@article {RN2491,
	title = {Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning proxies strengthen when approaching chemosynthetic deep-sea methane seeps},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
	volume = {288},
	number = {1957},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {20210950},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2021.0950},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140465965},
	author = {Ashford, Oliver S. and Guan, Shuzhe and Capone, Dante and Rigney, Katherine and Rowley, Katelynn and Cordes, Erik E. and Cortes, Jorge and Rouse, Greg W. and Mendoza, Guillermo F. and Sweetman, Andrew K. and Levin, Lisa A.}
}
@article {RN2493,
	title = {Rhyolitic and basaltic reference materials for TC/EA analysis: Investigation of water extraction and D/H ratios},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {583},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {120486},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120486},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1140446859},
	author = {Bindeman, I. N. and Hudak, M. R. and Palandri, J. P. and Qi, H. and Milovsky, R. and Hervig, R. L. and Perfit, M. R.}
}
@article {RN2509,
	title = {Role of Deep-Sea Equipment in Promoting the Forefront of Studies on Life in extreme environments},
	journal = {iScience},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {103299},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2021.103299},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141939143},
	author = {Liang, Jianzhen and Feng, Jing-Chun and Zhang, Si and Cai, Yanpeng and Yang, Zhifeng and Ni, Tian and Yang, Hua-Yong}
}
@article {RN2452,
	title = {The role of habitat heterogeneity and canyon processes in structuring sediment macrofaunal communities associated with hard substrate habitats in Norfolk Canyon, USA},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {103495},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103495},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1135331344},
	author = {Bourque, Jill R. and Demopoulos, Amanda W. J. and Robertson, Craig M. and Mienis, Furu}
}
@article {RN2413,
	title = {Revised Magmatic Source Models for the 2015 Eruption at Axial Seamount Including Estimates of Fault-Induced Deformation},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth},
	volume = {125},
	number = {4},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2020JB019356},
	author = {Hefner, W. L. and Nooner, S. L. and Chadwick, W. W. and Bohnenstiehl, D. R.}
}
@article {RN2385,
	title = {Recent Eruptions Between 2012 and 2018 Discovered at West Mata Submarine Volcano (NE Lau Basin, SW Pacific) and Characterized by New Ship, AUV, and ROV Data},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00495},
	author = {Chadwick, W. W. and Rubin, K. H. and Merle, S. G. and Bobbitt, A. M. and Kwasnitschka, T. and Embley, R. W.}
}
@article {RN2398,
	title = {Remarkable Capacity for Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane at High Methane Concentration},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL084375},
	author = {Bowles, M. W. and Samarkin, V. A. and Hunter, K. S. and Finke, N. and Teske, A. P. and Girguis, P. R. and Joye, S. B.}
}
@article {2477,
	title = {Radium isotopes as tracers of hydrothermal inputs and neutrally buoyant plume dynamics in the deep ocean},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {201},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {51 - 65},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2017.06.011},
	author = {Kipp, Lauren E. and Sanial, Virginie and Henderson, Paul B. and van Beek, Pieter and Reyss, Jean-Louis and Hammond, Douglas E. and Moore, Willard S. and Charette, Matthew A.}
}
@article {2495,
	title = {A review of the brachyuran deep-sea vent community of the western Pacific, with two new species of Austinograea Hessler \& Martin, 1989 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Bythograeidae) from the Lau and North Fiji Back-Arc Basins},
	journal = {Zoosystema},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {75 - 107},
	issn = {1280-9551},
	doi = {10.5252/zoosystema2018v40a5},
	author = {Guinot, Daniele and Segonzac, Michel}
}
@article {Love2017,
	title = {{Rapid variations in fluid chemistry constrain hydrothermal phase separation at the Main Endeavour Field}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {Previous work at the Main Endeavour Field (MEF) has shown that chloride concentration in high-temperature vent fluids has not exceeded 510 mmol/kg (94{\%} of seawater), which is consistent with brine condensation and loss at depth, followed by upward flow of a vapor phase toward the seafloor. Magmatic and seismic events have been shown to affect fluid temperature and composition and these effects help narrow the possibilities for sub-surface processes. However, chloride-temperature data alone are insufficient to determine details of phase separation in the upflow zone. Here we use variation in chloride and gas content in a set of fluid samples collected over several days from one sulfide chimney structure in the MEF to constrain processes of mixing and phase separation. The combination of gas (primarily magmatic CO2 and seawater-derived Ar) and chloride data, indicate that neither variation in the amount of brine lost, nor mixing of the vapor phase produced at depth with variable quantities of (i) brine or (ii) altered gas rich seawater that has not undergone phase separation, can explain the co-variation of gas and chloride content. The gas-chloride data require additional phase separation of the ascending vapor-like fluid. Mixing and gas partitioning calculations show that near-critical temperature and pressure conditions can produce the fluid compositions observed at Sully vent as a vapor-liquid conjugate pair or as vapor-liquid pair with some remixing, and that the gas partition coefficients implied agree with theoretically predicted values.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GC006550},
	author = {Love, B and Lilley, M and Butterfield, D and Olson, E and Larson, B}
}
@article {ISI:000353740700016,
	title = {{Rapid assessment of fish communities on submerged oil and gas platform reefs using remotely operated vehicles}},
	journal = {FISHERIES RESEARCH},
	volume = {167},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {143{\textendash}155},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) provide a non-extractive approach to characterizing fish communities in complex habitats. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of ROVs in studying reef fishes over natural hard-bottom and small artificial reefs, there has been little application of this technology to larger artificial structures (10s of m tall and wide), We explored the utility of ROVs in rapidly characterizing an assemblage of fishes associated with an artificial reef complex in the western Gulf of Mexico (26.9-28.2 degrees N; 95.5-97.0 degrees W) dominated by partially removed and toppled oil and gas platforms. This study reports on an efficient method to sample these structures, where we integrated depth-interval transect (DIT) and continuous roving transect (CRT) protocols to document fish distribution and community structure on 14 artificial reef sites. Consistent with previous hydroacoustic studies, south Texas artificial reefs exhibited a vertically heterogeneous distribution of fishes that varied with structure orientation. These reefs were dominated by economically important lutjanids and carangids, both of which presented sampling challenges due to their patchy distribution around these vast structures. The non-uniform distribution and mobility of these dominant taxa highlight the utility of adopting roving approaches to assess fish communities on these complex structures. We conclude our study with a discussion of important logistical challenges associated with micro-ROV surveys in deepwater habitats, and potential complementary approaches to assist documentation of demersal fishes inhabiting a persistently turbid bottom layer. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0165-7836},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fishres.2015.02.011},
	author = {Ajemian, Matthew J and Wetz, Jennifer Jarrell and Shipley-Lozano, Brooke and Stunz, Gregory W}
}
@article {ISI:000324619100004,
	title = {{Rare earth element geochemistry in cold-seep pore waters of Hydrate Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {GEO-MARINE LETTERS},
	volume = {33},
	number = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {369{\textendash}379},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), sulphate, hydrogen sulphide, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium and phosphate were measured in shallow ({\textless} 12 cm below seafloor) pore waters from cold-seep sediments on the northern and southern summits of Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon. Downward-decreasing sulphate and coevally increasing sulphide concentrations reveal sulphate reduction as dominant early diagenetic process from similar to 2 cm depth downwards. A strong increase of total dissolved REE (aREE) concentrations is evident immediately below the sediment-water interface, which can be related to early diagenetic release of REEs into pore water resulting from the re-mineralization of particulate organic matter. The highest pore water aREE concentrations were measured close to the sediment-water interface at similar to 2 cm depth. Distinct shale-normalized REE patterns point to particulate organic matter and iron oxides as main REE sources in the upper similar to 2-cm depth interval. In general, the pore waters have shale-normalized patterns reflecting heavy REE (HREE) enrichment, which suggests preferential complexation of HREEs with carbonate ions. Below similar to 2 cm depth, a downward decrease in aREE correlates with a decrease in pore water calcium concentrations. At this depth, the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulphate reduction increases carbonate alkalinity through the production of bicarbonate, which results in the precipitation of carbonate minerals. It seems therefore likely that the REEs and calcium are consumed during vast AOM-induced precipitation of carbonate in shallow Hydrate Ridge sediments. The analysis of pore waters from Hydrate Ridge shed new light on early diagenetic processes at cold seeps, corroborating the great potential of REEs to identify geochemical processes and to constrain environmental conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s00367-013-0334-2},
	author = {Himmler, Tobias and Haley, Brian A and Torres, Marta E and Klinkhammer, Gary P and Bohrmann, Gerhard and Peckmann, Joern}
}
@article {ISI:000326242700011,
	title = {{Reconstructing lava flow emplacement processes at the hot spot-affected Galapagos Spreading Center, 95 degrees W and 92 degrees W}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {2731{\textendash}2756},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Volcanic eruptions at mid-ocean ridges (MORs) control the permeability, internal structure, and architecture of oceanic crust, thus establishing the foundation for the evolution of the ocean basins. To better understand the emplacement of submarine lava flows at MORs, we have integrated submersible-based geologic mapping with remote sensing techniques to characterize the lava flow morphology within previously mapped lava flow fields produced during single eruptive episodes at the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC). Detailed attributes describing the surface geometry and texture of the lava flows have been extracted from high-resolution sonar data and combined with georeferenced visual observations from submersible dives and camera tows; based on signatures contained in these data, a fuzzy logic-based classification algorithm categorized lava flow morphology as pillows, lobates, or sheets. The resulting digital thematic maps offer an unprecedented view of GSC lava morphology, collectively covering 77 km(2) of ridge axis terrain at a resolution of 2 m x 2 m. Error assessments with independent visual reference data indicate approximately 90{\%} agreement, comparable to subaerial classification studies. The digital lava morphology maps enable quantitative, spatially comprehensive measurements of the abundance and distribution of lava morphologies over large areas of seafloor and within individual eruptive units. A comparison of lava flow fields mapped at lower- and higher-magma-supply settings (95 degrees and 92 degrees W, respectively) indicates that effusion rates increase along with magma supply and independent of spreading rate at the GSC, although a complete range of eruptive behavior exists at each setting.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20157},
	author = {McClinton, Tim and White, Scott M and Colman, Alice and Sinton, John M}
}
@article {Caress2012,
	title = {{Repeat bathymetric surveys at 1-metre resolution of lava flows erupted at Axial Seamount in April 2011}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {483{\textendash}488},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {At sites with frequent submarine volcanic activity, it is difficult to discern between new and pre-existing lava flows. In particular, the distribution of the fissures from which lava erupts, the routes taken by lava flows and the relationship between the new flows and the pre-existing seafloor bathymetry are often unclear. The volcanic and hydrothermal systems of Axial Seamount submarine volcano in the Pacific Ocean have been studied intensively since eruptions were detected in 1998 (refs~1, 2) and 2011 (ref.~3). Here we combine pre- and post-eruption bathymetric surveys3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, with 1-m lateral resolution and 0.2-m vertical precision, to precisely map the extent and thickness of the lava flows, calculate the volume of lava and unambiguously identify eruptive fissures from the April 2011 eruption. Where the new lava flows extend beyond the boundaries of the repeated surveys, we use shipboard multibeam surveys to map the flows with lower resolution. We show that the eruption produced both sheet and lobate flows associated with high eruption rates and low-eruption-rate pillow mounds. We find that lava flows erupted from new as well as existing fissures and tended to reoccupy existing flow channels. This reoccupation makes it difficult to map submarine flows produced during one eruption without before-and-after bathymetric surveys.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1496},
	author = {Caress, D W and Clague, D A and Paduan, J B and Martin, J F and Dreyer, B M and Chadwick, W W and Denny, Alden and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {White2012a,
	title = {{Reply to Boehm and Carragher: Multiple lines of evidence link deep-water coral damage to Deepwater Horizon oil spill}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	number = {40},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {E2648{\textendash}E2648},
	abstract = {Our original study (1) used visual inspection as well as biological and geochemical analyses of corals and the surrounding sediment to provide complementary and compelling evidence linking the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill to the presence of damaged deep-water corals and brittle stars 11 km from the site of the leaking oil.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1210413109},
	author = {White, H K and Hsing, P-Y and Cho, W and Shank, T M and Cordes, E E and Quattrini, A M and Nelson, R K and Camilli, R and Demopoulos, A W J and German, C R and Brooks, J M and Roberts, H H and Shedd, W and Reddy, C M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {McCulloch2012,
	title = {{Resilience of Cold-Water Scleractinian Corals to Ocean Acidification: Boron Isotopic Systematics of pH and Saturation State Up-Regulation}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21{\textendash}34},
	abstract = {The boron isotope systematics has been determined for azooxanthellate scleractinian corals from a wide range of both deep-sea and shallow-water environments. The aragonitic coral species, Caryophyllia smithii, Desmophyllum dianthus, Enallopsammia rostrata, Lophelia pertusa, and Madrepora oculata, are all found to have relatively high $δ$11B compositions ranging from 23.2{\textperthousand} to 28.7{\textperthousand}. These values lie substantially above the pH-dependent inorganic seawater borate equilibrium curve, indicative of strong up-regulation of pH of the internal calcifying fluid (pHcf), being elevated by \~{}0.6{\textendash}0.8~units ($Δ$pH) relative to ambient seawater. In contrast, the deep-sea calcitic coral Corallium sp. has a significantly lower $δ$11B composition of 15.5{\textperthousand}, with a corresponding lower $Δ$pH value of \~{}0.3~units, reflecting the importance of mineralogical control on biological pH up-regulation. The solitary coral D. dianthus was sampled over a wide range of seawater pHT and shows an approximate linear correlation with $Δ$pHDesmo~=~6.43~-~0.71pHT (r2~=~0.79). An improved correlation is however found with the closely related parameter of seawater aragonite saturation state, where $Δ$pHDesmo~=~1.09~-~0.14${\O}mega$arag (r2~=~0.95), indicating the important control that carbonate saturation state has on calcification. The ability to up-regulate internal pHcf, and consequently ${\O}mega$cf, of the calcifying fluid is therefore a process present in both azooxanthellate and zooxanthellate aragonitic corals, and is attributed to the action of Ca2+-ATPase in modulating the proton gradient between seawater and the site of calcification. These findings also show that the boron isotopic compositions ($δ$11Bcarb) of aragonitic corals are highly systematic and consistent with direct uptake of the borate species within the biologically controlled extracellular calcifying medium. We also show that the relatively strong up-regulation of pH and consequent elevation of the internal carbonate saturation state (${\O}mega$cf \~{}8.5 to \~{}13) at the site of calcification by cold-water corals, facilitates calcification at or in some cases below the aragonite saturation horizon, providing a greater ability to adapt to the already low and now decreasing carbonate ion concentrations. Although providing greater resilience to the effects of ocean acidification and enhancing rates of calcification with increasing temperature, the process of internal pHcf up-regulation has an associated energetic cost, and therefore growth-rate cost, of \~{}10{\%} per 0.1 pH unit decrease in seawater pHT. Furthermore, as the aragonite saturation horizon shoals with rapidly increasing pCO2 and ${\O}mega$arag~~},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.027},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.027},
	author = {McCulloch, M and Trotter, J and Montagna, P and Falter, J and Dunbar, R and Freiwald, A and F{\"o}rsterra, G and Correa, M L and Maier, C and R{\"u}ggeberg, A and Taviani, M}
}
@article {ISI:000299199000017,
	title = {{Response of hydrothermal vent vestimentiferan Riftia pachyptila to differences in habitat chemistry}},
	journal = {MARINE BIOLOGY},
	volume = {159},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {435{\textendash}442},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Vestimentiferan tubeworms, which rely on intracellular sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria for organic carbon, flourish at deep-sea hydrothermal vents despite the erratic nature of their habitat. To assess the degree to which differences in habitat chemistry (sulfide, pH/CO(2)) might impact host and symbiont metabolic activity, Riftia pachyptila tubeworms were collected from habitats with low (H(2)S {\textless} 0.0001 mM) and high (up to 0.7 mM) sulfide concentrations. The elemental sulfur content of the symbiont-containing trophosome organ was lower in specimens collected from the low-sulfide site. Symbiont abundance, RubisCO activity, and trophosome carbon fixation rates were not significantly different for individuals collected from low- versus high-sulfide habitats. Carbonic anhydrase activities were higher in the anterior gas exchange organs of R. pachyptila from the low-sulfide habitat. Despite large differences in habitat chemistry, symbiont abundance and autotrophic potential were consistent, while the host appears to tailor carbonic anhydrase activity to environmental CO(2) availability.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-011-1821-5},
	author = {Scott, Kathleen M and Boller, Amanda J and Dobrinski, Kimberly P and Le Bris, Nadine}
}
@article {Wang2012,
	title = {{Reviews of power systems and environmental energy conversion for unmanned underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	volume = {16},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1958{\textendash}1970},
	abstract = {The power supply for unmanned underwater vehicles has been an important research point since the vehicles were invented. The power systems and environmental energy conversions for the vehicles are reviewed in the paper. Several topics are represented: problems and general solutions for unmanned underwater vehicles power supplies; the mechanisms and structures of tether power system; characteristics of several batteries; the characterization of potential environmental energy, and energy conversion for unmanned underwater vehicles. Docking stations for underwater vehicles continuation are also represented in the paper. Some typical vehicles powered by the power systems and their performances are listed and analyzed.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1364-0321},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.016},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.016},
	author = {Wang, X -M and Shang, J -H and Luo, Zirong and Tang, Li and Zhang, X and Li, J}
}
@article {ISI:000295799400034,
	title = {{The relative effects of particles and turbulence on acoustic scattering from deep-sea hydrothermal vent plumes}},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA},
	volume = {130},
	number = {4, 1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {1856{\textendash}1867},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Acoustic methods are applied to the investigation and monitoring of a vigorous hydrothermal plume within the Main Endeavor vent field at the Endeavor segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Forward propagation and scattering from suspended particulates using Rayleigh scattering theory is shown to be negligible (log-amplitude variance sigma(2)(chi) similar to 10(-7)) compared to turbulence induced by temperature fluctuations (sigma(2)(chi) similar to 0.1). The backscattering from turbulence is then quantified using the forward scattering derived turbulence level, which gives a volume backscattering strength of s(V) = 6.5 x 10(-8) m(-1). The volume backscattering cross section from particulates can range from s(V) = 3.3 x 10(-6) to 7.2 x 10(-10) m(-1) depending on the particle size. These results show that forward scatter acoustic methods in hydrothermal vent applications can be used to quantify turbulence and its effect on backscatter measurements, which can be a dominant factor depending on the particle size and its location within the plume. (C) 2011 Acoustical Society of America. {\{}[{\}}DOI: 10.1121/1.3624816]},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	doi = {10.1121/1.3624816},
	author = {Xu, Guangyu and Di Iorio, Daniela}
}
@mastersthesis {Bayer2011,
	title = {{Reproductive traits of pioneer gastropod species colonizing deepsea hydrothermal vents after an eruption}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {49},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {The colonization dynamics and life histories of pioneer species are vital components in understanding the early succession of nascent hydrothermal vents. The reproductive ecology of pioneer species at deep-sea hydrothermal vents may provide insight into their dispersal, population connectivity, and ability to colonize after disturbance. An opportunity to study the reproductive traits of two pioneer gastropod species, Ctenopelta porifera and Lepetodrilus tevnianus, presented itself in 2006 after an eruption on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) eliminated vent communities near 9{\textdegree}50''N. Standard histological techniques were used to determine whether reproductive characteristics, such as timing of gamete release, fecundity, or time to maturation, differed from other vent gastropods in ways that might explain arrival of these two species as early colonizers. Both species exhibited two-component oocyte size frequency distributions that indicated they were quasi-continuous reproducers with high fecundity. In C. porifera, the oocyte size distributions differed slightly between two collection dates, suggesting that environmental cues may introduce some variability in gamete release. In samples collected within one year of the estimated eruption date, individuals in populations of both C. porifera and L. tevnianus were reproductively mature. The smallest reproducing C. porifera were 4.2 mm (males) and 5.4 mm (females) in shell length, whereas reproductive L. tevnianus were smaller (2.3 and 2.4 mm in males and females respectively). Most C porifera in the population were large ({\textgreater} 6.0 mm) compared to their settlement size and reproductively mature. In contrast, most L tevnianus were small (},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/4733},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/4733},
	author = {Bayer, S}
}
@article {Walter2010,
	title = {{Rapid dispersal of a hydrothermal plume by turbulent mixing}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {57},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {931{\textendash}945},
	abstract = {The water column imprint of the hydrothermal plume observed at the Nibelungen field (8{\textdegree}18'S 13{\textdegree}30'W) is highly variable in space and time. The off-axis location of the site, along the southern boundary of a non-transform ridge offset at the joint between two segments of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is characterized by complex, rugged topography, and thus favorable for the generation of internal tides, subsequent internal wave breaking, and associated vertical mixing in the water column. We have used towed transects and vertical profiles of stratification, turbidity, and direct current measurements to investigate the strength of turbulent mixing in the vicinity of the vent site and the adjacent rift valley, and its temporal and spatial variability in relation to the plume dispersal. Turbulent diffusivities K$\rho$K$\rho$ were calculated from temperature inversions via Thorpe scales. Heightened mixing (compared to open ocean values) was observed in the whole rift valley within an order of K$\rho$K$\rho$ around 10-3 m2 s-1. The mixing close to the vent site was even more elevated, with an average of View the MathML sourceK$\rho$=4{\texttimes}10-2m2s-1. The mixing, as well as the flow field, exhibited a strong tidal cycle, with strong currents and mixing at the non-buoyant plume level during ebb flow. Periods of strong mixing were associated with increased internal wave activity and frequent occurrence of turbulent overturns. Additional effects of mixing on plume dispersal include bifurcation of the particle plume, likely as a result of the interplay between the modulated mixing strength and current speed, as well as high frequency internal waves in the effluent plume layer, possibly triggered by the buoyant plume via nonlinear interaction with the elevated background turbulence or penetrative convection.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010},
	author = {Walter, M and Mertens, C and Stober, U and German, C R and Yoerger, D R and Sultemfub, J and Rhein, M and Melchert, B and Baker, E T}
}
@article {Craddock2010a,
	title = {{Rare earth element abundances in hydrothermal fluids from the Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea: indicators of sub-seafloor hydrothermal processes in back-arc basins}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {74},
	number = {19},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {5494{\textendash}5513},
	abstract = {Rare earth element (REE) concentrations are reported for a large suite of seafloor vent fluids from four hydrothermal systems in the Manus back-arc basin (Vienna Woods, PACMANUS, DESMOS and SuSu Knolls vent areas). Sampled vent fluids show a wide range of absolute REE concentrations and chondrite-normalized (REEN) distribution patterns (LaN /SmN \~{} 0.6{\textendash}11; LaN /YbN \~{} 0.6 {\textendash} 71; View the MathML sourceEuN/EuN*\~{}1{\textendash}55). REEN distribution patterns in different vent fluids range from light-REE enriched, to mid- and heavy-REE enriched, to flat, and have a range of positive Eu-anomalies. This heterogeneity contrasts markedly with relatively uniform REEN distribution patterns of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluids. In Manus Basin fluids, aqueous REE compositions do not inherit directly or show a clear relationship with the REE compositions of primary crustal rocks with which hydrothermal fluids interact. These results suggest that the REEs are less sensitive indicators of primary crustal rock composition despite crustal rocks being the dominant source of REEs in submarine hydrothermal fluids. In contrast, differences in aqueous REE compositions are consistently correlated with differences in fluid pH and ligand (chloride, fluoride and sulfate) concentrations. Our results suggest that the REEs can be used as an indicator of the type of magmatic acid volatile (i.e., presence of HF, SO2) degassing in submarine hydrothermal systems. Additional fluid data suggest that near-seafloor mixing between high-temperature hydrothermal fluid and locally entrained seawater at many vent areas in the Manus Basin causes anhydrite precipitation. Anhydrite effectively incorporates REE and likely affects measured fluid REE concentrations, but does not affect their relative distributions.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.003},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.003},
	author = {Craddock, P R and Bach, W and Seewald, J S and Rouxel, O J and Reeves, E and Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Garcia-Pineda2010,
	title = {{Remote-sensing evaluation of geophysical anomaly sites in the outer continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1859{\textendash}1869},
	abstract = {Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images obtained from satellites are a reliable tool for localizing natural hydrocarbon seeps. For this study, we used the Texture Classifier Neural Network Algorithm (TCNNA) to interpret SAR data from the RADARSAT satellite and a geostatistical clustering analysis to compare seeps detected in 579 SAR images covering the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Geostatistical analysis results indicate that, in a typical active seep formation, oil vents would be found within a seep formation \~{}2.5 km in diameter. Repeated observations of slicks at a given seep formation indicate that advection of rising oil in the water column causes an offset from the vent depending on water depth. At 500 m, the radial offset is up to 1400 m; at 2000 m, it is up to 3270 m. Observations with submersibles showed that, in 100{\%} of the cases, the calculated seep formations that are matched with active oil seeps correspond to anomalies interpreted from surface amplitude maps and migration pathways in the seismic data. However, episodically, larger releases from persistent seeps occurred, and also some other seep formations showed intermittent releases. Our analysis indicates that active oil seeps detected with SAR represent a subset of the total array of geophysical features generated by hydrocarbon migration on the northern continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.005},
	author = {Garcia-Pineda, O and MacDonald, I R and Zimmer, B and Shedd, B and Roberts, H}
}
@article {1452,
	title = {{ROV records deepest explosive eruption on the seafloor}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {51},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {83},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0093-3651}
}
@article {Ondreas2009,
	title = {{Recent volcanic events and the distribution of hydrothermal venting at the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {Q02006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC002171},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002171},
	author = {Ondreas, H and Cannat, M and Fouquet, Y and Normand, A and Sarradin, P -M and Sarrazin, J}
}
@article {Glazer2009,
	title = {{Redox speciation and distribution within diverse iron-dominated microbial habitats at Loihi Seamount}},
	journal = {Geomicrobiology Journal},
	volume = {26},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {606{\textendash}622},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0149-0451},
	doi = {10.1080/01490450903263392},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490450903263392},
	author = {Glazer, B T and Rouxel, O J}
}
@article {Tyler2008,
	title = {{Reproduction of gastropods from vents on the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {107{\textendash}118},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0730-8000},
	doi = {10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[107:ROGFVO]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Tyler, P A and Pendlebury, S and Mills, S W and Mullineaux, L S and Eckelbarger, K J and Baker, M and Young, C M}
}
@article {Bergmanis2007,
	title = {{Recent eruptive history and magma reservoir dynamics on the southern East Pacific Rise at 17 degrees 30{\textquoteright} S}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q12O06},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001742},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001742},
	author = {Bergmanis, E C and Sinton, J and Rubin, K H}
}
@article {Levin2006,
	title = {{Recruitment response of methane-seep macrofauna to sulfide-rich sediments: An in situ experiment}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {330},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {132{\textendash}150},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.022},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.022},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G F and Growney-Cannon, V and Walther, S}
}
@book {German2006,
	title = {{RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 169, 17 Feb - 19 Mar 2005: Hydrothermal exploration of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	series = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton Cruise Report},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {92},
	publisher = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton},
	organization = {National Oceanography Centre Southampton},
	address = {Southampton, UK},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	url = {http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/41274/},
	author = {German, C R and Parson, L M}
}
@article {Fildes2005,
	title = {{The race to revisit the ocean depths}},
	journal = {New Scientist},
	volume = {187},
	number = {2517},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {26{\textendash}30},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0262-4079},
	url = {http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725171.200-the-race-to-revisit-the-ocean-depths.html},
	author = {Fildes, J}
}
@article {Blake2005,
	title = {{The reproductive biology of Amathys lutzi, an ampharetid polychaete from hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {124},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {254{\textendash}264},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1077-8306},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2005.00022.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2005.00022.x},
	author = {Blake, E A and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Fornari2004a,
	title = {{Realizing the dreams of da Vinci and Verne: a diverse fleet of innovative deep-submergence vehicles heralds a new era of ocean exploration}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {20{\textendash}24},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Fornari, D J}
}
@article {Tivey2004,
	title = {{The remarkable diversity of seafloor vents: Continuing explorations reveal an increasing variety of hydrothermal systems}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {42},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {60{\textendash}65},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Tivey, M K}
}
@article {Walden2004,
	title = {{A replacement for the Alvin submersible}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {38},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {85{\textendash}91},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	doi = {10.4031/002533204787522721},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533204787522721},
	author = {Walden, B B and Brown, R S}
}
@article {Sheader2004,
	title = {{Reproductive Ecology of Bouvierella curtirama (Amphipoda:Eusiridae) from chemically distinct vents in the Lucky Strike vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {144},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {503{\textendash}514},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-003-1211-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1211-8},
	author = {Sheader, M and Van Dover, C L and Thurston, M H}
}
@inbook {Board2003,
	title = {{Related facility needs for an ocean observatories network}},
	booktitle = {Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century: Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {138{\textendash}156},
	publisher = {National Academies Press},
	organization = {National Academies Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0309089905},
	url = {http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record{\_}id=10775{\&}page=138},
	editor = {Board, Ocean Studies}
}
@article {Lutz2002,
	title = {{Recent advances in imaging deep-sea hydrothermal vents (Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Biology)}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {267{\textendash}269},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-267-269.pdf},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Rona, P and Reed, A and Lange, W and Low, S and Kristof, E}
}
@article {Malakoff2002,
	title = {{Researchers plunge into debate over new sub}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {297},
	number = {5580},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {326{\textendash}327},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.297.5580.326},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.297.5580.326},
	author = {Malakoff, D}
}
@inbook {Snelgrove2002,
	title = {{A riot of species in an environmental calm: The paradox of the species-rich deep-sea floor}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {311{\textendash}342},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0415254620},
	author = {Snelgrove, P V R and Smith, C R},
	editor = {Gibson, R N}
}
@article {Akimoto2000,
	title = {{Recent benthic foraminiferal assemblage in the Bathymodiolus colony in the northern Iheya Ridges, Okinawa Trough, Japan}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {49{\textendash}51},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}01{\_}07.pdf},
	author = {Akimoto, K and Hattori, M}
}
@article {Embley2000,
	title = {{Recent eruptions on the CoAxial segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for mid-ocean ridge accretion processes}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {105},
	number = {B7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {16,501{\textendash}516,525},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JB900030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900030},
	author = {Embley, R W and Chadwick, W W and Perfit, M R and Smith, M C and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Dziak2000,
	title = {{Recent tectonics of the Blanco Ridge, eastern blanco transform fault zone}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {423{\textendash}450},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026545910893},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Fox, C G and Embley, R W and Nabelek, J L and Braunmiller, J and Koski, R A}
}
@article {Ura2000,
	title = {{R-One Robot}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {30{\textendash}34},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Ura, T and Obara, T}
}
@article {VanDover1999,
	title = {{Reproductive biology: deep-sea clams feel the heat}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {397},
	number = {6716},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {205{\textendash}207},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/16580},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/16580},
	author = {Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Mullineaux1998,
	title = {{Recruitment variation during a pilot colonization study of hydrothermal vents (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise)}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {441{\textendash}464},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00045-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00045-3},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Mills, S W and Goldman, E}
}
@article {Kuenzler1997,
	title = {{Retinal anatomy of new breslid shrimp from the Lucky Strike and Broken Spur hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {77},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {707{\textendash}725},
	issn = {0025-3154},
	author = {Kuenzler, R O and Kwasniewski, J T and Jinks, R N and Lakin, R C and Battelle, B A and Herzog, E D and Kass, L and Renninger, G H and Chamberlain, S C}
}
@article {Auzende1996,
	title = {{Recent tectonic magmatic and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17 degrees S and 19 degrees S: submersible observations}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {10,17,918{\textendash}995},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/96JB01209},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JB01209},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Ballu, V and Batiza, R and Bideau, D and Charlou, J L and Cormier, M -H and Fouquet, Y and Geistdoerfer, P and Lagabrielle, Y and Sinton, J and Spadea, P}
}
@article {Wright1996,
	title = {{Rumblings on the ocean floor: GIS supports deep-sea research}},
	journal = {Geo Info Systems},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {22{\textendash}29},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1051-9858},
	author = {Wright, D J}
}
@article {Lutz1994b,
	title = {{Rapid growth at deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {371},
	number = {6499},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {663{\textendash}664},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/371663a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/371663a0},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Shank, T M and Fornari, D J and Haymon, R M and Lilley, M D and Von Damm, K L and Desbruyeres, D}
}
@article {Ballard1994,
	title = {{Riddle of the Lusitania}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {185},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {68{\textendash}80},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Michel1994,
	title = {{The RMS Titanic 1985 discovery expedition}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}94: Oceans Engineering for Today{\textquoteright}s Technology and Tomorrow{\textquoteright}s Preservation : Proceedings},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {132{\textendash}136},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0-7803-2057-3},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364185},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364185},
	author = {Michel, J L and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Tivey1993a,
	title = {{Reduced crustal magnetization beneath the active sulfide mound, TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 26N}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {115},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {101{\textendash}115},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(93)90216-V},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90216-V},
	author = {Tivey, M A and Rona, P A and Schouten, H}
}
@article {Childress1993,
	title = {{The role of a zinc-based, serum-borne sulphide-binding component in the uptake and transport of dissolved sulphide by the chemoautotrophic symbiont containing clam Calyptogena elongata}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {179},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {131{\textendash}158},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/179/1/131},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Favuzzi, J A and Arp, A J and Oros, D R}
}
@article {Embley1993,
	title = {{ROV samples vents on Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {74},
	number = {15},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {177{\textendash}184},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	doi = {10.1029/93EO00163},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93EO00163},
	author = {Embley, R W and Franklin, J M}
}
@book {Jannasch1992,
	title = {{R/V Atlantis II (voyage 125, legs 22 and 23) and DSR/S Alvin (dive series 2337 to 2349): To conduct microbiological research at the Guaymas Basin and the 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent sites during 6 -24 March 1991}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Kim1991,
	title = {{Radial growth rates and 210-Pb ages of hydrothermal massive sulfides from the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {299{\textendash}314},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(91)90211-Y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90211-Y},
	author = {Kim, H K and McMurty, G M}
}
@inbook {Stewart1991,
	title = {{Remote-sensing issues for intelligent underwater systems}},
	booktitle = {IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1991: Proceedings CVPR {\textquoteright}91},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {230{\textendash}235},
	publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers},
	organization = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers},
	address = {New York, NY},
	isbn = {0-8186-2148-6},
	doi = {10.1109/CVPR.1991.139693},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.1991.139693},
	author = {Stewart, W K}
}
@article {Yoerger1991a,
	title = {{Robotic undersea technology}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {32{\textendash}37},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Medea (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Yoerger, D R}
}
@article {Triantafyllou1991,
	title = {{Robust control for underwater vehicle systems with time delays}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {16},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {146{\textendash}151},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/48.64894},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.64894},
	author = {Triantafyllou, M S and Grosenbaugh, M A}
}
@inbook {McCann1991,
	title = {{ROVs for archaeology: The Jason Project 1989}},
	booktitle = {Intervention/ROV {\textquoteright}91 Conference {\&} Exposition: May 21-23, 1991, Diplomat Resort and Convention Center, Hollywood, Florida},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {13},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society ROV Committee},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society ROV Committee},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	author = {McCann, A M}
}
@mastersthesis {Wheatcroft1990,
	title = {{Rates and pathways of sediment bioturbation: A mechanistic approach}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {206},
	school = {University of Washington},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Seattle, Wash.},
	author = {Wheatcroft, R A}
}
@article {Mullineaux1990,
	title = {{Recruitment of benthic invertebrates in boundary-layer flows: a deep water experiment on Cross Seamount}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {35},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {409{\textendash}423},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}35/issue{\_}2/0409.pdf},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Butman, C A}
}
@article {Kulm1990,
	title = {{Relationship between carbonate deposits and fluid venting: Oregon accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {8899{\textendash}8915},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB06p08899},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB06p08899},
	author = {Kulm, L V D and Suess, E}
}
@article {Lewis1990,
	title = {{Relationship between the location of chemosynthetic benthic communities and geologic structure on the Cascadia Subduction Zone}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B6},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {8783{\textendash}8793},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB06p08783},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB06p08783},
	author = {Lewis, B T R and Cochrane, G C}
}
@article {Gieskes1990,
	title = {{Retrograde oxidation of hydrothermal precipitates and petroleum in Escanaba Trough sediments}},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {93{\textendash}101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {10.1016/0883-2927(90)90040-C},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90040-C},
	author = {Gieskes, J M and Simoneit, B R T and Magenheim, A J and Leif, R N}
}
@article {Page1990,
	title = {{The role of suspension-feeding in the nutritional biology of a deep-sea mussel with methanotrophic symbionts}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {251{\textendash}257},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01313266},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01313266},
	author = {Page, H M and Fisher, C R and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Kadko1988,
	title = {{Radiochemical constraints on the crustal residence time of submarine hydrothermal fluids: Endeavour Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {52},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {659{\textendash}668},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(88)90328-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90328-6},
	author = {Kadko, D and Moore, W}
}
@article {Williams1988,
	title = {{Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase of the procaryotic symbiont of a hydrothermal tube worm: kinetics, activity and gene hybridization}},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {107{\textendash}112},
	issn = {0378-1097},
	doi = {10.1016/0378-1097(88)90254-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1097(88)90254-6},
	author = {Williams, C A and Nelson, D C and Farah, B A and Jannasch, H W and Shively, J M}
}
@article {Felbeck1988,
	title = {{Riftia pachyptila: a highly integrated symbiosis}},
	journal = {Oceanologica Acta},
	number = {Special Iss. 8},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {131{\textendash}138},
	issn = {0399-1784},
	author = {Felbeck, H and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Mullineaux1988,
	title = {{The role of settlement in structuring a hard-substratum community in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {120},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {247{\textendash}261},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-0981},
	doi = {10.1016/0022-0981(88)90005-6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(88)90005-6},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Fisher1988c,
	title = {{The role of vestimentiferan hemoglobin in providing an environment suitable for chemoautotrophic sulfide oxidizing endosymbionts}},
	journal = {Symbiosis},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {229{\textendash}246},
	issn = {0334-5114},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J and Sanders, N K}
}
@book {Walden1987,
	title = {{Recovery of low-level radioactive waste packages from deep ocean disposal sites}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {87-14},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {39},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walden, B B}
}
@article {Yoerger1985a,
	title = {{Robust trajectory control of underwater vehicles}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {462{\textendash}470},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/JOE.1985.1145131},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.1985.1145131},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Slotine, J E}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1984a,
	title = {{Recent progress in the microbiology of hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, 7-12 August 1983},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {170{\textendash}176},
	publisher = {American Society for Microbiology},
	organization = {American Society for Microbiology},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0914826603},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Nelson, D C},
	editor = {Klug, M J}
}
@inbook {Ballard1984a,
	title = {{ROV development at Woods Hole{\textquoteright}s Deep Submergence Laboratory}},
	booktitle = {Remotely Operated Vehicles: ROV {\textquoteright}84 Technology Update, an International Perspective : May 14-18, 1984, Town and Country Hotel, San Diego, California},
	year = {1984},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@inbook {Schell1983,
	title = {{Radionuclides at the Hudson Canyon disposal site}},
	booktitle = {Radioactive Wastes and the Ocean},
	series = {Wastes in the Ocean},
	number = {3},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {183{\textendash}214},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471097705},
	author = {Schell, W R and Nevissi, A E},
	editor = {Park, P K}
}
@inbook {Rowe1983,
	title = {{Recent advances in instrumentation in deep-sea biological research}},
	booktitle = {Deep-Sea Biology},
	series = {Sea: Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas},
	number = {8},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {81{\textendash}95},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0471044024},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Sibuet, M},
	editor = {Rowe, G T}
}
@inbook {Stubblefield1983,
	title = {{Reconnaissance in DSRV Alvin of a fluvial-like meander system in Wilmington Canyon and slump features in South Wilmington Canyon}},
	booktitle = {Environmental Geologic Studies on the United States Mid- and North Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Area 1980-1982: Volume I, Executive Summary},
	series = {USGS Open-File Report},
	number = {83-824},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {16{\textendash}19},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr83824},
	author = {Stubblefield, W L and McGregor, B A and Forde, E B and Lambert, D N and Merrill, G F},
	editor = {McGregor, B A}
}
@inbook {Lilley1983,
	title = {{Reduced gases and bacteria in hydrothermal fluids: The Galapagos Spreading Center and 21 degrees N East Pacific Rise}},
	booktitle = {Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {12},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {411{\textendash}449},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306414821},
	author = {Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Gordon, L I},
	editor = {Rona, P A}
}
@inbook {Auffret1982,
	title = {{Recent mass wasting processes on the Provencal margin (western Mediterranean)}},
	booktitle = {Marine slides and other mass movements},
	series = {NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences},
	number = {8},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {53{\textendash}58},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	organization = {Plenum Press},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0306408880},
	author = {Auffret, G A and Auzende, J M and Gennesseaux, M and Monti, S and Pastouret, L and Pautot, G and Vanney, J R},
	editor = {Saxov, S E}
}
@article {Stubblefield1982,
	title = {{Reconnaissance in DSRV Alvin of a fluvial-like meander system in Wilmington Canyon and slump features in south Wilmington Canyon}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {31{\textendash}36},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<31:RIDAOA>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10{\%}3C31:RIDAOA{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Stubblefield, W L and McGregor, B A and Forde, E B and Lambert, D N and Merrill, G F}
}
@article {Ballard1982,
	title = {{The relationship between active sulfide deposition and the axial processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {8{\textendash}22},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Francheteau, J}
}
@book {Cullen1982,
	title = {{Report of the decade: The International Decade of Ocean Exploration}},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {46},
	publisher = {Division of Ocean Sciences, National Science Foundation},
	organization = {Division of Ocean Sciences, National Science Foundation},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Cullen, V}
}
@inbook {Bowen1981,
	title = {{Radionuclide distribution in sediment cores retrieved from marine radioactive waste dumpsites}},
	booktitle = {Impacts of Radionuclide Releases into the Marine Environment: Proceedings of an International Symposium on the Impacts of Radionuclide Releases into the Marine Environment},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {33{\textendash}63},
	publisher = {International Atomic Energy Agency},
	organization = {International Atomic Energy Agency},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	isbn = {9200204813},
	author = {Bowen, V T and Livingston, H D}
}
@article {Smith1981,
	title = {{Respiration of the bathypelagic fish Cyclothone acclinidens}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {61},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {261{\textendash}266},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00401564},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401564},
	author = {Smith, K L and Laver, M B}
}
@article {Dayal1979,
	title = {{Radionuclide redistribution mechanisms at the 2800-m Atlantic nuclear waste disposal site}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {26},
	number = {12},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1329{\textendash}1345},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(79)90002-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(79)90002-5},
	author = {Dayal, R and Okubo, A and Duedall, I W and Ramamoorthy, A}
}
@article {Bryan1979a,
	title = {{Regional variation and petrogenesis of basalt glasses from the FAMOUS area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Petrology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {293{\textendash}325},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-3530},
	url = {http://petrology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/2/293},
	author = {Bryan, W B}
}
@inbook {Ballard1979c,
	title = {{Research submersibles: Explorers of the ocean depths}},
	booktitle = {Britannica Yearbook of Science and the Future},
	volume = {1979},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {46{\textendash}61},
	publisher = {Encyclopaedia Britannica},
	organization = {Encyclopaedia Britannica},
	address = {Chicago, Ill.},
	isbn = {0068-1199},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Ballard1979a,
	title = {{Return to oases of the deep}},
	journal = {National Geographic Magazine},
	volume = {156},
	number = {5},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {680{\textendash}705},
	issn = {0027-9358},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Grassle, J F}
}
@article {Edmond1979b,
	title = {{Ridge crest hydrothermal activity and the balances of the major and minor elements in the ocean: The Galapagos data}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {46},
	number = {1},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(79)90061-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(79)90061-X},
	author = {Edmond, J M and Measures, C and McDuff, R E and Chan, L H and Collier, R and Grant, B and Gordon, L I and Corless, J B}
}
@inbook {Edmond1979a,
	title = {{Ridge crest-hydrothermal metamorphism at the Galapagos spreading center and reverse weathering}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {383{\textendash}390},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Edmond, J and Corliss, J and Gordon, L I},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@article {Nozaki1977,
	title = {{Radiocarbon and 210Pb distribution in submersible-taken deep-sea cores from Project FAMOUS}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {167{\textendash}173},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(77)90001-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90001-2},
	author = {Nozaki, Y and Cochran, J K and Turekian, K K and Keller, G}
}
@book {Rufolo1971,
	title = {{Report on evaluation of syntactic foam used in DRV Alvin. I}},
	series = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) Report},
	year = {1971},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Research and Development Center},
	address = {Bethesda, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rufolo, A}
}
@book {Ballard1970a,
	title = {{Research submersibles in oceanography}},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {73},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D and Emery, K O}
}
@book {Merrifield1970,
	title = {{Results with a deep research vehicle transponder navigation system at the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office}},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	organization = {Naval Oceanographic Office},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Merrifield, R and Delort, R R}
}
@book {Marquet1969,
	title = {{A recoverable deep ocean navigation beacon}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {69-61},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Marquet, W M and Webb, D C and Fairhurst, K D}
}
@article {Milwee1969,
	title = {{Recovery of Alvin - a practical ocean engineering operation}},
	journal = {Naval Engineers Journal},
	volume = {81},
	number = {6},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {13{\textendash}15,18{\textendash}22},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1425},
	author = {Milwee, W I}
}
@book {988,
	title = {{Recovery of deep research vehicle Alvin}},
	series = {NAVSHIPS},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {145},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Systems Command},
	organization = {Naval Ship Systems Command},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {Rainnie1969a,
	title = {{Recovery of the DSRV Alvin, part 1}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {4},
	number = {11},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {61{\textendash}63},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Rainnie, W O and Buchanan, C L}
}
@article {Rainnie1969,
	title = {{Recovery of the DSRV Alvin, part 2}},
	journal = {Ocean Industry},
	volume = {4},
	number = {12},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {69{\textendash}70},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8026},
	author = {Rainnie, W O and Buchanan, C L}
}
@book {Wakelin1969,
	title = {{Report of the Advisory Committee on the Accidental Sinking of Deep Research Vehicle Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Wakelin, J H and Institution, Woods Hole Oceanographic}
}
@inbook {Cobb1966,
	title = {{A remote navigation system for the deep diving research vessel Alvin}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings: 2000 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation April 24-28, 2000, San Francisco Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, CaliforniaNational Marine Navigation Meeting, Manned Deep Submergence Vehicles},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {184{\textendash}208},
	publisher = {Institute of Navigation},
	organization = {Institute of Navigation},
	address = {Washinton, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Cobb, A D}
}
@article {2366,
	title = {{Research submarine tested at depth of 6000 feet}},
	journal = {Naval Research Reviews},
	volume = {18},
	number = {8},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {22{\textendash}23},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-145X}
}
@article {2290,
	title = {{Reinforced plastics in research submarine}},
	journal = {Plastics World},
	volume = {22},
	number = {12},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {21},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0032-1273}
}
@article {Allen1964,
	title = {{Research submarine Alvin}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute},
	volume = {90},
	number = {4},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {138{\textendash}140},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0041-798X},
	author = {Allen, E S}
}
