@article {RN2503,
	title = {Early development and coloniality in Oligophylloides from the Devonian of Morocco{\textemdash}Are Heterocorallia Palaeozoic octocorals?},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0257523},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0257523},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141477788 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0257523\&type=printable},
	author = {Berkowski, B{\l}a{\.z}ej and Zapalski, Miko{\l}aj K. and Jarochowska, Emilia and Alderslade, Phil}
}
@article {RN2456,
	title = {Editorial: Archaea in the Environment: Views on Archaeal Distribution, Activity, and Biogeography},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {667596},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.667596},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136340014 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.667596},
	author = {Teske, Andreas and Amils, Ricardo and Ram{\'\i}rez, Gustavo A. and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {RN2464,
	title = {Editorial: Archaea in the Environment: Views on Archaeal Distribution, Activity, and Biogeography},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.667596},
	author = {Teske, A. and Amils, R. and Ramirez, G. A. and Reysenbach, A. L.}
}
@article {RN2500,
	title = {Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {16},
	number = {9},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0256321},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256321},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140963870 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0256321\&type=printable},
	author = {Ram{\'\i}rez, Gustavo A. and Mara, Paraskevi and Sehein, Taylor and Wegener, Gunter and Chambers, Christopher R. and Joye, Samantha B. and Peterson, Richard N. and Philippe, Aur{\'e}lie and Burgaud, Ga{\"e}tan and Edgcomb, Virginia P. and Teske, Andreas P.}
}
@article {RN2457,
	title = {Expanding the repertoire of electron acceptors for the anaerobic oxidation of methane in carbonates in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-14},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-00918-w},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136330759},
	author = {Beckmann, Sabrina and Farag, Ibrahim F. and Zhao, Rui and Christman, Glenn D. and Prouty, Nancy G. and Biddle, Jennifer F.}
}
@article {RN2444,
	title = {Experimental partitioning of osmium between pyrite and fluid: Constraints on the mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal flux of osmium to seawater},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {293},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {240-255},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2020.10.029},
	author = {Syverson, D. D. and Katchinoff, J. A. R. and Yohe, L. R. and Tutolo, B. M. and Seyfried, W. E. and Rooney, A. D.}
}
@article {RN2489,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, Susan Q. and Lilley, Marvin D. and Baumberger, Tamara and Frueh-Green, Gretchen L. and Walker, Sharon L. and Brazelton, William J. and Kelley, Deborah S. and Elend, Mitchell and Butterfield, David A. and Mau, Aaron J.}
}
@article {RN2488,
	title = {Extensive decentralized hydrogen export from the Atlantis Massif},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {851-856},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48322.1},
	author = {Lang, S. Q. and Lilley, M. D. and Baumberger, T. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L. and Walker, S. L. and Brazelton, W. J. and Kelley, D. S. and Elend, M. and Butterfield, D. A. and Mau, A. J.}
}
@article {RN2454,
	title = {Extreme Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Mantle Revealed in Lavas From the 8 degrees 20 {\textquoteright} N Near-Axis Seamount Chain},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {22},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020GC009322},
	author = {Anderson, M. and Wanless, V. D. and Perfit, M. and Conrad, E. and Gregg, P. and Fornari, D. and Ridley, W. I.}
}
@article {RN2430,
	title = {Ecophysiology and ecological limits of symbiotrophic vesicomyid bivalves (Pliocardiinae) in the Southern Ocean},
	journal = {Polar Biology},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-15},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s00300-020-02717-z},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129639986},
	author = {Linse, Katrin and Sigwart, Julia D. and Chen, Chong and Krylova, Elena M.}
}
@article {RN2423,
	title = {Evidence for an expanded repertoire of electron acceptors for the anaerobic oxidation of methane in authigenic carbonates in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2020.06.12.148429},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.06.12.148429},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128480116 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/06/14/2020.06.12.148429.full.pdf},
	author = {Beckmann, Sabrina and Farag, Ibrahim and Zhao, Rui and Christman, Glenn D. and Prouty, Nancy G. and Biddle, Jennifer}
}
@article {RN2440,
	title = {Experimentally-validated correlation analysis reveals new anaerobic methane oxidation partnerships with consortium-level heterogeneity in diazotrophy},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00757-1},
	author = {Metcalfe, K. S. and Murali, R. and Mullin, S. W. and Connon, S. A. and Orphan, V. J.}
}
@article {RN2384,
	title = {Evidence for Low-Temperature Diffuse Venting at North Pond, Western Flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2572-2584},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC008113},
	author = {Villinger, H. W. and Muller, P. and Bach, W. and Becker, K. and Orcutt, B. N. and Kaul, N. and Wheat, C. G.}
}
@article {RN2356,
	title = {The Eruption of Submarine Rhyolite Lavas and Domes in the Deep Ocean {\textendash} Havre 2012, Kermadec Arc},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {147},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2296-6463},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2018.00147},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2018.00147},
	author = {Ikegami, Fumihiko and McPhie, Jocelyn and Carey, Rebecca and Mundana, Rhiannan and Soule, Adam and Jutzeler, Martin}
}
@article {Sylvan2017,
	title = {{Evidence for microbial mediation of subseafloor nitrogen redox processes at Loihi Seamount, Hawaii}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {198},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {131{\textendash}150},
	abstract = {The role of nitrogen cycling in submarine hydrothermal systems is far less studied than that of other biologically reactive elements such as sulfur and iron. In order to address this knowledge gap, we investigated nitrogen redox processes at Loihi Seamount, Hawaii, using a combination of biogeochemical and isotopic measurements, bioenergetic calculations and analysis of the prokaryotic community composition in venting fluids sampled during four cruises in 2006, 2008, 2009 and 2013. Concentrations of NH4+ were positively correlated to dissolved Si and negatively correlated to NO3- + NO2-, while NO2- was not correlated to NO3- + NO2-, dissolved Si or NH4+. This is indicative of hydrothermal input of NH4+ and biological mediation influencing NO2- concentrations. The stable isotope ratios of NO3- ($δ$15N and $δ$18O) was elevated with respect to background seawater, with $δ$18O values exhibiting larger changes than corresponding $δ$15N values, reflecting the occurrence of both production and reduction of NO3- by an active microbial community. $δ$15N-NH4+ values ranged from 0{\textperthousand} to +16.7{\textperthousand}, suggesting fractionation during consumption and potentially N-fixation as well. Bioenergetic calculations reveal that several catabolic strategies involving the reduction of NO3- and NO2- coupled to sulfide and iron oxidation could provide energy to microbes in Loihi fluids, while 16S rRNA gene sequencing of Archaea and Bacteria in the fluids reveals groups known to participate in denitrification and N-fixation. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that microbes are mediating N-based redox processes in venting hydrothermal fluids at Loihi Seamount.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.029},
	author = {Sylvan, Jason B. and Wankel, Scott D. and LaRowe, Douglas E. and Charoenpong, Chawalit N. and Huber, Julie A. and Moyer, Craig L. and Edwards, Katrina J.}
}
@article {Simister2016,
	title = {{Examining the diversity of microbes in a deep-sea coral community impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {157{\textendash}166},
	abstract = {Deep-sea surface sediments and flocculent material (floc) associated with corals containing oil originating from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill were examined to determine the diversity of microbes and the presence of functional genes involved in oil degradation. For all samples, 16S rRNA clone libraries were constructed to obtain full-length sequences and Illumina amplicon sequencing was used to further probe the diversity of the microbial community. The 16S rRNA gene data obtained by Illumina amplicon sequencing revealed Proteobacteria (55{\textendash}64{\%}) as the dominant bacteria in both sediment and floc samples. The floc samples were comprised of mostly aerobic or facultative aerobic phylotypes including Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, Sphingomonadales, Rickettsiales, Alteromonadales, Pseudomonadales, whereas mixtures of the aforementioned aerobic species and anaerobic phylotypes such as Desulfobacterales, Desulfuromonadales and Desulfarculales were present in the sediment samples. Genera affiliated with oil-degrading bacteria were identified in both sediment and floc samples. To evaluate the potential of the microbial community to degrade oil, clone libraries were constructed for the alkB gene (one of the structural genes of alkane hydroxylase involved in the aerobic degradation of n-alkanes of chain length {\textgreater}C5{\textendash}C16) and the alkylsuccinate synthase/benzylsuccinate synthases (assA/bssA) gene (involved in the anaerobic degradation of n-alkanes [via assA] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs; via bssA]). The alkB gene was present in all samples with the majority of sequences clustering to members of the Proteobacteria closely aligned to environmental sequences from hydrocarbon seep environments. The assA/bssA genes were only detected in sediment samples and were closely affiliated with $δ$-Proteobacteria previously detected in oil-contaminated sediments and oil-enrichment cultures. These data provide insight into the differences between environments impacted by the DWH oil spill and highlight the functional diversity of oil-degrading microbes associated with a deep-sea coral community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.01.010},
	author = {Simister, R L and Antzis, E W and White, H K}
}
@article {Mevenkamp2016,
	title = {{Experimental evidence for selective settlement of meiofauna from two distinct environments after sediment suspension}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {474},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {195{\textendash}203},
	abstract = {The cosmopolitan distribution of many meiofaunal organisms raises questions about their dispersal. The small size and the lack of a planktonic life stage of most meiofauna taxa including free-living nematodes suggest that passive dispersal is a main factor determining their distribution. This study investigates the settling behaviour of meiofauna in a water column under no-flow conditions. Two ex situ settling experiments were conducted with (1) macrophyte associated meiofauna from an intertidal salt marsh and (2) meiofauna of sulphidic sediments associated with bacterial mats from the deep-sea H{\aa}kon Mosby mud volcano. Cilyndrical containers filled with sieved seawater were used as settling chambers and five different substrates, placed on the bottom of the containers, were offered to the descending meiofaunal assemblage. The substrates used in experiment 1 were agar with bacteria, agar with Fucus spiralis, sulphidic agar medium, bare agar and an empty Petri dish. For experiment 2 azoic sediment with algae, azoic sediment with bacteria, a sulphidic medium, bare azoic sediment and an empty Petri dish were used. The intertidal experiment revealed that nematodes and nauplius larvae showed four- to tenfold higher densities in the Fucus treatment compared with the controls whereas deep-sea nematode and harpacticoid copepod densities in the sulphide treatment were more than three times higher compared with all other treatments. In both experiments nematode composition did not differ from the reference samples whereas proportions of harpacticoid copepods were increased in the treatments of the deep-sea experiment compared with the reference sample suggesting a better ability to select settlement sites than nematodes. In both experiments meiofauna abundance was highest in substrates with similar characteristics as their original habitat. These findings indicate that some meiofaunal organisms can selectively settle once they are suspended in the water column in the absence of water flow and therefore actively contribute to their dispersal at small spatial scales.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2015.10.005},
	author = {Mevenkamp, L and Van Campenhout, J and Vanreusel, A}
}
@article {Bennett2015,
	title = {{Effect of depth and vent fluid composition on the carbon sources at two neighboring deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields (Mid-Cayman Rise)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {104},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {122{\textendash}133},
	abstract = {In this study, we have used stable isotopes of megafauna, microbial mats and particulate organic matter to examine the effect of depth and vent fluid composition on the carbon sources at two proximal, chemically distinct hydrothermal vent fields along the Mid-Cayman Rise. The basalt hosted Piccard vent field (4980 m) is twice as deep as the ultramafic hosted Von Damm vent field (2300 m) and has very different faunal assemblages. Of particular note is the presence of seep-associated fauna, Escarpia and Lamellibrachia tubeworms, at the Von Damm vent field. We identify a greater range of carbon sources and a suggestion of increased photosynthetic inputs to the Von Damm vent field compared to Piccard vent field. Rimicaris hybisae shrimp are the only abundant species shared between the two vent fields with $δ$13C values ranging between -22.7 and -10.1{\textperthousand}. Higher concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the vent fluids at Piccard is proposed to be responsible for varying the relative contributions of the carbon fixation cycles used by their epibionts. Seep-associated fauna at Von Damm rely on elevated, thermogenic hydrocarbon content of the vent fluids for their carbon source ($δ$13C values ranging from -21.3 to 11.6{\textperthousand}). They also derive energy from hydrogen sulfide formed by the microbial reduction of sulfide ($δ$34S values ranging from -10.2 to -6.9{\textperthousand}). The tubeworms have very short roots (buried at most a centimeter into rubble), suggesting that microbial sulfate reduction must be occurring either in the shallow subsurface and/or in the anterior part of the tube. Overall, megafauna at Von Damm vent field appear to have a smaller food chain length (smaller $δ$15N range) but a greater breadth of trophic resources compared to the megafauna at the Piccard vent field.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.005},
	author = {Bennett, S A and Van Dover, C L and Breier, J A and Coleman, M L}
}
@article {ISI:000365379500011,
	title = {{Estimations of heat transfer from Grotto{\textquoteright}s North Tower: A NEPTUNE Observatory case study}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {121},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {95{\textendash}111},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The overall heat transfer through an active hydrothermal sulfide edifice, in particular the North Tower of Grotto, has been estimated at 80 MW or greater based on the following in situ measurements and assumptions: (1) The heat transfer by diffuse flow is estimated at 33-380 MW based on extrapolating the acoustically mapped area to all sides of the North Tower ({\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}visible{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} area=30 m(2); extrapolated area= 100 m(2)) and using the range of available spot measurements of temperature (6-23 degrees C) and vertical velocity (0.07-0.28 m/s). The lower number (33 MW) is more likely, but there is insufficient knowledge of the temporal and spatial variability of diffuse flow to be certain. (2) The heat transfer by focused flow is estimated at 30-70 MW based on summing the estimated individual rates of heat transfer for 4 out of 7 documented black smokers and flanges. (3) Conductive heat transfer out of the mound is unknown, but is likely to be much less than the advective heat transfer. Additionally, the plume transport of heat is estimated at 20-40 MW based on the direct measurement of temperature within the plume (at 5-25 m above the top of the edifice). Despite uncertainties, the lower estimate of plume versus smoker heat transfer suggests that heat transfer is dominantly by diffuse flow. Furthermore, not all plumes from individual smokers may merge even for so small an area as the North Tower of Grotto. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.010},
	author = {Rona, Peter A and Bemis, Karen G and Xu, Guangyu and Mitsuzawa, Kyohiko}
}
@article {Feseker2014,
	title = {{Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {5385},
	abstract = {Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active H{\aa}kon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4 m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms6385},
	author = {Feseker, T and Boetius, A and Wenzh{\"o}fer, F and Blandin, J and Olu, K and Yoerger, D R and Camilli, R and German, C R and de Beer, D}
}
@article {Clague2014,
	title = {{Eruptive and tectonic history of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, based on AUV mapping data and lava flow ages}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3364{\textendash}3391},
	abstract = {High-resolution bathymetric surveys from autonomous underwater vehicles ABE and D. Allan B. were merged to create a coregistered map of 71.7 km(2) of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Radiocarbon dating of foraminifera in cores from three dives of remotely operated vehicle Doc Ricketts provide minimum eruption ages for 40 lava flows that are combined with the bathymetric data to outline the eruptive and tectonic history. The ages range from Modern to 10,700 marine-calibrated years before present (yr BP). During a robust magmatic phase from {\textgreater}10,700 yr BP to approximate to 4300 yr BP, flows erupted from an axial high and many flowed {\textgreater}5 km down the flanks; some partly buried adjacent valleys. Axial magma chambers (AMCs) may have been wider than today to supply dike intrusions over a 2 km wide axial zone. Summit Seamount formed by approximate to 4770 yr BP and was subsequently dismembered during a period of extension with little volcanism starting approximate to 4300 yr BP. This tectonic phase with only rare volcanic eruptions lasted until approximate to 2300 yr BP and may have resulted in near-solidification of the AMCs. The axial graben formed by crustal extension during this period of low magmatic activity. Infrequent eruptions occurred on the flanks between 2620-1760 yr BP and within the axial graben since approximate to 1750 yr BP. This most recent phase of limited volcanic and intense hydrothermal activity that began approximate to 2300 yr BP defines a hydrothermal phase of ridge development that coincides with the present-day 1 km wide AMCs and overlying hydrothermal vent fields.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005415},
	author = {Clague, D A and Dreyer, B M and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Caress, D W and Gill, J B and Kelley, D S and Thomas, H and Portner, R A and Delaney, J R and Guilderson, T P and McGann, M L}
}
@article {Embley2014,
	title = {{Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996{\textendash}2012}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {10},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4093{\textendash}4115},
	abstract = {We present multiple lines of evidence for years to decade-long changes in the location and character of volcanic activity at West Mata seamount in the NE Lau basin over a 16 year period, and a hiatus in summit eruptions from early 2011 to at least September 2012. Boninite lava and pyroclasts were observed erupting from its summit in 2009, and hydroacoustic data from a succession of hydrophones moored nearby show near-continuous eruptive activity from January 2009 to early 2011. Successive differencing of seven multibeam bathymetric surveys of the volcano made in the 1996{\textendash}2012 period reveals a pattern of extended constructional volcanism on the summit and northwest flank punctuated by eruptions along the volcano{\textquoteright}s WSW rift zone (WSWRZ). Away from the summit, the volumetrically largest eruption during the observational period occurred between May 2010 and November 2011 at \~{}2920 m depth near the base of the WSWRZ. The (nearly) equally long ENE rift zone did not experience any volcanic activity during the 1996{\textendash}2012 period. The cessation of summit volcanism recorded on the moored hydrophone was accompanied or followed by the formation of a small summit crater and a landslide on the eastern flank. Water column sensors, analysis of gas samples in the overlying hydrothermal plume and dives with a remotely operated vehicle in September 2012 confirmed that the summit eruption had ceased. Based on the historical eruption rates calculated using the bathymetric differencing technique, the volcano could be as young as several thousand years.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005387},
	author = {Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Baker, E T and Rubin, K H and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and Dziak, R P and Lilley, M D and Chadwick, W W and Shank, T M and Greene, R and Walker, S L and Haxel, J H and Olson, E J and Baumberger, T}
}
@article {ISI:000340362500008,
	title = {{Eruptive timing and 200 year episodicity at 92 degrees W on the hot spot-influenced Galapagos Spreading Center derived from geomagnetic paleointensity}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {2211{\textendash}2224},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Eruptive timing in mid-ocean ridge systems is relatively poorly constrained, despite being an important variable in our understanding of many mid-ocean ridge processes, including volcanic construction; magma recharge, flux, and storage; and the stability of hydrothermal systems and biological communities. Only a handful of absolute eruption chronologies exist, yet they are essential in understanding how eruptive timing varies with important controlling variables. To construct an eruptive history at one location on the Galapagos Spreading Center, we present age determinations derived from geomagnetic paleointensity. To aid interpretation of the paleointensity data, we also present results from on-bottom magnetic anomaly measurements and forward modeling of topographic-induced magnetic anomalies. Anomalies may lead to a 1-2 mu T bias in flow-mean paleointensities, which does not significantly affect the overall interpretation. Paleointensity results for the three youngest sampled units are indistinguishable, consistent with the flows being emplaced in relatively rapid succession. Comparisons with models of geomagnetic field behavior suggest these flows were erupted sometime in the past 100-200 years. The fourth sampled unit has a significantly higher paleointensity, consistent with an age of roughly 400 years. The possible bias in paleointensity data allows for ages as young as similar to 50 years for the youngest three flows and 200-400 years for the oldest flow. This age distribution demonstrates an episodicity in the emplacement of the largest flows at this location, with a 200-300 year period of relative quiescence between emplacement of the oldest unit and the three youngest units.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005315},
	author = {Bowles, Julie A and Colman, Alice and McClinton, J Timothy and Sinton, John M and White, Scott M and Rubin, Kenneth H}
}
@article {Levin2013,
	title = {{Ecological release and niche partitioning under stress:lessons from dorvilleid polychaetes in sulfidic sediments at methane seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {214{\textendash}233},
	abstract = {Organisms inhabiting methane seep sediments are exposed to stress in the form of high levels of hydrogen sulfide, which result mainly from sulfate reduction coupled to anaerobic methane oxidation. Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta) have successfully invaded this ecosystem, and multiple species in divergent genetic clades co-occur at high densities. At methane seeps in the NE Pacific off California and Oregon, the genera Ophryotrocha, Parougia and Exallopus are especially well represented. To test the hypothesis that dorvilleid coexistence is facilitated by niche partitioning through sulfide tolerance and trophic patterns, we examined dorvilleid species-specific patterns of occurrence and nutrition at methane seeps off Eel R. [ER] on the Californian continental slope and at Hydrate Ridge [HR] on the Oregon continental slope, and in two habitats (clam bed and microbial mat) characterized by lower and higher hydrogen sulfide levels, respectively. Microelectrode measurements of hydrogen sulfide enabled characterization of environmental sulfide levels for species sampled in background sediment cores and in colonization trays. Dorvilleids tolerated H2S levels from 10~$μ$M to over 2.6~mM, with the majority of species inhabiting sediments with similar environmental H2S concentrations (median 85{\textendash}100~$μ$M). Dorvilleid species richness was greater at HR than ER, but did not differ between clam bed and microbial mat habitats. Species distribution patterns reflected preferences for ER clam bed (lower sulfide levels), ER mat and HR clam bed (moderate sulfide levels), or HR mat (very high sulfide levels). Nutritional patterns, including trophic diversity and functional similarity, were examined using community stable isotope metrics based on $δ$15N and $δ$13C. Within each region, dorvilleid species exhibited multiple trophic strategies. Co-existing congeners typically exhibited distinct isotope signatures, suggesting trophic partitioning. Trophic diversity and $δ$15N range for whole assemblages (measured by Total Hull Area and Standard Elliptical Area using species averages) and functional redundancy or species packing (measured as distance to nearest neighbor) among species and individuals were generally higher at ER, where sulfide levels were lower than at HR. In contrast, average trophic diversity among individuals within a species was greater at HR than ER. In colonization experiments involving agar-based manipulations of sulfide in tray sediments that mimicked clam bed and mat conditions, dorvilleids comprised 68{\%} and 48{\%} of colonists at ER and HR, respectively. Dorvilleid species richness was higher in trays that were initially more sulfidic. However, habitat exerted stronger influence on the composition of colonizing dorvilleids than did sulfide additions. In the NE Pacific, regional, habitat and vertical (down-core) variation in hydrogen sulfide creates complex environmental heterogeneity at methane seeps, promoting high diversity of stress-tolerant taxa such as dorvilleid polychaetes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000635},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G and Bertics, V J and Washington, T and Gonzalez, J and Thurber, A R and Ebbe, B and Lee, R W}
}
@article {Brothers2013,
	title = {{Evidence for extensive methane venting on the southeastern U.S. Atlantic margin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {807{\textendash}810},
	abstract = {We present the first evidence for widespread seabed methane venting along the southeastern United States Atlantic margin beyond the well-known Blake Ridge diapir seep. Recent ship- and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)-collected data resolve multiple water-column anomalies ({\textgreater}1000 m height) and extensive new chemosynthetic seep communities at the Blake Ridge and Cape Fear diapirs. These results indicate that multiple, highly localized fluid conduits punctuate the areally extensive Blake Ridge gas hydrate province, and enable the delivery of significant amounts of methane to the water column. Thus, there appears to be an abundance of seabed fluid flux not previously ascribed to the Atlantic margin of the United States.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G34217.1},
	author = {Brothers, L L and Van Dover, C L and German, C R and Kaiser, C L and Yoerger, D R and Ruppel, C D and Lobecker, E and Skarke, A D and Wagner, J K S}
}
@article {Fornari2012,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise Between 9 degrees N and 10 degrees N: Twenty-Five Years of Integrated, Multidisciplinary Oceanic Spreading Center Studies}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {18{\textendash}43},
	publisher = {OCEANOGRAPHY SOC},
	address = {ROCKVILLE; P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA},
	abstract = {The East Pacific Rise from {\~{}}~9{\textendash}10{\textdegree}N is an archetype for a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. In particular, the segment near 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N has been the focus of multidisciplinary research for over two decades, making it one of the best-studied areas of the global ridge system. It is also one of only two sites along the global ridge where two historical volcanic eruptions have been observed. This volcanically active segment has thus offered unparalleled opportunities to investigate a range of complex interactions among magmatic, volcanic, hydrothermal, and biological processes associated with crustal accretion over a full magmatic cycle. At this 9{\textdegree}50{\textquoteright}N site, comprehensive physical oceanographic measurements and modeling have also shed light on linkages between hydrodynamic transport of larvae and other materials and biological dynamics influenced by magmatic processes. Integrated results of high-resolution mapping, and both in~situ and laboratory-based geophysical, oceanographic, geochemical, and biological observations and sampling, reveal how magmatic events perturb the hydrothermal system and the biological communities it hosts.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2012.02},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Bryce, Julia G and Cowen, J P and Ferrini, Vicki and Fundis, A and Lilley, M D and Luther, G W and Mullineaux, L S and Perfit, M R and Meana-Prado, M F and Rubin, K H and Seyfried, W E and Shank, T M and Soule, S A and Tolstoy, M and White, S M}
}
@article {Colman2012,
	title = {{Effects of variable magma supply on mid-ocean ridge eruptions: Constraints from mapped lava flow fields along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {Q08014},
	abstract = {Mapping and sampling of 18 eruptive units in two study areas along the Gal{\'a}pagos Spreading Center (GSC) provide insight into how magma supply affects mid-ocean ridge (MOR) volcanic eruptions. The two study areas have similar spreading rates (53 versus 55~mm/yr), but differ by 30{\%} in the time-averaged rate of magma supply (0.3~{\texttimes}~106 versus 0.4~{\texttimes}~106~m3/yr/km). Detailed geologic maps of each study area incorporate observations of flow contacts and sediment thickness, in addition to sample petrology, geomagnetic paleointensity, and inferences from high-resolution bathymetry data. At the lower-magma-supply study area, eruptions typically produce irregularly shaped clusters of pillow mounds with total eruptive volumes ranging from 0.09 to 1.3~km3. At the higher-magma-supply study area, lava morphologies characteristic of higher effusion rates are more common, eruptions typically occur along elongated fissures, and eruptive volumes are an order of magnitude smaller (0.002{\textendash}0.13~km3). At this site, glass MgO contents (2.7{\textendash}8.4 wt. {\%}) and corresponding liquidus temperatures are lower on average, and more variable, than those at the lower-magma-supply study area (6.2{\textendash}9.1 wt. {\%} MgO). The differences in eruptive volume, lava temperature, morphology, and inferred eruption rates observed between the two areas along the GSC are similar to those that have previously been related to variable spreading rates on the global MOR system. Importantly, the documentation of multiple sequences of eruptions at each study area, representing hundreds to thousands of years, provides constraints on the variability in eruptive style at a given magma supply and spreading rate.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004163},
	author = {Colman, A and Sinton, J M and White, S M and McClinton, J T and Bowles, J A and Rubin, K H and Behn, M D and Cushman, B and Eason, D E and Gregg, T K P and Gr{\"o}nvold, Karl and Hidalgo, S and Howell, J and Neill, O and Russo, Chris}
}
@article {Beinart2012,
	title = {{Evidence for the role of endosymbionts in regional-scale habitat partitioning by hydrothermal vent symbioses}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {47},
	year = {2012},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {E3241{\textendash}E3250},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are populated by dense communities of animals that form symbiotic associations with chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. To date, our understanding of which factors govern the distribution of host/symbiont associations (or holobionts) in nature is limited, although host physiology often is invoked. In general, the role that symbionts play in habitat utilization by vent holobionts has not been thoroughly addressed. Here we present evidence for symbiont-influenced, regional-scale niche partitioning among symbiotic gastropods (genus Alviniconcha) in the Lau Basin. We extensively surveyed Alviniconcha holobionts from four vent fields using quantitative molecular approaches, coupled to characterization of high-temperature and diffuse vent-fluid composition using gastight samplers and in situ electrochemical analyses, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses exposed cryptic host and symbiont diversity, revealing three distinct host types and three different symbiont phylotypes (one $ε$-proteobacteria and two $\gamma$-proteobacteria) that formed specific associations with one another. Strikingly, we observed that holobionts with $ε$-proteobacterial symbionts were dominant at the northern fields, whereas holobionts with $\gamma$-proteobacterial symbionts were dominant in the southern fields. This pattern of distribution corresponds to differences in the vent geochemistry that result from deep subsurface geological and geothermal processes. We posit that the symbionts, likely through differences in chemolithoautotrophic metabolism, influence niche utilization among these holobionts. The data presented here represent evidence linking symbiont type to habitat partitioning among the chemosynthetic symbioses at hydrothermal vents and illustrate the coupling between subsurface geothermal processes and niche availability.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1202690109},
	author = {Beinart, R A and Sanders, J G and Faure, B and Sylva, S P and Lee, R W and Becker, E L and Gartman, A and Luther, G W and Seewald, J S and Fisher, C R and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Barr2011,
	title = {{Early to Middle Devonian granitic and volcanic rocks from the central Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {126},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {455{\textendash}465},
	abstract = {Cashes Ledge igneous suite in the central Gulf of Maine is represented by 10 granitic and two felsic tuff samples collected from bedrock outcrops using the submersible Alvin in 1971{\textendash}1972 and archived at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of zircon grains yielded crystallization ages of 414.9~{\textpm}~1.1~Ma and 399.7~{\textpm}~1.5~Ma for two alkali feldspar granite samples, 407.0~{\textpm}~1.9~Ma for a syenogranite sample, and 384.4~{\textpm}~2.3~Ma and 383.9~{\textpm}~1.6~Ma for two felsic tuff samples. The samples contain iron-rich mafic minerals, including aegirine-augite, grunerite/ferroedenite, and annite. Most of the samples are alkaline to slightly peralkaline, with high concentrations of SiO2, Y, Zr, Nb, and REE, strong negative Eu anomalies, and positive epsilon Nd values (1.8 to 3.7). The suite resembles part of a belt of similar Silurian{\textendash}Devonian rocks with ages between 426 and 370~Ma now recognized in the central part of Avalonia in southeastern New England. They formed in a long-lived, likely extensional regime linked to subduction and subsequent complex transcurrent motions among Ganderia, Avalonia, and Meguma, culminating in the closure of the Rheic Ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.009},
	author = {Barr, S M and Mortensen, J K and Thompson, M D and Hermes, O D and White, C E}
}
@article {ISI:000298301200007,
	title = {{Effects of chronic low carbonate saturation levels on the distribution, growth and skeletal chemistry of deep-sea corals and other seamount megabenthos}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {442},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {87{\textendash}99},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Ocean acidification has been predicted to reduce the ability of marine organisms to produce carbonate skeletons, threatening their long-term viability and severely impacting marine ecosystems. Corals, as ecosystem engineers, have been identified as particularly vulnerable and important. To determine the sensitivity of corals and allied taxa to long-term exposure to very low carbonate concentrations, we examined the distribution and skeletal characteristics of coral taxa along a natural deep-sea concentration gradient on seamounts of SW Australia. Carbonate under-saturation had little evident effect on the depth distribution, growth or skeletal composition of live scleractinians or gorgonians, with corals growing, often abundantly, in waters as much as 20 to 30{\%} under-saturated. Developmental anomalies in the deepest skeleton-forming anthozoan collected (an isidid gorgonian, at nearly 4 km depth) suggest an absolute low tolerance limit of about 40{\%} under-saturation. Evidence for an effect of acidification on the accumulation of reef structure is ambiguous, with clear indications of dissolution of high-magnesium calcite (HMC) gorgonian skeletons at depths below 2300 m, but also abundant, old scleractinian skeletons well below the aragonite saturation horizon. The latter might be the result of ferromanganese deposition on exposed skeletons, which, however, may render them inhospitable for benthic organisms.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps09400},
	author = {Thresher, Ronald E and Tilbrook, Bronte and Fallon, Stewart and Wilson, Nick C and Adkins, Jess}
}
@article {Davis2011,
	title = {{Evidence for episodic aseismic slip across the subduction seismogenic zone off Costa Rica: CORK borehole pressure observations at the subduction prism toe}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {306},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {299{\textendash}305},
	abstract = {Slow slip events, or {\textquotedblleft}silent{\textquotedblright} earthquakes, may relieve a significant amount of stress at many subduction plate boundaries, both downdip of the limit of seismogenesis, and within the seismogenic zone itself in cases where seismic energy release accounts for only a fraction of the plate tectonic displacement rate (Schwartz and Rokosky, 2007). Slow slip has been identified in several instances downdip of the landward limit of the seismogenic zone and is often accompanied by seismic tremor or low-frequency earthquake activity along and above the plate interface (referred to as {\textquotedblleft}episodic tremor and slip{\textquotedblright}, or ETS). Little is known, however, about the spatial distribution and history of slip between great earthquakes along the seismogenic thrust interface itself which lies mostly offshore. In this article we present formation pressure transients observed in two deep-sea boreholes near the toe of the subduction prism off Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, which followed ETS events observed on shore by 1{\textendash}2~weeks. The signatures of the transients are consistent with local slip on the shallow part of the thrust interface, with the underthrusting plate experiencing relaxation and the outer prism experiencing contraction. The delay between the tremor activity and the pressure transients observed c. 100~km seaward at the prism toe suggests either slow propagation across the seismogenic zone or delayed deformation at the outer part of the prism triggered by the slip beneath Nicoya. Such slip may serve generally to relieve stress at subduction zones, but also to increase stress in parts of the plate boundary where interseismic slip does not occur.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.017},
	author = {Davis, E and Heesemann, M and Wang, K}
}
@article {Pietruszka2011,
	title = {{Excesses of seawater-derived 234U in volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount due to crustal contamination}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {304},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {280{\textendash}289},
	abstract = {The effects of crustal contamination on the chemistry of oceanic basalts are commonly assumed to be negligible due to the compositional similarity between the erupted basalt and the underlying oceanic crust or volcanic edifice. Here we evaluate this assumption with high-precision measurements of the 234U{\textendash}238U and 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria, Cl/K2O ratios, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of volcanic glasses from Loihi Seamount, a submarine Hawaiian volcano with an active hydrothermal system. The samples, including one from the volcano{\textquoteright}s 1996 eruption, have small to moderate amounts of excess 234U ({\~{}}~0.2{\textendash}1.0{\%}) and variable, elevated Cl/K2O ratios. These excesses of 234U and enrichments in Cl are thought to result from contamination with seawater-derived U and Cl, but neither of these signatures can be explained by syn- or post-eruptive interaction between lava and seawater. Instead, mantle-derived magmas at Loihi appear to be variably contaminated with two distinct crustal materials: hydrothermal brines (which create enrichments in Cl) and U-enriched hydrothermally altered rocks (which create excesses of 234U). Both of these materials are expected to be found within the volcanic edifice as complementary parts of the volcano{\textquoteright}s hydrothermal system. The Loihi glasses display a wide measured range in the amount of excess 230Th from {\~{}}1 to 7{\%} (due to the addition of seawater-derived U) that overlaps with lavas from Kilauea Volcano ({\~{}}~2{\%} excess 230Th). We correct the 230Th{\textendash}238U disequilibria of the Loihi glasses back to their original pre-contamination values using their 234U{\textendash}238U disequilibria and a simple mass-balance calculation. This correction suggests that mantle-derived magmas at Loihi have a narrow range of {\~{}}~6{\textendash}9{\%} excess 230Th, which is significantly larger than observed for lavas from the neighboring volcano, Kilauea. This difference is consistent with the idea that Loihi is tapping mantle that is upwelling slowly ({\~{}}~5{\textendash}6~cm/yr) on the margin of the Hawaiian plume.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.018},
	author = {Pietruszka, A J and Keyes, M J and Duncan, J A and Hauri, E H and Carlson, R W and Garcia, M O}
}
@article {ISI:000296056300001,
	title = {{Extraordinarily high biomass benthic community on Southern Ocean seamounts}},
	journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We describe a previously unknown assemblage of seamount-associated megabenthos that has by far the highest peak biomass reported in the deep-sea outside of vent communities. The assemblage was found at depths of 2-2.5 km on rocky geomorphic features off the southeast coast of Australia, in an area near the Sub-Antarctic Zone characterised by high rates of surface productivity and carbon export to the deep-ocean. These conditions, and the taxa in the assemblage, are widely distributed around the Southern mid-latitudes, suggesting the high-biomass assemblage is also likely to be widespread. The role of this assemblage in regional ecosystem and carbon dynamics and its sensitivities to anthropogenic impacts are unknown. The discovery highlights the lack of information on deep-sea biota worldwide and the potential for unanticipated impacts of deep-sea exploitation.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep00119},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Adkins, J and Fallon, S J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Althaus, F and Williams, A}
}
@article {Lang2010,
	title = {{Elevated concentrations of formate, acetate and dissolved organic carbon found at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {941{\textendash}942},
	abstract = {Fluids from the ultramafic-hosted Lost City hydrothermal field were analyzed for total dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic acids. Formate (36{\textendash}158 $μ$mol/kg) and acetate (1{\textendash}35 $μ$mol/kg) concentrations are higher than in other fluids from unsedimented hydrothermal vents, and are a higher ratio of the total dissolved organic carbon than has been found in most marine geothermal systems. Isotopic evidence is consistent with an abiotic formation mechanism for formate, perhaps during serpentinization processes in the sub-surface. Further support comes from previous studies where the abiological formation of low molecular weight organic acids has been shown to be thermodynamically favorable during hydrothermal alteration of olivine, and laboratory studies in which the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate has been confirmed. As the second most prevalent carbon species after methane, formate may be an important substrate to microbial communities in an environment where dissolved inorganic carbon is limited. Acetate is found in locations where sulfate reduction is believed to be important and is likely to be a microbial by-product, formed either directly by autotrophic metabolic activity or indirectly during the fermentative degradation of larger organic molecules. Given the common occurrence of exposed ultramafic rocks and active serpentinization within the worlds ocean basins, the abiotic formation of formate may be an important process supporting life in these high pH environments and may have critical implications to understanding the organic precursors from which life evolved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2009.10.045},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.10.045},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Butterfield, D A and Schulte, M and Kelley, D S and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Kellogg2010,
	title = {{Enumeration of viruses and prokaryotes in deep-sea sediments and cold seeps of the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2002{\textendash}2007},
	abstract = {Little is known about the distribution and abundance of viruses in deep-sea cold-seep environments. Like hydrothermal vents, seeps support communities of macrofauna that are sustained by chemosynthetic bacteria. Sediments close to these communities are hypothesized to be more microbiologically active and therefore to host higher numbers of viruses than non-seep areas. Push cores were taken at five types of Gulf of Mexico habitats at water depths below 1000 m using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The habitats included non-seep reference sediment, brine seeps, a microbial mat, an urchin field, and a pogonophoran worm community. Samples were processed immediately for enumeration of viruses and prokaryotes without the addition of a preservative. Prokaryote counts were an order of magnitude lower in sediments directly in contact with macrofauna (urchins, pogonophorans) compared to all other samples (107 vs. 108 cells g-1 dry weight) and were highest in areas of elevated salinity (brine seeps). Viral-Like Particle (VLP) counts were lowest in the reference sediments and pogonophoran cores (108 VLP g-1 dry wt), higher in brine seeps (109 VLP g-1 dry wt), and highest in the microbial mats (1010 VLP g-1 dry wt). Virus-prokaryote ratios (VPR) ranged from {\textless}5 in the reference sediment to {\textgreater}30 in the microbial mats and {\textgreater}60 in the urchin field. VLP counts and VPR were all significantly greater than those reported from sediments in the deep Mediterranean Sea and in most cases were higher than recent data from a cold-seep site near Japan. The high VPR suggest that greater microbial activity in or near cold-seep environments results in greater viral production and therefore higher numbers of viruses.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.006},
	author = {Kellogg, C A}
}
@article {Bright2010,
	title = {{Epizooic metazoan meiobenthos associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations from cold seeps of the northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1982{\textendash}1989},
	abstract = {The abundance and higher taxonomic composition of epizooic metazoan meiobenthic communities associated with mussel and tubeworm aggregations of hydrocarbon seeps at Green Canyon, Atwater Valley, and Alaminos Canyon in depths between 1400 and 2800 m were studied and compared to the infaunal community of non-seep sediments nearby. Epizooic meiofaunal abundances of associated meiobenthos living in tubeworm bushes and mussel beds at seeps were extremely low (usually {\textless}100 ind. 10 cm-2), similar to epizooic meiofauna at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and the communities were composed primarily of nematodes, copepods, ostracods, and halacarids. In contrast, epizooic meiobenthic abundance is lower than previous studies have reported for infauna from seep sediments. Interestingly, non-seep sediments contained higher abundances and higher taxonomic diversity than epizooic seep communities, although in situ primary production is restricted to seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003},
	author = {Bright, M and Plum, C and Riavitz, L A and Arbizu, P M and Cordes, E E and Gollner, S}
}
@article {ISI:000276610000012,
	title = {{Expanding dispersal studies at hydrothermal vents through species identification of cryptic larval forms}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {157},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1049{\textendash}1062},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The rapid identification of hydrothermal vent-endemic larvae to the species level is a key limitation to understanding the dynamic processes that control the abundance and distribution of fauna in such a patchy and ephemeral environment. Many larval forms collected near vents, even those in groups such as gastropods that often form a morphologically distinct larval shell, have not been identified to species. We present a staged approach that combines morphological and molecular identification to optimize the capability, efficiency, and economy of identifying vent gastropod larvae from the northern East Pacific Rise (NEPR). With this approach, 15 new larval forms can be identified to species. A total of 33 of the 41 gastropod species inhabiting the NEPR, and 26 of the 27 gastropod species known to occur specifically in the 9A degrees 50{\textquoteright} N region, can be identified to species. Morphological identification efforts are improved by new protoconch descriptions for Gorgoleptis spiralis, Lepetodrilus pustulosus, Nodopelta subnoda, and Echinopelta fistulosa. Even with these new morphological descriptions, the majority of lepetodrilids and peltospirids require molecular identification. Restriction fragment length polymorphism digests are presented as an economical method for identification of five species of Lepetodrilus and six species of peltospirids. The remaining unidentifiable specimens can be assigned to species by comparison to an expanded database of 18S ribosomal DNA. The broad utility of the staged approach was exemplified by the revelation of species-level variation in daily planktonic samples and the identification and characterization of egg capsules belonging to a conid gastropod Gymnobela sp. A. The improved molecular and morphological capabilities nearly double the number of species amenable to field studies of dispersal and population connectivity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-009-1386-8},
	author = {Adams, D K and Mills, S W and Shank, T M and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {VanderHam2009,
	title = {{Exploring the utility of an indel-rich, mitochondrial intergenic region as a molecular barcode for bamboo corals (Octocorallia: Isididae)}},
	journal = {Marine Genomics},
	volume = {2},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {183{\textendash}192},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1874-7787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margen.2009.10.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2009.10.002},
	author = {van der Ham, J L and Brugler, M R and France, S C}
}
@article {Bradley2009,
	title = {{Extraordinary C-13 enrichment of diether lipids at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field indicates a carbon-limited ecosystem}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {73},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {102{\textendash}118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.005},
	author = {Bradley, A S}
}
@article {Walker2008a,
	title = {{Eruption-fed particle plumes and volcaniclastic deposits at a submarine volcano: NW Rota-1, Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {B08S11},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JB005441},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005441},
	author = {Walker, S L and Baker, E T and Resing, J A and Chadwick, W W and Lebon, G T and Lupton, J E and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Carney2007,
	title = {{Environmental differences in hemoglobin gene expression in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm, Ridgeia piscesae}},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry {\&} Molecular Biology},
	volume = {146},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {326{\textendash}337},
	issn = {1096-4959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.11.002},
	author = {Carney, S L and Flores, J F and Orobona, K M and Butterfield, D A and Fisher, C R and Schaeffer, S W}
}
@article {Ehrhardt2007,
	title = {{Evidence for hydrothermal Archaea within the basaltic flanks of the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {900{\textendash}912},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01211.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01211.x},
	author = {Ehrhardt, C J and Haymon, R M and Lamontagne, M G and Holden, P A}
}
@book {Roberts2007,
	title = {{Expedition to the Deep Slope 2007, June 4 - July 6, 2007}},
	volume = {2008},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/07mexico/},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Potter, J M}
}
@article {Voight2007,
	title = {{Experimental deep-sea deployments reveal diverse Northeast Pacific wood-boring bivalves of Xylophagainae (Myoida: Pholadidae)}},
	journal = {Journal of Molluscan Studies},
	volume = {73},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {377{\textendash}391},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0260-1230},
	doi = {10.1093/mollus/eym034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eym034},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@article {Govenar2007,
	title = {{Experimental evidence of habitat provision by aggregations of Riftia pachyptila at hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {3{\textendash}14},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1439-0485},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00148.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00148.x},
	author = {Govenar, B and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Embley2007,
	title = {{Exploring the submarine ring of fire: Mariana Arc-Western Pacific}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {69{\textendash}80},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.07},
	author = {Embley, R W and Baker, E T and Butterfield, D A and Chadwick, W W and Lupton, J E and Resing, J A and de Ronde, C E J and Nakamura, K I and Tunnicliffe, V and Dower, J F and Merle, S G}
}
@article {Rona2006,
	title = {{Entrainment and bending in a major hydrothermal plume, Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {33},
	number = {19},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {L19313},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gl027211},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027211},
	author = {Rona, P A and Bemis, K G and Jones, C D and Jackson, D R and Mitsuzawa, K and Silver, D}
}
@article {Jones2006,
	title = {{Evolution of habitat use by deep-sea mussels}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {841{\textendash}851},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-005-0115-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0115-1},
	author = {Jones, W J and Won, Y -J and Maas, P A Y and Smith, P J and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Govenar2005,
	title = {{Epifaunal community structure associated with Riftia pachyptila aggregations in chemically different hydrothermal vent habitats}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {305},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {67{\textendash}77},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps305067},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps305067},
	author = {Govenar, B and Le Bris, N and Gollner, S and Glanville, J and Aperghis, A B and Hourdez, S and Fisher, C R}
}
@book {Mathez2004,
	title = {{The earth machine: The science of a dynamic planet}},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {378},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {023112578X},
	author = {Mathez, E A and Webster, J D}
}
@inbook {Childress2004,
	title = {{On the edge of a deep biosphere: Real animals in extreme environments}},
	booktitle = {Subseafloor Biosphere at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {41{\textendash}49},
	publisher = {AGU},
	organization = {AGU},
	doi = {10.1029/144GM04},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Felbeck, H and Girguis, P and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {VanDover2004,
	title = {{Experimental ecology at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: a perspective}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {300},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {273{\textendash}307},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.024},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.024},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Lutz2004,
	title = {{Exploring volcanoes of the deep sea}},
	journal = {Asian Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {25},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {26{\textendash}35},
	issn = {0219-3310},
	author = {Lutz, R A}
}
@inbook {Smith2003a,
	title = {{Ecology of the deep Pacific Ocean floor}},
	booktitle = {Ecosystems of the deep ocean},
	series = {Ecosystems of the world},
	number = {28},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {179{\textendash}218},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {044482619X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Demopoulos, A W J},
	editor = {Tyler, P A}
}
@inbook {Smith2003,
	title = {{The ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {311{\textendash}354},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0415254639},
	author = {Smith, C R and Baco, A R and Gibson, R N and Atkinson, R J A},
	editor = {Gibson, R N}
}
@article {Won2003,
	title = {{Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-sea mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {6785{\textendash}6792},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.11.6785-6792.2003},
	author = {Won, Y -J and Hallam, S J and O{\textquoteright}Mullan, G D and Pan, I L and Buck, K R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Shah2003,
	title = {{Episodic dike swarms inferred from near-bottom magnetic anomaly maps at the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 2097},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000564},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000564},
	author = {Shah, A K and Cormier, M -H and Ryan, W B F and Jin, W and Carlut, J and Bergmanis, E C and Bradley, A M and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Goto2003,
	title = {{Estimate of heat flux and its temporal variation at the TAG hydrothermal mound, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26{\textdegree}N}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {2434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000703},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000703},
	author = {Goto, S and Kinoshita, M and Schultz, A and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Demopoulos2003,
	title = {{Evaluation of excess 234Th activity in sediments as an indicator of food quality for deep-sea deposit feeders}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {61},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {267{\textendash}284},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	doi = {10.1357/002224003322005096},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224003322005096},
	author = {Demopoulos, A W J and Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L}
}
@article {Goffredi2003,
	title = {{Evolutionary relationships of deep-sea vent and cold seep clams (Mollusca: Vesicomyidae) of the "pacifica/lepta" species complex}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {142},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {311{\textendash}320},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-002-0941-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0941-3},
	author = {Goffredi, S K and Hurtado, L A and Hallam, S J and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {VonDamm2003,
	title = {{Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {206},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2003},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {365{\textendash}378},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Lilley, M D and Shanks, W C and Brockington, M and Bray, A M and O{\textquoteright}Grady, K M and Olson, E J and Graham, A and Proskurowski, G and Party, SouEPR Science}
}
@article {VanDover2002,
	title = {{Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {295},
	number = {5558},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1253{\textendash}1257},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1067361},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1067361},
	author = {Van Dover, C L and German, C R and Speer, K G and Parson, L M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Reysenbach2002,
	title = {{Expanding the distribution of the Aquificales to the deep-sea vents on Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Central Indian Ridge}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {425{\textendash}428},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-425-428.pdf},
	author = {Reysenbach, A -L and Gotz, D and Banta, A and Jeanthon, C and Fouquet, Y}
}
@article {Johnson2001,
	title = {{Earthquakes{\textquoteright} impact on hydrothermal systems may be far-reaching}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {82},
	number = {21},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {233{\textendash}236},
	issn = {2324-9250},
	doi = {10.1029/01EO00127},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/01EO00127},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Dziak, R P and Fisher, C R and Fox, C G and Pruis, M J}
}
@article {Levin2001a,
	title = {{Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {51{\textendash}93},
	issn = {1543-592X},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002},
	author = {Levin, L A and Etter, R J and Rex, M A and Gooday, A J and Smith, C R and Pineda, J and Stuart, C T and Hessler, R R and Pawson, D}
}
@article {Davis2001,
	title = {{An episode of seafloor spreading and associated plate deformation inferred from crustal fluid pressure transients}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {21,921{\textendash}953,964},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000040},
	author = {Davis, E E and Wang, K and Thomson, R E and Becker, K and Cassidy, J F}
}
@article {Butterfield2001,
	title = {{Evidence for basaltic Sr in midocean ridge-flank hydrothermal systems and implications for the global oceanic Sr isotope balance}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	number = {22},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4141{\textendash}4153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00712-8},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Nelson, B K and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Roe, K K}
}
@article {Johnson2000,
	title = {{Earthquake-induced changes in a hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {407},
	number = {6801},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {174{\textendash}177},
	publisher = {Macmillian Magazines Ltd},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35025040},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025040},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Hutnak, M and Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Urcuyo, I and Cowen, J P and Nabelek, J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Auzende2000,
	title = {{The eastern and western tips of Manus Basin (Papua, New Guinea) explored by submersible: MANAUTE cruise}},
	journal = {Comptes rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciences. S{\'e}rie II, M{\'e}canique, physique, chimie, sciences de l{\textquoteright}univers, sciences de la terre},
	volume = {331},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {119{\textendash}126},
	issn = {0764-4450},
	doi = {10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01387-2},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ishibashi, J and Beaudoin, Y and Charlou, J L and Delteil, J and Donval, J P and Fouquet, Y and Gouillou, J P and Ildefonse, B and Kimura, H and Nishio, Y and Radford-Knoery, J and Ruellan, E}
}
@article {Voight2000a,
	title = {{Egg brooding by deep-sea octopuses in the North Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {198},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {94{\textendash}100},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/198/1/94},
	author = {Voight, J R and Grehan, A J}
}
@inbook {Bowen2000,
	title = {{Elevators {\textendash} autonomous transporters for deepsea benthic sample recovery}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {343{\textendash}348},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881282},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881282},
	author = {Bowen, M F and Bernard, P J and Gleason, D E and Whitcomb, L L}
}
@article {Thistle1998a,
	title = {{The effect of experimentally increased near-bottom flow on metazoan meifauna at a deep-sea site, with comparison data on macrofauna}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {625{\textendash}638},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00101-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00101-5},
	author = {Thistle, D and Levin, L A}
}
@inbook {Fisher1996,
	title = {{Ecophysiology of primary production at deep-sea vents and seeps.~~ In:~~ Deep-sea and extreme shallow-water habitats: affinities and adaptations}},
	booktitle = {Deep-sea and extreme shallow-water habitats : affinities and adaptations},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {311{\textendash}334},
	publisher = {Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften},
	organization = {Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften},
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	editor = {Uiblein, F}
}
@inbook {Singh1996,
	title = {{An entropic framework for sensor modelling}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}96 MTS/IEEE : conference proceedings, 23-26 September, 1996, Broward County Convention Center},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {211{\textendash}215},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-3520-1},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1996.572604},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1996.572604},
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}
@mastersthesis {Knowles1996,
	title = {{Experiments and numerical simulations of the dynamics of an R.O.V. thruster during maneuvering}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {71},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38180},
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}
@article {II1995,
	title = {{The effects of ODP drilling on the TAG hydrothermal mound: The TAG post-drilling survey}},
	journal = {BRIDGE Newsletter},
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@mastersthesis {Singh1995,
	title = {{An entropic framework for AUV sensor modelling}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {132},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
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@article {VonDamm1995,
	title = {{Evolution of East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent fluids following a volcanic eruption}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {375},
	number = {6526},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {47{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
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@book {Ballard1995,
	title = {{Explorations: my quest for adventure and discovery under the sea}},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {407},
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	organization = {Hyperion},
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}
@book {Ballard1995a,
	title = {{Exploring the Lusitania: probing the mysteries of the sinking that changed history}},
	year = {1995},
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@article {Scott1994,
	title = {{Effects of inorganic carbon concentrations, pH, and temperature on autotrophic carbon fixation by the chemoautotrophic symbionts of Riftia pachyptila}},
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	pages = {617{\textendash}638},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Scott, K M and Fisher, C R and Vodenichar, J S and Nix, E and Minnich, E}
}
@article {Gorodezky1994,
	title = {{Effects of sulfide exposure history and hemolymph thiosulfate on oxygen-consumption rates and regulation in the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {120},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {123{\textendash}131},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00381948},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381948},
	author = {Gorodezky, L and Childress, J J}
}
@inbook {Magenheim1994,
	title = {{Evidence for hydrothermal flow through surficial sediments, Escanaba Trough}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {241{\textendash}255},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Magenheim, A J and Gieskes, J M},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Distel1994,
	title = {{Evidence for phylogenetic congruence among sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts and their bivalve hosts}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
	volume = {38},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {533{\textendash}543},
	issn = {0022-2844},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00178852},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178852},
	author = {Distel, D L and Felbeck, H and Cavanaugh, C M}
}
@article {Robigou1994,
	title = {{Evolution of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	number = {44 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {706},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Robigou, V and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Blasco1994,
	title = {{Exploring the wreck of the Titanic: Seabed processes at 3800 metres in the North Atlantic}},
	journal = {Atlantic Geology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {154},
	issn = {0843-5561},
	author = {Blasco, S M}
}
@article {Garcia1993,
	title = {{An evaluation of temporal geochemical evolution of Loihi summit lavas: results from Alvin submersible dives}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {537{\textendash}550},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01707},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01707},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Jorgenson, B A and Mahoney, J J and Ito, E and Irving, A J}
}
@article {Wetzel1993,
	title = {{Evidence from earthquakes for bookshelf faulting at large non-transform ridge offsets}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {362},
	number = {6416},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {235{\textendash}237},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/362235a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362235a0},
	author = {Wetzel, L R and Wiens, D A and Kleinrock, M C}
}
@article {Cavanaugh1992,
	title = {{Evidence for methylotrophic symbionts in a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bivalvia Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {12},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3799{\textendash}3803},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=183184{\&}blobtype=pdf},
	author = {Cavanaugh, C M and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Brunner1992,
	title = {{An example of slump block construction of the continental rise}},
	journal = {Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {37},
	number = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {42},
	issn = {0076-9436},
	author = {Brunner, C A and Culver, S J}
}
@article {Mevel1991,
	title = {{Emplacement of deep crustal and mantle rocks on the west median valley wall of the MARK area (MAR, 23 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {31{\textendash}53},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90353-T},
	author = {M{\'e}vel, C and Cannat, M and Gente, P and Marion, E and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Haymon1991b,
	title = {{EPR crest erupts north of Leg 142 drillsite}},
	journal = {JOI/USSAC Newsletter},
	volume = {4},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {4{\textendash}5},
	author = {Haymon, R and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Edmond, J and Lilley, M and Perfit, M and Shanks, W C and Grebmeier, J and Lutz, R and Carbotte, S and Wright, D and Smith, M and Laughlin, E and Beedle, N and Seewald, J S and Reudelhuber, D and Olson, E and Johnson, F}
}
@article {Chadwick1991,
	title = {{Evidence for volcanic eruption on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge between 1981 and 1987}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {350},
	number = {6317},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {416{\textendash}418},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/350416a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/350416a0},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W and Fox, C G}
}
@article {Stakes1991,
	title = {{Evolution of hydrothermal activity on the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Observations, mineral ages and Ra isotope ratios}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {96},
	number = {B13},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {21,721{\textendash}739,752},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/91JB02038},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91JB02038},
	author = {Stakes, D and Moore, W S}
}
@article {Gente1991,
	title = {{An example of a recent accretion on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Snake Pit neovolcanic ridge (MARK Area, 23 degrees 22{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1{\textendash}29},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90352-S},
	author = {Gente, P and M{\'e}vel, C and Auzende, J M and Karson, J A and Fouquet, Y}
}
@mastersthesis {Kinzler1991,
	title = {{Experimental constraints on the generation and evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalts}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {258},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kinzler, R J}
}
@article {Page1991,
	title = {{Experimental evidence for filter-feeding by the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {38},
	number = {12},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1455{\textendash}1461},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(91)90084-S},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(91)90084-S},
	author = {Page, H M and Fisher, C R and Fiala-Medioni, A and Childress, J J}
}
@inbook {Gortan1991,
	title = {{Exploration sousmarine: Engins d{\textquoteright}hier d{\textquoteright}aujourd{\textquoteright}hui et de demain}},
	booktitle = {La Vie des Oceans},
	series = {Science et vie},
	number = {176},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {4{\textendash}12},
	publisher = {Excelsior},
	organization = {Excelsior},
	address = {Paris},
	author = {Gortan, C}
}
@book {Ballard1991a,
	title = {{Exploring the Bismarck: The real-life quest to find Hitler{\textquoteright}s greatest battleship}},
	year = {1991},
	publisher = {Scholastic/Madison Press Books},
	organization = {Scholastic/Madison Press Books},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-590-44268-6},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Grosenbaugh1990,
	title = {{The effect of unsteady motion on the drag forces and flow-induced vibrations of a long vertical tow cable}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the First (1990) European Offshore Mechanics Symposium: Hydrodynamics and Structural Mechanics, Tubular Joints and Fatigue, TLP, Offshore Systems, Pipelines and Risers, Cables and Mooring, Ice-Structure Interactions},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {464{\textendash}473},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-962610-44-5},
	author = {Grosenbaugh, M A},
	editor = {Chung, J S}
}
@article {Fisher1990b,
	title = {{Evidence from rare gases for magma-chamber degassing of highly evolved mid-ocean-ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {343},
	number = {6257},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {450{\textendash}452},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/343450a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/343450a0},
	author = {Fisher, D E and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Uchupi1989,
	title = {{Evidence of hydrothermal activity on Marsili Seamount, Tyrrhenian Basin}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {36},
	number = {9},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1443{\textendash}1448},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(89)90094-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90094-0},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Levin1988,
	title = {{The ecology of xenophyophores (Protista) on Eastern Pacific seamounts}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {12},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2003{\textendash}2027},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90122-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90122-7},
	author = {Levin, L A and Thomas, C L}
}
@inbook {Mullineaux1988a,
	title = {{Effects of boundary-layer flow on the settlement of organisms onto flatplates: preliminary results from Cross Seamount}},
	booktitle = {Global venting, midwater, and benthic ecological processes},
	series = {National Undersea Research Program research report},
	number = {88-4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {251{\textendash}264},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research},
	address = {Rockville, Md.},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Butman, C A and Fuller, C F},
	editor = {De Luca, M P}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1988a,
	title = {{An experimental investigation of the quasi-statics and dynamics of a long vertical tow cable}},
	booktitle = {OMAE 1988 Houston: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {489{\textendash}495},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Grosenbaugh, M A and Triantafyllou, M S and Engebretsen, K and Burgess, J},
	editor = {Chung, J S}
}
@book {Ballard1988,
	title = {{Exploring the Titanic}},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {64},
	publisher = {Scholastic},
	organization = {Scholastic},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-590-41953-6},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Jannasch1988,
	title = {{Extremely thermophilic fermentative archaebacteria of the genus Desulfurococcus from deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1203{\textendash}1209},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/5/1203},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Molyneaux, S J and Langworthy, T A}
}
@mastersthesis {Mullineaux1987,
	title = {{The epifaunal communities of manganese nodules}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {218},
	school = {University of California, San Diego},
	type = {phd},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Ballard1987b,
	title = {{Epilogue for Titanic}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {172},
	number = {4},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {454{\textendash}463},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Karson1987a,
	title = {{Evidence for variations in magma production along spreading centers: a critical appraisal}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {2},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {127{\textendash}131},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<127:EFVIMP>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15{\%}3C127:EFVIMP{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Karson, J A and Elthon, D L}
}
@article {Morton1986,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at lat 19 degrees S: evidence for a recent ridge jump}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {111{\textendash}114},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<111:EPRALS>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C111:EPRALS{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Morton, J L and Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Karl1985,
	title = {{Effects of temperature on the growth and viability of hydrothermal vent microbial communities}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {345{\textendash}353},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Karl, D M}
}
@article {Kadko1985,
	title = {{An estimate of hydrothermal fluid residence times and vent chimney growth rates based on 210-Pb/Pb ratios and mineralogic studies of sulfides dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {76},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3},
	author = {Kadko, D and Koski, R A and Tatsumoto, M and Bouse, R M}
}
@article {Ballard1984b,
	title = {{The exploits of Alvin and Angus: Exploring the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {7{\textendash}14},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Francheteau1983,
	title = {{The East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees N, 13 degrees N and 20 degrees S: Inferences for along-strike variability of axial processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {64},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {93{\textendash}116},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(83)90055-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90055-9},
	author = {Francheteau, J and Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Simoneit1983,
	title = {{Effects of hydrothermal activity on sedimentary organic matter: Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California - Petroleum genesis and protokerogen degradation}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {451{\textendash}471},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Simoneit, B R T},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@mastersthesis {Smith1983a,
	title = {{Enrichment, disturbance and deep-sea community structure: The significance of large organic falls to bathyal benthos in Santa Catalina Basin}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {310},
	school = {University of California, San Diego},
	type = {phd},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Smith, C R}
}
@article {Smith1983,
	title = {{Epibenthic megafauna of a bathyal basin off southern California: Patterns of abundance, biomass, and dispersion}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {30},
	number = {9},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {907{\textendash}928},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(83)90048-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(83)90048-1},
	author = {Smith, C R and Hamilton, S C}
}
@book {Ballard1983a,
	title = {{Exploring our living planet}},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {366},
	publisher = {National Geographic Society},
	organization = {National Geographic Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {087044459X},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Mickel1982,
	title = {{Effects of pressure and temperature on the EKG and heart rate of the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron (Brachyura).}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {162},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {70{\textendash}82},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/162/1/70},
	author = {Mickel, T J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Mickel1982a,
	title = {{Effects of temperature, pressure and oxygen concentration on the oxygen consumption rate of the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron (Brachyura)}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {199{\textendash}207},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Mickel, T J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Ballard1981,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: The volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes of the central axis}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90081-9},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J and Juteau, T and Rangan, C and Normark, W}
}
@article {Arnold1981,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise at latitude 21 degrees N: Isotopic composition and origin of the hydrothermal sulphur}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {148{\textendash}156},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(81)90122-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90122-9},
	author = {Arnold, M and Sheppard, S M F}
}
@article {Alvarez-Ramis1981,
	title = {{Estudio de Frenelopsis oligostomata (Romariz) Alvin, procedente del Cretacico superior de Torrelaguna (Madrid)}},
	journal = {Estudios Geologicos},
	volume = {37},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {83{\textendash}87},
	issn = {0367-0449},
	author = {Alvarez-Ramis, C}
}
@book {Oudin1981,
	title = {{Etudes mineralogique et geochimique des depots sulfures sous-marins actuels de la ride Est-Pacifique (21 degrees N): Campagne Rise (avril-mai et septembre-octobre 1979)}},
	series = {Documents du BRGM},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {247},
	publisher = {B.R.G.M.},
	organization = {B.R.G.M.},
	address = {Orleans, France},
	isbn = {2715960123},
	author = {Oudin, E and Fouillac, C and Le Bel, L}
}
@article {Ryan1981,
	title = {{Evidence of a carbonate platform beneath Georges Bank}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {213{\textendash}228},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90119-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90119-5},
	author = {Ryan, W B F and Miller, E L}
}
@article {Spiess1980,
	title = {{East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {207},
	number = {4438},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1421{\textendash}1433},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4438.1421},
	author = {Spiess, F N and Macdonald, K C and Atwater, T and Ballard, R D and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Cox, C and Diaz Garcia, V M and Francheteau, J and Guerrero, J and Hawkins, J and Haymon, R and Hessler, R and Juteau, T and Kastner, M and Larson, R and Luyendyk, B and Macdougall, J D and Miller, S and Normark, W and Orcutt, J and Rangin, C}
}
@article {Cohen1980,
	title = {{An experimental analysis of the dynamics of a submerged cradle in a seaway}},
	journal = {Naval Engineers Journal},
	volume = {92},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {25{\textendash}35},
	issn = {0028-1425},
	author = {Cohen, J M}
}
@article {Mullins1979,
	title = {{Echo character of off-platform carbonates}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {251{\textendash}268},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90067-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90067-7},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Boardman, M R and Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Robins1979,
	title = {{The eels, Anguilla and Histiobranchus, photographed on the floor of the deep Atlantic in the Bahamas}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {29},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {401{\textendash}405},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Robins, C R and Cohen, D M and Robins, C H}
}
@article {Harbison1979,
	title = {{Effects of temperature on the swimming of salps (Tunlcata thaliacea) implications for vertical migration}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {24},
	number = {6},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1081{\textendash}1091},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}24/issue{\_}6/1081.pdf},
	author = {Harbison, G R and Campenot, R B}
}
@article {Jenkins1978,
	title = {{Excess 3He and 4He in Galapagos submarine hydrothermal waters}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {272},
	number = {5649},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {156{\textendash}158},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/272156a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/272156a0},
	author = {Jenkins, W J and Edmond, J M and Corliss, J B}
}
@article {Jannasch1978,
	title = {{Experiments in deep-sea microbiology}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {50{\textendash}57},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Rowe1977,
	title = {{Epifaunal megabenthos in DWD 106}},
	booktitle = {Baseline Report of Environmental Conditions in Deepwater Dumpsite 106},
	series = {NOAA Dumpsite Evaluation Report},
	volume = {2},
	number = {77-1},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {459{\textendash}464},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	address = {Rockville, Md.},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Haedrich, R L and Polloni, P T and Clifford, C H}
}
@inbook {Dyer1976,
	title = {{Environmental surveys of two deepsea radioactive waste disposal sites using submersibles}},
	booktitle = {Management of Radioactive Wastes from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Management of Radioactive Wastes from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle},
	series = {Proceedings Series - International Atomic Energy Agency},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {317{\textendash}338},
	publisher = {International Atomic Energy Agency},
	organization = {International Atomic Energy Agency},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {9200202764},
	author = {Dyer, R S}
}
@article {Schlager1976,
	title = {{Episodic erosion and deposition in the Tongue of the Ocean (Bahamas)}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {87},
	number = {8},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {1115{\textendash}1118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1115:EEADIT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87{\%}3C1115:EEADIT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Schlager, W and Hooke, R L and James, N P}
}
@book {Isett1975,
	title = {{Evaluation of a 6A1-2Cb-ITa-O.8Mo titanium hull for manned submersibles (hull II)}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1975},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Isett, F L}
}
@book {McElroy1975,
	title = {{Experimental applications of the modular acoustic system for the submersible Alvin}},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {108},
	publisher = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	organization = {Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA016612{\&}Location=U2{\&}doc=GetTRDoc.pdf},
	author = {McElroy, P T}
}
@article {RN2410,
	title = {Expandable Floating Bases Program: Model Test and Analysis},
	year = {1973},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.21236/ad0756048},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1127455949 http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/774f/44dd9b1156978268196a8a27b71dc89543a9.pdf},
	author = {Quaint, Glenn W.}
}
@book {Schneider1972a,
	title = {{Evaluation of DSV Alvin 12,000-foot sea-water variable-ballast system}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1972},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Schneider, W E and Lebowitz, R K and Sasse, J A and McPherson, S E}
}
@article {Girice1972,
	title = {{The existence of a bottom-living calanoid copepod fauna in the deep water with descriptions of five new species}},
	journal = {Crustaceana},
	volume = {23},
	number = {3},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {219{\textendash}242},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0011-216X},
	doi = {10.1163/156854072X00138},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854072X00138},
	author = {Girice, C D}
}
@mastersthesis {Cohen1972,
	title = {{An experimental analysis of the dynamics of a submerged tethered cradle in a seaway}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {62},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1224},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1224},
	author = {Cohen, J M}
}
@book {Cohen1972a,
	title = {{An experimental analysis of the dynamics of a submerged tethered cradle in a seaway}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {72-45},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {62},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1224},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1224},
	author = {Cohen, J M}
}
@article {Rainnie1971,
	title = {{Equipment and instrumentation for the navigation of submersibles}},
	journal = {Underwater Journal and Information Bulletin},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {120{\textendash}128},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-6614},
	author = {Rainnie, W O}
}
@book {Porteous1970,
	title = {{Evaluation of movie lights for use on D.S.R.V. Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {3},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Porteous, J}
}
@book {Berteaux1970,
	title = {{Experimental analysis of the failed wire ropes of the submersible Alvin hoist system}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {37},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Berteaux, H O and Morey, R L}
}
@article {Niblock1970,
	title = {{Expertise, equipment ready for bolder ocean programs}},
	journal = {Undersea Technology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {53{\textendash}54},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-6533},
	author = {Niblock, R W}
}
@book {Sharp1969,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis of model of emergency forebody release device used in deep diving research submarines Alvin, Sea Cliff and Turtle}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-68},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Sharp, A G and Sullivan, J R}
}
@inbook {Walsh1965,
	title = {{Economic and logistic aspects of deep vehicle operations}},
	booktitle = {Ocean science and ocean engineering: Transactions of the Joint Conference and Exhibit, 14-17 June, 1965, Washington, D.C.},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {858{\textendash}863},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walsh, D}
}
@book {Learnard1964a,
	title = {{Electrical and pressure tests of Alvin{\textquoteright}s electric through hull penetrators}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {3},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Learnard, H H and McCamis, M J and Swinhart, O L}
}
@book {Briggs1964d,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis for Alvin hull number 1}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964a,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis for Alvin hull number 2}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1964c,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis of Alvin buoyancy spheres}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Briggs1963,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis and leak test for Alvin hull number 1}},
	series = {Final Report},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {47},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Bynum1963,
	title = {{Experimental stress analysis of a model of the Alvin hull}},
	series = {Final Report},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {52},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Bynum, D J and DeHart, R C}
}
