@article {RN2482,
	title = {Scientific and budgetary tradeoffs between morphological and molecular methods for deep-sea biodiversity assessment},
	journal = {Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1002/ieam.4466},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138219669},
	author = {Le, Jennifer T. and Levin, Lisa A. and Lejzerowicz, Franck and Cordier, Tristan and Gooday, Andrew J. and Pawlowski, Jan}
}
@article {RN2525,
	title = {Seascape Genomics Reveals Metapopulation Connectivity Network of Paramuricea biscaya in the Northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {790929},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.790929},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143780001 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.790929},
	author = {Galaska, Matthew P. and Liu, Guangpeng and West, Destiny and Erickson, Katie and Quattrini, Andrea M. and Bracco, Annalisa and Herrera, Santiago}
}
@article {RN2508,
	title = {Seascape genomics reveals metapopulation connectivity network of Paramuricea biscaya in the northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2021.10.06.463359},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1101/2021.10.06.463359},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141727454 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/10/08/2021.10.06.463359.full.pdf},
	author = {Galaska, Matthew P. and Liu, Guangpeng and West, Destiny and Erickson, Katie and Quattrini, Andrea and Bracco, Annalisa and Herrera, Santiago}
}
@article {RN2514,
	title = {Sink or float: microtextural controls on the fate of pumice deposition during the 2012 submarine Havre eruption},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {83},
	number = {11},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {80},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1007/s00445-021-01497-6},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1142277800},
	author = {Mitchell, Samuel J. and Fauria, Kristen E. and Houghton, Bruce F. and Carey, Rebecca J.}
}
@article {RN2436,
	title = {Sampling of basement fluids via Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kits (CORKs) for dissolved gases, fluid fixation at the seafloor, and the characterization of organic carbon},
	journal = {MethodsX},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {101033},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mex.2020.101033},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130126084 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2020.101033},
	author = {Lin, Huei-Ting and Hsieh, Chih-Chiang and Repeta, Daniel J. and Rapp{\'e}, Michael S.}
}
@article {RN2432,
	title = {A Scientific Basis for Designation of the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {566},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.00566},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129133486 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00566/pdf},
	author = {Auster, Peter J. and Hodge, Brooke C. and McKee, Michael P. and Kraus, Scott D.}
}
@article {RN2418,
	title = {Selection Is a Significant Driver of Gene Gain and Loss in the Pangenome of the Bacterial Genus Sulfurovum in Geographically Distinct Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents},
	journal = {Msystems},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2379-5077},
	doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00673-19},
	author = {Moulana, A. and Anderson, R. E. and Fortunato, C. S. and Huber, J. A.}
}
@article {RN2431,
	title = {Spanning the depths or depth-restricted: Three new species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) and a new record for the hydrothermal vent Bathymodiolus thermophilus at methane seeps along the Costa Rica margin},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {103322},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103322},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1129382612},
	author = {McCowin, Marina F. and Feehery, Caitlin and Rouse, Greg W.}
}
@article {RN2439,
	title = {Subcritical Phase Separation and Occurrence of Deep-Seated Brines at the NW Caldera Vent Field, Brothers Volcano: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions in Hydrothermal Precipitates},
	journal = {Geofluids},
	volume = {2020},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1468-8115},
	doi = {10.1155/2020/8868259},
	author = {Diehl, A. and de Ronde, C. E. J. and Bach, W.}
}
@article {RN2404,
	title = {Substantial Carbohydrate Hydrolase Activities in the Water Column of the Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California)},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00815},
	author = {Ziervogel, K. and Arnosti, C.}
}
@article {RN2377,
	title = {Structure of Lo{\textquoteright}ihi Seamount, Hawai{\textquoteright}i and Lava Flow Morphology From High-Resolution Mapping},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2296-6463},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2019.00058},
	author = {Clague, D. A. and Paduan, J. B. and Caress, D. W. and Moyer, C. L. and Glazer, B. T. and Yoerger, D. R.}
}
@article {RN2383,
	title = {Submarine giant pumice: a window into the shallow conduit dynamics of a recent silicic eruption},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {81},
	number = {7},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/s00445-019-1298-5},
	author = {Mitchell, S. J. and Houghton, B. F. and Carey, R. J. and Manga, M. and Fauria, K. E. and Jones, M. R. and Soule, S. A. and Conway, C. E. and Wei, Z. H. and Giachetti, T.}
}
@article {RN2366,
	title = {Subseafloor Temperature Variations Influenced by Variations in Bottom Water Temperature and Pressure: New High Resolution Observations and Implications},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth},
	volume = {124},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {76-87},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2018JB016151},
	author = {Davis, E. E. and Villinger, H.}
}
@article {RN2406,
	title = {On the systematics and ecology of two new species of Provanna (Gastropoda: Provannidae) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Caribbean Sea and Southern Ocean},
	journal = {Journal of Molluscan Studies},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {425-438},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {0260-1230},
	doi = {10.1093/mollus/eyz024},
	author = {Linse, K. and Nye, V. and Copley, J. T. and Chen, C.}
}
@article {RN2351,
	title = {Sediment Microbial Communities Influenced by Cool Hydrothermal Fluid Migration},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1249},
	type = {Journal Article},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.01249},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01249},
	author = {Zinke, Laura A. and Reese, Brandi Kiel and McManus, James and Wheat, Charles G. and Orcutt, Beth N. and Amend, Jan P.}
}
@article {2476,
	title = {Spatially distinct, temporally stable microbial populations mediate biogeochemical cycling at and below the seafloor in hydrothermal vent fluids},
	journal = {Environmental microbiology},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {769 - 784},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14011},
	author = {Fortunato, Caroline S. and Larson, Benjamin and Butterfield, David A. and Huber, Julie A.}
}
@article {RN2346,
	title = {Subgroup Characteristics of Marine Methane-Oxidizing ANME-2 Archaea and Their Syntrophic Partners as Revealed by Integrated Multimodal Analytical Microscopy},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {84},
	number = {11},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e00399-18},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00399-18},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/84/11/e00399-18.abstract},
	author = {McGlynn, Shawn E. and Chadwick, Grayson L. and Neill, Ariel and Mackey, Mason and Thor, Andrea and Deerinck, Thomas J. and Ellisman, Mark H. and Orphan, Victoria J.}
}
@article {Billings2017,
	title = {{SyPRID sampler: A large-volume, high-resolution, autonomous, deep-ocean precision plankton sampling system}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {297{\textendash}306},
	abstract = {The current standard for large-volume (thousands of cubic meters) zooplankton sampling in the deep sea is the MOCNESS, a system of multiple opening{\textendash}closing nets, typically lowered to within 50 m of the seabed and towed obliquely to the surface to obtain low-spatial-resolution samples that integrate across 10 s of meters of water depth. The SyPRID (Sentry Precision Robotic Impeller Driven) sampler is an innovative, deep-rated (6000 m) plankton sampler that partners with the Sentry Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) to obtain paired, large-volume plankton samples at specified depths and survey lines to within 1.5 m of the seabed and with simultaneous collection of sensor data. SyPRID uses a perforated Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight (UHMW) plastic tube to support a fine mesh net within an outer carbon composite tube (tube-within-a-tube design), with an axial flow pump located aft of the capture filter. The pump facilitates flow through the system and reduces or possibly eliminates the bow wave at the mouth opening. The cod end, a hollow truncated cone, is also made of UHMW plastic and includes a collection volume designed to provide an area where zooplankton can collect, out of the high flow region. SyPRID attaches as a saddle-pack to the Sentry vehicle. Sentry itself is configured with a flight control system that enables autonomous survey paths to low altitudes. In its verification deployment at the Blake Ridge Seep (2160 m) on the US Atlantic Margin, SyPRID was operated for 6 h at an altitude of 5 m. It recovered plankton samples, including delicate living larvae, from the near-bottom stratum that is seldom sampled by a typical MOCNESS tow. The prototype SyPRID and its next generations will enable studies of plankton or other particulate distributions associated with localized physico-chemical strata in the water column or above patchy habitats on the seafloor.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.007},
	author = {Billings, A and Kaiser, C and Young, C M and Hiebert, L S and Cole, E and Wagner, J K S and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Raven2016,
	title = {{Sedimentary pyrite $δ$34S differs from porewater sulfide in Santa Barbara Basin: Proposed role of organic sulfur}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {186},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {120{\textendash}134},
	abstract = {Santa Barbara Basin sediments host a complex network of abiotic and metabolic chemical reactions that knit together the carbon, sulfur, and iron cycles. From a 2.1-m sediment core collected in the center of the basin, we present high-resolution profiles of the concentrations and isotopic compositions of all the major species in this system: sulfate, sulfide (∑H2S), elemental sulfur (S0), pyrite, extractable organic sulfur (OS), proto-kerogen S, total organic and dissolved inorganic carbon, and total and reducible iron. Below 10 cm depth, the core is characterized by low apparent sulfate reduction rates ({\textless}0.01 mM/yr) except near the sulfate-methane transition zone. Surprisingly, pyrite forming in shallow sediments is \~{}30{\textperthousand} more 34S-depleted than coexisting ∑H2S in porewater. S0 has the same strongly 34S-depleted composition as pyrite where it forms near the sediment{\textendash}water interface, though not at depth. This pattern is not easily explained by conventional hypotheses in which sedimentary pyrite derives from abiotic reactions with porewater ∑H2S or from the products of S0 disproportionation. Instead, we propose that pyrite formation in this environment occurs within sulfate reducing microbial aggregates or biofilms, where it reflects the isotopic composition of the immediate products of bacterial sulfate reduction. Porewater ∑H2S in Santa Barbara Basin may be more 34S-enriched than pyrite due to equilibration with relatively 34S-enriched OS. The difference between OS and pyrite $δ$34S values would then reflect the balance between microbial sulfide formation and the abundance of exchangeable OS. Both OS and pyrite $δ$34S records thus have the potential to provide valuable information about biogeochemical cycles and redox structure in sedimentary paleoenvironments.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.037},
	author = {Raven, M R and Sessions, A L and Fischer, W W and Adkins, J F}
}
@article {Thal2016,
	title = {{Subaqueous cryptodome eruption, hydrothermal activity and related seafloor morphologies on the andesitic North Su volcano}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {323},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {80{\textendash}96},
	abstract = {North Su is a double-peaked active andesite submarine volcano located in the eastern Manus Basin of the Bismarck Sea that reaches a depth of 1154 m. It hosts a vigorous and varied hydrothermal system with black and white smoker vents along with several areas of diffuse venting and deposits of native sulfur. Geologic mapping based on ROV observations from 2006 and 2011 combined with morphologic features identified from repeated bathymetric surveys in 2002 and 2011 documents the emplacement of a volcanic cryptodome between 2006 and 2011. We use our observations and rock analyses to interpret an eruption scenario where highly viscous, crystal-rich andesitic magma erupted slowly into the water-saturated, gravel-dominated slope of North Su. An intense fragmentation process produced abundant blocky clasts of a heterogeneous magma (olivine crystals within a rhyolitic groundmass) that only rarely breached through the clastic cover onto the seafloor. Phreatic and phreatomagmatic explosions beneath the seafloor cause mixing of juvenile and pre-existing lithic clasts and produce a volcaniclastic deposit. This volcaniclastic deposit consists of blocky, non-altered clasts next, variably (1{\textendash}100{\%}) altered clasts, hydrothermal precipitates and crystal fragments. The usually applied parameters to identify juvenile subaqueous lava fragments, i.e. fluidal shape or chilled margin, were not applicable to distinguish between pre-existing non-altered clasts and juvenile clasts. This deposit is updomed during further injection of magma and mechanical disruption. Gas-propelled turbulent clast-recycling causes clasts to develop variably rounded shapes. An abundance of blocky clasts and the lack of clasts typical for the contact of liquid lava with water is interpreted to be the result of a cooled, high-viscosity, crystal-rich magma that failed as a brittle solid upon stress. The high viscosity allows the lava to form blocky and short lobes. The pervasive volcaniclastic cover on North Su is partly cemented by hydrothermal precipitates. These hydrothermally-cemented breccias, crusts and single pillars show that hydrothermal circulation through a thick layer of volcaniclastic deposits can temporarily increase slope stability through precipitation and cementation.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.041},
	author = {Thal, J and Tivey, M A and Yoerger, D R and Bach, W}
}
@article {ISI:000380376700024,
	title = {{Subseafloor microbial communities in hydrogen-rich vent fluids from hydrothermal systems along the Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {18},
	number = {6, SI},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1970{\textendash}1987},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Warm fluids emanating from hydrothermal vents can be used as windows into the rocky subseafloor habitat and its resident microbial community. Two new vent systems on the Mid-Cayman Rise each exhibits novel geologic settings and distinctively hydrogen-rich vent fluid compositions. We have determined and compared the chemistry, potential energy yielding reactions, abundance, community composition, diversity, and function of microbes in venting fluids from both sites: Piccard, the world{\textquoteright}s deepest vent site, hosted in mafic rocks; and Von Damm, an adjacent, ultramafic-influenced system. Von Damm hosted a wider diversity of lineages and metabolisms in comparison to Piccard, consistent with thermodynamic models that predict more numerous energy sources at ultramafic systems. There was little overlap in the phylotypes found at each site, although similar and dominant hydrogen-utilizing genera were present at both. Despite the differences in community structure, depth, geology, and fluid chemistry, energetic modelling and metagenomic analysis indicate near functional equivalence between Von Damm and Piccard, likely driven by the high hydrogen concentrations and elevated temperatures at both sites. Results are compared with hydrothermal sites worldwide to provide a global perspective on the distinctiveness of these newly discovered sites and the interplay among rocks, fluid composition and life in the subseafloor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13173},
	author = {Reveillaud, Julie and Reddington, Emily and McDermott, Jill and Algar, Christopher and Meyer, Julie L and Sylva, Sean and Seewald, Jeffrey and German, Christopher R and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {ISI:000378670800006,
	title = {{Sustained in situ measurements of dissolved oxygen, methane and water transport processes in the benthic boundary layer at MC118, northern Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2016},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {41{\textendash}52},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Within months of the BP Macondo Wellhead blowout, elevated methane concentrations within the water column revealed a significant retention of light hydrocarbons in deep waters plus corresponding dissolved oxygen (DO) deficits. However, chemical plume tracking efforts were hindered by a lack of in situ monitoring capabilities. Here, we describe results from in situ time-series, lander-based investigations of physical and biogeochemical processes controlling dissolved oxygen, and methane at Mississippi Canyon lease block 118 (similar to 18 km from the oil spill) conducted shortly after the blowout through April 2012. Multiple sensor arrays plus open-cylinder flux chambers ({\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}chimneys{\{}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\}}) deployed from a benthic lander collected oxygen, methane, pressure, and current speed and direction data within one meter of the seafloor. The ROVARD lander system was deployed for an initial 21-day test experiment (9/13/2010-10/04/2010) at 882 m depth before a longer 160-day deployment (10/24/2011-4/01/2012) at 884 m depth. Temporal variability in current directions and velocities and water temperatures revealed strong influences of bathymetrically steered currents and overlying along-shelf flows on local and regional water transport processes. DO concentrations and temperature were inversely correlated as a result of water mass mixing processes. Flux chamber measurements during the 160-day deployment revealed total oxygen utilization (TOU) averaging 11.6 mmol/m(2) day. Chimney DO concentrations measured during the 21-day deployment exhibited quasi-daily variations apparently resulting from an interaction between near inertial waves and the steep topography of an elevated scarp immediately adjacent to the 21-day deployment site that modulated currents at the top of the chimney. Variability in dissolved methane concentrations suggested significant temporal variability in gas release from nearby hydrocarbon seeps and/or delivery by local water transport processes. Free-vehicle (lander) monitoring over time scales of months to years utilizing in situ sensors can provide an understanding of processes controlling water transport, respiration and the fate and impacts of accidental and natural gas and oil releases. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.11.012},
	author = {Martens, Christopher S and Mendlovitz, Howard P and Seim, Harvey and Lapham, Laura and D{\textquoteright}Emidio, Marco}
}
@article {ISI:000349302600004,
	title = {{Size matters at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: different diversity and habitat fidelity patterns of meio- and macrofauna}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {520},
	year = {2015},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {57{\textendash}66},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Species with markedly different sizes interact when sharing the same habitat. Unravelling mechanisms that control diversity thus requires consideration of a range of size classes. We compared patterns of diversity and community structure for meio-and macrofaunal communities sampled along a gradient of environmental stress at deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N) and neighboring basalt habitats. Both meio-and macrofaunal species richnesses were lowest in the high-stress vent habitat, but macrofaunal richness was highest among intermediate-stress vent habitats. Meiofaunal species richness was negatively correlated with stress, and highest on the basalt. In these deep-sea basalt habitats surrounding hydrothermal vents, meiofaunal species richness was consistently higher than that of macrofauna. Consideration of the physiological capabilities and life history traits of different-sized animals suggests that different patterns of diversity may be caused by different capabilities to deal with environmental stress in the 2 size classes. In contrast to meiofauna, adaptations of macrofauna may have evolved to allow them to maintain their physiological homeostasis in a variety of hydrothermal vent habitats and exploit this food-rich deep-sea environment in high abundances. The habitat fidelity patterns also differed: macrofaunal species occurred primarily at vents and were generally restricted to this habitat, but meiofaunal species were distributed more evenly across proximate and distant basalt habitats and were thus not restricted to vent habitats. Over evolutionary time scales these contrasting patterns are likely driven by distinct reproduction strategies and food demands inherent to fauna of different sizes.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps11078},
	author = {Gollner, Sabine and Govenar, Breea and Fisher, Charles R and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {ISI:000354588900002,
	title = {{Sources of organic carbon for Rimicaris hybisae: Tracing individual fatty acids at two hydrothermal vent fields in the Mid-Cayman rise}},
	journal = {DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {13{\textendash}20},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vents harbor ecosystems mostly decoupled from organic carbon synthesized with the energy of sunlight (photosynthetic carbon source) but fueled instead by oxidation of reduced compounds to generate a chemosynthetic carbon source. Our study aimed to disentangle photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organic carbon sources for the shrimp species Rimicaris hybisae, a primary consumer presumed to obtain its organic carbon mainly from ectosymbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria living on its gill cover membrane. To provide ectosymbionts with ideal conditions for chemosynthesis, these shrimp live in dense clusters around vent chimneys; they are, however, also found sparsely distributed adjacent to diffuse vent flows, where they might depend on alternative food sources. Densely and sparsely distributed shrimp were sampled and dissected into abdominal tissue and gill cover membrane, covered with ectosymbiotic bacteria, at two hydrothermal vent fields in the Mid-Cayman rise that differ in vent chemistry. Fatty acids (FA) were extracted from shrimp tissues and their carbon isotopic compositions assessed. The FA data indicate that adult R. hybisae predominantly rely on bacteria for their organic carbon needs. Their FA composition is dominated by common bacterial FA of the n7 family (similar to 41{\%}). Bacterial FA of the n4 FA family are also abundant and found to constitute good biomarkers for gill ectosymbionts. Sparsely distributed shrimp contain fractions of n4 FA in gill cover membranes similar to 4{\%} lower than densely packed ones (similar to 18{\%}) and much higher fractions of photosynthetic FA in abdominal tissues, similar to 4{\%} more (compared with 1.6{\%}), suggesting replacement of ectosymbionts along with exoskeletons (molt), while they take up alternative diets of partly photosynthetic organic carbon. Abdominal tissues also contain photosynthetic FA from a second source taken up presumably during an early dispersal phase and still present to c. 3{\%} in adult shrimp. The contribution of photosynthetic carbon to the FA pool of adult R. hybisae is, however, overall small (max. 8{\%}). Significant differences in carbon isotopic values of chemosynthetically derived FA between vent fields suggest that different dominant C fixation pathways are being used. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.02.003},
	author = {Streit, Kathrin and Bennett, Sarah A and Van Dover, Cindy L and Coleman, Max}
}
@article {Larson2015,
	title = {{Stealth export of hydrogen and methane from a low temperature serpentinization system}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {233{\textendash}245},
	abstract = {Chemical input to the deep sea from hydrothermal systems is a globally distributed phenomenon. Hydrothermal discharge is one of the primary mechanisms by which the Earth{\textquoteright}s interior processes manifest themselves at the Earth{\textquoteright}s surface, and it provides a source of energy for autotrophic processes by microbes that are too deep to capitalize on sunlight. Much is known about the water-column signature of this discharge from high-temperature mid-ocean Ridge (MOR) environments and their neighboring low-temperature counterparts. Hydrothermal discharge farther away from the ridge, however, has garnered less attention, owing in part to the difficulty in finding this style of venting, which eludes methods of detection that work well for high-temperature {\textquoteleft}black smoker{\textquoteright}-type venting. Here we present a case study of the plume from one such {\textquoteleft}invisible{\textquoteright} off-axis environment, The Lost City, with an emphasis on the dissolved volatile content of the hydrothermal plume. Serpentinization and abiotic organic synthesis generate significant concentrations of H2 and CH4 in vent fluid, but these species are unevenly transported to the overlying plume, which itself appears to be a composite of two different sources. A concentrated vent cluster on the talus slope channels fluid through at least eight chimneys, producing a water-column plume with the highest observed concentrations of CH4 in the field. In contrast, a saddle in the topography leading up to a carbonate cap hosts broadly distributed, nearly invisible venting apparent only in its water-column signals of redox potential and dissolved gas content, including the highest observed plume H2. After normalizing H2 and CH4 to the 3He background-corrected anomaly (3He$Δ$) to account for mixing and relative amount of mantle input, it appears that, while a minimum of 60{\%} of CH4 is transported out of the system, greater than 90{\%} of the H2 is consumed in the subsurface prior to venting. The exception to this pattern occurs in the plume originating from the area dubbed Chaff Beach, in which somewhat more than 10{\%} of the original H2 remains, indicating that this otherwise unremarkable plume, and others like it, may represent a significant source of H2 to the deep sea.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.007},
	author = {Larson, B I and Lang, S Q and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J and Lupton, J E and Nakamura, K and Buck, N J}
}
@article {Parnell-Turner2014,
	title = {{Sedimentation rates test models of oceanic detachment faulting}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {41},
	number = {20},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {7080{\textendash}7088},
	abstract = {Long-lived detachment faults play an important role in the construction of new oceanic crust at slow-spreading mid-oceanic ridges. Although the corrugated surfaces of exposed low-angle faults demonstrate past slip, it is difficult to determine whether a given fault is currently active. If inactive, it is unclear when slip ceased. This judgment is crucial for tectonic reconstructions where detachment faults are present, and for models of plate spreading. We quantify variation in sediment thickness over two corrugated surfaces near 16.5{\textdegree}N at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge using near-bottom Compressed High Intensity Radar Pulse (CHIRP) data. We show that the distribution of sediment and tectonic features at one detachment fault is consistent with slip occurring today. In contrast, another corrugated surface 20 km to the south shows a sediment distribution suggesting that slip ceased {\~{}}150,000 years ago. Data presented here provide new evidence for active detachment faulting, and suggest along-axis variations in fault activity occur over tens of kilometers.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL061555},
	author = {Parnell-Turner, R and Cann, J R and Smith, D K and Schouten, H and Yoerger, D R and Palmiotto, C and Zheleznov, A and Bai, H}
}
@article {ISI:000345703500011,
	title = {{Seven-year enrichment: macrofaunal succession in deep-sea sediments around a 30 tonne whale fall in the Northeast Pacific}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {515},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133{\textendash}149},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Whale falls cause massive organic and sulfide enrichment of underlying sediments, yielding energy-rich conditions in oligotrophic deep-sea ecosystems. While the fauna colonizing whale skeletons has received substantial study, sediment macrofaunal community response to the geochemical impacts of deep-sea whale falls remains poorly evaluated. We present a 7 yr case study of geochemical impacts, macrofaunal community succession, and chemoautotrophic community persistence in sediments around a 30 t gray-whale carcass implanted at 1675 m in the well-oxygenated Santa Cruz Basin on the California margin. The whale fall yielded intense, patchy organic-carbon enrichment ({\textgreater}15{\%} organic carbon) and pore-water sulfide enhancement ({\textgreater}5 mM) in nearby sediments for 6 to 7 yr, supporting a dense assemblage of enrichment opportunists and chemosymbiotic vesicomyid clams. Faunal succession in the whale-fall sediments resembled the scavenger-opportunist-sulfophile sequence previously described for epifaunal communities on sunken whale skeletons. The intense response of enrichment opportunists functionally resembles responses to organic loading in shallow-water ecosystems, such as at sewer outfalls and fish farms. Of 100 macrofaunal species in the whale-fall sediments, 10 abundant species were unique to whale falls; 6 species were shared with cold seeps, 5 with hydrothermal vents, and 12 with nearby kelp and wood falls. Thus, whale-fall sediments may provide dispersal stepping stones for some generalized reducing-habitat species but also support distinct macrofaunal assemblages and contribute significantly to beta diversity in deep-sea ecosystems.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10955},
	author = {Smith, Craig R and Bernardino, Angelo F and Baco, Amy and Hannides, Angelos and Altamira, Iris}
}
@article {ISI:000341616500008,
	title = {{Spatial patterns of Aquificales in deep-sea vents along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (SW Pacific)}},
	journal = {SYSTEMATIC AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {37},
	number = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {442{\textendash}448},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The microbial diversity associated with actively venting deep-sea hydrothermal deposits is tightly connected to the geochemistry of the hydrothermal fluids. Although the dominant members of these deposits drive the structure of the microbial communities, it is less well understood whether the lower abundance groups are as closely connected to the geochemical milieu, or driven perhaps by biotic factors such as microbial community interactions. We used the natural geochemical gradients that exist in the back-arc basin, Eastern Lau Spreading Center and Valu-Fa Ridge (ELSC/VFR) in the Southwestern Pacific, to explore whether the chemolithotrophic Aquificales are influenced by geographical location, host-rock of the vent field or deposit type. Using a combination of cloning, DNA fingerprinting (DGGE) and enrichment culturing approaches, all genera of this order previously described at marine vents were detected, i.e., Desulfurobacterium, Thermovibrio,Aquilex, Hydrogenivirga, Persephonella and Hydrogenothermus. The comparison between clone libraries and DGGE showed similar patterns of distribution of different Aquificales whereas results differed for the enrichment cultures that were retrieved. However, the use of cultivation-based and -independent methods did provide complementary phylogenetic diversity overview of the Aquificales in these systems. Together, this survey revealed that the ELSC/VFR contains some of the largest diversity of Aquificales ever reported at a deep-sea vent area, that the diversity patterns are tied to the geography and geochemistry of the system, and that this geochemical diverse back-arc basin may harbor new members of the Aquificales. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2014.04.002},
	author = {Ferrera, Isabel and Banta, Amy B and Reysenbach, Anna-Louise}
}
@article {ISI:000332225300011,
	title = {{Spatial patterns of tissue stable isotope contents give insight into the nutritional sources for seep communities on the Gulf of Mexico lower slope}},
	journal = {MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES},
	volume = {498},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133{\textendash}U481},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In this study, we present the first thorough trophic characterization of cold seep macrofaunal communities on the Gulf of Mexico lower continental slope ({\textgreater} 1000 m depth). We analyzed tissue delta C-13, delta N-15, and delta S-34 of vestimentiferan tubeworms, bathymodiolin mussels, vesicomyid clams, and their associated macrofaunal communities from discrete collections made across the entire lower slope. Over half of macrofauna associated with mussels and about half associated with vestimentiferans had delta C-13 values below -45{\%}. We also observed high spatial variability in the delta C-13 values of entire local communities, and the delta C-13 of associated fauna were significantly correlated with the delta C-13 compositions of the symbiotic species from the same location. These data indicate widespread incorporation of methane-derived carbon in mussel and vestimentiferan communities. This finding was particularly surprising in communities associated with older vestimentiferans, given the low rates of seepage observed in similar communities on the upper slope. On average, delta N-13 values in mussels and their associates were significantly more depleted and more variable than vestimentiferans, clams, and their associates, and there was a significant linear relationship between tissue delta N-15 values of mussels and their associated communities. The tissue delta S-34 values in macrofauna associated with vestimentiferans were more variable and significantly more depleted than mussel associates (delta S-34 = -16.8 to + 19.1{\%} for vestimentiferan associates and delta S-34 = -3.1 to + 20.8{\%} for mussel associates), consistent with higher isotopic fractionation during sulfate reduction in vestimentiferan habitats and a potentially higher nutritional contribution of sulfide-derived organic sulfur in vestimentiferan communities.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps10598},
	author = {Becker, Erin L and Cordes, Erik E and Macko, Stephen A and Lee, Raymond W and Fisher, Charles R}
}
@article {ISI:000333189700012,
	title = {{Strain-level genomic variation in natural populations of Lebetimonas from an erupting deep-sea volcano}},
	journal = {ISME JOURNAL},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {867{\textendash}880},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Chemolithoautotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria are ubiquitous in sulfidic, oxygen-poor habitats, including hydrothermal vents, marine oxygen minimum zones, marine sediments and sulfidic caves and have a significant role in cycling carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur in these environments. The isolation of diverse strains of Epsilonproteobacteria and the sequencing of their genomes have revealed that this group has the metabolic potential to occupy a wide range of niches, particularly at dynamic deep-sea hydrothermal vents. We expand on this body of work by examining the population genomics of six strains of Lebetimonas, a vent-endemic, thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing Epsilonproteobacterium, from a single seamount in the Mariana Arc. Using Lebetimonas as a model for anaerobic, moderately thermophilic organisms in the warm, anoxic subseafloor environment, we show that genomic content is highly conserved and that recombination is limited between closely related strains. The Lebetimonas genomes are shaped by mobile genetic elements and gene loss as well as the acquisition of novel functional genes by horizontal gene transfer, which provide the potential for adaptation and microbial speciation in the deep sea. In addition, these Lebetimonas genomes contain two operons of nitrogenase genes with different evolutionary origins. Lebetimonas expressed nifH during growth with nitrogen gas as the sole nitrogen source, thus providing the first evidence of nitrogen fixation in any Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. In this study, we provide a comparative overview of the genomic potential within the Nautiliaceae as well as among more distantly related hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria to broaden our understanding of microbial adaptation and diversity in the deep sea.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.206},
	author = {Meyer, Julie L and Huber, Julie A}
}
@article {Thresher2014,
	title = {{Strong Depth-Related Zonation of Megabenthos on a Rocky Continental Margin ( similar to 700-4000 m) off Southern Tasmania, Australia: e85872}},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.},
	address = {United Kingdom},
	abstract = {Assemblages of megabenthos are structured in seven depth-related zones between {\~{}}700 and 4000 m on the rocky and topographically complex continental margin south of Tasmania, southeastern Australia. These patterns emerge from analysis of imagery and specimen collections taken from a suite of surveys using photographic and in situ sampling by epibenthic sleds, towed video cameras, an autonomous underwater vehicle and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Seamount peaks in shallow zones had relatively low biomass and low diversity assemblages, which may be in part natural and in part due to effects of bottom trawl fishing. Species richness was highest at intermediate depths (1000-1300 m) as a result of an extensive coral reef community based on the bioherm-forming scleractinian Solenosmilia variabilis. However, megabenthos abundance peaked in a deeper, low diversity assemblage at 2000-2500 m. The S. variabilis reef and the deep biomass zone were separated by an extensive dead, sub-fossil S. variabilis reef and a relatively low biomass stratum on volcanic rock roughly coincident with the oxygen minimum layer. Below 2400 m, megabenthos was increasingly sparse, though punctuated by occasional small pockets of relatively high diversity and biomass. Nonetheless, megabenthic organisms were observed in the vast majority of photographs on all seabed habitats and to the maximum depths observed - a sandy plain below 3950 m. Taxonomic studies in progress suggest that the observed depth zonation is based in part on changing species mixes with depth, but also an underlying commonality to much of the seamount and rocky substrate biota across all depths. Although the mechanisms supporting the extraordinarily high biomass in 2000-2500 m depths remains obscure, plausible explanations include equatorwards lateral transport of polar production and/or a response to depth-stratified oxygen availability.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0085872},
	url = {http://norton.whoi.edu/sfx{\_}local?url{\_}ver=Z39.88-2004{\&}rft{\_}val{\_}fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal{\&}genre=article{\&}sid=ProQ:ProQ{\%}253Apqdibs{\&}atitle=Strong+Depth-Related+Zonation+of+Megabenthos+on+a+Rocky+Continental+Margin+{\%}2528+similar+to},
	author = {Thresher, R and Althaus, F and Adkins, J and Gowlett-Holmes, K and Alderslade, Phil and Dowdney, Jo and Cho, W and Gagnon, A and Staples, D and McEnnulty, F}
}
@article {ISI:000339334700007,
	title = {{Symbiont-driven sulfur crystal formation in a thiotrophic symbiosis from deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps}},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4, SI},
	year = {2014},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {364{\textendash}372},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The siboglinid tubeworm Sclerolinum contortum symbiosis inhabits sulfidic sediments at deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. A single symbiont phylotype in the symbiont-housing organ is inferred from phylogenetic analyses of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) gene and fluorescent in situ hybridization. The phylotype we studied here, and a previous study from an arctic hydrocarbon seep population, reveal identical 16S rRNA symbiont gene sequences. While sulfide is apparently the energy source for the symbionts (and ultimately the gutless host), both partners also have to cope with its toxicity. This study demonstrates abundant large sulfur crystals restricted to the trophosome area. Based on Raman microspectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, these crystals have the same S8 sulfur configuration as the recently described small sulfur vesicles formed in the symbionts. The crystals reside adjacent to the symbionts in the trophosome. This suggests that their formation is either extra-or intracellular in symbionts. We propose that formation of these crystals provides both energy-storage compounds for the symbionts and serves the symbiosis by removing excess toxic sulfide from host tissues. This symbiont-mediated sulfide detoxification may have been crucial for the establishment of thiotrophic symbiosis and continues to remain an important function of the symbionts.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1758-2229},
	doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12149},
	author = {Eichinger, Irmgard and Schmitz-Esser, Stephan and Schmid, Markus and Fisher, Charles R and Bright, Monika}
}
@article {Waters2013,
	title = {{Sill to surface: Linking young off-axis volcanism with subsurface melt at the overlapping spreading center at 9{\textdegree}03'N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {369{\textendash}370},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {59{\textendash}70},
	abstract = {No young, off-axis, mid-ocean ridge lavas have yet been directly linked to underlying off-axis melt bodies. In this study, we present new measurements of 238U{\textendash}230Th{\textendash}226Ra{\textendash}210Pb isotope compositions for a suite of lavas from the overlapping spreading center (OSC) at 9{\textdegree}03'N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR). These lavas span a large range of compositions, from basalt to dacite, and include both axial and off-axis samples recovered from a prominent, axis-parallel pillow ridge and a flat-topped seamount that overlie the westernmost extent of a 4-km-wide melt lens (Kent et al., 2000). We report 210Pb excesses in axial basalts and basaltic andesites, which we suggest results from gas-magma fractionation of 222Rn from 226Ra beneath dacite magmas. In addition, our U-series ages agree with visual observations, indicating that while most recent volcanic activity occurs at the spreading axis, active volcanism also occurs away from the axis. Specifically, the off-axis pillow ridge and seamount samples overlying the off-axis subsurface melt body have eruption ages of less than 8~ka, and likely as young as 1~ka, despite being located on crust that has a spreading age of {\~{}}75~ka. The young ages of these lavas, combined with existing geological, geochemical and geophysical constraints, provide evidence for a genetic link between the pillow ridge and seamount lavas and the seismically imaged, underlying off-axis melt lens. This link demonstrates that off-axis volcanism does not necessarily come from a sub-axial magma body and can be sourced directly from off-axis magma bodies.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.03.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13001209},
	author = {Waters, C L and Sims, K W W and Klein, E M and White, S M and Reagan, M K and Girard, G}
}
@article {Jamieson2013,
	title = {{Sulfide geochronology along the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2084{\textendash}2099},
	abstract = {Forty-nine hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate rock samples from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeastern Pacific Ocean, were dated by measuring the decay of 226Ra (half-life of 1600 years) in hydrothermal barite to provide a history of hydrothermal venting at the site over the past 6000 years. This dating method is effective for samples ranging in age from \~{}200 to 20,000 years old and effectively bridges an age gap between shorter- and longer-lived U-series dating techniques for hydrothermal deposits. Results show that hydrothermal venting at the active High Rise, Sasquatch, and Main Endeavour fields began at least 850, 1450, and 2300 years ago, respectively. Barite ages of other inactive deposits on the axial valley floor are between \~{}1200 and \~{}2200 years old, indicating past widespread hydrothermal venting outside of the currently active vent fields. Samples from the half-graben on the eastern slope of the axial valley range in age from \~{}1700 to \~{}2925 years, and a single sample from outside the axial valley, near the westernmost valley fault scarp is \~{}5850 {\textpm} 205 years old. The spatial relationship between hydrothermal venting and normal faulting suggests a temporal relationship, with progressive younging of sulfide deposits from the edges of the axial valley toward the center of the rift. These relationships are consistent with the inward migration of normal faulting toward the center of the valley over time and a minimum age of onset of hydrothermal activity in this region of 5850 years.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20133},
	author = {Jamieson, J W and Hannington, M D and Clague, D A and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Holden, J F and Tivey, M K and Kimpe, L E}
}
@article {ISI:000326614000008,
	title = {{Sulfide oxidation, nitrate respiration, carbon acquisition, and electron transport pathways suggested by the draft genome of a single orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa (Cand. Maribeggiatoa) sp filament}},
	journal = {MARINE GENOMICS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {53{\textendash}65},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A near-complete draft genome has been obtained for a single vacuolated orange Beggiatoa (Cand. Maribeggiatoa) filament from a Guaymas Basin seafloor microbial mat, the third relatively complete sequence for the Beggiatoaceae. Possible pathways for sulfide oxidation; nitrate respiration; inorganic carbon fixation by both Type II RuBisCO and the reductive tricarboxylic add cycle; acetate and possibly formate uptake; and energy-generating electron transport via both oxidative phosphorylation and the Rnf complex are discussed here. A role in nitrite reduction is suggested for an abundant orange cytochrome produced by the Guaymas strain; this has a possible homolog in Beggiatoa (Cand. Isobeggiatoa) sp. PS, isolated from marine harbor sediment, but not Beggiatoa alba B18LD, isolated from a freshwater rice field ditch. Inferred phylogenies for the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and the reductive (rTCA) and oxidative (TCA) tricarboxylic acid cycles suggest that genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase and enzymes for carboxylation and/or decarboxylation steps (including RuBisCO) may have been introduced to (or exported from) one or more of the three genomes by horizontal transfer, sometimes by different routes. Sequences from the two marine strains are generally more similar to each other than to sequences from the freshwater strain, except in the case of RuBisCO: only the Guaymas strain encodes a Type H enzyme, which (where studied) discriminates less against oxygen than do Type I RuBisCOs. Genes subject to horizontal transfer may represent key steps for adaptation to factors such as oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration, organic carbon availability, and environmental variability. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1874-7787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margen2013.08.001},
	author = {MacGregor, Barbara J and Biddle, Jennifer F and Harbort, Christopher and Matthysse, Ann G and Teske, Andreas}
}
@article {ISI:000326247700007,
	title = {{Surficial permeability of the axial valley seafloor: Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {9},
	year = {2013},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {3409{\textendash}3424},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean spreading centers play a fundamental role in Earth{\textquoteright}s geothermal budget. One underexamined facet of marine hydrothermal systems is the role that permeability of the uppermost seafloor veneer plays in the distribution of hydrothermal fluid. As both the initial and final vertical gateway for subsurface fluid circulation, uppermost seafloor permeability may influence the local spatial distribution of hydrothermal flow. A method of deriving a photomosaic from seafloor video was developed and utilized to estimate relative surface permeability in an active hydrothermal area on the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The mosaic resolves seafloor geology of the axial valley seafloor at submeter resolution over an area greater than 1 km(2). Results indicate that the valley walls and basal talus slope are topographically rugged and unsedimented, providing minimal resistance to fluid transmission. Elsewhere, the axial valley floor is capped by an unbroken blanket of low-permeability sediment, resisting fluid exchange with the subsurface reservoir. Active fluid emission sites were restricted to the high-permeability zone at the base of the western wall. A series of inactive fossil hydrothermal structures form a linear trend along the western bounding wall, oriented orthogonal to the spreading axis. High-temperature vent locations appear to have migrated over 100 m along-ridge-strike over the decade between surveys. While initially an expression of subsurface faulting, this spatial pattern suggests that increases in seafloor permeability from sedimentation may be at least a secondary contributing factor in regulating fluid flow across the seafloor interface.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20209},
	author = {Hearn, Casey K and Homola, Kira L and Johnson, H Paul}
}
@article {Kinsey2013,
	title = {{Sustained volcanically-hosted venting at ultraslow ridges: Piccard Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Cayman Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {380},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {162{\textendash}168},
	abstract = {At slow spreading mid-ocean ridges sustained submarine venting and the deposition of large seafloor massive sulfide deposits have previously been ascribed to tectonically-controlled hydrothermal circulation unrelated to young volcanic activity. Here, by contrast, we show that the Piccard Hydrothermal Field (PHF), on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise, represents a site of sustained fluid flow and sulfide formation hosted in a neovolcanic setting. The lateral extent and apparent longevity associated with the PHF are comparable to some of the largest tectonically-hosted vent sites known along the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge. If such systems recur along all ultraslow ridges, which comprise \~{}20{\%} of the \~{}55,000 km global ridge crest, potential implications would include (i) a higher probability of locating large, economically valuable, mineral deposits along ultraslow ridges together with (ii) larger fluxes than previously anticipated of chemicals released from high-temperature venting entering the oceans along the Atlantic{\textendash}Indian Ocean sectors of the deep-ocean thermohaline conveyor.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13004214},
	author = {Kinsey, J C and German, C R}
}
@conference {Kaiser2012,
	title = {{Satellite based remote management and operation of a 6000m AUV}},
	booktitle = {Oceans, 2012},
	volume = {Hampton Ro},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {During a July, 2012 expedition to the Hatteras Transverse Canyon, Blake Ridge, and Cape Fear Diapir, the AUV Sentry, aboard the NOAA Ship Okeanos, conducted experiments into remote operation of an AUV via satellite link. Remote launch, remote engineering, remote data processing and remote watch standing were all explored with varying degrees of success. Remote engineering and troubleshooting was found to be exceptionally promising and worthy of further effort. Remote data processing was a valuable addition for a telepresence enabled cruise where a substantial component of the science team was on shore. Remore watch standing and remote launch were both found to be viable though requiring improvement. Technology infrastructure is discussed along with successes, difficulties, and recommendations for future improvement.},
	keywords = {AUV Sentry (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2012.6404900},
	author = {Kaiser, C L and Kinsey, J C and Pinner, W and Yoerger, D R and German, C R and Van Dover, C L}
}
@article {Voight2012,
	title = {{Scientific Gear as a Vector for Non-Native Species at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {938{\textendash}942},
	abstract = {The fauna of deep-sea hydrothermal vents are among the most isolated and inaccessible biological communities on Earth. Most vent sites can only be visited by subsea vehicles, which can and do move freely among these communities. Researchers assume individuals of the regionally homogeneous vent fauna are killed by the change in hydrostatic pressure the animals experience when the subsea vehicles, which collected them, rise to the surface. After an Alvin dive, we found 38 apparently healthy individuals of a vent limpet in a sample from a hydrothermally inactive area. Prompted by our identification of these specimens as Lepetodrilus gordensis, a species restricted to vents 635 km to the south of our dive site, we tested whether they were from a novel population or were contaminants from the dive made 36 h earlier. The 16S gene sequences, morphology, sex ratio, bacterial colonies, and stable isotopes uniformly indicated the specimens came from the previous dive. We cleaned the sampler, but assumed pressure changes would kill any organisms we did not remove and that the faunas of the 2 areas were nearly identical and disease-free. Our failure to completely clean the gear on the subsea vehicle meant we could have introduced the species and any diseases it carried to a novel location. Our findings suggest that the nearly inaccessible biological communities at deep-sea vents may be vulnerable to anthropogenic alteration, despite their extreme physical conditions.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0888-8892},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01864.x},
	author = {Voight, J R and Lee, R W and Reft, A J and Bates, A E}
}
@article {Chadwick2012,
	title = {{Seafloor deformation and forecasts of the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {474{\textendash}477},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Axial Seamount is an active submarine volcano located at the intersection between the Cobb hotspot and the Juan de Fuca spreading centre in the northeast Pacific Ocean1, 2. The volcano has been closely monitored since it erupted in 1998 (refs~3, 4). Since then, Axial Seamount seemed to exhibit a similar inflation{\textendash}deflation cycle to basaltic volcanoes on land and, on that basis, was expected to erupt again sometime before 2014 or 2020 (refs~5, 6). In April 2011 Axial Seamount erupted. Here we report continuous measurements of ocean bottom pressure that document the deflation{\textendash}inflation cycle of Axial Seamount between 1998 and 2011. We find that the volcano inflation rate, caused by the intrusion of magma, gradually increased in the months leading up to the 2011 eruption. Sudden uplift occurred 40{\textendash}55 min before the eruption onset, which we interpret as a precursor event. Based on our measurements of ground deformation through the entire eruption cycle at Axial Seamount, we suggest that another eruption could occur as early as 2018. We propose that the long-term eruptive cycle of Axial Seamount could be more predictable compared with its subaerial counterparts because the volcano receives a relatively steady supply of magma through the Cobb hotspot and because it is located on thin oceanic crust at a spreading plate boundary.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1464},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Butterfield, D A and Lilley, M D}
}
@article {Dziak2012,
	title = {{Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {478{\textendash}482},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	abstract = {Volcanoes at spreading centres on land often exhibit seismicity and ground inflation months to years before an eruption, caused by a gradual influx of magma to the source reservoir1, 2, 3, 4. Deflation and seismicity can occur on time scales of hours to days, and result from the injection of magma into adjacent rift zones5, 6, 7, 8. Volcanoes at submarine rift zones, such as Axial Seamount in the northeast Pacific Ocean, have exhibited similar behaviour9, 10, 11, 12, but a direct link between seismicity, seafloor deformation and magma intrusion has never been demonstrated. Here we present recordings from ocean-bottom hydrophones and an established array of bottom-pressure recorders that reveal patterns of both microearthquakes and seafloor deformation at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, before it erupted in April 2011. Our observations show that the rate of seismicity increased steadily during a period of several years, leading up to an intrusion and eruption of magma that began on 6 April 2011. We also detected a sudden increase in seismo-acoustic energy about 2.6 h before the eruption began. Our data indicate that access to real-time seismic data, projected to be available in the near future, might facilitate short-term forecasting and provide sufficient lead-time to prepare in situ instrumentation before future intrusion and eruption events.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1490},
	author = {Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Chadwick, W W and Nooner, S L and Fowler, M J and Matsumoto, H and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Schimak2012,
	title = {{Simultaneous 16S and 18S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on LR White sections demonstrated in Vestimentifera (Siboglinidae) tubeworms}},
	journal = {Acta Histochemica},
	volume = {114},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {122{\textendash}130},
	abstract = {Traditional morphological identification of invertebrate marine species is limited in early life history stages for many taxa. In this study, we demonstrate, by example of Vestimentiferan tubeworms (Siboglinidae, Polychaeta), that the simultaneous fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of both eukaryotic host and bacterial symbiont cells is possible on a single semi-thin (1~$μ$m) section. This allows the identification of host specimens to species level as well as offering visualization of bacteria distributed within the host tissue. Previously published 18S rRNA host-specific oligonucleotide probes for Riftia pachyptila, Tevnia jerichonana and a newly designed Oasisia alvinae probe, as well as a 16S rRNA probe targeting symbionts found in all host species, were applied. A number of standard fixation and hybridization parameters were tested and optimized for the best possible signal intensity and cellular resolution. Ethanol conserved samples embedded in LR White low viscosity resin yielded the best results with regard to both signal intensity and resolution. We show that extended storage times of specimens does not affect the quality of signals attained by FISH and use our protocol to identify morphologically unidentifiable tubeworm individuals from a small data set, conforming to previous findings in succession studies of the Siboglinidae family.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0065-1281},
	doi = {10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.008},
	author = {Schimak, M P and Toenshoff, E R and Bright, M}
}
@article {Robert2012,
	title = {{Small-scale thermal responses of hydrothermal vent polynoid polychaetes: Preliminary in situ experiments and methodological development}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {420-421},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {69{\textendash}76},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal vent systems represent a unique marine environment where high spatial variability allows the study of habitat selection with respect to small-scale temperature gradients. An autonomous time-lapse camera with a temperature logger array was deployed on four occasions to examine the thermal responses of two vent endemic polynoid polychaete taxa: Branchinotogluma sp. and Lepidonotopodium piscesae. Over a total deployment time of 52~h, we collected over 3,400 frames, in which 1,700 individuals were observed and monitored. Automated image processing and particle tracking routines were used to quickly process the imagery acquired in situ. Kriging interpolation was employed to create temperature maps (2.5{\textendash}67~{\textdegree}C) of the field of view within which individual polynoids were tracked over time. Using the individual trajectories, we examined whether organisms selected for a narrower range of temperature than available in the environment and whether past information regarding the temperature encountered influenced subsequent movement decisions. A two state hidden Markov model was applied to predict behaviour based on movement patterns and examine whether areas characterized by different movement patterns differed in temperature. We found polynoids to be active over a wide range of temperatures and areas where different movement patterns were observed did not differ in temperature. Within their tolerated range of temperature, polynoids appear to thermoconform to the highly spatially variable thermal environment. Based on these preliminary deployments, we make suggestions for future studies over broader thermal regimes and longer time scales.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.019},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.019},
	author = {Robert, K and Onthank, K L and Juniper, S K and Lee, R W}
}
@article {Gaudron2012,
	title = {{Spatial And Temporal Variations In Food Web Structure From Newly-Opened Habitat At Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Marine Environmental Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {129{\textendash}140},
	abstract = {To highlight the spatio-temporal variability of the food web structure of hydrothermal vent fauna from newly-opened habitat, a series of Titanium Ring for Alvinellid Colonization devices (TRACs) was deployed at TICA site on the East Pacific Rise in 2006. This experiment was conducted for periods of 4 days, 13 days and one month and deployments were aligned along a gradient from the basaltic bottom to the vent openings. $δ$13C values of colonists revealed a narrower range of carbon sources in proximity to vent openings in Alvinella pompejana habitat than in Tevnia jerichonana habitat, separated by a distance of four meters. This was possibly due to a spatial change in available food sources with a possible higher contribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to the siboglinid habitat compared to a higher contribution of microbial primary producers such as Epsilonproteobacteria in the alvinellid habitat. Temporal variability was also observed during experimentation in the form of a shift in either $δ$13C and/or $δ$15N values for A. pompejana, Lepetodrilus elevatus, dirivultid copepods and polynoid polychaetes within a one-month window showing first of all, fast tissues turnover and secondly, a possible switch in feeding strategy or food sources. Lepidonotopodium riftense and Branchinotogluma sandersi may have to alternate between detritivorous and predatory feeding strategies. In addition, through the analysis of stable isotope composition of A.~pompejana and its episymbionts, we provided evidence that these attached bacteria formed part of the worms{\textquoteright} diet during the course of these colonization experiments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0141-1136},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.005},
	author = {Gaudron, S M and Lefebvre, S and Jorge, A N and Gaill, F and Pradillon, F}
}
@article {McKay2012,
	title = {{Spatial heterogeneity and underlying geochemistry of phylogenetically diverse orange and white Beggiatoa mats in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21{\textendash}31},
	abstract = {Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Beggiatoa are found in conspicuous, colorful mats on the seafloor above active hydrothermal seeps at Guaymas Basin. Guaymas Beggiatoa filaments fall into discrete size classes representing at least five separate 16S rRNA phylotypes, and appear either white, yellow, or orange. During two R/V Atlantis cruises to Guaymas Basin, 78 temperature profiles were taken near and within 15 different orange and white Beggiatoa mats by the Alvin submersible to investigate spatial relationships between mat color and hydrothermal fluid seeps, as indicated by elevated temperatures. The surface temperatures from 78 profiles are similar to each other (on average 8{\textendash}12~{\textdegree}C, warmer than bare sediments at 3{\textendash}4~{\textdegree}C), indicating that Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa spp., although relying on the hydrothermal system for energy and carbon sources, live within a relatively cool temperature range. Temperatures from 40~cm below orange Beggiatoa versus white Beggiatoa are the same, at 84~{\textdegree}C averaged across all mat systems. However, within a single mat system, temperatures are higher beneath the predominantly orange center of the mat than beneath the white mat periphery. Push core transects across the orange-to-white color change of three Beggiatoa mats showed stronger upward compression of isotherms and metabolic zones beneath the orange mat center than beneath white mat periphery. Hydrothermal temperature gradients push the microbial processes generating carbon and energy sources for Beggiatoa mats towards the sediment surface. The resulting steep gradients of hydrothermal electron donors and carbon sources to the sediment surface, rather than the in situ temperature by itself, control the relative positioning of orange and white filaments within a Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa mat. Given the wide spectrum of temperature and hydrothermal flux regimes between different mats, the orange/white pattern represents a relative preference or even a competitive balance among different Beggiatoa types that establishes itself within each hydrothermal hot spot.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.04.011},
	author = {McKay, L J and MacGregor, B J and Biddle, J F and Albert, D B and Mendlovitz, H P and Hoer, D R and Lipp, J S and Lloyd, K G and Teske, A P}
}
@article {ISI:000307406000002,
	title = {{Squat lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Galatheoidea and Chirostyloidea) collected during the TALUD XIV cruise in the Gulf of California, Mexico, and rediscovery of Gastroptychus perarmatus (Haig, 1968) in the eastern Pacific}},
	journal = {ZOOTAXA},
	number = {3418},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {28{\textendash}40},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Seven species of squat lobsters were collected during the TALUD XIV cruise in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Gastroptychus perarmatus (Haig, 1968) was collected for the second time since it was described and represents a first record of the genus in the tropical eastern Pacific. Its association with gorgonians is also noted from color pictures taken during a deep-water dive in another cruise in the area. Janetogalathea californiensis (Benedict, 1902) was captured in four sampling stations, in the same area where it has been previously reported. Three species of Munida Leach, 1820 were collected (M. bapensis Hendrickx, 2000, M. mexicana Benedict, 1902, and M. tenella Benedict, 1902). Records of M. bapensis of this cruise combined with additional captures of this species in 2007 in the same area indicate that it is the most abundant deep-water species of squat lobster in the northern part of the central Gulf of California. Among the species of Munida, M. tenella was second in abundance and included specimens much larger than previously known. The single record for M. mexicana fits within the currently known depth and geographical ranges. Only one species of Munidopsis Whiteaves, 1874 (M. depressa Faxon, 1892) was collected, in one of the deeper sampling stations visited during the cruise and its northernmost distribution limit within the Gulf of California is increased by ca two degrees of latitude. The seventh species collected during this survey, Pleuroncodes planipes Stimpson, 1860, is a common inhabitant of the California Current and the Gulf of California.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	author = {Hendrickx, Michel E}
}
@article {Chadwick2012a,
	title = {{Submarine landslide triggered by volcanic eruption recorded by in situ hydrophone}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {51{\textendash}54},
	publisher = {GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC},
	address = {BOULDER; PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA},
	abstract = {NW Rota-1 is a submarine volcano in the Mariana volcanic arc that is notable as the site where underwater explosive eruptions were first witnessed in A.D. 2004. After years of continuous low-level eruptive activity, a major landslide occurred at NW Rota-1 in August 2009, triggered by an unusually large eruption that produced 10 times the acoustic energy of the background level of activity. An anomalous earthquake swarm preceded the eruption, suggesting that the sequence started with a magmatic intrusion and associated faulting beneath the volcano. We quantify the size and extent of the landslide using bathymetric resurveys and interpret the timing of events using data from an in situ hydrophone. This is the first instrumental documentation of an earthquake-eruption-landslide sequence at a submarine volcano, and illustrates the close interaction between magmatic activity and mass wasting events in the growth of undersea arc volcanoes.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G32495.1},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Dziak, R P and Haxel, J H and Embley, R W and Matsumoto, H}
}
@article {ISI:000299990700001,
	title = {{Subseafloor nitrogen transformations in diffuse hydrothermal vent fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge evidenced by the isotopic composition of nitrate and ammonium}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Little is known about dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) transformations in hydrothermal vent (HV) fluids. Here, we present the first isotopic measurements of nitrate (delta N-15 and delta O-18) and ammonium (delta N-15) from three HV fields on the Juan de Fuca ridge (NE-Pacific). The dominant process that drives DIN concentration variations in low-T diffuse fluids is water mass mixing below the seafloor, with no effect on the DIN isotope ratios. Strong inter-site variations in the concentration and delta N-15 of NH4+ in high-T fluids suggest different subsurface nitrogen (N) sources (deep-sea nitrate versus organic sediments) for hydrothermally discharged ammonium. Low NH4+ community N isotope effects ({\textless}3 parts per thousand) for net NH4+ consumption suggest an important contribution from gross ammonium regeneration in low-T fluids. Elevation of HV nitrate N-15/N-14 and O-18/O-16 over deep-sea mean isotope values at some sites, concomitant with decreased nitrate concentrations, indicate assimilatory or dissimilatory nitrate consumption by bacteria in the subsurface, with relatively low community N isotope effects ((15)epsilon(k) {\textless} 3 parts per thousand). The low N isotope effects suggest that nitrate assimilation or denitrification occur in bacterial mats, and/or in situ production of low delta N-15 nitrate. A significantly stronger relative increase for nitrate delta O-18 than for delta N-15 was observed at many sites, resulting in marked deviations from the 1:1 relationship for nitrate delta N-15 versus delta O-18 that is expected for nitrate reduction in marine settings. Simple box-model calculation show that the observed un-coupling of N and O nitrate isotope ratios is consistent with nitrate regeneration by either nitrite reoxidation and/or partial nitrification of hydrothermal ammonium (possibly originating from N-2 fixation). Our isotope data confirm the role of subsurface microbial communities in modulating hydrothermal fluxes to the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003863},
	author = {Bourbonnais, Annie and Lehmann, Moritz F and Butterfield, David A and Juniper, S Kim}
}
@article {Pester2012,
	title = {{Subseafloor phase equilibria in high-temperature hydrothermal fluids of the Lucky Strike Seamount (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37{\textdegree}17{\textquoteright}N)}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {303{\textendash}322},
	abstract = {As part of an integrated study conducted at the Lucky Strike Seamount (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37{\textdegree}17'N) in 2008, gas-tight sampling devices were used to collect high-temperature (\~{}300~{\textdegree}C) hydrothermal fluids issuing from sulfide structures distributed throughout the vent field located in the summit depression. Compared with previous observations from 1993 to 1997, the most substantial changes in vent fluid compositions are dramatically increased CO2 concentrations (\~{}5{\texttimes}, up to 133~mmol/L) and the observation of vent fluids enriched in dissolved chloride relative to seawater. Combined with an increase in $δ$13CCO2$δ$13CCO2 values by \~{}4{\textperthousand} in 2008, the elevated CO2 indicates replenishment of the magmatic heat source and may be indicative of a recent magmatic event. The additional supporting fluid chemistry is, however, similar to that of the previous sampling intervals, necessitating a reassessment of the subseafloor controls on vent fluid chemistry at Lucky Strike in the context of recently obtained geophysical data that provides the depth/extent of a steady-state magma chamber. Two-phase behavior is indicated by the chloride variability in the vent fluids; and comparison with experimental data for the associated chloride-dependent partitioning of minor/trace elements suggests the possibility of a similar source fluid for all the vent structures, while limiting the likelihood of shallow phase separation and subseafloor mixing for the hydrothermal end-members. A recently calibrated Fe/Mn geothermometer indicates minimum subseafloor equilibration temperatures of 350{\textendash}385~{\textdegree}C. However, constraints imposed by dissolved Si/Cl in conjunction with geophysical observations are consistent with peak reaction conditions at temperatures of 430{\textendash}475~{\textdegree}C and pressures near the top of the axial magma chamber (\~{}410{\textendash}480~bars), where magmatic CO2 becomes entrained in the circulating fluids. The distance between the magma chamber and the seafloor at Lucky Strike is substantially greater than at most faster spreading ridges; and we propose the resulting increased residence time in the up-flow zone leads to the re-equilibration of temperature sensitive transition metals at conditions less extreme than those associated with peak reaction. Agreement between experimental data, thermodynamic model calculations, and dissolved concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, H2, and H2S in the Lucky Strike fluids reinforce the hypothesis of pH-redox equilibria for transition metals at relatively oxidizing conditions and temperatures predicted by the empirical Fe/Mn geothermometer. In-situ pH measurements of the high-temperature fluids exiting the seafloor are also consistent with the model calculations.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.05.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.05.018},
	author = {Pester, N J and Reeves, E P and Rough, M E and Ding, K and Seewald, J S and Seyfried, W E}
}
@article {Kellermann2012,
	title = {{Symbiont{\textendash}host relationships in chemosynthetic mussels: A comprehensive lipid biomarker study}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {112{\textendash}124},
	abstract = {Symbiosis with chemosynthetic microorganisms allows invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, such as mussels, snails and tubeworms, to gain nutrition independently of organic input from photosynthetic communities. Lipid biomarkers and their compound specific stable carbon isotopes ($δ$13C) have greatly aided the elucidation of chemosynthetic symbiosis. Due to recent methodological advances in liquid chromatography it is now possible to obtain a more holistic view of lipid biomarkers, including the analysis of intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs) and bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs). This study provides an extensive examination of polar and apolar lipids in combination with stable carbon isotope analysis of three Bathymodiolus mussels (Bathymodiolus childressi, Bathymodiolus cf. thermophilus, Bathymodiolus brooksi) hosting different types of bacterial symbiont (methane-oxidizing, sulfur-oxidizing and a dual symbiosis with methane- and sulfur-oxidizing symbionts, respectively). We propose that IPLs with C16:1 acyl side chains, and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) head groups, which were only detected in the gill tissue, can be used as symbiont-characteristic biomarkers. These putative symbiont-specific IPLs provide the opportunity to detect and quantify the methanotrophic and thiotrophic symbionts within the gill tissue. Additional characteristic markers for methanotrophic symbionts were found in B. childressi and B. brooksi, including the BHP derivatives aminotriol and aminotetrol, 4-methyl sterols and diagnostic fatty acids (FAs), such as C16:1${\o}mega$9, C16:1${\o}mega$8, and C18:1${\o}mega$8. In general, the $δ$13C values of FAs, alcohols and BHP-derived hopanols were in accordance with carbon assimilation pathways of the respective methanotrophic or thiotrophic symbionts in all three Bathymodiolus mussels. Differences in BHP distribution as well as $δ$13C values in the two mussels hosting a methanotrophic symbiont may indicate the presence of different methanotrophic symbionts and/or changes in the nutritional status. In all three mussel species the $δ$13C values of lipid biomarkers assigned to the symbionts were similar to those of the hosts, indicating the importance of the bacterial symbionts as the main carbon source for the mussel tissue.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.005},
	author = {Kellermann, M Y and Schubotz, F and Elvert, M and Lipp, J S and Birgel, D and Prieto-Mollar, X and Dubilier, N and Hinrichs, K -U}
}
@article {Gross2011,
	title = {{Seabed search boost}},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {R94{\textendash}R95},
	abstract = {Oceanography{\textquoteright}s newest deep-sea research submersible is also its oldest.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.021},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.021},
	author = {Gross, M G}
}
@article {Becker2011,
	title = {{Stable isotopes provide new insights into vestimentiferan physiological ecology at Gulf of Mexico cold seeps}},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {98},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {169{\textendash}174},
	abstract = {On the otherwise low-biomass seafloor of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) continental slope, natural oil and gas seeps are oases of local primary production that support lush animal communities. Hundreds of seep communities have been documented on the continental slope, and nutrition derived from seeps could be an important link in the overall GoM food web. Here, we present a uniquely large and cohesive data set of $δ$13C, $δ$15N, and $δ$34S compositions of the vestimentiferan tubeworms Escarpia laminata and Lamellibrachia sp. 1, which dominate biomass at GoM seeps and provide habitat for hundreds of other species. Our sampling design encompassed an entire region of the GoM lower slope, allowing us for the first time to assess spatial variability in isotope compositions and to robustly address long-standing hypotheses about how vestimentiferans acquire and cycle nutrients over their long lifespan (200+~years). Tissue $δ$13C values provided strong evidence that larger adult vestimentiferans use their buried roots to take up dissolved inorganic carbon from sediment pore water, while very small individuals use their plume to take up carbon dioxide from the seawater. $δ$34S values were extremely variable among individuals of the same species within one location (S values were extremely variable among individuals of the same species within one location (2 area), indicating high variability in the inorganic sulfur pools on a very small spatial scale. This finding supports the hypothesis that vestimentiferans use their roots to cycle sulfate and sulfide between their symbionts and free-living consortia of sulfate-reducing archaea in the sediment. Finally, consistent differences in $δ$15N between two cooccurring vestimentiferan species provided the first strong evidence for partitioning of inorganic resources, which has significant implications for the ecology and evolution of this taxonomic group.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1042},
	doi = {10.1007/s00114-010-0754-z},
	author = {Becker, E L and Macko, S A and Lee, R W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Gartman2011,
	title = {{Sulfide Oxidation across Diffuse Flow Zones of Hydrothermal Vents}},
	journal = {Aquatic Geochemistry},
	volume = {17},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {2011},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {583{\textendash}601},
	publisher = {SPRINGER},
	address = {NEW YORK; 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA},
	abstract = {The sulfide (H(2)S/HS(-)) that is emitted from hydrothermal vents begins to oxidize abiotically with oxygen upon contact with ambient bottom water, but the reaction kinetics are slow. Here, using in situ voltammetry, we report detection of the intermediate sulfur oxidation products polysulfides [S(x)(2-)] and thiosulfate [S(2)O(3)(2-)], along with contextual data on sulfide, oxygen, and temperature. At Lau Basin in 2006, thiosulfate was identified in less than one percent of approximately 10,500 scans and no polysulfides were detected. Only five percent of 11,000 voltammetric scans taken at four vent sites at Lau Basin in May 2009 show either thiosulfate or polysulfides. These in situ data indicate that abiotic sulfide oxidation does not readily occur as H(2)S contacts oxic bottom waters. Calculated abiotic potential sulfide oxidation rates are},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1380-6165},
	doi = {10.1007/s10498-011-9136-1},
	author = {Gartman, A and Yucel, M and Madison, A S and Chu, D W and Ma, S and Janzen, C P and Becker, E L and Beinart, R A and Girguis, P R and Luther, G W}
}
@article {Adams2011,
	title = {{Surface-generated mesoscale eddies transport deep-sea products from hydrothermal vents}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {332},
	number = {6029},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {580{\textendash}583},
	abstract = {Atmospheric forcing, which is known to have a strong influence on surface ocean dynamics and production, is typically not considered in studies of the deep sea. Our observations and models demonstrate an unexpected influence of surface-generated mesoscale eddies in the transport of hydrothermal vent efflux and of vent larvae away from the northern East Pacific Rise. Transport by these deep-reaching eddies provides a mechanism for spreading the hydrothermal chemical and heat flux into the deep-ocean interior and for dispersing propagules hundreds of kilometers between isolated and ephemeral communities. Because the eddies interacting with the East Pacific Rise are formed seasonally and are sensitive to phenomena such as El Ni{\~n}o, they have the potential to introduce seasonal to interannual atmospheric variations into the deep sea.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1201066},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1201066},
	author = {Adams, D K and McGillicuddy, D J and Zamudio, L and Thurnherr, A M and Liang, X and Rouxel, O J and German, C R and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Miglietta2010,
	title = {{Species boundaries of Gulf of Mexico vestimentiferans (Polychaeta, Siboglinidae) inferred from mitochondrial genes}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1916{\textendash}1925},
	abstract = {At least six morphospecies of vestimentiferan tubeworms are associated with cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The physiology and ecology of the two best-studied species from depths above 1000 m in the upper Louisiana slope (Lamellibrachia luymesi and Seepiophila jonesi) are relatively well understood. The biology of one rare species from the upper slope (escarpiid sp. nov.) and three morphospecies found at greater depths in the GOM (Lamellibrachia sp. 1, L. sp. 2, and Escarpia laminata) are not as well understood. Here we address species distributions and boundaries of cold-seep tubeworms using phylogenetic hypotheses based on two mitochondrial genes. Fragments of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit rDNA (16S) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were sequenced for 167 vestimentiferans collected from the GOM and analyzed in the context of other seep vestimentiferans for which sequence data were available. The analysis supported five monophyletic clades of vestimentiferans in the GOM. Intra-clade variation in both genes was very low, and there was no apparent correlation between the within-clade diversity and collection depth or location. Two of the morphospecies of Lamellibrachia from different depths in the GOM could not be distinguished by either mitochondrial gene. Similarly, E. laminata could not be distinguished from other described species of Escarpia from either the west coast of Africa or the eastern Pacific using COI. We suggest that the mitochondrial COI and 16S genes have little utility as barcoding markers for seep vestimentiferan tubeworms.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.007},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.007},
	author = {Miglietta, M P and Hourdez, S and Cowart, D A and Schaeffer, S W and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Becker2010,
	title = {{Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of hydrocarbon-seep bivalves on the Gulf of Mexico lower continental slope}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1957{\textendash}1964},
	abstract = {Stable isotope compositions of cold-seep bivalves can illuminate processes that affect the chemical and isotopic compositions of seeping fluids along the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico as well as provide insight into the physiological ecology of these species. Carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions were analyzed in mussels and clams from 14 seep sites spanning a depth range of 1000 to 2800 m along the lower Louisiana slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Mussels of three species found on the lower slope, Bathymodiolus childressi, B. brooksi, and B. heckerae, showed site-specific differences in tissue $δ$13C, reflecting differences in the local methane pool. Mussels from sites on the lower slope sitting atop the contiguous salt sheet generally had tissue $δ$13C values that reflected a stronger biogenic methane signal (-70.8 to -58.8{\textperthousand}) than mussels on the upper slope or seaward of the Sigsbee Escarpment (-67.3 to -40.4{\textperthousand}). Clams (Calyptogena ponderosa and Calyptogena sp. nov.) had a narrow range of $δ$13C values between -37.0 and -34.4{\textperthousand}, indicating that their thiotrophic symbionts are fixing primarily seawater-dissolved organic carbon. The most depleted tissue $δ$15N values yet published for both mussels and clams are reported in this study at -23.7 and -9.2{\textperthousand}, respectively. These depleted values have implications for the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen by these symbioses and the concentrations of particular inorganic nitrogen sources in the local environment.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.002},
	author = {Becker, E L and Lee, R W and Macko, S A and Faure, B M and Fisher, C R}
}
@article {Carney2010,
	title = {{Stable isotope trophic patterns in echinoderm megafauna in close proximity to and remote from Gulf of Mexico lower slope hydrocarbon seeps}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {21-23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1965{\textendash}1971},
	abstract = {Hydrocarbon-seep communities in the Gulf of Mexico have a high biomass that is exploited as a food source to varying degrees by the photosynthesis-dependent fauna inhabiting the surrounding mud bottom. A decline concurrent with ocean depth in detritus influx to that background habitat results in a much lower background biomass. The biomass contrast between population-rich seeps and depauperate mud bottom leads to the prediction that seep utilization by the background fauna should be extensive at all depths and should increase with depth. Species depth zonation makes like-species comparisons over the full depth of the Gulf of Mexico impossible. Seeps and normal bottom above 1000 m have different fauna from those below 1000 m. Lower slope seeps are surrounded by a fauna rich in echinoderm species, especially asteroids, ophiuroids, and holothuroids. All three taxa have species that are abundant within seeps and are probably endemic to them. They also contain species found only in mud background or within mud and seeps backgrounds. Tissue analyses of $δ$13C and $δ$15N of echinoderms collected by ROV within seeps and trawling away from seeps indicate a pattern of utilization similar to that found in upper slope seeps exploited by different taxa. Seastar and ophiuroid species abundant in or endemic to seeps have tissue isotope values reflecting seep chemosynthetic input via a free-living microbial detritus or predation. A single seep-endemic deposit-feeding holothuroid showed distinct seep tissue values. Background deposit-feeding holothuroids collected within seeps showed either no or only minor incorporation of seep carbon, indicating either a lack of access to seep detritus or short feeding times within the seep. A predicted extensive utilization of seep productivity at the deeper seeps was not found. Seeps may be relatively closed systems that require special adaptations of species in order for them to enter, exploit, and survive. Alternately, the surrounding deep benthos may not be as food-poor as assumed from biomass measurements and flux estimates.},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.027},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.027},
	author = {Carney, R S}
}
@article {ISI:000280324500002,
	title = {{Subseafloor seawater-basalt-microbe reactions: Continuous sampling of borehole fluids in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jul},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1301A was drilled, cased, and instrumented with a long-term, subseafloor observatory (CORK) on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in summer 2004. This borehole is located 1 km south of ODP Hole 1026B and 5 km north of Baby Bare outcrop. Hole 1301A penetrates 262 m of sediment and 108 m of the uppermost 3.5 Ma basaltic basement in an area of warm (64 degrees C) hydrothermal circulation. The borehole was instrumented, and those instruments were recovered 4 years later. Here we report chemical data from two continuous fluid samplers (OsmoSamplers) and temperature recording tools that monitored changes in the state of borehole (formation) fluids. These changes document the effects of drilling, fluid overpressure and flow, seawater-basalt interactions, and microbial metababolic activity. Initially, bottom seawater flowed into the borehole through a leak between concentric CORK casing strings. Eventually, the direction of flow reversed, and warm, altered formation fluid flowed into the borehole and discharged at the seafloor. This reversal occurred during 1 week in September 2007, 3 years after drilling operations ceased. The composition of the formation fluid around Hole 1301A generally lies within bounds defined by springs on Baby Bare outcrop (to the south) and fluids that discharged from Hole 1026B (to the north); deviations likely result from reactions with drilling products. Simple conservative mixing of two end-member fluids reveals reactions occurring within the crust, including nitrate reduction presumably by denitrifying microbes. The observed changes in borehole fluid composition provide the foundation for a conceptual model of chemical and microbial change during recharge of a warm ridge-flank hydrothermal system. This model can be tested through future scientific ocean drilling experiments.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003057},
	author = {Wheat, C Geoffrey and Jannasch, Hans W and Fisher, Andrew T and Becker, Keir and Sharkey, Jessica and Hulme, Samuel}
}
@mastersthesis {Nakata2010,
	title = {{Syn-eruptive degassing of a single submarine lava flow : constraints on MORB CO2 variability, vesiculation, and eruption dynamics}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {63},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	abstract = {Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) exhibit a wide range of CO2 concentrations, reflecting saturation to supersaturation (and rarely undersaturation) relative to their emplacement depths. In this study, we explore the mechanisms of CO2 degassing and the implications this has for estimating the advance rates and durations of seafloor eruptions. We present dissolved volatile concentrations (mainly of CO2 and H2O) and vesicle size distributions (VSDs) for a unique suite of MORB glasses collected at the East Pacific Rise, {\~{}}9{\textdegree} 50' N. These MORB glasses were collected at {\~{}}200 m intervals along an across-axis track over a single flow pathway within the recently emplaced 2005-06 eruption boundaries; systematic sample collection provides one of the first opportunities to characterize intra-flow geochemical and physical evolution during a single eruption at a fast-spreading ridge. Compared to measurements of MORB volatiles globally, dissolved H2O concentrations are relatively uniform (0.10 - 0.16 weight percent), whereas dissolved CO2 contents exhibit a range of concentrations (154 - 278 ppm) and decrease with distance from the EPR axis (i.e., eruptive vent). Ion microprobe analyses of dissolved volatiles within the MORB glasses suggest that the magma erupted supersaturated (pressure equilibrium with 920 - 1224 mbsf) and in near-equilibrium with the melt lens of the axial magma chamber ({\~{}}1250 - 1500 mbsf), and degassed to near equilibrium (299 - 447 mbsf) with seafloor depths over the length of the flow. The decrease in CO2 concentrations spans nearly the full range of dissolved CO2 contents observed at the EPR and shows that the varying degrees of volatile saturation that have been observed in other MORB sample suites may be explained by degassing during emplacement. Vesicularity (0.1 - 1.2{\%}) increases with decreasing dissolved CO2 concentrations. We use vesicle size distributions (VSDs){\textemdash}vesicle sizes and number densities{\textemdash}to quantify the physical evolution of the CO2 degassing process. VSDs suggest that diffusion of CO2 into preexisting vesicles, and not nucleation of new vesicles, is the dominant mechanism of increasing CO2 in the vapor phase. We also use VSDs, along with estimates of vesicle growth rates, to constrain emplacement time of the 2005-06 eruption to {\textless}{\~{}}24 hours and to resolve variations in advance rate with downflow distance.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/3933},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3933},
	author = {Nakata, D S}
}
@article {White2009a,
	title = {{Significance of widespread low effusion rate eruptions over the past two million years for delivery of magma to the overlapping spreading centers at 9 degrees N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {280},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {175{\textendash}184},
	keywords = {ROV DSL-120 (Remotely Operated Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.030},
	author = {White, S M and Mason, J L and Macdonald, K C and Perfit, M R and Wanless, V D and Klein, E M}
}
@article {Soto2009,
	title = {{Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of fauna associated to the deep-sea hydrothermal vent system of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {19-20},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1675{\textendash}1682},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.013},
	author = {Soto, L A}
}
@article {Bradley2009a,
	title = {{Structural diversity of diether lipids in carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {40},
	number = {12},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1169{\textendash}1178},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.004},
	author = {Bradley, A S and Fredricks, H and Hinrichs, K -U and Summons, R E}
}
@article {Helmreich2009,
	title = {{Submarine sounds}},
	journal = {Wire},
	number = {302},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {30{\textendash}31},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0952-0686},
	author = {Helmreich, S}
}
@article {Shin2009,
	title = {{Superoxide dismutase from the eukaryotic thermophile Alvinella pompejana: Structures, stability, mechanism, and insights into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis}},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
	volume = {385},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1534{\textendash}1555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2836},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.031},
	author = {Shin, D S and DiDonato, M and Barondeau, D P and Hura, G L and Hitomi, C and Berglund, J A and Getzoff, E D and Cary, S C and Tainer, J A}
}
@article {Tunnicliffe2009,
	title = {{Survival of mussels in extremely acidic waters on a submarine volcano}},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {2},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {may},
	pages = {344{\textendash}348},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {NEW YORK; 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/NGEO500},
	author = {Tunnicliffe, V and Davies, K T A and Butterfield, D A and Embley, R W and Rose, J M and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Breier2009,
	title = {{A suspended-particle rosette multi-sampler for discrete biogeochemical sampling in low-particle-density waters}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {56},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1579{\textendash}1589},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.005},
	author = {Breier, J A and Rauch, C G and McCartney, K and Toner, B M and Fakra, S C and White, S N and German, C R}
}
@mastersthesis {Fusaro2008a,
	title = {{Spatial and temporal population genetics at deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the east Pacific Rise and Galapagos Rift}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {210},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/2564},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2564},
	author = {Fusaro, A J}
}
@article {Delacour2008a,
	title = {{Sr- and Nd-isotope geochemistry of the Atlantis Massif (30 degress N, MAR): Implications for fluid fluxes and lithospheric heterogeneity}},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.018},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Frank, M and Gutjahr, M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Proskurowski2008,
	title = {{Stable isotopic evidence in support of active microbial methane cycling in low-temperature diffuse flow vents at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {8},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2005{\textendash}2023},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.025},
	author = {Proskurowski, G and Lilley, M D and Olson, E J}
}
@article {Delacour2008,
	title = {{Sulfur in peridotites and gabbros at Lost City (30 degrees N, MAR): Implications for hydrothermal alteration and microbial activity during serpentinization}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	number = {20},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {5090{\textendash}5110},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.017},
	author = {Delacour, A and Fruh-Green, G L and Bernasconi, S M and Kelley, D S}
}
@article {Adams2008,
	title = {{Supply of gastropod larvae to hydrothermal vents reflects transport from local larval sources}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {53},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1945{\textendash}1955},
	abstract = {Variation in larval supply to disjunct marine populations can provide insight into larval transport and delivery mechanisms, especially when compared with observations of physical transport. Daily variability in larval supply at two mussel-dominated hydrothermal vents, East Wall and Choo Choo, near 9{\textordmasculine}50{\textquoteright}N, East Pacific Rise, was quantified concurrently with hydrodynamic observations to investigate local dispersal processes. The magnitude and temporal variation in supply differed between the two vent sites despite their close proximity, 1.6 km. Larval supply was relatively high and uninterrupted at East Wall compared to low and episodic at Choo Choo. Observed variation in larval supply was compared to predictions based on advective transport from larval sources at neighboring vents. Variation in larval supply at Choo Choo correlated with along-axis southward currents, consistent with larval transport from a northern larval source. Larval supply to East Wall appeared to be independent of current velocities, suggesting that larvae came from multiple sources north of and south of and possibly including East Wall. Transport of larvae from discrete local sources can explain differences in larval supply to vent communities, even on spatial scales of kilometers.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2008.53.5.1945},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}53/issue{\_}5/1945.pdf},
	author = {Adams, D K and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@article {Gannoun2007,
	title = {{The scale and origin of the osmium isotope variations in mid-ocean ridge basalts}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {259},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {541{\textendash}556},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.014},
	author = {Gannoun, A and Burton, K W and Parkinson, I J and Alard, O and Schiano, P and Thomas, L E}
}
@article {Sharma2007,
	title = {{Search for the proverbial mantle osmium sources to the oceans: Hydrothermal alteration of mid-ocean ridge basalt}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {71},
	number = {19},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {4655{\textendash}4667},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2007.06.062},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.06.062},
	author = {Sharma, M and Rosenberg, E J and Butterfield, D A}
}
@article {Roman2007,
	title = {{A self-consistent bathymetric mapping algorithm}},
	journal = {Journal of Field Robotics},
	volume = {24},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {23{\textendash}50},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1556-4959},
	doi = {10.1002/rob.20164},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rob.20164},
	author = {Roman, C and Singh, H}
}
@book {Koslow2007,
	title = {{The Silent Deep: The discovery, ecology, and conservation of the deep sea}},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {312},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {9780226451251},
	author = {Koslow, T}
}
@article {Wootton2007,
	title = {{So you wanna be an: Aquanaut}},
	journal = {Popular Science},
	volume = {271},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {59},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0161-7370},
	url = {http://www.popsci.com/physical-endurance/images/2007-08/so-you-wanna-be-aquanaut},
	author = {Wootton, A}
}
@inbook {VanDover2007,
	title = {{Stable isotope studies in chemoautotrophically based ecosystems: An update}},
	booktitle = {Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science},
	series = {Ecological Methods and Concepts},
	volume = {2nd},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {202{\textendash}237},
	publisher = {Blackwell Pub.},
	organization = {Blackwell Pub.},
	address = {Malden, Mass.},
	isbn = {1-405-12680-9},
	author = {Van Dover, C L},
	editor = {Lajtha, K}
}
@article {Sohn2007,
	title = {{Stochastic analysis of exit fluid temperature records from the active TAG hydrothermal mound (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 26 degrees N); 1, Modes of variability and implications for subsurface flow}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {112},
	number = {B7},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {B07101},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2006JB004435},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004435},
	author = {Sohn, R A}
}
@mastersthesis {Jakuba2007,
	title = {{Stochastic mapping for chemical plume source localization with application to autonomous hydrothermal vent discovery}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {325},
	school = {Massachusetts Institutte of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1583},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1583},
	author = {Jakuba, M V}
}
@article {Piper2007,
	title = {{Stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence for late Wisconsinan sub-glacial outburst floods to Laurentian Fan}},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {246},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {101{\textendash}119},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.029},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.029},
	author = {Piper, D J W and Shaw, J and Skene, K I}
}
@article {Cairns2007,
	title = {{Studies on Western Atlantic Octocorallia (Gorgonacea: Primnoidae), Part 8: New Records of Primnoidae from the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {120},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {243{\textendash}263},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-324X},
	doi = {10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[243:SOWAOG]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[243:SOWAOG]2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Cairns, S D}
}
@article {Ferrini2007,
	title = {{Submeter bathymetric mapping of volcanic and hydrothermal features on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 50 {\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Q01006},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2006GC001333},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001333},
	author = {Ferrini, V L and Fornari, D J and Shank, T M and Kinsey, J C and Tivey, M A and Soule, S A and Carbotte, S M and Whitcomb, L L and Yoerger, D R and Howland, J}
}
@article {Johnson2006,
	title = {{On sampling the upper crustal reservoir of the NE Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Geofluids},
	volume = {6},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {251{\textendash}271},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1468-8123},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1468-8123.2006.00151.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2006.00151.x},
	author = {Johnson, H P and Baross, J A and Bjorklund, T A}
}
@article {Tolstoy2006,
	title = {{A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {314},
	number = {5807},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1920{\textendash}1922},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1133950},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133950},
	author = {Tolstoy, M and Cowen, J P and Baker, E T and Fornari, D J and Rubin, K H and Shank, T M and Waldhauser, F and Bohnenstiehl, D R and Forsyth, D W and Holmes, R C and Love, B and Perfit, M R and Weekly, R T and Soule, S A and Glazer, B}
}
@article {Voight2006,
	title = {{Stauromedusae on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {347{\textendash}352},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb47-4-347-352.pdf},
	author = {Voight, J R}
}
@article {Lutz2006,
	title = {{Stauromedusan populations inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the southern East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {409{\textendash}413},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb47-4-409-413.pdf},
	author = {Lutz, R A and Collins, A G and Annis, E R and Reed, A J and Bennett, K F and Halanych, K M and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@article {Wanless2006,
	title = {{Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai{\textquoteright}i}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {Q05001},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005gc001086},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001086},
	author = {Wanless, V D and Garcia, M O and Trusdell, F A and Rhodes, J M and Norman, M D and Weis, D and Fornari, D J and Kurz, M D and Guillou, H}
}
@article {Chadwick2006,
	title = {{A submarine volcano is caught in the act}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {314},
	number = {5807},
	year = {2006},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1887{\textendash}1888},
	publisher = {AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE},
	address = {WASHINGTON; 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1137082},
	author = {Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Sancho2005,
	title = {{Selective predation by the zoarcid fish Thermarces cerberus at hydrothermal vents.}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {837{\textendash}844},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002},
	author = {Sancho, G and Fisher, C R and Mills, S W and Micheli, F and Johnson, G A and Lenihan, H S and Peterson, C H and Mullineaux, L S}
}
@mastersthesis {Roman2005,
	title = {{Self consistent bathymetric mapping from robotic vehicles in the deep ocean}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {129},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1572},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1572},
	author = {Roman, C N}
}
@article {Kelley2005a,
	title = {{A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: The lost city hydrothermal field}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {307},
	number = {5714},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1428{\textendash}1434},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102556},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102556},
	author = {Kelley, D S and Karson, J A and Fruh-Green, G L and Yoerger, D R and Shank, T M and Butterfield, D A and Hayes, J M and Schrenk, M O and Olson, E J and Proskurowski, G and Jakuba, M V and Bradley, A M and Larson, B I and Ludwig, K A and Glickson, D A and Buckman, K and Bradley, A S and Brazelton, W J and Roe, K and Elend, M J and Delacour, A and Bernasconi, S M and Lilley, M D and Baross, J A and Summons, R T and Sylva, S P}
}
@article {Hilario2005,
	title = {{Sperm storage, internal fertilization, and embryonic dispersal in vent and seep tubeworms (Polychaeta : Siboglinidae : Vestimentifera)}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {208},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {20{\textendash}28},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/208/1/20},
	author = {Hilario, A and Young, C M and Tyler, P A}
}
@article {Henscheid2005,
	title = {{The splicing factor U2AF65 is functionally conserved in the thermotolerant deep-sea worm Alvinella pompejana}},
	journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression},
	volume = {1727},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {197{\textendash}207},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0167-4781},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.01.008},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.01.008},
	author = {Henscheid, K L and Shin, D S and Cary, S C and Berglund, J A}
}
@article {Flores2005,
	title = {{Sulfide binding is mediated by zinc ions discovered in the crystal structure of a hydrothermal vent tubeworm hemoglobin}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {102},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2713{\textendash}2718},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0407455102},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407455102},
	author = {Flores, J F and Fisher, C R and Carney, S L and Green, B N and Freytag, J K and Schaeffer, S W and Royer, W E}
}
@article {Rona2004,
	title = {{Secret survivor}},
	journal = {Natural History},
	volume = {113},
	number = {7},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {50{\textendash}55},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0712},
	url = {http://nhmag.com/0904/0904{\_}feature.html},
	author = {Rona, P A}
}
@article {Hurst2004,
	title = {{Side-scan sonar along the north wall of the Hess Deep Rift: Processing, texture analysis, and geologic ground truth on an oceanic escarpment}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {109},
	number = {B2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {B02107},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JB002116},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002116},
	author = {Hurst, S D and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Schroeder2004,
	title = {{Strain localization on an oceanic detachment fault system, Atlantis Massif, 30 degrees N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {Article no. Q11007},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000728},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000728},
	author = {Schroeder, T J and John, B E}
}
@inbook {Fornari2004,
	title = {{Submarine lava flow emplacement at the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N: Implications for uppermost ocean crust stratigraphy and hydrothermal fluid circulation}},
	booktitle = {Mid-ocean ridges: hydrothermal interactions between the lithosphere and ocean},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {148},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {187{\textendash}217},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0875904130},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Tivey, M A and Schouten, H and Perfit, M R and Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Edwards, M H and Haymon, R and Schreirer, D S and Von Damm, K L and Shank, T M and Soule, A},
	editor = {German, C R}
}
@article {Robinson2004,
	title = {{Surficial hydrocarbon seep infauna from the Blake Ridge (Atlantic Ocean, 2150 m) and the Gulf of Mexico (690{\textendash}2240 m)}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {313{\textendash}336},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0173-9565},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0485.2004.00034.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2004.00034.x},
	author = {Robinson, C A and Bernhard, J M and Levin, L A and Mendoza, G F and Blanks, J K}
}
@article {Wheat2003,
	title = {{Seawater transport and reaction in upper oceanic basaltic basement: Chemical data from continuous monitoring of sealed boreholes in a ridge flank environment}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {216},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {549{\textendash}564},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00549-1},
	author = {Wheat, C G and Jannasch, H W and Kastner, M and Plant, J N and DeCarlo, E H}
}
@article {Levin2003,
	title = {{Spatial heterogeneity of macrofauna at northern California methane seeps: Influence of sulfide concentration and fluid flow}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {265},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {123{\textendash}139},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps265123},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps265123},
	author = {Levin, L A and Ziebis, W and Mendoza, G F and Growney, V A and Tryon, M D and Brown, K M and Mahn, C and Gieskes, J M and Rathburn, A E}
}
@article {Copley2003,
	title = {{Spatial variation in the reproductive development of Paralvinella palmiformis (Polychaeta: Alvinellidae) from the High Rise vent field (Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge): Relation to a successional mosaic model}},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {255},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {171{\textendash}181},
	issn = {0170-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps255171},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps255171},
	author = {Copley, J T P and Tyler, P A and Van Dover, C L and Philip, S J}
}
@article {Nooner2003,
	title = {{Structure of oceanic core complexes: Constraints from seafloor gravity measurements made at the Atlantis Massif}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {30},
	number = {8},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {Article no. 1446},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GL017126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017126},
	author = {Nooner, S L and Sasagawa, G S and Blackman, D K and Zumberge, M A}
}
@article {Mullineaux2003,
	title = {{Successional mechanism varies along a gradient in hydrothermal fluid flux at deep-sea vents}},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {73},
	number = {4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {523{\textendash}542},
	publisher = {Ecological Society of America},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-9615},
	doi = {10.1890/02-0674},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/02-0674},
	author = {Mullineaux, L S and Peterson, C H and Micheli, F and Mills, S W}
}
@article {Chevaldonne2002,
	title = {{Sister species of eastern Pacific hydrothermal vent worms (Ampharetidae, Alvinellidae, Vestimentifera) provide new mitochondrial COI clock calibration}},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {367{\textendash}370},
	issn = {0007-9723},
	url = {http://cbm-online.sb-roscoff.fr/pdf/cb43-3-367-370.pdf},
	author = {Chevaldonne, P and Jollivet, D and Desbruyeres, D and Lutz, R A and Vrijenhoek, R C}
}
@book {Mayers2002,
	title = {{Structural analysis of Alvin variable ballast piping}},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {57},
	publisher = {Anteon Corporation, Machinery Systems Group},
	organization = {Anteon Corporation, Machinery Systems Group},
	address = {Annapolis, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA403034},
	author = {Mayers, G D and Brown, R S}
}
@article {Karson2002,
	title = {{Structure of uppermost fast-spread oceanic crust exposed at the Hess Deep Rift: Implications for subaxial processes at the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1002},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GC000155},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000155},
	author = {Karson, J A and Klein, E M and Hurst, S D and Lee, C E and Rivizzigno, P A}
}
@article {Tappin2001,
	title = {{The Sissano, Papua New Guinea tsunami of July 1998 {\textendash} offshore evidence on the source mechanism}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {175},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1{\textendash}23},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00131-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00131-1},
	author = {Tappin, D R and Watts, P and McMurtry, G M and Lafoy, Y and Matsumoto, T}
}
@article {Reynolds2001,
	title = {{Sources of light in the deep ocean}},
	journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
	volume = {39},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {123{\textendash}136},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {8755-1209},
	doi = {10.1029/1999RG000071},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000071},
	author = {Reynolds, G T and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Martel2001,
	title = {{Species and epilimnion/hypolimnion-related differences in size at larval settlement and metamorphosis in Dreissena (Bivalvia)}},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {46},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {707{\textendash}713},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2001.46.3.0707},
	url = {http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol{\_}46/issue{\_}3/0707.pdf},
	author = {Martel, A L and Baldwin, B S and Dermott, R M and Lutz, R A}
}
@article {Ravizza2001,
	title = {{Sr isotope variations in vent fluids from 9 degrees 46{\textquoteright}-9 degrees 54{\textquoteright}N East Pacific Rise: Evidence of a non-zero-Mg fluid component}},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {729{\textendash}739},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00590-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00590-1},
	author = {Ravizza, G and Blusztajn, J and Von Damm, K L and Bray, A M and Bach, W and Hart, S R}
}
@article {Garcia2001,
	title = {{Submarine growth and internal structure of ocean island volcanoes based on submarine observations of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {163{\textendash}166},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0163:SGAISO>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029{\%}3C0163:SGAISO{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Garcia, M O and Davis, M G}
}
@article {Luther2001a,
	title = {{Sulfur speciation monitored in situ with solid state gold amalgam voltammetric microelectrodes: Polysulfides as a special case in sediments, microbial mats and hydrothermal vent waters}},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {61{\textendash}66},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1464-0325},
	doi = {10.1039/b006499h},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b006499h},
	author = {Luther, G W and Glazer, B Y and Hohmann, L and Popp, J I and Taillefert, M and Rozan, T F and Brendel, P J and Theberge, S M and Nuzzio, D B}
}
@article {Muench2000,
	title = {{Sea-floor hydrothermal mineralization from the Mt. Jourdanne, Southwest Indian Ridge}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {125{\textendash}132},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}02{\_}12.pdf},
	author = {Muench, U and Halbach, P and Fujimoto, H}
}
@article {Wu2000,
	title = {{Seafloor sedimentary processes on the western slope of Sagami Bay, Central Japan: Deep tow observations}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {43{\textendash}52},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}07.pdf},
	author = {Wu, S and Sakamoto, I and Iwase, R and Kawaguchi, K and Misawa, Y and Wong, H K}
}
@article {Mitchell2000,
	title = {{Seafloor slopes at mid-ocean ridges from submersible observations and implications for interpreting geology from seafloor topography}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {183},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {543{\textendash}555},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00270-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00270-3},
	author = {Mitchell, N C and Tivey, M A and Gente, P}
}
@article {Wu2000a,
	title = {{Sedimentation processes and deformation at south flank of Zenisu Ridge, Philippine Sea revealed by {\textquoteright}Shinkai 6500{\textquoteright} Dive 523 and seismic data}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {17},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {53{\textendash}64},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/17{\_}08.pdf},
	author = {Wu, S and Sakamoto, I and Horiuchi, S and Misawa, Y and Ohta, S}
}
@article {Maicher2000,
	title = {{Sheet hyaloclastite; density-current deposits of quench and bubble-burst fragments from thin, glassy sheet lava flows, Seamount Six, eastern Pacific Ocean}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {171},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {75{\textendash}94},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00109-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00109-2},
	author = {Maicher, D and White, J D L and Batiza, R}
}
@inbook {Howland2000,
	title = {{Simulation of the deep sea mosaicking process}},
	booktitle = {Oceans 2000 MTS/IEEE: where marine science and technology meet},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1353{\textendash}1375},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0-7803-6551-8},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881791},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881791},
	author = {Howland, J C and Singh, H}
}
@article {Sheader2000,
	title = {{Structure and function of Halice hesmonectes (Amphipoda: Pardaliscidae) swarms from hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {136},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {901{\textendash}911},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s002270000300},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270000300},
	author = {Sheader, M and Van Dover, C L and Shank, T M}
}
@article {Sudarikov2000,
	title = {{Structure of hydrothermal plumes at the Logatchev vent field, 14 degrees 45{\textquoteright}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge; Evidence from geochemical and geophysical data}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {245{\textendash}252},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00174-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00174-8},
	author = {Sudarikov, S M and Roumiantsev, A B}
}
@article {Glasby2000,
	title = {{Submarine hydrothermal mineralization on the Izu-Bonin Arc, south of Japan: an overview}},
	journal = {Marine Georesources {\&} Geotechnology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {141{\textendash}176},
	issn = {1064-119X},
	doi = {10.1080/10641190009353785},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190009353785},
	author = {Glasby, G P and Izasa, K and Yuasa, M and Usui, A}
}
@article {Hekinian2000a,
	title = {{Submersible observations of equatorial atlantic mantle: The St. Paul Fracture Zone region}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {529{\textendash}560},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1004819701870},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004819701870},
	author = {Hekinian, R and Juteau, T and Gracia, E and Sichler, B and Sichel, S and Udintsev, G and Apprioual, R and Ligi, M}
}
@article {Lindsay2000,
	title = {{Submersible observations on the deep-sea fauna of the south-west Indian Ocean: preliminary results for the mesopelagic and near-bottom communities}},
	journal = {JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research},
	number = {16},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23{\textendash}33},
	issn = {1340-7848},
	url = {http://docsrv.godac.jp/MSV2{\_}DATA/23/16{\_}01{\_}04.pdf},
	author = {Lindsay, D J and Hunt, J C and Hashimoto, J and Fujiwara, Y and Fujikura, K and Miyake, H and Tsuchida, S}
}
@mastersthesis {McAdoo1999,
	title = {{Submarine geomorphology of the Cascadia accretionary prism}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {152},
	school = {University of California, Santa Cruz},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Santa Cruz, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {McAdoo, B G}
}
@article {Chadwick1999,
	title = {{Submarine lineated sheet flows: a unique lava morphology formed on subsiding lava ponds}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {61},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {194{\textendash}206},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/s004450050271},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050271},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Gregg, T K P and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Slowey1999,
	title = {{Submarine outcrop and acoustic expression of lithified sediment layers in northwest Providence Channel, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {18},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {292{\textendash}296},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s003670050082},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003670050082},
	author = {Slowey, N C and Neumann, A C and Burns, S J}
}
@article {Shaw1998,
	title = {{Scavenging of ex-234-Th, ex-230-Th, and ex-210-Pb by particulate matter in the water column of the California continental margin}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {763{\textendash}779},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00101-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00101-X},
	author = {Shaw, T J and Smoak, J M and Lauerman, L}
}
@article {Drazen1998,
	title = {{Sediment community response to a temporally varying food supply at an abyssal station in the N.E. Pacific}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {893{\textendash}913},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00007-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00007-1},
	author = {Drazen, J C and Baldwin, R J and Smith, K L}
}
@article {Smith1998a,
	title = {{Sediment community structure around a whale skeleton in the deep Northeast Pacific: Macrofaunal, microbial and bioturbation effects}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {335{\textendash}364},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00043-X},
	author = {Smith, C R and Maybaum, H L and Baco, A R and Pope, R H and Carpenter, S D and Yager, P L and Macko, S A and Deming, J W}
}
@article {Sohn1998,
	title = {{Seismic and hydrothermal evidence for a cracking event on the East Pacific Rise at 9 degrees 50{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {396},
	number = {6707},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {159{\textendash}161},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/24146},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/24146},
	author = {Sohn, R A and Fornari, D J and Von Damm, K L and Hildebrand, J A and Webb, S C}
}
@article {Rudenko1998,
	title = {{Site survey of the Campeche Bank in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {129{\textendash}133},
	issn = {0030-1574},
	author = {Rudenko, M V}
}
@article {Calder1998a,
	title = {{Some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the north Atlantic Ocean}},
	journal = {Zoologische Verhandelingen},
	volume = {319},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1{\textendash}65},
	issn = {0024-1652},
	author = {Calder, D R and Vervoort, W}
}
@inbook {Kawaguchi1998,
	title = {{Submarine cable handling system for deep underwater vehicles}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}98: conference proceedings : 28 September-1 October, 1998, Nice, France, Acropoils Convention Center},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1233{\textendash}1237},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Piscataway, N.J.},
	isbn = {0780350464},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1998.726265},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1998.726265},
	author = {Kawaguchi, K and Momma, H and Iwase, R}
}
@article {Yoerger1998,
	title = {{Surveying a subsea lava flow using the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE)}},
	journal = {International Journal of Systems Science},
	volume = {29},
	number = {10},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1031{\textendash}1044},
	keywords = {AUV ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)},
	issn = {0020-7721},
	doi = {10.1080/00207729808929596},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207729808929596},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Bradley, A M and Walden, M B and Singh, H and Bachmayer, R}
}
@article {Butterfield1997,
	title = {{Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry}},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {355},
	number = {1723},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {369{\textendash}386},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1364-503X},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1997.0013},
	author = {Butterfield, D A and Jonasson, I R and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Roe, K K and Embley, R E and Holden, J F and McDuff, R E and Lilley, M D and Delaney, J R}
}
@article {Wells1997,
	title = {{Seeking extremophiles Recombinant Biocatalysis, Inc.}},
	journal = {Chemistry {\&} Biology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {401{\textendash}402},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {1074-5521},
	doi = {10.1016/S1074-5521(97)90130-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1074-5521(97)90130-7},
	author = {Wells, W A}
}
@article {McAdoo1997,
	title = {{Slope basins, headless canyons, and submarine palaeoseismology of the Cascadia accretionary complex}},
	journal = {Basin Research},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {313{\textendash}324},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0950-091X},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00049.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00049.x},
	author = {McAdoo, B G and Kayen, R and Orange, D L and Screaton, E J and Lee, H}
}
@article {Curewitz1997,
	title = {{Structural settings of hydrothermal outflow: Fracture permeability maintained by fault propagation and interaction}},
	journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
	volume = {79},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {149{\textendash}168},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00027-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00027-9},
	author = {Curewitz, D and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Martineu1997,
	title = {{Sulfide binding in the body fluids of hydrothermal vent alvinellid polychaetes}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {578{\textendash}588},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	doi = {10.1086/515864},
	author = {Martineu, P and Juniper, S K and Fisher, C R and Massoth, G J}
}
@inbook {Calder1997,
	title = {{Synopsis of hydroids from 1000m and deeper in the western North Atlantic}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology: the Leeuwenhorst, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, 16-21 July 1995},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {85{\textendash}90},
	publisher = {Nationaal Naturhistorisch Museum},
	organization = {Nationaal Naturhistorisch Museum},
	address = {Leiden, The Netherlands},
	isbn = {90-7623-955-9},
	author = {Calder, D R},
	editor = {den Hartog, J C}
}
@article {Alexander1996,
	title = {{Sea Beam, SeaMARC II and Alvin-based studies of faulting on the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 20{\textquoteright} N-9 degrees 50{\textquoteright} N}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {18},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {557{\textendash}587},
	abstract = {A study of Sea Beam bathymetry and SeaMARC II side-scan sonar allows us to make quantitative measures of the contribution of faulting to the creation of abyssal hill topography on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9{\textdegree}15' N{\textendash}9{\textdegree}50' N. We conclude that fault locations and throws can be confidently determined with just Sea Beam and SeaMARC II based on a number of in situ observations made from the ALVIN submersible. A compilation of 1026 fault scarp locations and scarp height measurements shows systematic variations both parallel and perpendicular to the ridge axis. Outward-facing fault scarps (facing away from the ridge axis), begin to develop within \~{}2 km of the ridge and reach their final average height of \~{}60 m at 5{\textendash}7 km. Beyond these distances, outward-dipping faults appear to be locked, although there is some indication of continued lengthening of outward-facing fault scarps out to the edge of the survey area. Inward-facing fault scarps (facing toward the ridge axis), initiate \~{}2 km off axis and increase in height and length out to the edge of our data at 30 km, where the average height of inward fault scarps is 60{\textendash}70 m and the length is \~{}30 km. Continued slip on inward faults at a greater distance off axis is probable, but based on fault lengths, \~{}80{\%} of the lengthening of inward fault scarps occurs within 30 km of the axis ({\textgreater}95{\%} for outward faults). Along-strike propagation and linkage of these faults are common. Outward-dipping faults accommodate more apparent horizontal strain than inward ones within 10 km of the ridge. The net horizontal extension due to faulting at greater distances is estimated as 4.2{\textendash}4.3{\%}, and inward and outward faults contribute comparably. Both inward- and outward-facing fault scarps increase in height from north to south in our study area in the direction of decreasing inferred magma supply. Average fault spacing is \~{}2 km for both inward-dipping and outward-dipping faults. The azimuths of fault scarps document the direction of ridge spreading, but they are sensitive to local changes in least compressive stress direction near discontinuities. Both the ridge trend and fault scarp azimuths show a clockwise change in trend of \~{}3{\textendash}5{\textdegree} from 9{\textdegree}50' N to 9{\textdegree}15' N approaching the 9{\textdegree} N overlapping spreading center.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00310069},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310069},
	author = {Alexander, R T and Macdonald, K C}
}
@article {McAdoo1996,
	title = {{Seafloor structural observations, Costa Rica accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {883{\textendash}886},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00731},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00731},
	author = {McAdoo, B G and Orange, D L and Silver, E A and McIntosh, K and Abbott, L and Galewsky, J and Kahn, L and Protti, M}
}
@article {Rusakov1996,
	title = {{A sediment trap for short-term studies of vertical particle fluxes in the ocean}},
	journal = {Okeanologija},
	volume = {36},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {754{\textendash}756},
	issn = {0030-1574},
	author = {Rusakov, V Y and Lukashin, V N and Burovkin, A A}
}
@article {Gregg1996,
	title = {{Submarine lava-flow inflation: A model for the formation of lava pillars}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {24},
	number = {11},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {981{\textendash}984},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0981:SLFIAM>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024{\%}3C0981:SLFIAM{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Gregg, T K P and Chadwick, W W}
}
@article {Kahn1996,
	title = {{Surficial evidence of fluid expulsion from the Costa Rica accretionary prism}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {887{\textendash}890},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/96GL00732},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL00732},
	author = {Kahn, L M and Silver, E A and Orange, D and Kochevar, R and McAdoo, B}
}
@article {Chadwick1995,
	title = {{SeaBeam depth changes associated with recent lava flows, CoAxial segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Evidence for multiple eruptions between 1981-1993}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {167{\textendash}170},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/94GL01895},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GL01895},
	author = {Chadwick, W W and Emblew, R W}
}
@article {Haney1995,
	title = {{Seabird aggregation at a deep North Pacific seamount}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {123},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {1{\textendash}9},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00350317},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350317},
	author = {Haney, J C and Haury, L R and Mullineaux, L S and Fey, C L}
}
@book {Humphris1995,
	title = {{Seafloor hydrothermal systems: Physical, chemical, biological and geological interactions}},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {xiii, 466},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-048-8},
	author = {Humphris, S E and Zierenberg, R and Mullineaux, L and Thomson, R}
}
@book {Zuleger1995,
	title = {{Sediment cores on the Costa Rica accretionary prism (Atlantis II cruise 131-10): pore water studies}},
	series = {SIO Reference},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {75 p.},
	publisher = {University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography},
	organization = {University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography},
	address = {La Jolla, Calif.},
	author = {Zuleger, E and Gieskes, J M and You, C F}
}
@article {Perfit1994,
	title = {{Small-scale spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge crest magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {375{\textendash}379},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle), ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0375:SSSATV>2.3.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022{\%}3C0375:SSSATV{\%}3E2.3.CO 2},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Smith, M and Bender, J and Langmuir, C H and Haymon, R M}
}
@inbook {Grassle1994,
	title = {{Soft-Sediment hydrothermal vent communities of Escanaba Trough}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {USGS Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {327{\textendash}335},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {Grassle, J F and Petrecca, R F},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@inbook {Bohlke1994,
	title = {{Stable isotope study of hydrothermal vents at Escanaba Trough: Observed and calculated effects of sediment-seawater interaction}},
	booktitle = {Geologic, hydrothermal, and biologic studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, offshore Northern California},
	series = {U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin},
	number = {2022},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {223{\textendash}239},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, Va.},
	author = {B{\"o}hlke, J K and Shanks, W C},
	editor = {Morton, J L}
}
@article {Grosenbaugh1993,
	title = {{Simulating the dynamics of underwater vehicles with low-tension tethers}},
	journal = {International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {213{\textendash}218},
	issn = {1053-5381},
	author = {Grosenbaugh, M A and Howell, C T and Moxnes, S}
}
@mastersthesis {Gallo1993,
	title = {{The structural character of oceanic transforms: Implications for tectonic processes}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {282},
	school = {University of Rhode Island},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Kingston, R.I.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Gallo, D G}
}
@article {Schempf1993,
	title = {{Study of dominant performance characteristics in robot transmissions}},
	journal = {Journal of Mechanical Design},
	volume = {115},
	number = {3},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {472{\textendash}482},
	issn = {1050-0472},
	author = {Schempf, H and Yoerger, D R}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1993,
	title = {{Symbiose mit chemoautotrophen Bakterien: Eine alternative Nahrungsquelle}},
	booktitle = {{\"O}kosystem Darm V: Immunologie, Mikrobiologie, Funktionsst{\"o}rungen, klinische Manifestation: Klinik und Therapie akuter und chronischer Darmerkrankungen},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {264{\textendash}268},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	isbn = {3-540-57591-X},
	author = {Felbeck, H}
}
@article {Karson1992b,
	title = {{Segment boundaries in oceanic and contintental rifts: geometry and kinematics of transfer zones}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {14 (Spring Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {286},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Karson, J A}
}
@inbook {VonDamm1992a,
	title = {{Short term variability, phase separation and water-rock reaction in hydrothermal fluids from 9-10N, East Pacific Rise}},
	booktitle = {Water-rock Interaction: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction: WRI-7, Park City, Utah, USA, 13-18 July 1992},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1679{\textendash}1680},
	publisher = {A.A. Balkema},
	organization = {A.A. Balkema},
	address = {Rotterdam; Brookfield, Vt.},
	isbn = {90-54100-75-3},
	author = {Von Damm, K L},
	editor = {Kharaka, Y K}
}
@article {Sanders1992,
	title = {{Specific effects of thiosulfate and L-lactate on Hemocyanin-O2 affinity in a brachyuran hydrothermal vent crab}},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {113},
	number = {2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {175{\textendash}180},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00347269},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347269},
	author = {Sanders, N K and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Shanks1992,
	title = {{Stable isotope variations in vent fluids on short time scales: Observations at the 1991 eruption site on the EPR at 9 degrees 33-52{\textquoteright}N}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {524},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Shanks, W C and B{\"o}hlke, J K and Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Mutter1992a,
	title = {{Structural processes at slow-spreading ridges}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {257},
	number = {5070},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {627{\textendash}634},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.257.5070.627},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5070.627},
	author = {Mutter, J C and Karson, J A}
}
@article {Appelgate1992,
	title = {{Submarine tumuli and inflated tube-fed lava flows on Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {54},
	number = {6},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {447{\textendash}458},
	abstract = {A seafloor lava field was mapped within the summit caldera of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, using SeaMARC I sidescan sonor and submersible observations. By analogy with similar subaerial features, we infer that several volcanic seafloor features here formed by the process of lava flow inflation. Flow inflation occurs within tube-fed lava flows when lava continues to be supplied to the interior of a flow that has ceased advancing, thus uplifting the flow{\textquoteright}s rigid surface and creating a suite of characteristic surface structures. Inflated lavas require a feeder lava tube or tube system connected to a remote lava source, and therefore we infer that inflated submarine lava flows contain lava tubes. Inflated flow features identified from sidescan sonar images elsewhere on Axial Volcano and within the axial valley of the southern Juan de Fuca ridge suggest that flow inflation is a widespread submarine volcanic process.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00301391},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301391},
	author = {Appelgate, B T and Embley, R W}
}
@article {Fornari1992,
	title = {{Submersible transects across the East Pacific Rise crest and upper-flanks at 9 degrees 21{\textquoteright}-32{\textquoteright} N: 1. Observations of seafloor morphology and evidence for young volcanism off-axis}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Batiza, R and Edwards, M H}
}
@article {Perfit1992,
	title = {{Submersible transects across the East Pacific Rise crest and upper-flanks at 9 degrees 21{\textquoteright}-32{\textquoteright} N: 2. Small-scale spatial variations in lava geochemistry and implications for temporal variability}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {73},
	number = {43 (Fall Meeting Suppl.)},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {525},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Perfit, M R and Fornari, D J and Batiza, R and Edwards, M H}
}
@inbook {Fryer1992,
	title = {{A synthesis of Leg 125 drilling of serpentine seamounts on the Mariana and Izu-Bonin Forearcs}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {593{\textendash}614},
	publisher = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	organization = {Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A{\&}M University},
	address = {College Station, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/odp.proc.sr.125.168.1992},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.125.168.1992},
	author = {Fryer, P},
	editor = {Dearmont, L H}
}
@inbook {Mottl1991,
	title = {{Sampling and analysis of particles from buoyant hydrothermal plumes}},
	booktitle = {Marine Particles: Analysis and Characterization},
	series = {Geophysical Monograph},
	number = {63},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {281{\textendash}283},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {0-87590-028-3},
	author = {Mottl, M J},
	editor = {Hurd, D C}
}
@book {Fornari1991,
	title = {{Siqueiros - Alvin Diving Cruise, Atlantis-II 125-25 : May 2 to June 2, 1991, Acapulco, Mexico to San Diego}},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {var.},
	publisher = {s.n.},
	organization = {s.n.},
	address = {s.l.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Casey, J and Kastens, K and Edwards, M}
}
@article {Taylor1991,
	title = {{Structural development of Sumisu Rift, Izu Bonin Arc}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {96},
	number = {B10},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {16,113{\textendash}116,129},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/91JB01900},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91JB01900},
	author = {Taylor, B and Klaus, A and Brown, G R and Moore, G F and Okamura, Y and Murakami, F}
}
@article {Zumberge1991,
	title = {{A submarine measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant}},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	volume = {67},
	number = {22},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {3051{\textendash}3054},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3051},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3051},
	author = {Zumberge, M A and Hildebrand, J A and Stevenson, J M and Parker, R L and Chave, A D and Ander, M E and Spiess, F N}
}
@article {Childress1991a,
	title = {{Sulfide and carbon dioxide uptake by the hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica and its chemoautotrophic symbionts}},
	journal = {Physiological Zoology},
	volume = {64},
	number = {6},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1444{\textendash}1470},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Favuzzi, J A and Sanders, N K}
}
@article {Childress1991,
	title = {{Sulfide-driven autotrophic balance in the bacterial symbiont-containing hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Jones}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {180},
	number = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {135{\textendash}153},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/180/1/135},
	author = {Childress, J J and Fisher, C R and Favuzzi, J A and Kochevar, R and Sanders, N K and Alayse, A M}
}
@article {Brooks1990,
	title = {{Salt, seeps and symbiosis in the Gulf of Mexico}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {71},
	number = {45},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1772{\textendash}1773},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Brooks, J M and Wiesenburg, D A and Roberts, H and Carney, R S and MacDonald, I R and Fisher, C R and Guinasso, N L and Sager, W W and McDonald, S J and Burke, R A and Aharon, P and Bright, T J}
}
@article {VonDamm1990,
	title = {{Seafloor hydrothermal activity: black smoker chemistry and chimneys}},
	journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences},
	volume = {18},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {173{\textendash}204},
	issn = {0084-6597},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.001133},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.001133},
	author = {Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Roberts1990,
	title = {{Seafloor responses to hydrocarbon seeps, Louisiana continental slope}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {232{\textendash}243},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02431070},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431070},
	author = {Roberts, H H and Aharon, P and Carney, R and Larkin, J and Sassen, R}
}
@inbook {Karson1990,
	title = {{Seafloor spreading on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Implications for the structure of ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere produced in slow-spreading environment}},
	booktitle = {Ophiolites: Oceanic Crustal Analogues: Proceedings of the Symposium "Troodos 87"},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {547{\textendash}555},
	publisher = {Geological Survey Dept., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources},
	organization = {Geological Survey Dept., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources},
	address = {Nicosia, Cyprus},
	isbn = {9-9631750-0-7},
	author = {Karson, J A},
	editor = {Malpas, J}
}
@article {Little1990,
	title = {{The sound field near hydrothermal vents on Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B8},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {12,912{\textendash}927,945},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB08p12927},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB08p12927},
	author = {Little, S A and Stolzenbach, K D and Purdy, G M}
}
@article {Karsten1990,
	title = {{Spatial and temporal evolution of magmatic systems beneath the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Tectonic and petrologic constraints}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {95},
	number = {B12},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {19,219{\textendash}235,256},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB095iB12p19235},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19235},
	author = {Karsten, J L and Delaney, J R and Rhodes, J M and Liias, R A}
}
@article {Fisher1990a,
	title = {{Stable carbon isotopic evidence for carbon limitation in hydrothermal vent vestimentiferans}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {247},
	number = {4946},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1094{\textendash}1096},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.247.4946.1094},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4946.1094},
	author = {Fisher, C R and II, Kennicutt M C and Brooks, J M}
}
@article {Smith1990,
	title = {{Submarine volcanism in the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin arc submersible and deep-tow camera results}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {148{\textendash}160.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(90)90182-W},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90182-W},
	author = {Smith, J R and Taylor, B and Malahoff, A and Petersen, L}
}
@inbook {Auzende1990,
	title = {{Submersible exploration of an active hydrothermal site on North Fiji Basin Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Pacific Rim Congress 90 : An International Congress on the Geology, Structure, Mineralisation, Economics and Feasibility of Mining Development in the Pacific Rim},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {313{\textendash}316},
	publisher = {Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy},
	organization = {Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy},
	address = {Parkville, Vic., Australia},
	isbn = {0-949106-48-8},
	author = {Auzende, J M and Urabe, T}
}
@inbook {Holmes1990,
	title = {{Submersible observations in Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge}},
	booktitle = {Gorda Ridge: A seafloor spreading center in the United States{\textquoteright} Exclusive Economic Zone: Proceedings of the Gorda Ridge symposium, May 11-13, 1987, Portland, Oregon},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {93{\textendash}116},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	isbn = {0-387-97034-7},
	author = {Holmes, M L and Zierenberg, R A},
	editor = {McMurray, G R}
}
@inbook {Felbeck1990,
	title = {{Symbiosis of bacteria with invertebrates in the deep sea}},
	booktitle = {Endocytobiology IV: 4th International Colloquium on Endocytobiology and Symbiosis},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {327{\textendash}334},
	publisher = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	organization = {Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique},
	address = {Paris},
	isbn = {2-73800-241-2},
	author = {Felbeck, H},
	editor = {Nardon, P}
}
@article {Hein1989,
	title = {{Sea floor gouges and pits in deep fjords, Baffin Island: possible mammalian feeding traces}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {9},
	number = {2},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {91{\textendash}94},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02430429},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02430429},
	author = {Hein, F J and Syvitski, J P M}
}
@article {Schwab1989,
	title = {{Sea-Floor Observations in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas: An Argo/SeaMARC Survey}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {171{\textendash}178},
	keywords = {ROV Argo (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02431044},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431044},
	author = {Schwab, W C and Uchupi, E and Ballard, R D and Dettweiler, T}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1989d,
	title = {{Sulphur emissions and transformations at deep-sea hydrothermal vents}},
	booktitle = {Evolution of the Global Biogeochemical Sulphur Cycle},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {181{\textendash}189},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {Chichester, Eng., and New York},
	isbn = {0-471-92251-X},
	author = {Jannasch, H W},
	editor = {Brimblecombe, P}
}
@article {Johnson1988,
	title = {{Short term temperature variability in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field: an unstable deep-sea environment}},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {35},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1711{\textendash}1722},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0198-0149},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(88)90045-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90045-3},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Childress, J J and Beehler, C L}
}
@article {Fornari1988a,
	title = {{Small-scale heterogeneities in depleted mantle sources: near-ridge seamount lava geochemistry and implications for mid-ocean-ridge magmatic processes}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {331},
	number = {6156},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {511{\textendash}513},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/331511a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/331511a0},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Perfit, M R and Allan, J F and Batiza, R}
}
@article {Embley1988a,
	title = {{Submersible investigation of an extinct hydrothermal system on the Galapagos Ridge: Sulfide mounds, stockwork zone and differentiated lavas}},
	journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},
	volume = {26},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {517{\textendash}539},
	issn = {0008-4476},
	author = {Embley, R W and Jonasson, I R and Pefit, M R and Franklin, J M and Tivey, M A and Malahoff, A and Smith, M F and Francis, T J G}
}
@article {Embley1988,
	title = {{Submersible observation of the {\textquoteright}megaplume{\textquoteright} areas: Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge}},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1483},
	issn = {0096-3941},
	author = {Embley, R W and Hammond, S and Murphy, K M and Fox, C G and Appelgate, B and Massoth, G J and Feely, R A and Baker, E T and Gendron, J and Lebon, G and Butterfield, D A and Coughlin, B and Lupton, J E and Jonnason, I and Perfit, M R and Cowen, J P and Tunnicliffe, V and Trivett, D A}
}
@article {Distel1988,
	title = {{Sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts: analysis of phylogeny, specificity, and origins by 16S ribosomal RNA sequences}},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {170},
	number = {6},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {2506{\textendash}2510},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0021-9193},
	url = {http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/6/2506},
	author = {Distel, D L and Lane, D J and Olsen, G J and Giovannoni, S J and Pace, B and Pace, N R and Stahl, D A and Felbeck, H}
}
@article {VonDamm1988a,
	title = {{Systematics of and postulated controls on submarine hydrothermal solution chemistry}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {93},
	number = {B5},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {4551{\textendash}4561},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB093iB05p04551},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB05p04551},
	author = {Von Damm, K L}
}
@article {Normark1987,
	title = {{Submersible observations along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: 1984 Alvin Program}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {92},
	number = {B11},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {11,211{\textendash}283,290},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB092iB11p11283},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11283},
	author = {Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Ross, S L}
}
@article {Arp1987,
	title = {{The sulphide-binding protein in the blood of the vestimentiferan tube-worm, Riftia pachyptila, is the extracellular haemoglobin}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {128},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {139{\textendash}158},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/128/1/139},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J and Vetter, R D}
}
@article {Kawka1987,
	title = {{Survey of hydrothermally-generated petroleums from the Guaymas Basin spreading center}},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {311{\textendash}328},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/0146-6380(87)90042-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(87)90042-8},
	author = {Kawka, O E and Simoneit, B R T}
}
@article {Childress1987a,
	title = {{Symbiosis in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	volume = {255},
	number = {May},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {114{\textendash}120},
	issn = {0036-8733},
	author = {Childress, J J and Felbeck, H and Somero, G N}
}
@article {Hey1986,
	title = {{Sea Beam/deep-tow investigation of an active oceanic propagating rift system, Galapagos 95.5 degrees W}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {91},
	number = {B3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {3369{\textendash}3393},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/JB091iB03p03369},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB03p03369},
	author = {Hey, R N and Kleinrock, M C and Miller, S P and Atwater, T M and Searle, R C}
}
@article {Fiala1986,
	title = {{Staphylothermus marinus sp. nov. represents a novel genus of extremely thermophilic submarine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing up to 98C}},
	journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {106{\textendash}113},
	issn = {0723-2020},
	author = {Fiala, G and Stetter, K O and Jannasch, H W and Langworthy, T A and Madon, J}
}
@article {Group1986,
	title = {{Submarine fissure eruptions and hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge; preliminary observations from the submersible Alvin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {10},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {823{\textendash}827},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<823:SFEAHV>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14{\%}3C823:SFEAHV{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Group, U S Geological Survey Juan de Fuca Study and Normark, W R and Morton, J L and Bischoff, J L and Brett, R and Holcomb, R T and Kappel, E S and Koski, R A and Ross, S L and Shanks, W C and Slack, J F and Von Damm, K L and Zierenberg, R A}
}
@article {Johnson1986a,
	title = {{A submersible flow analysis system}},
	journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	volume = {179},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {245{\textendash}257},
	issn = {0003-2670},
	doi = {10.1016/S0003-2670(00)84469-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)84469-4},
	author = {Johnson, K S and Beehler, C L and Sakamoto-Arnold, C M}
}
@article {Carranza-Edwards1986,
	title = {{Sulfuros metalicos submarinos al sur de la peninsula de Baja California, Mexico}},
	journal = {Anales del Instituto Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Aut{\'o}noma de M{\'e}xico.},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {287{\textendash}296},
	issn = {0185-3287},
	author = {Carranza-Edwards, A and Hoz, L R and Orozco, Y H and Cabral, M G V and Santa Cruz, R L}
}
@article {Yoerger1986a,
	title = {{Supervisory control system for the Jason ROV}},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {392{\textendash}400},
	keywords = {ROV Jason (Remotely Operated Vehicle)},
	issn = {0364-9059},
	doi = {10.1109/JOE.1986.1145191},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.1986.1145191},
	author = {Yoerger, D R and Newman, J B and Slotine, J E}
}
@article {Belkin1986,
	title = {{Symbiotic assimilation of CO2 in two hydrothermal vent animals, the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus and the tube worm Riftia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {170},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {110{\textendash}121},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0006-3185},
	url = {http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/1/110},
	author = {Belkin, S and Nelson, D C and Jannasch, H W}
}
@article {Fornari1985,
	title = {{Sea-floor lava fields on the East Pacific Rise}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {6},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {413{\textendash}416},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<413:SLFOTE>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13{\%}3C413:SLFOTE{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {Fornari, D J and Ryan, W B F and Fox, P J}
}
@article {Paull1985,
	title = {{Stable isotope evidence for chemosynthesis in an abyssal seep community}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {317},
	number = {6039},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {709{\textendash}711},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/317709a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317709a0},
	author = {Paull, C K and Jull, A J T and Toolin, L J and Linick, T}
}
@article {Renard1985,
	title = {{Submersible observations at the axis of the ultra-fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (17-30 to 21-30 S)}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {75},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {339{\textendash}353},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821X(85)90178-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90178-5},
	author = {Renard, V and Hekinian, R and Francheteau, J and Ballard, R D and Backer, H}
}
@article {Participants1984,
	title = {{The seeps find at the Florida Escarpment}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {32{\textendash}33},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Participants, Florida Escarpment Cruise and Paull, C K and Hecker, B and Neumann, A C and Sikes, E L and Hook, J and Corso, W and Freeman-Lynde, R and Commeau, R and Golubic, S and Curray, J}
}
@article {Fisher1984,
	title = {{Substrate oxidation by trophosome tissue from Riftia pachyptila Jones (Phylum pogonophora)}},
	journal = {Marine Biology Letters},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {171{\textendash}183},
	issn = {0165-859X},
	author = {Fisher, C R and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Arp1983,
	title = {{Sulfide binding by the blood of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Ristia pachyptila}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {219},
	number = {4582},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {295{\textendash}297},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.219.4582.295},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.219.4582.295},
	author = {Arp, A J and Childress, J J}
}
@article {Lambert1982,
	title = {{Submersible mounted in situ geotechnical instrumentation}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {2},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {209{\textendash}214},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02462765},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02462765},
	author = {Lambert, D N}
}
@inbook {Nesteroff1982,
	title = {{Subsidence et sedimentation actuelles dans la fosse de Porto-Rico}},
	booktitle = {Processus geodynamiques observes en submersible: Geodynamic processes observed from a submersible: Seminaire du 2 avril 1982},
	series = {Oceanis},
	number = {8, fasc.8},
	year = {1982},
	publisher = {Institut Oceanographique},
	organization = {Institut Oceanographique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	author = {Nesteroff, W D},
	editor = {Vanney, J R}
}
@book {VanAndel1981,
	title = {{Science at sea: Tales of an old ocean}},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {198},
	publisher = {W.H. Freeman},
	organization = {W.H. Freeman},
	address = {San Francisco, Calif.},
	isbn = {0716713632},
	author = {van Andel, T J}
}
@article {Pastouret1981,
	title = {{Submersible structural study of Tamayo transform fault: East Pacific Rise, 23 degrees N (project RITA)}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches},
	volume = {4},
	number = {4},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {345{\textendash}379},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00286035},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286035},
	author = {Pastouret, L}
}
@inbook {Neiheisel1980,
	title = {{Sediment characteristics of the 2800 and 3800 meter Atlantic nuclear waste sites applicable to isolation of radioactive waste}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on the Use of Argillaceous Materials for the Isolation of Radioactive Waste, Paris, 10th-12th, September, 1979},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {203{\textendash}220},
	publisher = {Nuclear Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development},
	organization = {Nuclear Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development},
	address = {Paris, France},
	isbn = {9264020500},
	author = {Neiheisel, J}
}
@article {Cobler1980,
	title = {{Sediment trap experiment on the Galapagos Spreading Center, Equatorial Pacific}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {209},
	number = {4458},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {801{\textendash}803},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.209.4458.801},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4458.801},
	author = {Cobler, R and Dymond, J}
}
@inbook {Spiess1980a,
	title = {{Some origins and perspectives in deep ocean instrumentation development}},
	booktitle = {Oceanography, the past},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {226{\textendash}239},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	isbn = {0387904972},
	author = {Spiess, F N},
	editor = {Sears, M}
}
@inbook {Jannasch1980a,
	title = {{Studies on the microbial turnover of organic substances in deep sea sediments}},
	booktitle = {Biogeochimie de la Matiere Organique a l{\textquoteright}Interface Eau-Sediment Marin: Marseille 25-27 Avril 1979},
	series = {Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	volume = {293},
	number = {293},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {289{\textendash}290},
	publisher = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	organization = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique},
	address = {Paris, France},
	isbn = {2222026385},
	author = {Jannasch, H W and Wirsen, C O},
	editor = {Daumas, R}
}
@article {Mottl1980,
	title = {{Submarine hydrothermal ore deposits}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {18{\textendash}27},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Mottl, M J}
}
@article {Finkel1980,
	title = {{Sulfide precipitates at 21 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise: 226Ra, 210Pb and 210Po}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {7},
	number = {9},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {685{\textendash}688},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/GL007i009p00685},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL007i009p00685},
	author = {Finkel, R C and Macdougall, J D and Chung, Y C}
}
@inbook {Schlager1979,
	title = {{Sediment facies of platform-basin transaction, Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas}},
	booktitle = {Geology of Continental Slopes},
	series = {Special publication - Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	number = {27},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {193{\textendash}208},
	publisher = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	organization = {Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	address = {Tulsa, Okla.},
	author = {Schlager, W and Chermak, A},
	editor = {Doyle, L J}
}
@article {MacIlvaine1979,
	title = {{Sedimentary processes on the continental slope of New England}},
	journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Petrology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {563{\textendash}574},
	issn = {0022-4472},
	url = {http://jsedres.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/49/2/563},
	author = {MacIlvaine, J C and Ross, D A}
}
@mastersthesis {Marks1979,
	title = {{Sedimentation of new ocean crust: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37 degrees N}},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {71},
	school = {Stanford University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Stanford, Calif.},
	author = {Marks, N S}
}
@article {Rowe1979a,
	title = {{Sedimentation rates in the slope water of the northwest Atlantic Ocean measured directly with sediment traps}},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	volume = {37},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {581{\textendash}600},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-2402},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Gardner, W D}
}
@article {Mullins1979c,
	title = {{Seismic facies and depositional processes of modern off-platform carbonate rocks in northern Bahamas}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {63},
	number = {3},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {500},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	doi = {10.1306/2F917DAC-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/2F917DAC-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D},
	author = {Mullins, H T and Neumann, A C}
}
@article {Polloni1979,
	title = {{The size-depth relationship in deep ocean animals}},
	journal = {Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie},
	volume = {64},
	number = {1},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {39{\textendash}46},
	issn = {0020-9309},
	doi = {10.1002/iroh.19790640103},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19790640103},
	author = {Polloni, P and Haedrich, R and Rowe, G and Clifford, C H}
}
@article {Bender1979,
	title = {{Slashed budgets cripple deepwater research fleet: Trend continues toward building coastal R/Vs}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {6},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {16{\textendash}18},
	issn = {0093-3651},
	author = {Bender, E}
}
@inbook {Corliss1979,
	title = {{Some implications of heat/mass ratios in Galapagos Rift hydrothermal fluids for models of sea water-rock interaction and the formation of oceanic crust}},
	booktitle = {Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust},
	series = {Maurice Ewing Series},
	number = {2},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {391{\textendash}402},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Corliss, J B and Gordon, L I and Edmond, J M},
	editor = {Talwani, M}
}
@article {Corliss1979a,
	title = {{Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {203},
	number = {4385},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {1073{\textendash}1083},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.203.4385.1073},
	author = {Corliss, J B and Dymond, J and Gordon, L I and Edmond, J M and Von Herzen, R P and Ballard, R D and Green, K and Williams, D and Bainbridge, A and Crane, K and van Andel, T H}
}
@book {Houghton1979,
	title = {{Submersible observations of the New England seamounts}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {79-18},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {8},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Houghton, R L and Heirtzler, J R and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Honjo1978,
	title = {{The scanning electron microscope in marine science}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {21},
	number = {3},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {19{\textendash}29},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Honjo, S}
}
@book {Rowe1978,
	title = {{Sediment data from short cores taken in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {78-46},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {58},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Rowe, G T and Clifford, C H}
}
@inbook {Malahoff1978,
	title = {{Submarine landslides - East Coast continental slope and upper rise}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}78: "The Ocean Challenge": Fourth Annual Combined Conference, September 6-8, 1978, Sheration-Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {503{\textendash}509},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151087},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151087},
	author = {Malahoff, A and Embley, R W and Perry, R B}
}
@inbook {Cacchione1978,
	title = {{Submersible investigation of outer Hudson Submarine Canyon}},
	booktitle = {Sedimentation in Submarine Canyons, Fans, and Trenches},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {42{\textendash}50},
	publisher = {Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross},
	organization = {Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross},
	address = {Stroudsburg, Penn.},
	isbn = {0879333138},
	author = {Cacchione, D A and Rowe, G T and Malahoff, A},
	editor = {Stanley, D J}
}
@inbook {Hayward1978,
	title = {{A systems approach to underwater camera data correlation and interpretation}},
	booktitle = {Oceans {\textquoteright}78: "The Ocean Challenge": Fourth Annual Combined Conference, September 6-8, 1978, Sheration-Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {678{\textendash}681},
	publisher = {Marine Technology Society},
	organization = {Marine Technology Society},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151067},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1978.1151067},
	author = {Hayward, G G and McElroy, W D and Hosom, D S and Marquet, W M}
}
@inbook {Heezen1977,
	title = {{Six dives to the lower continental slope and upper continental rise southwest of Hudson Canyon geological aspects}},
	booktitle = {Baseline Report of Environmental Conditions in Deepwater Dumpsite 106},
	series = {NOAA Dumpsite Evaluation Report},
	volume = {1},
	number = {77-1},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {9{\textendash}27},
	publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey},
	address = {Rockville, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Heezen, B C}
}
@article {Grassle1977a,
	title = {{Slow recolonisation of deep-sea sediment}},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {265},
	number = {5595},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {618{\textendash}619},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/265618a0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/265618a0},
	author = {Grassle, J F}
}
@article {White1977,
	title = {{Sr-isotope, K, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, and rare-earth geochemistry of basalts from the FAMOUS area}},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {88},
	number = {4},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {571{\textendash}576},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<571:SKRCSB>2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88{\%}3C571:SKRCSB{\%}3E2.0.CO 2},
	author = {White, W R and Bryan, W B}
}
@book {Heirtzler1977a,
	title = {{Station locations for Atlantis II-73, Atlantis II-77, and Knorr-42 cruises and Alvin dive tracks in the FAMOUS area}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {77-9},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {24},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Hays, H C}
}
@book {458,
	title = {{A study of hydrothermal processes on the Galapagos Rift: Cruise report, Knorr-Lulu-Alvin diving expedition to the sea floor hot springs of the Galapagos Rift, February-March 1977}},
	series = {WHOI unnumbered reports},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {187},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@inbook {Keller1977,
	title = {{The submersible- a unique tool for marine geology}},
	booktitle = {Submersibles and Their Use in Oceanography and Ocean Engineering},
	series = {Elsevier Oceanography Series},
	number = {17},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {213{\textendash}234},
	publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.},
	address = {New York, N.Y.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	isbn = {0444415459},
	author = {Keller, G H},
	editor = {Geyer, R A}
}
@inbook {Heirtzler1977b,
	title = {{Submersible observations at the Hole 332B area}},
	booktitle = {Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project: A Project Planned by and Carried Out with the Advice of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {363{\textendash}365},
	publisher = {National Science Foundation},
	organization = {National Science Foundation},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.2973/dsdp.proc.37.109.1977},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.37.109.1977},
	author = {Heirtzler, J R and Ballard, R D}
}
@article {Houghton1977,
	title = {{Submersible observations of the New England seamounts}},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {64},
	number = {7},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {348{\textendash}355},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0028-1042},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00368733},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368733},
	author = {Houghton, R L and Heirtzler, J R and Ballard, R D and Taylor, P T}
}
@book {Stachiw1975,
	title = {{Spherical-shell sector windows of acrylic plastic with 12,000-foot operational depth capability for submersible Alvin}},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {97},
	publisher = {Naval Undersea Center},
	organization = {Naval Undersea Center},
	address = {San Diego, Calif.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Stachiw, J D and Sletten, R}
}
@book {Ballard1974b,
	title = {{Summary of seismic reflection, refraction, magnetic and dredge station data collected during a geologic study of the Gulf of Maine}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-30},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {87},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Instituion},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Instituion},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@book {Ballard1974c,
	title = {{Summary of the geologic dives conducted in the Gulf of Maine during 1971 and 1972 by the research submersible Alvin}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {74-29},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {73},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/877},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/877},
	author = {Ballard, R D}
}
@mastersthesis {MacIlvaine1973,
	title = {{Sedimentary processes on the continental slope off New England}},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {211},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1227},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1227},
	author = {MacIlvaine, J C}
}
@article {Daubin1972,
	title = {{Search tactics for finding lost objects at sea}},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {1972},
	pages = {7{\textendash}17},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0025-3324},
	author = {Daubin, S C}
}
@mastersthesis {VanLeer1971,
	title = {{Shear of small vertical scale observed in the permanent oceanic thermocline}},
	volume = {D.S.},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {209},
	school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Cambridge, MA and Woods Hole, MA},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/1248},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1248},
	author = {Van Leer, J C}
}
@book {2083,
	title = {{Structural design requirements for the fabrication of titanium pressure hulls}},
	series = {Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC)},
	year = {1970},
	publisher = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	organization = {Naval Ship Engineering Center},
	address = {Hyattsville, Md.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {Lill1968,
	title = {{Some recent advances in marine engineering}},
	journal = {Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science},
	volume = {71},
	number = {4},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {385{\textendash}401},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0022-8443},
	author = {Lill, G G}
}
@book {2077,
	title = {{Submarine escape and rescue, volume I}},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {124},
	publisher = {Defense Documentation Center for Scientific and Technical Information},
	organization = {Defense Documentation Center for Scientific and Technical Information},
	address = {Alexandria, Va.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
@article {Rucker1967,
	title = {{Sea-floor strength observations from the DRV Alvin in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas}},
	journal = {Southeastern Geology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {1{\textendash}8},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0038-3678},
	author = {Rucker, J B and Stiles, N T and Busby, R F}
}
@book {Vine1967,
	title = {{Some underwater observations}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {67-82},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Vine, A C and Hays, E E and McCamis, J J and Rainnie, W O}
}
@article {Zarudski1967,
	title = {{Swordfish rams the Alvin}},
	journal = {Oceanus},
	volume = {13},
	number = {4},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {14{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	issn = {0029-8182},
	author = {Zarudski, E F K}
}
@book {Walsh1966,
	title = {{Strength of the Alvin hulls}},
	series = {WHOI technical reports},
	volume = {66-16},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {34},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Walsh, J B and Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Mavor1965b,
	title = {{Summary report on fabrication, inspection and test of Alvin fixed and variable buoyancy spheres}},
	series = {WHOI technical memoranda},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {var. p.},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {Briggs1964b,
	title = {{Stud tension tests of twelve interference fitted studs after compressive failure}},
	series = {Report},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	organization = {Southwest Research Institute},
	address = {San Antonio, Tex.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Briggs, E M and DeHart, R C}
}
@book {Torda1964,
	title = {{Surface stability and underwater drag investigations on the Alvin oceanographic submarine: Second preliminary report}},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {25},
	publisher = {Illinois Institute of Technology},
	organization = {Illinois Institute of Technology},
	address = {Chicago, Ill.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Torda, T P}
}
@inbook {Mavor1963,
	title = {{Structural design of a 6000 foot submergence manned oceanographic research vehicle}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of David Taylor Model Basin Deep Submergence Structures Workshop, 3-5 December 1962},
	volume = {Vol. 1},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {Report C{\textendash}1327},
	publisher = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	organization = {David Taylor Model Basin},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)},
	author = {Mavor, J W}
}
@book {1061,
	title = {{Specifications for the design and construction of a research submarine for operation to a depth of 6000 feet}},
	year = {1962},
	pages = {24},
	publisher = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.},
	organization = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.},
	address = {Woods Hole, Mass.},
	keywords = {HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)}
}
