@article {RN2451,
	title = {Microbial Communities Under Distinct Thermal and Geochemical Regimes in Axial and Off-Axis Sediments of Guaymas Basin},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {633649},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.633649},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135332514 https://fjfsdata01prod.blob.core.windows.net/articles/files/633649/pubmed-zip/.versions/1/.package-entries/fmicb-12-633649/fmicb-12-633649.pdf?sv=2018-03-28\&sr=b\&sig=WKLBqhvZrkcj2oO6X4DtspOriwBM},
	author = {Teske, Andreas and Wegener, Gunter and Chanton, Jeffrey P. and White, Dylan and MacGregor, Barbara and Hoer, Daniel and de Beer, Dirk and Zhuang, Guangchao and Saxton, Matthew A. and Joye, Samantha B. and Lizarralde, Daniel and Soule, S. Adam and Ruff, S. Emil}
}
@article {RN2524,
	title = {Microbial Community Response to Polysaccharide Amendment in Anoxic Hydrothermal Sediments of the Guaymas Basin},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {763971},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.763971},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143782684 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.763971},
	author = {Krukenberg, Viola and Reichart, Nicholas J. and Spietz, Rachel L. and Hatzenpichler, Roland}
}
@article {RN2528,
	title = {Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-11},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-021-00537-5},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144475498},
	author = {Bledsoe-Becerra, Yessenia M. and Whittaker, Iesha S. and Horowitz, Jeremy and Naranjo, Katherine Medina and Johnson-Rosemond, Jicayla and Mullins, Kristen H. and Cunningham, Karena M. and Shetty, Suchir and Messinides, Samuel N. and Behney, Melinda S. and Fehsal, Jessica A. and Watson, Ashley N. and McKnight, Kaitlyn E. and Nasiadka, Teresa W. and Popa, Horia and Pettay, D. Tye and Appiah-Madson, Hannah J. and Distel, Daniel L. and Brugler, Mercer R.}
}
@article {RN2459,
	title = {A multi-modal approach to measuring particulate iron speciation in buoyant hydrothermal plumes},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {560},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120018},
	author = {Stewart, B. D. and Sorensen, J. V. and Wendt, K. and Sylvan, J. B. and German, C. R. and Anantharaman, K. and Dick, G. J. and Breier, J. A. and Toner, B. M.}
}
@article {RN2421,
	title = {Magnetic Structure of Fast-Spread Oceanic Crust at Pito Deep},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {21},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GC008671},
	author = {Maher, S. M. and Gee, J. S. and Doran, A. K. and Cheadle, M. J. and John, B. E.}
}
@article {RN2429,
	title = {Mantle degassing of primordial helium through submarine ridge flank basaltic basement},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {546},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {116386},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116386},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129330938},
	author = {Lin, Huei-Ting and Lilley, Marvin D. and Lupton, John E. and Rapp{\'e}, Michael S.}
}
@article {RN2407,
	title = {Meiobenthos from biogenic structures of the abyssal time-series station in the NE Pacific (Station M)},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {173},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.104720},
	author = {Lampadariou, N. and Syranidou, E. and Sevastou, K. and Tselepides, A.}
}
@article {RN2437,
	title = {Methane thermometry in deep-sea hydrothermal systems: evidence for re-ordering of doubly-substituted isotopologues during fluid cooling},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2020.08.013},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130209500},
	author = {Labidi, J. and Young, E. D. and Giunta, T. and Kohl, I. E. and Seewald, J. and Tang, H. and Lilley, M. D. and Fr{\"u}h-Green, G. L.}
}
@article {RN2449,
	title = {Microbe-mineral biogeography from multi-year incubations in oceanic crust at North Pond, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.15366},
	author = {Orcutt, B. N. and D{\textquoteright}Angelo, T. and Wheat, C. G. and Trembath-Reichert, E.}
}
@article {RN2417,
	title = {Microbial succession during the transition from active to inactive stages of deep-sea hydrothermal vent sulfide chimneys},
	journal = {Research Square},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-16462/v2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1127583313 https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-16462/v2.pdf},
	author = {Hou, Jialin and Sievert, Stefan M. and Wang, Yinzhao and Seewald, Jeff S. and Natarajan, Vengadesh Perumal and Wang, Fengping and Xiao, Xiang}
}
@article {RN2380,
	title = {Marinitoga lauensis sp. nov., a novel deep-sea hydrothermal vent thermophilic anaerobic heterotroph with a prophage},
	journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {3},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {343-347},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2019.02.006},
	author = {L{\textquoteright}Haridon, S. and Gouhier, L. and St John, E. and Reysenbach, A. L.}
}
@article {RN2397,
	title = {Meio-epifaunal wood colonization in the vicinity of methane seeps},
	journal = {Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/maec.12573},
	author = {Gracia, A. and Levin, L. A. and Zea, S.}
}
@article {2483,
	title = {Measuring Seafloor Strain With an Optical Fiber Interferometer},
	journal = {Earth and Space Science},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {371 - 379},
	abstract = {We monitored the length of an optical fiber cable stretched between two seafloor anchors separated by 200m at a depth of 1900m, 90km west of Newport, OR, near the toe of the accretionary prism of the Cascadia subduction zone. We continuously recorded length changes using an equal arm Michelson interferometer formed by the sensing cable fiber and a mandrel-wound reference fiber. A second, nearly identical fiber interferometer (sharing the same cable and housing), differing only in its fiber{\textquoteright}s temperature coefficient, was recorded simultaneously, allowing the separation of optical path length change due to temperature from that due to strain. Data were collected for 100days following deployment on 18 October 2015, and showed an overall strain (length change) of -10.7 epsilon (shorter by 2.14mm). At seismic periods, the sensitivity was a few n epsilon; at tidal periods the noise level was a few tens of n epsilon. The RMS variation after removal of a -79n epsilon/day drift over the final 30days was 36n epsilon. No strain transients were observed. An unexpected response to the varying hydrostatic load from ocean tides was observed with a coefficient of -101n epsilon per meter of ocean tide height.},
	issn = {2333-5084},
	doi = {10.1029/2018ea000418},
	author = {Zumberge, Mark A. and Hatfield, William and Wyatt, Frank K.}
}
@article {2482,
	title = {Metagenomic investigation of vestimentiferan tubeworm endosymbionts from Mid-Cayman Rise reveals new insights into metabolism and diversity},
	journal = {Microbiome},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {19 - 19},
	issn = {2049-2618},
	doi = {10.1186/s40168-018-0411-x},
	author = {Reveillaud, Julie and Anderson, Rika and Reves-Sohn, Sintra and Cavanaugh, Colleen and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {2480,
	title = {Metals in bivalve mollusks from the Jaco Scar seep, Pacific, Costa Rica},
	journal = {Revista de biologia tropical},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {S269 - S279},
	author = {Vargas, Jose A. and Hilton, David R. and Ramirez, Carlos and Molina, Johan}
}
@article {2479,
	title = {Microbial decomposition of marine dissolved organic matter in cool oceanic crust},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {334 - +},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-018-0109-5},
	author = {Walter, Sunita R. Shah and Jaekel, Ulrike and Osterholz, Helena and Fisher, Andrew T. and Huber, Julie A. and Pearson, Ann and Dittmar, Thorsten and Girguis, Peter R.}
}
@article {RN2349,
	title = {Models of habitat suitability, size, and age-class structure for the deep-sea black coral Leiopathes glaberrima in the Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {218-228},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064517301820},
	author = {Etnoyer, Peter J. and Wagner, Daniel and Fowle, Holly A. and Poti, Matthew and Kinlan, Brian and Georgian, Samuel E. and Cordes, Erik E.}
}
@article {Bourque2017,
	title = {{Macrofaunal communities associated with chemosynthetic habitats from the U.S. Atlantic margin: A comparison among depth and habitat types}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {42{\textendash}55},
	abstract = {Hydrocarbon seeps support distinct benthic communities capable of tolerating extreme environmental conditions and utilizing reduced chemical compounds for nutrition. In recent years, several locations of methane seepage have been mapped along the U.S. Atlantic continental slope. In 2012 and 2013, two newly discovered seeps were investigated in this region: a shallow site near Baltimore Canyon (BCS, 366{\textendash}412 m) and a deep site near Norfolk Canyon (NCS, 1467{\textendash}1602 m), with both sites containing extensive chemosynthetic mussel bed and microbial mat habitats. Sediment push cores, suction samples, and Ekman box cores were collected to quantify the abundance, diversity, and community structure of benthic macrofauna ({\textgreater}300 $μ$m) in mussel beds, mats, and slope habitats at both sites. Community data from the deep site were also assessed in relation to the associated sediment environment (organic carbon and nitrogen, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, grain size, and depth). Infaunal assemblages and densities differed both between depths and among habitat types. Macrofaunal densities in microbial mats were four times greater than those present in mussel beds and slope sediments and were dominated by the annelid families Dorvilleidae, Capitellidae, and Tubificidae, while mussel habitats had higher proportions of crustaceans. Diversity was lower in BCS microbial mat habitats, but higher in mussel and slope sediments compared to NCS habitats. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed specific sediment properties as important for distinguishing the macrofaunal communities, including larger grain sizes present within NCS microbial mat habitats and depleted stable carbon isotopes ($δ$13C) in sediments present at mussel beds. These results suggest that habitat differences in the quality and source of organic matter are driving the observed patterns in the infaunal assemblages, including high $\beta$ diversity and high variability in the macrofaunal community composition. This study is the first investigation of seep infauna along the U.S. Atlantic slope north of the Blake Ridge Diapir and provides a baseline for future regional comparisons to other seep habitats along the Atlantic margin.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.04.012},
	author = {Bourque, J R and Robertson, C M and Brooke, S and Demopoulos, A W J}
}
@article {ISI:000394193000005,
	title = {{Magnetic exploration of a low-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal site (Lost City, 30 degrees N, MAR)}},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {461},
	year = {2017},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {40{\textendash}45},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A 2003 high-resolution magnetic survey conducted by the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ABE over the low-temperature, ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal field Lost City reveals a weak positive magnetic anomaly. This observation is in direct contrast to recent observations of strong positive magnetic anomalies documented over the high-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vents fields Rainbow and Ashadze, which indicates that temperature may control the production of magnetization at these sites. The Lost City survey provides a unique opportunity to study a field that is, to date, one of a kind, and is an end member of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems. Our results highlight the key contribution of temperature on magnetite production resulting from serpentinization reactions. Whereas high temperature promotes significant production and partitioning of iron into magnetite, low temperature favors iron partitioning into various alteration phases, resulting in a magnetite-poor rock. Moreover, the distribution of magnetic anomalies confirms results of a previous geological survey indicating the progressive migration of hydrothermal activity upslope. These discoveries contribute to the results of 25 yrs of magnetic exploration of a wide range of hydrothermal sites, from low- to high temperature and from basalt- to ultramafic-hosted, and thereby validate using high-resolution magnetics as a crucial parameter for locating and characterizing hydrothermal sites hosting unique chemosynthetic-based ecosystems and potentially mineral-rich deposits. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.033},
	author = {Szitkar, Florent and Tivey, Maurice A and Kelley, Deborah S and Karson, Jeffrey A and Fruh-Green, Gretchen L and Denny, Alden R}
}
@article {Hansman2017,
	title = {{Methane fates in the benthos and water column at cold seep sites along the continental margin of Central and North America}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {120},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {122{\textendash}131},
	abstract = {The potential influence of methane seeps on carbon cycling is a key question for global assessments, but the study of carbon cycling in surface sediments and the water column of cold seep environments is complicated by the high temporal and spatial variability of fluid and gas fluxes at these sites. In this study we directly examined carbon sources supporting benthic and planktonic food webs at venting methane seeps using isotopic and molecular approaches that integrate this variability. At four seep environments located along North and Central America, microorganisms from two size fractions were collected over several days from 2800 to 9050 l of seawater to provide a time-integrated measure of key microbial groups and the carbon sources supporting the overall planktonic microbial community. In addition to water column measurements, the extent of seafloor methane release was estimated at two of the sites by examining the stable carbon isotopic signature ($δ$13C) of benthic metazoan infauna. This signature reveals carbon sources fueling the base of the food chain and thus provides a metric that represents a time-integrated view of the dominant microbial processes within the sediment. The stable carbon isotopic composition of microbial DNA ($δ$13C-DNA), which had values between -17.0 and -19.5{\textperthousand}, indicated that bulk planktonic microbial production was not ultimately linked to methane or other 13C-depleted seep-derived carbon sources. Instead these data support the importance of organic carbon derived from either photo- or chemoautotrophic CO2 fixation to the planktonic food web. Results of qPCR of microbial DNA sequences coding for a subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase gene (pmoA) showed that only a small percentage of the planktonic microbial community were potential methane oxidizers possessing pmoA ({\textless}5{\%} of 16S rRNA gene copies). There was an overall decrease of 13C-depleted carbon fueling the benthic metazoan community from 3 to 5 cm below the seafloor to the sediment surface, reflecting limited use of isotopically depleted carbon at the sediment surface. Rare methane emission as indicated by limited aerobic methane oxidation acts to corroborate our findings for the planktonic microbial community.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.12.016},
	author = {Hansman, R L and Thurber, A R and Levin, L A and Aluwihare, L I}
}
@article {Levin2017,
	title = {{Methane seepage effects on biodiversity and biological traits of macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {26{\textendash}41},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate rocks at methane seeps are recognized as hosting diverse and abundant invertebrate assemblages, with potential forcing from fluid seepage and hydrography. Mensurative studies of carbonate macrofauna ({\textgreater}0.3 mm) at Hydrate Ridge, OR revealed little effect of water depth and overlying oxygenation (at 600 m and 800 m) but a large influence of seepage activity on density, taxonomic composition, diversity, and biological traits (feeding, lifestyle, motility, size and calcification). Rocks exposed to active seepage had 3{\textendash}4{\texttimes} higher total macrofaunal densities than under inactive conditions. Assemblages exhibited higher species richness and reduced evenness (greater dominance) under active seepage than inactive conditions, but no difference in H' or rarefaction diversity. Actively seeping sites were characterized by errant (motile), bacterial grazing, small- and medium-sized, heavily calcified species, whereas inactive sites exhibited a greater diversity of feeding modes and more burrowers, sessile, large and lightly calcified species. Active rocks supported more exogonid (Syllidae), ampharetid, and cirratulid polychaetes, provannid snails, pyropeltid limpets, nemerteans, and sponges; whereas inactive rocks supported higher densities of ophiuroids, isopods, gammarid amphipods, hydroids, Typosyllis (Syllidae) and tanaids. Transplant experiments, in which rocks were transferred between active and inactive sites at Hydrate Ridge North (600 m), revealed that assemblages respond within 13 months to increase or cessation of seepage, taking on the feeding, size and calcification characteristics of the background fauna at the new site. Lifestyles and motility patterns shifted more slowly as the sessile, attached species did not track seepage as quickly. Provannid snails and pyropeltid limpets rapidly colonized rocks transplanted to active sites and disappeared when transplanted to inactive sites. Given the known variability of fluid fluxes and rapid community response, a mosaic of communities changing in space and time is hypothesized to generate the relatively high species diversity at methane seeps.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.021},
	author = {Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Grupe, B M}
}
@article {Macelloni2016,
	title = {{Mesoscale biogeophysical characterization of Woolsey Mound (northern Gulf of Mexico), a new attribute of natural marine hydrocarbon seeps architecture}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {380},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {330{\textendash}344},
	abstract = {Located on the continental slope in 900 m of water, Woolsey Mound dominates seafloor morphology at Mississippi Canyon 118. The carbonate-hydrate mound is the site of the Gulf of Mexico Hydrates Research Consortium{\textquoteright}s seafloor observatory to investigate and monitor hydrographic, geophysical, geological, geochemical and biological processes of the hydrocarbon system, northern Gulf of Mexico. Innovative survey and monitoring systems, sensors, and tools have been developed to extract samples and data to unravel the history, character and composition of the site. Many hours of visual data have been collected to investigate benthic communities thriving at the cold seep site associated with the mound. These communities{\textquoteright} habitats are described here, for the first time, in terms of faunal assemblage, substrate nature, and presence/absence of chemosynthetic species. Based on these factors, we grouped them into four benthic meso-habitats. We speculate that the spatial distribution of these meso-habitats is large enough to make this characteristic comparable to the geophysical response of the seismo-acoustic systems. We have tested this hypothesis carefully analyzing the relationship between benthic habitats zonation and the geophysical response of Side Scan Sonar, Chirp Subbottom, Surface Source Deep Receiver (SSDR) vertical incidence profiler and 3-D oil industry multichannel data. We observe that the geophysical response is not unique, a single habitat may correlate with many geophysical attributes, or a single geophysical attribute may span many habitats. However, we find that geophysical data can predict seep locations. They can also convey some information concerning community composition and complexity that function as proxies for seep duration/age while specific community components are believed to reflect composition of seep fluids. Although preliminary, this approach represents a novel classification/characterization for seafloor hydrocarbon seeps, one that reflects a historical component.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2016.03.016},
	author = {Macelloni, L and Lutken, C B and Ingrassia, M and D{\textquoteright} Emidio, M and Pizzi, M}
}
@article {ISI:000366671300021,
	title = {{Metagenomic resolution of microbial functions in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes across the Eastern Lau Spreading Center}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {225{\textendash}239},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Microbial processes within deep-sea hydrothermal plumes affect ocean biogeochemistry on global scales. In rising hydrothermal plumes, a combination of microbial metabolism and particle formation processes initiate the transformation of reduced chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, methane, iron, manganese and ammonia that are abundant in hydrothermal vent fluids. Despite the biogeochemical importance of this rising portion of plumes, it is understudied in comparison to neutrally buoyant plumes. Here we use metagenomics and bioenergetic modeling to describe the abundance and genetic potential of microorganisms in relation to available electron donors in five different hydrothermal plumes and three associated background deep-sea waters from the Eastern Lau Spreading Center located in the Western Pacific Ocean. Three hundred and thirty one distinct genomic {\textquoteleft}bins{\textquoteright} were identified, comprising an estimated 951 genomes of archaea, bacteria, eukarya and viruses. A significant proportion of these genomes is from novel microorganisms and thus reveals insights into the energy metabolism of heretofore unknown microbial groups. Community-wide analyses of genes encoding enzymes that oxidize inorganic energy sources showed that sulfur oxidation was the most abundant and diverse chemolithotrophic microbial metabolism in the community. Genes for sulfur oxidation were commonly present in genomic bins that also contained genes for oxidation of hydrogen and methane, suggesting metabolic versatility in these microbial groups. The relative diversity and abundance of genes encoding hydrogen oxidation was moderate, whereas that of genes for methane and ammonia oxidation was low in comparison to sulfur oxidation. Bioenergetic-thermodynamic modeling supports the metagenomic analyses, showing that oxidation of elemental sulfur with oxygen is the most dominant catabolic reaction in the hydrothermal plumes. We conclude that the energy metabolism of microbial communities inhabiting rising hydrothermal plumes is dictated by the underlying plume chemistry, with a dominant role for sulfur-based chemolithoautotrophy.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.81},
	author = {Anantharaman, Karthik and Breier, John A and Dick, Gregory J}
}
@article {ISI:000372364000020,
	title = {{Metatranscriptomic insights into polyphosphate metabolism in marine sediments}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {2016},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {1015{\textendash}1019},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Microorganisms can influence inorganic phosphate (P-i) in pore waters, and thus the saturation state of phosphatic minerals, by accumulating and hydrolyzing intracellular polyphosphate (poly-P). Here we used comparative metatranscriptomics to explore microbial poly-P utilization in marine sediments. Sulfidic marine sediments from methane seeps near Barbados and from the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) oxygen minimum zone were incubated under oxic and anoxic sulfidic conditions. Pi was sequestered under oxic conditions and liberated under anoxic conditions. Transcripts homologous to poly-P kinase type 2 (ppk2) were 6-22 x more abundant in metatranscriptomes from the anoxic incubations, suggesting that reversible poly-P degradation by Ppk2 may be an important metabolic response to anoxia by marine microorganisms. Overall, diverse taxa differentially expressed homologues of genes for poly-P degradation (ppk2 and exopolyphosphatase) under different incubation conditions. Sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms appeared to preferentially express genes for poly-P degradation under anoxic conditions, which may impact phosphorus cycling in a wide range of oxygen-depleted marine settings.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2015.169},
	author = {Jones, Daniel S and Flood, Beverly E and Bailey, Jake V}
}
@article {ISI:000368893500001,
	title = {{Microbial Communities in Methane- and Short Chain Alkane-Rich Hydrothermal Sediments of Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jan},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, an active spreading center in the Gulf of California (Mexico), are rich in porewater methane, short-chain alkanes, sulfate and sulfide, and provide a model system to explore habitat preferences of microorganisms, including sulfate-dependent, methane- and short chain alkane-oxidizing microbial communities. In this study, hot sediments (above 60 degrees C) covered with sulfur-oxidizing microbial mats surrounding a hydrothermal mound (termed {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Mat Mound{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) were characterized by porewater geochemistry of methane, C-2-C-6 short-chain alkanes, sulfate, sulfide, sulfate reduction rate measurements, in situ temperature gradients, bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and V6 tag pyrosequencing. The most abundantly detected groups in the Mat mound sediments include anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea of the ANME-1 lineage and its sister Glade ANME-1Guaymas, the uncultured bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 within the Deltaproteobacteria and the separately branching HotSeep-1 Group; these uncultured bacteria are candidates for sulfate-reducing alkane oxidation and for sulfate-reducing syntrophy with ANME archaea. The archaeal dataset indicates distinct habitat preferences for ANME-1, ANME-1-Guaymas, and ANME-2 archaea in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. The bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 and HotSeep-1 co-occur with ANME-1 and ANME-1Guaymas in hydrothermally active sediments underneath microbial mats in Guaymas Basin. We propose the working hypothesis that this mixed bacterial and archaeal community catalyzes the oxidation of both methane and short-chain alkanes, and constitutes a microbial community signature that is characteristic for hydrothermal and/or cold seep sediments containing both substrates.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00017},
	author = {Dowell, Frederick and Cardman, Zena and Dasarathy, Srishti and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Lipp, Julius S and Ruff, S Emil and Biddle, Jennifer F and McKay, Luke J and MacGregor, Barbara J and Lloyd, Karen G and Albert, Daniel B and Mendlovitz, Howard and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Medagoda2016,
	title = {{Mid-water current aided localization for autonomous underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Autonomous Robots},
	volume = {40},
	number = {7, SI},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1207{\textendash}1227},
	abstract = {Survey-class autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) typically rely on Doppler Velocity Logs (DVL) for precision localization near the seafloor. In cases where the seafloor depth is greater than the DVL bottom-lock range, localizing between the surface and the seafloor presents a localization problem since both GPS and DVL observations are unavailable in the mid-water column. This work proposes a solution to this problem that exploits the fact that current profile layers of the water column are near constant over short time scales (in the scale of minutes). Using observations of these currents obtained with the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler mode of the DVL during descent, along with data from other sensors, the method discussed herein constrains position error. The method is validated using field data from the Sirius AUV coupled with view-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and on descents up to 3km deep with the Sentry AUV.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1007/s10514-016-9547-3},
	author = {Medagoda, L and Williams, S B and Pizarro, O and Kinsey, J C and Jakuba, M V}
}
@article {Germanovich2015,
	title = {{Measuring fluid flow and heat output in seafloor hydrothermal environments}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {120},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {8031{\textendash}8055},
	abstract = {We review techniques for measuring fluid flow and advective heat output from seafloor hydrothermal systems and describe new anemometer and turbine flowmeter devices we have designed, built, calibrated, and tested. These devices allow measuring fluid velocity at high-and low-temperature focused and diffuse discharge sites at oceanic spreading centers. The devices perform at ocean floor depths and black smoker temperatures and can be used to measure flow rates ranging over 2 orders of magnitude. Flow velocity is determined from the rotation rate of the rotor blades or paddle assembly. These devices have an open bearing design that eliminates clogging by particles or chemical precipitates as the fluid passes by the rotors. The devices are compact and lightweight enough for deployment from either an occupied or remotely operated submersible. The measured flow rates can be used in conjunction with vent temperature or geochemical measurements to obtain heat outputs or geochemical fluxes from both vent chimneys and diffuse flow regions. The devices have been tested on 30 Alvin dives on the Juan de Fuca Ridge and 3 Jason dives on the East Pacific Rise (EPR). We measured an anomalously low entrainment coefficient (0.064) and report 104 new measurements over a wide range of discharge temperatures (5 degrees-363 degrees C), velocities (2-199 cm/s), and depths (1517-2511 m). These include the first advective heat output measurements at the High Rise vent field and the first direct fluid flow measurement at Middle Valley. Our data suggest that black smoker heat output at the Main Endeavour vent field may have declined since 1994 and that after the 2005-2006 eruption, the high-temperature advective flow at the EPR 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N field may have become more channelized, predominately discharging through the Bio 9 structure. We also report 16 measurements on 10 Alvin dives and 2 Jason dives with flow meters that predate devices described in this work and were used in the process of their development. This includes the first advective measurements in the Lau Basin and at the EPR 9 degrees 39.5{\textquoteright}N. We discuss potential error sources and how they may affect the accuracy of measurements by our devices and other devices. In particular, we use the turbulent plume theory to evaluate the effect of entrainment of ambient seawater.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2015JB012245},
	author = {Germanovich, L N and Hurt, R S and Smith, J E and Genc, G and Lowell, R P}
}
@article {ISI:000366346800001,
	title = {{Metazoans of redoxcline sediments in Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins}},
	journal = {BMC BIOLOGY},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Background: The deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) of the Mediterranean (water depth similar to 3500 m) are some of the most extreme oceanic habitats known. Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB haloclines and brines, loriciferans are the only metazoan reported to inhabit the anoxic DHAB brines. Our goal was to further investigate metazoan communities in DHAB haloclines and brines. Results: We report observations from sediments of three DHAB (Urania, Discovery, L{\textquoteright}Atalante) haloclines, comparing these to observations from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Due to technical difficulties, sampling of the brines was not possible. Morphotype analysis indicates nematodes are the most abundant taxon; crustaceans, loriciferans and bryozoans were also noted. Among nematodes, Daptonema was the most abundant genus; three morphotypes were noted with a degree of endemicity. The majority of rRNA sequences were from planktonic taxa, suggesting that at least some individual metazoans were preserved and inactive. Nematode abundance data, in some cases determined from direct counts of sediments incubated in situ with CellTracker (TM) Green, was patchy but generally indicates the highest abundances in either normoxic control samples or in upper halocline samples; nematodes were absent or very rare in lower halocline samples. Ultrastructural analysis indicates the nematodes in L{\textquoteright}Atalante normoxic control sediments were fit, while specimens from L{\textquoteright}Atalante upper halocline were healthy or had only recently died and those from the lower halocline had no identifiable organelles. Loriciferans, which were only rarely encountered, were found in both normoxic control samples as well as in Discovery and L{\textquoteright}Atalante haloclines. It is not clear how a metazoan taxon could remain viable under this wide range of conditions. Conclusions: We document a community of living nematodes in normoxic, normal saline deep-sea Mediterranean sediments and in the upper halocline portions of the DHABs. Occurrences of nematodes in mid-halocline and lower halocline samples did not provide compelling evidence of a living community in those zones. The possibility of a viable metazoan community in brines of DHABs is not supported by our data at this time.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1741-7007},
	doi = {10.1186/s12915-015-0213-6},
	author = {Bernhard, Joan M and Morrison, Colin R and Pape, Ellen and Beaudoin, David J and Todaro, M Antonio and Pachiadaki, Maria G and Kormas, Konstantinos Ar and Edgcomb, Virginia P}
}
@article {OBrien2015,
	title = {{Microbial biofilms associated with fluid chemistry and megafaunal colonization at post-eruptive deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {31{\textendash}40},
	abstract = {At deep-sea hydrothermal vents, reduced, super-heated hydrothermal fluids mix with cold, oxygenated seawater. This creates temperature and chemical gradients that support chemosynthetic primary production and a biomass-rich community of invertebrates. In late 2005/early 2006 an eruption occurred on the East Pacific Rise at 9{\textdegree}50'N, 104{\textdegree}17'W. Direct observations of the post-eruptive diffuse-flow vents indicated that the earliest colonizers were microbial biofilms. Two cruises in 2006 and 2007 allowed us to monitor and sample the early steps of ecosystem recovery. The main objective of this work was to characterize the composition of microbial biofilms in relation to the temperature and chemistry of the hydrothermal fluids and the observed patterns of megafaunal colonization. The area selected for this study had local seafloor habitats of active diffuse flow (in-flow) interrupted by adjacent habitats with no apparent expulsion of hydrothermal fluids (no-flow). The in-flow habitats were characterized by higher temperatures (1.6{\textendash}25.2 {\textdegree}C) and H2S concentrations (up to 67.3 {\textmu}M) than the no-flow habitats, and the microbial biofilms were dominated by chemosynthetic Epsilonproteobacteria. The no-flow habitats had much lower temperatures (1.2{\textendash}5.2 {\textdegree}C) and H2S concentrations (0.3{\textendash}2.9 {\textmu}M), and Gammaproteobacteria dominated the biofilms. Siboglinid tubeworms colonized only in-flow habitats, while they were absent at the no-flow areas, suggesting a correlation between siboglinid tubeworm colonization, active hydrothermal flow, and the composition of chemosynthetic microbial biofilms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.07.020},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, C E and Giovannelli, D and Govenar, B W and Luther, G W and Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {ISI:000367001600001,
	title = {{Microbial Communities on Seafloor Basalts at Dorado Outcrop Reflect Level of Alteration and Highlight Global Lithic Clades}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {dec},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Areas of exposed basalt along mid-ocean ridges and at seafloor outcrops serve as conduits of fluid flux into and out of a subsurface ocean, and microbe-mineral interactions can influence alteration reactions at the rock-water interface. Located on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise, Dorado Outcrop is a site of low temperature ({\textless} 20 degrees C) hydrothermal venting and represents a new end-member in the current survey of seafloor basalt biomes. Consistent with prior studies, a survey of 16S rRNA gene sequence diversity using universal primers targeting the V4 hypervariable region revealed much greater richness and diversity on the seafloor rocks than in surrounding seawater. Overall, Gamma-, Alpha-, and Deltaproteobacteria, and Thaumarchaeota dominated the sequenced communities, together making up over half of the observed diversity, though bacterial sequences were more abundant than archaeal in all samples. The most abundant bacterial reads were closely related to the obligate chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing Thioprofundum lifl-lotrophicum, suggesting carbon and sulfur cycling as dominant metabolic pathways in this system. Representatives of Thaumarchaeota were detected in relatively high abundance on the basalts in comparison to bottom water, possibly indicating ammonia oxidation. In comparison to other sequence datasets from globally distributed seafloor basalts, this study reveals many overlapping and cosmopolitan phylogenetic groups and also suggests that substrate age correlates with community structure.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.01470},
	author = {Lee, Michael D and Walworth, Nathan G and Sylvan, Jason B and Edwards, Katrina J and Orcutt, Beth N}
}
@article {Scott2015,
	title = {{Microbial Iron Mats at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Evidence that Zetaproteobacteria May Be Restricted to Iron-Oxidizing Marine Systems}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {e0119284},
	abstract = {Chemolithoautotrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria play an essential role in the global iron cycle. Thus far, the majority of marine iron-oxidizing bacteria have been identified as Zetaproteobacteria, a novel class within the phylum Proteobacteria. Marine iron-oxidizing microbial communities have been found associated with volcanically active seamounts, crustal spreading centers, and coastal waters. However, little is known about the presence and diversity of iron-oxidizing communities at hydrothermal systems along the slow crustal spreading center of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. From October to November 2012, samples were collected from rust-colored mats at three well-known hydrothermal vent systems on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Rainbow, Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse, and Snake Pit) using the ROV Jason II. The goal of these efforts was to determine if iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria were present at sites proximal to black smoker vent fields. Small, diffuse flow venting areas with high iron(II) concentrations and rust-colored microbial mats were observed at all three sites proximal to black smoker chimneys. A novel, syringe-based precision sampler was used to collect discrete microbial iron mat samples at the three sites. The presence of Zetaproteobacteria was confirmed using a combination of 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and single-cell sorting, while light micros-copy revealed a variety of iron-oxyhydroxide structures, indicating that active iron-oxidizing communities exist along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Sequencing analysis suggests that these iron mats contain cosmopolitan representatives of Zetaproteobacteria, but also exhibit diversity that may be uncommon at other iron-rich marine sites studied to date. A meta-analysis of publically available data encompassing a variety of aquatic habitats indicates that Zetaproteobacteria are rare if an iron source is not readily available. This work adds to the growing understanding of Zetaproteobacteria ecology and suggests that this organism is likely locally restricted to iron-rich marine environments but may exhibit wide-scale geographic distribution, further underscoring the importance of Zetaproteobacteria in global iron cycling.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0119284},
	author = {Scott, J J and Breier, J A and Luther, G W and Emerson, D}
}
@article {ISI:000360368300003,
	title = {{Molecular study of bacterial diversity within the trophosome of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY-AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1, SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A large proportion of the faunal biomass in hydrothermal vent ecosystems relies on symbiotic relationships, with bacteria as a source of nutrition. Whereas multiple symbioses have been observed in diverse vent hosts, siboglinid tubeworms have been thought to harbour a single endosymbiont phylotype affiliated to the Gammaproteobacteria. In the case of the Northeast Pacific vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae, two previous studies suggested the presence of more than one symbiont. The possibility of multiple, and possibly habitat-specific, symbionts in R. piscesae provided a potential explanation for the tube-worm{\textquoteright}s broad ecological niche, compared with other hydrothermal vent siboglinids. This study further explored the diversity of trophosome bacteria in R. piscesae using two methodological approaches not yet applied to this symbiosis. We carried out 454-pyrosequencing on trophosome samples from 46 individual worms and used catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) to verify the presence of the major groups detected in the pyrotag data. Both methods yielded inconsistent and sometimes contradictory results between sampling sites, and neither provided irrefutable evidence for the presence of symbionts other than the expected Gammaproteobacteria. We therefore conclude that the other adaptive mechanisms must be considered to explain the broad physico-chemical niche occupied by the different growth forms of R. piscesae.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/maec.12169},
	author = {Forget, Nathalie L and Perez, Maeva and Juniper, S Kim}
}
@inbook {DeRonde2015,
	title = {{Molten sulfur lakes of intraoceanic arc volcanoes}},
	booktitle = {Volcanic Lakes},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	isbn = {978-3-642-36832-5},
	author = {de Ronde, C E J and Chadwick, W W and Ditchburn, R G and Embley, R W and Tunnicliffe, V and Baker, E T and Walker, S L and Ferrini, V L and Merle, S M},
	editor = {Rouwet, D}
}
@article {Koschinsky2014,
	title = {{Metal concentrations in the tissues of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus: Reflection of different metal sources}},
	journal = {Marine Environmental Research},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {62{\textendash}73},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus are ideally positioned for the use of recording hydrothermal fluxes at the hydrothermal vent sites they inhabit. Barium, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sr, and U concentrations in tissue sections of Bathymodiolus mussels from several hydrothermal fields between 15{\textdegree}N and 9{\textdegree}S at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were determined and compared to the surrounding fluids and solid substrates in the habitats. Elements generally enriched in hydrothermal fluids, such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, were significantly enriched in the gills and digestive glands of the hydrothermal mussels. The rather small variability of Zn (and Mn) and positive correlation with K and earth alkaline metals may indicate a biological regulation of accumulation. Enrichments of Mo and U in many tissue samples indicate that particulate matter such as hydrothermal mineral particles from the plumes can play a more important role as a metal source than dissolved metals. Highest enrichments of Cu in mussels from the Golden Valley site indicate a relation to the >=400 {\textdegree}C hot heavy-metal rich fluids emanating in the vicinity. In contrast, mussels from the low-temperature Lilliput field are affected by the Fe oxyhydroxide sediment of their habitat. In a comparison of two different sites within the Logatchev field metal distributions in the tissues reflected small-scale local variations in the metal content of the fluids and the particulate material.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0141-1136},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.12.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141113613002249},
	author = {Koschinsky, A and Kausch, M and Borowski, C}
}
@article {ISI:000345631900005,
	title = {{Microbial consumption of zero-valence sulfur in marine benthic habitats}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {16},
	number = {11, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {3416{\textendash}3430},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Zero-valence sulfur (S-0) is a central intermediate in the marine sulfur cycle and forms conspicuous accumulations at sediment surfaces, hydrothermal vents and in oxygen minimum zones. Diverse microorganisms can utilize S-0, but those consuming S-0 in the environment are largely unknown. We identified possible key players in S-0 turnover on native or introduced S-0 in benthic coastal and deep-sea habitats using the 16S ribosomal RNA approach, (in situ) growth experiments and activity measurements. In all habitats, the epsilonproteobacterial Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group accounted for a substantial fraction of the microbial community. Deltaproteobacterial Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfuromonadales were also frequently detected, indicating S-0 disproportionation and S-0 respiration under anoxic conditions. Sulfate production from S-0 particles colonized in situ with Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum suggested that this group oxidized S-0. We also show that the type strain Sulfurimonas denitrificans is able to access cyclooctasulfur (S-8), a metabolic feature not yet demonstrated for sulfur oxidizers. The ability to oxidize S-0, in particular S-8, likely facilitates niche partitioning among sulfur oxidizers in habitats with intense microbial sulfur cycling such as sulfidic sediment surfaces. Our results underscore the previously overlooked but central role of Sulfurimonas/Sulfurovum group for conversion of free S-0 at the seafloor surface.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12410},
	author = {Pjevac, Petra and Kamyshny Jr., Alexey and Dyksma, Stefan and Mussmann, Marc}
}
@article {ISI:000341168300005,
	title = {{Microbial distribution in different spatial positions within the walls of a black sulfide hydrothermal chimney}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {508},
	year = {2014},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {67{\textendash}85},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal chimneys encompass diverse niches for different microbial communities with steep environmental gradients. An active sulfide hydrothermal structure was recovered from the Dudley site of the Main Endeavour Field in the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Subsamples were taken from different spatial positions within the chimney wall and analyzed for mineral composition and microbial biomass and community structure to illustrate the characteristics of microbial distribution and environmental constraints. Mineral analysis showed that the chimney was mainly composed of various Fe-, Zn-, and Cu-rich sulfides, with mineral composition and abundance varying with spatial position. Microbial populations in the chimney predominantly consisted of archaeal members affiliated with the deep-sea hydrothermal vent Euryarchaeota group, Thermococcales, and Desulfurococcales, as well as bacterial members of the Gamma-, Epsilon-, and Deltaproteobacteria. Microbial biomass and composition shifted dramatically and formed different microbial zones within the chimney walls, from predominantly mesophilic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterial communities at the outer surfaces to thermophilic or hyperthermophilic, archaeal sulfur-reducers in the inner layers of the chimney. Based on microbial physiological characteristics and their distribution profiles, we inferred that temperature, fluid geochemistry, and organic compounds probably play an important role in selecting for and sustaining microbial communities. Furthermore, in situ temperature regimes within the chimney walls were roughly estimated based on the temperatures supporting the growth of the dominant microbial groups.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10841},
	author = {Li, Jiangtao and Zhou, Huaiyang and Fang, Jiasong and Sun, Yannan and Dasgupta, Shamik}
}
@article {ISI:000331788900001,
	title = {{Microsporidia-nematode associations in methane seeps reveal basal fungal parasitism in the deep sea}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	month = {feb},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The deep sea is Earth{\textquoteright}s largest habitat but little is known about the nature of deep-sea parasitism. In contrast to a few characterized cases of bacterial and protistan parasites, the existence and biological significance of deep-sea parasitic fungi is yet to be understood. Here we report the discovery of a fungus-related parasitic microsporidium, Nematocenator marisprofundi n. gen. n. sp. that infects benthic nematodes at methane seeps on the Pacific Ocean floor. This infection is species-specific and has been temporally and spatially stable over 2 years of sampling, indicating an ecologically consistent host-parasite interaction. A high distribution of spores in the reproductive tracts of infected males and females and their absence from host nematodes{\textquoteright} intestines suggests a sexual transmission strategy in contrast to the fecal-oral transmission of most microsporidia. N. mansprofundi targets the host{\textquoteright}s body wall muscles causing cell lysis, and in severe infection even muscle filament degradation. Phylogenetic analyses placed N. marisprofundi in a novel and basal clade not closely related to any described microsporidia clade, suggesting either that microsporidia-nematode parasitism occurred early in microsporidia evolution or that host specialization occurred late in an ancient deep-sea microsporidian lineage. Our findings reveal that methane seeps support complex ecosystems involving interkingdom interactions between bacteria, nematodes, and parasitic fungi and that microsporidia parasitism exists also in the deep-sea biosphere.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00043},
	author = {Sapir, Amir and Dillman, Adler R and Connon, Stephanie A and Grupe, Benjamin M and Ingels, Jeroen and Mundo-Ocampo, Manuel and Levin, Lisa A and Baldwin, James G and Orphan, Victoria J and Sternberg, Paul W}
}
@article {ISI:000343852900015,
	title = {{Molluscan species diversity at North Pacific hydrothermal vents: What we know and what it may mean}},
	journal = {AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN},
	volume = {32},
	number = {2},
	year = {2014},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {267{\textendash}277},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents in the deep sea are harsh, temporally unpredictable habitats with what appears to be a distinct fauna. Decades of subsea research with crewed and remote vehicles have generated a list of known species; is the species list complete? Evidence derived from mollusks sampled at hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise (EPR), and Gorda and Juan de Fuca ridges suggests that the answer is yes. A 2006 compilation of hydrothermal vent species based on decades of research is updated and compared to specimens from these three active ridges in collections of the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH) that resulted from limited collecting activity. Only three dives at each of the two Gorda Ridge vents collected all named species; 90{\%} of the 20 species known from Juan de Fuca Ridge were collected in nine cruises. At the EPR, only 81{\%} of the 43 known species were collected, but differences among the ridges were not significant. The limited FMNH collections increased the known ranges of six species from Juan de Fuca to Gorda Ridge and of nine species on the EPR. In addition, the EPR appears to host more rare species, potentially due to the frequent temporal changes at these vents. Mollusks currently known from each ridge, with their expanded ranges, are listed; the implications of these results for recent discoveries of slow-spreading vent fields are discussed.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0740-2783},
	author = {Voight, Janet R}
}
@article {ISI:000331170400001,
	title = {{Metagenome reveals potential microbial degradation of hydrocarbon coupled with sulfate reduction in an oil-immersed chimney from Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jun},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys contain a high diversity of microorganisms, yet the metabolic activity and the ecological functions of the microbial communities remain largely unexplored. In this study, a metagenomic approach was applied to characterize the metabolic potential in a Guaymas hydrothermal vent chimney and to conduct comparative genomic analysis among a variety of environments with sequenced metagenomes. Complete clustering of functional gene categories with a comparative metagenomic approach showed that this Guaymas chimney metagenome was clustered most closely with a chimney metagenome from Juan de Fuca. All chimney samples were enriched with genes involved in recombination and repair, chemotaxis and flagellar assembly, highlighting their roles in coping with the fluctuating extreme deep-sea environments. A high proportion of transposases was observed in all the metagenomes from deep-sea chimneys, supporting the previous hypothesis that horizontal gene transfer may be common in the deep-sea vent chimney biosphere. In the Guaymas chimney metagenome, thermophilic sulfate reducing microorganisms including bacteria and archaea were found predominant, and genes coding for the degradation of refractory organic compounds such as cellulose, lipid, pullullan, as well as a few hydrocarbons including toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene were identified. Therefore, this oil-immersed chimney supported a thermophilic microbial community capable of oxidizing a range of hydrocarbons that served as electron donors for sulphate reduction under anaerobic conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00148},
	author = {He, Ying and Xiao, Xiang and Wang, Fengping}
}
@article {ISI:000322119600009,
	title = {{Metatranscriptomics reveal differences in in situ energy and nitrogen metabolism among hydrothermal vent snail symbionts}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1556{\textendash}1567},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite the ubiquity of chemoautotrophic symbioses at hydrothermal vents, our understanding of the influence of environmental chemistry on symbiont metabolism is limited. Transcriptomic analyses are useful for linking physiological poise to environmental conditions, but recovering samples from the deep sea is challenging, as the long recovery times can change expression profiles before preservation. Here, we present a novel, in situ RNA sampling and preservation device, which we used to compare the symbiont metatranscriptomes associated with Alviniconcha, a genus of vent snail, in which specific host-symbiont combinations are predictably distributed across a regional geochemical gradient. Metatranscriptomes of these symbionts reveal key differences in energy and nitrogen metabolism relating to both environmental chemistry (that is, the relative expression of genes) and symbiont phylogeny (that is, the specific pathways employed). Unexpectedly, dramatic differences in expression of transposases and flagellar genes suggest that different symbiont types may also have distinct life histories. These data further our understanding of these symbionts{\textquoteright} metabolic capabilities and their expression in situ, and suggest an important role for symbionts in mediating their hosts{\textquoteright} interaction with regional-scale differences in geochemistry.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.45},
	author = {Sanders, J G and Beinart, R A and Stewart, F J and Delong, E F and Girguis, P R}
}
@article {Joseph2013,
	title = {{Methane-derived authigenic carbonates from modern and paleoseeps on the Cascadia margin: Mechanisms of formation and diagenetic signals}},
	journal = {Tracing Phanerozoic hydrocarbon seepage from local basins to the global Earth system},
	volume = {390},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {52{\textendash}67},
	abstract = {Authigenic carbonate precipitation occurs within marine sediments where sulfate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation occurs. Geochemical and isotopic analyses of authigenic carbonates are commonly used as indicators of carbon sources and environmental conditions present during carbonate formation, but burial diagenesis and recrystallization can overprint these signals. Plane polarized light (PPL) and cathodoluminescent (CL) petrography allows for detailed characterization of carbonate phases and their subsequent alteration. Petrographic, isotopic, and geochemical characteristics of modern offshore authigenic carbonates from central and northern Cascadia are compared with Oligocene{\textendash}Pliocene fossil seep carbonates uplifted on the Olympic Peninsula. Coupled analyses show the value and complexity of separating primary vs. secondary signals with relevance to understanding fluid-burial history in methane seep provinces on tectonically active convergent margins. The modern, offshore, near-seafloor diagenetic environment (S. Hydrate Ridge and Barkley Canyon) is dominated by acicular and microcrystalline aragonite and high-Mg calcite (HMC, {\textgreater}~12~mol {\%} Mg). PPL and CL data illustrate that aragonite and HMC phases recrystallize to intermediate-Mg calcite (IMC, 5{\textendash}12~mol{\%} Mg) during burial and diagenesis and eventually to low-Mg calcite (LMC, 18O attributable to elevated fluid temperatures during recrystallization.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.01.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018213000333},
	author = {Joseph, C and Campbell, K A and Torres, M E and Martin, R A and Pohlman, J W and Riedel, M and Rose, K}
}
@article {ISI:000313236000014,
	title = {{Microbial diversity within basement fluids of the sediment-buried Juan de Fuca Ridge flank}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {161{\textendash}172},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Despite its immense size, logistical and methodological constraints have largely limited microbiological investigations of the subseafloor basement biosphere. In this study, a unique sampling system was used to collect fluids from the subseafloor basaltic crust via a Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit (CORK) observatory at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program borehole 1301A, located at a depth of 2667 m in the Pacific Ocean on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Here, a fluid delivery line directly accesses a 3.5 million years old basalt-hosted basement aquifer, overlaid by 262 m of sediment, which serves as a barrier to direct exchange with bottom seawater. At an average of 1.2 x 10(4) cells ml(-1), microorganisms in borehole fluids were nearly an order of magnitude less abundant than in surrounding bottom seawater. Ribosomal RNA genes were characterized from basement fluids, providing the first snapshots of microbial community structure using a high-integrity fluid delivery line. Interestingly, microbial communities retrieved from different CORKs (1026B and 1301A) nearly a decade apart shared major community members, consistent with hydrogeological connectivity. However, over three sampling years, the dominant gene clone lineage changed from relatives of Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator within the bacterial phylum Firmicutes in 2008 to the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group in 2009 and a lineage within the JTB35 group of Gammaproteobacteria in 2010, and statistically significant variation in microbial community structure was observed. The enumeration of different phylogenetic groups of cells within borehole 1301A fluids supported our observation that the deep subsurface microbial community was temporally dynamic. The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 161-172; doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.73; published online 12 July 2012},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2012.73},
	author = {Jungbluth, Sean P and Grote, Jana and Lin, Huei-Ting and Cowen, James P and Rappe, Michael S}
}
@article {ISI:000331366700001,
	title = {{Microbial habitat connec ivity across spatial scales and hydrothermal temperature gradients at Guaymas Basin}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) hydrothermal vent area is known as a dynamic and hydrothermally vented sedimentary system, where the advection and production of a variety of different metabolic substrates support a high microbial diversity and activity in the seafloor. The main objective of our study was to explore the role of temperature and other environmental factors on community diversity, such as the presence of microbial mats and seafloor bathymetry within one hydrothermally vented field of 200 x 250 m dimension. In this field, temperature increased strongly with sediment depth reaching the known limit of life within a few decimeters. Potential sulfate reduction rate as a key community activity parameter was strongly affected by in situ temperature and sediment depth, declining from high rates of 1-5 jimol m1-1 d-1 at the surface to the detection limit below 5 cm sediment depth, despite the presence of sulfate and hydrocarbons. Automated Ribosomal lntergenic Spacer Analysis yielded a high-resolution fingerprint of the dominant members of the bacterial community. Our analyses showed strong temperature and sediment depth effects on bacterial cell abundance and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) number, both declining by more than one order of magnitude below the top 5 cm of the sediment surface. Another fraction of the variation in diversity and community structure was explained by differences in the local bathymetry and spatial position within the vent field. Nevertheless, more than 80{\%} of all detected OTUs were shared among the different temperature realms and sediment depths, after being classified as cold (T {\textless} 10 C), medium (10 C {\textless} T {\textless} 40 C) or hot (T {\textgreater} 40 C) temperature conditions, with significant OTU overlap with the richer surface communities. Overall, this indicates a high connectivity of benthic bacterial habitats in this dynamic and heterogeneous marine ecosystem influenced by strong hydrothermalism.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00207},
	author = {Meyer, Stefanie and Wegener, Gunter and Lloyd, Karen G and Teske, Andreas and Boetius, Antje and Ramette, Alban}
}
@article {Meyer2013,
	title = {{Microbiological characterization of post-eruption {\textquotedblleft}snowblower{\textquotedblright} vents at Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {153},
	abstract = {Microbial processes within the subseafloor can be examined during the ephemeral and uncommonly observed phenomena known as snowblower venting. Snowblowers are characterized by the large quantity of white floc that is expelled from the seafloor following mid-ocean ridge eruptions. During these eruptions, rapidly cooling lava entrains seawater and hydrothermal fluids enriched in geochemical reactants, creating a natural bioreactor that supports a subseafloor microbial {\textquotedblleft}bloom.{\textquotedblright} Previous studies hypothesized that the eruption-associated floc was made by sulfide-oxidizing bacteria; however, the microbes involved were never identified. Here we present the first molecular analysis combined with microscopy of microbial communities in snowblower vents from samples collected shortly after the 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount, an active volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. We obtained fluid samples and white flocculent material from active snowblower vents as well as orange flocculent material found on top of newly formed lava flows. Both flocculent types revealed diverse cell types and particulates when examined by phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Distinct archaeal and bacterial communities were detected in each sample type through Illumina tag sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and through sequencing of the sulfide oxidation gene, soxB. In fluids and white floc, the dominant bacteria were sulfur-oxidizing Epsilonproteobacteria and the dominant archaea were thermophilic Methanococcales. In contrast, the dominant organisms in the orange floc were Gammaproteobacteria and Thaumarchaeota Marine Group I. In all samples, bacteria greatly outnumbered archaea. The presence of anaerobic methanogens and microaerobic Epsilonproteobacteria in snowblower communities provides evidence that these blooms are seeded by subseafloor microbes, rather than from microbes in bottom seawater. These eruptive events thus provide a unique opportunity to observe subseafloor microbial communities.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2013.00153},
	author = {Meyer, J L and Akerman, N H and Proskurowski, G and Huber, J A}
}
@article {ISI:000323108100003,
	title = {{Morphology, microanatomy and sequence data of Sclerolinum contortum (Siboglindae, Annelida) of the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {ORGANISMS DIVERSITY {\&} EVOLUTION},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {311{\textendash}329},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Sclerolinum is a small genus of Siboglinidae (Annelida) living in an obligate mutualistic association with thiotrophic bacteria as adults. Its taxonomic position, based on morphology, has been controversial; however, molecular data point to a sister taxa relationship with vestimentiferans. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and comparative morphology revealed that the studied population from deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps of the Gulf of Mexico belongs to Sclerolinum contortum known from the Arctic Sea. Since no anatomical and microanatomical studies have been published yet, we conducted such a study on S. contortum using serial sectioning and light and transmission electron microscopy. We show that the Sclerolinum body, divided into a head, trunk, and opisthosoma, is very similar to that of the vestimentiferans, and therefore we propose that the body regions are homologous in both taxa.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1439-6092},
	doi = {10.1007/s13127-012-0121-3},
	author = {Eichinger, Irmgard and Hourdez, Stephane and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Hansen2013,
	title = {{Mylonitic deformation at the Kane oceanic core complex: Implications for the rheological behavior of oceanic detachment faults}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {3085{\textendash}3108},
	abstract = {The depth extent, strength, and composition of oceanic detachment faults remain poorly understood because the grade of deformation-related fabrics varies widely among sampled oceanic core complexes (OCCs). We address this issue by analyzing fault rocks collected from the Kane oceanic core complex at 23{\textdegree}30'N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A portion of the sample suite was collected from a younger fault scarp that cuts the detachment surface and exposes the interior of the most prominent dome. The style of deformation was assessed as a function of proximity to the detachment surface, revealing a \~{}450 m thick zone of high-temperature mylonitization overprinted by a \~{}200 m thick zone of brittle deformation. Geothermometry of deformed gabbros demonstrates that crystal-plastic deformation occurred at temperatures {\textgreater}700{\textdegree}C. Analysis of the morphology of the complex in conjunction with recent thermochronology suggests that deformation initiated at depths of \~{}7 km. Thus we suggest the detachment system extended into or below the brittle-plastic transition (BPT). Microstructural evidence suggests that gabbros and peridotites with high-temperature fabrics were dominantly deforming by dislocation-accommodated processes and diffusion creep. Recrystallized grain size piezometry yields differential stresses consistent with those predicted by dry-plagioclase flow laws. The temperature and stress at the BPT determined from laboratory-derived constitutive models agree well with the lowest temperatures and highest stresses estimated from gabbro mylonites. We suggest that the variation in abundance of mylonites among oceanic core complexes can be explained by variation in the depth of the BPT, which depends to a first order on the thermal structure and water content of newly forming oceanic lithosphere.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20184},
	author = {Hansen, L N and Cheadle, M J and John, B E and Swapp, S M and Dick, H J B and Tucholke, B E and Tivey, M A}
}
@article {ISI:000299931800014,
	title = {{Meristic variation in males of the hydrothermal vent octopus, Muusoctopus hydrothermalis (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM},
	volume = {92},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {361{\textendash}366},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Intraspecific variation in characters such as arm sucker and gill lamellae counts in octopodids is yet to be thoroughly investigated, potentially hampering our ability to recognize species. In this study, data from 13 specimens of Muusoctopus hydrothermalis collected at four hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise between 8 degrees 38{\textquoteright}N and 12 degrees 48{\textquoteright}N are considered. Although the northern and southern octopuses differ minimally in size, mean sucker count by arm in the northern group is 11.7 to 22.8{\%} higher than it is in the southern group; in addition these octopuses typically have an additional gill lamella and bulkier funnel organs. The arms of each individual carry a different number of suckers. The difference is significant on nonadjacent arms, a pattern that merits examination in a broader taxonomic context. Why these differences exist among conspecifics remains unknown, the incidence of parasitic copepods is not different between the groups and the between-group variation in arm suckers seen here compares well with a previous report of variation among 18 specimens from the type locality. Increases in meristic characters (counts) in fish are attributed to lower temperatures during embryonic development following Jordan{\textquoteright}s rule. Northern and southern vents offer the octopuses a wide temperature range, but vent fluid chemistry differs. Northern vent fluids may be more toxic; if so, developing octopus embryos may survive only minimal vent fluid exposure and therefore develop at low temperatures. At the less toxic southern vents, eggs may survive greater exposure to vent fluids and thus develop at higher temperatures.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315411000993},
	author = {Voight, Janet R}
}
@article {ISI:000208863600280,
	title = {{Microbial communities at the borehole observatory on the Costa Rica Rift flank (Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A)}},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The microbiology of subsurface, hydrothermally influenced basaltic crust flanking midocean ridges has remained understudied, due to the difficulty in accessing the subsurface environment. The instrumented boreholes resulting from scientific ocean drilling offer access to samples of the formation fluids circulating through oceanic crust. We analyzed the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities of fluid and microbial mat samples collected in situ from the observatory at Ocean Drilling Program Hole 896A, drilled into similar to 6.5 million-year-old basaltic crust on the flank of the Costa Rica Rift in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences recovered from borehole fluid and from a microbial mat coating the outer surface of the fluid port revealed both unique and shared phylotypes. The dominant bacterial clones from both samples were related to the autotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing genus Thiomicrospira. Both samples yielded diverse gamma- and alphaproteobacterial phylotypes, as well as members of the Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia. Analysis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) genes (cbbL and cbbM) from the sampling port mat and from the borehole fluid demonstrated autotrophic carbon assimilation potential for in situ microbial communities; most cbbL genes were related to those of the sulfur-oxidizing genera Thioalkalivibrio and Thiomicrospira, and cbbM genes were affiliated with uncultured phylotypes from hydrothermal vent plumes and marine sediments. Several 16S rRNA gene phylotypes from the 896A observatory grouped with phylotypes recovered from seawater-exposed basalts and sulfide deposits at inactive hydrothermal vents, but there is little overlap with hydrothermally influenced basaltic boreholes 1026B and U1301A on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank, suggesting that site-specific characteristics of Hole 896A (i.e., seawater mixing into borehole fluids) affect the microbial community composition.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00232},
	author = {Nigro, Lisa M and Harris, Kate and Orcutt, Beth N and Hyde, Andrew and Clayton-Luce, Samuel and Becker, Keir and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {Lang2012,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of abiogenic carbon and hydrogen in a serpentinite-hosted system}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {82{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {Mantle rocks exposed on the seafloor constitute a highly reactive chemical and thermal system, in which interaction with seawater to produce serpentinite has major consequences for lithospheric cooling, global geochemical cycles, and microbial activity. Serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal activity is exemplified by the Lost City Hydrothermal Field (30{\textdegree}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) where fluid{\textendash}rock reactions in the underlying ultramafic rocks result in high concentrations of abiotic hydrogen, methane, C2+ alkanes, and formate. Such systems have been proposed as possible analogs to the Early Earth environments that gave rise to the first biochemical pathways. Thus, characterizing the local microbial communities and their potential link with abiogenic compounds is of particular significance. Here we demonstrate that in active carbonate chimneys where microbial sulfate reduction is important, up to 50{\%} of the microbial biomass is synthesized from mantle carbon. Conversely, mantle carbon contributes only \~{}10{\%} of the biomass in areas with minimal sulfate reduction. We attribute this difference to greater incorporation of formate or methane by the dominant microbial species, the Lost City Methanosarcinales, in locations where sulfate reducers are able to facilitate this assimilation. The ability of autotrophic communities at Lost City to capitalize on the steady stream of chemical products resulting from serpentinization reactions and to utilize abiogenic mantle carbon lend credence to the hypothesis that early biosynthetic pathways could have developed in similar environments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.006},
	author = {Lang, S Q and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Proskurowski, G and Mehay, S and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {ISI:000305233800008,
	title = {{Mineralogical and strontium isotopic record of hydrothermal processes in the lower ocean crust at and near the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY},
	volume = {164},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {123{\textendash}141},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Tectonic exposures of upper plutonics ({\textgreater} 800 m) that are part of a contiguous section of young East Pacific Rise (EPR) crust at the Hess Deep Rift provide the first regional-scale constraints on hydrothermal processes in the upper plutonic crust formed at a fast-spreading ridge. Submersible-collected samples recovered over a 4-km-wide region show that the sheeted dike complex is largely underlain by a 150- to 200-m-thick gabbro unit, followed by a more primitive gabbronorite unit. Gabbroic samples are variably altered by pervasive fluid flow along fracture networks to amphibole-dominated assemblages. The gabbroic rocks are significantly less altered (average 11{\%} hydrous phases) than the overlying sheeted dike complex (average 24{\%}), and the percentage of hydrous alteration diminishes with depth. Incipient, pervasive fluid flow occurred at amphibolite facies conditions (average 720A degrees C), with slightly higher temperatures in the lower 500 m of the section. The extent of subsequent lower-temperature alteration is generally low and regionally variable. The gabbroic samples are slightly elevated in Sr-87/Sr-86 relative to fresh rock values (0.7024) and less enriched than the overlying sheeted dike complex. Sr-87/Sr-86 for the pervasively altered gabbroic samples ranges from 0.70244 to 0.70273 (mean 0.70257), tonalites is 0.7038, and pyroxene hornfels ranges from 0.70259 to 0.70271. Sr-87/Sr-86 does not vary with depth, and there is a strong positive correlation with the percentage of hydrous phases. Strontium contents of igneous and hydrothermal minerals, combined with bulk rock Sr-87/Sr-86, indicate that Sr-isotopic exchange is largely controlled by the uptake of fluid Sr-87/Sr-86 in hydrous minerals and does not require Sr gain or loss. The minimum, time-integrated fluid-rock ratio for the sheeted dike complex and upper plutonics is 0.55-0.66, and the fluid flux calculated by mass balance is similar to 2.1 to 2.5 x 10(6) kg m(-2), 30-60{\%} higher than fluid fluxes calculated in the same manner for sheeted dike complexes on their own at Hess and Pito Deeps, and Ocean Drilling Program Hole 504B. Alteration patterns within the upper plutonics evolved in response to axial magma chamber (AMC) dynamics at the EPR, such that magma replenishment led to assimilation and thermal metamorphism of the country rock, and the position of the hydrothermal root-zone tracked the vertical migration of the AMC. The freshness of the lowermost gabbroic rocks suggests that pervasive fluid flow does not lead to significant fluid and heat fluxes at and near fast-spreading ridges.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0010-7999},
	doi = {10.1007/s00410-012-0729-5},
	author = {Kirchner, Timo M and Gillis, Kathryn M}
}
@article {Orcutt2011,
	title = {{Microbial Ecology of the Dark Ocean above, at, and below the Seafloor }},
	journal = {Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews},
	volume = {75},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {361{\textendash}422},
	abstract = {The majority of life on Earth{\textemdash}notably, microbial life{\textemdash}occurs in places that do not receive sunlight, with the habitats of the oceans being the largest of these reservoirs. Sunlight penetrates only a few tens to hundreds of meters into the ocean, resulting in large-scale microbial ecosystems that function in the dark. Our knowledge of microbial processes in the dark ocean{\textemdash}the aphotic pelagic ocean, sediments, oceanic crust, hydrothermal vents, etc.{\textemdash}has increased substantially in recent decades. Studies that try to decipher the activity of microorganisms in the dark ocean, where we cannot easily observe them, are yielding paradigm-shifting discoveries that are fundamentally changing our understanding of the role of the dark ocean in the global Earth system and its biogeochemical cycles. New generations of researchers and experimental tools have emerged, in the last decade in particular, owing to dedicated research programs to explore the dark ocean biosphere. This review focuses on our current understanding of microbiology in the dark ocean, outlining salient features of various habitats and discussing known and still unexplored types of microbial metabolism and their consequences in global biogeochemical cycling. We also focus on patterns of microbial diversity in the dark ocean and on processes and communities that are characteristic of the different habitats.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1092-2172},
	doi = {10.1128/MMBR.00039-10},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/​MMBR.00039-10},
	author = {Orcutt, B N and Sylvan, J B and Knab, N J and Edwards, K J}
}
@article {Mansour2011,
	title = {{Mineralogical and stable isotopic characterization of authigenic carbonate from a hydrocarbon seep site, Gulf of Mexico slope: Possible relation to crude oil degradation}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {281},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {59{\textendash}69},
	abstract = {One of the characteristic features on the cold deep seafloor on Atwater Valley (AT) Block 425 (1930~m water depth) in the Gulf of Mexico is the occurrence of seepage of crude oil and hydrocarbon gases associated with thermogenic gas hydrate and authigenic carbonate deposits. Mineralogical, petrographic and isotopic analyses revealed that the precipitation of these carbonates was related to the microbial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Carbonate deposits are composed of heavily oil-stained, small nodules to large cobbles of dense limestones of fine-grained textures. Other carbonate fragments are composed of small intraclasts, pellets and some bivalve shell fragments cemented together by aragonite cement. XRD analysis and petrographic investigations revealed that the authigenic carbonate is predominantly composed of aragonite that occurs as microcrystalline matrix and cement. Microcrystalline, sparitic and botryoidal acicular aragonite crystals are observed as void-filling cement. The $δ$18O values of the authigenic carbonate (3.80 to 4.16{\textperthousand} V-PDB) suggest that the precipitating fluid has equilibrated with the cold bottom seawater. The calculated $δ$18O values (0.18 to 0.54{\textperthousand} SMOW) of the precipitating fluid show subtle deviation from the values reported for the present bottom seawater. This is attributed possibly to the precipitation from pore water with temperature ranged from 3.3 to 1.7~{\textdegree}C, which is less than the measured bottom seawater (4~{\textdegree}C). However, the mixing of the marine pore water with some deep hydrocarbon-rich brines or hydrate-water would provide a source of 18O-enrichment fluid for the precipitation of the authigenic carbonates. Based on the predominance of aragonite with botryoidal and clotted fabric, the occurrence of pyrite and from the oxygen isotopic data, it is plausible that the authigenic carbonates may have formed near the sediment/water interface in an oxygen-depleted environment with low temperature. The narrow range of the $δ$13C values of the authigenic carbonate (-~23.88 to -~28.62{\textperthousand} V-PDB) suggests that a single source of carbon is predominant. Based on the moderately low $δ$13C values and the occurrence of spots of crude oil coatings of the carbonate samples, in addition to the application of a carbon isotope mass balance model, the carbon involving in the formation of the carbonates of the AT 425 seep site could be mainly derived from microbial degradation of crude oil. Microbial oxidation of non-methane thermogenic hydrocarbon gases such as ethane, propane and isobutane would play some role as a source of carbonate-carbon.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2011.02.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.02.004},
	author = {Mansour, A S and Sassen, R}
}
@article {ISI:000296085300022,
	title = {{Modal analysis of the deep-water solitary scleractinian, Desmophyllum dianthus, on SW Pacific seamounts: inferred recruitment periodicity, growth, and mortality rates}},
	journal = {CORAL REEFS},
	volume = {30},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1063{\textendash}1070},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about the demography of corals inhabiting deep-sea features due to the logistical difficulties of working at the extreme depths they inhabit. To obtain basic information about growth, mortality, and recruitment dynamics for such a coral, we applied modal analysis to the size frequency distributions of live-caught and sub-fossil specimens of the widely distributed solitary cup coral, Desmophyllum dianthus, collected on SW Pacific seamounts. Comparison of live-caught material collected in 1997 and 2007-2009 indicated modal progression over time and an implied maximum age of approximately 190 years, which is similar to ages determined previously for D. dianthus using radiometric techniques. A log-linear decline in the number of individuals with increasing size further implies a constant adult mortality rate, of 15.1{\%} per annum in 1997 and 9.2{\%} per annum in 2007-2009. The spacing of size modes in the 2007-2009 samples suggests regularly episodic recruitment events, at 22- to 32-year intervals, which may relate to periodic variability in large-scale Southern Ocean circulation. Preliminary analyses of size frequency distributions of the sub-fossil material suggest that the trophodynamics, growth, and adult mortality schedules of D. dianthus in the SW Pacific have remained basically similar throughout the Holocene.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0722-4028},
	doi = {10.1007/s00338-011-0806-7},
	author = {Thresher, R E and Adkins, J and Thiagarajan, N}
}
@article {ISI:000277252000001,
	title = {{Malaguana-Gadao Ridge: Identification and implications of a magma chamber reflector in the southern Mariana Trough}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Six-channel seismic reflection data reveal a magma chamber reflector beneath the Malaguana-Gadao Ridge, the southernmost segment of the spreading center in the Mariana Trough. For most of its length the spreading center in this active back-arc basin is morphologically similar to slow spreading mid-ocean ridges, having a deep central graben flanked by a zone of abyssal hill fabric. This southernmost segment, however, has a broad, smooth cross section, lacks a deep central graben, and is thus similar in morphology to fast spreading ridges (e.g., the East Pacific Rise). We identify a magma chamber at 1.5 s two-way travel time below the crest of the ridge. Observations from remotely operated vehicles along the ridge reveal not only fresh pillows, lobate, and sheet lava flows but also an abundance of volcaniclastic debris and intense hydrothermal activity. These observations, together with the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}fast spreading{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}} morphology of the ridge, suggest that this segment has a considerably higher magma supply than is typical in the Mariana Trough. We suggest that the volcanic arc or enhanced melting of a hydrated mantle is supplying volatile-rich magma as evidenced by a highly negative coefficient of reflection, -0.42, for this MCR and the presence of evolved, highly vesicular lava and volcaniclastic materials. The southeastern Mariana back-arc basin spreading ridge does not compare readily with mechanical models for global mid-ocean ridge data sets because of marked asymmetry in both volcanism and deformation that may be the consequence of slab-related geometry in this part of the convergent margin system.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GC002719},
	author = {Becker, Nathan C and Fryer, Patricia and Moore, Gregory F}
}
@article {Dick2010,
	title = {{Mantle melting, melt transport, and delivery beneath a slow-spreading ridge: the paleo-MAR from 23 degrees15'N to 23 degrees 45'N}},
	journal = {Journal of Petrology},
	volume = {51},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {425{\textendash}467},
	abstract = {Kane Megamullion, an oceanic core complex near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) abutting the Kane Transform, exposes nearly the full plutonic foundation of the MARK paleo-ridge segment. This provides the first opportunity for a detailed look at the patterns of mantle melting, melt transport and delivery at a slow-spreading ridge. The Kane lower crust and mantle section is heterogeneous, as a result of focused mantle melt flow to different points beneath the ridge segment in time and space, over an \~{}300{\textendash}400 kyr time scale. The association of residual mantle peridotite, dunite and troctolite with a large \~{}1 km+ thick gabbro section at the Adam Dome Magmatic Center in the southern third of the complex probably represents the crust{\textendash}mantle transition. This provides direct evidence for local melt accumulation in the shallow mantle near the base of the crust as a result of dilation accompanying corner flow beneath the ridge. Dunite and troctolite with high-Mg Cpx represent melt{\textendash}rock reaction with the mantle, and suggest that this should be taken into account in modeling the evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). Despite early precipitation of high-Mg Cpx, wehrlites similar to those in many ophiolites were not found. Peridotite modes from the main core complex and transform wall define a depletion trend coincident with that for the SW Indian Ridge projecting toward East Pacific Rise mantle exposed at Hess Deep. The average Kane transform peridotite is a lherzolite with 5{\textperiodcentered}2{\%} Cpx, whereas that from the main core complex is a harzburgite with only 3{\textperiodcentered}5{\%} Cpx. As the area corresponds to a regional bathymetric low, and the crust is apparently thin, it is likely that most residual mantle along the MAR is significantly more depleted. Thus, harzburgitic and lherzolitic ophiolite subtypes cannot be simply interpreted as slow- and fast-spreading ridges respectively. The mantle peridotites are consistent with a transform edge effect caused by juxtaposition of old cold lithosphere against upwelling mantle at the ridge{\textendash}transform intersection. This effect is far more local, confined to within 10 km of the transform slip zone, and far smaller than previously thought, corresponding to \~{}8{\%} as opposed to 12{\textperiodcentered}5{\%} melting of a pyrolitic mantle away from the transform. Excluding the transform, the overall degree of melting over 3 Myr indicated by the peridotites is uniform, ranging from \~{}11{\textperiodcentered}3 to 13{\textperiodcentered}8{\%}. Large variations in composition for a single dredge or ROV dive, however, reflect local melt transport through the shallow mantle. This produced variable extents of melt{\textendash}rock reaction, dunite formation, and melt impregnation. At least three styles of late mantle metasomatism are present. Small amounts of plagioclase with elevated sodium and titanium and alumina-depletion in pyroxene relative to residual spinel peridotites represent impregnation by a MORB-like melt. Highly variable alumina depletion in pyroxene rims in spinel peridotite probably represents cryptic metasomatism by small volumes of late transient silica-rich melts meandering through the shallow mantle. Direct evidence for such melts is seen in orthopyroxenite veins. Finally, a late hydrous fluid may be required to explain anomalous pyroxene sodium enrichment in spinel peridotites. The discontinuous thin lower crust exposed at Kane Megamullion contrasts with the {\textgreater}700 km2 1{\textperiodcentered}5 km+ thick Atlantis Bank gabbro massif at the SW Indian Ridge (SWIR), clearly showing more robust magmatism at the latter. However, the SWIR spreading rate is 54{\%} of the MAR rate, the offset of the Atlantis II Fracture Zone is 46{\%} greater and Na8 of the spatially associated basalts 16{\%} greater{\textemdash}all of which predict precisely the opposite. At the same time, the average compositions of Kane and Atlantis II transform peridotites are nearly identical. This is best explained by a more fertile parent mantle beneath the SWIR and demonstrates that crustal thickness predicted by simply inverting MORB compositions can be significantly in error.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-3530},
	doi = {10.1093/petrology/egp088},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp088},
	author = {Dick, H J B and Lissenberg, C J and Warren, J M}
}
@article {Yeats2010,
	title = {{Mapping elemental distributions in submarine hydrothermal sulfide smokers using proton induced X-ray emission}},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {268},
	number = {11-12},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2129{\textendash}2132},
	abstract = {PIXE analysis using a 3 MeV proton beam on the CSIRO Nuclear Microprobe was carried out on samples of four typical undersea sulfide chimneys from the Rogers Ruins and Fenway hydrothermal sites, PACMANUS field, Eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. The ability of PIXE to map the spatial association of trace elements within the sulfides across multiple mineralogical zones provides important insights into the mode of formation of structures and the nature of interaction between \~{}250 and 350 {\textdegree}C hydrothermal fluids and 3{\textendash}4 {\textdegree}C ambient seawater within the chimney walls.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.034},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.034},
	author = {Yeats, C and Belton, D and Laird, J S and Ryan, C G}
}
@article {Herrera2010,
	title = {{Molecular systematics of the bubblegum coral genera (Paragorgiidae, Octocorallia) and description of a new deep-sea species}},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {123{\textendash}135},
	abstract = {Bubblegum octocorals (Paragorgia and Sibogagorgia) play an important ecological role in many deep-sea ecosystems. However, these organisms are currently threatened by destructive fishing methods such as bottom trawling. Taxonomic knowledge of conservation targets is necessary for the creation and implementation of efficient conservation strategies. However, for most deep-sea coral groups this knowledge remains incomplete. For instance, despite its similarities with Paragorgia, Sibogagorgia is particular in lacking polyp sclerites, which are present in groups like Paragorgia and the Coralliidae. Although two kinds of sclerites are very similar between Paragorgia and Sibogagorgia, other characters challenge the monophyly of these genera. Here we help to clarify the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of the bubblegum octocorals and related taxa by examining molecular data. We employed nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial (ND6, ND6-ND3 intergenic spacer, ND3, ND2, COI, msh1 and 16S) and nuclear (28S and ITS2) genomic regions from several taxa to infer molecular phylogenetics and to examine the correspondence of morphological features with the underlying genetic information. Our data strongly supported the monophyly of the genus Paragorgia, the family Coralliidae (precious corals), and a group of undescribed specimens resembling Sibogagorgia. Further morphological observations were congruent regarding the uniqueness of the undescribed specimens, here defined as a new species, Sibogagorgia cauliflora sp. nov., which occurs in both sides of the North American landmass at depths below 1700 m. This new species resembles S. dennisgordoni with branching in one plane but has fairly different radiate sclerites and significantly divergent DNA sequences. The existence of several diagnostic characters of Sibogagorgia in S. cauliflora indicates that they indeed belong to this genus. It is however remarkable that a small number of medullar canals are also found in this species; medullar canals have been considered as the main diagnostic character of Paragorgia. Thus, the evidence generated here indicates that the presence or absence of these canals per se is not a conclusively diagnostic character for either genus. The lack of internal-node resolution in the inferred phylogenetic hypotheses of these genera does not allow us to propose a clear scenario regarding the evolution of these traits.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1055-7903},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.007},
	author = {Herrera, S and Baco, A R and Sanchez, J A}
}
@article {Brazelton2010a,
	title = {{Multiple scales of diversification within natural populations of archaea in hydrothermal chimney biofilms}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports},
	volume = {2},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {236{\textendash}242},
	abstract = {Corroborative data collected from 16S rRNA clone libraries, intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region clone libraries, and 16S rRNA hypervariable region tag pyrosequencing demonstrate microdiversity within single-species archaeal biofilms of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field. Both 16S rRNA clone libraries and pyrosequencing of the V6 hypervariable region show that Lost City Methanosarcinales (LCMS) biofilms are dominated by a single sequence, but the pyrosequencing data set also reveals the presence of an additional 1654 rare sequences. Clone libraries constructed with DNA spanning the V6 hypervariable region and ITS show that multiple ITS sequences are associated with the same dominant V6 sequence. Furthermore, ITS variability differed among three chimney samples, and the sample with the highest ITS diversity also contained the highest V6 diversity as measured by clone libraries as well as tag pyrosequencing. These results indicate that the extensive microdiversity detected in V6 tag sequences is an underestimate of genetic diversity within the archaeal biofilms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00097.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00097.x},
	author = {Brazelton, W J and Sogin, M L and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Cordes2009,
	title = {{Macro-Ecology of Gulf of Mexico Cold Seeps}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Marine Science},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {143{\textendash}168},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163912},
	author = {Cordes, E E and Bergquist, D C and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Leary2009,
	title = {{Marine genetic resources:A review of scientific and commercial interest}},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	volume = {33},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {183{\textendash}194},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0308-597X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2008.05.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.05.010},
	author = {Leary, D and Vierros, M and Hamon, G and Arico, S and Monagle, C}
}
@article {Schmitt2009,
	title = {{Mass-dependent cadmium isotopic variations in nature with emphasis on the marine environment}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {277},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {262{\textendash}272},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.025},
	author = {Schmitt, A -D and Galer, S J G and Abouchami, W}
}
@article {Sherman2009,
	title = {{Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {279},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {86{\textendash}96},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032},
	author = {Sherman, L S and Blum, J D and Nordstrom, D K and McCleskey, R B and Barkay, T and Vetriani, C}
}
@article {Yao2009,
	title = {{Metal sources of black smoker chimneys, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Pb isotope constraints}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {24},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1971{\textendash}1977},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.07.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.07.010},
	author = {Yao, H Q and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Bao, S X and Wu, Z J and Li, J T and Sun, Z L and Chen, Z Q and Li, J W and Chen, G Q}
}
@article {Henry2008,
	title = {{Metabolic rates and thermal tolerances of chemoautotrophic symbioses from Lau Basin hydrothermal vents and their implications for species distributions}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {55},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {679{\textendash}695},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.02.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.02.001},
	author = {Henry, M S and Childress, J J and Figueroa, D}
}
@article {Lam2008,
	title = {{Microbial ammonia oxidation and enhanced nitrogen cycling in the Endeavour hydrothermal plume}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2268{\textendash}2286},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.033},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.033},
	author = {Lam, P and Cowen, J P and Popp, B N and Jones, R D}
}
@article {Dattagupta2008,
	title = {{Modification of sediment geochemistry by the hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi: A combined empirical and modeling approach}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {9},
	year = {2008},
	month = {may},
	pages = {2298{\textendash}2315},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.02.016},
	author = {Dattagupta, S and Arthur, M A and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Southward2008,
	title = {{The morphology of bacterial symbioses in the gills of mussels of the Genera Adipicola and Idas (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {139{\textendash}146},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[139:TMOBSI]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[139:TMOBSI]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Southward, E C}
}
@article {Wu2007,
	title = {{Mechatronic integration and implementation of in situ multipoint temperature measurement for seafloor hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {144{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1006-9321},
	doi = {10.1007/s11431-007-0013-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-007-0013-5},
	author = {Wu, H C and Chen, Y and Yang, C J and Zhang, J F and Zhou, H Y and Peng, X T and Ji, F W}
}
@article {Yoerger2007,
	title = {{Mid-ocean ridge exploration with an autonomous underwater vehicle}},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {52{\textendash}61},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {1042-8275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2007.05},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Jakuba, M V and Tivey, M A and German, C R and Shank, T M and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Jones2007,
	title = {{Molecular phylogeny of the East Pacific squat lobsters of the genus Munidopsis (decapoda: galatheidae) with the descriptions of seven new species}},
	journal = {Journal of Crustacean Biology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {477{\textendash}501},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0278-0372},
	doi = {10.1651/S-2791.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1651/S-2791.1},
	author = {Jones, W J and Macpherson, E}
}
@article {Boschi2006,
	title = {{Mass transfer and fluid flow during detachment faulting and development of an oceanic core complex, Atlantis Massif (MAR 30 degrees N)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q01004},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001074},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001074},
	author = {Boschi, C and Fruh-Green, G L and Delacour, A and Karson, J A and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Girguis2006,
	title = {{Metabolite uptake, stoichiometry and chemoautotrophic function of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila: responses to environmental variations in substrate concentrations and temperature}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {209},
	number = {18},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3516{\textendash}3528},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.02404},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02404},
	author = {Girguis, P R and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Huber2006,
	title = {{Microbial life in ridge flank crustal fluids}},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {88{\textendash}99},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00872.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00872.x},
	author = {Huber, J A and Johnson, H P and Butterfield, D A and Baross, J A}
}
@article {Johnson2006a,
	title = {{Migration, isolation, and speciation of hydrothermal vent limpets (Gastropoda ; Lepetodrilidae) across the Blanco Transform Fault}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {210},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {140{\textendash}157},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/210/2/158},
	author = {Johnson, S B and Young, C R and Jones, W J and Waren, A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@book {Yount2006,
	title = {{Modern marine science: Exploring the deep}},
	series = {Milestones in Discovery and Invention},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {223},
	publisher = {Chelsea House},
	organization = {Chelsea House},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0816057478},
	author = {Yount, L}
}
@article {Chadwick2005,
	title = {{Magmatic effects of the Cobb hot spot on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {110},
	number = {B3},
	year = {2005},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {B03101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2003JB002767},
	author = {Chadwick, J and Perfit, M and Ridley, I and Kamenov, G and Chadwick, W and Embley, R and le Roux, P and Smith, M}
}
@article {Vetriani2005,
	title = {{Mercury adaptation among bacteria from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {71},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {220{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.1.220-226.2005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.1.220-226.2005},
	author = {Vetriani, C and Chew, Y S and Miller, S M and Yagi, J and Coombs, J and Lutz, T A and Barkay, T}
}
@article {Luther2005,
	title = {{Metal sulfide cluster complexes and their biogeochemical importance in the environment}},
	journal = {Journal of Nanoparticle Research},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {389{\textendash}407},
	issn = {1388-0764},
	doi = {10.1007/s11051-005-4272-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-4272-4},
	author = {Luther, G W and Rickard, D T}
}
@article {Lilley2003,
	title = {{Magmatic events can produce rapid changes in hydrothermal vent chemistry}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {422},
	number = {6934},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {878{\textendash}881},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature01569},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01569},
	author = {Lilley, M D and Butterfield, D A and Lupton, J E and Olson, E J}
}
@article {Carbotte2003,
	title = {{Magmatic subsidence of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 18 degrees14{\textquoteright}S revealed through fault restoration of ridge crest bathymetry}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000337},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000337},
	author = {Carbotte, S M and Ryan, W B and Cormier, M -H and Jin, W and Bergmanis, E C and Sinton, J and White, S}
}
@mastersthesis {Jakuba2003,
	title = {{Modeling and control of an autonomous underwater vehicle with combined foil/thruster actuators}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {123},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2460},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2460},
	author = {Jakuba, M V}
}
@book {Martinez2003,
	title = {{Mountains in the Sea 2003, July 11- July 19, 2003}},
	volume = {2007},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Exploration},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/},
	author = {Martinez, C and Watling, L E}
}
@article {Lawrence2002,
	title = {{Magnetic anisotropy of serpentinized peridotites from the MARK area: Implications for the orientation of mesoscopic structures and major fault zones}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {107},
	number = {B4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {EPM{\textendash}4{\textendash}1 {\textendash} EPM{\textendash}4{\textendash}16},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000007},
	author = {Lawrence, R M and Gee, J S and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Hurtado2002,
	title = {{Molecular evidence for multiple species of Oasisia (Annelida: Siboglinidae) at eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {377{\textendash}380},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-377-380.pdf},
	author = {Hurtado, L A and Mateos, M and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Sarrazin2002,
	title = {{Mosaic community dynamics on Juan de Fuca Ridge sulphide edifices: Substratum, temperature and implications for trophic structure}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {275{\textendash}279},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-275-279.pdf},
	author = {Sarrazin, J and Levesque, C and Juniper, S K and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Smith2001b,
	title = {{Magmatic processes and segmentation at a fast spreading mid-ocean ridge: Detailed investigation of an axial discontinuity on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 37{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {2},
	number = {10},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2000GC000134},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2000GC000134},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GC000134},
	author = {Smith, M C and Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Ridley, W I and Edwards, M H and Kurras, G J and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Smith2001,
	title = {{Magnetic anomalies at the Puna Ridge, a submarine extension of Kilauea Volcano: Implications for lava deposition}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {106},
	number = {B8},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {16,16{\textendash}47,60},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB000014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000014},
	author = {Smith, D K and Tivey, M A and Gregg, P and Kong, L}
}
@inbook {Smith2001a,
	title = {{Mechanisms of age-dependent mixing on the bathyal California margin: The young and the restless}},
	booktitle = {Organism-sediment interactions},
	series = {Belle W. Baruch library in marine science},
	number = {21},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {263{\textendash}278},
	publisher = {University of South Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of South Carolina Press},
	address = {Columbia, S.C.},
	isbn = {1570034311},
	author = {Smith, C R and DeMaster, D J and Fornes, W L},
	editor = {Aller, J Y}
}
@article {Halanych2001,
	title = {{Molecular evidence that Sclerolinum brattstromi Is closely related to Vestimentiferans, not to Frenulate pogonophorans (Siboglinidae, Annelida)}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {201},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {65{\textendash}75},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/201/1/65.pdf},
	author = {Halanych, K M and Feldman, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Voight2001,
	title = {{Morphological deformation in preserved specimens of the deep-sea octopus Graneledone}},
	journal = {Journal of Molluscan Studies},
	volume = {67},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {95{\textendash}102},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0260-1230},
	doi = {10.1093/mollus/67.1.95},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/67.1.95},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@inbook {Stevens2001,
	title = {{A mountain in the sea: exploration of a Gulf of Alaska Seamount with the submersible Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Cold water diving for science : American Academy of Underwater Sciences: proceedings of the 21st Annual Scientific Diving Symposium, September 19-23, 2001, Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, Alaska},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {79{\textendash}83},
	publisher = {University of Alaska Sea Grant},
	organization = {University of Alaska Sea Grant},
	address = {Fairbanks, Alaska},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {1-56612-069-1},
	author = {Stevens, B},
	editor = {Jewett, S C}
}
@article {McMullin2000,
	title = {{Metazoans in Extreme Environments: Adaptations of Hydrothermal Vent and Hydrocarbon Seep Fauna}},
	journal = {Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin},
	volume = {13},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {13{\textendash}23},
	author = {McMullin, E R and Bergquist, D C and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Aloisi2000,
	title = {{Methane-related authigenic carbonates of eastern Mediterranean Sea mud volcanoes and their possible relation to gas hydrate destabilisation}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {184},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {321{\textendash}338},
	abstract = {Nautile submersible investigations of mud volcanoes and brine seep areas of the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the MEDINAUT cruise in November 1998 discovered extensive areas of authigenic carbonate crusts associated with methane emissions. Carbonate crusts form pavements, round slabs and circular mounds on the central, most active parts of mud volcanoes and in a fault-related valley where brines have accumulated to form a submarine brine lake. Authigenic carbonate nodules have been recovered from the same areas during the MEDINETH cruise in July 1999. Large 13C depletions of authigenic calcite, aragonite and dolomite indicate methane as a major carbon source for the carbonate. Crust pavements are formed when methane from a freshly emplaced, methane-charged mud flow is oxidised at the seafloor. In this environment, where bottom waters provide the sulphate and magnesium, aragonite is favoured versus calcite and accounts for the majority of the methane-related authigenic carbonates. Calcite, when present, contains significant amounts of Mg2+ (high-Mg calcite), and possibly other divalent ions in its crystal lattice. In areas of brine seep and accumulation, dolomitic nodules are present at shallow depth in the sediment. The 18O enrichment of the authigenic carbonates (up to 4{\textperthousand} greater than calculated values for carbonates precipitating from modern eastern Mediterranean bottom waters) is interpreted as due to precipitation from 18O-rich fluids rather than as a temperature effect. The source of the 18O-rich fluids may be multiple and possibly includes the destabilisation of gas hydrates present at shallow subbottom depth, and the seepage of relic Messinian brines.},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8},
	author = {Aloisi, G and Pierre, C and Rouchy, J M and Foucher, J P and Woodside, J}
}
@article {Singh2000,
	title = {{Microbathymetric mapping from underwater vehicles in the deep ocean}},
	journal = {Computer Vision and Image Understanding},
	volume = {79},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {143{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-3142},
	doi = {10.1006/cviu.2000.0850},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cviu.2000.0850},
	author = {Singh, H and Whitcomb, L and Yoerger, D R and Pizarro, O}
}
@article {Reysenbach2000,
	title = {{Microbial essentials at hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {404},
	number = {6780},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {835},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35009029},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35009029},
	author = {Reysenbach, A -L and Banta, A B and Boone, D R and Cary, S C and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Aharon2000,
	title = {{Microbial sulfate reduction rates and sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionations at oil and gas seeps in deepwater Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {64},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {233{\textendash}246},
	abstract = {Sulfate reduction and anaerobic methane oxidation are the dominant microbial processes occurring in hydrate-bearing sediments at bathyal depths in the Gulf of Mexico where crude oil and methane are advecting through fault conduits to the seafloor. The oil and gas seeps are typically overlain by chemosynthetic communities consisting of thiotrophic bacterial mats (Beggiatoa spp.) and methanotrophic mussels (Bathymodiolus spp.), respectively. Cores were recovered with a manned submersible from fine-grained sediments containing dispersed gas hydrates at the threshold of stability. Estimated sulfate reduction rates are variable but generally are substantially higher in crude oil seeps (up to 50 times) and methane seeps (up to 600 times) relative to a non-seep reference sediment (0.0043 $μ$mol SO42- cm-3 day-1). Sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation factors are highest in the reference sediment ($\alpha$S = 1.027; $\alpha$O = 1.015) but substantially lower in the seep sediments ($\alpha$S = 1.018 to 1.009; $\alpha$O = 1.006 to 1.002) and are controlled primarily by kinetic factors related to sulfate reduction rates. Kinetic effects also control the $δ$34S/$δ$18O ratios such that slow microbial rates yield low ratios whereas faster rates yield progressively higher ratios. The seep data contradict previous claims that $δ$34S/$δ$18O ratios are diagnostic of either microbial sulfate reduction at a fixed $δ$34S/$δ$18O ratio of 4/1 or lower ratios caused by SO4{\textendash}H2O equilibration at ambient temperatures. The new results offer a better understanding of methane removal via anaerobic oxidation in the sulfate reduction zone of hydrate-bearing sediments and have significant implications regarding the origin and geochemical history of sedimentary sulfate reconstructed on the basis of $δ$34S and $δ$18O compositions.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00292-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00292-6},
	author = {Aharon, P and Fu, B}
}
@article {Driscoll2000a,
	title = {{The motion of a deep-sea remotely operated vehicle system: part 1: motion observations}},
	journal = {Ocean Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {29{\textendash}56},
	issn = {0029-8018},
	doi = {10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00076-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00076-6},
	author = {Driscoll, F R and Lueck, R G and Nahon, M}
}
@article {Driscoll2000,
	title = {{The motion of a deep-sea remotely operated vehicle system: part 2: analytical model}},
	journal = {Ocean Engineering},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {57{\textendash}76},
	issn = {0029-8018},
	doi = {10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00077-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00077-8},
	author = {Driscoll, F R and Lueck, R G and Nahon, M}
}
@article {Negahdaripour2000,
	title = {{Motion-based compression of underwater video imagery for the operations of unmanned submersible vehicles}},
	journal = {Computer Vision and Image Understanding},
	volume = {79},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {162{\textendash}183},
	issn = {1077-3142},
	doi = {10.1006/cviu.2000.0845},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cviu.2000.0845},
	author = {Negahdaripour, S and Khamene, A}
}
@inbook {Perfit1998,
	title = {{Magmatism at mid-ocean ridges: Constraints from volcanological and geochemical investigations}},
	booktitle = {Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {106},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {59{\textendash}116},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	isbn = {0875900895},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Chadwick, W W},
	editor = {Buck, W R}
}
@article {Fornari1998,
	title = {{Mapping volcanic morphology on the crest of the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 49{\textquoteright}-52{\textquoteright}N using the WHOI towed camera system: a versatile new digital camera sled for seafloor mapping}},
	journal = {BRIDGE Newsletter},
	number = {14},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {4{\textendash}12},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Kurras, G and Edwards, M and Spencer, W and Hersey, B}
}
@inbook {Bowen1998c,
	title = {{M.V. Derbyshire phase 2 survey, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution cruise report}},
	booktitle = {M.V. Derbyshire surveys: UK/EC Assessors{\textquoteright} report},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1:209{\textendash}1:230},
	publisher = {European Commission, Directorate-General for Transport; DTER},
	organization = {European Commission, Directorate-General for Transport; DTER},
	address = {Brussels, Belgium; London},
	isbn = {1-85112-072-6},
	author = {Bowen, A and Williams, R and Torchio, D R},
	editor = {Williams, R}
}
@inbook {Wooding1997,
	title = {{Mechanical design and deployment of the Hawaii-2 Observatory}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of International Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables: Marine geophysical research using undersea cables},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {172{\textendash}174},
	publisher = {Japan Print Center},
	organization = {Japan Print Center},
	author = {Wooding, F B and Bowen, A D and Yoerger, D R and Chave, A D and Dodeman, A H}
}
@article {Galkin1997,
	title = {{Megafauna associated with hydrothermal vents in the Manus Back-Arc Basin (Bismarck Sea)}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {142},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {197{\textendash}206},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00051-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00051-0},
	author = {Galkin, S V}
}
@article {Wharton1997,
	title = {{Morphology of the eye of the hydrothermal vent shrimp, Alvinocaris markensis}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {77},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1097{\textendash}1108},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315400038650},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400038650},
	author = {Wharton, D N and Jinks, R N and Herzog, E D and Battelle, B A and Kass, L and Renninger, G H and Chamberlain, S C}
}
@article {Goff1997,
	title = {{Multiscale spectral analysis of bathymetry on the flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Modification of the seafloor by mass wasting and sedimentation}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {102},
	number = {B7},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {15,415{\textendash}447,462},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/97JB00723},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB00723},
	author = {Goff, J A and Tucholke, B E}
}
@article {Charlou1996a,
	title = {{Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge; East Pacific Rise, 17 degrees to 19 degrees S (Naudur cruise, 1993) phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {B7},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15,815{\textendash}899,919},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/96JB00880},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JB00880},
	author = {Charlou, J L and Fouquet, Y and Donval, J P and Auzende, J M and Jean-Baptiste, P and Stievenard, M and Michel, S}
}
@article {Johnson1995,
	title = {{Magnetic properties of zero-age oceanic crust; a new submarine lava flow on the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {175{\textendash}178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL02053},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL02053},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Tivey, M A}
}
@inbook {Kadko1995,
	title = {{The Magnitude and global implications of hydrothermal flux}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geochemical Interactions},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {91},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {446{\textendash}466},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Kadko, D and Baross, J and Alt, J},
	editor = {Humphris, S E}
}
@article {Wheat1995,
	title = {{Mapping the fluid flow of the Mariana Mounds ridge flank hydrothermal system: pore water chemical tracers}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {8115{\textendash}8131},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/95JB00047},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB00047},
	author = {Wheat, C G and McDuff, R E}
}
@article {Karson1995,
	title = {{Mechanical extension of the median valley floor along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the MARK area}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {76},
	number = {Fall Meeting Supplement},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {582},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Karson, J A}
}
@inbook {Childress1995,
	title = {{Metabolic potentials of deep-sea fishes: a comparative approach}},
	booktitle = {Environmental and Ecological Biochemistry},
	series = {Biochemistry and molecular biology of fishes},
	number = {5},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {175{\textendash}196},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-444-82177-5},
	author = {Childress, J J and Thuesen, E V},
	editor = {Hochachka, P W}
}
@article {Wolfe1995,
	title = {{Microearthquake characteristics and crustal velocity structure at 29 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The architecture of a slow spreading segment}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {100},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {24,424{\textendash}449,472},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/95JB02399},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB02399},
	author = {Wolfe, C J and Purdy, M and Toomey, D R and Solomon, S C}
}
@book {Friesen1995,
	title = {{Mineralogy and chemistry of hydrothermal chimneys from the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	series = {USGS open-file report},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {56},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Menlo Park, Calif.},
	author = {Friesen, W B and Koski, R A}
}
@article {Elsgaard1994,
	title = {{Microbial sulfate reduction in deep-sea sediments at the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal area: Influence of temperature and pressure}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {58},
	number = {16},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {3335{\textendash}3343},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(94)90089-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90089-2},
	author = {Elsgaard, L and Isaksen, M F and Jorgensen, B B and Alayse, A M and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Ballard1993,
	title = {{The Medea/Jason remotely operated vehicle system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {40},
	number = {8},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1673{\textendash}1687},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(93)90021-T},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90021-T},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Baker1993,
	title = {{A method for quantitatively estimating diffuse and discrete hydrothermal discharge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {235{\textendash}249},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90170-E},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90170-E},
	author = {Baker, E T and Massoth, G J and Walker, S L and Embley, R W}
}
@inbook {Wirsen1993a,
	title = {{Microbial degradation of a starch-based biopolymer in the marine environment}},
	booktitle = {Fundamentals of Biodegradable Materials and Packaging},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {297{\textendash}310},
	publisher = {Technomic Publishing},
	organization = {Technomic Publishing},
	address = {Lancaster, Penn.},
	author = {Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Kaplan, D}
}
@article {Stewart1993,
	title = {{Multiscale, multisensor survey of mid-ocean ridges}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {43 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {561},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Stewart, W K and Ballard, R D and Yoerger, D R}
}
@inbook {Howell1992,
	title = {{Maneuvering underwater vehicles employing low-tension tethers}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second (1992) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {321{\textendash}326},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineer (ISOPE)},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineer (ISOPE)},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	isbn = {1-880653-00-1},
	author = {Howell, C T and Grosenbaugh, M A and Moxnes, S and Anderson, J and Triantafyllou, M S}
}
@article {Bowen1992a,
	title = {{Manned versus unmanned systems: a complementary approach}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {26},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {79{\textendash}80},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Bowen, A D and Walden, B B}
}
@article {Gunderson1992,
	title = {{Mats of giant sulfur bacteria in deep-sea sediments due to fluctuating hydrothermal flow}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {360},
	number = {6403},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {454{\textendash}456},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/360454a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360454a0},
	author = {Gunderson, J and Jorgensen, B B and Larsen, E and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Mutter1992,
	title = {{Mechanical extension of oceanic lithosphere at slow-spreading ridges: Primary influence on morphology and segmentation}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {14 (Spring Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {286},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Mutter, J C and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Kochevar1992,
	title = {{The methane mussel: roles of symbiont and host in the metabolic utilization of methane}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {112},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {389{\textendash}401},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00356284},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00356284},
	author = {Kochevar, R and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Minnich, E}
}
@article {Tivey1992,
	title = {{Micro-magnetic field measurements near the ocean floor}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {35},
	number = {4},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {82{\textendash}88},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Schouten, H}
}
@mastersthesis {Malmquist1992,
	title = {{Modeling a 300 kHz bathymetric sonar system}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {124},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA257378},
	author = {Malmquist, K A}
}
@inbook {Ulrich1991b,
	title = {{Mechanical design methods of improving manipulator performance}},
	booktitle = {Robots in Unstructured Environments: Fith International Conference on Advanced Robotics: {\textquoteright}91 ICAR, June 19-22, 1991, Pisa, Italy},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {515{\textendash}520},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-7803-0078-5},
	doi = {10.1109/ICAR.1991.240601},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICAR.1991.240601},
	author = {Ulrich, N T and Kumar, V}
}
@article {Kurr1991,
	title = {{Methanopyrus kandleri, gen. and sp. nov. represents a novel group of hyperthermophilic methanogens growing at 110C}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {156},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {239{\textendash}247},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00262992},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262992},
	author = {Kurr, M and Huber, R and Konig, H and Jannasch, H W and Fricke, H and Trincone, A and Kristiansson, J K and Stetter, K O}
}
@article {Stewart1991a,
	title = {{Multisensor visualization for underwater archaeology}},
	journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {13{\textendash}18},
	issn = {0272-1716},
	doi = {10.1109/38.75586},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/38.75586},
	author = {Stewart, W K}
}
@book {Kornicker1991,
	title = {{Myodocopid Ostracoda of hydrothermal vents in the Eastern Pacific Ocean}},
	series = {Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology},
	volume = {516},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {48 p.},
	publisher = {Smithsonian Institution Press},
	organization = {Smithsonian Institution Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Kornicker, L S}
}
@article {Jannasch1990b,
	title = {{Marine microbiology: A need for deep-sea diving?}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {24},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {38{\textendash}41},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Childress1990,
	title = {{The metabolic rates of deep-sea benthic decapod crustaceans decline with increasing depth primarily due to the decline in temperature}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {37},
	number = {6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {929{\textendash}949},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(90)90104-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90104-4},
	author = {Childress, J J and Cowles, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Mickel, T J}
}
@article {Zierenberg1990,
	title = {{Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site in the northern Gorda Ridge}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {348},
	number = {6297},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {155{\textendash}157},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/348155a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/348155a0},
	author = {Zierenberg, R A and Schiffman, P}
}
@article {Jannasch1990,
	title = {{Microbiology of deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Australian Microbiologist},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {370{\textendash}372},
	issn = {0158-619X},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Macdonald1990,
	title = {{The mid-ocean ridge}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {262},
	number = {6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {72{\textendash}79},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Macdonald, K C and Fox, P J}
}
@article {Stewart1990,
	title = {{A model-based approach to 3-D imaging and mapping underwater}},
	journal = {Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering},
	volume = {112},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {352{\textendash}356},
	issn = {0892-7219},
	doi = {10.1115/1.2919877},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919877},
	author = {Stewart, W K}
}
@inbook {Hover1990,
	title = {{Modelling the dynamics of a deeply-towed underwater vehicle system}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the First (1990) European Offshore Mechanics Symposium: Hydrodynamics and Structural Mechanics, Tubular Joints and Fatigue, TLP, Offshore Systems, Pipelines and Risers, Cables and Mooring, Ice-Structure Interactions},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {457{\textendash}463},
	publisher = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers},
	organization = {International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers},
	address = {Golden, Colo.},
	isbn = {0-962610-44-5},
	author = {Hover, F S and Triantafyllou, M S and Grosenbaugh, M A},
	editor = {Chung, J S}
}
@article {Sanford1990,
	title = {{Modern sedimentary processes in the Wilmington Canyon area, U.S. east coast}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {92},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {205{\textendash}226},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(90)90004-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90004-4},
	author = {Sanford, M W and Kuehl, S A and Nittrouer, C A}
}
@article {Jannasch1989a,
	title = {{Massive natural occurrence of unusually large bacteria (Beggiatoa sp.) at a hydrothermal deep-sea vent site}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {342},
	number = {6251},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {834{\textendash}836},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/342834a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/342834a0},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C and Wirsen, C O}
}
@inbook {Sagalevitch1989,
	title = {{Methods of ocean research with manned submersibles}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}89: An international conference addressing methods for understanding the global ocean, September 18-21, 1989, Seattle, Washington USA},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {728{\textendash}733},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586669},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586669},
	author = {Sagalevitch, A M}
}
@inbook {Belkin1989,
	title = {{Microbial mats at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: New observations}},
	booktitle = {Microbial Mats: Physiological Ecology of Benthic Microbial Communities},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {16{\textendash}21},
	publisher = {American Society for Microbiology},
	organization = {American Society for Microbiology},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {1-55581-002-0},
	author = {Belkin, S and Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Cohen, Y}
}
@article {Bazylinski1989,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of naturally-occurring hydrocarbons at the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {11},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {2832{\textendash}2836},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/55/11/2832},
	author = {Bazylinski, D A and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Kleinrock1989,
	title = {{Migrating transform zone and lithospheric transfer at the Galapagos 95.5 degrees W propagator}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {94},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {13,813{\textendash}859,878},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB094iB10p13859},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB10p13859},
	author = {Kleinrock, M C and Hey, R N}
}
@mastersthesis {Barone1989,
	title = {{Morpho-tectonic evolution of subsea volcanoes near the boundary of separating plates: examples from rifting and spreading stages}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {104},
	school = {Columbia University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Barone, A M}
}
@article {Cary1989a,
	title = {{Multiple trophic resources for a chemoautotrophic community at a deep-sea brine seep at the base of the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {100},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {411{\textendash}418},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00391157},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391157},
	author = {Cary, S C and Fry, B and Felbeck, H and Vetter, R}
}
@article {Okutani1988,
	title = {{Mariana haiko no nessui funshutsuko ni sumu fukusokurui no ichi shinshu. A new gastropod mollusk associated with hydrothermal vents in the Mariana Back-Arc Basin, western Pacific}},
	journal = {Venus the Japanese Journal of Malacology},
	volume = {47},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1{\textendash}9},
	issn = {0042-3580},
	author = {Okutani, T and Ohta, S}
}
@article {Karl1988,
	title = {{A microbiological study of Guaymas Basin high temperature hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {777{\textendash}791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90030-1},
	author = {Karl, D M and Taylor, G T and Novitsky, J A and Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O and Pace, N R and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J}
}
@article {Fisher1988a,
	title = {{Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at Rose Garden}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1769{\textendash}1791},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Brooks, J M and Distel, D L and Favuzzi, J A and Felbeck, H and Hessler, R R and Johnson, K S and Kennicutt, M C and Macko, S A and Newton, A and Powell, M A and Somero, G N and Soto, T}
}
@article {Cary1988,
	title = {{Mussel growth supported by methane as sole carbon and energy source}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {240},
	number = {4848},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {78{\textendash}80},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.240.4848.78},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.240.4848.78},
	author = {Cary, S C and Fisher, C R and Felbeck, H}
}
@book {U.S.Congress1987,
	title = {{Marine minerals: Exploring our new ocean frontier}},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {349},
	publisher = {U.S. Government Printing Office},
	organization = {U.S. Government Printing Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	url = {http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS27719},
	author = {U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment}
}
@article {Little1987,
	title = {{Measurements of plume flow from a hydrothermal vent field}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {2587{\textendash}2596},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB03p02587},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB03p02587},
	author = {Little, S A and Stolzenbach, K D and Von Herzen, R P}
}
@article {Brett1987,
	title = {{Mineralogical studies of sulfide samples and volatile concentrations of basalt glasses from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,311{\textendash}373,379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11373},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11373},
	author = {Brett, R and Evans, H T and Gibson, E K and Hedenquist, J W and Wandless, M V and Sommer, M A}
}
@article {Childress1986,
	title = {{A methanotrophic marine molluscan (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) symbiosis: mussels fueled by gas}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {233},
	number = {4768},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1306{\textendash}1308},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.233.4770.1306},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.233.4770.1306},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Brooks, J M and II, Kennicutt M C and Bidigare, R and Anderson, A E}
}
@article {Earle1986,
	title = {{Microsubmersibles: Putting more scientists in deep water}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {12},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {14{\textendash}21},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Earle, S A}
}
@article {Smith1985a,
	title = {{Macrozooplankton of a deep sea hydrothermal vent: in situ rates of oxygen consumption}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {30},
	number = {1},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {102{\textendash}110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}30/issue{\_}1/0102.pdf},
	author = {Smith, K L}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1985a,
	title = {{Metabolic adaptations of hydrothermal vent animals}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {261{\textendash}272},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Powell, M A and Hand, S A and Somero, G N},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@inbook {Childress1985,
	title = {{Metabolic rates of animals from the hydrothermal vents and other deep-sea habitats.}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific: An overview},
	series = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {249{\textendash}260},
	publisher = {INFAX},
	organization = {INFAX},
	address = {Vienna, Va.},
	isbn = {0933937024},
	author = {Childress, J J and Mickel, T J},
	editor = {Jones, M L}
}
@book {102,
	title = {{MIT underwater technology research: Telemanipulator developments}},
	series = {MITSG Opportunity brief (MIT/Marine Industry Collegium)},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {15},
	publisher = {Marine Industry Advisory Services, MIT Sea Grant Program},
	organization = {Marine Industry Advisory Services, MIT Sea Grant Program},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)}
}
@article {Thompson1985,
	title = {{Morphology, mineralogy and chemistry of hydrothermal deposits from the TAG area, 26 degrees N Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {243{\textendash}257},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/0009-2541(85)90159-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(85)90159-7},
	author = {Thompson, G and Mottl, M J and Rona, P A}
}
@inbook {Yoerger1984,
	title = {{Man-machine inferface and control concepts for the Jason program}},
	booktitle = {Remotely Operated Vehicles: ROV {\textquoteright}84 Technology Update, an International Perspective : May 14-18, 1984, Town and Country Hotel, San Diego, California},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {227{\textendash}232},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Childress1984,
	title = {{Metabolic and blood characteristics of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachypitila}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {2},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {109{\textendash}124},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00394718},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394718},
	author = {Childress, J J and Arp, A J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Arp1984,
	title = {{Metabolic and blood gas transport characteristics of the hydrothermal vent bivalve Calyptogena magnifica}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {57},
	number = {6},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {648{\textendash}662},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Koski1984,
	title = {{Mineralogy and chemistry of massive sulfide deposits from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {95},
	number = {8},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {930{\textendash}945},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<930:MACOMS>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95{\%}3C930:MACOMS{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Koski, R A and Clague, D A and Oudin, E}
}
@article {VanWagoner1983,
	title = {{Magnetic properties of three segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37 degrees N: FAMOUS, Narrowgate, and AMAR; AMAR 2}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {88},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {5065{\textendash}5082},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB088iB06p05065},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB06p05065},
	author = {Van Wagoner, N A and Johnson, H P}
}
@inbook {Welhan1983,
	title = {{Methane, hydrogen and helium in hydrothermal fluids at 21 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {391{\textendash}409},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Welhan, J A and Craig, H},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Jones1983,
	title = {{Methanococcus jannaschii sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent}},
	journal = {Archives of Microbiology},
	volume = {136},
	number = {4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {254{\textendash}261},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0302-8933},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00425213},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425213},
	author = {Jones, W J and Leigh, J A and Mayer, F and Woese, C R and Wolfe, R S}
}
@article {Tuttle1983,
	title = {{Microbial activities in the emitted hydrothermal waters of the Galapagos Rift vents}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {73},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {293{\textendash}299},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00392255},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392255},
	author = {Tuttle, J H and Wirsen, C O and Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1983b,
	title = {{Microbial processes at deep sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {677{\textendash}709.},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1983a,
	title = {{Microbiology of the deep sea}},
	booktitle = {Deep-Sea Biology},
	series = {Sea: Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas},
	number = {8},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {231{\textendash}259},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471044024},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O},
	editor = {Rowe, G T}
}
@inbook {Uchupi1982,
	title = {{Mesozoic-Cenozoic regressions and the development of margin off northeastern North America}},
	booktitle = {Ocean Floor: Bruce Heezen Commemorative Volume},
	volume = {1 (text)},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {81{\textendash}95},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471100919},
	author = {Uchupi, E and Ellis, J P and Austin, J A and Keller, G H and Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Scrutton, R A}
}
@article {Smith1982,
	title = {{Metabolism of two dominant epibenthic echinoderms measured at bathyal depths in the Santa Catalina Basin}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {72},
	number = {3},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {249{\textendash}256},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00396830},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396830},
	author = {Smith, K L}
}
@article {Lonsdale1982,
	title = {{Metallogenesis at seamounts on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {54{\textendash}61},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Lonsdale, P F and Batiza, R and Simkin, T}
}
@article {Macdonald1982b,
	title = {{Mid-ocean ridges: Fine scale tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal processes within the plate boundary zone}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {155{\textendash}190},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0084-6597},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001103},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001103},
	author = {Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {Freeman-Lynde1981a,
	title = {{Marine geology of the Bahama Escarpment}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {119{\textendash}156},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(81)90115-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90115-8},
	author = {Freeman-Lynde, R P and Cita, M B and Jadoul, F and Miller, E L and Ryan, W B F}
}
@mastersthesis {Freeman-Lynde1981,
	title = {{The marine geology of the Bahama escarpment}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {292},
	school = {Columbia University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/AAI8204483},
	author = {Freeman-Lynde, R P}
}
@article {Brevart1981,
	title = {{Metallogenesis at spreading centers: Lead isotope systematics for sulfides, manganese-rich crusts, basalts, and sediments from the Cyamex and Alvin areas (East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Economic Geology},
	volume = {76},
	number = {5},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1205{\textendash}1210},
	issn = {0361-0128},
	doi = {10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1205},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1205},
	author = {Brevart, O and Dupre, B and Allegre, C J}
}
@article {Jannasch1981,
	title = {{Morphological survey of microbial mats near deep-sea thermal vents}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {2},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {528{\textendash}538},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=243726},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@inbook {Ballard1980,
	title = {{Mapping the mid-ocean ridge}},
	booktitle = {Twelfth Annual Offshore Technology Conference: 1980 Proceedings},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {55{\textendash}64},
	publisher = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	organization = {Offshore Technology Conference},
	address = {Dallas, Tex.},
	doi = {10.4043/3682-MS},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/3682-MS},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Francheteau1979,
	title = {{Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {277},
	number = {5697},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {523{\textendash}528},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/277523a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/277523a0},
	author = {Francheteau, J and Needham, H D and Choukroune, P and Juteau, T and Seguret, M and Ballard, R D and Fox, P J and Normark, W and Carranza, A and Cordoba, D and Guerrero, J and Rangin, C and Bougault, H and Cambon, P and Hekinian, R}
}
@inbook {Smith1979,
	title = {{Measures of diversity with unbiased estimates}},
	booktitle = {Ecological Diversity in Theory and Practice},
	series = {Statistical Ecology Series},
	number = {6},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {177{\textendash}191},
	publisher = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
	organization = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
	address = {Fairland, Md.},
	isbn = {0899740030},
	author = {Smith, W and Grassle, J F and Kravitz, D},
	editor = {Grassle, J F}
}
@article {Zeff1979,
	title = {{Microbial alteration of Bahamian deep-sea carbonates}},
	journal = {Sedimentology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {175{\textendash}201},
	issn = {0037-0746},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00350.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00350.x},
	author = {Zeff, M L and Perkins, R D}
}
@article {Jannasch1979,
	title = {{Microbial turnover of organic matter in the deep sea}},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {29},
	number = {4},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {228{\textendash}232},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3568},
	doi = {10.2307/1307627},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1307627},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@inbook {Rowe1979,
	title = {{Monitoring with deep submersibles}},
	booktitle = {Monitoring the Marine Environment: Proceedings of an Institute of Biology Symposium Held at the Royal Geographical Society, London, on 28 and 29 September 1979},
	series = {Symposia of the Institute of Biology},
	number = {24},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {75{\textendash}85},
	publisher = {Institute of Biology},
	organization = {Institute of Biology},
	address = {London},
	isbn = {0900490128},
	author = {Rowe, G T},
	editor = {Nichols, D}
}
@article {Smith1978,
	title = {{Metabolism of the abyssopelogic rattail Conyphaenoides anmatus measured in situ}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {274},
	number = {5669},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {362{\textendash}364},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/274362a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/274362a0},
	author = {Smith, K L}
}
@inbook {Talkington1977,
	title = {{Manned and remotely operated submersible systems: A comparison}},
	booktitle = {Submersibles and Their Use in Oceanography and Ocean Engineering},
	series = {Elsevier Oceanography Series},
	number = {17},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {77{\textendash}95},
	publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0444415459},
	author = {Talkington, H and Geyer, R A},
	editor = {Geyer, R A}
}
@article {Haedrich1977,
	title = {{Megafaunal biomass in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {269},
	number = {5624},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {141{\textendash}142},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/269141a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/269141a0},
	author = {Haedrich, K L and Rowe, G T}
}
@article {Jannasch1977,
	title = {{Microbial life in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {236},
	number = {6},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {42{\textendash}52},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O}
}
@article {Ramberg1977,
	title = {{Morphology and tectonic evolution of the rift valley at lat 36 degrees 30{\textquoteright} N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {577{\textendash}586},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<577:MATEOT>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C577:MATEOT{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Ramberg, I B and van Andel, T H}
}
@article {Ballard1977b,
	title = {{Morphology and tectonics of the inner rift valley at lat 36 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {507{\textendash}530},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<507:MATOTI>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C507:MATOTI{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Ballard, R D and van Andel, T H}
}
@inbook {Ballard1976a,
	title = {{Marine geophysics in the Caribbean}},
	booktitle = {Geophysics in the Americas: A Symposium of the Geophysics Commission of the Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Ottawa, Canada, September, 1976},
	series = {Publication - Earth Physics Branch},
	number = {46, no. 3},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {102{\textendash}104},
	publisher = {Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Earth Physics Branch},
	organization = {Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Earth Physics Branch},
	address = {Ottawa, Ont.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0660007029},
	author = {Ballard, R D},
	editor = {Tanner, J G}
}
@article {Tuttle1976,
	title = {{Microbial utilization of thiosulfate in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {21},
	number = {5},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {697{\textendash}701},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}21/issue{\_}5/0697.pdf},
	author = {Tuttle, J H and Jannasch, H W}
}
@book {Terry1973,
	title = {{Mechanical engineering, geotechnology and research submersible operations. I}},
	series = {Papers},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Terry, T A}
}
@article {Rowe1973,
	title = {{Modifications of the Birge-Ekman box corer for use with SCUBA or deep submergence research vessels}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {18},
	number = {1},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {172{\textendash}175},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}18/issue{\_}1/0172.pdf},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Clifford, C H}
}
@article {Jannasch1971,
	title = {{Microbial degradation of organic matter in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {171},
	number = {3972},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {672{\textendash}675},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.171.3972.672},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3972.672},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Eimhjellen, K and Wirsen, C O and Farmanfarmaian, A}
}
@article {Ballard1970,
	title = {{Morphology and Quarternary history of the continental shelf of the Gulf Coast of the United States}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {547{\textendash}559},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-4977},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Uchupi, E}
}
@book {Kenny1969,
	title = {{A modeling system for the dynamics of an underwater launch and recovery of a deep submersible}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {65},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Kenny, J N}
}
@book {Briggs1968,
	title = {{Men in the sea}},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {128},
	publisher = {Simon and Schuster},
	organization = {Simon and Schuster},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, P}
}
@book {Mavor1965c,
	title = {{The mechanical and chemical properties of the HY 100 pressure hulls of the submarine, Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {65-1},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {55},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@article {Pritzlaff1964,
	title = {{Manned submersibles of the world}},
	journal = {Undersea Technology},
	volume = {5},
	number = {8},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {20{\textendash}26},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-6533},
	author = {Pritzlaff, J A and Munske, R E}
}
