@article {RN2519,
	title = {The influence of near surface sediment hydrothermalism on the TEX<sub>86</sub> tetraether lipid-based proxy and a new correction for ocean bottom lipid overprinting},
	journal = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
	volume = {2021},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-31},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-2021-245},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142669164 http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-245},
	author = {Bentley, Jeremy N. and Ventura, Gregory T. and Walters, Clifford C. and Sievert, Stefan M. and Seewald, Jeffrey S.}
}
@article {RN2496,
	title = {Interactions between temperature and energy supply drive microbial communities in hydrothermal sediment},
	journal = {Communications Biology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1006},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s42003-021-02507-1},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140634439 https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02507-1.pdf},
	author = {Lagostina, Lorenzo and Frandsen, S{\o}s and MacGregor, Barbara J. and Glombitza, Clemens and Deng, Longhui and Fiskal, Annika and Li, Jiaqi and Doll, Mechthild and Geilert, Sonja and Schmidt, Mark and Scholz, Florian and Bernasconi, Stefano Michele and J{\o}rgensen, Bo Barker and Hensen, Christian and Teske, Andreas and Lever, Mark Alexander}
}
@article {RN2400,
	title = {Illuminating microbial species-specific effects on organic matter remineralization in marine sediments},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14871},
	author = {Mahmoudi, N. and Enke, T. N. and Beaupre, S. R. and Teske, A. P. and Cordero, O. X. and Pearson, A.}
}
@article {RN2359,
	title = {In situ development of a methanotrophic microbiome in deep-sea sediments},
	journal = {Isme Journal},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {197-213},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/541396-018-0263-1},
	author = {Ruff, S. E. and Felden, J. and Gruber-Vodicka, H. R. and Marcon, Y. and Knittel, K. and Ramette, A. and Boetius, A.}
}
@article {RN2378,
	title = {Incorporation of deep-sea and small-sized species provides new insights into gastropods phylogeny},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {135},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {136-147},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1055-7903},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.003},
	author = {Lee, H. and Chen, W. J. and Puillandre, N. and Aznar-Cormano, L. and Tsai, M. H. and Samadi, S.}
}
@article {RN2374,
	title = {Iron and sulfide nanoparticle formation and transport in nascent hydrothermal vent plumes},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-09580-5},
	author = {Findlay, A. J. and Estes, E. R. and Gartman, A. and Yucel, M. and Kamyshny, A. and Luther, G. W.}
}
@article {RN2350,
	title = {Improved detection and mapping of deepwater hydrocarbon seeps: optimizing multibeam echosounder seafloor backscatter acquisition and processing techniques},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Research},
	volume = {39},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {323-347},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1573-0581},
	doi = {10.1007/s11001-018-9345-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-018-9345-8},
	author = {Mitchell, Garrett A. and Orange, Daniel L. and Gharib, Jamshid J. and Kennedy, Paul}
}
@article {RN2344,
	title = {The influence of different deep-sea coral habitats on sediment macrofaunal community structure and function},
	journal = {PeerJ},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e5276},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2167-8359},
	doi = {10.7717/peerj.5276},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5276},
	author = {Bourque, Jill R. and Demopoulos, Amanda W. J.}
}
@article {2475,
	title = {The influence of magmatic fluids and phase separation on B systematics in submarine hydrothermal vent fluids from back-arc basins},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {232},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {140 - 162},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2018.04.023},
	author = {Wilckens, Frederike K. and Reeves, Eoghan P. and Bach, Wolfgang and Meixner, Anette and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Koschinsky, Andrea and Kasemann, Simone A.}
}
@article {2484,
	title = {Influences of thermal and fluid characteristics of methane and hydrothermal seeps on the stable oxygen isotopes of living benthic foraminifera},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {344 - 355},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.02.037},
	author = {Burkett, Ashley M. and Rathburn, Anthony E. and Perez, M. Elena and Martin, Jonathan B.}
}
@article {RN2339,
	title = {An investigation of mid-ocean ridge degassing using He, CO2, and delta C-13 variations during the 2005-06 eruption at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N on the East Pacific Rise},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {504},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {84-93},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2018.09.040},
	author = {Graham, D. W. and Michael, P. J. and Rubin, K. H.}
}
@article {Beaudoin2016,
	title = {{Impact of protists on a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial community from deep-sea Gulf of Mexico sediments: A microcosm study}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {350{\textendash}359},
	abstract = {In spite of significant advancements towards understanding the dynamics of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading microbial consortia, the impacts (direct or indirect via grazing activities) of bacterivorous protists remain largely unknown. Microcosm experiments were used to examine whether protistan grazing affects the petroleum hydrocarbon degradation capacity of a deep-sea sediment microbial community from an active Gulf of Mexico cold seep. Differences in n-alkane content between native sediment microcosms and those treated with inhibitors of eukaryotes were assessed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography following 30{\textendash}90 day incubations and analysis of shifts in microbial community composition using small subunit ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries. More biodegradation was observed in microcosms supplemented with eukaryotic inhibitors. SSU rRNA gene clone libraries from oil-amended treatments revealed an increase in the number of proteobacterial clones (particularly $\gamma$-proteobacteria) after spiking sediments with diesel oil. Bacterial community composition shifted, and degradation rates increased, in treatments where protists were inhibited, suggesting protists affect the hydrocarbon degrading capacity of microbial communities in sediments collected at this Gulf of Mexico site.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.01.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064514000216},
	author = {Beaudoin, D J and Carmichael, C A and Nelson, R K and Reddy, C M and Teske, A P and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {ISI:000390261300037,
	title = {{Inflation-predictable behavior and co-eruption deformation at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {SCIENCE},
	volume = {354},
	number = {6318},
	year = {2016},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1399{\textendash}1403},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deformation of the ground surface at active volcanoes provides information about magma movements at depth. Improved seafloor deformation measurements between 2011 and 2015 documented a fourfold increase in magma supply and confirmed that Axial Seamount{\textquoteright}s eruptive behavior is inflation-predictable, probably triggered by a critical level of magmatic pressure. A 2015 eruption was successfully forecast on the basis of this deformation pattern and marked the first time that deflation and tilt were captured in real time by a new seafloor cabled observatory, revealing the timing, location, and volume of eruption-related magma movements. Improved modeling of the deformation suggests a steeply dipping prolate-spheroid pressure source beneath the eastern caldera that is consistent with the location of the zone of highest melt within the subcaldera magma reservoir determined from multichannel seismic results.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aah4666},
	author = {Nooner, Scott L and Chadwick Jr., William W}
}
@article {Prouty2016,
	title = {{Insights into methane dynamics from analysis of authigenic carbonates and chemosynthetic mussels at newly-discovered Atlantic Margin seeps}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {449},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {332{\textendash}344},
	abstract = {The recent discovery of active methane venting along the US northern and mid-Atlantic margin represents a new source of global methane not previously accounted for in carbon budgets from this region. However, uncertainty remains as to the origin and history of methane seepage along this tectonically inactive passive margin. Here we present the first isotopic analyses of authigenic carbonates and methanotrophic deep-sea mussels, Bathymodiolus sp., and the first direct constraints on the timing of past methane emission, based on samples collected at the upper slope Baltimore Canyon (\~{}385 m water depth) and deepwater Norfolk (\~{}1600 m) seep fields within the area of newly-discovered venting. The authigenic carbonates at both sites were dominated by aragonite, with an average View the MathML source$δ$C13 signature of -47{\textperthousand}-47{\textperthousand}, a value consistent with microbially driven anaerobic oxidation of methane-rich fluids occurring at or near the sediment{\textendash}water interface. Authigenic carbonate U and Sr isotope data further support the inference of carbonate precipitation from seawater-derived fluids rather than from formation fluids from deep aquifers. Carbonate stable and radiocarbon (View the MathML source$δ$C13 and View the MathML source$Δ$C13) isotope values from living Bathymodiolus sp. specimens are lighter than those of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon, highlighting the influence of fossil carbon from methane on carbonate precipitation. U{\textendash}Th dates on authigenic carbonates suggest seepage at Baltimore Canyon between 14.7{\textpm}0.6 ka14.7{\textpm}0.6 ka to 15.7{\textpm}1.6 ka15.7{\textpm}1.6 ka, and at the Norfolk seep field between 1.0{\textpm}0.7 ka1.0{\textpm}0.7 ka to 3.3{\textpm}1.3 ka3.3{\textpm}1.3 ka, providing constraint on the longevity of methane efflux at these sites. The age of the brecciated authigenic carbonates and the occurrence of pockmarks at the Baltimore Canyon upper slope could suggest a link between sediment delivery during Pleistocene sea-level lowstand, accumulation of pore fluid overpressure from sediment compaction, and release of overpressure through subsequent venting. Calculations show that the Baltimore Canyon site probably has not been within the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) in the past 20 ka, meaning that in-situ release of methane from dissociating gas hydrate cannot be sustaining the seep. We cannot rule out updip migration of methane from dissociation of gas hydrate that occurs farther down the slope as a source of the venting at Baltimore Canyon, but consider that the history of rapid sediment accumulation and overpressure may play a more important role in methane emissions at this site.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.023},
	author = {Prouty, N G and Sahy, D and Ruppel, C D and Roark, E B and Condon, D and Brooke, S and Ross, S W and Demopoulos, A W J}
}
@article {McDermott2015,
	title = {{Identification of sulfur sources and isotopic equilibria in submarine hot-springs using multiple sulfur isotopes}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {160},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {169{\textendash}187},
	abstract = {Multiple sulfur isotopes were measured in metal sulfide deposits, elemental sulfur, and aqueous hydrogen sulfide to constrain sulfur sources and the isotopic systematics of precipitation in seafloor hydrothermal vents. Areas studied include the Eastern Manus Basin and Lau Basin back-arc spreading centers and the unsedimented basalt-hosted Southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR) and sediment-hosted Guaymas Basin mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Chalcopyrite and dissolved hydrogen sulfide (H2S) $δ$34S values range from -5.5{\textperthousand} to +5.6{\textperthousand} in Manus Basin samples, +2.4{\textperthousand} to +6.1{\textperthousand} in Lau Basin samples, and +3.7{\textperthousand} to +5.7{\textperthousand} in SEPR samples. Values of $δ$34S for cubic cubanite and H2S range from -1.4{\textperthousand} to +4.7{\textperthousand} in Guaymas Basin samples. Multiple sulfur isotope systematics in fluid-mineral pairs from the SEPR and Lau Basin show that crustal host rock and thermochemical reduction of seawater-derived dissolved sulfate (SO4) are the primary sources of sulfur in mid-ocean ridge and some back-arc systems. At PACMANUS and SuSu Knolls hydrothermal systems in the Eastern Manus Basin, a significant contribution of sulfur is derived from disproportionation of magmatic sulfur dioxide (SO2), while the remaining sulfur is derived from crustal host rocks and SO4 reduction. At the sedimented Guaymas Basin hydrothermal system, sulfur sources include crustal host rock, reduced seawater SO4, and biogenic sulfide. Vent fluid flow through fresher, less-mature sediment supplies an increased quantity of reactant organic compounds that may reduce 34S-enriched SO4, while fluid interaction with more highly-altered sediments results in H2S characterized by a small, but isotopically-significant input of 34S-depleted biogenic sulfides. Near-zero $Δ$33S values in all samples implicate the abiotic processes of SO4 reduction and leaching of host rock as the major contributors to sulfur content at a high temperature unsedimented mid-ocean ridge and at a back-arc system. $Δ$33S values indicate that SO2 disproportionation is an additional process that contributes sulfur to a different back-arc system and to acid spring-type hydrothermal fluid circulation. At the sedimented Guaymus Basin, near-zero $Δ$33S values are also observed, despite negative $δ$34S values that indicate inputs of biogenic pyrite for some samples. In contrast with previous studies reporting isotope disequilibrium between H2S and chalcopyrite, the $δ$34S values of chalcopyrite sampled from the inner 1{\textendash}2 mm of a chimney wall are within {\textpm}1{\textperthousand} of $δ$34S values for H2S in the paired vent fluid, suggesting equilibrium fluid-mineral sulfur isotope exchange at 300{\textendash}400 {\textdegree}C. Isotopic equilibrium between hydrothermal fluid H2S and precipitating chalcopyrite implies that sulfur isotopes in the chalcopyrite lining across a chimney wall may accurately record past hydrothermal activity.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.016},
	author = {McDermott, J M and Ono, S and Tivey, M K and Seewald, J S and Shanks, W C}
}
@article {Kormas2015,
	title = {{Inter-comparison of the potentially active prokaryotic communities in the halocline sediments of Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline basins}},
	journal = {Extremophiles},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {949{\textendash}960},
	abstract = {The sediment microbiota of the Mediterranean deep-sea anoxic hypersaline basins (DHABs) are understudied relative to communities in the brines and halocline waters. In this study, the active fraction of the prokaryotic community in the halocline sediments of L{\textquoteright} Atalante, Urania, and Discovery DHABs was investigated based on extracted total RNA and 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial and archaeal communities were different in the sediments underlying the halocline waters of the three habitats, reflecting the unique chemical settings of each basin. The relative abundance of unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was also different between deep-sea control sediments and sediments underlying DHAB haloclines, suggesting adaptation to the steep DHAB chemical gradients. Only a few OTUs were affiliated to known bacterial halophilic and/or anaerobic groups. Many OTUs, including some of the dominant ones, were related to aerobic taxa. Archaea were detected only in few halocline samples, with lower OTU richness relative to Bacteria, and were dominated by taxa associated with methane cycling. This study suggests that, while metabolically active prokaryotic communities appear to be present in sediments underlying the three DHABs investigated, their diversity and activity are likely to be more reduced in sediments underlying the brines.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Kormas, K and Pachiadaki, M and Karayanni, H and Leadbetter, E R and Bernhard, J M and Edgcomb, V P}
}
@article {Zhang2015,
	title = {{Intergradation between discrete lineages of Tevnia jerichonana, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {53{\textendash}61},
	abstract = {We describe a broad zone of intergradation between genetically differentiated, northern and southern lineages of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm, Tevnia jerichonana. DNA sequences from four genes, nuclear HSP and ATPs$\alpha$ and mitochondrial COI and Cytb were examined in samples from eastern Pacific vent localities between 13{\textdegree}N and 38{\textdegree}S latitude. Allelic frequencies at these loci exhibited concordant latitudinal clines, and genetic differentiation (pairwise $\Phi$ST{\textquoteright}s) increased with geographical distances between sample localities. Though this pattern of differentiation suggested isolation-by-distance (IBD), it appeared to result from hierarchical population structure. Genotypic assignment tests identified two population clusters comprised of samples from the northern East Pacific Rise (NEPR: 9{\textendash}13{\textdegree}N) and an extension of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR: 31{\textendash}32{\textdegree}S) with a zone of intergradation along the southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR: 7{\textendash}17{\textdegree}S). The overall degrees of DNA sequence divergence between the NEPR and PAR populations were slight and not indicative of lengthy isolation. Bayesian assignment methods suggested that the SEPR populations constitute intergrades that connect the NEPR and PAR populations. Though it typically is difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary intergradation, our results were consistent with parallel studies of vent-restricted species that suggest a high degree of demographic instability along the superfast-spreading SEPR axis. Frequent local extinctions and immigration from NEPR and PAR refugia probably shaped the observed pattern of intergradation.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.04.028},
	author = {Zhang, H and Johnson, S B and Flores, V R and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {ISI:000352192100007,
	title = {{Investigation of extractable organic compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA},
	volume = {156},
	year = {2015},
	month = {may},
	pages = {122{\textendash}144},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The possibility that deep-sea hydrothermal vents may contain organic compounds produced by abiotic synthesis or by microbial communities living deep beneath the surface has led to numerous studies of the organic composition of vent fluids. Most of these studies have focused on methane and other light hydrocarbons, while the possible occurrence of more complex organic compounds in the fluids has remained largely unstudied. To address this issue, the presence of higher molecular weight organic compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal fluids was assessed at three sites along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that span a range of temperatures (51 to {\textgreater}360 degrees C), fluid compositions, and host-rock lithologies (mafic to ultramafic). Samples were obtained at several sites within the Lucky Strike, Rainbow, and Lost City hydrothermal fields. Three methods were employed to extract organic compounds for analysis, including liquid: liquid extraction, cold trapping on the walls of a coil of titanium tubing, and pumping fluids through cartridges filled with solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents. The only samples to consistently yield high amounts of extractable organic compounds were the warm (51-91 degrees C), highly alkaline fluids from Lost City, which contained elevated concentrations of C-8, C-10, and C-12 n-alkanoic acids and, in some cases, trithiolane, hexadecanol, squalene, and cholesterol. Collectively, the C-8-C-12 acids can account for about 15{\%} of the total dissolved organic carbon in the Lost City fluids. The even-carbon-number predominance of the alkanoic acids indicates a biological origin, but it is unclear whether these compounds are derived from microbial activity occurring within the hydrothermal chimney proximal to the site of fluid discharge or are transported from deeper within the system. Hydrothermal fluids from the Lucky Strike and Rainbow fields were characterized by an overall scarcity of extractable dissolved organic compounds. Trace amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons including phenanthrenes and benzothiophene were the only compounds that could be identified as indigenous components of these fluids. Although hydrocarbons and fatty acids were observed in some samples, those compounds were likely derived from particulate matter or biomass entrained during fluid collection. In addition, extracts of some fluid samples from the Rainbow field were found to contain an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of organic compounds. This UCM shared some characteristics with organic matter extracted from bottom seawater, suggesting that the organic matter observed in these samples might represent seawater-derived compounds that had persisted, albeit with partial alteration, during circulation through the hydrothermal system. While there is considerable evidence that Rainbow and Lost City vent fluids contain methane and other light hydrocarbons produced through abiotic reduction of inorganic carbon, we found no evidence for more complex organic compounds with an abiotic origin in the same fluids. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.022},
	author = {McCollom, Thomas M and Seewald, Jeffrey S and German, Christopher R}
}
@article {ISI:000348060800012,
	title = {{Imaging of CO2 bubble plumes above an erupting submarine volcano, NW Rota-1, Mariana Arc}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {15},
	number = {11},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {4325{\textendash}4342},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {NW Rota-1 is a submarine volcano in the Mariana volcanic arc located similar to 100 km north of Guam. Underwater explosive eruptions driven by magmatic gases were first witnessed there in 2004 and continued until at least 2010. During a March 2010 expedition, visual observations documented continuous but variable eruptive activity at multiple vents at similar to 560 m depth. Some vents released CO2 bubbles passively and continuously, while others released CO2 during stronger but intermittent explosive bursts. Plumes of CO2 bubbles in the water column over the volcano were imaged by an EM122 (12 kHz) multibeam sonar system. Throughout the 2010 expedition numerous passes were made over the eruptive vents with the ship to document the temporal variability of the bubble plumes and relate them to the eruptive activity on the seafloor, as recorded by an in situ hydrophone and visual observations. Analysis of the EM122 midwater data set shows: (1) bubble plumes were present on every pass over the summit and they rose 200-400 m above the vents but dissolved before they reached the ocean surface, (2) bubble plume deflection direction and distance correlate well with ocean current direction and velocity determined from the ship{\textquoteright}s acoustic doppler current profiler, (3) bubble plume heights and volumes were variable over time and correlate with eruptive intensity as measured by the in situ hydrophone. This study shows that midwater multibeam sonar data can be used to characterize the level of eruptive activity and its temporal variability at a shallow submarine volcano with robust CO2 output.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005543},
	author = {Chadwick Jr., William W and Merle, Susan G and Buck, Nathaniel J and Lavelle, J William and Resing, Joseph A and Ferrini, Vicki}
}
@article {Doughty2014,
	title = {{Insights into the population dynamics of the deep-sea coral genus Paramuricea in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Deep Sea Corals},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {71{\textendash}82},
	abstract = {Species in the genus Paramuricea are among the most common corals in deep waters ({\textgreater}200~m) of the Gulf of Mexico. Paramuricea spp. increase habitat heterogeneity and provide substrate for numerous faunal associates, including ophiuroids that occur on the majority of coral colonies. In light of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, it has become apparent that there is a critical need for data on population dynamics within this genus. To date, at least one species of Paramuricea (P. biscaya) is known to be negatively impacted by the spill. Using remotely operated vehicles from 2009 to 2011, we documented the density and size frequency distributions of Paramuricea across 21 sites at depths of 250{\textendash}2500~m. Molecular barcoding (mtCOI+igr+MutS) was used to delineate species boundaries among the specimens collected. Results suggested that seven haplotypes are present in the Gulf, and appear to be partially segregated by depth [(type H: was used to delineate species boundaries among the specimens collected. Results suggested that seven haplotypes are present in the Gulf, and appear to be partially segregated by depth [(type H: Paramuricea spp. determined by ROV surveys were mapped onto high-resolution bathymetric data, which confirmed the corals{\textquoteright} preference for topographic highs composed of hard substrata. At any one site, densities ranged from 0.043{\textpm}0.01 (VK906, 380~m) to 1.18{\textpm}0.81~colonies/m2 (GC852, 1410~m). Mortality and recruitment rates were estimated from size-frequency data combined with estimated growth rates. Mortality rate decreased with size, from approximately 20{\%} and 70{\%} in new recruits of Paramuricea B3 and P. biscaya respectively, to less than 10{\%} in colonies over 40~cm in both species. Recruitment rates were estimated from less than one to over 30 individuals per year per site, but patterns in size-frequency histograms suggest that this process is highly variable at the different sites and at different times. These data illustrate that populations of the slow-growing Paramuricea species are sparsely distributed and exhibit low recruitment rates, making them highly susceptible to anthropogenic threats.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.05.023},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513002142},
	author = {Doughty, C L and Quattrini, A M and Cordes, E E}
}
@article {ISI:000345702700014,
	title = {{Intracellular Oceanospirillales inhabit the gills of the hydrothermal vent snail Alviniconcha with chemosynthetic, gamma-Proteobacterial symbionts}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {656{\textendash}664},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Associations between bacteria from the -Proteobacterial order Oceanospirillales and marine invertebrates are quite common. Members of the Oceanospirillales exhibit a diversity of interactions with their various hosts, ranging from the catabolism of complex compounds that benefit host growth to attacking and bursting host nuclei. Here, we describe the association between a novel Oceanospirillales phylotype and the hydrothermal vent snail Alviniconcha. Alviniconcha typically harbour chemoautotrophic - or epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts inside their gill cells. Via fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy, we observed an Oceanospirillales phylotype (named AOP for AlviniconchaOceanospirillales phylotype{\textquoteright}) in membrane-bound vacuoles that were separate from the known - or epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we surveyed 181 Alviniconcha hosting -Proteobacterial symbionts and 102 hosting epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts, and found that the population size of AOP was always minor relative to the canonical symbionts (median 0.53{\%} of the total quantified 16S rRNA genes). Additionally, we detected AOP more frequently in Alviniconcha hosting -Proteobacterial symbionts than in those hosting epsilon-Proteobacterial symbionts (96{\%} and 5{\%} of individuals respectively). The high incidence of AOP in -Proteobacteria hosting Alviniconcha implies that it could play a significant ecological role either as a host parasite or as an additional symbiont with unknown physiological capacities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12183},
	author = {Beinart, R A and Nyholm, S V and Dubilier, N and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {White2012,
	title = {{Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {50},
	year = {2012},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {20303{\textendash}20308},
	abstract = {To assess the potential impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on offshore ecosystems, 11 sites hosting deep-water coral communities were examined 3 to 4 mo after the well was capped. Healthy coral communities were observed at all sites {\textgreater}20 km from the Macondo well, including seven sites previously visited in September 2009, where the corals and communities appeared unchanged. However, at one site 11 km southwest of the Macondo well, coral colonies presented widespread signs of stress, including varying degrees of tissue loss, sclerite enlargement, excess mucous production, bleached commensal ophiuroids, and covering by brown flocculent material (floc). On the basis of these criteria the level of impact to individual colonies was ranked from 0 (least impact) to 4 (greatest impact). Of the 43 corals imaged at that site, 46{\%} exhibited evidence of impact on more than half of the colony, whereas nearly a quarter of all of the corals showed impact to {\textgreater}90{\%} of the colony. Additionally, 53{\%} of these corals{\textquoteright} ophiuroid associates displayed abnormal color and/or attachment posture. Analysis of hopanoid petroleum biomarkers isolated from the floc provides strong evidence that this material contained oil from the Macondo well. The presence of recently damaged and deceased corals beneath the path of a previously documented plume emanating from the Macondo well provides compelling evidence that the oil impacted deep-water ecosystems. Our findings underscore the unprecedented nature of the spill in terms of its magnitude, release at depth, and impact to deep-water ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118029109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Lin2012,
	title = {{Inorganic chemistry, gas compositions and dissolved organic carbon in fluids from sedimented young basaltic crust on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flanks}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {213{\textendash}227},
	abstract = {The permeable upper oceanic basement serves as a plausible habitat for a variety of microbial communities. There is growing evidence suggesting a substantial subseafloor biosphere. Here new time series data are presented on key inorganic species, methane, hydrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in ridge flank fluids obtained from subseafloor observatory CORKs (Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kits) at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) boreholes 1301A and 1026B. These data show that the new sampling methods (Cowen et al., 2012) employed at 1301A result in lower contamination than earlier studies. Furthermore, sample collection methods permitted most chemical analyses to be performed from aliquots of single large volume samples, thereby allowing more direct comparison of the data. The low phosphate concentrations (0.06{\textendash}0.2~$μ$M) suggest that relative to carbon and nitrogen, phosphorus could be a limiting nutrient in the basement biosphere. Coexisting sulfate (17{\textendash}18~mM), hydrogen sulfide (\~{}0.1~$μ$M), hydrogen (0.3{\textendash}0.7~$μ$M) and methane (1.5{\textendash}2~$μ$M) indicates that the basement aquifer at 1301A either draws fluids from multiple flow paths with different redox histories or is a complex environment that is not thermodynamically controlled and may allow co-occurring metabolic pathways including sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. The low DOC concentrations (11{\textendash}18~$μ$M) confirm that ridge flank basement is a net DOC sink and ultimately a net carbon sink. Based on the net amounts of DOC, oxygen, nitrate and sulfate removed (\~{}30~$μ$M, \~{}80~$μ$M, \~{}40~$μ$M and \~{}10~mM, respectively) from entrained bottom seawater, organic carbon may be aerobically or anaerobically oxidized in biotic and/or abiotic processes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.017},
	author = {Lin, H -T and Cowen, J P and Olson, E J and Amend, J P and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Smith2011,
	title = {{In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {Q06007},
	abstract = {The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge was used in the first long-term deployment of microbial enrichment flow cells using osmotically driven pumps in a subseafloor borehole. Three novel osmotically driven colonization systems with unidirectional flow were deployed in the borehole and incubated for 4 years to determine the microbial colonization preferences for 12 minerals and glasses present in igneous rocks. Following recovery of the colonization systems, we measured cell density on the minerals and glasses by fluorescent staining and direct counting and found some significant differences between mineral samples. We also determined the abundance of mesophilic and thermophilic culturable organotrophs grown on marine R2A medium and identified isolates by partial 16S or 18S rDNA sequencing. We found that nine distinct phylotypes of culturable mesophilic oligotrophs were present on the minerals and glasses and that eight of the nine can reduce nitrate and oxidize iron. Fe(II)-rich olivine minerals had the highest density of total countable cells and culturable organotrophic mesophiles, as well as the only culturable organotrophic thermophiles. These results suggest that olivine (a common igneous mineral) in seawater-recharged ocean crust is capable of supporting microbial communities, that iron oxidation and nitrate reduction may be important physiological characteristics of ocean crust microbes, and that heterogeneously distributed minerals in marine igneous rocks likely influence the distribution of microbial communities in the ocean crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003424},
	author = {Smith, A and Popa, R and Fisk, M and Nielsen, M and Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Fisher, A T and Becker, K and Sievert, S M and Flores, G}
}
@article {ISI:000295134600001,
	title = {{In situ measurements of hydrogen sulfide, oxygen, and temperature in diffuse fluids of an ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vent field (Logatchev, 14 degrees 45 {\textquoteleft} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Implications for chemosymbiotic bathymodiolin mussels}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {sep},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Logatchev hydrothermal vent field (14 degrees 45{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) is located in a ridge segment characterized by mantle-derived ultramafic outcrops. Compared to basalt-hosted vents, Logatchev high-temperature fluids are relatively low in sulfide indicating that the diffuse, low-temperature fluids of this vent field may not contain sufficient sulfide concentrations to support a chemosymbiotic invertebrate community. However, the high abundances of bathymodiolin mussels with bacterial symbionts related to free-living sulfur-oxidizing bacteria suggested that bioavailable sulfide is present at Logatchev. To clarify, if diffuse fluids above mussel beds of Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis provide the reductants and oxidants needed by their symbionts for aerobic sulfide oxidation, in situ microsensor measurements of dissolved hydrogen sulfide and oxygen were combined with simultaneous temperature measurements. High temporal fluctuations of all three parameters were measured above the mussel beds. H2S and O-2 coexisted with mean concentrations between 9 and 31 mu M (H2S) and 216 and 228 mu M (O-2). Temperature maxima ({\textless}= 7.4 degrees C) were generally concurrent with H2S maxima ({\textless}= 156 mu M) and O-2 minima ({\textgreater}= 142 mu M). Long-term measurements for 250 days using temperature as a proxy for oxygen and sulfide concentrations indicated that the mussels were neither oxygen limited nor sulfide limited. Our in situ measurements at Logatchev indicate that sulfide may also be bioavailable in diffuse fluids from other ultramafic-hosted vents along slow and ultraslow spreading ridges. Components: 12,100 words, 9 figures, 4 tables.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003632},
	author = {Zielinski, Frank U and Gennerich, Hans-Hermann and Borowski, Christian and Wenzhoefer, Frank and Dubilier, Nicole}
}
@mastersthesis {Richberg2010,
	title = {{Identification of chemoautotrophic microorganisms from a diffuse flow hydrothermal vent at EPR 9 degrees North using 13C DNA Stable Isotope Probing and Catalyzed Activated Reporter Deposition-Fluorescence in situ Hybridization}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {54},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {At deep-sea hydrothermal vents chemolithoautotrophic microbes mediate the transfer of geothermal chemical energy to higher trophic levels. To better understand these underlying processes and the organisms catalyzing them, this research used DNA Stable Isotope Probing (SIP) combined with Catalyzed Activated Reporter Deposition-Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (CARD-FISH) to identify the microorganisms chemoautotrophically supporting the food web at a diffuse flow hydrothermal vent. Both anaerobic and aerobic shipboard incubations containing various augmented electron donor and acceptor species showed that Epsilonproteobacteria were the dominant chemoautotrophs with greater than 70{\%} of the cells counted within the first 24 hours. 13C DNA SIP identified unique organisms not previously characterized from low temperature diffuse flow venting: green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobi-like organisms) possibly utilizing photoautotrophy, aerobic Lutibacter litoralis-like organisms growing under anaerobic conditions, and Epsilonproteobacterial Thioreductor sp. at temperatures above maximum known tolerances. This research illustrates both the promise and pitfalls of the SIP technique applied to hydrothermal systems, concluding that timing of the incubation experiments is the critical step in eliminating undesired 13C labeling. These results set the stage for a more thorough future examination of diffuse flow microorganisms by presenting interesting questions that second generation experiments could be designed to answer.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/4078},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/4078},
	author = {Richberg, K P}
}
@article {Cho2010,
	title = {{Incongruent patterns of genetic connectivity among four ophiuroid species with differing coral host specificity on North Atlantic seamounts}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {S1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {121{\textendash}143},
	abstract = {Seamounts are considered to play a defining role in the evolution and diversity of marine fauna, acting as {\textquoteleft}stepping-stones{\textquoteright} for dispersal, regional centers of genetic isolation and speciation, and refugia for deep-sea populations. This study focused on the patterns of dispersal and genetic connectivity of four seamount ophiuroid species (Asteroschema clavigera, Ophiocreas oedipus, Ophioplinthaca abyssalis, and Ophioplinthaca chelys) displaying differing levels of associative (epifaunal) specificity to cold-water coral hosts inhabiting the New England and Corner Rise Seamount chains, and Muir Seamount in the Northwestern Atlantic. Analyses of mt16S and mtCOI revealed evidence for recent population expansion and high gene flow for all four species. However, species-specific genetic differentiation was significant based on seamount region and depth. Significant differences were found among regional seamount groups for A. clavigera, within seamount regions and seamounts for O. chelys, among 250-m depth intervals for A. clavigera, among 100-m depth intervals for O. oedipus, and there were indications of isolation by distance for A. clavigera and O. oedipus. In addition, A. clavigera and O. oedipus, broadcast spawners with high fidelity to specific coral hosts, displayed predominantly westward historical migration, whereas the ophioplinthacids, with lower host-specificity, displayed predominantly eastward migration. No congruent patterns of historical migration were evident among species and seamounts, yet these patterns can be correlated with species-specific host specificity, specific depth strata, and dispersal strategies. Conservation efforts to protect seamount ecosystems should promote multi-species approaches to genetic connectivity, and consider the impact of the {\textquoteleft}dependence{\textquoteright} of biodiversity on host fauna in these vulnerable marine ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00395.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00395.x},
	author = {Cho, W W and Shank, T M}
}
@article {ISI:000279984900002,
	title = {{Indigenous ectosymbiotic bacteria associated with diverse hydrothermal vent invertebrates}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {2},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {479{\textendash}488},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {P{\textgreater}Symbioses involving bacteria and invertebrates contribute to the biological diversity and high productivity of both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Well-known examples from chemosynthetic deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments involve ectosymbiotic microbes associated with the external surfaces of marine invertebrates. Some of these ectosymbioses confer protection or defence from predators or the environment itself, some are nutritional in nature, and many still are of unknown function. Several recently discovered hydrothermal vent invertebrates, including two populations of yeti crab (Kiwa spp.), a limpet (Symmetromphalus aff. hageni), and the scaly-foot snail (as yet undescribed), support a consortium of diverse bacteria. Comparisons of these ectosymbioses to those previously described revealed similarities among the associated microorganisms, suggesting that certain microbes are indigenous to the surfaces of marine invertebrates. In particular, members of the Thiovulgaceae (epsilonproteobacteria) and Thiotrichaceae (gammaproteobacteria) appear to preferentially form ectosymbioses with vent crustaceans and gastropods. Interactions between specific Proteobacteria and the surfaces of many marine invertebrates likely have ecological and evolutionary significance at these chemically challenging habitats.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00136.x},
	author = {Goffredi, Shana K}
}
@article {Cordes2010,
	title = {{Influence of foundation species, depth, and location on diversity and community composition at Gulf of Mexico lower-slope cold seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1870{\textendash}1881},
	abstract = {Efforts to understand and preserve the seep communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico (GOM) begin with a comprehensive survey of the biodiversity of these communities. Previous studies have provided a conceptual model of the physiology, population, and community ecology of upper continental slope seeps. However, seeps at water depths below 1000 m in the Gulf of Mexico remain relatively unknown. In this study, data from 47 samples of tubeworm- and mussel-associated communities at depths of 1005{\textendash}2750 m are examined. Other than tubeworms and mussels, 66 taxa of macro- and megafauna were collected, 43 of which appear to be restricted to water depths of over 1000 m, and 39 that have not been reported previously from the Gulf of Mexico. Diversity in mussel beds was highest at mid-slope depths, but tubeworm-associated communities did not show clear bathymetric trends in diversity. Diversity was higher in tubeworm aggregations at the alpha level (per sample), but higher in mussel beds at the beta level (species turnover among collections). Although both community types were often numerically dominated by the endemic shrimp Alvinocaris muricola, broad differences in the communities hosted by tubeworm aggregations and mussel beds were apparent. The most important factors explaining community similarity within community type were the depth, relative abundance of different mussel species in a bed, and the average size of tubeworms in an aggregation. The high proportion of deep-seep species that were found for the first time in the Gulf of Mexico emphasizes the importance of conservation efforts for these patchy communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.010},
	author = {Cordes, E E and Becker, E L and Hourdez, S and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Feng2010,
	title = {{Initial results of comparing cold-seep carbonates from mussel- and tubeworm-associated environments at Atwater Valley 340, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2030{\textendash}2039},
	abstract = {Chemosymbiotic macrofauna (such as mussels and tubeworms) and authigenic carbonates are typical of many hydrocarbon seeps. To address whether mussels and tubeworms could impact the sediment geochemistry of their habitat where authigenic carbonates are precipitated, a comparative study of petrographic and geochemical features of the authigenic carbonates from mussel- and tubeworm-associated environments at hydrocarbon seeps in Atwater Valley lease area block 340 (AT340) of the Gulf of Mexico was undertaken. Both mussel- and tubeworm-associated carbonates are dominated by high-magnesium calcite (HMC) and aragonite, and two tubeworm-associated carbonate samples have minor amounts of dolomite. The $δ$13C values of all carbonates are low, ranging from -60.8{\textperthousand} to -35.5{\textperthousand} PDB. Although there is much overlap, surprisingly the $δ$13C values of mussel-associated carbonates are generally higher than those of tubeworm-associated carbonates (-51.8{\textperthousand} vs. -54.8{\textperthousand} for an average of over 60 subsamples). It is suggested that (1) carbon isotopic vital effect of seep mussels and tubeworms, (2) fluid physical pumping of mussels, and (3) release of sulfate by tubeworm roots may be responsible for the relatively lower $δ$13C values of tubeworm-associated carbonates. It has been suggested that the heterogeneities in mineralogy and stable carbon isotope geochemistry of the seep carbonates may be attributed to the activity of macrofauna (mussels and tubeworms) and associated microbes. Our observations also suggest that at AT340 the geochemical evolution of seep macrofauna is from a mussel-dominated environment to a mixed mussel-tubeworm environment, and finally to a mostly tubeworm-dominated environment. This evolution is controlled mainly by the habitat, e.g., hydrocarbon seep flux.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.004},
	author = {Feng, D and Roberts, H H}
}
@article {Barker2010,
	title = {{Insights into the behaviour of sulphur in mid-ocean ridge axial hydrothermal systems from the composition of the sheeted dyke complex at Pito Deep}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {105{\textendash}115},
	abstract = {The behaviour of seawater sulphate in hydrothermal systems at intermediate- to fast-spreading ridges is investigated using new analyses of the $δ$34S, sulphur concentration and Fe2O3/Fe2O3total, combined with existing 87Sr/86Sr, of sheeted dykes from the Pito Deep tectonic window. The Pito Deep sheeted dyke complex has a similar composition to the sheeted dykes drilled at ODP Hole 504B suggesting that the measured compositions are representative of sheeted dyke complexes at intermediate- to fast-spreading ridges. The dykes show only small increases in $δ$34S which, combined with the rock dominated $δ$34S of vent fluids, requires the majority of seawater sulphate to be precipitated as anhydrite before the fluid reacts with the sheeted dyke complex. This loss of sulphate from the fluid means that a much higher Fe2O3 in the sheeted dyke complex than in fresh MORB glasses cannot be explained by oxidation due to seawater sulphate reduction during fluid{\textendash}rock reaction. Instead, oxidation probably occurs due to degassing of reduced species, largely H2, during dyke emplacement and solidification. A mass balance model that accounts for anhydrite precipitation and Sr partitioning into the anhydrite, as well as fitting the concentration and isotopic ratios of S and Sr in the sheeted dykes and vent fluids, suggests water/rock ratios of \~{} 1. For a 1 km thick sheeted dyke complex this is equivalent to a fluid flux of \~{} 3 {\texttimes} 106 kg m- 2, sufficient to remove \~{} 60{\%} of the latent heat of crystallization from the lower crust.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.05.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.05.003},
	author = {Barker, A K and Coogan, L A and Gillis, K M}
}
@article {Craddock2010,
	title = {{Insights to magmatic{\textendash}hydrothermal processes in the Manus back{\textendash}arc Basin as recorded by anhydrite}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {19},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {5514{\textendash}5536},
	abstract = {Microchemical analyses of rare earth element (REE) concentrations and Sr and S isotope ratios of anhydrite are used to identify sub-seafloor processes governing the formation of hydrothermal fluids in the convergent margin Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Samples comprise drill-core vein anhydrite and seafloor massive anhydrite from the PACMANUS (Roman Ruins, Snowcap and Fenway) and SuSu Knolls (North Su) active hydrothermal fields. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns in anhydrite show remarkable heterogeneity on the scale of individual grains, different from the near uniform REEN patterns measured in anhydrite from mid-ocean ridge deposits. The REEN patterns in anhydrite are correlated with REE distributions measured in hydrothermal fluids venting at the seafloor at these vent fields and are interpreted to record episodes of hydrothermal fluid formation affected by magmatic volatile degassing. 87Sr/86Sr ratios vary dramatically within individual grains between that of contemporary seawater and that of endmember hydrothermal fluid. Anhydrite was precipitated from a highly variable mixture of the two. The intra-grain heterogeneity implies that anhydrite preserves periods of contrasting hydrothermal versus seawater dominant near-seafloor fluid circulation. Most sulfate $δ$34S values of anhydrite cluster around that of contemporary seawater, consistent with anhydrite precipitating from hydrothermal fluid mixed with locally entrained seawater. Sulfate $δ$34S isotope ratios in some anhydrites are, however, lighter than that of seawater, which are interpreted as recording a source of sulfate derived from magmatic SO2 degassed from underlying felsic magmas in the Manus Basin. The range of elemental and isotopic signatures observed in anhydrite records a range of sub-seafloor processes including high-temperature hydrothermal fluid circulation, varying extents of magmatic volatile degassing, seawater entrainment and fluid mixing. The chemical and isotopic heterogeneity recorded in anhydrite at the inter- and intra-grain scale captures the dynamics of hydrothermal fluid formation and sub-seafloor circulation that is highly variable both spatially and temporally on timescales over which hydrothermal deposits are formed. Microchemical analysis of hydrothermal minerals can provide information about the temporal history of submarine hydrothermal systems that are variable over time and cannot necessarily be inferred only from the study of vent fluids.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.004},
	author = {Craddock, P R and Bach, W}
}
@article {ISI:000280633000011,
	title = {{Isolated communities of Epsilonproteobacteria in hydrothermal vent fluids of the Mariana Arc seamounts}},
	journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY},
	volume = {73},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {538{\textendash}549},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Low-temperature hydrothermal vent fluids represent access points to diverse microbial communities living in oceanic crust. This study examined the distribution, relative abundance, and diversity of Epsilonproteobacteria in 14 low-temperature vent fluids from five volcanically active seamounts of the Mariana Arc using a 454 tag sequencing approach. Most vent fluids were enriched in cell concentrations compared with background seawater, and quantitative PCR results indicated that all fluids were dominated by bacteria. Operational taxonomic unit-based statistical tools applied to 454 data show that all vents from the northern end of the Mariana Arc grouped together, to the exclusion of southern arc seamounts, which were as distinct from one another as they were from northern seamounts. Statistical analysis also showed a significant relationship between seamount and individual vent groupings, suggesting that community membership may be linked to geographical isolation and not geochemical parameters. However, while there may be large-scale geographic differences, distance is not the distinguishing factor in the microbial community composition. At the local scale, most vents host a distinct population of Epsilonproteobacteria, regardless of seamount location. This suggests that there may be barriers to exchange and dispersal for these vent endemic microorganisms at hydrothermal seamounts of the Mariana Arc.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-6496},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00910.x},
	author = {Huber, Julie A and Cantin, Holly V and Huse, Susan M and Welch, David B Mark and Sogin, Mitchell L and Butterfield, David A}
}
@article {Becker2009,
	title = {{Importance of seep primary production to Lophelia pertusa and associated fauna in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {56},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {786{\textendash}800},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.006},
	author = {Becker, E L and Cordes, E E and Macko, S A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Mullineaux2009,
	title = {{Imprint of past environmental regimes on structure and succession of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent community}},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {161},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {387{\textendash}400},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	doi = {10.1007/s00442-009-1390-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1390-1},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Micheli, F and Peterson, C H and Lenihan, H S and Markus, N}
}
@article {Rouxel2008,
	title = {{Integrated Fe- and S-isotope study of seafloor hydrothermal vents at East Pacific Rise 9{\textendash}10 degrees N}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {252},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {214{\textendash}227},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.03.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.03.009},
	author = {Rouxel, O J and Shanks, W C and Bach, W and Edwards, K J}
}
@article {Lutz2008,
	title = {{Interrelationships between vent fluid chemistry, temperature, seismic activity, and biological community structure at a mussel-dominated, deep-sea hydrothermal vent along the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {177{\textendash}190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[177:IBVFCT]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Luther, G W and Vetriani, C and Tolstoy, M and Nuzzio, D B and Moore, T S and Waldhauser, F and Crespo-Medina, M and Chatziefthimiou, A D and Annis, E R and Reed, A J}
}
@book {Brooks2008,
	title = {{Investigations of chemosynthetic communities on the lower continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico: Interim Report 1}},
	series = {OCS Reports},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {332},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	organization = {U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/ESPIS/4/4320.pdf},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Fisher, C R and Roberts, H and Bernard, B and MacDonald, I R and Carney, R and Jove, S and Cordes, E E and Wolff, G A and Goehring, E}
}
@article {Boschi2008,
	title = {{Isotopic and element exchange during serpentinization and metasomatism at the Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N): Insights from B and Sr isotope data}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {7},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1801{\textendash}1823},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.013},
	author = {Boschi, C and Dini, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Larson2007,
	title = {{In situ measurement of dissolved chloride in high temperature hydrothermal fluids}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {71},
	number = {10},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {2510{\textendash}2523},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.013},
	author = {Larson, B I and Olson, E J and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Christeson2007,
	title = {{Inconsistent correlation of seismic layer 2a and lava layer thickness in oceanic crust}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {445},
	number = {7126},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {418{\textendash}421},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature05517},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05517},
	author = {Christeson, G L and McIntosh, K D and Karson, J A}
}
@mastersthesis {Adams2007,
	title = {{Influence of hydrodynamics on the larval supply to hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {164},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {Examination of the scales at which larval supply varies spatially and temporally, and correlation with concurrent physical observations can provide insights into larval transport mechanisms that contribute to structuring marine benthic communities. In order to facilitate field studies, this thesis first provides new morphological and genetic identifications for hydrothermal vent gastropod larvae along the northern East Pacific Rise. Daily and weekly variability in the supply of hydrothermal vent gastropod larvae to two hydrothermal vents, 1.6 km apart on the East Pacific Rise, were quantified concurrently with current velocity observations. The magnitude and temporal pattern of larval supply differed between vent sites, despite their close proximity. A strong correlation between along-axis flow and daily larval supply suggested that larval supply occurred primarily via along-axis transport between local sources 1-2 km apart. However, weekly larval supply appeared to be driven by larger spatial scales through losses associated with cross-axis flows and the passage of mesoscale eddies. Tracer movement within a quasi-geostrophic eddy model was consistent with the observations of decreased larval supply concurrent with an eddy observed via satellite altimetry. The tracer movement also indicated that deep eddy-induced flow could facilitate a long-distance dispersal event, enhancing dispersal between vents 100s km apart.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1779},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1779},
	author = {Adams, D K}
}
@article {Escartin2007,
	title = {{Interplay between faults and lava flows in construction of the upper oceanic crust: The East Pacific Rise crest 9 degrees 25 {\textquoteright}-9 degrees 58 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q06005},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006gc001399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001399},
	author = {Escartin, J and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R}
}
@article {Bingham2006a,
	title = {{Integrating precision relative positioning into Jason/Medea ROV operations}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {40},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {87{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	doi = {10.4031/002533206787353664},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533206787353664},
	author = {Bingham, B and Mindell, D and Wilcox, T and Bowen, A}
}
@article {Waite2006,
	title = {{An investigation into the suitability of bismuth as an alternative to gold-amalgam as a working electrode for the in situ determination of chemical redox species in the natural environment}},
	journal = {Electroanalysis},
	volume = {18},
	number = {12},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1167{\textendash}1172},
	issn = {1040-0397},
	doi = {10.1002/elan.200603519},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200603519},
	author = {Waite, T J and Kraiya, C and Trouwborst, R E and Ma, S and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Ding2005,
	title = {{The in situ pH of hydrothermal fluids at mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {237},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {167{\textendash}174},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.041},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.041},
	author = {Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Zhang, Z and Tivey, M K and Von Damm, K L and Bradley, A M}
}
@article {Pradillon2005a,
	title = {{Influence of environmental conditions on early development of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Alvinella pompejana}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {208},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1551{\textendash}1561},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.01567},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01567},
	author = {Pradillon, F and Le Bris, N and Shillito, B and Young, C M and Gaill, F}
}
@article {Debenham2004,
	title = {{The impact of whale falls on nematode abundance in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {51},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {701{\textendash}706},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.02.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.02.004},
	author = {Debenham, N J and Lambshead, P J D and Ferrero, T J and Smith, C R}
}
@article {Schrenk2003,
	title = {{Incidence and diversity of mcroorganisms within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {3580{\textendash}3592},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.6.3580-3592.2003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.6.3580-3592.2003},
	author = {Schrenk, M O and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Baross, J A}
}
@book {Matsen2003,
	title = {{The incredible submersible Alvin discovers a strange deep-sea world}},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Enslow Publishers},
	organization = {Enslow Publishers},
	address = {Berkeley Heights, N.J.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0766021890},
	author = {Matsen, B}
}
@article {Perfit2003,
	title = {{Interaction of sea water and lava during submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {426},
	number = {6962},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {62{\textendash}64},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature02032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02032},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Cann, J R and Fornari, D J and Engels, J and Smith, D K and Ridley, W I and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Beard2003,
	title = {{Iron isotope constraints on Fe cycling and mass balance in oxygenated Earth oceans}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {7},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {629{\textendash}632},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0629:IICOFC>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031{\%}3C0629:IICOFC{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Beard, B L and Johnson, C M and Von Damm, K L and Poulson, R L}
}
@mastersthesis {Mares2002,
	title = {{ICP-MS and statistical analysis of major and trace element signatures within the carbonate fraction of marine sediments, Cascadia Subduction Zone, Central Oregon}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {430},
	school = {California State University, Long Beach},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Long Beach, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mares, A E}
}
@article {Mullineaux2002,
	title = {{Implications of cross-axis flow for larval dispersal along mid-ocean ridges.}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {281{\textendash}284},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-281-284.pdf},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Speer, K G and Thurnherr, A M and Maltrud, M E and Vangriesheim, A}
}
@inbook {Nuzzio2002,
	title = {{In situ voltammetry at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Environmental electrochemistry: Analyses of trace element biogeochemistry},
	series = {American Chemical Society Symposium Series},
	number = {811},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {40{\textendash}51},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	organization = {American Chemical Society},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0841237743},
	url = {http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/delu/delur02003.pdf},
	author = {Nuzzio, D B and Taillefert, M and Cary, S C and Reysenbach, A -L and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Karson2002a,
	title = {{Internal structure of uppermost oceanic crust along the Western Blanco Transform Scarp: Implications for subaxial accretion and deformation at the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B9},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {Article no. 2181},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000051},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000051},
	author = {Karson, J A and Tivey, M A and Delaney, J R}
}
@booklet {Beard2002,
	title = {{Iron isotope constraints on Fe cycling and mass balance in the oxygenated Earth}},
	howpublished = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	number = {Supplement 1},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {A58},
	isbn = {0016-7037},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00167037},
	author = {Beard, B L and Johnson, C M and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Levin2002,
	title = {{Isotopic evidence for chemosynthesis-based nutrition of macrobenthos: The lightness of being at Pacific methane seeps}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {47},
	number = {5},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1336{\textendash}1345},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1336},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}47/issue{\_}5/1336.pdf},
	author = {Levin, L A and Michener, R H}
}
@article {Ding2001,
	title = {{In situ measurement of dissolved H (sub 2) and H (sub 2) S in high-temperature hydrothermal vent fluids at the Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {186},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {417{\textendash}425},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00257-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00257-6},
	author = {Ding, K and Seyfried, W E and Tivey, M K and Bradley, A M}
}
@article {Lipman2000,
	title = {{In search of ancestral Kilauea Volcano}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {12},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1079{\textendash}1082},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<1079:ISOAKV>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28{\%}3C1079:ISOAKV{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Lipman, P W and Sisson, T W and Ui, T and Naka, J}
}
@mastersthesis {White2000a,
	title = {{An investigation into the characteristics and sources of light emission at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {189},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/4053},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/4053},
	author = {White, S N}
}
@inbook {Juniper2000,
	title = {{IRL: an interactive real-time logging system for ROVs}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {465{\textendash}473},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881301},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881301},
	author = {Juniper, S and Garrett, K and Shepherd, J F and Tamburri, K and Wallace, K}
}
@article {Hattori1999,
	title = {{In situ sea bottom Gamma ray surveys by manned submersibles and ROV}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {639{\textendash}660},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}56.pdf},
	author = {Hattori, M and Okano, M}
}
@article {Urabe1999,
	title = {{Installation of long-term monitoring stations at the superfast-spreading Southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1{\textendash}19},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/14{\_}01.pdf},
	author = {Urabe, T and Fujioka, K}
}
@inbook {Howland1998,
	title = {{Imagery collection and mosaicking, Derbyshire survey 1997}},
	booktitle = {OCC {\textquoteright}98 proceedings: the Marine Technology Society Annual Conference; Ocean Community Conference {\textquoteright}98, November 16-19 1998, Baltimore Convention Center.},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1104{\textendash}1108},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-933957-21-1},
	author = {Howland, J}
}
@inbook {Vetriani1998,
	title = {{Improving enzyme thermostability: The Thermococcus litoralis glutamate dehydrogenase model}},
	booktitle = {New developments in marine biotechnology},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {221{\textendash}225},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0306459078},
	author = {Vetriani, C and Maeder, D L and Tolliday, N and Klump, H H and Yip, K S P and Rice, D W and Robb, F T},
	editor = {Le Gal, Y}
}
@article {Urcuyo1998,
	title = {{In situ growth of the vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae living in highly diffuse flow environments in the main Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {267{\textendash}270},
	author = {Urcuyo, I A and Massoth, G J and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Fujiwara1998,
	title = {{In situ spawning of a deep-sea vesicomyid clam: Evidence for an environmental cue}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {45},
	number = {11},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1881{\textendash}1889},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00033-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00033-8},
	author = {Fujiwara, Y and Tsukahara, J and Hashimoto, J and Fujikura, K}
}
@inbook {Karson1998,
	title = {{Internal structure of oceanic lithosphere: A perspective from tectonic windows}},
	booktitle = {Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {106},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {177{\textendash}218},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Buck, W R}
}
@article {Fornari1997,
	title = {{Inductively coupled link (ICL) temperature probes for hot hydrothermal fluid sampling from ROV Jason and DSV Alvin}},
	journal = {RIDGE Events},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/newsletters/R2KNews0297.pdf},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Bradley, A and Humphris, S E and Walden, B and Deuster, A}
}
@article {Zuleger1996,
	title = {{Institial water chemistry of sediments of the Costa Rica accretionary complex off the Nicoya Peninsula}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {899{\textendash}902},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00386},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00386},
	author = {Zuleger, E and Gieskes, J M and You, C F}
}
@article {Lerner1996,
	title = {{Interactive inspection and analysis of multisensor data from the TAG hydrothermal vent site}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {77},
	number = {46 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {768},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Lerner, S and Howland, J and Humphris, S E and Lange, B}
}
@article {Mullineaux1995,
	title = {{Identification of Archaeogastropod larvae from a hydrothermal vent community}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {124},
	number = {4},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {551{\textendash}560},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00351036},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351036},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Kim, S and Pooley, A and Lutz, R}
}
@article {Embley1995,
	title = {{Initial results of the rapid response to the 1993 CoAxial event: Relationships between hydrothermal and volcanic processes}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {143{\textendash}146},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02281},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02281},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Jonasson, I R and Butterfield, D A and Baker, E T}
}
@mastersthesis {Screaton1995,
	title = {{Investigation of fluid sources and movement at the Cascadia Margin}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {228},
	school = {Lehigh University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Bethlehem, Penn.},
	author = {Screaton, E J}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1995,
	title = {{Isolation and cultivation of heterotrophic hyperthermophiles from deepsea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Archaea: a laboratory manual},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {9{\textendash}13},
	publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},
	organization = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},
	address = {Plainview, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0-87969-397-5},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Hoaki, T},
	editor = {Robb, F T}
}
@inbook {Mullineaux1994,
	title = {{Implications of mesoscale flows for dispersal and retention of larvae in deep-sea habitats}},
	booktitle = {Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {201{\textendash}222},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0-23-108004-2},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S},
	editor = {Young, C M}
}
@article {Linke1994,
	title = {{In situ measurement of fluid flow from cold seeps at active continental margins}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {41},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {721{\textendash}739},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(94)90051-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90051-5},
	author = {Linke, P and Suess, E and Torres, M and Martens, V and Rugh, W D and Ziebis, W and Kulm, L D}
}
@article {VanDover1994,
	title = {{In situ spawning of hydrothermal vent tubeworms (Riftia pachyptila)}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {186},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {134{\textendash}135},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/186/1/134?ck=nck},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Hover1994a,
	title = {{Inversion of a distributed system for open-loop trajectory following}},
	journal = {International Journal of Control},
	volume = {60},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {671{\textendash}686},
	issn = {0020-7179},
	doi = {10.1080/00207179408921489},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207179408921489},
	author = {Hover, F S}
}
@article {Kochevar1993,
	title = {{Identification and characterization of two carbonic anhydrases from the hydrothermal vent tube-worm Riftia pachyptila Jones}},
	journal = {Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {10{\textendash}19},
	issn = {1053-6426},
	author = {Kochevar, R E and Govind, N S and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Cary1993,
	title = {{Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques}},
	journal = {Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {51{\textendash}62},
	issn = {1053-6426},
	author = {Cary, S C and Warren, W and Anderson, E and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Childress1993a,
	title = {{Inorganic carbon uptake in hydrothermal vent tubeworms facilitated by high environmental pCO2}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {362},
	number = {6416},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {147{\textendash}149},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/362147a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362147a0},
	author = {Childress, J J and Lee, R and Sanders, N K and Felbeck, H and Oros, D and Toulmond, A and Desbruyeres, D and Brooks, J and II, Kennicutt M C}
}
@inbook {Illman1993,
	title = {{An integrated system for navigation and positioning of an ROV for scientific exploration}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}93: Engineering in harmony with the ocean: Proceedings},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {II499{\textendash}II503},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0-7803-1385-2},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326147},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326147},
	author = {Illman, J and Milburn, H and Macdonald, R}
}
@article {Hover1992a,
	title = {{Identification of low-order dynamic models for deeply towed underwater vehicle systems}},
	journal = {International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {38{\textendash}45},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1053-5381},
	author = {Hover, F S and Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Hamner1992,
	title = {{In situ observations of giant appendicularians in Monterey Bay}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {39},
	number = {7-8},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1299{\textendash}1313},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(92)90070-A},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(92)90070-A},
	author = {Hamner, W M and Robison, B H}
}
@inbook {Bowen1992,
	title = {{Intercontinental ROV pilot training and telerobotics via satellite}},
	booktitle = {Global ocean partnership : MTS {\textquoteright}92 proceedings},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1067{\textendash}1073},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Bowen, M F}
}
@inbook {Hover1991,
	title = {{Identification of parametric dynamic models for deeply-towed underwater vehicle systems}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the First (1991) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {97{\textendash}105},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	isbn = {0-962610-45-3},
	author = {Hover, F and Yoerger, D R and Triantafyllou, M}
}
@article {Mamaloukas-Frangoulis1991,
	title = {{In-situ study of eastern ridge-transform intersection of the Vema Fracture Zone}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {190},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {55{\textendash}71},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/0040-1951(91)90354-U},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90354-U},
	author = {Mamaloukas-Frangoulis, V and Auzende, J M and Bideau, D and Bonatti, E and Cannat, M and Honnorez, J and Lagabrielle, Y and Malavielle, J and M{\'e}vel, C and Needham, H D}
}
@article {Mindell1990,
	title = {{Images from the deep: Using a fiber-optic network and oceanographic vehicles, Woods Hole scientists are probing the wonders of the ocean.}},
	journal = {Byte Magazine},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {256{\textendash}260},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0360-5280},
	author = {Mindell, D A}
}
@article {Yoerger1990a,
	title = {{The influence of thruster dynamics on underwater behavior and their incorporation into control system design}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {15},
	number = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {167{\textendash}178},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.107145},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.107145},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Cooke, J G and Slotine, J E}
}
@article {Moore1990,
	title = {{Interrelationship of fluid venting and structural evolution. Alvin observations from the frontal accretionary prism, Oregon}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {8795{\textendash}8808},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/89JB02837},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/89JB02837},
	author = {Moore, J C and Orange, D and Kulm, L V D}
}
@article {Wishner1990,
	title = {{Involvement of the oxygen minimum in benthic zonation of a deep seamount}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {346},
	number = {6279},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {57{\textendash}59},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/346057a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346057a0},
	author = {Wishner, K and Levin, L A and Gowing, M and Mullineaux, L}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1990a,
	title = {{Isolation of extremely thermophilic, fermentative archaebacteria from deep-sea geothermal sediments}},
	booktitle = {Bioprocessing and Biotreatment of Coal},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {417{\textendash}428},
	publisher = {Marcel Dekker},
	organization = {Marcel Dekker},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-82478-305-0},
	url = {http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary{\&}v=1{\&}bookid=46243},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Wise, D L}
}
@inbook {Olafsson1989,
	title = {{Initial observations, bathymetry and photography of a geothermal site on the Kolbeinsey Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography 1988 : JOA Mexico 88},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {121{\textendash}127},
	publisher = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	organization = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología},
	address = {Mexico City},
	isbn = {9683611664},
	author = {Olafsson, J and Honjo, S and Thors, K and Stefansson, U and Jones, R R and Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Ayala-Casta{\~n}area, A}
}
@article {Noble1989,
	title = {{Internal tidal currents over the summit of Cross Seamount}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {36},
	number = {12},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1791{\textendash}1802},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(89)90112-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90112-X},
	author = {Noble, M and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Fisher1987,
	title = {{The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {96},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {59{\textendash}71},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00394838},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394838},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Oremland, R S and Bidigare, R R}
}
@article {Slotine1987,
	title = {{An inverse kinematic algorthim for manipulators with redundant degrees of freedom}},
	journal = {International Journal of Robotics and Automation},
	volume = {2},
	number = {2},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {86{\textendash}89},
	issn = {0826-8185},
	author = {Slotine, J J E and Yoerger, D R}
}
@mastersthesis {Paull1986,
	title = {{I. Florida escarpment: chemosynthetic communities, geochemical processes and geological consequences. II. Stable isotopic signal carriers in fine pelagic carbonates}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {216},
	school = {University of California, San Diego},
	type = {phd},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Paull, C K}
}
@article {Johnson1986,
	title = {{In situ measurements of chemical distributions in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {231},
	number = {4742},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1139{\textendash}1141},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.231.4742.1139},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4742.1139},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Beehler, C L and Sakamoto-Arnold, C M and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Macdonald1985,
	title = {{Investigation of faulting and abyssal hill formation on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise (21 degrees N) using Alvin}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {515{\textendash}535},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368953},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368953},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Luyendyk, B P}
}
@inbook {Auzende1984,
	title = {{Intraoceanic tectonism in the Gorringe Bank: observations by submersible}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere},
	series = {Geological Society Special Publications},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {113{\textendash}120},
	publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	organization = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
	address = {Boston, Mass.},
	isbn = {0632012196},
	doi = {10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ceuleneer, G and Cornen, G and Juteau, T and Lagabrielle, Y and Lensch, G and M{\'e}vel, C and Nicolas, A and Prichard, H and Ribeiro, A and Ruellan, E and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Gass, I G}
}
@article {Gross1984,
	title = {{Introduction: Deep-sea hot springs and cold seeps}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {2{\textendash}6},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Gross, M G}
}
@article {Hanauer1983,
	title = {{Innerspace shuttle: The peregrinations of Alvin, workhorse of the underwater world}},
	journal = {Oceans},
	volume = {16},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {20{\textendash}25},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8174},
	author = {Hanauer, E}
}
@article {Hekinian1983,
	title = {{Intense hydrothermal activity at the axis of the East Pacific Pise near 13 degrees N: Submersible witnesses the growth of sulfide chimney}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1{\textendash}14},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00300395},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300395},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J and Renard, V and Ballard, R D and Choukroune, P and Cheminee, J L and Albarede, F and Minster, J F and Charlou, J L and Man{\textquoteright}y, J C and Boulegue, J}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1983,
	title = {{Interactions between the carbon and sulfur cycles in the marine environment}},
	booktitle = {Major biogeochemical cycles and their interactions},
	series = {SCOPE Report},
	number = {21},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {517{\textendash}525},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471105228},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Bolin, B}
}
@inbook {Grassle1983,
	title = {{Introduction to the biology of hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {671{\textendash}682},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Grassle, J F},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Macdonald1983,
	title = {{Investigation of a Vine-Matthews magnetic lineation from a submersible: The source and character of marine magnetic anomalies}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {3403{\textendash}3418},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB04p03403},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB04p03403},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Miller, S P and Luyendyk, B P and Atwater, T M and Shure, L}
}
@inbook {Grassle1980,
	title = {{In situ studies of deep-sea communities}},
	booktitle = {Advanced Concepts in Ocean Measurements for Marine Biology},
	series = {Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science},
	number = {10},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {321{\textendash}332},
	publisher = {University of South Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of South Carolina Press},
	address = {Columbia, S.C.},
	isbn = {0872493881},
	author = {Grassle, J F},
	editor = {Diemer, F P}
}
@article {Ballard1979g,
	title = {{Incredible world of the deep-sea rifts}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {156},
	number = {5},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {680{\textendash}688},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Marx1978,
	title = {{An illustrated history of submersibles}},
	journal = {Oceans},
	volume = {11},
	number = {6},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {22{\textendash}29},
	issn = {0029-8174},
	author = {Marx, R F}
}
@inbook {Phillips1976,
	title = {{An integrated approach to seafloor geologic mapping on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge - Angus, Alvin and Sonarray}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}76: Second Annual Combined Conference, September 13-15, 1976, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {8C1{\textendash}8C8},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154207},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1976.1154207},
	author = {Phillips, J D and Pearl, K R and Marquet, W M}
}
@book {Bertsche1976a,
	title = {{Investigation of operator performance and related design variables in undersea force feedback manipulator systems, December 1975}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {76-47},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {35},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	author = {Bertsche, W R and Pesch, A J and Winget, C L}
}
@article {Ballard1975c,
	title = {{Improving the usefulness of deep-sea photographs with precision tracking}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {40{\textendash}43},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Bellaiche1974,
	title = {{Inner floor of the Rift Valley: First submersible study}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {250},
	number = {5467},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {558{\textendash}560},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/250558a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/250558a0},
	author = {Bellaiche, G and Cheminee, J L and Francheteau, J and Hekinian, R and Le Pichon, X and Needham, H D and Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Perlow1972,
	title = {{In-place geotechnical measurements from submersible Alvin in Gulf of Maine soils}},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Lehigh University},
	organization = {Lehigh University},
	address = {Bethlehem, Pa.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Perlow, M and Richards, A F}
}
