, R A and Normark, W R and Ross, S L},
	editor = {McMurray, G R}
}
@inbook {Stein1990a,
	title = {{Diversity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase genes in sulfur oxidizing symbiosis}},
	booktitle = {Endocytobiology IV: 4th International Colloquium on Endocytobiology and Symbiosis},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {343{\textendash}348},
	publisher = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	organization = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	address = {Paris},
	isbn = {2-7380-0241-2},
	author = {Stein, J L and Haygood, M and Felbeck, H},
	editor = {Nardon, P}
}
@book {Copley1990,
	title = {{Drawings and Descriptions of Some Deep-Sea Copepods Living Above the Guaymas Basin Hydrothermal Vent Field}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {90-15},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {63},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1007},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1007},
	author = {Copley, N J and Wiebe, P H}
}
@book {Chandler1990,
	title = {{DSV Alvin dive log 1964-90}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Chandler, R S}
}
@article {Kleinrock1989b,
	title = {{Detailed tectonics near the tip of the Galapagos 95.5 degrees W propagator: How the lithosphere tears and a spreading axis develops}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {94},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {13,801{\textendash}813,838},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB094iB10p13801},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB10p13801},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Hey, R N}
}
@article {Ballard1989a,
	title = {{Die Entdeckung der Bismarck}},
	journal = {GEO},
	volume = {1989},
	number = {12},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {14{\textendash}36},
	issn = {0342-8311},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Mayer1988,
	title = {{Dense biological communities at 3850 m on the Laurentian Fan and their relationship to the deposits of the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1235{\textendash}1246},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90079-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90079-9},
	author = {Mayer, L A and Shor, A N and Clarke, J H and Piper, D J W}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1988,
	title = {{Design and control of Jason}},
	booktitle = {Intervention {\textquoteright}88, April 17-20: Underwater Technology Conference, 1988},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {541{\textendash}553},
	publisher = {Det norske Veritas},
	organization = {Det norske Veritas},
	address = {Bergen, Norway},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {8299113423},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and von Alt, C and Newman, J B and Bowen, A and Hersey, W J},
	editor = {Atteraas, L}
}
@mastersthesis {Kleinrock1988,
	title = {{Detailed structural studies of the propagator system near 95.5 degrees W along the Galapagos spreading axis}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {322},
	school = {University of California, San Diego},
	type = {phd},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C}
}
@book {Chandler1988,
	title = {{DSV Alvin dive log 1964-88}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Chandler, R S}
}
@book {Kovacs1987,
	title = {{A day underwater}},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {32},
	publisher = {Scholastic},
	organization = {Scholastic},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-590-40746-5},
	author = {Kovacs, D}
}
@book {Wallace1987,
	title = {{The deep sea}},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {143},
	publisher = {Gallery Books},
	organization = {Gallery Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-83172-177-4},
	author = {Wallace, J}
}
@article {Brooks1987,
	title = {{Deep-sea hydrocarbon seep communities: Evidence for energy and nutritional carbon sources}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {238},
	number = {4830},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1138{\textendash}1142.},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.238.4830.1138},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4830.1138},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Kennicutt, M C and Fisher, C R and Macko, S A and Cole, K and Childress, J J and Bidigare, R R and Vetter, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1987,
	title = {{The discovery of the Titanic}},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {230},
	publisher = {Warner Books},
	organization = {Warner Books},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-446-51385-7},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Archbold, R}
}
@book {Holcomb1987,
	title = {{Dive report: Alvin dive No. 1461, September 28, 1984 (JD 272) plume site, southern Juan de Fuca Rift}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {101},
	publisher = {U. S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U. S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Holcomb, R T and Kappel, E S and Ross, S L}
}
@inbook {Tyce1986,
	title = {{Deep-ocean pathfinding {\textendash} high resolution mapping and navigation}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}86},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {163{\textendash}168},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160553},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160553},
	author = {Tyce, R and Miller, J and Edwards, R and Silver, A}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1986,
	title = {{Design of underwater vehicles for high performance control}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}86 Conference Record},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1431{\textendash}1437},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160335},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1986.1160335},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and von Alt, C J and Bowen, A D and Newman, J B}
}
@article {Gente1986,
	title = {{Detailed geological mapping by submersible of the East Pacific Rise axial graben near 13 degrees N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {78},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {224{\textendash}236},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(86)90063-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90063-4},
	author = {Gente, P and Auzende, J M and Renard, V and Fouquet, Y and Bideau, D}
}
@article {Sakamoto-Arnold1986,
	title = {{Determination of hydrogen sulfide in seawater using flow injection analysis and flow analysis}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {894{\textendash}900},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}31/issue{\_}4/0894.pdf},
	author = {Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Johnson, K S and Beehler, C L}
}
@book {Holcomb1986,
	title = {{Dive Report, Alvin Dive {\#} 1456 : Sept. 17, 1984 (JD 261), Vent 3 Area, Southern Juan de Fuca Rift}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	volume = {86-0560-C},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {65},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr86560C},
	author = {Holcomb, R T and Morton, J L}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1985,
	title = {{Demonstration of closed-loop trajectory control of an underwater vehicle}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}85 Conference Record : Ocean Engineering and the Environment},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {1028{\textendash}1033},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160174},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160174},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Newman, J B}
}
@inbook {Jones1985a,
	title = {{Dive data of certain submersibles at hydrothermal and other sites}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {539{\textendash}545},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Jones, M L and Bright, C F},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Jannasch1984b,
	title = {{Deep sea microbiology}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Microbiology},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {487{\textendash}514},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0066-4227},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.mi.38.100184.002415},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.38.100184.002415},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Taylor, C D}
}
@inbook {Harris1984,
	title = {{Development status: Argo deep ocean instrument platform}},
	booktitle = {Remotely Operated Vehicles: ROV {\textquoteright}84 Technology Update, an International Perspective : May 14-18, 1984, Town and Country Hotel, San Diego, California},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {224{\textendash}227},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Harris, S E and Marquet, W M and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Nelson1984,
	title = {{DNA base composition and genome size of the prokaryotic symbiont in Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora)}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {267{\textendash}271},
	issn = {0378-1097},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01317.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01317.x},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Waterbury, J B and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Hessler1983,
	title = {{The distribution and community structure of megafauna at the Galapagos Rift hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {735{\textendash}770},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Hessler, R R and Smithey, W M},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Rowe1982,
	title = {{The deep-sea macrobenthos on the continental margin of the northwest Atlantic Ocean}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {257{\textendash}278},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(82)90113-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(82)90113-3},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Polloni, P T and Haedrich, R L}
}
@book {543,
	title = {{Directions for MIT research in unmanned underwater work systems}},
	series = {Opportunity brief / MIT/Marine Industry Collegium},
	volume = {Rev.},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Marine Industry Advisory Services, Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	organization = {Marine Industry Advisory Services, Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/mit/mitt182002.pdf}
}
@inbook {Rowe1981,
	title = {{The deep-sea ecosystem}},
	booktitle = {Analysis of Marine Ecosystems},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {235{\textendash}267},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0124555608},
	author = {Rowe, G T},
	editor = {Longhurst, A R}
}
@article {Turner1981,
	title = {{Drevesnye Ostrovki i termal{\textquoteright}nye isotochniki kak tsentry vozniknoveniya glubokovoknykh soobshchestv s vysokoj stepen{\textquoteright}yu raznoobraziya}},
	journal = {Biologiya Morya},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {3{\textendash}10},
	issn = {1063-0740},
	author = {Turner, R D}
}
@article {Karl1980,
	title = {{Deep-sea primary production at the Galapagos hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4437},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1345{\textendash}1347},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	author = {Karl, D M and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Berg1980,
	title = {{Description of living specimens of Calyptogena magnifica, Boss and Turner with notes on their distribution and ecology}},
	journal = {Malacologia},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {183{\textendash}185},
	issn = {0076-2997},
	author = {Berg, C J and Turner, R D}
}
@inbook {Mullins1979b,
	title = {{Deep carbonate bank margin structure and sedimentation in the northern Bahamas}},
	booktitle = {Geology of Continental Slopes},
	series = {Special publication - Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	number = {27},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {165{\textendash}192},
	publisher = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	organization = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C},
	editor = {Doyle, L J}
}
@article {Wiebe1979,
	title = {{Diel vertical migration by Salpa aspera and its potential for large-scale particulate organic matter transport to the deep-sea}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {53},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {249{\textendash}255},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00952433},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00952433},
	author = {Wiebe, P H and Madin, L P and Haury, L R and Harbison, G R and Philbin, L M}
}
@article {Rona1979,
	title = {{Diving with Alvin in submarine canyons}},
	journal = {Museum International},
	volume = {10},
	number = {10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {5{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1350-0775},
	author = {Rona, P A}
}
@mastersthesis {Mullins1978a,
	title = {{Deep carbonate bank margin structure and sedimentation in the northern Bahamas}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {175},
	school = {University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Chapel Hill, N. Car.},
	author = {Mullins, H T}
}
@article {Grassle1978a,
	title = {{Diversity and population dynamics of benthic organisms}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {42{\textendash}49},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F}
}
@article {Fehn1977,
	title = {{Deep-water temperatures in the FAMOUS area}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {488{\textendash}494},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<488:DTITFA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C488:DTITFA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Fehn, U and Siegel, M D and Robinson, G R and Holland, H D and Williams, D L and Erickson, A J and Green, K E}
}
@article {Heirtzler1977d,
	title = {{Detailed structure of Mid-Atlantic Rift valley floor}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {7{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(77)90198-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(77)90198-6},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R}
}
@article {Estabrook1977,
	title = {{Development of deep-ocean work system}},
	journal = {Mechanism and Machine Theory},
	volume = {12},
	number = {5},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {569{\textendash}576},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-114X},
	doi = {10.1016/0094-114X(77)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-114X(77)90049-0},
	author = {Estabrook, N and Wheeler, H and Uhler, D and Hackman, D}
}
@book {Sharp1977,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin: A review of accomplishments}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-114},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {86},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A and Shumaker, L A}
}
@article {Wirsen1976,
	title = {{Decomposition of solid organic materials in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {9},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {880{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es60120a002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60120a002},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Barnes1976,
	title = {{Deep-sea macroplanktonic sea cucumbers: suspended sediment feeders captured from deep submergence vehicle}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {194},
	number = {4269},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {1083{\textendash}1085},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.194.4269.1083},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4269.1083},
	author = {Barnes, A T and Quetin, L B and Childress, J J and Pawson, D L}
}
@article {Heirtzler1976,
	title = {{Deep-sea research by manned submersibles}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {194},
	number = {4262},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {294{\textendash}299},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.194.4262.294},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4262.294},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Grassle, J F}
}
@book {Bertsche1976,
	title = {{Description of an experimental undersea manipulator system with force feedback: November 1975}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {28},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@book {Sharp1976,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report: 1976}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G}
}
@book {McElroy1975a,
	title = {{Design features of the submersible modular acoustic system}},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {36},
	publisher = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	organization = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {McElroy, P T}
}
@mastersthesis {Macdonald1975,
	title = {{Detailed studies of the structure, tectonics, near bottom magnetic anomalies and microearthquake seismicity of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 37 degrees N}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {248},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1270},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1270},
	author = {Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {Ballard1975a,
	title = {{Dive into the great rift}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {147},
	number = {5},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {604{\textendash}615},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Sharp1975,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report: 1975}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G}
}
@book {1766,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 16 June 1961 through 31 December 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-60},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {Sharp1974,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report: 1974}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G}
}
@article {Jannasch1973a,
	title = {{Deep-sea microorganisms: In situ response to nutrient enrichment}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {180},
	number = {4086},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {641{\textendash}643},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.180.4086.641},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4086.641},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@mastersthesis {OSullivan1973,
	title = {{The design of a surface launch and recovery fender for DSRV "Alvin"}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {72},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1241},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1241},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Sullivan, J F}
}
@book {Sharp1973,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report, 1973}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Doherty, K W}
}
@book {Sharp1972,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report: 1972}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Eliason, A H}
}
@book {Aldrich1971,
	title = {{Design and testing of the deep-submersible hoist system for the catamaran R/V Lulu}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {71-46},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Aldrich, T B and Leiby, J and Sharp, A G}
}
@book {Sharp1971,
	title = {{DSRV Alvin weight report: 1971}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Winget, C L and Eliason, A H}
}
@book {1782,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 January Through 31 December 1968}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-17},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {Daubin1969,
	title = {{Deep submergence vehicles for ocean research}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-86},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {33},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Daubin, S C}
}
@book {Vandiver1969,
	title = {{Dynamic analysis of a launch and recovery system for a deep submersible}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-88},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {76},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Vandiver, J K}
}
@book {Busby1968,
	title = {{Design and operational performance of manned submersibles}},
	series = {Informal Report},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {30},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Busby, R F}
}
@book {1225,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 January through 31 December 1966}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-23},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {Morgan1967,
	title = {{Determination of hull efficiency parameters for a deep submergence hull form}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {142},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Morgan, H A and Szczypinski, W S}
}
@inbook {Burke1967,
	title = {{DRV operation and instrumentation}},
	booktitle = {New thrust seaward Transactions of the Third Annual MTS Conference {\&} Exhibit, 5-7 June, 1967, San Diego, California},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {445{\textendash}457},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Burke, F P and Rainnie, W O}
}
@book {Hays1966,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 January Through 31 December 1965}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {66-22},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {31},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Hays, E E}
}
@book {Baxter1966,
	title = {{Discussion of various means of improving visibility from the DSRV Alvin or similar vehicles}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {15},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Baxter, L}
}
@book {1480,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 January through 31 December 1964}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {65-11},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {14},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {Park1965,
	title = {{Deep-sea vehicles}},
	journal = {International Science and Technology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {26{\textendash}38},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0097-3777},
	author = {Park, F}
}
@book {Mavor1965d,
	title = {{Design and manufacture of new emergency hull release for Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W and Sharp, A G}
}
@book {723,
	title = {{Design and process control specification, 6 A1-4 V titanium alloy spherical buoyancy vessel, No. 90-000011, Rev. B}},
	year = {1965},
	publisher = {Pressure Systems, Inc},
	organization = {Pressure Systems, Inc},
	address = {Hampton, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {2305,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period November 1, 1962 - December 31, 1963}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {64-1},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@book {1549,
	title = {{Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 November 1961-31 October 1962}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {62-41},
	year = {1962},
	pages = {12},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
