@article {RN2498,
	title = {Genomic Variation Influences Methanothermococcus Fitness in Marine Hydrothermal Systems},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {714920},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.714920},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140546480 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.714920/pdf},
	author = {Hoffert, Michael and Anderson, Rika E. and Reveillaud, Julie and Murphy, Leslie G. and Stepanauskas, Ramunas and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {RN2526,
	title = {Geodetic Monitoring at Axial Seamount Since its 2015 Eruption Reveals a Waning Magma Supply and Tightly Linked Rates of Deformation and Seismicity},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021gc010153},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144167182},
	author = {Chadwick, William W. and Wilcock, William S. D. and Nooner, Scott L. and Beeson, Jeff W. and Sawyer, Audra M. and Lau, T. -K}
}
@article {RN2511,
	title = {Geothermal heating and episodic cold-seawater intrusions into an isolated ridge-flank basin near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Communications Earth \& Environment},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {226},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-021-00297-2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142242361},
	author = {Becker, Keir and Thomson, Richard E. and Davis, Earl E. and Villinger, Heinrich and Wheat, C. Geoffrey}
}
@article {RN2438,
	title = {Gammaproteobacteria mediating utilization of methyl-, sulfur- and petroleum organic compounds in deep ocean hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-13},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-00745-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130210975},
	author = {Zhou, Zhichao and Liu, Yang and Pan, Jie and Cron, Brandi R. and Toner, Brandy M. and Anantharaman, Karthik and Breier, John A. and Dick, Gregory J. and Li, Meng}
}
@article {RN2419,
	title = {Grand Challenge: Timescales and Processes of Methane Hydrate Formation and Breakdown, with Application to Geologic Systems},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2018jb016459},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128220185},
	author = {Ruppel, C. D. and Waite, W. F.}
}
@article {RN2371,
	title = {Generation and Utilization of Volatile Fatty Acids and Alcohols in Hydrothermally Altered Sediments in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {46},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2637-2646},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL081284},
	author = {Zhuang, G. C. and Montgomery, A. and Samarkin, V. A. and Song, M. and Liu, J. R. and Schubotz, F. and Teske, A. and Hinrichs, K. U. and Joye, S. B.}
}
@article {RN2390,
	title = {Genome-resolved metagenomics and metatranscriptomics reveal niche differentiation in functionally redundant microbial communities at deep-sea hydrothermal vents},
	journal = {Environ Microbiol},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2920},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14806},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573126},
	author = {Galambos, D. and Anderson, R. E. and Reveillaud, J. and Huber, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2379,
	title = {Geochemistry of hot-springs at the SuSu Knolls hydrothermal field, Eastern Manus Basin: Advanced argillic alteration and vent fluid acidity},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {255},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {25-48},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2019.03.034},
	author = {Seewald, J. S. and Reeves, E. P. and Bach, W. and Saccocia, P. J. and Craddock, P. R. and Walsh, E. and Shanks, W. C. and Sylva, S. P. and Pichler, T. and Rosner, M.}
}
@article {RN2364,
	title = {Geology and Fluid Discharge at Dorado Outcrop, a Low Temperature Ridge-Flank Hydrothermal System},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {487-504},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GC007933},
	author = {Wheat, C. G. and Hartwell, A. M. and McManus, J. and Fisher, A. T. and Orcutt, B. N. and Schlicht, L. E. M. and Niedenzu, S. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2345,
	title = {Gene expression profiling reveals deep-sea coral response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {20},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {4066-4077},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	doi = {10.1111/mec.14847},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14847},
	author = {DeLeo, Danielle M. and Herrera, Santiago and Lengyel, Stephen D. and Quattrini, Andrea~M and Kulathinal, Rob J. and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {2485,
	title = {Geochemical and iron isotopic insights into hydrothermal iron oxyhydroxide deposit formation at Loihi Seamount},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {220},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {449 - 482},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2017.09.050},
	author = {Rouxel, Olivier J. and Toner, Brandy and Germain, Yoan and Glazer, Brian}
}
@article {2486,
	title = {Geochemistry of fluids from Earth{\textquoteright}s deepest ridge-crest hot-springs: Piccard hydrothermal field, Mid-Cayman Rise},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {228},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {95 - 118},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.021},
	author = {McDermott, Jill M. and Sylva, Sean P. and Ono, Shuhei and German, Christopher R. and Seewald, Jeffrey S.}
}
@article {LaBella2017,
	title = {{Gene flow between Atlantic and Pacific Ocean basins in three lineages of deep-sea clams (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae: Pliocardiinae) and subsequent limited gene flow within the Atlantic}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {307{\textendash}317},
	abstract = {Pliocardiin (vesicomyid) clams rely on microbial symbionts for nutrition and are obligate inhabitants of deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. Unlike many other invertebrate hosts of chemosynthetic microbes, pliocardiin clams are found in every ocean in a variety of reducing habitats, including hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, organic falls and deep-sea fans. The global distribution of pliocardiin clams suggests historical gene flow between ocean basins. We focus on 3 pliocardiin genera{\textemdash}{\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} I, Calyptogena and Abyssogena{\textemdash}each of which has a pair of sister clades in the Atlantic and Pacific. Our work tests the hypothesis that historical gene flow between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans within these genera was interrupted by the closure of the Panamanian seaway and tests whether isolation between the ocean basins is the result of vicariance or past colonization. These questions are investigated in the context of fossil evidence, biogeography and phylogenetics. This study revealed a set of substitution rates consistent with other invertebrate studies ($μ$=0.8{\%}/My/lineage), and a set consistent with much lower rates often attributed to deep-sea organisms ($μ$=0.3{\%}/My/lineage). Among the Pacific/Atlantic sister pairs, {\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} I COI divergence per lineage is intermediate (2.5{\%}), Calyptogena is the highest (6.1{\%}) and Abyssogena the lowest (0.8{\%}). The substitution rates suggest that {\textquoteleft}Pliocardia{\textquoteright} I and Calyptogena have histories of at least 2.8 My in the Atlantic, with Calyptogena likely older. The slower rate, however, is inconsistent with both the maximum age of the family and several well studied fossils: leaving the faster rate preferred. With the faster rate, the Abyssogena southwardae clade diverged from its Pacific sister clade around 1 Mya, which likely post-dates the closure of the Isthmus of Panama and the opening of the Bering Strait. In light of this recent divergence, we test the previously proposed hypothesis that there is a high level of ongoing gene flow between Atlantic populations of A. southwardae. A. southwardae has colonized a broad geographic range of seep sites including the West Florida Escarpment, the Barbados Accretionary Prism, the Lobes of Congo, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north and south of the Romanche Transform Fault. Coalescent methods detect gene flow between Barbados and the Mid-Atlantic ridge; and between the West Florida Escarpment and the Lobes of Congo. All other comparisons failed to detect gene flow, contrary to prevailing interpretations of connectivity across the entire Atlantic Basin.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.08.013},
	author = {LaBella, A L and Van Dover, C L and Jollivet, D and Cunningham, C W}
}
@article {Edgcomb2016,
	title = {{Gene expression profiling of microbial activities and interactions in sediments under haloclines of E. Mediterranean deep hypersaline anoxic basins}},
	journal = {ISME Journal},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {2643{\textendash}2657},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are considered some of the most polyextreme habitats on Earth. In comparison to microbial activities occurring within the haloclines and brines of these unusual water column habitats near the Mediterranean seafloor, relatively little is known about microbial metabolic activities in the underlying sediments. In addition, it is not known whether activities are shaped by the unique chemistries of the different DHAB brines and whether evidence exists for active microbial eukaryotes in those sediments. Metatranscriptome analysis was applied to sediment samples collected using ROV Jason from underneath the haloclines of Urania, Discovery and L{\textquoteright}Atalante DHABs and a control site. We report on expression of genes associated with sulfur and nitrogen cycling, putative osmolyte biosynthetic pathways and ion transporters, trace metal detoxification, selected eukaryotic activities (particularly of fungi), microbemicrobe interactions, and motility in sediments underlying the haloclines of three DHABs. Relative to our control sediment sample collected outside of Urania Basin, microbial communities (including eukaryotes) in the Urania and Discovery DHAB sediments showed upregulation of expressed genes associated with nitrogen transformations, osmolyte biosynthesis, heavy metals resistance and metabolism, eukaryotic organelle functions, and cell-cell interactions. Sediments underlying DHAB haloclines that have cumulative physico-chemical stressors within the limits of tolerance for microoorganisms can therefore be hotspots of activity in the deep Mediterranean Sea.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2016.58},
	author = {Edgcomb, V P and Pachiadaki, M and Mara, P and Kormas, K and Leadbetter, E R and Bernhard, J M}
}
@article {Rouxel2016,
	title = {{Geochemistry and iron isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume fall-out at East Pacific Rise 9{\textdegree}50'N}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {441},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {212{\textendash}234},
	abstract = {While gross hydrothermal fluxes entering the ocean are known to be significant, much remains unknown about the fate of this material as it disperses through the oceans, and its impact upon ocean biogeochemistry. Mineral precipitation within hydrothermal plumes removes hydrothermally-sourced metals from solution and also acts to scavenge trace elements from the surrounding water column. Here, we investigate the fate of particulate Fe released from high-temperature hydrothermal venting at EPR 9{\textdegree}50'N and its potential impact on local deep-ocean Fe-isotopic and geochemical budgets. We measured the geochemical composition, mineralogy and Fe isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume products in order to determine whether mineral precipitation imposes characteristic Fe-isotope {\textquotedblleft}fingerprints{\textquotedblright} for hydrothermally sourced Fe in the deep ocean. Our sampling includes sediment trap deployments after the eruptive event of Jan. 2006, allowing the examination of temporal changes of hydrothermal fluxes over a 160 day period. Results show that Fe isotope composition in the high-temperature vent fluids is rather constant over the sampling period 2004{\textendash}2008, and that secular variations of $δ$56Fe values of plume particles from - 0.03 to - 0.91{\textperthousand} (relative to IRMM-14 standard) could be explained by local processes leading to variable mixing extents of hydrothermal, biogenic and lithogenic particles. Through geochemical modeling, we have calculated the relative abundances of hydrothermal plume components such as sulfides, Fe oxyhydroxides, organic matter, biogenic and lithogenic phases. We demonstrate that Fe isotope fractionation in the hydrothermal plume occurs during the formation and rapid settling of Fe-sulfides that are characterized by $δ$56Fe values ranging from - 0.73 {\textpm} 0.13{\textperthousand} to - 0.86 {\textpm} 0.13{\textperthousand}, which is systematically lower than the end-member hydrothermal fluids ($δ$56Fe = - 0.4{\textperthousand}). This study suggests that both the initial Fe isotope composition of the high-temperature vent fluids and its initial Fe/H2S ratio (i.e. Fe-sulfide precipitation versus Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation) should impose characteristic Fe isotope {\textquotedblleft}fingerprints{\textquotedblright} for hydrothermally derived Fe in the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.08.027},
	author = {Rouxel, O J and Toner, B M and Manganini, S J and German, C R}
}
@article {Prouty2016a,
	title = {{Growth rates and ages of deep-sea corals impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {196{\textendash}212},
	abstract = {The impact of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill on deep-sea coral communities in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is still under investigation, as is the potential for these communities to recover. Impacts from the spill include observation of corals covered with flocculent material, with bare skeleton, excessive mucous production, sloughing tissue, and subsequent colonization of damaged areas by hydrozoans. Information on growth rates and life spans of deep-sea corals is important for understanding the vulnerability of these ecosystems to both natural and anthropogenic perturbations, as well as the likely duration of any observed adverse impacts. We report radiocarbon ages and radial and linear growth rates based on octocorals (Paramuricea spp. and Chrysogorgia sp.) collected in 2010 and 2011 from areas of the DWH impact. The oldest coral radiocarbon ages were measured on specimens collected 11 km to the SW of the oil spill from the Mississippi Canyon (MC) 344 site: 599 and 55 cal yr BP, suggesting continuous life spans of over 600 years for Paramuricea biscaya, the dominant coral species in the region. Calculated radial growth rates, between 0.34 $μ$m yr-1 and 14.20 $μ$m yr-1, are consistent with previously reported proteinaceous corals from the GoM. Anomalously low radiocarbon ($Δ$14C) values for soft tissue from some corals indicate that these corals were feeding on particulate organic carbon derived from an admixture of modern surface carbon and a low 14C carbon source. Results from this work indicate fossil carbon could contribute 5{\textendash}10{\%} to the coral soft tissue $Δ$14C signal within the area of the spill impact. The influence of a low 14C carbon source (e.g., petro-carbon) on the particulate organic carbon pool was observed at all sites within 30 km of the spill site, with the exception of MC118, which may have been outside of the dominant northeast{\textendash}southwest zone of impact. The quantitatively assessed extreme longevity and slow growth rates documented here highlight the vulnerability of these long-lived deep sea coral species to disturbance.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.10.021},
	author = {Prouty, N G and Fisher, C R and Demopoulos, A W J and Druffel, E R M}
}
@article {Teske2016,
	title = {{The Guaymas Basin Hiking Guide to Hydrothermal Mounds, Chimneys, and Microbial Mats: Complex Seafloor Expressions of Subsurface Hydrothermal Circulation}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {75},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal mats, mounds, and chimneys of the southern Guaymas Basin are the surface expression of complex subsurface hydrothermal circulation patterns. In this overview, we document the most frequently visited features of this hydrothermal area with photographs, temperature measurements, and selected geochemical data; many of these distinct habitats await characterization of their microbial communities and activities. Microprofiler deployments on microbial mats and hydrothermal sediments show their steep geochemical and thermal gradients at millimeter-scale vertical resolution. Mapping these hydrothermal features and sampling locations within the southern Guaymas Basin suggest linkages to underlying shallow sills and heat flow gradients. Recognizing the inherent spatial limitations of much current Guaymas Basin sampling calls for comprehensive surveys of the wider spreading region.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00075},
	author = {Teske, A P and de Beer, D and McKay, L J and Tivey, M K and Biddle, J F and Hoer, D R and Lloyd, K G and Lever, M A and Roy, H and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and MacGregor, B J}
}
@article {Li2015,
	title = {{Genomic and transcriptomic evidence for scavenging of diverse organic compounds by widespread deep-sea archaea}},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {8933},
	abstract = {Microbial activity is one of the most important processes to mediate the flux of organic carbon from the ocean surface to the seafloor. However, little is known about the microorganisms that underpin this key step of the global carbon cycle in the deep oceans. Here we present genomic and transcriptomic evidence that five ubiquitous archaeal groups actively use proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids and lipids as sources of carbon and energy at depths ranging from 800 to 4,950 m in hydrothermal vent plumes and pelagic background seawater across three different ocean basins. Genome-enabled metabolic reconstructions and gene expression patterns show that these marine archaea are motile heterotrophs with extensive mechanisms for scavenging organic matter. Our results shed light on the ecological and physiological properties of ubiquitous marine archaea and highlight their versatile metabolic strategies in deep oceans that might play a critical role in global carbon cycling.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms9933},
	author = {Li, M and Baker, B J and Anantharaman, K and Jain, S and Breier, J A and Dick, G J}
}
@article {ISI:000351204900007,
	title = {{Genomic insights into the uncultivated marine Zetaproteobacteria at Loihi Seamount}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {857{\textendash}870},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Zetaproteobacteria are a candidate class of marine iron-oxidizing bacteria that are typically found in high iron environments such as hydrothermal vent sites. As much remains unknown about these organisms due to difficulties in cultivation, single-cell genomics was used to learn more about this elusive group at Loihi Seamount. Comparative genomics of 23 phylogenetically diverse single amplified genomes (SAGs) and two isolates indicate niche specialization among the Zetaproteobacteria may be largely due to oxygen tolerance and nitrogen transformation capabilities. Only Form II ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RubisCO) genes were found in the SAGs, suggesting that some of the uncultivated Zetaproteobacteria may be adapted to low oxygen and/or high carbon dioxide concentrations. There is also genomic evidence of oxygen-tolerant cytochrome c oxidases and oxidative stress-related genes, indicating that others may be exposed to higher oxygen conditions. The Zetaproteobacteria also have the genomic potential for acquiring nitrogen from numerous sources including ammonium, nitrate, organic compounds, and nitrogen gas. Two types of molybdopterin oxidoreductase genes were found in the SAGs, indicating that those found in the isolates, thought to be involved in iron oxidation, are not consistent among all the Zetaproteobacteria. However, a novel cluster of redox-related genes was found to be conserved in 10 SAGs as well as in the isolates warranting further investigation. These results were used to isolate a novel iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria. Physiological studies and genomic analysis of this isolate were able to support many of the findings from SAG analyses demonstrating the value of these data for designing future enrichment strategies.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2014.183},
	author = {Field, Erin K and Sczyrba, Alexander and Lyman, Audrey E and Harris, Christopher C and Woyke, Tanja and Stepanauskas, Ramunas and Emerson, David}
}
@article {Greene2015,
	title = {{Geologic implications of seafloor character and carbonate lithification imaged on the domal core of Atlantis Massif}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {246{\textendash}255},
	abstract = {We document the seafloor character on Atlantis Massif, an ocean core complex located at 30{\textdegree}N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, with an emphasis on the distribution of carbonate features. Seafloor imagery, near-bottom backscatter, and bathymetry were analyzed on the Central Dome and the Western Shoulder of the exposed footwall to the detachment, and on the Eastern Block, a hanging wall to the fault. We merged Argo II still images to produce photo-mosaics and evaluated these together with video imagery, acoustic reflectivity, and basic rock composition. The seafloor was classified as unconsolidated sediment, lithified carbonate crust, consolidated carbonate cap, exposed basement, or rubble, and the spatial distribution of each type was assessed. Unconsolidated sediment, exposed basement, and rubble were documented in all three regions studied. Lithified carbonate crust was also present on the Western Shoulder and eastern Central Dome. Consolidated carbonate cap was found on the Eastern Block. The formation of the carbonate rock is interpreted to reflect precipitation and/or sediment cementation via fluids derived from serpentinization. Both processes occur at the nearby Lost City Hydrothermal Field. The newly documented locations of seafloor carbonate lithification therefore mark pathways of past, possibly recent, fluid flux from subsurface water-rock reaction zones and represent an additional constituent of the carbon cycling hosted by oceanic lithosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.020},
	author = {Greene, J A and Tominaga, M and Blackman, D K}
}
@article {Thal2014,
	title = {{Geologic setting of PACManus hydrothermal area - High resolution mapping and in situ observations}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {355},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {98{\textendash}114},
	abstract = {This study presents a systematic analysis and interpretation of autonomous underwater vehicle-based microbathymetry combined with remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video recordings, rock analyses and temperature measurements within the PACManus hydrothermal area located on Pual Ridge in the Bismarck Sea of eastern Manus Basin. The data obtained during research cruise Magellan-06 and So-216 provides a framework for understanding the relationship between the volcanism, tectonism and hydrothermal activity. PACManus is a submarine felsic vocanically-hosted hydrothermal area that hosts multiple vent fields located within several hundred meters of one another but with different fluid chemistries, vent temperatures and morphologies. The total area of hydrothermal activity is estimated to be 20,279 m(2). The microbathymetry maps combined with the ROV video observations allow for precise high-resolution mapping estimates of the areal extents of hydrothermal activity. We find the distribution of hydrothermal fields in the PACManus area is primarily controlled by volcanic features that include lava domes, thick and massive blocky lava flows, breccias and feeder dykes. Spatial variation in the permeability of local volcanic facies appears to control the distribution of venting within a field. We define a three-stage chronological sequence for the volcanic evolution of the PACManus based on lava flow morphology, sediment cover and lava SiO2 concentration. In Stage-1, sparsely to moderately porphyritic dacite lavas (68-69.8 wt.{\%} SiO2) erupted to form domes or cryptodomes. In Stage-2, aphyric lava with slightly lower SiO2 concentrations (67.2-67.9 wt.{\%} SiO2) formed jumbled and pillowed lava flows. In the most recent phase Stage-3, massive blocky lavas with 69 to 72.5 wt{\%} SiO2 were erupted through multiple vents constructing a volcanic ridge identified as the PACManus neovolcanic zone. The transition between these stages may be gradual and related to progressive heating of a silicic magma following a recharge event of hot, mantle-derived melts.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.05.011},
	author = {Thal, Janis and Tivey, Maurice and Yoerger, Dana and Joens, Niels and Bach, Wolfgang}
}
@article {ISI:000336392800014,
	title = {{Greenhouse gases generated from the anaerobic biodegradation of natural offshore asphalt seepages in southern California}},
	journal = {GEO-MARINE LETTERS},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {281{\textendash}295},
	type = {Article; Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {Significant offshore asphaltic deposits with active seepage occur in the Santa Barbara Channel offshore southern California. The composition and isotopic signatures of gases sampled from the oil and gas seeps reveal that the coexisting oil in the shallow subsurface is anaerobically biodegraded, generating CO2 with secondary CH4 production. Biomineralization can result in the consumption of as much as 60{\%} by weight of the original oil, with C-13 enrichment of CO2. Analyses of gas emitted from asphaltic accumulations or seeps on the seafloor indicate up to 11{\%} CO2 with C-13 enrichment reaching +24.8aEuro degrees. Methane concentrations range from less than 30{\%} up to 98{\%} with isotopic compositions of -34.9 to -66.1aEuro degrees. Higher molecular weight hydrocarbon gases are present in strongly varying concentrations reflecting both oil-associated gas and biodegradation; propane is preferentially biodegraded, resulting in an enriched C-13 isotopic composition as enriched as -19.5aEuro degrees. Assuming the 132 million barrels of asphaltic residues on the seafloor represent similar to 40{\%} of the original oil volume and mass, the estimated gas generated is 5.0x10(10) kg (similar to 76x10(9) m(3)) CH4 and/or 1.4x10(11) kg CO2 over the lifetime of seepage needed to produce the volume of these deposits. Geologic relationships and oil weathering inferences suggest the deposits are of early Holocene age or even younger. Assuming an age of similar to 1,000 years, annual fluxes are on the order of 5.0x10(7) kg (similar to 76x10(6) m(3)) and/or 1.4x10(8) kg for CH4 and CO2, respectively. The daily volumetric emission rate (2.1x10(5) m(3)) is comparable to current CH4 emission from Coal Oil Point seeps (1.5x10(5) m(3)/day), and may be a significant source of both CH4 and CO2 to the atmosphere provided that the gas can be transported through the water column.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s00367-014-0359-1},
	author = {Lorenson, Thomas D and Wong, Florence L and Dartnell, Peter and Sliter, Ray W}
}
@article {ISI:000331550900001,
	title = {{Geomicrobiological linkages between short-chain alkane consumption and sulfate reduction rates in seep sediments}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Marine hydrocarbon seeps are ecosystems that are rich in methane, and, in some cases, short-chain (C-2-C-5) and longer alkanes. C-2-C-4 alkanes such as ethane, propane, and butane can be significant components of seeping fluids. Some sulfate-reducing microbes oxidize short-chain alkanes anaerobically, and may play an important role in both the competition for sulfate and the local carbon budget. To better understand the anaerobic oxidation of short-chain n-alkanes coupled with sulfate-reduction, hydrocarbon-rich sediments from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) were amended with artificial, sulfate-replete seawater and one of four n-alkanes (C-1-C-4) then incubated under strict anaerobic conditions. Measured rates of alkane oxidation and sulfate reduction closely follow stoichiometric predictions that assume the complete oxidation of alkanes to CO2 (though other sinks for alkane carbon likely exist). Changes in the delta C-13 of all the alkanes in the reactors show enrichment over the course of the incubation, with the C-3 and C-4 incubations showing the greatest enrichment (4.4 and 4.5 parts per thousand, respectively). The concurrent depletion in the delta C-13 of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) implies a transfer of carbon from the alkane to the DIC pool (-3.5 and -6.7 parts per thousand for C-3 and C-4 incubations, respectively). Microbial community analyses reveal that certain members of the class Deltaproteobacteria are selectively enriched as the incubations degrade C-1-C-4 alkanes. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that distinct phylotypes are enriched in the ethane reactors, while phylotypes in the propane and butane reactors align with previously identified C-3-C-4 alkane-oxidizing sulfate-reducers. These data further constrain the potential influence of alkane oxidation on sulfate reduction rates (SRRs) in cold hydrocarbon-rich sediments, provide insight into their contribution to local carbon cycling, and illustrate the extent to which short-chain alkanes can serve as electron donors and govern microbial community composition and density.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00386},
	author = {Bose, Arpita and Rogers, Daniel R and Adams, Melissa M and Joye, Samantha B and Girguis, Peter R}
}
@article {Tontini2013,
	title = {{Geophysical modeling of collapse-prone zones at Rumble III seamount, southern Pacific Ocean, New Zealand}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {4667{\textendash}4680},
	abstract = {Catastrophic collapses of submarine volcanoes have the potential to generate major tsunami, threatening many coastal populations. Recognizing the difficulties surrounding anticipations of these events, quantitative assessment of collapse-prone regions based on detailed morphological, geological, and geophysical mapping can still provide important information about the hazards associated with these collapses. Rumble III is one of the shallowest, and largest, submarine volcanoes found along the Kermadec arc, and is both volcanically and hydrothermally active. Previous surveys have delineated major collapse features at Rumble III; based on time-lapse bathymetry, dramatic changes in the volcano morphology have been shown to have occurred over the interval 2007{\textendash}2009. Furthermore, this volcano is located just \~{}300 km from the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Here, we present a geophysical model for Rumble III that provides the locations and sizes of potential weak regions of this volcano. Shipborne and near-seafloor geological and geophysical data collected by the AUV Sentry are used to determine the subsurface distribution of weak and unstable volcanic rocks. The resulting model provides evidence for potentially unstable areas located in the Southeastern flank of this volcano which should be included in future hazard predictions.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20278},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20278},
	author = {Tontini, F C and de Ronde, C E J and Kinsey, J C and Soule, A and Yoerger, D and Cocchi, L}
}
@article {ISI:000325142700005,
	title = {{Growth kinetics and energetics of a deep-sea hyperthermophilic methanogen under varying environmental conditions}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {5},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {665{\textendash}671},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {{A hyperthermophilic deep-sea methanogen, Methanocaldococcus strain JH146, was isolated from 26 degrees C hydrothermal fluid at Axial Volcano to model high temperature methanogenesis in the subseafloor. Emphasis was placed on defining growth kinetics, cell yields and growth energy demand (GE) across a range of conditions. The organism uses H-2 and CO2 as its sole carbon and energy sources. At various temperatures, pHs, and chlorinities, its growth rates and cell yields co-varied while GE remained uniform at 1.69x10(-11) J cell(-1)s(-1)+/- 0.68x10(-11) J cell(-1)s(-1) (s.d.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12065},
	author = {Eecke, Helene C Ver and Akerman, Nancy H and Huber, Julie A and Butterfield, David A and Holden, James F}
}
@article {ISI:000311470800005,
	title = {{Geographic expansion of hermatypic and ahermatypic corals in the Gulf of Mexico, and implications for dispersal and recruitment}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY},
	volume = {436},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {36{\textendash}49},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The {\textgreater}3000 oil/gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) provide shallow hard-substratum in a soft-bottom dominated ecosystem. Excepting the Flower Garden Banks (FGB) and deeper mesophotic banks, no shallow hard substrate has been available offshore since the Holocene. Platforms have facilitated coral geographic expansion in this region. We determined the distribution, abundance, and species diversity patterns on 42 platforms in this region, at {\textless}= 37 m depth, along four cross-shelf transects: 1) S-SE from Corpus Christi, Texas; 2) S from Lake Sabine, Texas; 3) S from Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana; and 4) S-SW from Mobile, Alabama. Nine hermatypic, two ahermatypic, and one hydrozoan coral were found: hermatypes-Madracis decactis. Diploria strigosa, Montastraea cavernosa, Porites astreoides, Madracis formosa, Colpophyllia natans, Stephanocoenia intercepta, Stephanocoenia michelinii, and Millepora alcicornis (Hydrozoa); ahermatypes-Tubastraea cocci flea. Oculina diffusa, and Phyllangia americana. Pattern-seeking analyses identified four community types: one with no hermatypic corals (inner and mid-shelf); one high diversity set of platforms, dominated by abundant Madracis decactis, occurring with four other species per platform (outer shelf); and a third dominated by Madracis decactis, in low abundance, co-dominated by D. strigosa and Millepora alcicornis (outer shelf). Species diversity was highest around the Flower Garden Banks. Hermatypic density and D. strigosa (broadcaster) in particular, was maximum around the FGB, extending northwards. Madracis decactis (brooder) densities peaked at the shelf edge, off Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana. Montastraea cavernosa densities were bimodal, peaking near the FGB and east of the Mississippi River. The FGB appear to be the source of hermatypic corals for most platform populations. Differences between the distribution patterns of Madracis decactis and D. strigosa, Montastraea cavernosa, and O. diffusa suggest that the brooder effects longer recruitment distances by averaging larval dispersal over a broad range of hydrographic conditions throughout the year, while the broadcaster utilizes only one set of conditions over the same period. Averaging respective dispersal strategies over decades may have produced the observed disparate distribution patterns. Ahermatypic coral density exceeded hermatypic density by 10,000 fold, peaking south of Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana and Mobile, Alabama, due to T. coccinea. Ahermatypic diversity was highest off Matagorda Island, Texas, decreasing from west to east. Multi-variate pattern-seeking analysis (PATN) identified four ahermatypic community types: one dominated by O. diffusa and T. coccinea in low abundances (shelf-wide distribution); one characterized by the absence of ahermatypic corals (generally near-shore); one heavily dominated by T. coccinea, and also by O. diffusa in low abundances (mid-shelf to shelf edge); and one dominated by T. coccinea, co-dominated by both P. americana and O. diffusa in low abundances (shelf-edge). T. coccinea and P. americana appear to be derived from the southern GOM off Mexico or the Caribbean. Unlike shrinking coral populations in other parts of the world, corals have expanded their range substantially in the northern Gulf of Mexico, in areas previously devoid or near devoid of corals, facilitated by thousands of oil/gas platforms deployed for decades throughout the region. It is also possible that coral populations on these platforms may act as potential larval sources for the FGB in the event of a mass coral mortality there. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2012.08.009},
	author = {Sammarco, Paul W and Atchison, Amy D and Boland, Gregory S and Sinclair, James and Lirette, Angela}
}
@article {Reeves2011,
	title = {{Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the PACMANUS, Northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1088{\textendash}1123},
	abstract = {Processes controlling the composition of seafloor hydrothermal fluids in silicic back-arc or near-arc crustal settings remain poorly constrained despite growing evidence for extensive magmatic{\textendash}hydrothermal activity in such environments. We conducted a survey of vent fluid compositions from two contrasting sites in the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea, to examine the influence of variations in host rock composition and magmatic inputs (both a function of arc proximity) on hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Fluid samples were collected from felsic-hosted hydrothermal vent fields located on Pual Ridge (PACMANUS and Northeast (NE) Pual) near the active New Britain Arc and a basalt-hosted vent field (Vienna Woods) located farther from the arc on the Manus Spreading Center. Vienna Woods fluids were characterized by relatively uniform endmember temperatures (273{\textendash}285~{\textdegree}C) and major element compositions, low dissolved CO2 concentrations (4.4~mmol/kg) and high measured pH (4.2{\textendash}4.9 at 25~{\textdegree}C). Temperatures and compositions were highly variable at PACMANUS/NE Pual and a large, newly discovered vent area (Fenway) was observed to be vigorously venting boiling (358~{\textdegree}C) fluid. All PACMANUS fluids are characterized by negative $δ$DH2O$δ$DH2O values, in contrast to positive values at Vienna Woods, suggesting substantial magmatic water input to circulating fluids at Pual Ridge. Low measured pH (25~{\textdegree}C) values (\~{}2.6{\textendash}2.7), high endmember CO2 (up to 274~mmol/kg) and negative $δ$34SH2S$δ$34SH2S values (down to -2.7{\textperthousand}) in some vent fluids are also consistent with degassing of acid-volatile species from evolved magma. Dissolved CO2 at PACMANUS is more enriched in 13C (-4.1{\textperthousand} to -2.3{\textperthousand}) than Vienna Woods (-5.2{\textperthousand} to -5.7{\textperthousand}), suggesting a contribution of slab-derived carbon. The mobile elements (e.g. Li, K, Rb, Cs and B) are also greatly enriched in PACMANUS fluids reflecting increased abundances in the crust there relative to the Manus Spreading Center. Variations in alkali and dissolved gas abundances with Cl at PACMANUS and NE Pual suggest that phase separation has affected fluid chemistry despite the low temperatures of many vents. In further contrast to Vienna Woods, substantial modification of PACMANUS/NE Pual fluids has taken place as a result of seawater ingress into the upflow zone. Consistently high measured Mg concentrations as well as trends of increasingly non-conservative SO4 behavior, decreasing endmember Ca/Cl and Sr/Cl ratios with increased Mg indicate extensive subsurface anhydrite deposition is occurring as a result of subsurface seawater entrainment. Decreased pH and endmember Fe/Mn ratios in higher Mg fluids indicate that the associated mixing/cooling gives rise to sulfide deposition and secondary acidity production. Several low temperature (⩽80~{\textdegree}C) fluids at PACMANUS/NE Pual also show evidence for anhydrite dissolution and water{\textendash}rock interaction (fixation of B) subsequent to seawater entrainment. Hence, the evolution of fluid compositions at Pual Ridge reflects the cumulative effects of water/rock interaction, admixing and reaction of fluids exsolved from silicic magma, phase separation/segregation and seawater ingress into upflow zones.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.008},
	author = {Reeves, E and Seewald, J S and Saccocia, P J and Walsh, E and Bach, W and Craddock, P R and Shanks, W C and Sylva, S P and Pichler, T and Rosner, M}
}
@article {ISI:000284431900008,
	title = {{Genetic and anatomic relationships among three morphotypes of the echinoid Echinocrepis rostrata}},
	journal = {INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {129},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {368{\textendash}375},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Three morphotypes-purple, tan, and white-of an irregular echinoid of the genus Echinocrepis are commonly observed in the deep North Pacific Ocean. Mitochondrial (mt) 16S DNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA sequences were amplified from gonadal tissue samples from specimens of each morphotype. These portions of the mitochondrial genome are commonly used in species barcoding, and their similarities were compared and placed in 95{\%} connection limit parsimony networks. All three morphotypes have similar 16S mtDNA and COI mtDNA sequences, and are thus likely representatives of the same species, Echinocrepis rostrata. Specimens of the white morphotype were smaller than the specimens of the other two morphotypes, had less gonad tissue, and had a different body shape, suggesting that it represents the juvenile form of E. rostrata. Resolving the three morphotypes into one species simplifies the identification of E. rostrata from photographs and leads to a greater understanding of the life history and reproductive cycle of a species vital to deep-sea bioturbation and carbon sequestration.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00205.x},
	author = {Vardaro, Michael F}
}
@article {Goss2010,
	title = {{Geochemistry of lavas from the 2005-2006 eruption at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright}N-9 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N: Implications for ridge crest plumbing and decadal changes in magma chamber compositions}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {Q05T09},
	abstract = {Detailed mapping, sampling, and geochemical analyses of lava flows erupted from an \~{}18 km long section of the northern East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 9{\textdegree}46'N to 9{\textdegree}56'N during 2005{\textendash}2006 provide unique data pertaining to the short-term thermochemical changes in a mid-ocean ridge magmatic system. The 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas are typical normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt with strongly depleted incompatible trace element patterns with marked negative Sr and Eu/Eu* anomalies and are slightly more evolved than lavas erupted in 1991{\textendash}1992 at the same location on the EPR. Spatial geochemical differences show that lavas from the northern and southern limits of the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are more evolved than those erupted in the central portion of the fissure system. Similar spatial patterns observed in 1991{\textendash}1992 lavas suggest geochemical gradients are preserved over decadal time scales. Products of northern axial and off-axis fissure eruptions are consistent with the eruption of cooler, more fractionated lavas that also record a parental melt component not observed in the main suite of 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas. Radiogenic isotopic ratios for 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas fall within larger isotopic fields defined for young axial lavas from 9{\textdegree}N to 10{\textdegree}N EPR, including those from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption. Geochemical data from the 2005{\textendash}2006 eruption are consistent with an invariable mantle source over the spatial extent of the eruption and petrogenetic processes (e.g., fractional crystallization and magma mixing) operating within the crystal mush zone and axial magma chamber (AMC) before and during the 13 year repose period. Geochemical modeling suggests that the 2005{\textendash}2006 lavas represent differentiated residual liquids from the 1991{\textendash}1992 eruption that were modified by melts added from deeper within the crust and that the eruption was not initiated by the injection of hotter, more primitive basalt directly into the AMC. Rather, the eruption was driven by AMC pressurization from persistent or episodic addition of more evolved magma from the crystal mush zone into the overlying subridge AMC during the period between the two eruptions. Heat balance calculations of a hydrothermally cooled AMC support this model and show that continual addition of melt from the mush zone was required to maintain a sizable AMC over this time interval.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002977},
	author = {Goss, A R and Perfit, M R and Ridley, W I and Rubin, K H and Kamenov, G D and Soule, S A and Fundis, A and Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Rathburn2009,
	title = {{Geological and biological heterogeneity of the Aleutian Margin (1965{\textendash}4822 m)}},
	journal = {Progress In Oceanography},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {22{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002},
	author = {Rathburn, A E and Levin, L A and Tryon, M D and Gieskes, J M and Martin, J B and Perez, M E and Fodrie, F J and Neira, C and Fryer, G L and Mendoza, G F and McMillan, P A and Kluesner, J and Adamic, J and Ziebis, W}
}
@article {Petersen2009,
	title = {{The geological setting of the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (14 degrees 45'N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and its influence on massive sulfide formation}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {112},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {40{\textendash}56},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-4937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008},
	author = {Petersen, S and Kuhn, K and Kuhn, T and Augustin, N and Hekinian, R and Franz, L and Borowski, C}
}
@article {Blackman2009,
	title = {{Geophysical signatures of oceanic core complexes}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {178},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {593{\textendash}613},
	publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
	address = {OXFORD; GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {P{\textgreater}Oceanic core complexes (OCCs) provide access to intrusive and ultramafic sections of young lithosphere and their structure and evolution contain clues about how the balance between magmatism and faulting controls the style of rifting that may dominate in a portion of a spreading centre for Myr timescales. Initial models of the development of OCCs depended strongly on insights available from continental core complexes and from seafloor mapping. While these frameworks have been useful in guiding a broader scope of studies and determining the extent of OCC formation along slow spreading ridges, as we summarize herein, results from the past decade highlight the need to reassess the hypothesis that reduced magma supply is a driver of long-lived detachment faulting. The aim of this paper is to review the available geophysical constraints on OCC structure and to look at what aspects of current models are constrained or required by the data. We consider sonar data (morphology and backscatter), gravity, magnetics, borehole geophysics and seismic reflection. Additional emphasis is placed on seismic velocity results (refraction) since this is where deviations from normal crustal accretion should be most readily quantified. However, as with gravity and magnetic studies at OCCs, ambiguities are inherent in seismic interpretation, including within some processing/analysis steps. We briefly discuss some of these issues for each data type. Progress in understanding the shallow structure of OCCs (within similar to 1 km of the seafloor) is considerable. Firm constraints on deeper structure, particularly characterization of the transition from dominantly mafic rock (and/or altered ultramafic rock) to dominantly fresh mantle peridotite, are not currently in hand. There is limited information on the structure and composition of the conjugate lithosphere accreted to the opposite plate while an OCC forms, commonly on the inside corner of a ridge-offset intersection. These gaps preclude full testing of current models. However, with the data in hand there are systematic patterns in OCC structure, such as the 1-2 Myr duration of this rifting style within a given ridge segment, the height of the domal cores with respect to surrounding seafloor, the correspondence of gravity highs with OCCs, and the persistence of corrugations that mark relative (palaeo) slip along the exposed detachment capping the domal cores. This compilation of geophysical results at OCCs should be useful to investigators new to the topic but we also target advanced researchers in our presentation and synthesis of findings to date.},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04184.x},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Canales, J P and Harding, A}
}
@article {Sudarikov2008,
	title = {{Geokhimiya submarinnykh rudoobrazuyushchikh gidroterm severnoy Atlantiki; po dannym distantsionnykh nablyudeniy i oprobovaniya s podvodnykh obitayemykh apparatov.}},
	journal = {Zapiski Gornogo Instituta},
	volume = {176},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0135-3500},
	author = {Sudarikov, S M and Krivitskaya, M V and Kaminskiy, D V}
}
@mastersthesis {Pollock2007,
	title = {{Geochemistry of dikes and lavas from tectonic windows}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {145},
	school = {Duke University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Durham, N.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/388},
	author = {Pollock, M A}
}
@article {Glickson2007,
	title = {{Geology and hydrothermal evolution of the Mothra Hydrothermal Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06010},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001588},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001588},
	author = {Glickson, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R}
}
@mastersthesis {Santelli2007,
	title = {{Geomicrobiology of the ocean crust: the phylogenetic diversity, abundance, and distribution of microbial communities inhabiting basalt and implications for rock alteration processes}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {217},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1735},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1735},
	author = {Santelli, C M}
}
@article {Urcuyo2007,
	title = {{Growth and longevity of the tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae in the variable diffuse flow habitats of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {344},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {143{\textendash}157},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps06710},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps06710},
	author = {Urcuyo, I A and Bergquist, D C and MacDonald, I R and VanHorn, M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Gallant2006,
	title = {{Geochemical controls on hydrothermal fluids from the Kairei and Edmond Vent Fields, 23 degrees-25 degrees S, Central Indian Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q06018},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001067},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001067},
	author = {Gallant, R M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Cruse2006,
	title = {{Geochemistry of low-molecular weight hydrocarbons in hydrothermal fluids from Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {70},
	number = {8},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {2073{\textendash}2092},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2006.01.015},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.01.015},
	author = {Cruse, A M and Seewald, J S}
}
@inbook {Christie2006,
	title = {{Geological, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Interactions in Back-Arc Spreading Systems{\textemdash}An Introduction}},
	booktitle = {Back-Arc Spreading Systems: Geological, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Interactions},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1{\textendash}4},
	publisher = {AGU},
	organization = {AGU},
	doi = {10.1029/166GM02},
	author = {Christie, D M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Kristall2006,
	title = {{Growth history of a diffusely venting sulfide structure from the Juan de Fuca Ridge: A petrological and geochemical study}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q07001},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001166},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001166},
	author = {Kristall, B and Kelley, D S and Hannington, M D and Delaney, J R}
}
@mastersthesis {Gier2005,
	title = {{The geological implications of the basalts and sediments of the Lucky Strike segment}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {244},
	school = {Columbia University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/AAI3188739},
	author = {Gier, E J}
}
@article {Peng2005,
	title = {{Growth history of hydrothermal chimneys at EPR 9-10 degrees N: A structural and mineralogical study}},
	journal = {Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences},
	volume = {48},
	number = {11},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1891{\textendash}1899},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1006-9313},
	doi = {10.1360/04yd0029},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/04yd0029},
	author = {Peng, X T and Zhou, H Y}
}
@article {Smith2004,
	title = {{Genetic heterogeneity among New Zealand species of hydrothermal vent mussels (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {144},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {537{\textendash}545},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-003-1207-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1207-4},
	author = {Smith, P J and McVeagh, S M and Won, Y -J and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Wilson2004,
	title = {{Going 4 miles underwater: A next-generation {\textquoteright}Alvin{\textquoteright} submersible will take ocean exploration to new depths}},
	journal = {Popular Mechanics},
	volume = {181},
	number = {11},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {30,32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0032-4558},
	url = {http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/1303036.html?page=1},
	author = {Wilson, J}
}
@article {Harpp2003,
	title = {{Genovesa Submarine Ridge: A manifestation of plume-ridge interaction in the northern Gal{\'a}pagos Islands}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {9},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 8511},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GC000531},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000531},
	author = {Harpp, K S and Fornari, D J and Geist, D J and Kurz, M D}
}
@article {Stewart2003,
	title = {{Geochemical relationships between dikes and lavas at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for magma eruptibility}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {108},
	number = {B4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Art. no. 2184},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB001622},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001622},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A and Brophy, J G}
}
@article {Stewart2002,
	title = {{Geochemistry of dikes and lavas from the north wall of the Hess Deep Rift: Insights into the four-dimensional character of crustal construction at fast spreading mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Art. no. 2238},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2001JB000545},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000545},
	author = {Stewart, M A and Klein, E M and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Karson2002b,
	title = {{Geologic structure of the uppermost oceanic crust created at fast- to intermediate-rate spreading centers}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {347{\textendash}384},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0084-6597},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.earth.30.091201.141132},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.30.091201.141132},
	author = {Karson, J A}
}
@article {Blackman2002,
	title = {{Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid Atlantic Ridge, 30 degrees N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {443{\textendash}469},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75},
	author = {Blackman, D K and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S and Cann, J R and Fruh-Green, G L and Gee, J S and Hurst, S D and John, B E and Morgan, J and Nooner, S L and Ross, D K and Schroeder, T J and Williams, E A}
}
@article {Humphris2002,
	title = {{Geotectonic setting of hydrothermal activity on the summit of Lucky Strike Seamount (37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {8},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 1049},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GC000284},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000284},
	author = {Humphris, S E and Fornari, D J and Schreirer, D S and German, C R and Parson, L M}
}
@article {Rubin2001,
	title = {{Geochemical heterogeneity within mid-ocean ridge lava flows: Insights into eruption, emplacement and global variations in magma generation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {188},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {349{\textendash}367},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00339-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00339-9},
	author = {Rubin, K H and Smith, M C and Bergmanis, E C and Perfit, M R and Sinton, J M and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Kelley2001,
	title = {{Geology and venting characteristics of the Mothra hydrothermal field, Endeavour segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {959{\textendash}962},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0959:GAVCOT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029{\%}3C0959:GAVCOT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Campbell2001,
	title = {{Growth and phylogenetic properties of novel bacteria belonging to the epsilon subdivision of the proteobacteria enriched from Alvinella pompejana and deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {67},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {4566{\textendash}4572},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.10.4566-4572.2001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.10.4566-4572.2001},
	author = {Campbell, B J and Jeanthon, C and Kotska, J E and Luther, G W and Cary, S C}
}
@article {Okutani2000,
	title = {{Gastropod fauna of a thermal vent site on the North Knoll of Iheya Ridge, Okinawa Trough}},
	journal = {Venus the Japanese Journal of Malacology},
	volume = {59},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {123{\textendash}128},
	issn = {0042-3580},
	author = {Okutani, T and Fujiwara, Y}
}
@article {DiMeo2000,
	title = {{Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {66},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {651{\textendash}658},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.2.651-658.2000},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/2/651},
	author = {Di Meo, C A and Wilbur, A E and Holben, W E and Feldman, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C and Cary, S C}
}
@mastersthesis {Stewart2000,
	title = {{Geochemistry of dikes and lavas from Hess Deep: Implications for crustal construction processes beneath mid-ocean ridges; and, the stable-chlorine isotope geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {311},
	school = {Duke University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Durham, N.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Stewart, M A}
}
@article {Becker2000a,
	title = {{A geological and geophysical investigation of Baby Bare, locus of a ridge-flank hydrothermal system in the Cascadia Basin}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23,523{\textendash}557,568},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900204},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900204},
	author = {Becker, N C and Wheat, C G and Mottl, M J and Karsten, J L and Davis, E E}
}
@article {Matsumoto2000,
	title = {{Gravity measurement by use of deep sea submersibles}},
	journal = {Journal of the Geodetic Society of Japan},
	volume = {46},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {89{\textendash}108},
	issn = {0038-0830},
	author = {Matsumoto, T}
}
@article {Vinogradov2000,
	title = {{Growth rate of the colony of a deep-water gorgonarian Chrysogorgia agassizi: In situ observations}},
	journal = {Ophelia},
	volume = {53},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {101{\textendash}103},
	issn = {0078-5326},
	author = {Vinogradov, G M}
}
@article {Ishibashi1999,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of hydrothermal activities along the S-EPR by Shinkai 6500}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {53{\textendash}59},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}05.pdf},
	author = {Ishibashi, J and Okamura, K and Tsumune, D and Nakamura, K and Urabe, T and Shitashima, K and Roe, K and Cowen, J P}
}
@article {Karson1999,
	title = {{Geological investigation of a lineated massif at the Kane Transform Fault: Implications for oceanic core complexes}},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {357},
	number = {1753},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {713{\textendash}740},
	issn = {1364-503X},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.1999.0350},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1999.0350},
	author = {Karson, J A}
}
@article {VonDamm1998,
	title = {{The geochemical controls on vent fluids from the Lucky Strike vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {160},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {521{\textendash}536},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00108-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00108-3},
	author = {Von Damm, K L and Bray, A M and Buttermore, L G and Oosting, S E}
}
@article {Schlueter1998,
	title = {{Geochemistry of a sealed deep-sea borehole on the Cascadia margin}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {148},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9{\textendash}20},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00016-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00016-4},
	author = {Schlueter, M and Linke, P and Suess, E}
}
@inbook {Curewitz1998,
	title = {{Geological consequences of dike intrusion at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers}},
	booktitle = {Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {106},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {117{\textendash}136},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Curewitz, D and Karson, J A},
	editor = {Buck, W R}
}
@article {Maruyama1998,
	title = {{Global hydrothermal primary production rate estimated from the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {39},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {249{\textendash}252},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb39-3-249-252.pdf},
	author = {Maruyama, A and Urabe, T and Ishibashi, J and Feely, R and Baker, E T}
}
@article {Nasdala1998,
	title = {{Gordaite [Zn4Na(OH)6(SO4)Cl{\textperiodcentered}6H2O]: Second occurrence in the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and new data}},
	journal = {American Mineralogist},
	volume = {83},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1111{\textendash}1116},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0003-004X},
	url = {http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/TOC/Articles{\_}Free/1998/Nasdala{\_}p1111-1116{\_}98.pdf},
	author = {Nasdala, L}
}
@article {Chadwick1998,
	title = {{Graben formation associated with recent dike intrusions and volcanic eruptions on the mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {103},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {9807{\textendash}9825},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB02485},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB02485},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Dril1997,
	title = {{Geochemistry of basalts from the western Woodlark, Lau and Manus basins: implications for their petrogenesis and source rock compositions}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {142},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {57{\textendash}83},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00041-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00041-8},
	author = {Dril, S I and Kuzmin, M I and Tsipukova, S S and Zonenshain, L P}
}
@article {Bogdanov1997,
	title = {{Geological and biological investigations in the northern part of Mohn Ridge (Norwegian Sea)}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {609{\textendash}616},
	issn = {0030-1574},
	author = {Bogdanov, Y and Sagalevich, A M and Galkin, S V and Chernyaev, E S and Lukashin, V N and Ivanov, G V}
}
@article {Charlou1996,
	title = {{Gases and helium isotopes in high temperature solutions sampled before and after ODP Leg 158 drilling at TAG hydrothermal field (26 degrees N, MAR)}},
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	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3491{\textendash}3494},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL02141},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL02141},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Donval, J P and Jean-Baptiste, P and Dapoigny, A and Rona, P A}
}
@article {VonHerzen1996,
	title = {{Geoelectrical measurements at the TAG hydrothermal mound}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {23},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3451{\textendash}3454},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL02077},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL02077},
	author = {Von Herzen, R P and Kirklin, J and Becker, K}
}
@article {Emelyanov1996,
	title = {{Geological bottom structure in the Baltic Shield {\textendash} Baltic syneclise junction area in the northern Baltic Sea}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {36},
	number = {6},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {910{\textendash}918},
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	author = {Emel{\textquoteright}yanov, E M and Trimonis, E S and Kharin, G S}
}
@article {Nelson1995,
	title = {{The gill symbiont of a hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, is a psychrophilic, chemoautotrophic sulfur bacterium}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {121},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {487{\textendash}495},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00349457},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349457},
	author = {Nelson, D C and Hagen, K D and Edwards, D B}
}
@article {Hlebica1995,
	title = {{Going to extremes}},
	journal = {Explorations},
	volume = {1},
	number = {4},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {4{\textendash}11},
	issn = {1075-2560},
	author = {Hlebica, J}
}
@article {France1994,
	title = {{Genetic population structure and gene flow among deep-sea amphipods, Abyssorchomene spp., from six California Continental Borderland basins}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {67{\textendash}77},
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	doi = {10.1007/BF00699220},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00699220},
	author = {France, S C}
}
@inbook {Butterfield1994,
	title = {{Geochemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {139},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {395{\textendash}410},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.139.266.1994},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and McDuff, R E and Franklin, J and Wheat, C G},
	editor = {McQuistion, M K}
}
@inbook {Morton1994,
	title = {{Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough: An introduction}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Morton, J L and Zierenberg, R A and Reiss, C A},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@inbook {Zierenberg1994,
	title = {{Geologic setting of massive sulfide mineralization in the Escanaba Trough}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {171{\textendash}197},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Zierenberg, R A and Morton, J L and Koski, R A and Ross, S L and Holmes, M L},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Zierenberg1993,
	title = {{Genesis of massive sulfide deposits on a sediment-covered spreading center, Escanaba Trough 41N, Gorda Ridge}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2069{\textendash}2098},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2069},
	author = {Zierenberg, R A and Koski, R A and Morton, J L and Bouse, R M and Shanks, W C}
}
@article {German1993,
	title = {{A geochemical study of metalliferous sediment from the TAG bydrothermal mound, 26 degrees 09{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {9683{\textendash}9692},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB01705},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB01705},
	author = {German, C R and Higgs, N C and Thomson, J and Mills, R and Elderfield, H and Blusztajn, J and Fleer, A P and Bacon, M P}
}
@article {Langmuir1993,
	title = {{Geological setting and characteristics of the Lucky Strike vent field at 37 degrees 17{\textquoteright}N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {99},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Langmuir, C H and Fornari, D J and Colodner, D and Charlou, J L and Costa, I and Desbruyeres, D and Desonie, D and Emerson, T and Fiala-Medioni, A and Fouquet, Y and Humphris, S E and Saldanha, L and Sours-Page, R and Thatcher, M and Tivey, M and Van Dover, C L and Von Damm, K L and Wiese, K and Wilson, C}
}
@article {Johnson1993,
	title = {{A geophysical study of a new eruption on the axial seamount segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {620},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A and Holmes, M L}
}
@article {Bemis1993,
	title = {{Geothermal heat flux from hydrothermal plumes on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {B4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {6351{\textendash}6365},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB02273},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB02273},
	author = {Bemis, K G and Von Herzen, R P and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {France1992,
	title = {{Genetic differentiation between spatially-disjunct populations of the deep-sea, hydrothermal vent-endemic amphipod Ventiella sulfuris}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {114},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {551{\textendash}559},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00357252},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357252},
	author = {France, S C and Hessler, R R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@inbook {Nelson1992,
	title = {{The genus Beggiatoa}},
	booktitle = {Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications},
	volume = {2nd},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3171{\textendash}3180},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-387-97258-7},
	author = {Nelson, D C},
	editor = {Balows, A}
}
@article {Delaney1992,
	title = {{Geology of a vigorous hydrothermal system on the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {19,619{\textendash}663,682},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92JB00174},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JB00174},
	author = {Delaney, J R and Robigou, V and McDuff, R E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Embley1991,
	title = {{Geology of the northern Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: recent eruptions, seafloor spreading, and the formation of megaplumes}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {8},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {771{\textendash}775},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0771:GOTNCS>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019{\%}3C0771:GOTNCS{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Perfit, M R and Baker, E T}
}
@article {Martens1990,
	title = {{Generation of short chain acid anions in hydrothermally altered sediments of the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {71{\textendash}76},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90037-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90037-6},
	author = {Martens, C S}
}
@article {Carranza-Edwards1990,
	title = {{Geochemical study of hydrothermal core sediments and rocks from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {77{\textendash}82},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90038-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90038-7},
	author = {Carranza-Edwards, A and Rosales-Hoz, L and Aguayo-Camargo, J E and Cruz, R L -S and Hornelas-Orozco, Y}
}
@article {Embley1990,
	title = {{Geological setting of chemosynthetic communities in the Monterey Fan Valley system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {11},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1651{\textendash}1667},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90069-8},
	author = {Embley, R W and Eittreim, S L and McHugh, C H and Normark, W R and Rau, G H and Hecker, B and DeBevoise, A E and Greene, H G and Ryan, W B F and Harrold, C and Baxter, C}
}
@article {Paull1990,
	title = {{Geology of the strata exposed on the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {177{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90035-I},
	author = {Paull, C K and Freeman-Lynde, R and Bralower, T J and Garsemal, J M and Neumann, A C and D{\textquoteright}Argenio, B and Marsella, E}
}
@article {Shor1990,
	title = {{Giant flute-like scour and other erosional features formed by the 1929 Grand Banks turbidity current}},
	journal = {Sedimentology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {631{\textendash}645},
	issn = {0037-0746},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3091.1990.tb00626.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1990.tb00626.x},
	author = {Shor, A N and Piper, D and Hughes, J and Clarke, J E and Mayer, L A}
}
@book {McMurray1990,
	title = {{Gorda Ridge: A seafloor spreading center in the United States{\textquoteright} Exclusive Economic Zone: Proceedings of the Gorda Ridge symposium, May 11-13, 1987, Portland, Oregon}},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {311},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0387970347},
	author = {McMurray, G R}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1990,
	title = {{Grasping with mechanical intelligence}},
	booktitle = {RoManSy 8: Proceedings of the Eight[h] CISM-IFToMM Symposium on Theory and Practice of Robots and Manipulators},
	year = {1990},
	publisher = {Warsaw University of Technology Pubs.},
	organization = {Warsaw University of Technology Pubs.},
	address = {Warsaw, Poland},
	author = {Ulrich, N T and Kumar, V and Paul, R and Bajcsy, R},
	editor = {Morecki, A}
}
@article {Batiza1989,
	title = {{Geological and petrologic evolution of seamounts near the EPR based on submersible and camera study}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {169{\textendash}236},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00340203},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340203},
	author = {Batiza, R and Smith, T L and Niu, Y}
}
@article {Fornari1988,
	title = {{Geochemical and structural studies of the Lamont seamounts: seamounts as indicators of mantle processes}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {89},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {63{\textendash}67,70{\textendash}83},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90033-7},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R and Haymon, R and Barone, A and Ryan, W B F and Smith, T and Simkin, T and Luckman, M A}
}
@article {Karson1988,
	title = {{Geologic setting of the Snake Pit Hydrothermal Site: An active vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {91{\textendash}107},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02424662},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02424662},
	author = {Karson, J A and Brown, J R}
}
@article {Ballard1988a,
	title = {{Geological mapping of the East Pacific Rise axis (10 degrees 19{\textquoteright} -11 degrees 53{\textquoteright}N) using the Argo and Angus imaging systems}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {26},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {467{\textendash}486},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E and Blackman, D K and Cheminee, J and Francheteau, J and Hekinian, R and Schwab, W C and Sigurdsson, H}
}
@article {Uchupi1988a,
	title = {{Geology of the Titanic site and vicinity}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {7},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1093{\textendash}1110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90002-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90002-7},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Muck, M T and Ballard, R D}
}
@mastersthesis {Smith1987,
	title = {{Geology and volcanic development of a near-ridge seamount and new evidence for the diversity of origin of seamount hyaloclastites: results from integrated Alvin/Angus and laboratory study}},
	volume = {M.A.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {480},
	school = {Washington University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {St. Louis, Mo.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Smith, T L}
}
@mastersthesis {Peter1986,
	title = {{Genesis of hydrothermal vent deposits in the southern trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California: a mineralogical and geochemical study}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {180},
	school = {University of Toronto},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Toronto, Ont., Canada},
	author = {Peter, J M}
}
@inbook {VonDamm1986,
	title = {{Geochemistry of fluids in the Guaymas Basin geothermal system}},
	booktitle = {Genesis of Stratiform Sediment-Hosted Lead and Zinc Deposits: Conference Proceedings},
	series = {Stanford University Publications in the Geological Sciences},
	number = {20},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {131{\textendash}135},
	publisher = {Stanford University Publications},
	organization = {Stanford University Publications},
	address = {Stanford, Calif.},
	author = {Von Damm, K L},
	editor = {Turner, R J W}
}
@article {McConachy1986,
	title = {{Geologic form and setting of a hydrothermal vent field at lat 10 degrees 56{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise; a detailed study using Angus and Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {295{\textendash}298},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<295:GFASOA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C295:GFASOA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {McConachy, T F and Ballard, R D and Mottl, M J and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Karson1986,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Mid-Cayman spreading centre; seismic velocity measurements and implications for the constitution of layer 3}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {85},
	number = {2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {389{\textendash}411},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04520.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04520.x},
	author = {Karson, J A and Fox, P J}
}
@article {Tivey1986,
	title = {{Growth of large sulfide structures on the endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {77},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {303{\textendash}317},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(86)90142-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90142-1},
	author = {Tivey, M K and Delaney, J R}
}
@inbook {Crane1985,
	title = {{Galapagos Rift axis: Angus traverses and vent locations}},
	booktitle = {Galapagos spreading system from 81 [degrees] to 87 [degrees] W; East Pacific rise, between 10 [degrees] and 20 [degrees] N},
	series = {Regional Atlas Series / Ocean Margin Drilling Program},
	number = {8},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {8{\textendash}9},
	publisher = {Marine Science International},
	organization = {Marine Science International},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	isbn = {0867202580},
	author = {Crane, K},
	editor = {Langseth, M G}
}
@article {Luyendyk1985,
	title = {{A geological transect across the crest of the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N latitude made from the deep submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {467{\textendash}488},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368951},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368951},
	author = {Luyendyk, B P and Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {Fox1985,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The transform domain}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {329{\textendash}358},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00316773},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316773},
	author = {Fox, P J and Moody, R H and Karson, J A and Bonatti, E and Kidd, W S F and Crane, K and Gallo, D G and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Jannasch1985d,
	title = {{Geomicrobiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {229},
	number = {4715},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {717{\textendash}725},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.229.4715.717},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.229.4715.717},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Edmond1984,
	title = {{The geochemistry of ridge crest hot springs}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {15{\textendash}19},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Edmond, J M}
}
@article {Ballard1984,
	title = {{Geological setting of hydrothermal activity at 12 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N on the East Pacific Rise; A submersible study}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {69},
	number = {1},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {176{\textendash}186},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(84)90081-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90081-5},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J}
}
@article {Team1984,
	title = {{The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The ridge-transform intersection}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {109{\textendash}141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00285956},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285956},
	author = {Team, OTTER - Oceanographer Tectonic Research and Karson, J A and Fox, P J and Sloan, H and Crane, K T and Kidd, W S F and Bonatti, E and Stroup, J B and Fornari, D J and Elthon, D and Hamlyn, P and Casey, J F and Gallo, D G and Needham, D and Sartori, R}
}
@article {Jones1984,
	title = {{The giant tube worms}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {47{\textendash}52},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Jones, M L}
}
@article {Turner1984,
	title = {{Growth and distribution of mollusks at deep-sea vents and seeps}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {54{\textendash}62},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Turner, K D and Lutz, K A}
}
@article {Fornari1983,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos Rift, Inca Transform, and Ecuador Rift: 1, Major element variations in natural glasses and spacial distribution of lavas}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {10,510{\textendash}519,529},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB12p10519},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB12p10519},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Malahoff, A and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Perfit1983,
	title = {{Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos Rift, Inca Transform, and Ecuador Rift: 3, Trace element abundances and petrogenesis}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {10,510{\textendash}551,572},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB12p10551},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB12p10551},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Malahoff, A and Embley, R W}
}
@book {Rawson1983,
	title = {{Geologic observations at the 2800-meter radioactive waste disposal site and associated deepwater dumpsite 105 (DWD-106) in the Atlantic Ocean}},
	volume = {rev.},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {60},
	publisher = {Office of Radiation Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency},
	organization = {Office of Radiation Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Rawson, M D and Ryan, W B F}
}
@inbook {Ballard1983,
	title = {{Geological processes of the mid-ocean ridge and their relationship to sulfide deposition}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {47{\textendash}62},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Malahoff1983,
	title = {{The geological setting and chemistry of hydrothermal sulfides and associated deposits from the Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W}},
	journal = {Marine Mining},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {123{\textendash}137},
	issn = {0149-0397},
	author = {Malahoff, A and Embley, R W and Cronan, D S and Skirrow, R}
}
@inbook {Macdonald1983a,
	title = {{A geophysical comparison between fast and slow spreading centers: Constraints on magma chamber formation and hydrothermal activity}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {27{\textendash}51},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Macdonald, K C},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Ballard1982b,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 5, Variations in volcanism, structure, and hydrothermal activity along a 30-kilometer segment of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {87},
	number = {B2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {1149{\textendash}1161},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB087iB02p01149},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB02p01149},
	author = {Ballard, R D and van Andel, T H and Holcomb, R T}
}
@inbook {Pastouret1982,
	title = {{Geologie du canyon Shamrock, marge Armoricaine (Atlantique du N.E.)}},
	booktitle = {Processus geodynamiques observes en submersible: Geodynamic processes observed from a submersible: Seminaire du 2 avril 1982},
	series = {Oceanis},
	number = {8, fasc.8},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {683{\textendash}710},
	publisher = {Institut Oceanographique},
	organization = {Institut Oceanographique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	author = {Pastouret, L and Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Beuzart, P and Dubois, P and Seguret, M and Sigal, J and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Vanney, J R}
}
@article {Mullins1982,
	title = {{Geology of Great Abaco submarine canyon (Blake Plateau): observations from the research submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {239{\textendash}257},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(82)90099-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(82)90099-8},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Keller, G H and Kofoed, J W and Lambert, D N and Stubblefield, W L and Warme, J E}
}
@inbook {Malahoff1982,
	title = {{Geomorphology of Norfolk and Washington canyons and the surrounding continental slope and upper rise as observed from DSRV Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Ocean Floor: Bruce Heezen Commemorative Volume},
	volume = {1 (text)},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {97{\textendash}111},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0471100919},
	author = {Malahoff, A and Embley, R W and Fornari, D J},
	editor = {Scrutton, R A}
}
@article {Macdonald1982a,
	title = {{Geophysical setting for hydrothermal vents and mineral deposits on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {26{\textendash}32},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {Stroup1981,
	title = {{Geologic investigations in the Cayman Trough: Evidence for thin oceanic crust along the Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {89},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {395{\textendash}420},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	author = {Stroup, J B and Fox, P J}
}
@article {Rhoads1981,
	title = {{Growth of bivalves at deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the Galapagos Rift}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {214},
	number = {4523},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {911{\textendash}913},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.214.4523.911},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.214.4523.911},
	author = {Rhoads, D C and Lutz, R A and Revelas, E C and Cerrato, R M}
}
@article {Rhoads1981a,
	title = {{Growth of mussels at deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the Galapagos Rift}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {121},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	author = {Rhoads, D C and Lutz, R A and Cerrato, R M}
}
@article {Crane1980,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 4, Structure and morphology of hydrothermal fields and their relationship to the volcanic and tectonic processes of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {85},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1443{\textendash}1454},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB085iB03p01443},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB085iB03p01443},
	author = {Crane, K and Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Valentine1980,
	title = {{Geologic and biologic observations in Oceanographer Submarine Canyon: Descriptions of dives aboard the research submersibles Alvin (1967, 1978) and Nekton Gamma (1974)}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	volume = {80-76},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {43},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Valentine, P C and Uzmann, J R and Cooper, R A}
}
@article {Thompson1980,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Mid-Cayman Rise spreading center: Geochemical variation and petrogenesis of basalt glasses}},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {88},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {41{\textendash}55},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	author = {Thompson, G and Bryan, W B and Melson, W G}
}
@article {Valentine1980a,
	title = {{Geology and biology of Oceanographer Submarine Canyon}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {283{\textendash}312},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(80)90004-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(80)90004-3},
	author = {Valentine, P C and Uzmann, J R and Cooper, R A}
}
@article {Austin1980,
	title = {{Geology of the New England passive margin}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {64},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {501{\textendash}526},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Austin, J A and Uchupi, E and Shaughnessy, D R and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Schouten1980,
	title = {{Geometry of transform zones}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {288},
	number = {5790},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {470{\textendash}473},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/288470a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/288470a0},
	author = {Schouten, H and Karson, J A and Dick, H J B}
}
@article {Hooke1980,
	title = {{Geomorphic evolution of the Tongue of the Ocean and the Providence Channels, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {4},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {343{\textendash}366},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(80)90125-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(80)90125-5},
	author = {Hooke, R L and Schlager, W}
}
@mastersthesis {Green1980,
	title = {{Geothermal processes at the Galapagos spreading center}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {232},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1829},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1829},
	author = {Green, K E}
}
@article {Boss1980,
	title = {{Giant white clam from the Galapagos Rift, Calyptogena magnifica species novum}},
	journal = {Malacologia},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {161{\textendash}194},
	issn = {0076-2997},
	author = {Boss, K J and Turner, R D}
}
@article {Grassle1979,
	title = {{Galapagos {\textquoteright}79: Initial findings of a deep-sea biological quest}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2{\textendash}10},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Berg, C J and Childress, J J and Hessler, R R and Jannasch, H W and Karl, D M and Lutz, R A and Mickel, T J and Rhoads, D C and Sanders, H L and Smith, K L and Somero, G N and Turner, R D and Tuttle, J H and Walsh, P J and Williams, A J}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979e,
	title = {{The Galapagos rift}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia Science Supplement 1979},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {134{\textendash}139},
	publisher = {Grolier, Inc},
	organization = {Grolier, Inc},
	address = {Danbury, Conn.},
	author = {Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Kondo, H}
}
@article {VanAndel1979,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 2, Volcanism, structure, and evolution of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {5390{\textendash}5406},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB084iB10p05390},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB10p05390},
	author = {van Andel, T H and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1979b,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: 3, Sheet flows, collapse pits, and lava lakes of the rift valley}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {5407{\textendash}5422},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB084iB10p05407},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB10p05407},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Holcomb, R T and van Andel, T H}
}
@article {Crane1979,
	title = {{The Galapagos Rift at 86 degrees W: Morphological wave forms: Evidence for a propagating rift}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {84},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {6011{\textendash}6018},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB084iB11p06011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB11p06011},
	author = {Crane, K}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979f,
	title = {{Geological and geophysical investigation of the Midcayman Rise spreading center: Initial results and observations}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {66{\textendash}93},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Bryan, W B and Davis, K and de Boer, J and DeLong, S and Dick, H and Emery, K O and Fox, P J and Hempton, M and Malcolm, F and Melson, W G and Spydell, K and Stroup, I and Thompson, G and Wright, R and Uchupi, E},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@article {Mart1979,
	title = {{Geological observations from a submersible on the western continental slope of the Armorican Massif}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {M61{\textendash}M68},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90033-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90033-1},
	author = {Mart, Y and Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Pastouret, L}
}
@article {Mullins1979a,
	title = {{Geology of the Miami Terrace and its paleo-oceanographic implications}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {205{\textendash}232.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(79)90016-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90016-1},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C}
}
@inbook {Keller1979,
	title = {{Geotechnical properties of continental slope deposits: Cape Hatteras to Hydrographer Canyon}},
	booktitle = {Geology of Continental Slopes},
	series = {Special publication - Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	number = {27},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {131{\textendash}151},
	publisher = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	organization = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	author = {Keller, G H and Lambert, D N and Bennett, R H},
	editor = {Doyle, L J}
}
@article {Turekian1979,
	title = {{Growth rate of a clam from the Galapagos Rise hot spring field using natural radionuclide ratios}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {280},
	number = {5721},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {385{\textendash}387},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/280385a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/280385a0},
	author = {Turekian, K K and Cochran, J K and Nozaki, Y}
}
@inbook {Ryan1978a,
	title = {{Geologic history of Georges Bank as determined by submersible exploration of submarine canyons}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings - Offshore Technology Conference},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {1859{\textendash}1868},
	publisher = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	organization = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	address = {Dallas, TX},
	author = {Ryan, W B F and Miller, E and Cita, M B and Hanselman, D and Nesteroff, W D and Nibbelink, M}
}
@article {Cole1977,
	title = {{Genetic relations of deep sea wood borers}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Malacological Union},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {19{\textendash}25},
	issn = {0096-5537},
	author = {Cole, T and Turner, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1974,
	title = {{Geology of the Gulf of Maine}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {58},
	number = {6},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {1156{\textendash}1158},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E}
}
@article {Perlow1973,
	title = {{Geotechnical variability measured in place from a small submersible}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {27{\textendash}32},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Perlow, M and Richards, A F}
}
@article {Andrews1970,
	title = {{Great Bahama Canyon}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {81},
	number = {4},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {1061{\textendash}1078},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1061:GBC]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1061:GBC]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Andrews, J E and Shepard, F P and Hurley, R J}
}
@article {Trumbull1967,
	title = {{Geological exploration in an east coast submarine canyon from a research submersible}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {158},
	number = {3799},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {370{\textendash}372},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.158.3799.370},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3799.370},
	author = {Trumbull, J V A and McCamis, M J}
}
@article {Schlee1967,
	title = {{Geology from a deep-diving submersible}},
	journal = {Geotimes},
	volume = {12},
	number = {4},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {10{\textendash}13},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-8556},
	author = {Schlee, J}
}
@book {Schlee1967a,
	title = {{Geology from a deep-diving submersible}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-50},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {4},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Schlee, J}
}
